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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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209 total results foundAuthor: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry Title: The Economic Impact of Counterfeiting and Piracy Summary: Responding to concerns in governments and the business community, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) launched a project in 2005 to assess the magnitude and impact of counterfeiting and piracy. The objective of the project was to improve factual understanding and awareness of how large the problem is and the effects that infringements of intellectual property rights have on governments, business and consumers in member countries and non-member economies. Details: Paris: OECD, 2008 Source: Year: 2008 Country: France Keywords: Counterfeiting Shelf Number: 111035 |
Author: Open Society Justice Initiative Title: Profiling Minorities: A Study of Stop-and-Search Practices in Paris Summary: This report states that police officers in Paris consistently stop people on the basis of ethnicity and dress rather than on the basis of suspicious individual behavior. This report documents over 500 police stops over a one-year period and across five locations in and around the Gare du Nord train station and Chatelet-Les Halles commuter rail stations. Data show that blacks and Arabs were more likely to be stopped than whites. The report offers a number of recommendations to address the issue. Details: New York: Open Society Institute, 2009. 77p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: France Keywords: Police Misconduct Shelf Number: 116378 |
Author: Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network Title: Calais, The Violence of the Border Summary: Having observed the migratory situation in Calais for many years prior to the destruction on 22 September 2009, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN) in collaboration with the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH) and the European Association for the Defense of Human Rights (AEDH) decided to send a fact-finding mission to Calais and the surrounding area in order to investigate impacts of the police clamp down on the situation of migrants and refugees rights in the region. The findings of the mission are that the destruction of “the Jungle” made the situation worse for the migrants, in terms of having their rights respected. In general, the closing down of unauthorised camps does not do away with people’s need to move. Instead, they worsen the human rights situation of those most in need of protection. Details: Copenhagen: Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: http://www.euromedrights.org/en/publications-en/emhrn-publications/emhrn-puplications/9296.html Year: 2011 Country: France Keywords: Border Security Shelf Number: 122640 |
Author: Kazemian, Lila Title: The French Prison System: Comparative Insights for Policy and Practice in New York and the United States Summary: In 2006, drawing on previous work by the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Council of Europe offered recommendations on basic standards that should be met in European correctional facilities, otherwise known as the European Prison Rules. These rules offer guidelines for the humane and just treatment of prisoners in the 47 member states of the Council of Europe. In 2009, France enacted a correctional law that guaranteed certain rights to incarcerated individuals, including the right to obtain identity papers, to vote, to gain access to social aid, to maintain family ties, to have reasonable access to telephone services, to be offered employment opportunities, to participate in training programs, and to benefit from reduced prison time for sentences of less than five years or for convictions involving individuals who are over 75 years of age. Despite these and other reform initiatives, European correctional administrations often turn to the United States and Canada for guidance on the effective management of prison populations. French correctional administrators express particular interest in correctional practices in the State of New York, as officials there are believed to value inmate rights and prisoner reentry initiatives. New York’s reputation for supporting research and for hosting diverse communitybased organizations focused on prisoner issues stimulates interest in correctional policies and programs in New York City and throughout the state. Officials in New York, however, have just as much to learn from correctional practices in France and other European countries. This report provides an overview of the French correctional system and highlights some of the innovations that characterize French prisons. Correctional trends and practices in France are compared with those of New York and the U.S. more generally. Details: New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Research and Evaluation Center, 2012. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 12, 2012 at: http://johnjayresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/rec20121.pdf Year: 2012 Country: France Keywords: Correctional Institutions Shelf Number: 125594 |
Author: Le Goaziou, Veronique Title: Rape Cases Brought to Assizes Courts: Typology and Geographical Variations Summary: While homicides have declined steadily in France since the mid 1980s, convictions for rape tripled between the second half of the 1980s and the close of the 1990s, then stagnated in the 2000s (see figure 1). This makes rape by far the crime most frequently tried by Assizes Courts. It is also an increasingly severely punished crime. Whereas in 1984 only 18% of prison sentences punishing this crime exceeded 10 years, in 2008 the figure had risen to 43%. Last, there is not only increased severity, but an increasing tendency to report this crime, one which victims rarely reported in earlier times. Rape cases therefore exemplify the trend toward criminalisation so characteristic of present-day society, with its increasing intolerance and denunciation of interpersonal violence (especially when committed on women or children). According to two major victimisation surveys conducted in 2000 and 2006, the number of rapes reported to pollsters did not increase in the meanwhile, whereas the number of rapes reported to the police did. But only 5 to 10% of victims, depending on the study, lodged a complaint with the police or the gendarmerie. The reality of the courts is a far throw from the social reality, then. The object of the present paper, based on the analysis of 425 rape cases heard by Assizes courts (see below), is to explore the variety of behaviour coming under the legal category of rape as defined by article 222-223 of the French Criminal Code and the following three articles describing specific aggravating circumstances. Details: Guyancourt, France: Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Penales (CESDIP), 2010. 4p. Source: Penal Issues, September 2010: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2012 at http://www.cesdip.fr/IMG/pdf/PI_09_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: France Keywords: Convictions Shelf Number: 126644 |
