Transaction Search Form: please type in any of the fields below.
Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 12:19 pm
cambodia
Time: 12:19 pm
cambodia
Results for cambodia
206 total results foundAuthor: Hensengerth, Oliver Title: Social and Political Fractures After Wars: The Role of Youth Violence in Post-1993 Cambodia Summary: This study examines the situation of juveniles and the origin in youth violence in the post-1993 socio-political set up, which has been dominated by a triple transformation process of democratization, market reforms, and pacification. This project aims at explaining the levels of youth-violence in Cambodia's post-war society. Details: Duisburg, Germany: Institute for Development and Peace, 2008 Source: Social and Political Fractures after Wars: Youth Violence in Cambodia and Guatemala; Project Working Paper No. 4 Year: 2008 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Juvenile Offenders Shelf Number: 114768 |
Author: Thomas, Frederic Title: Who Are the Child Sex Tourists in Cambodia? Summary: The purpose of this research is to gain a better understanding of the demand factors that drive the child sex tourism industry in Cambodia. It presents an insight into who the child sex tourists to Cambodia are and their modus operandi. Details: South Melbourne, Australia: Child Wise, 2006. 53p. Source: Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Sex Tourism (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 118323 |
Author: International Labour Office Title: Cambodia's "Beer Promotion Girls": Their Recruitment, Working Conditions and Vulnerabilities Summary: This survey is part of a series of studies into recruitment practices and working conditions in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) of children and young women in sectors vulnerable to human trafficking, and the associated and inherent sexual and labour exploitation. With the increasing sophistication of consumer marketing, the alcohol and beverage industries in Cambodia and other GMS countries have found new ways to advertise their competing products through the employment of beer promotion girls - attractive young women dressed in the colors and logos of their sponsors. This report take san in-depth look at both the personal and working lives of these young women. Details: Geneva: ILO, 2006. 116p. Source: The Mekong Challenge; Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 117642 |
Author: Cambodia. Provincial Department of Social Affairs, Labour, Vocational Training and Youth Rehabilitation Title: Destination Thailand: A Cross-Labor Migration Survey in Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia Summary: The main purpose of the labor migration survey was to provide insights and background information about the current situation and, as much as possible, provide some indication on the trafficking of children and women within the labor migration framework internally and across the border with Thailand. The data is meant to inform policy and program development on labor migration managment and trafficking prevention efforts at the local as well as at the subregional levels. Details: Bangkok: International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, International Labour Office Bangkok, 2005. 87p. Source: Internet Resource; The Mekong Challenge Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 117671 |
Author: Grillot, Caroline Title: Street Pedophilia in Cambodia: A Survey on Phnom Penh's Suspects and Victims Summary: This report focuses on street pedophiles and vulnerable children, as both groups remain difficult to observe and approach as they mingle outside common places usually meant for sexual interactions, such as bars and brothels. The survey provides an analysis of the current environment which pedophiles benefit from in Cambodia. It focuses on western males in the Phnom Penh region who represent the majority of the offenders and also on young boys who constitute their main target. Details: Phnom Penh: Action pour les Enfants, 2005. 38p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Pedophiles Shelf Number: 118626 |
Author: Renault, Raphael Title: Survey on Street-Based Child Sexual Exploitation in Cambodia: Overview of 7 Provinces Summary: Child sexual exploitation has been increasing in Cambodia since the 1990's, with sexual predators coming from abroad as short-term tourists or as long-term residents. Usually, travelling sex offenders visiting Cambodia operate in two different ways, either by visiting brothels or by preying on children in the streets, the markets, the beaches or other public areas. On-going observations in Phnom Penh led to the conclusion that pedophile-related behaviors were changing in the capital. It was suspected that travelling sex offenders were moving into more remote areas as a result of the strengthening of law enforcement activities with respect to child abuse in Phnom Penh. The objectives of this study are: 1) To provide an overview of street-based child sexual exploitation perpetrated outside phnom Penh; 2) To gain an understanding of the underlying factors that make street-based child sexual exploitation possible in countryside Cambodia; and 3) To obtain information on the profile of victims and sex-offenders. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Action pour les Enfants, 2006. 43p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia Keywords: (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 118727 |
Author: Paillard, Helene Title: Study on Cambodia's Criminal Justice System with Focusing on Prosecuting Foreign Child Sex Offenders Summary: This survey deals with the Cambodian criminal justice system, with focus on prosecuting child sex offenders. The analysis includes: 1) the Cambodian laws that are used in the prosecution of child sex offenders; 2) the implementation of those laws in practice; 3) the limits of, and burdens on, the criminal justice system; and 4) the connections between Cambodia and other countries regarding the prosecution of child sex offenders. Details: Phnom Penh: Action pour les Enfants, 2006. 53 p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Shelf Number: 119166 |
Author: Global Witness Title: The Untouchables: Forest Crime and the Concessionaires - Can Cambodia Afford to Keep Them? Summary: This report details the major illegal activities of a selection of concessionaires currently operating in Cambodia. It comprises both a historical record of concessionaire activity in Cambodia since 1995, and a critique of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) - funded concession review carried out by consultants Fraser Thomas. The report details the illegal activities of 12 concessionaires, and the fact that three further concessions are almost certainly no longer viable in the short term. Details: London: Global Witness, 1999. 17p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 1999 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Illegal Logging Shelf Number: 119230 |
Author: Amnesty International Title: Breaking the Silence: Sexual Violence in Cambodia Summary: Reports of women and girls being raped are on the increase in Cambodia. Amid a culture of impunity, victims have limited access to justice and the acute lack of medical services and psychological support reflects social attitudes to rape and other sexual violence. This report exposes how corruption and discrimination within the police and courts prevent survivors of rape from receiving justice and the necessary assistance. Amnesty International calls on the Cambodian government to firmly address inadequate law enforcement, extrajudicial settlements, weak prosecution and widespread corruption in cases of suspected sexual violence. Details: London: Amnesty International Publications, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2010 at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA23/001/2010/en/17ebf558-95f0-4cf8-98c1-3f052ffb9603/asa230012010en.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Rape Shelf Number: 118417 |
Author: Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights Title: Violence Against Women in Cambodia: 2006 Summary: Historically, Cambodians have suffered through a culture of violence perpetuated by the Khmer Rouge regime and other political groups. The impact of this violence continues to affect many people within Cambodia. One of the most vulnerable affected groups are the women of Cambodia. Violence against women – particularly in the form of domestic violence, rape, and human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation – is one of the most serious human rights problems in Cambodia. Although Cambodia is beginning to recognize the significance of violence against women, the extent of the Government’s willingness to educate the judiciary, the police and the public on these issues, and to implement laws and policies that prevent such violence and protect victims, is still quite limited. Cambodia ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1992 and committed to enforcing the Cambodian Millennium Development Goals (CMDG) in 2000. Both instruments contain provisions to reduce and eliminate violence against women, but there has been insufficient government action to implement them. Since 1992, the Government’s progress in reducing and eliminating violence against women since 1992 has been slow and often inadequate. In 2006, the period covered by this report, no new laws or influential policies protecting women from violence were passed or implemented by the Government. This report aims to provide a realistic account of the trauma suffered by Cambodian women from domestic violence, rape, and human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation. The report is based on information from LICADHO’s Women’s Rights Office, based in Phnom Penh, and staff in 12 provincial offices, and it also features personal stories of violence from four Cambodian women. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: LICADHO, 2007. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2010 at: http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/105LICADHOReportViolenceWoman2006.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Domestic Violence Shelf Number: 117362 |
Author: Cambodian League for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights (LICADHO) Title: Prison Conditions in Cambodia 2005 and 2006: One Day in the Life....My name is Dararith. I am 26 years old and I live in a prison cell with 22 other men. Summary: This report aims to provide an intimate look at the real living conditions faced by Cambodian prisoners. By drawing from first hand accounts of prisoners and from the observations and reports of LICADHO prison researchers, this report is told in the first person using a fictional identity to protect anonymity. It provides supplementary statistical information for relevant issues. This report builds on previous reports from the past 10 years, as well as considering new information gathered over the course of 2005 and the first ten months of 2006. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: LICADHO, 2007. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 11, 2011 at: http://www.licadho-cambodia.org/reports/files/104LICADHOReportPrisonConditions2006.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Prisoners (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 107691 |
Author: Lainez, Nicolas Title: Prostitution Mobility and Representations The Case of Vietnamese Prostitutes Going to Cambodia Summary: This study is the first in a series of three, the objective of which is to understand international mobility undertaken for the purposes of prostitution and forms of commercial sex by low-skilled women and female minors from the Mekong Delta. The first study addresses cross-border mobility for prostitution between the Vietnamese southern province of An Giang and Cambodia. Field investigation shows that this flow of mobility, which attracted a significant number of women in the 1990s, has now dried up in Vietnam, essentially because Cambodia is no longer viewed as a destination for easy money but rather a dangerous and unwelcoming country. Details: Hô Chi Minh City & Bangkok: Alliance Anti-Trafic Vietnam & IRASEC/Observatory on Illicit Trafficking, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 1: Accessed May 24, 2011 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/alliance_anti_11_representation_0411.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 121796 |
Author: United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking Title: Exploitation of Cambodian Men at Sea: Facts about the Trafficking of Cambodian Men onto Thai Fishing Boats Summary: An estimated thousands of Cambodian men, women, and children are trafficked annually to Thailand for the purpose of labor exploitation. Some of the worst exploited are the men and boys who are deceived onto long-haul fishing boats that fish the waters of the South China Sea, including into Malaysian waters. These boats, out to sea for up to two years or more, become virtual prisons on which the trafficking victims endure inhumane working conditions, and physical abuse. Death at sea is frequently reported, sometimes at the hands of the Thai boat captains. The only way to escape is to jump ship when the boat goes ashore for registration/documentation purposes in places like Sarawak, Malaysia. This SIREN report summarizes the facts about the trafficking of 49 Cambodian men and boys trafficked onto Thai long-haul fishing boats and assisted over the past 18 months by a network of responders spanning Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia. There are some variations in the scenarios faced by these men and boys, but the common theme is deception and debt bondage by two or more Khmer and Thai brokers; their sale to a Thai boat owner for 10,000-15,000 Baht; slave-like working conditions at sea, including beatings, deprivation of food, inhumane work hours (for example, working 3 days and nights straight when nets need to be mended), lack of medical treatment for illnesses and injuries, and threats of death; and sometimes, reportedly, murder. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNIAP, 2009. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: SIREN Case Analysis: Accessed May 24, 2011 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb3.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Debt Bondage Shelf Number: 121824 |
