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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 12:05 pm
denmark
Time: 12:05 pm
denmark
Results for denmark
193 total results foundAuthor: Freedman, Jane Title: Violence Against Migrant and Refugee Women in the Euromed Region: Case Studies: France, Italy, Egypt & Morocco Summary: This study documents and analyses forms of violence against migrant and refugee women in the Euromed region, and the impacts of policies and programmes in place to combat this violence, in particular policies that form part of the Barcelona programme. In doing so, this study has enabled the identification of gaps in the protection of migrant and refugee women in the Euromed region and has thus formulated recommendations both for national political authorities and for NGOs and other civil society groups to take specific measures to tackle these forms of violence and to provide a more secure environment for migrant and refugee women. The study focuses on four case study countries: France, Italty, Egypt and Morocco. Details: Copenhagen: Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, 2008, 105p. Source: Internet Source Year: 2008 Country: Denmark Keywords: Migrants, Refugees, Violent Crime, NGOs Shelf Number: 117808 |
Author: Husum, Alan R. Title: Prostitution and Trafficking: Trying to Understand Why Some Women Choose to Return to Prostitution Summary: This project aims to describe and unravel the complexities within prostitution and trafficking, paying special attention to the women who are re-trafficked and the reasons why. In doing so the report discusses various psychological, existential and cultural relations to women who are or have been trafficked, and the repercussions these have in the aftermath. Employing two vignettes as real life examples the project determines the most important factors, when helping trafficked victims who face the possibility of getting re-trafficked. Details: Roskilde, Denmark: Roskilde University, 2009(?). 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 22, 2011 at: http://rudar.ruc.dk/handle/1800/3157 Year: 2009 Country: Denmark Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 123417 |
Author: Helweg-Larsen, Karin Title: Framework for Nordic youth surveys on child sexual abuse and exposure to violence outside and in the family. Summary: In June 2007 the Danish Crime Prevention Council (Det Kriminalpræventive Råd, DKR) engaged a group of Nordic researchers in a dialogue on the feasibility of setting up a framework for future surveys on violence and sexual abuse during childhood and early adolescence. The major objective was to promote research networking in order to create a basis for comparable studies in the five Nordic countries as a part of a joint Nordic project on violence "Violence and its reduction in the Nordic countries" (Våld och våldsreducering i Norden). Thereby, a solid foundation for prevention of sexual abuse and other violence against children would be achieved. By establishing a research network for a youth survey in different aspects of child violence in the Nordic countries, the aim was to encourage a joint Nordic framework. The Nordic researchers have agreed upon a survey model that may describe the current prevalence and character of child abuse and have tried to ensure future joint research projects on risk factors of child violence and abuse in the different Nordic countries based on comparable data. The present report describes the planning of a framework for youth surveys. In the report is documented the background for setting up school based youth surveys and the decisions taken by a working group. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord, 2009. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at http://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2009-540/at_download/publicationfile Year: 2009 Country: Denmark Keywords: Child Abuse Shelf Number: 123750 |
Author: Takala, Jukka-Pekka Title: Looking at violence in the Nordic Countries: statistical sources, variations, improving measurement Summary: This report reviews and discusses violence statistics and their problems and possible improvements from various angles. The report is based on the work of the "statistical" subproject of the Nordic Project on Violence: "Violence and its reduction in the Nordic countries" (Våld och våldsreducering i Norden) financed by the Nordic Council of Ministers and carried out by the Nordic councils for crime prevention and the Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology. The Statistics Subproject was to look at three related but originally separate subprojects of the original overall plan: 1. To describe and compare violence with the help of extant statistics; 2. To chart variations in violence in the Nordic countries; 3. To develop instruments of measuring violence in intimate relations including violence in the family. With the resources available, the subproject was unable to carry out any of these tasks in a truly systematic and comprehensive manner. However, we hope that the variable material we were able to produce on all these themes can contribute to better accounting for violence and be of help when devising methods for preventing violence. The report describes levels and trends in violence. It touches on problems and solutions in their measurement. Some suggestions are tentative, others are more firmly established and the reader can turn to the research and web pages that are referred to in the reports. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord, 2009. 95p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at http://www.norden.org/sv/publikationer/publikationer/2009-542/at_download/publicationfile Year: 2009 Country: Denmark Keywords: Denmark Shelf Number: 123751 |
Author: Holmström, Charlotta Title: Prostitution in the Nordic Countries Summary: This report summarises the results of the research project “Prostitution in the Nordic Countries”, conducted by the Nordic Gender Institute – NIKK and commissioned by the Nordic Council of Ministers for Gender Equality. The aim of the project was to present and discuss research on prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes in the Nordic countries and the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. The project has compiled data on the extent of prostitution, as well as on both the legal and the social treatment of these issues. The report also presents results from quantitative and qualitative studies on attitudes to prostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes. The project comprised eleven Nordic researchers from various disciplines and from all the Nordic countries. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Council of Ministers, TemaNord, 2009. 45p. Source: Conference Report, Stockholm Year: 2009 Country: Denmark Keywords: Denmark Shelf Number: 123752 |
Author: Svarer, Michael Title: Crime and Partnerships Summary: This paper tests whether being convicted of a crime affects marriage market outcomes. While it is relatively well documented that crime hurts in terms of reduced future income, there has been little systematic analysis on the association between crime and marriage market outcomes. This paper exploits a detailed Danish register- based data set to fi ll this gap in the literature. The main fi ndings are that male convicts do not face lower transition rates into partnerships as such, but they face a lower chance of forming partnerships with females from more well-off families. In addition males who are convicted face a signifi cantly higher dissolution risk than their law abiding counterparts. Details: Copenhagen: University Press of Southern Denmark and The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2008. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 26, 2012 at: http://www.rff.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Study%20nr%2019_besk.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Denmark Keywords: Crime and Divorce Shelf Number: 123768 |
Author: Fallesen, Peter Title: The Effect of Workfare Policy on Crime Summary: In this paper, we estimate the effect of Danish workfare policy on crime by exploiting two exogenous welfare policy changes. First, we use a unique policy experiment that began in 1987 by an innovative mayor of the Danish city of Farum, where he imposed a 100 % work or training requirement for all welfare recipients immediately from the date of enrollment. By comparing the changes in crime rates among the unemployment uninsured workers, who are potential welfare recipients, in Farum before and after 1987 with that of the rest of Denmark, we identify the effect of workfare on the crime rate. Second, we examine the effect of a series of national welfare reforms introduced during the 1990s. Those reforms strengthened the work requirement for the welfare recipients younger than 30 and were introduced gradually, starting with younger people rst. We exploit the di erential introduction of workfare across different age groups and the difference in municipality level enforcement as the exogenous variation. Our results show a dramatic decline in the arrest rate among unemployment uninsured after the introduction of the stronger workfare requirements, both in Farum and at the national level. But we found no policy effect on the unemployment insured, who do not receive welfare when unemployed. Those results imply a strong and signi cant crime reducing effect of the workfare policy. Details: Kingston, ONT: Department of Economics, Queen's University, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/imai/papers/Farum2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Denmark Keywords: Economics and Crime Shelf Number: 123769 |