Author: Zauberman, Renee Title: Measuring Personal Thefts in France: Victimisation Surveys and Police Statistics since the mid-1980s Summary: Measuring crime trends can draw upon several data sources. Victimisation surveys, questioning population samples on offences to which they had been prey over a given period, were invented because a number of offences are not found in police and gendarmerie activity statistics. The present study of personal thefts is based on a comparison of these two sources. While the information available for personal thefts in general is homogeneous, specific data on robberies are more fragmentary. Details: Guyancourt, France: Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les Institutions Penales (CESDIP), 2010. 4p. Source: Policy Issues, June 2012: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2012 at http://www.cesdip.fr/IMG/pdf/PI_06_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: France Keywords: Crime Statistics (France) Shelf Number: 126645 |
Author: Camilleri, Raphaelle Title: Impact of Counter-Terrorism on Communities: France Background Report Summary: This report aims to provide an overview of French counter-terrorist and counter-radicalisation policies, and assess their potential impact on the Muslim community in France. Part One focuses on the demographic composition and socioeconomic profile of the French Muslim community; the largest such community in the European Union. It finds that the Muslim community has generally tended to be marginalised in socioeconomic terms in relation to the mainstream French population, and that Muslims frequently report higher rates of discrimination than other immigrant communities in France. This broad finding helps inform subsequent sections, which look specifically at perceived discrimination by French police and security services on the basis of racial or ethnic origin. Part Two focuses on the legal framework within which French counter-terrorism policy is anchored. It reviews the development of counter-terrorist legislation since the mid-1980s, and explains how French legislation has evolved in recent years to tackle the new challenges posed by novel forms of terrorism. This section of the report also outlines the key pieces of legislation governing the operation of law enforcement and intelligence agencies involved in the fight against terrorism in France. It concludes by providing an overview of the main constitutional and institutional mechanisms which place checks and balances on the operation of the police agencies responsible for implementing counter-terrorist policies. Part Three of the report focuses on the law-enforcement agencies responsible for enacting counterterrorist policies ‘on the ground’. It provides a comprehensive list of the key government departments, as well as policing and intelligence agencies, involved in the fight against terrorism, and assesses the nature of their (often troubled) relationship with affected communities. Although more research is needed in this area, initial findings seem to suggest that Muslim communities generally perceive themselves to be unfairly targeted by the police on the basis of their ethnic or religious background. In light of these circumstances, In light of these circumstances, this section of the report also outlines official guidelines on non-discrimination and lists the various governmental and non-governmental institutions charged with protecting the rights of citizens. Part Four of the report looks at the broader security context within which counter-terrorist policies and legislation have been formulated in France. It critically assesses the extent of the terrorist threat in France, both in real and perceived terms. Two significant findings emerge. Firstly, despite the focus on religiouslymotivated Islamist terrorism since 2001, separatism terrorism carried out by Basque and Corsican nationalist groups continues to be the most pressing threat posed to the French state. Secondly, despite the initial trauma caused by Mohammed Merah’s killing spree, French public opinion nevertheless deems the terrorist threat to be quite low, suggesting that the French public does not regard terrorism as a pressing threat. Part Five builds on these initial observations by focusing on the way in which French political parties have framed the terrorist threat (particularly that emanating from suspected Islamists) especially in the aftermath of the Toulouse and Montauban shootings. It examines the impact of the shootings on the presidential race, but finds little evidence that they had any bearing on the final outcome of the election. Nevertheless, the strong performance of the far-right movement of Marine Le Pen (Front National) at the polls is underlined, but it is balanced against the conciliatory tone recently adopted by the left-wing government of François Hollande on security issues. Throughout this report, existing research by academic institutions, think tanks and government bodies on the impact of counter-terrorism policies on the Muslim community is referenced when relevant. Notable gaps in the literature are also highlighted, along with recommendations for further research. A full bibliography is provided for reference at the end of the document, as is an exhaustive list of academics, researchers, policymakers and civil society organisations, which may make a substantial contribution to future research in this area. Details: London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2012. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2012 at: http://www.strategicdialogue.org/Country_report_France_SF_FINAL.pdf Year: 2012 Country: France Keywords: Counter-Terrorism (France) Shelf Number: 127033 |