Author: Miles, Glen Title: The Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project. The Chab Dai Study on (Re-) integration. Researching the lifecycle of sexual exploitation & trafficking in Cambodia Summary: In 2010, Chab Dai and partners in Cambodia launched The Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project: Study on Reintegration. Over a period of 10 years, this study aims to better understand the experiences of survivors of abuse who have been reintegrated back into society after rehabilitation. Researchers will follow victims as they become survivors starting from the time they are in the aftercare program. The purpose will be to ‘hear’ from the survivors themselves, about their lives, understandings and experiences so their voices can contribute towards a greater understanding of the complexities of reintegration. The First Year Progress Report features findings from the Phase 1 of the research completed in 2010. Researchers focused on collecting data from aftercare programs about how they reintegrated girls back into their communities. They also facilitated peer group discussions with girls currently in aftercare programs about: What the ideal aftercare shelter would look like; What their hopes and fears are about leaving the aftercare program; And what they think a girl needs to take with her in her heart, her mind, and in her suitcase when she is reintegrated. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Chab Dai Coalition, 2011. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2011 at: http://chabdai.org/download_files/Butterfly%20Progress%20Report%202010.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Prostitution Shelf Number: 122559 |
Author: Pearson, Elaine Title: Off the Streets: Arbitrary Detention and Other Abuses Against Sex Workers in Cambodia Summary: In Cambodia, those tasked with upholding the law often inflict some of the worst abuses. Sex workers in particular know this to be true. Women and girls involved in sex work face beatings, rape, sexual harassment, extortion, arbitrary arrest and detention, and other abuses from officials charged with enforcing the law. The perpetrators include police, public park security guards, and officials working in centers and offices run by the Ministry of Social Affairs, Veterans, and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY). “Off the Streets,” documents the abuses based on interviews with more than 50 sex workers and group discussions with dozens more. Sex workers told Human Rights Watch that police officers beat them with their fists, sticks, wooden handles, and batons that administer electric shocks. Police officers also threatened sex workers with guns. In several instances, police officers raped sex workers while they were in police detention. Some sex workers described being detained in government centers under horrific conditions, with restricted freedom of movement, experiencing or witnessing beatings or rapes, and with inadequate food and medical care. Crimes by officials against sex workers are almost never prosecuted. The report also analyzes the impact of a 2008 Cambodian law on trafficking and sexual exploitation. While the new law has some useful provisions on trafficking, it criminalizes “solicitation” by sex workers in ways that open the door to continuing police abuse against such individuals. Human Rights Watch urges the Cambodian government to end impunity by holding the perpetrators of these abuses accountable, and to shut down Social Affairs centers where many of the abuses take place. Donors and UN agencies should use their influence when engaging with the Cambodian government to ensure that this happens. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed August 26, 2011 at: http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/07/19/streets Year: 2010 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Prostitutes (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 122563 |
Author: Chan, Isabelle Title: Addressing Local Demand for Commercial Sex with Children in Cambodia: A Recommended Strategy for ECPAT-Cambodia Summary: This Policy Analysis Exercise (PAE) sheds light on the issue of local demand for commercial sex with children under 18 in Cambodia. Through its findings, this PAE informs current trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation programming in Cambodia and recommends a strategy for ECPAT-Cambodia, the client of this PAE, on how to address local demand for commercial sex with children. Based on a comprehensive literature review of available studies and reports on local demand and related subjects, meetings with 37 experts and local stakeholders, and surveys with 47 Cambodian men and 46 former girl sex workers, this PAE makes eight key findings: 1) The virginity trade is an important factor of local demand in Cambodia; 2) Local demand accounts for the majority of demand for commercial sex with children under 18 in Cambodia; 3) Local demand for commercial sex with children under 18 is not limited to preferential buyers, such as virginity-seekers or pedophiles; 4) The enabling environments of corruption and weak law enforcement, gender inequality and sexual norms, and lack of sexual education in schools and communities facilitate the sexual exploitation of children under 18; 5) While there has been increasing attention on local demand, research gaps remain; 6) While some NGOs recognize the role of local demand, most continue to address commercial sexual exploitation of children by focusing on trafficking and international sex tourists. In addition, efforts to address local demand lack systematization; 7) Efforts to tackle local demand must tap onto existing activities and networks available from local stakeholders; and 8) Increasing donor attention on demand-side interventions, especially from the U.S. Government, presents unique opportunities to tackle local demand in Cambodia. Based on these key findings, this PAE recommends that ECPAT-Cambodia pursues a three-fold strategy for addressing local demand that: 1) Advocates for a shift in how NGOs, the Cambodian Government, and donors think about the commercial sexual exploitation of children, moving away from a restrictive focus on trafficking and international sex tourists; 2) Works with local stakeholders, including ECPAT’s network of NGO partners, Cambodian government agencies, and donors to include a local demand focus on existing programs and activities that address the trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of women and children in Cambodia; and 3) Creates partnerships with key local stakeholders to implement comprehensive programming on local demand that focuses not only on the local buyers but also the enabling environments that facilitate the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: ECPAT-Cambodia, 2010. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 7, 2012 at: http://www.ecpatcambodia.org/documents/Research_on_Local_Demand_for_Commercial_Sex.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Prostitution Shelf Number: 125501 |
Author: Smith, Reid Title: Let's Go for a Walk: Sexual Decision-making among Clients of Female Entertainment Service Workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia Summary: Cambodia is a noteworthy success story in responding to HIV/AIDS, in particular through the emphasis on “most at risk populations” as key targeted HIV-prevention groups. However, evidence shows that the epidemic continues to be driven by the commercial sex industry and male clients have largely been missing from the response. HIV-prevention eff orts in Cambodia have principally focused on the role of female entertainment workers in transmitting the virus to the general population. Th is has meant that male clients of entertainment workers have often been overlooked and underserved by HIV-prevention activities and messaging. Data collected from men who frequent entertainment venues, such as beer halls or karaoke bars, reveal that more than half report paying for sex in the last 12 months and around 40% report having three or more commercial partners in that timeframe. Relatively little is known about the decision-making processes of men who purchase commercial sex in Cambodia. Th e goals of this study are fourfold: (1) to explore the sexual decision-making processes of men who regularly patronize high-risk entertainment venues; (2) to identify key behavior patterns and social inducements that lead high-risk men to frequently have sex with entertainment workers; (3) to locate decisive junctures in the course of men’s socializing when a decision to not seek the services of an entertainment worker could be made; and (4) to produce a series of personalized archetypes that can be used by programmers to frame behavior change messaging for entertainment establishmentbased HIV-prevention interventions. Forty-eight men (age 21-35) who said they had had sex with an entertainment worker within the preceding six months were selected for interview by PSI researchers. Each was scheduled to complete two interviews: a narrative interview covering a typical evening of socializing, and an interview that covered infl uencers, the dynamics of opting in or out of sex, condom habits, and positive Let’s Go for a Walk Sexual Decision-making among Clients of Female Entertainment Service Workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia iv deviants. Twelve men were interviewed one-on-one and 36 participated in small group discussions. Sixteen brothel-based and non-brothel-based entertainment workers, chosen by United Health Network program staff, were also interviewed. Entertainment workers were included in the hope that they could provide insight into men’s sex-seeking decision-making processes. Data were collected from February-April 2007. Details: Durham, NC: FHI 360, 2007. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 17, 2012 at: http://www.fhi360.org/NR/rdonlyres/ewjdittmp4oet5advfrfrpl7nytjum6hisl4k337fpezqrrsrzikdwmafd3vp4mpgxreqftbc6vjxh/CambodiaLetsGoWalkEnHV.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Commercial Sex Industry Shelf Number: 125649 |
Author: Matthews, Amie Title: Child Safe Tourism: The Tourist Perspective Summary: This report summarises findings from a recent online survey conducted with over 300 international travellers to Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Vietnam (collectively referred to in this report as ‘the Region’). The survey was conducted to better grasp the sorts of interactions tourists have with children in these countries and to gauge their perceptions of these interactions and of child safe tourism in general. The survey findings show:1 Tourists frequently engage with local children when visiting the Region and are generally happy to do so. While such interactions may be positive experiences for tourists, they can also leave lasting negative impressions in travellers’ minds. For instance, meetings with local children were positively described by those travellers who indicated that they had gained a unique insight into the country or local culture through the children they encountered, who enjoyed talking and playing with local children, or who felt that local children were especially welcoming. On the other hand, when encounters with local children highlighted poverty, their vulnerability, or were perceived as existing within a broader context of abuse or exploitation they were generally described negatively by survey participants. Such experiences not only impacted tourists at an emotional level but in many cases they also appeared to impact their perception of the local culture and destination. Over half (57.1%) of the participants indicated that they had witnessed situations involving the exploitation or abuse of children while travelling in the Region. Respondents described situations where they had come across children selling goods or begging or where they were being used by adults (in some cases their parents) to play on tourist sympathies. They also expressed concern over children not being in school, being forced to perform for tourists, and children being subject to sexual exploitation. 85% of survey participants reported being approached by young people selling souvenirs and 81.2% reported being approached by children or youth (under the age of 18) who were begging. Many survey participants also reported seeing children collecting rubbish (49%), working in a restaurant or hotel (48.5%) and street performing (38%). A significant number also claimed that they had seen children or youth working as tour guides (25.5%) and of most concern, in the sex industry (20.5%). Overwhelmingly all of the participants that discussed witnessing these types of exploitation stated that it made them feel disgusted, sad, concerned or worried, helpless, guilty, angry and/or frustrated. 