Author: Helweg-Larsen, Karin Title: The costs of violence: Economic and personal dimensions of violence against women in Denmark Summary: The aim of the project "The Cost of Violence" has been to give an evidence-based assessment of the various types of costs of violence against women based on available data sources. The comprehensive Danish register-based data and data from population surveys carried out in 2000 and 2005 by the National Institute of Public Health enable us to identify a study population of women exposed to violence and a reference population of other Danish women not identified as victims of violence. For these two groups, we have gathered data on their socioeconomic conditions, contacts with the healthcare and selected labour market consequences. We have calculated the costs to the judicial system related to police-reported violence against women on the basis of exact information on, among others, time consumption within the police, the prosecution and courts combined with specific salary and court imposts, as well as costs of imprisonment and court fees. Information on the costs of violence-exposed women staying at women's crisis centers is based on shelter rates and number of stays per year. The costs to society also include the national budget for a number of initiatives started under the Danish national action plans to fight violence against women, 2002-2009. Estimates of the personal costs to violence-exposed women are included, but they depend greatly on a number of known and unknown psychosocial factors. Victims of domestic violence are different, and the violence which has led to contact with the health services and/or reporting to the police is different from the violence reported in population surveys. Consequently, it is not possible to unambiguously describe "victims of violence," and it is impossible accurately to assess the impact of violence to the individual women in the form of pain and suffering, long-lasting health problems and social changes. But on the basis of our analyses we are able to present estimates that show the average impact on women's health-related quality of life, years of healthy life lost and mortality. Violence manifests itself in many ways; it hits women from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and in various life situations. The impact of violence depends on a large number of parameters, including the nature of violence, the woman's relations with the assailant, support from others and the vulnerability of the individual woman, social networks as well as other psychosocial factors. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 2010. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 28, 2012 at http://www.niph.dk/upload/summary_the_cost_of_violence-samlet.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Denmark Keywords: Crime Statistics Shelf Number: 123853 |
Author: Sorensen, David W.M. Title: Rounding Up Suspects in the Rise of Danish Burglary: A Statistical Analysis of the 2008/09 Increase in Residential Break-ins Summary: During the 18-year period 1990 to 2007, the number of reported residential burglaries (indbrud i beboelse) was very stable. This changed in 2008 to 2010, when burglary increased by 30% (averaged over these three years) as compared to the previous 18-year average. Seen in its most extreme light, the number of reported burglaries in 2009 was 65.3% higher than in 2005. Little solid evidence exists as to why residential burglary increased so dramatically in 2008 and 2009. The current report examines this question using POLSAS data on 234,745 residential burglaries reported in Denmark during the six-year period 2005-2010, plus data on long term crime trends (1990-2010) and other social indicators. The report begins with a comparison of the rise in burglary to trends in overall Danish property crime. This reveals that the increase in burglary is far greater than that for any other major crime category. Burglary is therefore unique in this regard. Trends in Danish burglary are then compared to burglary trends in the EU and other Nordic countries to see if Denmark’s increase is part of a wider EU/Nordic phenomenon. The EU countries worst hit by the economic recession of 2008 experienced the sharpest increases in burglary. Denmark shares little in common with these countries, but shares much in common with Sweden, which also experienced a (far more modest) rise in burglary. In sum, domestic and international trend analyses reveal that the increase in Danish burglary probably has multiple causes emanating from both within and outside Denmark. The report examines whether any of the following factors may have contributed to the rise in Danish burglary: · Changes in public reporting tendencies and police recording practices · Population age, drug use and economic recession · Increasing professionalism · Crime tourism · The Police Reform of 2007 The results are as follows: · Reporting/Recording: The report finds no evidence of increased reporting tendencies other than the fact that victim loss per burglary has increased, which all else equal should increase the likelihood of reporting. There have been no changes in police recording practices or in the ease with which burglary can be reported to police. There is, therefore, no reason to believe that the increase in reported burglary stems from a simple change in the way in which it is reported or recorded by police. · Age/Drugs/Economy: There has been a small increase in the proportion of the Danish population in the peak crime ages (16-25), as well as increases in the use of cocaine and amphetamines. The economic crisis of 2008/9 increased unemployment, which created financial hardship especially for young adults. All of these factors may have contributed to the increase in burglary, but none are likely to have caused it on their own. · Professionalism: Increased professionalism is likely to manifest itself in greater efficiency and greater productivity, i.e., more burglaries. There is evidence that burglars are becoming more professional in Denmark. This evidence includes an increase in the theft of expensive designer furniture (which requires trucks to transport), an increase in repeat victimization at the same households, and an increase in the average number of charged crimes per offender. · Crime Tourism: While there has been a significant increase in crime tourism, i.e., burglaries committed by persons who have their legal residence outside of Denmark, it seems unlikely to explain the increase in burglary on its own. This is because the overall raw number of burglaries estimated as attributable to crime tourists is simply too low. Furthermore, part of the apparent increase in crime tourism may reflect an increased focus on the part of the police. This said, crime tourism does seem to be growing, and crime tourists have a higher crime frequency per person (as measured via average number of charges) than Danish residents and tend to operate in larger co-offending groups. The average number of charged crimes per offender is also increasing among Danish residents. Only 6.5% of all cases result in charges against one or more offenders. The figures on crime tourism are based on this minority of apprehended offenders and therefore must be interpreted with caution. · Police Reform: Distractions caused by the Police Reform of 2007 are likely to have temporarily reduced police performance resulting in decreases in clearance rates (sigtelsesrater). Decreased clearance may have contributed to the rise in burglary via its negative effects on incapacitation. The influx of crime tourism and distractions caused by the Police Reform are likely to have had the most influence amongst the factors listed above. This said, the evidence for their involvement is not especially compelling. There may be other factors far more important that have not been considered in this report. One factor completely missing from this report is the possibility that changes in police tactics (i.e., use/disuse of Top Ten lists, DNA, etc.) influenced the rise. Any future investigations of the 2008/9 rise in residential burglary should consider this. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Crime Prevention Council, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2012 at: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/Rise_in_Burglary.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Denmark Keywords: Drugs and Crime Shelf Number: 125225 |
Author: Eriksen, Tine Louise Mundbjerg Title: The Effects of Bullying in Elementary School Summary: Bullying is a widespread social phenomenon. We show that both children who are being bullied and children who bully suffer in terms of long-term outcomes. We rely on rich survey and register-based data for children born in a region of Denmark during 1990-1992, which allows us to carefully consider possible confounders. Evidence from a number of identification strategies suggests that the relationship is causal. Besides the direct effect bullying may have on the child in the longer run, we show that an additional mechanism can arise through teacher perceptions of short-run abilities and behavior. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2012. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. 6718: Accessed July 25, 2012 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6718.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Elementary School Shelf Number: 125777 |
Author: Korsby, Trine Mygind Title: Au Pair and Trafficked? Recruitment, Residence in Denmark and Dreams for the Future. A qualitative study of the prevalence and risk of human trafficking in the situations and experiences of a group of au pairs in Denmark Summary: This report deals with au pairs in Denmark, and its aim is to determine whether there is human trafficking, or elements of human trafficking, in the situations and experiences of a group of au pairs. In this report, the Danish Centre against Human Trafficking aims to examine the situation in Denmark and the possible links between the au pair field and trafficking. The report thus focuses on arenas where the exploitation of au pairs may occur. Au pairs are vulnerable on several levels, and may be exposed to various forms of exploitation, as has also been pointed out by the International Labour Organisation (ILO 2009: 34). It is this vulnerability and susceptibility of au pairs in relation to their recruitment, their stay in Denmark and their subsequent experiences which will provide the focus of this report. The au pair field has changed significantly in recent years, from being a cultural exchange programme aimed mainly at Europeans who wished to spend time abroad and learn about another country's language and culture, to now also being very much used by people who want to travel to the West to earn money (Anderson 2000: 23; Vermeulen 2007: 126, 130; Stenum 2008: 58; Williams & Gavanas 2008: 19; Øien 2009: 9, 72). This 'new' group has different motivations and backgrounds than the 'traditional' group of au pairs, as they often come from a context of poverty and lack of opportunities in their home countries, which puts the au pairs at a greater risk of finding themselves in situations in which they may be exploited by others, such as traffickers. The idea behind this report is to uncover some of the issues that define and characterise the conditions of au pairs, particularly in relation to their recruitment, as it is largely in the recruitment phase that exploitation may commence and that human trafficking thereby may be initiated. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive description or quantitatively-based survey of the au pair field in Denmark, but to give readers an insight into some of the issues that may confront au pairs. In the report, the reader will meet 27 au pairs a small sample of the au pairs who currently live and work in Denmark and hear about their lives and experiences. The report focuses particularly on how these people became au pairs and the challenges and problems they have encountered along the way, but also on their experiences in Denmark. At the same time, the report also deals with the dreams and ideas that the au pairs have about their future, as an au pair stay may be considered a first step in their journeys as migrants. The report concludes with a review of indicators of human trafficking and an assessment of whether the situations and stories of the informants reveal indicators of human trafficking. Details: Odense, Denmark: National Board of Social Services, 2010. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 16, 2012 at: www.servicestyrelsen.dk/filer/udgivelser/au-pair-and-trafficked Year: 2010 Country: Denmark Keywords: Au Pairs Shelf Number: 126051 |
