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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:09 pm
belgium
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66 total results foundAuthor: Human Rights Watch Title: “The Law Was Against Me”: Migrant Women’s Access to Protection for Family Violence in Belgium Summary: In spite of recent immigration law reform, family migrants in Belgium face continuing obstacles to protection. Income and evidence requirements make it hard for women whose immigration status is dependent on abusive partners to retain their residence permits if they leave the family home. Women who fail to inform the immigration authorities in time risk loss of residence permits and expulsion. The law excludes women who have applied but not yet received a residence permit and those whose partner has left Belgium. In some parts of Belgium the capacity of shelters for victims of domestic violence fails to meet demand. Undocumented migrant women experience particular difficulties in seeking protection. Unlike legal family migrants, they are not covered by the protection clause recently added to the immigration legislation. While undocumented women can apply for regularization on humanitarian grounds, domestic violence in Belgium is not an established criterion. Fear of deportation makes them reluctant to report violence to the police or otherwise seek help. Shelters in some parts of Belgium refuse to accept women without papers, citing limited resources. “The Law Was Against Me” calls on the Belgian government to build on the system already in place to ensure that it offers protection from violence for all migrant women, regardless or circumstances or legal status. It makes concrete recommendations to the authorities on improving residence permits, encouraging migrant women to report violence to the police and improving access to services. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2012. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 9, 2012 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/belgium1112webwcover.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Belgium Keywords: Abused Wives Shelf Number: 126906 |
Author: Defence for Children - Belgium Title: Twelve: Children's right to participation and the juvenile justice systems. National Report Belgium Summary: The final seminar of the project TWELVE took place on 17 March 2016, in Brussels. TWELVE is a collaborative initiative that involved DCI-Italy, DCI-Spain and DCI-Belgium, and aimed at facilitating the implementation of Article 12 of the Child's Rights Convention in the juvenile justice systems of Europe. Professionals and government officials working with children in contact with the law, institutional actors, academics, and NGO stakeholders from different European countries participated in a roundtable discussion aiming at sharing experiences, models and perspectives on the right to participation in the juvenile justice system. Prior to the release of the handbook, DCI sections in Italy, Spain and Belgium presented their respective research and monitoring report on the situation of children's right to participation in the juvenile justice system of their respective countries. Details: Brussels: Defence for Children Belgium, 2015. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 24, 2016 at: http://www.defenceforchildren.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Twelve_Belgium.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Belgium Keywords: Juvenile Justice Reform Shelf Number: 138401 |
Author: Verhulst, Joris Title: Peace in Flanders: Attitudes and commitments of Flemish people regarding peace and violence Summary: Surely everybody agrees that 'peace' is important. Without peace - certainly in the most elementary sense of peace being the absence of war - life as a societal or social expression is not possible. But how exactly do people think about or interpret peace? In a region such as Flanders, where for decades war has been an alien and absent feature, do people think of peace as a prime aspect of life, in other words, as a priority? Does the average Flemish citizen consider peace as a self-evident fact of life? Is peace something that one really should not have to worry about? And how do the Flemish people define the concept of 'peace'? Does it pertain, in effect, only to the peace that reigns amongst states, to the absence of war amongst nations: something that might be defined as 'International Peace'? Or is there, likewise, such a thing as 'Inter-personal Peace', which might be defined as peaceful co-existence? And do this 'International Peace' and this 'Inter-personal Peace' touch upon common ground? These questions form the starting points for this survey report. The report contains the results of a systematic and expansive survey of more than 1,000 inhabitants of Flanders about their perception of peace, their attitudes vis-a-vis peace, and their active and potential commitment to the cause of peace. Aside from organising a broad public survey, the study also includes a number of focus groups consisting of people active in the field of peace. Details: Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute, 2007. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2016 at: http://www.flemishpeaceinstitute.eu/sites/vlaamsvredesinstituut.eu/files/files/reports/peace_in_flanders.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Belgium Keywords: Peace Shelf Number: 139548 |