Author: Blaya, Catherine Title: Risks I: The FR report Full findings from the EU Kids Online survey of 9-16 year olds and their parents in France Summary: This report presents initial findings from a French survey of children and their parents designed to provide a unique insight into the balance of opportunities and risks experienced by children in France on the internet. A random stratified sample of 1000 9-16 year olds who use the internet, and one of their parents/carers, was interviewed during May/June 2010. The France survey forms part of a larger 25 country survey conducted by EU Kids Online and funded by the EC's Safer Internet Programme. The EU Kids Online survey explored children's experiences of a range of possible risks online. The nature of these experiences, which children are most affected, and how children respond are questions to be pursued in a future report. Sexual images - In France, one quarter (29%) of 9-16 year olds say that they have seen sexual images online in the past 12 months. This is higher than the European average (14%). - 40% of France 13-14 year olds and 43% of 11-16 year olds say they have seen online sexual images. Older children are more numerous to have seen this type of images and they are 28% of the 13-14 year olds and 24% of the 15-16 year olds who have seen images or video of someone having sex. - Among the children who say they have seen or been sent sexual messages online, only half of the parents are aware of this. One parent out of three say they have not experienced this. One parent out of ten do not know. However, parents in France are much more aware than the European average with 21% of parents who are aware of the exposure of their children to sexual messages, 52% who say it has not happened and one third who do not know (30%). - Overall, most children have not experienced sexual images online and, even of those who have, most say they were not bothered or upset by the experience. However, one third say they were bothered and these children need attention. Bullying - In relation to bullying, 26% of children (and 19% across Europe) say they have been bullied online or offline, but just 5% say this occurred on the internet. - Most common victimization is nasty or hurtful messages sent to the child (3%), followed by messages being posted or passed on (2%) and other nasty things online (1%). Only 1% have been socially excluded or have been threatened online. - 17% of children say they have bullied others in the past 12 months. Sexual messages - The most common type of sexual messages received by the 11-16 year old internet users is a message on the internet (19%). 3% have seen a sexual message posted online. 5% reported they have seen other people perform sexual acts while 1% have been asked for a photo or video showing their private parts or been asked to talk about sexual acts with someone online. Meeting online contacts offline - 32% of children in France have had contact online with someone they have not met face to face. A similar finding to the European average of 30%. - 12% have gone to an offline meeting with someone first met online. This is higher than the European average (which is 9% across all countries). - Older teenagers (13-16 year olds) are much more likely than younger children to have online contact with someone they have not met face to face. They are also more likely to have gone on to meet them in person. Other online risks - That is in France that children are the fewest to report having come across one or more of potentially harmful user-generated content on the internet. - Most common are hate messages (6%), followed by anorexia/bulimia sites (mainly for girls aged 14-16 who are 8% while boys of the same age are 2%), sites talking about drug experiences (3%). and contents relating to self-harm or suicide (both 2%). These percentages are slightly inferior to the European average. - The main misuse of personal data experienced by children in France is when someone has used their password or pretended to be them (6%). Some have had personal information used in a way they did not like (3%). These percentages are slightly inferior to the European average. Details: London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 2012. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 25, 2013 at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/46442/1/FranceReportEnglish.pdf Year: 2012 Country: France Keywords: Computer Crimes (France) Shelf Number: 128124 |
Author: Monnery, Benjamin Title: The Determinants of Recidivism among Ex-Prisoners: A Survival Analysis on French Data Summary: This article explores the main determinants of the hazard of recidivism among ex-prisoners. We use a nationally-representative sample of prisoners released in 1996-1997 in France, drawn from a 5-year follow-up survey run by the French correctional administration. We estimate semiparametric duration models which deal with violations of the proportional hazards hypothesis. Our results confirm the importance of gender, age, nationality, access to employment and prior convictions on recidivism within five years after release from prison. We also find significant differences in hazards of recidivism by type of initial offense, penal status at entry, and type of release (early release under parole, etc.), while controlling for prison fixed effects. Finally, our study casts doubt on the influence of certain variables (marital status at entry, education, homelessness) and on the effectiveness of semi-liberte as a way to prevent recidivism. Details: Saint-Etienne, France: University of Lyon 2 - Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique (GATE), 2013. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: GATE - Groupe d’Analyse et de Théorie Économique Lyon-St Étienne Working Paper No. WP 1320 : Accessed May 25, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2265349 Year: 2013 Country: France Keywords: Economics of Crime Shelf Number: 128790 |