Author: Yarming, Michael Title: Safe Housing Estates: Suggestions for Crime Prevention in Renovation Programmes Summary: When renovation work is about to start on a housing estate, it may be a good idea to look at the same time into the possibility of making the estate a safer, more secure place to live and be in, and of reducing any crime with simple, physical improvements. It may not cost anything extra. On the other hand, it will require a little more thought in the planning process. The residents can, for example, be drawn into the process, and suggestions for improving the area and increasing security can be heard. This brochure covers a series of such measures that can be pointed out, measures that have been tried with success on Danish public housing estates during renovation. These renovation programmes, which included physical improvements to 173 housing estates, have been closely followed by the Building Research Institute of Denmark. Details: Glostrup, Denmark: Danish Crime Prevention Council, 2002. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2012 at: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/SafeHousingEstates.pdf Year: 2002 Country: Denmark Keywords: Crime Prevention Shelf Number: 126654 |
Author: Lindekilde, Lassee Title: Impact of Counter-Terrorism on Communities: Denmark Background Report Summary: This report provides background information for understanding and assessing the impact and effectiveness of Danish counter-terrorism and counter-radicalisation policies on minority ethno-cultural communities, in particular Muslim ones. The report contextualises questions of impact – positive as well as negative – in Denmark in terms of the demographic/socio-economic profile of immigrants; general perceptions of threats from terrorism and perceptions of discrimination experienced by minorities; the legal framework of counter-terrorism; policies of radicalisation prevention and their implementation in practice; key institutional structures of counter-terrorism and division of labour; high profile terrorist court-cases; and developments in the general political climate and public discourse regarding issues of ‘integration’ and security. Part 1 of this report focuses on the demographic and socio-economic profile of minority communities in Denmark and on their perceptions of discrimination. It shows that immigrants from non-Western countries and their descendants, most of whom are of Muslim origin, currently make up 6.8% of the Danish population, a proportion which is expected to increase to around 10% by 2050. These communities are of relatively recent origin: nearly all came after 1967, and 67% arrived in, or were born in, Denmark after 1980. Their socio-economic profile indicates relative disadvantage. Even allowing for the fact that they are younger than the general population, they are disproportionately absent from the labour market: only 50% of those of working age are employed, against 74% of ethnic Danes. 75% of ethnic Danes but only 49% of descendants from non-Western countries complete some form of further or vocational education. Those immigrants and descendants from non-Western countries who are employed are generally found at the lowest levels of the labour market. With regard to discrimination, one regular survey shows perceptions of discrimination on grounds of ethnicity/religion declining from 40% in 2000 to 31% in 2011, with discrimination encountered primarily in the workplace. Official figures for hate crimes report only a handful each year, but these figures are probably not reliable, and one survey reported a suspected racial motive in 10% of cases of violence and vandalism. Part 2 introduces the legal context of counter-terrorism in Denmark. It shows how Danish counterterrorism legislation was introduced in two main packages, one in 2002 and one in 2006, and looks at checks on counter-terrorism powers, both formal and in the shape of reactions in the public debate. In general, the 2002 and 2006 packages simply implement Council of the European Union, Council of Europe and United Nations resolutions, while the definition of terrorism employed is taken almost wordfor- word from the Council of the European Union resolution. Where Danish legislation has gone beyond these international models is primarily in regard to electronic surveillance and data collection, most notably in increasing access by the internal security service to the wealth of centrally linked, very detailed and generally accurate data concerning all individuals resident in Denmark that is held by various government departments and agencies. The use of secret evidence is also permitted in terrorism cases. Police gained stop-and-search powers in specified areas of Denmark in 2004, but in response to gang violence rather than terrorism. These powers are perceived to have been used especially against minority youths. Checks on all these powers consist primarily of international human rights law, which has occasionally been invoked in Danish courts, sometimes with success. There has been much public criticism surrounding the use of secret evidence to land convictions, and notably concern that in at least one case, a police informant may have been acting as an agent provocateur. Part 3 deals with Danish counter-radicalisation policies, while providing an overview of how these are perceived by the general public and by minority communities. This part shows how comprehensive counter-radicalisation measures were implemented in Denmark by one government in 2009 and then tacitly revised by another in 2011-12. The 2009 policy defined extremism very widely to include intolerant ideas and attitudes, and its counter-radicalisation measures included spreading information concerning democracy and citizenship. These and other measures were implemented by a range of local government bodies, building on existing practices, and coordinated and reinforced by a central government body. They included targeted interventions, initially by local government and mentors and ultimately by the internal security service. Of these measures, only the targeted interventions have been retained since the change of government in 2011. Part 3 also covers arrangements for oversight of both the internal security and foreign intelligence services, which are currently being revised following a number of controversial events, only one of which was connected to terrorism. Looking at the level of general trust and experiences of discrimination by the police among ethnic minority groups, it can be concluded that although trust is relatively high in comparative terms, there are groups of predominantly young male immigrant descendants living in urban areas who socialise little with ethnic Danes, who in general have lower average trust in the police and who experience a high level of police discrimination, notably in connection with ‘inspection zones’ in which stop-and-search powers can be used. Part 4 focuses on security threats and cases of terrorism in Denmark. There has been no successful terrorist attack in Denmark since 2001, but there have been thirteen high-profile terrorist cases. Two of these involved the extreme left, while extreme right-wing violence has not so far been prosecuted as terrorism in Denmark, though there are signs of changes in attitudes since the Breivik attacks. Two cases involved attempted attacks on Kurt Westergaard, the cartoonist responsible for the best-known cartoon published during the Cartoon Crisis (the one of the prophet Muhammad with a bomb in his turban), and four cases involved attempted attacks from outside Denmark against the offices of Jyllands-Posten, the newspaper that printed the cartoons. Other cases involved assistance to, or preparation for, terrorism; no targets were actually established. Part 5 offers a brief account of the development of the political climate in Denmark with regard to counter-terrorism and minority communities from 2001 until today. It shows that three events have had a significant impact on majority-minority relations in Denmark since 2001. One was the 2001 election campaign, which focused on ‘new politics’ issues of immigration, identity, and security. The second was the Cartoon Crisis of 2005-06, which took place against the background of the ‘new politics’ issues that had emerged in 2001, and caused a division in the public mind between ‘good Muslims’ and ‘bad Muslims’, as well as playing a part in the development of the original counter-radicalisation policies considered in part 3 of this report. The third was the election of 2011, which marked a turn away from the identity questions that had dominated the political agenda over the previous decade, and led to subsequent modifications in counter-radicalisation policies. Whether this last change will prove temporary or permanent remains to be seen. Part 6 of this report presents and discusses existing academic and official literature dealing with the impact and effectiveness of counter-terrorism measures and of radicalisation prevention policies on minority groups in Denmark. Counter-terrorism measures might be considered a success in the sense that there has been no successful terrorist attack in Denmark, but less so in terms of the possible contribution to the construction of Danish Muslims as a ‘suspect community’. Radicalisation prevention policies may be judged a success in terms of output, but outcomes are harder to assess. Some interventions may have worked, but certain academic studies, notably that of Lindekilde, indicate that counter-radicalisation discourses may have had an opposite impact from that intended, whether through frustrations generated by role-model campaigns or through the exclusion from the public debate of voices that fear accusations of radicalism, leaving the field open to those who have may have less to lose from such accusations. Three methodological challenges are identified: the case-based and anecdotal nature of the available data, which makes generalisation of impacts and valid conclusions on causality difficult; the difficulty of excluding alternative explanations of observed impact; and the often multiple, layered and abstract policy objectives, that create major problems in designing clear indicators of success. Details: London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2012. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2012 at: http://www.strategicdialogue.org/Country_report_Denmark_AD_15_Oct_forwebsite.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Counter-Terrorism (Denmark) Shelf Number: 126852 |