Author: Muys, Marjolein Title: Young offenders and victims of violence in Flanders Summary: For some time now, a societal and political debate has been going on with regard to violent behaviour among youth. With its research project, " Youth and Violence", the Flemish Peace Institute wishes to inform this debate broadly and in a nuanced fashion. To this point, there has been little comprehensive research and the available empirical material concerning the nature and scope of youth violence is rather fragmentary. Therefore, a general image of young people as perpetrator and victim offers a significant benefit . Furthermore, the voice of young people themselves also deserves a place in the debate. A research study, "Youth and Violence", was conduct ed from 1 November 2009 to 31 October 2010 at the Leuven Institute for Criminology at the KULeuven and the Expertise Centre for Social Security at the KATHO Catholic University College by researchers Evi Verdonck and Diederik Cops, promoted by Prof. Dr. Johan Put and Prof. Dr. Stefaan Pleysier. The results of this research are published in the form of a book. This book brings together the available figures for the first time. Considering that there are no comprehensive figures available in Flanders concerning the nature and scope of youth violence, gathering objective information is necessary in order to arrive at an adequate estimation of the issue. The researchers also conducted new quantitative analyses on existing databases of the Flemish Youth Research Platform (YRP) and the Belgian Safety Monitor. In addition, a qualitative research project was set up to ascertain the perception of violence among young people themselves. Its main focus was the meaning and experience of young people with respect to violence. This paper brings together the most important findings of this research. Furthermore, additional analyses were conducted to investigate the ethnic origin of young violent offenders and victims. The data from the two surveys by the YRP monitor in Flanders (2005-06 and 2008) in effect does not enable any specific analysis of possible distinctions based on ethnic background between those who perpetrate and those who are the victim of violence. The combination of the small group of respondents from immigrant background with the low absolute numbers of offenders and victims made it that the groups are too small to conduct reliable analyses of them. This lacuna is filled in by making use of a recent survey by the YRP monitor in Brussels. On the basis of this study, it is possible to distinguish enough large groups to make a meaningful and reliable comparison between native and immigrant youth. The present paper first clarifies what is understood by 'youth' and 'violence'. Before focusing our attention on the nature and scope of youth violence , we discuss the source material that we use as a foundation on which to make an estimate of the phenomena. We delve deeper into the limitations of this data, which enables us to take a critical approach to the findings of prevalence studies about youth violence. We then present the available data and sketch a profile of young offenders and victims of violence. Finally, the insiders view from young people themselves receives the attention it deserves. Details: Brussels: Flemish Institute, 2012. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: http://www.flemishpeaceinstitute.eu/sites/vlaamsvredesinstituut.eu/files/files/reports/young_offenders_and_victims_of_violence_in_flanders.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Belgium Keywords: Juvenile Offenders Shelf Number: 139583 |
Author: Kustermans, Jorg Title: Dealing with radicalization: Four reflections on Flemish radicalization policy Summary: The problems of radicalization has been an issue for European policy-makers since 2004. This report offers a number of reflections on radicalization policy for Belgium. Details: Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute, 2015. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: http://www.flemishpeaceinstitute.eu/sites/vlaamsvredesinstituut.eu/files/files/reports/dealing_with_radicalization.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Belgium Keywords: Extremism Shelf Number: 139585 |
Author: Duquet, Nils Title: Guns for Sale: The Belgian illicit gun markets in a European perspective Summary: In the new report 'Guns for sale' researchers Nils Duquet and Maarten Van Alstein give an overview of the basic characteristics of the illicit gun market in Belgium within a broader European perspective. The report has a specific focus on the size of this market, the actors involved and the ways in which these weapons end up on this market. Details: Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute, 2016. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: http://www.flemishpeaceinstitute.eu/sites/vlaamsvredesinstituut.eu/files/files/hitp/report_guns_for_sale_2.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Belgium Keywords: Illicit Guns Shelf Number: 139586 |