28.8% of respondents indicated that they thought a combination of all of these exploitative behaviours was either deemed normal by locals, or that locals (including local authorities) turned a blind eye to them. This perception is worrying on multiple fronts. For one thing, it sets an extremely low standard of behaviour for tourists to ascribe to and would likely impact the willingness of travellers to get involved or intervene in suspected cases of child exploitation/abuse. On the other hand, the idea that a community condones or accepts child abuse and exploitation is an extremely negative image for a tourist destination to carry, one which can ultimately be quite damaging to the tourism industry. Abuse and/or exploitation of children in tourism is not tolerated by tourists and it can have significant impacts on the destination images that tourists (and potential tourists) develop. Many survey participants reported having shared their concerns about children in the Region being subjected to exploitation or abuse with friends, family and colleagues at home. A number of respondents also indicated that they had either cut their visit to specific localities short or would not return to some destinations as a result of their exposure to incidents which they believed involved the abuse of children and young people. Subsequently, it is in the best interests of the tourism industry for local and national governments, as well as tourism providers, to continue to address these issues and to ensure children are protected from all forms of abuse in tourism in the Region. 53.2% of participants stated they did not purchase goods/services from children and 78.7% stated that they did not give money to a begging child or youth. This shows that tourists who took part in the survey demonstrated reasonable levels of awareness with regards to the issues attached to children selling goods to tourists or begging. Most frequently the reasons given for avoiding these sorts of exchanges with young people were to discourage unsustainable socio-economic cultures from developing and/or to avoid placing children or young people in ‘at-risk’ situations. Many of the survey participants seemed well educated about the fact that if children are on the streets begging and/or selling they are not likely to go to school and may be left vulnerable to exploitation or abuse. Many also talked about begging as not being an empowering or even likely means for ending the poverty cycle. By way of comparison, a significant number also made reference to what they perceived as better alternatives such as giving money to a local charity or giving the children food instead. Almost half (49.5%) of the respondents felt they had some sort of responsibility for local children and youth when travelling. A number of participants seemed to have clear strategies for dealing with children who were begging or selling goods and services in the Region and many made real efforts to ensure their interactions with children were ethical. A number of participants reported taking very pro-active steps to assist children in need and many survey respondents indicated that they had felt a real desire to help while in the Region. However, even those participants who made clear efforts to help locals (and local children in particular) seemed unsure as to whether their actions had constituted best-practice. Frequently doubts and uncertainties about the best way to engage with children in the Region were expressed. Only 19.5% of survey respondents felt they had enough information to protect local children and youth encountered in public places. Overwhelmingly though, many participants indicated that they wanted to know more about the situation and how they could help. 84.8% of survey participants stated that they would like to know more about how to protect children and prevent exploitation in the Region. Almost the same number of participants said they’d like to know more about local customs, appropriate dress and behaviour (83.3%) and about ways in which tourists could support the local economy (83%). In a similar vein, when asked whether a business’ policy to protect children would influence their purchase habits 94.8% of participants said that it would. Details: Melbourne: World Vision Australia, 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2012 at: http://beta.wvi.org/sites/default/files/Child_Safe_Tourism_eBook_Nov%202012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Prostitution Shelf Number: 127036 |
Author: Von Gyer, Judith Title: Situation Analysis of Paedophilia in Sihanouk Ville: Study of Perceived Demand for Child Sex in Sihanouk Ville Summary: This research had a perception based focus. It was initiated to establish the perceived demand for child sex in Sihanouk Ville. These insights were sought from tourists, sex tourists and business owners in the area. This was to include; budget travellers, mid-range and higher range tourists and a variety of businesses, both locally and foreign owned. A lacuna was found in existing research as no previous study had been instigated with this aim. Only one prior research was found and this was directed at ascertaining community attitudes on paedophilia, definitions of paedophilia and risk factors involved for potential child sex offenders. Cambodia has an international reputation for attracting child sex tourists and it was anticipated that this study would contribute to understanding the reasons behind this perception. It was concluded that they were primarily lax law enforcement, secondly the availability of and ease of access to children and thirdly, poverty. The aim of the research was to make recommendations for further action if it was felt to be necessary. The qualitative aspect of the research proved more persuasive than the quantitative content of the study and revealed that most of the respondents did not hold the view of paedophilia being a large and present problem in Sihanouk Ville but that instances of it have taken place. Most business owners had experiences of witnessing it in some form or another but still did not view it as a problem. A small minority believed that not only did the problem exist, it was extremely prevalent in the area. A ubiquitous response among the respondents was the presence of a large domestic and inter-Asian paedophile consumer base. The view was held that this group of people were responsible for a much more significant part of the offences committed and were operating largely in an environment of impunity whilst not being targeted in campaigns. It was felt that the poster campaigns whilst effective in drawing attention to the issue, were not effective in deterring potential paedophiles and served also to create an image of Cambodia and Sihanouk Ville that was not entirely accurate. Additionally, there was a distinct feeling of a lack of confidence in authority and a lack of clear options to pursue if someone suspected or witnessed paedophilia. As part of the qualitative stage, two male Italian researchers disguised as paedophiles visited several bars and brothels enquiring about the availability of chid sex. Young girls were offered to them with one presumed to be as young as 10 or 11 years old. There was a widespread belief in the role of motodup drivers as facilitators in accessing children for foreign paedophiles and this was corroborated during the research conducted by the two Italians. Young boys, on the other hand, were acquired directly from the beach or in town and were drug reliant (gluesniffers). Views from travel agents in Hong Kong were gathered with the conclusion that Sihanouk Ville is not generally a destination that is marketed by them but that a perception of Cambodia as a whole attracting child sex tourists does exist. There would however be an interest in marketing Sihanouk Ville if infrastructures were put in place and if the Cambodian government were willing to invest in cleaning up its image. The quantitative aspect of the research was not as compelling, largely due to the small sample sizes. This was particularly true for several questions which required responses only from those who believed paedophilia to be a problem in the area. 25% of the 48 respondents believed this to be the case. Whilst not a convincing majority, it nevertheless highlighted the fact that a problem does exist in the area but that there is no real urgency in taking further action at present. The situation should however be monitored closely, especially with the large scale developments that are currently underway in Sihanouk Ville. It was also concluded that most tourists would not return to Sihanouk Ville were it to gain a reputation for attracting child sex tourists. Most businesses would accept some level of responsibility in tackling this issue but the exact parameters and content of such were not discussed. They felt that the main responsibility lay with the Cambodian government as the entity which could tackle the issue of nonenforceability most effectively. This research was carried out in the low season which may have served to hinder results. It is suggested that this survey be repeated during the peak months to engage a larger sample of tourists and also to survey the area when it is busier and possibly easier for potential paedophiles to remain anonymous. Children should also be consulted in the survey process as the ones who are the best source of information on this issue. Additionally, it would be interesting and useful to find out if there is any correlation between drug use among young children and paedophilia as it has been noted that children will themselves seek alternative methods of acquiring income by approaching potential paedophiles. This is particularly true as they move onto more expensive drugs. No access was granted to the only high end tourist resort in Sihanouk Ville which could have proven useful in terms of determining how the area was marketed to them and what perceptions this group of more economically buoyant tourists held both before and during their visit to the area. The willingness of businesses to get involved should be utilised and built upon. A coherent course of action is needed if there are suspicions about a certain individual. As things stand now, there is little confidence in the options currently available. The lack of enforcement needs to be addressed as this is perhaps the most important tool in reducing this image of impunity and, in turn, the number of child sex tourists. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Village Focus International, 2005. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://www.cosecam.org/publications/situation_analysis_of_paedophilia_in_sihanouk_ville_eng.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Prostitution Shelf Number: 127084 |
Author: United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking Title: Cambodia: Exodus to the Sex Trade? Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Women's Working Conditions and Opportunities Summary: The objective of this research was to measure increases in human trafficking and exploitation in Cambodia as a result of the financial crisis, specifically, the trafficking of women and girls into the entertainment sector. Retrenched garment factory workers and female members of vulnerable rural families were two key populations of interest. Data was collected in April-May 2009 using a survey in Khmer, administered to 357 women and girls aged 15-49 currently working in Phnom Penh’s entertainment sector, including brothel workers, street workers, karaoke workers, and massage parlor workers. Information was collected on their family background; the conditions of their current work and how they got into it; debts they have incurred along the way, to whom, and for what; indicators of exploitation; and information on their previous job and why they left. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNIAP, 2009. 7p. Source: SIREN Report CB-04: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2012 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb-04.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Human Trafficking (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 127101 |
Author: Natale, Katrina Title: “I Could Feel My Soul Flying Away From My Body”: A Study on Gender-Based Violence During Democratic Kampuchea in Battambang and Svay Rieng Provinces Summary: More than thirty years have passed since the fall of the Khmer Rouge state, Democratic Kampchea. In this time, the world has become aware of the many atrocities that the population suffered at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, including forced transfer and evacuation, extrajudicial killing, forced labor, starvation, illness and death. In contrast to the widespread scholarship and public acknowledgment that these issues have received, reports of gender-based violence (GBV) perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge have benefitted from relatively little study and attention. This small-scale study was undertaken to build on the few other research studies which have been conducted on the topic of GBV in Democratic Kampuchea. The main objective of the study was to shed more light on the nature and characteristics of GBV under the Khmer Rouge by gathering data on: 1) the types of GBV perpetrated during Democratic Kampuchea; 2) the victims and perpetrators of this violence; 3) the location and circumstances under which it occurred; and 4) how this data compares to that collected through previous studies. Interviews for this survey were conducted in September and October 2010 with 104 respondents aged between 42 and 84 years old residing in Battambang and Svay Rieng provinces. Respondents were interviewed confidentially about their knowledge and experiences of GBV while living in Democratic Kampuchea using a semi-structured survey questionnaire which included both open and closed questions. As the second case before the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) moves forward and other transitional justice and peace-building initiatives are developed, this report aims to raise awareness of the issue of GBV under the Khmer Rouge, bring acknowledgment to the victims, situate the findings of this study within the context of international law and scholarship on GBV, refocus attention on accountability mechanisms targeting GBV and encourage the integration of this knowledge into all initiatives which address the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Cambodian Defenders Project, 2011. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 4, 2012 at: http://www.svri.org/SoulFlying.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Forced Marriage Shelf Number: 127120 |