Author: Balvig, Flemming Title: Youth Survey: Why Young People's Lawfulness in Denmark is Spreading Summary: The number of young delinquents has declined in Denmark. This is the most distinctive feature that can be read from the attempts to disclose the trend in crimes actually perpetrated by young people in recent decades. The starting point for these attempts was the so-called Gladsaxe Survey from 1979, where 8th-grade pupils (i.e. 14-15 years old) in the municipality of Gladsaxe described the crimes they had actually committed in a comprehensive anonymous questionnaire. The Gladsaxe Survey from 1979 was not the first ‘self-reporting survey’ conducted in Denmark – that had been done already in the early 1960’s – but it is the only one that has been repeated several times in a manner permitting comparison and which can therefore be used as a forecast for future trends. The most recent survey was conducted in 2005, making total of four surveys to date: 1979, 1989/90, 1999 and 2005. Since the surveys have also included young people from Allerød and the north of Jutland starting in 1989/90, it seems reasonable to claim that the past three surveys can be seen as a good indicator of the situation for young people in Denmark as a whole. The overriding view of youth and crime behind these surveys is as follows: Juvenile delinquency is a problem first and foremost because it is often a symptom of other current and serious problems for young people in their everyday lives, and because it often concerns acts that may lead to problems for them later on in their lives. Details: Glostrup: Danish Crime Prevention Council, 2007. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2013 at: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/den%20ungdom%20UK-mforside.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Denmark Keywords: Crime Statistics Shelf Number: 127536 |
Author: Landerso, Rasmus Title: School Starting Age and Crime Summary: This paper investigates the effects of school starting age on crime while relying on variation in school starting age induced by administrative rules; we exploit that Danish children typically start first grade in the calendar year they turn seven, which gives rise to a discontinuity in children’s school starting age. Analyses are carried out using register-based Danish data. We find that higher age at school start lowers the propensity to commit crime, but that this reduction is caused by incapacitation while human capital accumulation is unaffected. Importantly, we also find that the individuals who benefit most from being old-forgrade are those with high latent abilities whereas those with low latent ability seem to be unaffected by being old-for-grade in school. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2013. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 7228: Accessed March 7, 2013 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp7228.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Denmark Keywords: Age and Crime (Denmark) Shelf Number: 127859 |
Author: Christoffersen, Mogens Mygaard Title: An Upbringing to Violence? Identifying the likelihood of violent crime among the 1966 birth cohort in Denmark Summary: Why do some boys develop into troublesome youth who eventually get sentenced for a violent crime? In planning a strategy to fight violent crime it would be useful to know if altering the conditions of children's upbringing and the ways we treat children generally could contribute to a reduction in the incidence of violent behaviour that leads to convictions among adolescents and young men. In this study information from population-based registers covers various aspects both for children, aged between 15 and 27 years, and their parents: health (mental and physical), education, social networks, family violence, self-destructive behaviour, parental alcohol or drug abuse, and unemployment. Details: Copenhagen: The Danish National Institute of Social Research, 2002. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 5:2002: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://www.sfi.dk/publications-4844.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=352&PID=10056 Year: 2002 Country: Denmark Keywords: Career Criminals Shelf Number: 129339 |
Author: Soothill, Keith Title: Exploring Paradigms of Crime Reduction: An Empirical Longitudinal Study Summary: Using Danish registers for a 1980 birth cohort of 29,944 males with parental information and following up these cases for 24 years, the study considers four paradigms of crime reduction (parental child-rearing, structural factors around adolescence, locality and individual resources). Focusing on offenders with first-time convictions for shoplifting (n=1,778), for violence (n=1,585) and for burglary (n=1,208), all four paradigms made a contribution to risk of first time offending for all three crimes. The counter factual analysis indicated that a focus on structural issues within a society may have more widespread benefits, but the assumed causal links need to be further explored. The use of population registers, under controlled conditions, provides an important window on criminal careers. Details: Copenhagen: Danish National Centre for Social Research, 2008. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: 03:2008 WORKING PAPER: Accessed July 11, 2013 at: http://www.sfi.dk/publications-4844.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=90&PID=10056 Year: 2008 Country: Denmark Keywords: Cohort Studies Shelf Number: 129365 |
Author: Ydersbond, Inga Margrete Title: The "promiscuous" and the "shy": Denmark and Norway - A historic comparative analysis of pornography legislation Summary: This paper seeks to explain why the two neighbouring Nordic countries Norway and Denmark, despite many political and cultural similarities, have had very different legal frameworks regulating pornography. Denmark was the first country in the world legalizing both literary (1967) and pictorial pornography (1969). Norway, on the other hand, to this date has had one of Europe's strictest regulations, and legalized "hardcore" pornography as late as in 2006. Through combining the method of "most similar designs" with process tracing, this paper makes a historical comparative analysis of the political development leading to the different legislative outcomes. The paper argues that there are several reasons why the countries' legislations represent opposite ends of the spectre in Europe. First, Christian conservative values have been much more widespread in Norway than in Denmark, as seen by an influential Christian Conservative party and massive popular resistance against liberalization in the four decades after World War 2. Second, Feminist groups in particular, but also Christian organizations and others mobilized massively against legalization in the 1970s and 1980s, contributing to keeping up strict regulations. Third, early legalization was to a much larger extent in Denmark than in Norway supported by the rulings of the court system. Fourth, prominent Danish intellectuals also contributed to a more liberal attitude in the public opinion, while liberal intellectuals in Norway met harsh resistance from other intellectuals and the public in general. The legalization in Norway came only after society, much as a result of influence from abroad, as a whole gradually had changed its attitude towards pornography. Details: Stirling, UK: University of Stirling, Division of History & Politics, 2012. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: NPPR Working Paper Series: The Politics of Commercial Sex 2012:01: Accessed October 28, 2013 at: https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/34447/NPPRWP201201.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Pornography (Denmark and Norway) Shelf Number: 131502 |
Author: Nordic Council of Ministers, Title: Trafficking In Human Beings. Report from a conference on Identification of victims and criminals -- why we do not notice them Summary: The conference Identification of victims and criminals - why we do not notice them arranged 30-31 May 2013 in Tallinn, Estonia formed the conclusion of a Nordic-Baltic-Northwest Russian cooperation project and gathered together around 80 participants to discuss ways of identifying victims and criminals and why we do not notice them, even though we now have available to us facts, figures, research and knowledge about human trafficking. The report presents summaries of the presentations, the Panel discussion and the recommendations from the Round Table discussions. Details: Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2014. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2014 at: https://www.norden.org/en/publications/publikationer/2014-526 Year: 2014 Country: Denmark Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 132181 |