Author: Camargo Magalhaes, Beatriz Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in Belgium Summary: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in Belgium Beatriz Camargo Magalhaes June 2016 DemandAT Country Study No.1 Summary : Belgian anti -THB policy is often pointed as exemplary given its broad definition of the crime of trafficking for labour exploitation, as being the work or service carried out in conditions contrary to human dignity, in which the coercion element is not compulsory. However, hardly any policy initiatives in Belgium tackle specifically demand- side aspects in labour exploitation and THB in the domestic work sector. Recent policy changes in the domain of domestic work at diplomatic households and the formalisation of live -out domestic work with a service voucher policy have positive effects on the sector. Undocumented domestic workers in the shadow market and possibly regular migrants under temporary work permits are, though, still largely unprotected. The main obstacles to prevent exploitative situations within the sector are the migration and employment policies applying to domestic work. Indeed, this paper argues that when migrant workers are without the possibility to regularise their migration status maintain them in a vulnerable situation: migration status is a key issue for giving people the real possibility to access and defend their rights. Only the full respect of (all) workers' rights will reduce their vulnerability to labour exploitation and trafficking. Details: Vienna: ICMPD, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 1: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_1_Belgium_Camargo.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Belgium Keywords: Domestic Workers Shelf Number: 139915 |
Author: Duquet, Nils Title: Gun Control in Belgium: A Review of the Effects of the 2006 Weapons Law Summary: In 2006 a new weapons law was enacted in Belgium, making it more difficult for private citizens to acquire firearms. The stricter Belgian law was voted in the immediate aftermath of a public shooting incident in Antwerp, where in May 2006 Hans Van Themsche killed two persons and severely injured a third with a gun he had bought earlier that day. Although the question of a new law had been debated since the beginning of the 2000s and a draft text been tabled in parliament in February 2006, the shooting in Antwerp drastically accelerated the decision-making process. The discussion of the bill was moved up on the parliamentary agenda, and only six days after the shooting the new law was approved by the Justice Affairs Committee of the Federal Parliament. Just over three weeks after the shooting, on 9 June 2006, the new legislation was published in the Belgian official journal ("Belgisch Staatsblad") and came into effect. The fact that a stricter weapons law was enacted in the aftermath of a violent public shooting incident is not surprising. It is often news-grabbing public incidents of gun violence that spark discussions about making firearm regulations stricter. In recent years Europe has experienced a number of firearmrelated violent incidents, such as - to mention only a few - the shootings by Tim Kretschmer in Winnenden (Germany, 2009), Derrick Bird in Cumbria (United Kingdom, 2010), Tristan van der Vlies in Alphen aan de Rijn (the Netherlands, 2011), Anders Behring Breivik in Oslo/Utøya (Norway, 2011), and Nordine Amrani in Liège (Belgium, 2011). Generating immense media attention and public outrage, these shootings spurred politicians to consider and/or bring into effect stricter rules for the possession and use of firearms by private citizens. Violent incidents, however, are not the only factor explaining why many European states over the last decades have witnessed a trend towards stricter firearms regulation. Although the shooting in Antwerp was the direct spur for the change in legislation in Belgium and received most of the media attention, another factor also played an important role: a trend towards stricter gun regulations both at the international and the European level. In 2001, the United Nations Firearms Protocol was signed. It lists a series of stipulations aimed at fighting the illicit manufacturing and trafficking in firearms, such as rules on marking, registration and tracing. Some of these rules are relevant for domestic gun control regimes, as states are required to implement them in their national legislation. In the European Union (EU), common regulations have been developing since the early 1990s, in response to the establishment in the 1980s of the Schengen area and the integration of the internal European Community (EC) market. The gradual loss of internal border controls confronted members of the Schengen Area and the EC with a series of possible negative consequences, such as the unchecked flow of firearms within the Union. In order to compensate for the abolition of checks at intra-community borders and to avoid a security deficit, it was deemed necessary to provide for a certain degree of uniformity in member states’ firearms laws. Thus a minimal degree of control over firearms and ammunition flows could be guaranteed. Details: Brussels: Flemish Peace Institute, 2015. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2016 at: http://www.vlaamsvredesinstituut.eu/sites/vlaamsvredesinstituut.eu/files/files/reports/gun_control_in_belgium.