Author: Thomas, Frederic Title: Impact of Closing Svay Pak: Study of Police and International NGOs Assisted Interventions in Svay Pak Summary: This report presents findings from investigations that aim at studying the impacts, positive or negative, of the successive attempts to shut down Svay Pak known as a prostitution area located 11km from Phnom Penh. This report does not aim at criticizing police interventions in Svay Pak or to point out some NGOs but aim at highlighting the long period of time needed to definitively close this area and from now the need of a different and holistic approach by NGOs, government agencies and police units. Both government and anti-trafficking NGOs ought to consider prostituted women/children as victims of an internationally influenced unbalanced development process. Actually, these victims are mainly responding to family pressures in being prostituted. Another comment would be for the government to work more on prostitution networks than on prostituted population. Of course, the corruption and the involvement of high ranking officials must be a real matter of concern to reach objectives aiming at stopping commercial and sexual exploitation of children. The need of a holistic approach is to improve the efficiency of anti-trafficking programs and better harmonize policies. For example, the successful closure of Svay Pak has not stopped the sexual and commercial exploitation of the prostituted children and girls working previously in Svay Pak. Even worse or perhaps better for them sometimes, as we will see, it mainly spread this population all around the country with living and working conditions that we plan to study in this paper. Some policies aiming at fighting trafficking were not adapted to the local situation and NGOs must not act to reinforce their visibility among and through Media or to ensure funding but mainly to support law enforcement and provide assistance to victims. Moreover, we understand that the issue of prostitution is also very sensitive for several reasons and it can also be a source of disagreement between NGOs in terms of legitimacy or lawfulness of activities. The primary conflict appears to be the legality of NGO actions, mainly in terms of care for people acting illegally, or people being trafficked. But on the anti-trafficking side, each NGO must make a decision as to how far they must regulate themselves as an NGO and to not step on the toes of the Government. Provision of social services by NGOs is also a priority, to ensure children’s and youth’s rights, and to get valuable information to ensure paedophile and virginity-seekers are brought to trial. Partnerships must be developed between police, NGOs and social services prior to intervention. At the moment, some NGOs have such a holistic approach, but some do not. This report aims to encourage a holistic and common approach to rescue victims and avoid further trafficking of victims. To conclude this section, a more effective approach would certainly be to reinforce activities countermanding sex with minors. If there were no demand, there would be no supply. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: NGO Coalition to Address Sexual Exploitation of Children in Cambodia (COSECAM), 2005. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 20, 2012 at http://www.cosecam.org/publications/impact_of_closing_svay_pak_eng.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Crime Prevention Programs (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 127239 |
Author: Astbury, Jill Title: Triple Jeopardy: Gender-Based Violence and Human Rights Violations Experienced by Women with Disabilities in Cambodia Summary: Cambodian women with disabilities experience multiple disadvantages resulting from the interplay between gender, disability and poverty. This participatory research project, developed collaboratively between Australian and Cambodian partners, investigated prevalence and experiences of gender-based violence of women with disabilities in comparison to women without disabilities; assessed the extent to which existing policies and programs include or address women with disabilities; and explored how women with disabilities are supported or denied access to existing programs. The study found that women with disabilities and women without disabilities faced similar levels of sexual, physical and emotional violence by partners. However, the picture that emerged in terms of family violence (excluding partners) was starkly different. Women with disabilities experienced much higher levels of all forms of this violence. They were much more likely to be insulted, made to feel bad about themselves, belittled, intimidated, and subjected to physical and sexual violence than their non-disabled peers. These results, building on scarce developing country evidence, speak to the unique vulnerabilities of women with disabilities to violence. There is an urgent need for mainstream services to ensure that women with disabilities can access their services, and for services for people with disabilities that address gender concerns. Similarly, it is critical that discriminatory attitudes which condone and perpetuate violence against women with disabilities are challenged and transformed. Details: Canberra: AusAID (Australian Agency for International Development), 2013. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: AusAID Research Working Paper 1: Accessed February 15, 2013 at http://www.ausaid.gov.au/research/Documents/triple-jeopardy-working-paper.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Disability Shelf Number: 127631 |
Author: Danish Centre for Human Rights Title: The Police in Cambodia: Project Assessment Report - Cambodia Summary: As a result of a needs assessment conducted by DCHR in the spring of 1999 a pilot project was initiated. The purpose was two-fold: i) Starting up a series of sensitizing seminars, produce newsletters and invite a senior police consultant from the region to engage in police reform debates, and ii) creating a planning base in order to prepare for a coming strategic planning project aiming at police reform. The pilot project ran over a period of two years. The formal partnership was entered with Asia Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, while informal cooperation with the local NGO, Cambodia Defenders Project, intensified during the same period. In addition to the scheduled project activities, DCHR arranged a democracy visit to Denmark in 1999 for participants from the Ministry of Interior, the police and NGOs in Cambodia. The visit programme centred around police institutions in a democratic context. A Danish Human Rights Officer initially stationed at the Cambodia Defenders Project was after the democracy visit invited to stay a the police training department in the Ministry of Interior. Furthermore, a number of NGO activists have participated in the biannually human rights training courses at DCHR. The two reports composing this publication are the results of the pilot project. The Police in Cambodia is written by Kristine Yigen, the Human Rights Officer stationed for nine months in Cambodia. The report forms along with other written and collected documents the planning base prepared during the project period. The report is rich on data and information about the police related legislation and police organisations in Cambodia and adds an analytic perspective by holding up the Constitution of Cambodia, 1993, and relevant international human rights standards to the present situation. The second report is written by the external consultant, Susanne Ringgaard Pedersen. On the basis of the conclusions of the pilot project, a review was conducted to evaluate the relevance of the pilot phase. In addition to this review, a set of recommendations for the coming engagement in police reform is suggested by the consultant. Furthermore, the report reviews the relevance of a second project phase in relation to the acute human rights needs in Cambodia. While the review/assessment report compliments the pilot phase and all those involved at various levels, a number of improvements and recommendations are suggested. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Centre for Human Rights, 2002. 178p. Source: Internet Resource: Evaluations and Reviews of Partnership Programmes – No 21: Accessed April 9, 2013 at: http://www.humanrights.dk/files/pdf/Publikationer/eandr21.pdf Year: 2002 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Human Rights Shelf Number: 128330 |
Author: Miles, Siobhan Title: Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project, a Chab Dai Study on (Re-)integration: Researching the Lifecycle of Sexual Exploitation & Trafficking in Cambodia. End of Year Progress Report 2012 Summary: This is the third end of year progress report for the Butterfly Longitudinal Research Project, a Chab Dai Study on (Re-)integration: Researching the Lifecycle of Sexual Exploitation & Trafficking in Cambodia. The purpose of this report is to communicate progress and findings for 2012. Recruitment of participants was closed in December 2011 and the sample size has been set at 128 participants. An average of 107 participants attended each of the three field visits conducted throughout the year. During 2012, because the sample size was large enough, and remained stable across the research time frame, more significant statistical analysis was possible than the previous year. Although the majority of study participants were still in their respective assistance programs (APs), whether residential (RP) or community programs (CPs), a larger number have also begun the reintegration process, and 5% have completed reintegration; that is, they are no longer part of any assistance program. The overriding objective of the Butterfly Longitudinal Research is to better understand, from the participants’ perspectives, what the (re-)integration process is like for them over a ten-year period. Our purpose is to understand what makes them more resilient and what makes them more vulnerable, yet at this early point in the longitudinal study such conclusions are not yet possible. We have used a mixed methods approach to enquire about the participants’ current perceptions, views and experiences, and about their expectations for the futures. A small number of participants voluntarily described some of their experiences before their sexual exploitation. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Chab Dai Coalition, 2013. 114p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2013 at: http://www.childrecovery.info/fileadmin/pdf/Butterfly_Annual_Report_2012-1__1_.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 129562 |
Author: Steinfatt, Thomas M. Title: Measuring the Extent of Sex Trafficking in Cambodia--2008 Summary: This paper presents the results of research conducted during the summer and fall of 2008 across the 24 provinces of Cambodia to measure numbers and locations of women and children who are destination trafficked within or into Cambodia for commercial sex. Results presented are empirical counts and estimates from venue management and workers of numbers of trafficked women and children throughout Cambodia, province by province. These empirical counts and management and worker estimates are provided by persons who directly observed sex venue management and sex workers in addition to obtaining information from them. The results are compared with findings of earlier studies. Details: Bangkok: United Nations Interagency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP), 2011. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 21, 2014 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/estimates/uniap_cb_estimates_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Trafficking Shelf Number: 132090 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "They Treat Us Like Animals" : Mistreatment of Drug Users and "Undesirables" in Cambodia's Drug Detention Centers Summary: The Cambodian government claims its eight "drug treatment" centers provide treatment and rehabilitation for people dependent on drugs. In reality, they provide neither. At any one time, these facilities collectively hold around 1,000 men, women, and children: some are dependent upon drugs, others are homeless people, beggars, street children, sex workers, or have actual or perceived disabilities. They do not see a lawyer or a judge before or during detention, receive no formal sentence, and have no way to appeal the decision to detain them. Many are confined as part of "sweep the streets" operations ahead of high-profile international meetings, or visits by foreign dignitaries. "They Treat Us Like Animals," a follow-up to a 2010 Human Rights Watch report on the same issue, is based on interviews with 33 recent detainees of Cambodia's drug treatment centers. It finds that arbitrary detention, forced labor, and physical and sexual abuse continue with impunity. Detainees are punched and kicked by center staff, whipped with rubber water hoses, hit with sticks or branches, shocked with electric batons, and punished with physical exercises intended to cause intense physical pain and humiliation, such as having to crawl along stony ground. Former female detainees described sexual abuse by male guards. Many detainees are forced to work, such as growing vegetables or as part of work gangs on construction sites. Those who refuse are beaten. Despite the international outcry over these centers, Cambodian authorities have not released all detainees, investigated alleged torture and other abuses, or held any perpetrators accountable. Human Rights Watch calls on Cambodia's government to permanently close its drug detention centers. Authorities should also investigate credible reports of torture and other ill-treatment, and appropriately discipline or prosecute those responsible, in accordance with Cambodian and international law. Details: New York: HRW, 2014. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 4, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/cambodia1213_ForUpload_1.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Detention Centers Shelf Number: 133964 |