Author: Damm, Anna Piil Title: Does Growing Up in a High Crime Neighborhood Affect Youth Criminal Behavior? Summary: How does growing up in a residential area with many juvenile delinquents affect their risk of juvenile delinquency? Does it increase their risk of juvenile delinquency? In general, it is hard to measure the effects of growing up in a residential area with many juvenile delinquents because it may well be the case that families in which the children face a high risk of juvenile delinquency have a higher tendency to settle in such local areas. This selection problem does not exist in the specific case of children of refugees who were granted asylum in Denmark over the 1986-1998 period. The reason is that they did not choose where to settle in Denmark, but were placed in housing by the Danish Refugee Council. The analysis examines whether children of refugees have a higher probability of being convicted of crime committed over the 15-21 age interval if they were - as children - assigned to housing in a municipality in which a high share of youth had been convicted of crime. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2014. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 63: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Study%20Paper%2063%20-%20Does%20growing%20up%20in%20a%20high%20crime%20neighborhood%20affect%20youth%20criminal%20behavior.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Denmark Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency Shelf Number: 133124 |
Author: Rockwool Foundation Title: Crime rates halved among second-generation immigrants Summary: Crime rates among non-Western second-generation immigrants to Denmark have been more than halved in only 15 years. This is one of the findings of a new analysis from the Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, which reveals that ethnic minorities in Denmark today display significantly less criminality than was the case in the 1990s - and that in terms of crime, they are coming to resemble ethnic Danes ever more closely. This trend is very clear among non-Western second-generation immigrants. In 1990, 11% of male non-Western second-generation immigrants aged 15-45 committed at least one criminal offence of which they were convicted. In 2006 the proportion was under half of that; 5% committed at least one offence during the year which led to a conviction. The same trend, though from a lower starting point, was evident among first-generation non-Western male immigrants; in 1990 6% of them were convicted of committing at least one criminal offence, while the proportion in 2006 had fallen to 3%. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2012. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2014 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Newsletters/Engelsk/Newsletter%20January%202012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Crime Rates Shelf Number: 133372 |
Author: Andersen, Signe Hald Title: Unemployment and Crime: Experimental evidence of the causal effects of intensified ALMPs on crime rates among unemployed individuals Summary: A number of studies investigate the extent to which levels of welfare benefits reduce crime among the unemployed. This paper expands this literature by testing whether the intensity of other welfare programs aimed at the unemployed affects their criminal activity, using evidence from a Danish social experiment that randomly assigned active labor market programs (ALMPs) of different levels of intensity to newly unemployed individuals. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark, 2012. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 38: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Unemployment%20and%20crime_38.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Poverty Shelf Number: 124698 |
Author: Andersen, Signe Hald Title: Serving time or serving the community? Exploiting a policy reform to assess the causal effects of community service on income, social benefit dependency and recidivism Summary: There is a widespread belief among criminologists, judges and the like that criminals are better off serving non-custodial sentences instead of going to prison. However, empirical evidence of the effects of community service is scarce. This paper exploits a policy reform that implemented the use of community service as punishment among specific groups of criminals in order to assess the causal effect of community service on post-sentence income, dependency on social benefits, and crime. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark, 2012. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 37: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/publications/law+of+the+land/publication?id=1603 Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 124696 |
Author: Landerso, Rasmus Title: Does Incarceration Length Affect Labor Market Outcomes for Violent Offenders? Summary: This paper uses a reform of the Danish Penal Code concerning violent crimes to study the effects of an exogenous increase in incarceration length on labor market outcomes during the first three years after release, meassured by unemployment rates, dependency on other public transfers, and earnings. Using a panel of monthly observations constructed from detailed Danish administrative-level data, I track a sample of violent offenders from four years prior to incarceration to conclude that the reform provided an exogenous increase in incarceration length and that the outcomes for the two groups exhibited equal trends. I find lower unemployment rates and a higher level of earnings for those employed as an effect of the longer incarceration spells induced by the reform. In addition, the effects of the reform increase with passage of time after release. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 39: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: http://www.rff.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Incarceration%20length_39.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Employment and Crime Shelf Number: 124695 |
Author: Andersen, Lars Hojsgaard Title: Losing the stigma of incarceration: Does serving a sentence with electronic monitoring causally improve post-release labor market outcomes? Summary: Many Western countries now use electronic monitoring (EM) of some offenders as an alternative to more traditional forms of punishments such as imprisonment. While the main reason for introducing EM is the growing prison population, politicians and administrators also believe that this type of punishment achieves a positive effect by reducing recidivism and the probability of post-release marginalization. The small existing empirical literature on the effect of EM finds mixed support for this belief, but is, however, based on very small sample sizes. We expand this literature by studying the causal effect of EM on social benefit dependency after the sentence has been served. We use administrative data from Statistics Denmark that include information on all Danish offenders who have served their sentence under EM rather than in prison. We compare post-release dependency rates for this group with outcomes for a historical control group of convicted offenders who would have served their sentences with EM had the option been available - i.e. who are identical to the EM group on all observed and unobserved characteristics. We find that serving a sentence with EM significantly decreases the dependency rates after release. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Study paper No. 40: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Losing%20the%20stigma%20of%20incarceration_40.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 124697 |
Author: Hemmingsen, Ann-Sophie Title: An Introduction to the Danish Approach to Countering and Preventing Extremism and Radicalization Summary: Preventing and countering violent extremism and radicalization is increasingly gaining momentum as a supplement to more traditional counterterrorism activities in the efforts to protect societies against terrorism. The Danish approach has attracted attention not least because of its gentler approach to returnees from Syria and Iraq and the fact that it has been developing for nearly a decade. In this report, Ann-Sophie Hemmingsen provides an introduction to the approach and pinpoints the challenges and dilemmas with which it is faced. The Danish approach to preventing and countering violent extremism and radicalization is based on extensive multi-agency collaboration between various social-service providers, the educational system, the health-care system, the police, municipalities, and the intelligence and security services. It benefits greatly from four decades' experience with such collaboration in relation to crime-prevention and from existing structures. As could be expected, the approach is faced with dilemmas, challenges and criticisms. The biggest challenge remains the lack of clear definitions of radicalization and extremism, which leads to a lack of consensus on criteria, standards and procedures. The inherent difficulty of cooperation and the substantial task of coordinating the efforts also continue to represent practical challenges. The Danish approach focuses on the individual and many of the initiatives developed revolve around help to self-help through, for example, mentoring, counselling and exit programmes. The prevalent focus on the individual represents a risk of overlooking social and political aspects that might require and inspire other types of responses than those already included. To meet contemporary challenges, the approach is continuously being developed, both top-down and bottom-up, but it rests on a set of fundamental premises ranging from understandings of the welfare state to understandings of crime and of how behavior can be changed. In order for other countries to determine whether there are lessons to be learned from the Danish approach, knowledge is required about these understandings and the existing structures into which the efforts are incorporated. Details: Copenhagen: DIIS - Danish Institute for International Studies, 2015. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: DIIS Report 2015: 15: Accessed February 25, 2016 at: http://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/369882/DIIS_Report_2015_15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 137977 |