Author: Bignon, Vincent Title: Stealing to Survive? Crime and Income Shocks in 19th Century France Summary: Using local administrative data from 1826 to 1936, we document the evolution of crime rates in 19th century France and we estimate the impact of a negative income shock on crime. Our identification strategy exploits the phylloxera crisis. Between 1863 and 1890, phylloxera destroyed about 40% of French vineyards. We use the geographical variation in the timing of this shock to identify its impact on property and violent crime rates, as well as minor offences. Our estimates suggest that the phylloxera crisis caused a substantial increase in property crime rates and a significant decrease in violent crimes. Details: Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2014. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 8531: Accessed October 15, 2014 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8531.pdf Year: 2014 Country: France Keywords: Crime Rates Shelf Number: 133953 |
Author: France. Ministry of Justice Title: Parole groups for perpetrators of domestic violence introduced in the judicial district of the Tribunal de Grande Instance [Regional Court] of Mulhouse de Summary: As part of its involvement in the STARR project, from October 2010 to June 2011 the Ministere de la Justice et des Libertes undertook a research project on a system to combat recidivism in the area of domestic violence through probation measures. This research is, therefore, in response to the objective set out by the project: to identify and to share best practices applied within the European Union in order to effectively combat recidivism in three areas: - alcohol and drug addiction - juvenile crime - domestic violence In May 2010 the service des affaires europeennes et internationales (SAEI) of the ministere de la Justice et des libertes approached the direction de l'administration penitentiaire (DAP) [Penitentiar Administration Department], for it to develop a system to combat recidivism in the area of domestic violence implemented by its services de probation et d'insertion penitentiaire (SPIP) [probation and penintentiary integration departments]. This system was conspicuous through its innovative character, particularly the methodological tools applied. Following this approach the DAP reoriented the SAEI towards a system developed from the Mulhouse SPIP initiative, in partnership with the Accord68 association, involving the development of parole groups for the perpetrators of domestic violence. These parole groups were formed within recidivism prevention programmes (RPP) developed since the end of December 2007 by the DAP which represent a procedure for 'collective responsibility in the form of parole groups, the objective of which is to work on the development of the act and the conditions for its non-reiteration'. The objective of this study is to reproduce the experience of the parole groups and to describe their operation. Its conclusions are aimed at all the STARR project's partners but also at all Member States of the European Union interested in this system. They will also allow professionals in the judicial system in France to have access to 'feedback' on a system for the combat of recidivism. From 24 to 26 November 2010 the Ministere de la Justice et des Libertes also organised an international seminar devoted to domestic violence. Magistrats, experts, universities, representatives from the associative and medical sector from different European countries were also able to exchange information about the various existing systems within this field over three days. Details: Paris: Ministry of Justice, 2013(?). 44p. Source: Internet Resource: European Project STARR: Accessed October 27, 2014 at: http://www.starr-probation.org/uploaded_files/Rep%20STARR%20DV%20E.pdf Year: 2013 Country: France Keywords: Alternatives to Incarcerations Shelf Number: 133824 |
Author: Weinberger, David Title: Criminal networks and indoor cannabis in Europe: has the phenomenon reached France? Summary: On 8 February 2011 in the Courneuve, a Paris suburb in the Seine-Saint Denis department, approximately 700 cannabis plants were discovered in a clandestine indoor plantation by the investigators of the OCRIEST (Central office on illegal immigration and employment) and the OCRTIS (Central office for the repression of drug-related offences). Although this plantation was not the first to be discovered on French territory, this case was particularly troubling for the authorities because it was an operational carbon copy of Dutch and British cannabis factories. As a result, major, fundamental concern was raised regarding the development of herbal cannabis supply. While in France cannabis tends to be supplied by small growers who produce mainly for their own personal needs, the Courneuve case begs the following question: Has organised crime penetrated French herbal cannabis production like in other countries in Europe? In order to fully understand the issues raised by this question, this article will first examine the current European cannabis market structure. Thereafter, it will discuss the situation in the main cannabis- producing European countries. Finally, it will examine the situation in France and the possible criminal risks that are taking shape. Details: Saint-Denis-La-Plaine cedex: French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2015. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Drugs, International Challenges no. 1: Accessed July 13, 2015 at: http://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/efdadwr5.pdf Year: 2014 Country: France Keywords: Cannabis Shelf Number: 135997 |