Author: Vandenbroucke, Myriam W.G. Title: Evaluation of the Stop Child Exploitation Programme Cambodia, 2007-2012 Summary: Terre des Hommes Netherlands evaluated the Stop Child Exploitation programme in Cambodia over a 5-year period between January 2007 and June 2012. The evaluation focused on the impact and sustainability of the socio-economic development interventions in the reduction of child exploitation. Did the socio-economic development interventions supported by Terre des Hommes, prevent child exploitation and assist children and their families in Cambodia to improve their livelihood? Assumptions covered by the evaluation: - Income Generating Activities (IGAs) for caregivers reduces child exploitation - Vocational Training for youth reduces child exploitation - Members of Self Help Group (SHG) obtain a higher income or sustainable livelihood. The evaluation results showed that through socio-economic development interventions, child exploitation can be reduced. Children were enrolled in schools and fewer children were engaged in child labour, including the worst forms of child labour. Children worked less hours and days per week. Details: The Hague: Terre des Hommes Netherlands, 2012. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2015 at: http://www.terredeshommesnl.org/en/international/library Year: 2012 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 129738 |
Author: Bearup, Luke S. Title: Trafficking and Protection: Theorising reintegration and defining success Summary: Grounded upon research in Cambodia, a theory of 'reintegration' is proposed for victims of sex-trafficking and benchmarks for assessing success. Drawing upon a cosmopolitan conception of shared vulnerability, it is argued that a life lived with dignity chiefly depends upon access to either modernist or traditional forms of reciprocal recognition. Details: Burwood, VIC, AUS: Deakin University, 2015. 315p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 17, 2015 at: http://dro.deakin.edu.au/view/DU:30074158 Year: 2015 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 136094 |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: Criminal Justice Response to Wildlife and Forest Crime in Cambodia: A Rapid Assessment Summary: The Kingdom of Cambodia is a land rich in biological diversity, home to unique and rare species of flora and fauna. It is the most ethnically homogenous country in South East-Asia with 94% of its 15.5 million population made up of Ethnic Khmer. It is bordered by Vietnam, Thailand and Lao PDR and it is a royal monarchy governed by the Cambodian People's Party. The Cambodian government and people have made tremendous advances rebuilding the social infrastructure that was so devastated by decades of war. This growth has been fuelled by international aid and the exploitation of their natural resources, both flora and fauna. In particular the Cambodian forests have undergone extensive commercial logging over the last 30 years with forest cover dropping from 72% in 1973 to 46% in 2013. The percentage of timber products in 2011 was an estimated production volume of 50,000m3 of sawn-timber minus 25,000m3 of reported export timber, which clearly indicates that the domestic market consumes about 50% of the total production. Companies exporting wood products must obtain an export license usually valid for one year based on the sales contract. The export systems adopted in Cambodia, also, include the inspection of products that can be ultimately traced to the exporter and production mill, through export documentation such as PC-IMEX, export permits and export licenses. This exploitation has resulted in the extinction of some species and the reduction in others to such a degree as to make any trade in them illegal. Several flora and fauna species indigenous to Cambodia are now afforded protection under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). These species include high value timber species such as Dalbergia cochinchinensis commonly known as Siamese Rosewood (Appendix II) and fauna species such as the Tiger (Appendix I), Leopard (Appendix I), Clouded Leopard (Appendix I) Elephant (Appendix I), Sun Bear (Appendix I), Banteng (Appendix I), Pangolin (Appendix II) and the iconic Irrawaddy Dolphin (Appendix I). Despite protection under CITES, national laws, Royal Decrees and Prime Ministerial Sub Decrees there is growing evidence that transnational organised crime groups are continuing to target high value timber species in Cambodia and adjoining countries, particularly Thailand. Illegal logging and timber smuggling are a high reward but risky criminal activity which have resulted in armed confrontations, casualties and several deaths among rangers and smugglers. It is not only Cambodia's forests that have been exploited. Many of Cambodia's fauna species have also been targeted and continue to be subjected to illegal trafficking to feed markets in China and Vietnam. Recent seizures point to transnational organised crime groups targeting Cambodia as a transit point for ivory and rhino horn from Africa. The objective of this study therefore is to determine what role the criminal justice system in Cambodia plays in combating the illegal trade in timber and wildlife. In order to coherently achieve this goal, this report relayed primarily on qualitative research methods applying an inductive interpretivist approach, by adopting a series of methods of data generation. This information, empirical and statistical, has been obtained through a variety of sources which include both primary - in the form of structured interviewing techniques - and secondary sources, i.e. publications, articles, government documents. Although a variety of sources, and consequently conclusions and recommendations, will be presented at the end of this study, this report aspires to analyse the role of the criminal justice system in combating the illegal trade in timber and wildlife with a view to engage the Government of Cambodia to improve its performance. There has been careful consideration in the selection of the studied documents with regards to the origins in order to obtain a diverse range of material and at the same maintain a constructive dialogue with the Government. Ultimately, one must also acknowledge that establishing a methodology with the aim of assessing the criminal justice system in Cambodia is problematic within itself and a process susceptible of bias as influenced by numerous assumptions. The political commitment to use criminal justice resources to target the illegal exploitation and trade in timber and wildlife crime is one of the starting points for this country analysis. Criminal justice systems deal with multiple crimes and face considerable public and political pressure on a range of issues. Prioritising interventions is in practice the mechanism that criminal justice actors use to meet large demands with limited resources. The issue of political will is of great relevance too given on-going accusations of wide spread corruption and the protection of wildlife and timber smuggling by those, including political leaders and senior officials, who profit from it. For the purposes of this report "Wildlife and Forest Crime" refers to the taking, trading (supplying, selling or trafficking), importing, exporting, processing, possessing, obtaining and consumption of wild fauna and flora, including timber and other forest products in contravention of national or international law. This study has analysed the framework of responses to crime as defined by national laws. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2015. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: https://www.unodc.org/southeastasiaandpacific/en/regional-programme/toc/environmental-crime.html Year: 2015 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Forests Shelf Number: 136295 |
Author: Reimer, J.K. Title: A System Just for Children: Voices of child victims and witnesses about their experiences Summary: Over the past two decades, Cambodia's justice system has improved markedly. More people are being processed through the system, with greater fairness and speed than ever before. More complaints are being investigated and perpetrators are more likely to be convicted and serve at least part of their sentence. Solid protocols and procedural documents governing the rights of children are firmly in place and frequently cited by high-ranking officials. However, implementation of "child-friendly justice" remains limited. This research is one of the first conducted in Cambodia to look in detail at the experience of child witnesses and victims who go through the Cambodian criminal justice system. It particularly aims to give voice to children's views in order to contribute to the development of criminal court procedures that more fully reflect the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), especially Article 12. Details: Hagar, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, UNICEF, 2015. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: http://www.unicef.org/cambodia/A-System-Just-for-Children_FINAL_Jan-2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Protection Shelf Number: 137839 |
Author: Ferguson, Alan Title: Final Evaluation of the Cardamon Mountains Protected Forest and Wildlife Sanctuaries Project Summary: The Cardamom Mountains Protected Forest and Wildlife Sanctuaries Project in southwest Cambodia comprises two sub-projects: - Central Cardamom Protected Forest (CCPF) project, funded by United Nations Foundation (UNF) and Conservation International (CI) and implemented by CI and the Forestry Administration from July 2001 to September 2004; and - Cardamom Mountain Wildlife Sanctuaries (CMWS) project in Phnom Aural and Phnom Samkos sanctuaries, funded by UNF, GEF and Flora and Fauna International (FFI) and implemented by FFI and Ministry of Environment from April 2003 to April 2007. The CMWS Project had five major planned Outcomes for the wildlife sanctuaries: - Improved planning, management and regulatory frameworks - Improved governmental operational capacity - Communities engaged in the protection, management and sustainable use of natural resources - Secured international recognition and increased national and local awareness - Established a long-term financing mechanism The Final Evaluation was undertaken from February 19 - March 16, 2007. It focused on the CMWS, with only general review of the CCPF. The evaluation involved individual and group interviews, an initial workshop to discuss project design issues, and a larger wrap-up meeting to discuss preliminary findings. In total, 95 people were consulted. The study method was guided by the evaluation Terms of Reference and included identifying Indicators, preparing Evaluation Questions to guide interviews and meetings, and undertaking participatory discussions. The challenging startup conditions for this project should be duly noted: the project area is a former stronghold of the Khmer Rouge, settlements of indigenous people and ex-Khmer Rouge families, the wildlife sanctuary designation was unknown, traditional use of forest resources was commonplace, the area is large and difficult to monitor, and both corruption and lack of respect for the law were widespread in government and the military due to the poor salaries and lack of institutional modernization. These baseline conditions presented major impediments to introducing conservation. The two-project concept of the CCPF and CMWS has involved separate sub-projects that have different clients, approaches, methods and databases The project was structured in accordance with the mandate and boundaries of the wildlife sanctuaries under DNCP-MoE jurisdiction, and those of the Central Cardamom Protected Forest under FA jurisdiction. The original idea of synchronizing the DNCP/MoE - FFI and FA-CI projects was constrained due to differences in start-up dates, and the limited overall coordination of the projects. The different time frames adversely affected results and potential synergies. A brief review of follow-up to the CMWS Mid Term Review concluded that the project has undertaken reasonable action to address most of the MTR recommendations. The lack of action on a project Steering Committee and institutional coordination are the major outstanding issues. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNDP Cambodia, 2007. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2016 at: https://erc.undp.org Year: 2007 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Forests Shelf Number: 138841 |