Author: Brett, Julian Title: The Evaluation Study: Lessons learned from Danish and other international efforts on Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) in development contexts Summary: This evaluation study collates lessons being learned from Danish efforts and those of other development actors on Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) that can inform evidence based policy making and increase shared understanding on CVE-related programming in development contexts. The study is based on the premise that CVE concerns policies and actions designed to prevent individuals from engaging in violence associated with radical political, social cultural and religious ideologies and groups. As such, it forms part of the broader response to countering terrorism. The study notes that, while violent extremism is clearly a global problem, it is developing countries that bear the brunt of its social and economic costs. In the countries most affected, it increases insecurity, has links to organised crime, lowers investment and increases the costs of economic activity, destroys infrastructure, and can cause significant human displacement and migration. The foreign fighter phenomenon, whereby nationals from one country join extremist movements in another, is a significant factor fuelling conflict. With many of these individuals coming from developing countries, preventing and mitigating radicalisation and violent extremism is becoming a development priority. The study provides an overview of current thinking on CVE and the key challenges being faced. The central feature of this is that radicalisation processes are individual and include a range of push, pull and enabling or facilitating factors. Push factors are the political, socio-economic and cultural conditions that favour the propagation of extremist ideologies and narratives. Pull factors are the personal rewards that embarking on an extremist cause may confer. These may include financial and other material benefits and social status. Enabling factors relate to the radicalisation process and include social networks and the activities of motivators who groom potential recruits. It follows that, to be successful, CVE initiatives need to address in a holistic way the particular set of factors affecting the individual or group identified as being at risk. In non-permissive environments, this is likely to be particularly challenging. Details: Copenhagen: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, 2015. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2016 at: http://tanacopenhagen.com/evaluation-study-on-cve/ Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 138466 |
Author: Damm, Anna Piil Title: Prison as a Criminal School: Peer Effects and Criminal Learning Behind Bars Summary: We investigate peer effects on crime-specific recidivism, using register data for the entire Danish prison population. In line with a logic of crime specialisation we do not find that inmates build new criminal capital in prison but rather strengthen criminal capital due to exposure to offenders with the same field of specialisation (i.e. reinforcing peer effects). Our results accord with a theory of crime-specific knowledge transmission and network building in prison: we find reinforcing peer effects for crimes that require crime-specific capital, planning and network (e.g. drug crimes, theft, burglary and fencing) and/or are more effective when committed in groups (e.g. threats and vandalism). We find no reinforcing peer effects on recidivism with crimes that tend to be committed spontaneously and solo (e.g. violence and sexual assaults, weapon possession). Our findings carry important implications for prison assignment policies. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2016. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 105: Accessed May 16, 2016 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2016/04/Study-paper-105_med-forside_Final_WEB.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Denmark Keywords: Peer Influence Shelf Number: 139064 |
Author: Landerso, Rasmus Title: Psychiatric Hospital Admission and Later Mental Health, Crime, and Labor Market Outcomes Summary: This paper studies the effects of an admission to a psychiatric hospital on subsequent psychiatric treatments, self-inflicted harm, crime, and labor market outcomes. To circumvent non-random selection into hospital admission we use a measure of hospital occupancy rates the weeks prior to a patient's first contact with a psychiatric hospital as an instrument. Admission reduces criminal and self-harming behavior substantially in the short run, but leads to higher re-admission rates and lower labor market attachment in the long run. Effects are heterogeneous across observable and unobservable patient characteristics. We also identify positive externalities of admissions on spouses' employment rates. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2016. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 98: Accessed May 16, 2016 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2016/01/Study-paper-NY-98_Final_WEB.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Denmark Keywords: Employment Shelf Number: 139065 |
Author: Andersen, Signe Hald Title: Drinking alone? The effect of alcohol treatment programs for drunk drivers on relationship stability Summary: This paper tests whether the introduction of an alcohol treatment program for drunk drivers, which allowed this groups of offenders to avoid prison and participate in a rehabilitation program instead, increased their relationship stability. Using the natural experiment that occurred with the implementation of the program in 1990 and exploiting the rich Danish administrative data, my study has two contributions. First, it shows that the introduction of the program causally increases offenders' relationship stability by 3 percentage points (from 33 to 36 percentage points). Second, it contributes to the discussion on what alternative sanction forms we should offer offenders, to secure their long term outcomes, by testing whether the increased relationship stability observed among the treated offenders resort from their pardon from prison or from their participation in the rehabilitation program. The test suggests that the rehabilitation program drives the effect. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2015. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper no. 96: Accessed May 18, 2016 at: http://old.rff.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Study%20paper%2096_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Alcoholism Shelf Number: 139079 |
Author: Andersen, Lars Hojsgaard Title: How Delinquent Brothers-in-Law Undo the Crime-Fighting Benefits of Marriage: Evidence from Danish Registry Data Summary: Wives come with in-laws, and if these families include delinquent males, their delinquency could undo the prosocial effects of marriage. In this paper, I focus on having a convicted brother-in-law as one general indicator of this broader phenomenon. I use propensity score matching and registry data on all men from birth cohorts 1965-1975 in Denmark to show that when a man marries, new family ties to delinquent brothers-in-law indeed hinder his criminal desistance. Results suggest that influences from the broader social network one is exposed to through marriage are important for the protective effects of marriage. Men who vary by no other observable characteristic than the previous conviction of their brother-in-law have similar conviction rates up to three years before the marriage, yet their conviction rates differ by 50 percent after the wedding. Results also suggest that the effect of delinquent brothers-in-law arise not from co-offending among the in-laws, but from decelerating the desistance process among previously convicted men and from offsetting criminality among men who were not previously convicted. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2015. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 95: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2015/12/Study-paper-95_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Co-offending Shelf Number: 139080 |
Author: Larsen, Britt Ostergaard Title: Educational outcomes after serving with electronic monitoring: Results from a Natural Experiment Summary: The paper explores the effects of electronic monitoring (EM) on young 'educational outcomes and contributes to the evaluation of EM as a non-custodial sanction with a new outcome measure. The study is based on a natural experiment exploiting a reform in Denmark in 2006 introducing electronic monitoring to all offenders under the age of 25 with a maximum prison sentence of three months. Information on program participation is used to estimate instrument variable models in order to assess the causal effects of EM on young offenders' educational outcomes. The empirical analyses are based on a comprehensive longitudinal dataset (n=1013) constructed from multiple official administrative registers and including a high number of covariates. The EM-program increases the completion rates of upper secondary education by 18 percentage points among program participants three years post-release. The EM-program includes house arrest under electronic surveillance, labor market or education participation, unannounced drug and alcohol tests and a crime preventive program. It is not possible to separate the treatment effects of the different program elements in the empirical analyses. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2015. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper no. 94: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2015/12/Study-paper-94_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 139081 |
Author: Andersen, Lars Hojsgaard Title: First Imprisonment and the Age-Crime Curve Summary: For decades criminologists have debated the connection between age and crime, along with the role criminal justice contacts such as imprisonment play for this connection. But even though a host of consequences of imprisonment have been analyzed thoroughly, we only know little about the effect of age at first imprisonment on criminal recidivism. In this paper, I address this issue and provide a causal estimate of the effect of age at first imprisonment on criminal reconvictions among young violent offenders in Denmark. I exploit a policy reform in Denmark in 1994 to obtain variation in age at first imprisonment that is plausibly exogenous to offender characteristics and criminal justice characteristics, and I use register data to follow these young offenders from age 15 to age 30. Results show that even though younger age at first imprisonment increases criminal convictions significantly in the short run, the overall shape of the Age-Crime Curve up to age 30 is similar, although not identical. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2015. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 93: Accessed May 18, 2016 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2015/12/Study-paper-93_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Age and Crime Shelf Number: 139082 |