Author: Miller, Erin Title: Mass-Fatality, Coordinated Attacks Worldwide, and Terrorism in France Summary: On November 13, 2015, assailants carried out a series of coordinated attacks at locations in Paris, France, including a theater where a concert was being held, several restaurants, and a sporting event. These attacks reportedly killed more than 120 people and wounded more than 350 others. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claimed responsibility for the attack. To provide contextual information on coordinated, mass-fatality attacks, as well as terrorism in France and the attack patterns of ISIL, START has compiled the following information from the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The report, "Mass-Fatality, Coordinated Attacks Worldwide, and Terrorism in France," is available on START's website and includes details such as: - Between 1970 and 2014, there have been 176 occasions on which terrorist attacks killed more than 100 people (excluding perpetrators), in a particular country on a particular day. - Between 2000 and 2014, there were 83 days on which more than 100 people were killed by terrorist attacks in a single country. These attacks took place in 25 countries in North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia; however, they were especially concentrated in Iraq and Nigeria. - Preliminary data from 2015 suggest that the unusual frequency of mass casualty terrorist attacks in 2014 has continued. Between January and June 2015 there were 11 occasions in which terrorist attacks killed more than 100 people in a single country on a single day. - ISIL, under its current incarnation, carried out more than 750 coordinated attacks from 2000-2014 - specifically in 2013 and 2014. However, this is a conservative assessment because the Global Terrorism Database records the names of perpetrator organizations at the time of the attack. Thus, it is important to note that al-Qa'ida in Iraq (AQI), ISIL's predecessor, carried out at least 400 coordinated attacks as well. Also, 25 coordinated attacks were attributed to the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), another identity previously assumed by ISIL, and several other coordinated attacks were carried out by provinces of the Islamic State, including the Sinai Province and the Tripoli Province. Details: College Park, MD: START (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism), 2015. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Background Report: Accessed January 28, 2016 at: http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_ParisMassCasualtyCoordinatedAttack_Nov2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: France Keywords: Islamic State of Iraq Shelf Number: 137703 |
Author: Spence, Caroline Title: Smuggling in early Modern France Summary: This dissertation will examine the crime of smuggling in early modern France from circa 1500 to 1789. Smuggling was extremely common in early modern Europe, but in France it was particularly widespread and often violent. Goods of every kind were smuggled in and out of the country, and especially within the provinces of the kingdom. However, little has been written in English on smuggling in early modern France. As a result, a considerable amount of the secondary sources read are in French. These sources tend to focus on one commodity or one area, yet this dissertation is a much broader examination of the topic, encompassing the entire country and several different commodities. The dissertation also required a visit to the Musee National des Douanes in Bordeaux, which has an archive containing documents relating to the national customs administration. Many of these documents were essential for my topic and period of study and have been included here. The primary argument of this dissertation is that smuggling occurred as a result of the indirect taxes that the crown levied on different commodities. The administration of the indirect taxation will be examined in chapter one. The second, third, and fourth chapters will discuss the smuggling of salt, wine, and tobacco respectively. Each chapter will begin by discussing how the taxes on these commodities caused them to be smuggled. Subsequently, the nature and methods of smuggling these goods will be examined. Chapter five will investigate who the early modern French smuggler actually was. The treatment of the tax collectors will be discussed, as well as the question of the increasing professionalisation of smuggling. The involvement of ecclesiasts, soldiers, nobles, tax collectors, women and children will be discussed. The dissertation will conclude that the fundamental cause of smuggling was the harsh fiscal regime and especially the irregular way in which taxes were levied throughout the kingdom. Details: Coventry, UK: University of Warwick, 2010. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 17, 2016 at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/emforum/projects/disstheses/dissertations/spence-caroline.pdf Year: 2010 Country: France Keywords: Smuggling Shelf Number: 137857 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: Double Punishment: Inadequate Conditions for Prisoners with Psychosocial Disabilities in France Summary: Thousands of men and women detained in French prisons are estimated to have a psychosocial disability such as severe depression, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Yet they are held in conditions that do not accommodate their disability and can worsen their physical and mental health, and even put them at a heightened risk of suicide. This 79-page report is based on research conducted by Human Rights Watch in prisons in France in 2015. We interviewed prisoners, prison staff, medical professionals, government officials and lawyers and documented the inadequate conditions in which prisoners with psychosocial disabilities are held. These include overcrowded facilities or, on the contrary, prisons where people are isolated and have little human contact, and stigma from other prisoners because of their disability. Due to a shortage of mental health staff, many prisoners with psychosocial disabilities are unable to access the care they want. For those who do, appointments are often brief and limited to prescribing medication. Human Rights Watch urges the French government to commission an independent study of the mental health of prisoners. France should address the need for reasonable accommodation for prisoners with psychosocial disabilities, and ensure all prisoners, including women, can enjoy their right to the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination based on gender or disability. Details: New York: HRW, 2016. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2016 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/france0416web.pdf Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Disabilities Shelf Number: 138590 |