Author: Global Witness Title: Deforestation without limits: How the Cambodian government failed to tackle the untouchables Summary: A review of law enforcement in the forestry sector in Cambodia. The report examines evidence of illegal logging that Global Witness has submitted to the Royal Government of Cambodia as part of the Forest Crimes Monitoring and Reporting Project and reviews the action and inaction of the government in each of the cases. Details: London: Global Witness, 2002. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2016 at: https://www.globalwitness.org/en/archive/deforestation-without-limits/ Year: 2002 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 138919 |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: Victim Identification Procedures in Cambodia: A brief study of human trafficking victim identification in the Cambodia Context Summary: This Report addresses the context of trafficking in human beings in Cambodia and the process by which trafficking victims are identified and assisted. Cambodia’s current anti‐trafficking field is crowded with various government, non‐government, and international institutions each administering its own response to the problem of trafficking and the challenge of victim assistance. It assesses the successes and shortcomings of different approaches to identifying victims, providing support services, and ensuring access to justice. This Assessment evaluates the viability of a national referral mechanism, whereby the diversity of approaches could be streamlined into a single cooperative framework. Ultimately, a national referral mechanism would strengthen Cambodia’s responsiveness to trafficking victims by providing standardized processes for victim identification, assistance, and referral therein replacing the inefficiency of competing approaches. The Report begins with the Cambodian state framework, detailing the initiatives undertaken by the Cambodian government to combat trafficking. This state institutional overview investigates planned initiatives as well as the allocation of actual resources, as projects at the policy level are not always supported with tangible resources at the ground level. It then assesses how the Cambodian government’s local and regional actors identify individuals. Furthermore, this Assessment analyzes Cambodia’s current political, legislative, and judicial landscape to assess how victims’ rights are protected and how their legal claims are pursued. The Report evaluates the relevant legislation pertaining to trafficking crimes and the international agreements or more formal treaties that govern cross‐border trafficking in Southeast Asia. Relying on recent research and reports that provide background information on the current status of trafficking in Cambodia, the Assessment especially focuses on information about victims, including victim demographics and profiles, to determine precisely where and how trafficking occurs. Following the pathway of identified victims, this analysis also includes the situation for such victims after rescue from exploitative situations. The Report looks at how victims are processed and referred to social services, including what services are available and how such services are delivered to the victims. In this context, this Assessment considers the viability of a national referral mechanism. Its value in this chaotic landscape is proportional to the enormity of the challenge that would be presented through its implementation. The Report catalogues the government’s apparent receptiveness to such a project, based upon a series of interviews conducted with relevant ministries and figures knowledgeable in the field. The Assessment identifies other nascent coordinating projects underway, including centralized databases or victim identification procedures, which are in various stages of implementation. This document then analyzes possible avenues of cooperation, discusses the viability of a national referral mechanism and briefly outlines the hurdles to implementation. Finally, the Report considers the advantages such a project, if successfully undertaken, would provide for Cambodia. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: UNODC, 2013. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 14, 2016 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/southeastasiaandpacific/Publications/2013/NRM/FINAL_Draft_UNODC_report_Cambodia_NRM.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 146109 |
Author: Farley, Melissa Title: A Thorn in the Heart: Cambodian Men who Buy Sex Summary: We interviewed 133 Cambodian men who had bought sex from adult women in prostitution, with 37% also acknowledging having bought sex from minor girls. Almost all (95%) of the men interviewed for this study stated that children were available for paid sexual abuse in brothels, bars, and massage parlors in Phnom Penh. In order to measure the men's attitudes and behavior, we used previously validated and standardized questionnaires, and a structured interview, yielding both quantitative and qualitative data. Conducted by a specially trained team of 8 interviewers, the interviews each lasted about 2-3 hours. Most of the men said that they had a wife or girlfriend when they used a woman in prostitution. They reported having many sex partners throughout their lifetime (21% had 21-50 sex partners and 35% had 50 or more sex partners). Prostitution was the first sexual experience of most interviewees, many of them having responded to peer pressure and the need to prove their manhood by using a woman in prostitution. Almost all of the men bought sex once a month or more often. Like men in other countries, they bought sex both indoors and on the street. Almost all the men bought women in brothels where they reported observing extreme violence, coercion and threats - evidence that may indicate sex trafficking. Thirty-nine percent of the interviewees described having seen trafficking of women and children. Almost all had bought sex from a woman who was controlled by a pimp. Most frequently the pimps were women but sometimes they were men. In these interviews, the men dehumanized women in prostitution, seeing them as inferior to other women. They tended to blame prostituted women for the spread of HIV. The sex buyers believe that prostitution prevents rape, although there is no empirical evidence for that. In fact the opposite is more likely to be true: men's prostitution activity is associated with an increased incidence of rape. 1 The men who most strongly supported the institution of prostitution were also those men who had a hostile masculine self-identity. Such men think that dominance is important in love relationships and see relationships with women in adversarial terms. Those men with hostile masculine identities also tended to believe rape myths (for example they believed that women say no to sex when they mean yes, and women who dress provocatively are seeking to be raped). The study found that men who bought women for sex generally lacked empathy for the women, failing to grasp the extremely negative feelings that the women say that they feel during prostitution. Most of the men in the study told us that in addition to acts of violence against the women they bought for use in prostitution, they had also committed sexually aggressive acts against their non-prostituted partners. Pornography was used by almost all sex buyers. The men who watched the most pornography bought sex most often. The men who watched more violent pornography reported more frequent incidences of sexually coercive behaviors against both prostituted women and non-prostituted women. Most of the men explained that they copied what they saw in pornography with the prostituted women they bought. An important component of this research study was the development of a greater understanding of gang rape/bauk prostitution, assumed by some to be a uniquely Cambodian form of gender based violence. From the men's narrative responses to the structured interview and also from statistical analyses, it is clear that viewing gang rape pornography from other cultures (especially western/Caucasian, Japanese, Chinese, and Thai) has a strong effect on some men's decision to perpetrate gang rape against women in prostitution. Many Khmer men reported that they watched gang rape pornography from other cultures and imitated what they saw when they perpetrated bauk against prostituted and non-prostituted women. The sex buyers indicated that effective deterrents to prostitution would include greater criminal penalty and public exposure. Recommendations based on this research include enforcement of existing laws on prostitution and trafficking against buyers while at the same time decriminalizing women in prostitution, educational programs about the toxic influence of pornography in Khmer culture, and education and prevention programs for youth that challenge the notion that buying sex enhances masculinity. Details: San Francisco: Prostitution Research, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2017 at: http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/Cambodia%20Project%20Final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Prostitutes Shelf Number: 131170 |
Author: CARE International Title: 'I know I cannot quit.' The Prevalence and Productivity Cost of Sexual Harassment to the Cambodian Garment Industry Summary: The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines sexual harassment as sex-based behaviour that is unwelcome, unreasonable, and offensive to its recipient (ILO, 2005; ILO, 2007). Behaviours can include physical harassment and physical violence/assault (ranging from unnecessary close proximity to rape and sexual assault), verbal harassment (comments about appearance, sexual orientation, phone calls) and non-verbal harassment (whistling, sexuallysuggestive gestures). Sexual harassment in the workplace and the community is a form of violence against women and a human rights violation. International evidence shows that certain factors drive higher levels of violence against women. "These include beliefs and behaviours reflected by disrespect for women, low support for gender equality and adherence to rigid or stereotypical gender roles, relations and identities" (Our Watch, 2016). The underlying causes of violence against women are found in the social context of gender inequality (UN, 2006; European Commission, 2010; World Health Organization and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2010; Arango et al., 2014). Gender inequality is characterised by unequal value afforded to men and women and an unequal distribution of power, resources and opportunity. It is often rooted in laws or policies formally constraining the rights and opportunities of women, and is reinforced and maintained through informal mechanisms, like negative gender norms (Our Watch, 2016). Of the 600,000 workers (ILO, 2015) employed by Cambodia's garment sector, 85 per cent are women (UNFPA, 2014). However, despite their high rate of participation in the garment industry, women are not on equal terms to their male colleagues, with harmful gender norms and structures both in and out of the factory meaning they are largely excluded from certain types of work (such as leadership roles), get paid less than men, receive less education and training than men, are recognised less for their contributions and are more likely to be exploited and harassed in their workplace (ILO, 2012a). Women are central to Cambodias rapid economic growth, primarily through their employment in the garment industry. Since the mid-1990s the total annual output of the garment sector has grown from an estimated USD 20 million to over USD 5 billion today, almost a third of national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (ILO, 2015). This growth has been fuelled in part by its competitive advantage for ethical working standards (Saxana and Salze-Lozac'h, 2010; Stanford WRC et al., 2013; Lichtenstein, 2016). In an industry whose success relies heavily on migrant women's labour, sexual harassment is therefore not only a human rights issue but also an economic issue, with appropriate investment required to create a safe, respectful and competitive work environment for all its employees. For this reason, CARE Australia commissioned this research study to examine the prevalence and productivity cost of sexual harassment of workers to the Cambodian garment industry. The study was conducted by CARE in cooperation with the Garment Manufacturers Association of Cambodia (GMAC) and funded through the Australian NGO Cooperation Program (ANCP), from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) and the Australian public. This report presents the findings of a large-scale, nationally representative survey of sexual harassment in the Cambodian garment industry. It combines quantitative survey data from 1,2871 workers across 52 factories, with 25 qualitative interviews and 9 focus groups conducted in a variety of different living and working environments. Specifically, the objectives of the study were to; 1. Estimate the prevalence of sexual harassment reported by female and male workers 2. Estimate the annual cost of productivity lost to the garment industry due to sexual harassment affecting its workers by estimating indirect costs of turnover, absenteeism and presenteeism (direct and indirect tangible costs) 3. Examine the harmful negative effects of sexual harassment experienced by female and male workers. Details: Canberra: CARE Australia, 2017. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 28, 2017 at: https://www.care-international.org/files/files/publications/SHCS_Full_Technical_Report_March_2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Garment Industry Shelf Number: 147486 |