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Belgium Keywords: Gun Control Policy Shelf Number: 141078 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: Grounds for Concern: Belgium's Counterterror Responses to the Paris and Brussels Attacks Summary: In November 2015, coordinated attacks by armed extremists killed 130 people in Paris. Four months later, attackers struck in Brussels, killing 32. The attacks were the deadliest in France and Belgium in decades. In both cases, the Islamic State (also known as ISIS) claimed responsibility. Perpetrators in both strikes had connections to Belgium. The Belgian authorities responded by enacting a ra of counter-terrorism laws and deploying 1,800 soldiers in major cities. The police have carried out several hundred raids, detentions, and stops-and-searches. These actions have helped the authorities charge and convict dozens of terrorism suspects. But as Grounds for Concern reveals, these laws, particularly if enforced arbitrarily or in ways that could be perceived as discriminatory, threaten basic rights including those to movement, liberty, free expression and privacy. In addition, some police operations have involved alleged beatings or other use of excessive force. Human Rights Watch investigated 26 incidents of alleged police abuse. In all but one case those targeted were Muslim. The Belgian authorities should amend and monitor counter-terrorism laws and policies to ensure they do not erode fundamental rights and enforce zero tolerance for police abuse. Governments have a responsibility to protect people from attack and to hold those responsible to account. But disproportionate responses are not only unlawful, they also risk driving a wedge between the Belgian authorities and communities that feel targeted—the very outcome that ISIS seeks to provoke. Details: New York: HRW, 2016. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2016 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/belgium1116_web.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Belgium Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Shelf Number: 147308 |
Author: Vandevelde, Stijn Title: Process and Outcome Study on Prison-Based Registration Points in Belgium Summary: This document is an extensive summary of the study entitled "Process and outcome study on prison-based registration points in Belgium" (PROSPER) aimed at the evaluation of Central Registration Points (CRPs) for substance users in Flemish, Brussels and Walloon prisons. The study was carried out on behalf of the Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy (BELSPO) and was made possible by the co-financing of the Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment and the Federal Public Service of Justice. The study ran from 1 December 2014 to 31 October 2016 and was conducted by Ghent University, Department of Special Needs Education and Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law and the National Institute for Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC). The aim of this summary is to provide an overview of the main conclusions of the study with an emphasis on the recommendations for practice and policy, based on the research findings Details: Brussel: Belgium Science Policy Office, 2017. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2017 at: https://www.belspo.be/belspo/organisation/Publ/pub_ostc/Drug/DR70_sum_en.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Belgium Keywords: Correctional Programs Shelf Number: 145355 |
Author: Teich, Sarah Title: Islamic Radicalization in Belgium Summary: Belgium has become a major hotbed for radicalization in Europe. At least 380 Belgians have travelled to Syria as foreign fighters, giving Belgium the largest number of jihadists per capita at 33.9 fighters per one million residents. Radicalized Belgian Muslims are significantly involved not only in terrorist attacks in Belgium, but throughout Europe. What has caused Belgium to become this fertile a ground for Islamic radicalization? This paper points to the low levels of employment, high levels of discrimination, low educational achievement, poor integration, and inconsistent governmental funding pervasive among the Belgian Muslim community. These poor demographic realities of the Belgian Muslim community might be significant in providing a fertile ground for radical Islamic parties and organizations to influence and recruit. This paper analyzes Islamic radicalization in Belgium. The first part of this paper examines Belgian-Muslim demographics, including population, integration, political participation, and organization. Then, Belgian Islamic radicalization is examined through the theoretical frameworks of both McCauley and Moskalenko and Social Movement Theory. To conclude, this paper considers governmental responses and recommendations for future preventative actions. Details: Herzliya: International Institute for Counter-Terrorism, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2017 at: https://www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/ICT-IRI-Belgium-Teich-Feb-16.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Belgium Keywords: Muslims Shelf Number: 146257 |