Author: Human Rights First Title: Breaking the Cycle of Violence: Countering Antisemitism and Extremism in France Summary: The deadly terrorist attacks on November 13 in Paris, coming less than a year after the killings at Charlie Hebdo and a kosher supermarket, have focused long overdue attention on the resurgence of antisemitism and extremism in France. France has both the largest Jewish and one of the largest Muslim communities in Europe. With the rise of the xenophobic far-right National Front party, this situation is a tinderbox. "Antisemitism is unacceptable no matter where it comes from," said the Chief Rabbi of France, Haim Korsia, in July 2015. "When there is a Republic with strong values - liberty, equality, fraternity, which we often forget - we have security and serenity for everyone, including Jews." Violence targeting Jews and Jewish sites has led to a heightened sense of insecurity, and an increasing number of Jews are relocating in or outside of France for security reasons. Some observers have drawn comparisons to Europe in the 1930s. While that dark history continues to cast a cautionary shadow, as it should, the comparison is inapt. Nonetheless, antisemitism is a grave threat to human rights, and its resurgence in France should be of great concern to the French government and its allies, including the United States. Antisemitic violence harms not only its direct victims but entire Jewish communities, preventing them from being able to exercise their fundamental rights. And the potential damage is even greater: Left unchecked, antisemitism leads to the persecution of other minorities, and to an overall increase in repression and intolerance. An increase in antisemitism is a harbinger of societal breakdown. This report analyzes the nature and extent of antisemitism in France and presents recommendations for combating it by promoting tolerance and inclusiveness. Based on public information and interviews with a range of government officials, civil society representatives, and academic experts, the report examines this problem within broader and interrelated phenomena, including the ascendancy of the far-right party the National Front, mounting anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim sentiment, the spread of Islamic extremism, and the increasing alienation of many Muslims in France. While the report assesses spikes in antisemitic incidents related to developments in the Middle East, it focuses on France and the domestic dynamics contributing to this problem. However, we see France as a test case for the plight of Jews on the continent because the pertinent trends there also exist in other European countries. Details: New York: Human Rights First, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2016 at: http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/HRF-Breaking-the-Cycle-final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Bias-Motivated Crimes Shelf Number: 138697 |
Author: Henneguelle, Anais Title: Better at Home than in Prison? The Effects of Electronic Monitoring on Recidivism in France Summary: Many countries have recently adopted electronic monitoring (EM) as an alternative sentence in order to reduce incarceration while maintaining public safety. However, the empirical evidence on the effects of EM on recidivism (relative to prison) is very scarce worldwide. In this paper, we adress this debated question using quasi-experimental data from France. Our empirical strategy exploits the incremental roll-in of electronic monitoring in France, which started as a local experiment in four courts in 2000- 2001, and was later adopted by more and more courts (2002-2003). Our IV estimates show that fully converting prison sentences into electronic monitoring has long-lasting beneficial effects on recidivism, with estimated reductions in probability of reconviction of 6-7 percentage points (9-11%) after five years. There is also evidence that, in case of recidivism, EM leads to less serious offenses compared to prison. These beneficial effects are particularly strong on electronically monitored offenders who received control visits at home from correctional officers, were obliged to work while under EM, and had already experienced prison before. This pattern suggests that both rehabilitation and deterrence are important factors in reducing long-term recidivism, and that electronic monitoring can be a very cost-effective alternative to short prison sentences. However, the massive development of EM in France in recent years, with shorter and less intensive supervision, may reduce its effectiveness. Details: Ecully, France: Lyon Saint-Etienne, 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 1603: Accessed May 25, 2016 at: ftp://ftp.gate.cnrs.fr/RePEc/2016/1603.pdf Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 139154 |
Author: Calderoni, Francesco Title: France: the factbook on the illicit trade in tobacco products Summary: This report provides the French country profile of the project The Factbook on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products . In France, the illicit trade in tobacco products is a key issue due to its high penetration in the French tobacco market, reaching 14.7% of total consumption in 2014 (KPMG 2015). Tobacco control policies are at the top of the French policy agenda, and a national action plans against the ITTP was launched in 2011. Moreover, the recent ratification of the Protocol Against Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (WHO FCTC), in November 2015, demonstrates France's commitment to tackling the illicit trade. The growing attention of the French Customs to tobacco smuggling is evidenced by the increasing number of seizures. WHAT CAN BE FOUND IN THIS REPORT? This report is updated at December 2015. It is organised into three chapters: -- Chapter one deals with the five drivers of the ITTP: society and economy, the legal market, regulation, the crime environment and enforcement. The drivers are important areas whose structures may positively or negatively impact on the ITTP. To enable comparison with other country profiles, five key indicators have been selected for each driver. The data for the driver indicators come from comparable sources (latest available years). When possible, the report provides the most up-to-date data from national sources. -- Chapter two focuses on the four components of the ITTP: demand, products, supply, modus operandi and geographical distribution. -- Chapter three identifies the key factors of the ITTP in France and frames the drivers in the components, analysing how different elements of the drivers influence the components of the ITTP. Details: Milan: Transcrime, 2016. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: The Factbook on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products 8: Accessed July 12, 2016 at: http://www.transcrime.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/The-Factbook-on-the-ITTP-France_EN.pdf Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Cigarette Smuggling Shelf Number: 139618 |