Author: O'Kelly, Hannah J. Title: Monitoring Conservation Threats, Interventions and Impacts on Wildlife in a Cambodian Tropical Forest. Summary: While there are many scientifically rigorous methods for monitoring wildlife populations and the threats that they face, they are often difficult to implement in tropical forest environments. In some cases traditional gold standard methodologies can be employed despite the inherent practical and theoretical challenges, but in other situations more novel approaches must be developed. In this thesis we investigate these issues within the context of a large protected area in Eastern Cambodia. The aims of this study were to; 1. Evaluate the status and trends of wild ungulate populations using distance sampling derived density estimates. 2. Develop and implement an approach to reliably estimate the detectability and abundance of wire snares, which currently represent the greatest threat to mammal populations within the area. 3. Quantify the association between snare abundance and a number of natural and anthropogenic factors hypothesised to influence snare placement. 4. Assess the utility of law enforcement records, and specifically catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) indices derived from patrol data, as a tool for monitoring threats. I present rigorous density estimates for several key ungulate species, representing the first such data from the entire lower Mekong region. Whilst smaller ungulate populations appear to be stable, larger species are likely undergoing a decline. A sampling protocol was developed for surveying snares which balanced the requirements of statistical rigour against feasibility and efficiency of implementation in the field. The results of this survey were analysed using N-mixture models to produce detectability-corrected spatially explicit estimates of snare abundance. As predicted, forest type, proximity to settlements, and distance to the Vietnamese border were shown to be important determinants of snare abundance whereas the relationship between snaring levels and both patrol effort and wildlife densities was less clear. This study also demonstrated that while CPUE indices derived from patrol data can adequately reflect true levels of threat, their utility depends greatly on the quality of the patrol data, and on identifying the appropriate spatio-temporal scale at which to undertake the analysis. Details: London: Imperial College London, 2013. 149p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed January 19, 2018 at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.706.6820&rep=rep1&type=pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Forests Shelf Number: 148886 |
Author: Miles, Glen Title: Stop Violence Against Us! A preliminary national research study into the prevalence & perceptions of Cambodian children to violence against children in Cambodia Summary: Violence against children is perhaps the greatest of the evils that mankind can commit. Children offer the world hope. Our investment in their lives produces long-term fruit that can break cycles of violence and poverty. This study reveals the sad reality that children in Cambodia have come to accept unacceptable levels of violence in their families and schools. The children's own voices paint a terrible picture of acquiescence to adult violence. They face a daily reality where physical punishment and sexual violence is the norm and to be expected. Without serious attention being paid to this situation, today's children can become the violent offenders of tomorrow. Cultural practices that violate a child's right to safety and protection from abuse are difficult to address. This study clearly shows the validity of listening to children's views. In Khmer culture, children do not commonly speak out. They play an important but silent role in the family and community. But their silence does not condone the violence that they experience and witness. The children show not only remarkable resilience in coping with such abuse, but contribute practical suggestions as to how to deal with it. Their ideas should be given due weight and respect. Tearfund is committed to listening to children and enabling them to play a meaningful role in our development work. Children are not only the ones who know the most about their lives, but also are the building blocks for sustainable, just and equitable development in their communities and society. This research is part of our commitment to ensuring a child's right to participate, as well as recognising that families, communities and governments play a vital role in protecting and nurturing children. The research reveals that Cambodian children still have faith in adults to address the violence that is perpetrated against them. That faith can be fulfilled if their concerns are taken up by all of us who work to improve children's well being. Should we fail in this call, nations such as Cambodia will continually struggle to build a strong civil society where violence is a mere historical footnote. Details: Phnom Penh: Tearfund - Children at Risk Office, 2005. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2018 at: http://tagv.mohw.gov.tw/TAGVResources/upload/Resources/2014/10/Stop%20Violence%20against%20Us!%20Summary%20Report%201.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 117345 |
Author: Grant, Victoria Hollie Title: Growing Political: How Forest-Related Violence Shapes Community-Based Forest Management Practices in Cambodia Summary: Community-based forest management (CBFM) projects support communities to take a central role in managing their local forests. Communities are asked to enforce the exclusion of illegitimate forest users and prevent illicit extraction of forest resources. However, the practices that CBFM aims to reduce (deforestation and illicit extraction of forest resources) are often facilitated by the use of direct violence. In seeking to reduce these practices, some participants in CBFM experience violent conflicts over forest use (hereafter, forest-related violence). Such violence presents a threat to the lives and human rights of CBFM participants and has the potential to undermine the effective implementation of forest conservation activities. Yet, the extent of forest-related violence in community-managed forests, exactly how it manifests, who is involved, or the outcomes of such violence for CBFM participants and their CBFM practices are not well known. This dissertation explores these issues in the case study country of Cambodia. I draw on data collected between May and December 2015 through a national survey of eighteen NGOs involved in CBFM in Cambodia, semi-structured interviews with one hundred and fifty participants in forty CBFM sites, and participant observation in forest patrols and CBFM training sessions. I demonstrate that forest-related violence is widespread across Cambodia affecting seventy-five per cent of CBFM groups interviewed and seventy-two per cent of NGOs surveyed. I argue that these 'incidents' of violence are not discrete but, rather, are the manifestation of a succession of violent processes in which Cambodia's neopatrimonial socio-political system is central. Furthermore, neopatrimonialism facilitates processes of structural and symbolic violence that preclude effective responses to direct forest-related violence. As a consequence, forest-related violence acts as a disciplinary mechanism inciting fear and undermining the effectiveness of CBFM practices. Yet, it also acts as a catalyst for the repoliticization of CBFM practices and re-conceptualization of CBFM participants' relationships with the environment, other forest users, and the government. Thus, this dissertation directs attention to the lived experience of forest-related violence and exposes the 'tomorrow of violence' - the enduring legacies of violence that configure the way people conceptualize themselves, their government, and the international development community. Details: Vancouver, BC, University of British Columbia, 2017. 288p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 11, 2019 at: https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0362111 Year: 2017 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Community-Based Forest Management Shelf Number: 155749 |
Author: Baury, Chloe Title: ECPAT Country Overview: Cambodia Summary: The Kingdom of Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy located in the Greater Mekong Subregion. After decades of political instability and violence, the country has reached the lower middle-income status in 2015. However, a major part of the population, especially in the countryside, lives below the poverty line. Children (persons under the age of eighteen) represent around one third of the population and many of them, driven by poverty, engage in child labour, including sexual exploitation. In Cambodia, sexual exploitation of children (SEC) can take various forms. The exploitation of children in prostitution is prevalent all over the country and especially at touristic hotspots, and it affects boys as much as girls. However, the secretive and clandestine nature of this crime, whether it is 'establishment-based' or 'streetbased', makes accurate statistics on the number of child victims difficult to obtain. Low costs of travel, cheap prostitution and poverty make Cambodia a key destination for sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism. More specifically, 'orphanage tourism' is a growing trend affecting children living in residential care institutions and at high risk of being abused. Foreigners, although they are the most 'visible', are not the only child sex offenders. The majority of offenders are Cambodian or come from other Asian countries. In particular, they are the main demand for of the 'virgin trade', a big business that thrives due to cultural myths around young girls' virginity. Cambodia is also a source, transit and destination country for child victims of trafficking for sexual purposes. Children are trafficked to Thailand and Vietnam and from Vietnam to Cambodia. Indeed, Vietnamese children represent one third of the children engaged in prostitution in Cambodia. Online child sexual exploitation (OCSE) is also a growing concern. Mobile connections and Internet access have increased, and with them, the vulnerability to sexual exploitation enabled through digital technology. Finally, children in Cambodia are also subject to child early and forced marriages (CEFM), especially in the more rural areas, such as Rattinikiri and Mondulkiri, which can lead to sexual exploitation. To fight SEC, the Government of Cambodia has ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OPSC), as well as the ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour. At the national level, it has enacted the Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation of 2008 (TIPSE Law). The Law provides some comprehensive sets of definitions and penalties regarding the sexual exploitation of children in prostitution and the trafficking of children. It is complemented by the Cambodian Criminal Code of 2010. However, there remain several important gaps in the Law, especially regarding OCSE. Moreover, Cambodian law does not provide for any provisions defining or explicitly criminalising the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism, but it has quite an exhaustive extraterritorial legislation and it applies the active and passive nationality principles. Cambodia is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional mechanism particularly active regarding the issue of SEC in the region. It has adopted the ASEAN Tourism Agreement in 2002, which addresses prevention of SECTT; specific Guidelines for the Protection of the Rights of Trafficked Children in 2007 and the Convention against Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (ACTIP) in 2015. It has set up several commissions, a regional Taskforce and a Childrens Forum to improve prevention of SEC, and has developed several programmes and plans of action within this framework. Cambodia also takes part in the Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT), which promotes and strengthens regional cooperation against human trafficking, and in the Bali Process to raise awareness on the consequences of trafficking. Finally, Cambodia signed several Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) on cooperation for combating human trafficking with neighbouring countries. At the national level, the government established different committees and a National Council for Children in order to coordinate its efforts on fighting SEC. It has adopted several national plans of action and programmes, and cooperates with the NGO sector to implement them. However, NGOs still have limited input in the development of strategies to combat SEC despite their essential role and expertise. The Government of Cambodia, child rights NGOs, international organisations and the private sector have developed and implemented a number of preventive actions in Cambodia, especially against SECTT and trafficking of children for sexual exploitation. Activities include dissemination of and training on the OPSC, technical training for law enforcement officers, capacity building of service providers in local communities, awareness-raising and nationwide campaigns. However, despite an increasing number of initiatives, preventive measures remain inadequate and scattered: several manifestations of SEC are still not specifically targeted and underlying root causes leading to vulnerability to sexual exploitation are not sufficiently addressed. When it comes to protection measures, several challenges appear. The Government has developed several databases to gather information on sexual exploitation but they are focusing primarily on trafficking and are insufficiently accessible at provincial level. Law enforcement also lacks the financial resources and skills to conduct investigations, especially on CSAM/CSEM and OCSE. The CRC Committee also expressed its concern about the low prosecution and conviction rates and the high level of corruption. The Cambodian Justice system is evolving but it is not yet fully equipped to respond to the needs of children victims of SEC. There is no independent mechanism to receive and address complaints from children and no specific provision for child protection in the criminal justice process. The Law on Juveniles Justice mainly deals with children who are suspects of or accused of committing offenses, and addresses the case of child victims or witnesses only when it comes to privacy issues. NGOs once again play a very significant role in getting some children to go to court, by offering legal representation. The Ministry of Justice has issued several prakas to set better child-friendly courtrooms, using screens and TV-linked testimonies for example; but this equipment is barely used. Furthermore, in 2011 and 2015, the CRC Committee highlighted the absence of staterun recovery and reintegration programmes in Cambodia. Psychosocial rehabilitation services and shelters for child victims of sexual exploitation are mainly concentrated in the capital and run by NGOs. Efforts need to be put into increasing supporting services for male victims, as their abuse and needs are often misunderstood and they suffer from a lack of empathy. Specialist services and trainings addressing the needs of boys do exist and are primarily provided by NGOs, but countrywide coverage is lacking. Penalties for a SEC offence are stated in terms of both prison time and financial compensation for the victim. However, there is no legal way to enforce payment, and therefore no guarantee that the offender will indeed pay. Victims have to wait sometimes for years before receiving compensation or are given less than they should, due to the common practice of 'out-of-court settlements'. Compensation management is needed to make sure that the money directly benefits the child victim. Child participation is essential in the development of relevant policies regarding issues affecting their lives. The importance of ensuring meaningful child and youth participation has been recognised by ASEAN Member States, including Cambodia, in the Hanoi Declaration on the Enhancement of Welfare and Development of ASEAN Women and Children adopted in 2011. Furthermore, the ASEAN Childrens Forum (ACF) allows children to express their views and assert their rights. At the national level, the Cambodian National Council for Children has promoted child participation when implementing action plans. Efforts to ensure the participation of children and youth in policymaking are also on NGOs agendas. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2018. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2019 at: https://www.ecpat.org/country-reports/cambodia-2/ecpat-country-overview-cambodia/ Year: 2018 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Cambodia Shelf Number: 155927 |