Author: Andersen, Lars Hojsgaard Title: Decomposing Recidivism Variance into Probation and Parole Officers and their Clients Summary: Existing empirical literature on probation and parole shows that individual client characteristics matter for recidivism, but also characteristics of their assigned probation or parole officer have been shown to matter. And although theoretical accounts of probation and parole debate the relative importance of these client and officer characteristics, no study has provided an empirical benchmark of the total effects of officers and clients (i.e., their characteristics) on recidivism. In this paper I decompose the total variance in recidivism into components attributable to probationers and parolees and their assigned probation or parole officers, respectively, using register data that merges all probationers and parolees in 2002-2009 in Denmark with their assigned officer. Results show that although substantial variance components are attributable to both officers and clients, the component attributable to clients is around twice the size of the component attributable to officers. These estimates provide new evidence on the most common types of noncustodial alternatives to imprisonment, probation and parole, which affect millions of people each day. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2015. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 92: Accessed May 18, 2016 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2015/12/Study-paper-92_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Community Supervision Shelf Number: 139276 |
Author: Fallesen, Peter Title: Explaining the Consequences of Imprisonment for Union Formation and Dissolution in Denmark Summary: Imprisonment reduces men's chances on the marriage market and increases their divorce risk, but existing research is, with a few notable exceptions, silent about the underlying mechanisms driving these effects. Serving a prison sentence at home under electronic monitoring could mitigate the negative effects of imprisonment on union formation and dissolution, as serving a sentence at home does not separate spouses and does not impair human capital to the same degree as imprisonment. This article studies the effect of electronic monitoring as a noncustodial alternative to imprisonment on the risk of relationship dissolution and being single, and analyzes the mechanisms through which imprisonment could affect these outcomes. We exploit a penal reform that expanded the use of electronic monitoring to address nonrandom selection into electronic monitoring instead of in prison. Results from a sample of 2,664 men show that electronic monitoring significantly and persistently lowers the risk both of being single and of becoming single during the first four years following conviction. We further show that electronic monitoring lowers these risks because offenders who serve their prison sentence at home under electronic monitoring do not experience the same degree of human capital depletion and the strain of spousal separation as imprisoned offenders do. We find no evidence of a social stigma effect of imprisonment on union formation and dissolution once we control for the stigma of a criminal conviction. The results show that a tool used to promote decarceration trends also secure better relationship outcomes of convicted men. Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 91: Accessed May 18, 2016 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2015/12/Study-paper-91_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 139083 |
Author: Doleac, Jennifer L. Title: The effects of DNA databases on the deterrence and detection of offenders Summary: Countries around the world use databases of criminal offenders' DNA profiles to match known offenders with crime scene evidence. The purpose is to ease police detection work and to increase the probability that offenders get caught if they reoffend, thereby deterring future criminal activity. However, relatively little is known about the behavioral effects of this law enforcement tool. We exploit a large expansion of Denmark's DNA database in 2005 to measure the effect of DNA profiling on criminal behavior. Individuals charged after the expansion were much more likely to be added to the DNA database than similar offenders charged just before that date. Using a regression discontinuity strategy, we find that the average effect of the DNA database is a reduction in recidivism. By using the rich Danish register data, we further show that effects are heterogeneous across observable offender characteristics; it is mainly offenders initially charged with violent crime that are deterred from committing new crimes. We also find that DNA profiling has a positive detection effect, increasing the probability that repeat offenders get caught. Finally, we find evidence that DNA profiling changes non-criminal behavior: offenders added to the DNA database are more likely to get or remain married. This is consistent with the hypothesis that, by deterring future criminal behavior, DNA profiling changes an offender's life course for the better. Details: Unpublished paper, 2016. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 11, 2017 at: http://jenniferdoleac.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/DNA_Denmark.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Denmark Keywords: Criminal Deterrence Shelf Number: 147325 |
Author: Andersen, Lars Hojsgaard Title: A Research Note on Declining Youth Crime Summary: Decompose declining youth crime in Denmark into its extensive and intensive margins, and show results from birth cohort analyses. Methods: Apply Das Gupta’s (1993) method for rate decomposition to Danish registry data which hold information on all criminal justice contacts of full birth cohorts. We show results among 15 to 17 year old youth by year as well as follow birth cohorts by age. Results: The main driver of declining youth crime in Denmark is the fewer young people experiencing criminal justice contact (extensive margin) and not lower rates of criminal recidivism among youth with criminal justice contact (intensive margin), a result which is found using both year and birth cohort analyses. Conclusions: Over the recent decades and across most developed democracies, youth crime has been in steady decline and declining youth crime now constitutes an important contemporary social and criminological change. Yet underneath this change lingers the question of how we should best grasp declining youth crime. The knowledge provided in this research note -- that change at the extensive margin is the main driver of declining youth crime in Denmark -- represents a first important step towards understanding this important change. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Rockwool Foundation, 2016. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper 110: Accessed February 13, 2017 at: http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2016/06/Study-paper-110_Samlet_WEB-1.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Denmark Keywords: Crime Statistics Shelf Number: 145118 |
Author: Breining, Sanni Title: Birth Order and Delinquency: Evidence from Denmark and Florida Summary: Birth order has been found to have a surprisingly large influence on educational attainment, yet much less is known about the role of birth order on delinquency outcomes such as disciplinary problems in school, juvenile delinquency, and adult crime: outcomes that carry significant negative externalities. This paper uses particularly rich datasets from Denmark and the state of Florida to examine these outcomes and explore potential mechanisms. Despite large differences in environments across the two areas, we find remarkably consistent results: in families with two or more children, second-born boys are on the order of 20 to 40 percent more likely to be disciplined in school and enter the criminal justice system compared to first-born boys even when we compare siblings. The data allow us to examine a range of potential mechanisms, and the evidence rules out differences in health at birth and the quality of schools chosen for children. We do find that parental time investment measured by time out of the labor force is higher for first-borns at ages 2-4, suggesting that the arrival of a second-born child extends early-childhood parental investments for first-borns. Details: Munich: CESifo, 2017. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: CESifo Working Paper Series No. 6330: Accessed February 22, 2017 at: http://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cesceswps/_5f6330.htm Year: 2017 Country: Denmark Keywords: Birth Order Shelf Number: 141183 |
Author: Zuleta, Lumi Title: Hate Speech in the Public Online Debate Summary: This report describes the results of a study about hate speech conducted in 2016. The objective of the study is to gain insight into how often hate speech appears in connection with news dissemination and debate. The report's data consist of just under 3,000 comments taken from the Facebook pages of two major Danish news media, DR Nyheder and TV 2 Nyhederne. Based on these comments, we identify trends and patterns in an attempt to get an overview of the scope and nature of hate speech in a defined period. We compare these findings with the results from a survey among Facebook users in Denmark, in which the respondents are asked about their experiences with regard to debates and the tone of debates on Facebook. Moreover, they are also asked whether their experiences affect their participation in the public online debate. Moreover we review existing legislation in the area as well as the overall legal framework as stipulated in international human rights and Danish law. Overall, in this study we examine the following: The scope of hate speech on the Facebook pages of two major Danish news media, DR Nyheder and TV 2 Nyhederne Topics that spur hate speech. Who is responsible for hate speech? Who or what is the target of hate speech? The nature of hate speech. The consequences of a harsh tone in the public debate on Facebook. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2017. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 23, 2018 at: https://www.humanrights.dk/sites/humanrights.dk/files/media/dokumenter/udgivelser/equal_treatment_2017/hate_speech_in_the_public_online_debate_eng_2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Denmark Keywords: Hate Crime Shelf Number: 148919 |