Author: Levy, Florence Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in Human Beings in the Domestic Work Sector in France Summary: The fight against trafficking in human beings (THB) is now part of the French political agenda. Yet the priority is given to the fight against sexual exploitation while labour exploitation is still regarded as a minor phenomenon. The particular issue of exploitation in domestic work has not been considered on its own even if France has been condemned twice by the European Court of Human Rights for failing to protect victims in two cases of exploitation in domestic work. Since then, the law has been amended, and we have to wait until we can assess the effectivity of this new legal framework. The issue of demand remains a blind spot in terms of how THB is understood. The public declarations of government's commitment to the fight against THB provide a contrast with the low number of convictions actually brought down by the courts. The research highlights the difficulties faced by labor inspectorates and legal actors in establishing cases of THB in domestic work. This is linked with the characteristic of this work sector, but also with confusions in the understanding of what is THB, what are the victims and perpetrators profiles and the tensions between the fight against illegal immigration and the mission to protect victims of THB. Details: Vienna; ICMPD, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: DemandAT Country Study No. 3: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/41926/DemandAT_CountryStudies_2016_03.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Domestic Workers Shelf Number: 139931 |
Author: Hamel, Christelle Title: Rape and sexual assault in France: initial findings of the VIRAGE survey Summary: How common are rape and other forms of sexual assault in France today? In what contexts, and at what ages do they occur? In 2015, the French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) conducted a large-scale survey of violence and gender relations (Violence et rapports de genre, VIRAGE), on a large sample of respondents representative of the French population aged 20- 69. Their answers to the survey questions provide a detailed picture of the sexual violence experienced by women and men in France. Details: Paris: French Institute for Demographic Studies, 2016. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Population & Societies no. 537: Accessed December 7, 2016 at: https://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/25953/538.population.societies.2016.november.rape.agression.sexual.en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Rape Shelf Number: 147925 |
Author: Olarte Bacares, Carlos Augusto Title: Impact of urban public transport enhancements on crime rate: a diff-diff analysis for the case of Transmilenio Summary: One of the biggest questions of agglomerations today focuses on the problem of the public transport supply. To deal with this, Bogota has developed a new urban transport system that has had worldwide recognition since 2000: Transmilenio. While most studies have focused on studying the impact of this new public transport system with respect to the environment, hedonic prices, employment and urbanism, among others, none (except one) have studied the question of the evolution of crime linked to the existence of Transmilenio. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that the evolution of urban transport, which is traduced on the construction and on the improvements of Transmilenio, has had a direct impact on the crime rates in the city. By collecting a set of spatially referenced data regarding crimes in 112 of the 117 planning zones that make up the city, this research follows a differences-in-differences methodology to test the causality of the transport system in the evolution of crime rates in each zone for different periods. After a deep descriptive analysis of data and the implementation of the econometric methodology suggested, results indicate that enhancement of the public transport system has had no clear impact on crime rates in all zones of the city. Depending on the zones and on the Transmilenio line in question, the transport system may increase or decrease the number of crimes on each zone beneficiaries or not from the improvement of the system. However, this research gives a non-negligible number of hints to take in consideration on further studies. Details: Paris: University of Paris, Centre for Economics, 2013. 23p. Source: Internet Resorure: MPRA Paper No. 53967: Accessed December 8, 2016 at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53967/1/MPRA_paper_53967.pdf Year: 2013 Country: France Keywords: Transit Crime Shelf Number: 140353 |
Author: Philippe, Arnaud Title: Gender disparities in criminal justice Summary: This paper uses the universe of convictions occurred in France between 2000 and 2003 to document the gender gap in criminal justice. First, during this period, and after controlling for very precise description of the offenses as well as other observable characteristics, women get prison sentences 15 days shorter than men on average. This represents a 33% decrease in comparison to the average prison length in the sample (44 days). Second, this gender gap is also observed within pairs of criminals, each consisting of one man and one woman, who are convicted together, on the same day, by the same person and for the same crime. Lastly, this paper present robust evidences that the gender gap is affected by the judges' gender but not the prosecutors' gender. Using the evolution of courts' composition between 2000 and 2003, results show that a one-standard-deviation increase in the number of women in the court decreases the gender gap by 10%. Details: Toulouse: Toulouse School of Economics, 2017. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 17-762: Accessed April 21, 2017 at: https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/doc/wp/2017/wp_tse_762.pdf Year: 2017 Country: France Keywords: Gender Disparities Shelf Number: 145143 |