Author: Shaw, Dave Title: Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Cambodia Summary: This report presents the results of a study to measure the prevalence of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in commercial sex establishments in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, Cambodia. The study found a total prevalence across the three target cities of 8.16%. The prevalence of minors identified as being age 15 or younger was 0.75%. Based on the available historic data, the results of this study suggest that the prevalence of CSEC in commercial sex establishments in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, Cambodia has decreased substantially between 2000 and 2012, with the most notable decrease observed among minors age 15 or younger. The study's findings are based on data collected from 232 commercial sex establishments in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap and Sihanoukville, Cambodia in November 2012. Sampled establishments were randomly selected from a comprehensive list of 990 suspected commercial sex establishments in the three target cities. Using undercover data collection techniques, study data collectors identified 1,911 individuals working in commercial sex establishments and available for sex in the target cities. One hundred forty-one of these were identified as minors (age 17 or younger). After analysis, the data indicates that the overall prevalence of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in commercial sex establishments (CSEs) in the three target cities is 8.16%. The results of this study reveal the rarity of young minors in exploitation in commercial sex establishments in the target area. Borderline minors continue to be exploited in commercial sex establishments, but with a substantially decreased prevalence than what was documented from 1998- 2003. The highest number of minors was identified in establishments frequented by Cambodian nationals and Asian tourists. Details: Washington, DC: International Justice Mission, 2013. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2019 at: https://www.ijm.ca/documents/studies/Commercial-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-in-Cambodia.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Cambodia Shelf Number: 156547 |
Author: International Justice Mission Title: Labor Trafficking in Cambodia: A Review of the Public Justice System's Response Summary: This report highlights relevant government agencies' noteworthy recent accomplishments and improvements, remaining gaps and challenges, and recommendations for the Cambodian public justice system and its partners in combatting trafficking in persons. It calls for enhanced, expanded and institutionalized training, specific guidelines to be issued where laws or best practices are unclear, the implementation of international instruments and innovations for cross-border collaboration, and continuing to improve collaboration between government and non-government agencies within Cambodia. Details: Washington, DC: International Justice Mission, 2016. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 21, 2019 at: https://www.ijm.org/documents/studies/labor_trafficking_in_cambodia_-_a_review_of_the_pjss_response_ijm_2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Cambodia Shelf Number: 156560 |
Author: Haarr, Robin Title: External Evaluation of International Justice Mission's Program to Combat Sex Trafficking of Children in Cambodia, 2004-2014 Summary: International Justice Mission Overview: International Justice Mission (IJM) is a global organization with headquarters (HQ) in Washington, DC, USA that works to protect the poor from various forms of violence throughout the developing world. IJM employs a global team of attorneys, investigators, social workers, and community activists who work in nearly 20 communities throughout Africa, Latin America, and Asia. To accomplish their mission, IJM partners with local authorities to rescue victims of violence, bring criminals to justice, restore survivors, and strengthen justice systems. International Justice Mission in Cambodia In 2000, IJM began documenting and investigating cases of CSEC in Cambodia. Initial assessments conducted by IJM staff revealed the prevalence of CSEC was quite high and children easily accessible, and it was openly available in certain areas of Svay Pak, Toul Kork, and along Street 63 in Phnom Penh. In 2002, IJM began talks with the Royal Cambodia Government about the CSEC problem; and in 2004, IJM officially opened its Cambodia Field Office in Phnom Penh and began implementing its Program to Combat Sex Trafficking of Children in Cambodia (hereinafter referred to as "Program"). Over the past decade (2004-2014) IJM's Cambodia Field Office has focused the Program in three target areas - Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, and Sihanoukville. IJM's aim is to build political will and capacity to protect the poor from the targeted form of violence, and to train, resource, and mobilize government and community partners to do the same. IJM's unique model is called Justice System Transformation (JST). IJM provides direct services by working in partnership with government leaders and public justice system entities to improve the capacities of the public justice system to effectively respond to CSEC, but also to address gaps and barriers that exist in the public justice system in an effort to change the system as a whole. IJM's Program focused on using Collaborative Casework to identify and investigate suspected cases of CSEC, provide collected evidence to local authorities, advocate for the arrest and prosecution of sex traffickers, and facilitate the rescue and referral of child sex trafficking victims to agencies that provide assistance for recovery, rehabilitation, and reintegration. IJM coupled their Collaborative Casework with a System Reform Approach which included capacity building of government partners and public justice system entities to change and strengthen the public justice system to handle and respond to CSEC. In IJM's system reform phase, IJM continues collaborative casework and adds an intense focus on strengthening the criminal justice system. This approach has enabled IJM to identify places in the public justice system where laws are not being enforced in CSEC cases, knowledge gaps and patterns of dysfunction exist, incidents of corruption occur, and gaps exist in the legal frameworks to effectively address CSEC; each of which keeps the public justice system from functioning and performing effectively in cases of CSEC. Evaluation Purpose and Scope: In 2015, IJM concluded its Program and called for an external summative evaluation. In keeping with the Terms of Reference (TOR), the purpose of this external evaluation was to provide an independent, in-depth evaluation of the Program in terms of relevance, effectiveness and impact during the implementation period from 2004 to 2014, and to assess the potential for sustainability of IJM's work and results achieved in Cambodia. In accordance, the evaluation scope is summative and focused on the Program's approach, results achieved, lessons learned, challenges encountered, and adjustments made in each of the three project areas of Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, and Sihanoukville during the implementation period from 2004 to 2014. Evaluation Approach: To ensure the evaluation approach was as thorough and reliable as possible, different data collection methods and tools were employed. The evaluation methods and tools were in keeping with the TOR for this consultancy. These included (each of these are described in more detailed in the sections that follow): Desk review of research on CSEC in Cambodia and IJM Program documents and reports: -Consultations with IJM HQ staff in Washington, DC, USA and Field Office staff in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; -Sample of and interviews with key stakeholders and IJM staff; -Focus group discussions with faith-based communities; -Interviews with adult survivors of CSEC; -Assessment of IJM police and social service trainings; -Consultation on preliminary findings and conclusions with IJM HQ and FO staff. The evaluation team used a participatory approach that recognizes key stakeholders and beneficiaries as important and active participants that contribute to the production of knowledge and understanding. Triangulation was also a part of the evaluation approach to ensure not only the credibility of information and data collected, but also to allow diverse perspectives and experiences to be captured and to come to the forefront and reveal the full influence or impact and range or reach IJM's Program activities in Cambodia. Details: S.L., 2015. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 21, 2019 at: https://www.ijm.org/documents/studies/2015-Evaluation-of-IJM-CSEC-Program-in-Cambodia-Final-Report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Cambodia Shelf Number: 156563 |
Author: Lawther, C. Title: Whose Voices are Heard? Victimhood and Dark Tourism in Cambodia Summary: The practice of 'dark tourism', whereby members of the public visit sites associated with atrocity and violence, has received growing attention in recent years. Thousands of visitors travel to Auschwitz, Robben Island, ports used in the global slave trade, and to other sites of mass atrocity. Yet, despite the pages dedicated to dark tourism in travel guides, surprisingly little is known about how victims' voices are represented and the extent to which those most directly affected by violence have been able to contribute to the story that is told in these places. Focusing on sites of atrocity in Cambodia, including the Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocide and Choeung Ek Genocidal Centre, this research project sought to address this gap. The research team are based at Queen's University Belfast and spent two weeks conducting interviews with victims and survivors of the Khmer Rouge regime, staff from the Extraordinary Criminal Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), site managers, members of local non-governmental organisations and others. We also undertook site visits to Tuol Sleng, Choeung Ek, Kampong Chhnang Airfield and Kraing Ta Chan Peace Centre, as well as visiting other sites associated with violence during the regime. Throughout, our objective was to explore how victims of the Khmer Rouge regard the public- and tourist-facing focus of Tuol Sleng and Choeung Ek, how specific victims' voices and experiences were chosen for public display and to what extent are victims and survivors able to retain ownership over their experiences and narratives. Our findings can be divided into the following key areas: acknowledgement and truth; education and guarantees of non-repetition; healing, justice and preservation; remembrance and honouring; bearing witness to the past; representing victims voices; representing a complex past; and benefitting from sites of atrocity. The research revealed the importance of Cambodia's sites of atrocity as spaces for the recovery of truth about, and acknowledgement of, past harms. The importance of 'letting the world know' what happened in Cambodia was emphasised by a number of interviewees. Interviewees highlighted how truth and acknowledgement can be realised in different ways at the sites. For example, at Tuol Sleng, the photographs of former detainees have been used by surviving relatives to search for loved ones. In contrast, at Kampong Chhnang Airfield, where less has been done to preserve the site, the vast expanse of concrete and remaining buildings exist as testimony to the forced labour which occurred there. Details: Belfast: Queen's University Belfast, 2019. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 27, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3392297 Year: 2019 Country: Cambodia Keywords: Atrocities Shelf Number: 156713 |