Author: Gorinas, Cedric Title: A Detailed Analysis of Childhood Victimization Using National Registers: Forms and Sequencing of Violence and Domestic Abuse Summary: Using highly detailed longitudinal data from Danish registers, this study overcomes limitations inherent in victimization surveys and compares the role of individual and family characteristics for five forms of childhood violence, including sexual assaults and threats. The study also examines repeated and poly-victimization and the factors underlying abuse by different types of domestic perpetrators. This study finds that children aged 0 to 12 are the most exposed to sexual abuse, aggravated violence, and domestic abuse; that 30% of young victims of sex and threats will be victimized again; and that the economic and physical vulnerability of the mother in particular is a strong risk factor for early abuse. This study shows the importance of national registers in uncovering under-researched areas of childhood victimization and identifying the most vulnerable groups. Details: Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics, 2018. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA DP No. 11398L Accessed April 9, 2018 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp11398.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Denmark Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 149737 |
Author: Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology Title: Drugs: What Is the Problem and How Do We Perceive It? Policies on Drugs in Nordic Countries Summary: Drug policies in Nordic countries seem to be at the brink of change. Perhaps it has always been seen like this, as drug policy is one rather exceptional part of the criminal policy characterized by disagreements and controversies, in contrast to many other parts of the criminal policy that prevail calm, more dominated by consensus. The drug policy has never settled down. Nonetheless, this impression of imminent change was the background of our initiative to arrange a workshop on Nordic drug policies, to map out: What are the topics of the debate; and what are the positions among social researchers in the Nordic countries at the end of 2014. Looking for participants we soon discovered that drug policy is a theme of interest of scholars beyond the social sciences, working in different fields and specialties. The eventual working group of ten participants included criminologists and sociologists, a medical professional, historian, lawyer and an economist. In a way this is not surprising, but in accordance with one theme of the discussions: Drug use and drug problems are not just about drugs. May be this concentration on drugs leaves us helpless in order to make relevant answers to the variations of problems and poverties that appear together with drug use and drug problems? The contributions from the workshop can be read in this report. They may be seen as struggles to extend the scope of impacts of the control line to drug users, and toward control systems; and to carry forward fundamental values as most relevant also toward drug users. The contributions direct their attention toward policies of control and sanctions against drugs in the Nordic countries. Some are discussing the volume and character of drug use as well as the control and sanctions applied, and costs paid by those who experience the control policies. One text looks for ideological and political conditions contributing to demonize drugs. How to develop the Nordic drugs policies in the future in relation to changes in policies in recent years in USA, Latin America, and Portugal as well as harm-reduction movements? The peculiar position of drugs as a huge threat that has to be eradicated, has given police exceptional conditions in applying highly unusual investigation methods within the realm of civil penal law. Another peculiarity is how the drug policies seem immune when it comes to facts and arguments about its contradictions, paradoxes and unwanted consequences. These features make the drug policies strange, irregular and dangerous toward many of those affected by its consequences. Even in a political context their highly contradictive elements appear as unusual. Also researchers interference in the field needs to be investigated. After 50 years these features still keep drug policies as an important field for investigations. Details: Aarhus, Danmark: Aarhus University, 2015. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 2, 2018 at: http://www.nsfk.org/Portals/0/Archive/1_NSfK%20Working%20Group%20Report%20Drugs.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Denmark Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 151013 |
Author: Bennett, Patrick Title: Job Displacement, Unemployment, and Crime: Evidence from Danish Microdata and Reforms Summary: This paper estimates the individual impact of a worker's job loss on his/her criminal activity. Using a matched employer-employee longitudinal data set on unemployment, crime, and taxes for all residents in Denmark, the paper builds each worker's timeline of job separation, unemployment, and crime. The paper focuses on displaced workers: high-tenure workers who lose employment during a mass-layoff event at any point between 1990 and 1994 (inclusive). Initial local industrial specialization suggests that the growth of manufacturing imports and the Nordic financial crisis in the early 1990s explain a significant share of mass layoffs. Placebo tests display no evidence of trends in crime prior to worker separation. Using Denmark's introduction of the Act on an Active Labor Market at the end of 1993, we estimate the impacts of activation and of a reduction in benefit duration on crime: crime is lower during active benefits than during passive benefits and spikes at the end of benefit eligibility. We use policy-induced shifts in the kink formula relating prior earnings to unemployment benefits to estimate the separate impacts of labor income and unemployment benefits on crime: the results suggest that unemployment benefits do not significantly offset the impact of labor income losses on crime. Details: Bergen: Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Economics, 2018. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper Series in Economics 32/2018: Accessed March 13, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3314079 Year: 2018 Country: Denmark Keywords: Economics and Crime Shelf Number: 154950 |
Author: Hvidtfeldt, Camilla Title: Refugees and asylum seekers in Denmark 1992-2016: Numbers, waiting times, settlement and legislation Summary: The purpose of this report is to present an overview of key issues that concerned asylum seekers and refugees newly arrived in Denmark over the period 19922016. Interest in topics relating to refugees has once again risen markedly on the Danish political agenda, especially since the refugee crisis in 2015, when images of refugees wandering on foot along Danish motorways imprinted themselves on the consciousness of many Danes, reminding them that global problems can become very local ones. At the same time, the phenomenon of refugees is an old and familiar one. The UN Refugee Convention dates from 1951, and it came into being in light of the huge streams of refugees that the world had seen during and after World War II. Over the years, Denmark has received refugees from European countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, and also from more distant countries such as Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Iran, Iraq and Somalia. One of the largest refugee groups received in Denmark to date came as a result of the civil war in Yugoslavia, and the period covered by this report begins in the years when many of these refugees arrived in the country. Developments in issues concerning newly arrived refugees are traced over the subsequent 25 years, finishing in 2016, when the civil war in Syria was the cause of a new stream of refugees. A number of key parameters are used in elucidating developments concerning refugees over the past 25 years. These concern the number of asylum seekers arriving in the country, the countries from which they came, the number of applicants that were granted refugee status, the length of time taken to decide each case, and where the refugees were settled after receiving their residence permits. By juxtaposing the figures related to trends in numbers of asylum seekers and refugees with Danish legislation in the area and the changes in it, we hope to create a more complete and cohesive picture of developments in the area. In this report, the term asylum seeker denotes a foreigner who seeks protection under the Refugee Convention and thereby the right to reside in another country-in this case, Denmark -but who has not yet been recognised as a refugee. A refugee is a person who has had his or her application for asylum granted (Ministeriet for flygtninge, udlndinge og integration, 2003). Details: Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation, 2018. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper Nr. 133: Accessed April 19, 2019 at: https://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2018/12/Study-Paper-133_Refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-Denmark-1992-2016.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Denmark Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 155472 |
Author: Danish Crime Prevention Council Title: How to Safeguard Churches against Burglary, Theft and Acts of Vandalism Summary: For centuries our churches have been protected by the general public. However, many in modern society do not have the same respect for the churches as previous generations and we continue to see the destruction of irreplaceable values or their disappearance from our churches. here has always been a vast interest in antiques and art and collectors have competed to acquire the rare artefacts. In the light of this, antique European church furniture and other property is of particular interest as it is in high demand. It is important to remember that artefacts stolen in Denmark may be sold abroad comparatively easy and, in addition to this, less strict border controls involve an increased risk of stolen property being taken to countries where its traceability is reduced to an absolute minimum. Therefore, it is essential that every person responsible for our churches and the items of artistic and historical value found in the churches takes the question of safeguarding against burglary and theft seriously. However, our churches are not to be made inaccessible as it is essential that they are kept open to the public to the extent it is at all possible, also at hours of the day when religious ceremonies are not performed.The purpose of this booklet is to offer information on how burglary, theft and acts of vandalism in our churches may be limited to an absolute minimum. Details: S.L.: The Danish Crime Prevention Council, 2002. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2019 at: http://www.cybermanual.com/how-to-safeguard-churches-against-burglary-theft-and-acts-of-vandalism.html Year: 2002 Country: Denmark Keywords: Antiquities Shelf Number: 156989 |