Author: Crosby, Andrew Title: Governing immigration through crime at the street level: The Metamorphosis of an Immigration Detention Centre in Belgium Summary: Based on ethnographic research in an immigration detention centre in Belgium I discuss the evolution of the regime to which the detainees are subjected. In the official language of the Immigration Office, this evolution is called humanisation of detention. A reconstruction of the changes shows that instead the regime was changed for the well-being of the staff. In fact, immigration detention must be understood as a result of the rise of warehousing practices of the penal state. The staff of the centres has the task of executing the punitive measure of detention. However, this became too burdensome for the staff and so the regime was gradually humanised without change in legislation. All levels of staff were implicated in this change. I argue that the changes were made to account to different actors: inside the Immigration Office accountability was directed to the staff, while externally this process was called humanisation. Details: Cartografie sociali. Rivista di sociologia e scienze umani, 1(2), 2016, pp. 145-166. Source: Internet Resource: Criminal Justice, Borders and Citizenship Research Paper No. 2921116: Accessed September 2, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2921116 Year: 2016 Country: Belgium Keywords: Immigrant Detention Shelf Number: 147016 |
Author: Confederation of European Security Industries (CoESS) Title: Private Security in Belgium; An inspiration for Europe? Summary: Together with CoESS, the BVBO (Beroepsvereniging van Bewakingsondernemingen) is pleased to present this Third White Paper to you. The BVBO has been a highly active member of CoESS for a great many years now. As the national representative professional association for the private security sector in Belgium, we constantly devote major efforts to making our service as professional as possible. In so doing we strive for national legislation and regulations to complement this service in an efficient manner. We therefore invest heavily in good and constructive dialogue with the competent authorities. Belgian regulations on private security can rightly be regarded as among the most detailed within the European Union and the rest of Europe. We accordingly wish to share our experience, expertise and accrued know-how with our sister federations in numerous other countries as an initiative of, and with the support of, CoESS. First of all the BVBO notes a very positive finding. Belgian law was and is often regarded as a source of inspiration, and is used for the development of legislation on private security in other European countries. On the other hand, we must also conclude that this Belgian legislation (introduced twenty years ago this year) today no longer fully corresponds with the social and economic context that has changed in the course of these twenty years. The private security sector has evolved drastically over the last two decades. Security companies have developed from service providers working exclusively in the private domain to organisations working on public security and its supporting tasks, whereby the provision of a high level of quality is and has always been the priority: - Today, it is a fact that private security officers can be found in a huge variety of public places. - The security officer himself or herself has evolved to become a specifically trained, multipurpose and often multilingual service provider. - Customers (in both the public and the private domain) are more demanding regarding security needs and requests, and today expect an integrated, custom-made, flexible and high quality service. - The man in the street also expects - and is entitled to - a professional service. - The security companies themselves have invested heavily and purposively in quality with specific selection and recruitment, additional training, supervision for officers, and by systematically improving pay and working conditions. - The members of the BVBO went another step further and recently launched the BVBO "Secure Quality" quality label. With this far-reaching form of self-regulation, the BVBO and its members also want to raise awareness among customers concerning the absolute necessity of putting quality first when it comes to monitoring and security. An additional aim of the BVBO is to use this label to encourage the competent authority to include similar quality requirements in legislation. Today, however, the BVBO notes that the legislative framework - based on the law of 10 April 1990 regulating private and particular security - has not proportionally evolved as outlined above. The realities of security, the needs of the customer, the role of the private security company, attention to quality and the job of private security officer are totally different from what they were twenty years ago. Details: Paria: Confederation of European Security Services (CoESS), 2010. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2017 at: www.coess.org Year: 2010 Country: Belgium Keywords: Private Security Shelf Number: 147495 |
Author: Beyens, Kristel Title: Electronic Monitoring in Belgium Summary: Key findings - Electronic monitoring (EM) is used in Belgium as an alternative for pre-trial detention and as a way of implementing prison sentences. In 2016, it will be introduced as an autonomous stand-alone sentence and as a way of imposing restrictions on offenders with a mental illness. - The increasing use of EM is strongly linked to the persistent problem of prison overcrowding. - The rehabilitative potential of EM has been limited by the increasing use of EM as a stand-alone order. - Where EM is used for the implementation of prison sentences, it is organised as a two-track system, creating substantial differences between sentences of 3 years or less and more than 3 years. The system is standardised for the former, whereas a highly individualised system with the supervision of a Justice Assistant is used for the latter. - The reduction or lack of supervision by Justice Assistants was reported to have reduced the effectiveness of EM. - Respondents were critical of the policy relating to obtaining the consent of cohabitants of monitored people because a lack of informed consent can lead to difficulties during the EM period. - The operation of EM is highly bureaucratic. The introduction of the SISET workflow system has facilitated information exchange between the agencies involved in EM, improved transparency and increased the speed of work processes. - The mean cost of one day under EM is L25 (staff costs included). - The mean period under EM in 2015 was 109 days (3.6 months) but it varies considerably between the different modalities. - Private sector involvement in EM is currently limited to the provision and maintenance of the equipment. Details: Brussels: Department of Criminology, Research Group Crime & Society, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2016. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 12, 2018 at: http://28uzqb445tcn4c24864ahmel.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/files/2016/06/EMEU-Electronic-monitoring-in-Belgium.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Belgium Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 150839 |
Author: Musing, Louisa Title: Wildlife Trade in Belgium: An analysis of CITES trade and seizure data Summary: The new study, Wildlife trade in Belgium: An analysis of CITES trade and seizure data, examines trade in species listed under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and builds on earlier studies identifying Belgium as an important destination and transit point of such species, particularly from Africa to Asia. The latest study identified Belgium "as the top EU importer of reptile commodities within the EU, as reported by weight." This trade was dominated by reptile meat with Belgium responsible for importing 787,251 kg of mainly Nile Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus meat, predominantly from Zimbabwe over the period studied, 2007-2016. However, based on the available data, it is unclear if the imported meat is consumed in Belgium or traded on within the EU to other Member States, due to the EU single market and free movement of goods. Belgium was also the second largest importer of plant products, including timber, as reported by volume, into the EU during the time period with trade dominated by sawn wood-just over 68,129 cubic metres in total-particularly Afrormosia Pericopsis elata originating from Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Yet despite the large volumes of timber entering Belgium, seizures of wood deemed to be illegally imported were rare: "this disparity highlights the need for Belgium to ensure it is not being used as an illegal trade hub for protected timber species," write the report's authors. Plant imports included significant quantities of species with known medicinal properties, including 213,919 kg of wild-sourced African Cherry Prunus africana bark, used to treat a variety of ailments ranging from fevers and even insanity, through to use as an appetite stimulant. An analysis of wildlife seizures found Belgium to be a major intermediary in the illegal transport of CITES-listed commodities such as plant-derived medicinal products, reptile derived leather products, ivory and seahorse bodies. The data suggest that these commodities in transit through Belgium are mainly coming from West and Central Africa, going to China and are being shipped through air transport and postal systems. Most seizures took place because of a lack of or invalid CITES permits, or a breach of International Air Transport Association (IATA) regulations. Among a number of key recommendations made by the report's authors are encouraging the country's CITES Management Authority to continue to ensure the legality of shipments entering Belgium, particularly for timber imports; further regular training for enforcement staff dealing with CITES issues; more targeted controls of CITES-listed timber imports at Antwerp sea port; enhanced co-operation between enforcement agencies; and increased awareness and understanding of market trade dynamics. Details: Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC International, 2018. 126p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 8, 2018 at: https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/11387/wildlife-trade-belgium.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Belgium Keywords: Endangered Species Shelf Number: 153361 |