Author: Philippe, Arnaud Title: "Do jurors and professional judges differ in their treatment of crime?: Evidence from French reform" Summary: Do citizens and professional judges agree on the accuracy of sentences? While surveys regularly point out a demand by citizens for harsher punishment, the differences between surveys' and real decisions' conditions are large enough to cast a doubt on the results. The introduction of two jurors into a court composed of three professional judges in two French regions and for a subsample of crimes in 2012 offers a good natural experiment for documenting the question of the differences between professional judges and citizens. Difference-in-differences or triple- difference methods do not permit me to identify any change in the probability of being convicted or in sentences given by a court including jurors. If some characteristics of the reform could partly explain those null results, they clearly go against the hypothesis of a major disagreement between professional judges and citizens when they have to make real decisions in criminal cases. Details: Toulouse: Toulouse School of Economics, 2017. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Papers No. 17-763: Accessed April 22, 2017 at: https://www.tse-fr.eu/sites/default/files/TSE/documents/doc/wp/2017/wp_tse_763.pdf Year: 2017 Country: France Keywords: Courts Shelf Number: 145164 |
Author: Monnery, Benjamin Title: Prison, reentry and recidivism: micro-econometric applications Summary: his PhD dissertation investigates the linkages between prison, reentry and recidivism. Eachof the four chapters contributes to the growing field of the economics of crime, applying a series of econometric methods on French data to answer highly policy-relevant questions.Chapter 1 explores the dynamics of the risk of recidivism after prison release. This article is the first to document the shape of the hazard of recidivism over time in France (a fastlydiminishing function) and to explore the key individual characteristics explaining the level and dynamic of this risk over time.Chapter 2 investigates the causal effect of sentence reductions on recidivism. This article is the first to explicitely account for the key mediating role of anticipations and adaptation by prisoners. By exploiting the French collective pardon of July 1996 as a natural experiment, the article finds strong evidence supporting the importance of the concrete design of sentence reductions.Chapter 3 offers the first evaluation of the causal effects of a major penal policy in France, the introduction of Electronic Monitoring (EM) as an alternative to short prison sentences. Using the staged rollout of EM across courts and over time, the paper finds evidence of significant beneficial effects of EM on recidivism, compared to incarceration.Finally, Chapter 4 measures the deterrent effect of fast versus slower incarceration on future crime. This article is the first to estimate the large beneficial impact of using fast-track procedures, instead of longer procedures, on recidivism after release. Details: Lyon, France: Universite Lumiere Lyon 2 and GATE (CNRS), 2016. 183p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 15, 2017 at: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01452006/ Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Economics of Crime Shelf Number: 145477 |
Author: Amnesty International Title: A Right Not A Threat: Disproportionate restrictions on demonstrations under the State of Emergency in France reveals Summary: In the wake of a series of appalling attacks in Paris on 13 November 2015, a state of emergency was declared in France. While the French government has a duty to take the necessary measures to protect the population, it also has a responsibility to ensure that emergency powers do not result in disproportionate restrictions of human rights. In 2016, French authorities banned dozens of public assemblies using emergency powers and placed restrictions on hundreds of individuals to prevent them from exercising their right to freedom of assembly. Individuals not linked in any way to acts of terrorism are getting caught in the cross-hairs of the emergency measures. This report shows the disproportionate use of emergency powers to restrict the right to freedom of assembly in situations unrelated to any specific threat of attacks on the general population. Moreover, the report shows that French authorities often relied on unnecessarily resource-intensive strategies and used force disproportionately when policing public assemblies. Amnesty International calls on the French authorities to consider lifting the state of emergency and to ensure that any restriction to the right to freedom of assembly is necessary and proportionate to protect public order or national security. Details: London, AI, 2017. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: https://www.amnesty.ie/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/A-Right-Not-A-Threat-English.pdf Year: 2017 Country: France Keywords: Freedom of Assembly Shelf Number: 146093 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "Like Living in Hell": Police Abuses Against Child and Adult Migrants in Calais Summary: French authorities in Calais have turned a blind eye to widespread reports of police abuse against asylum seekers and other migrants. Police in Calais, particularly riot police, routinely use pepper spray on child and adult migrants in circumstances in which they pose no threat - including while sleeping - on their food, water, clothes, and possessions. Such acts violate the prohibition on inhuman and degrading treatment, as well as international standards on police conduct, which call for police to use force only when it is unavoidable, and then only with restraint, proportionate to circumstances, and for a legitimate law enforcement purpose. Authorities deny charges of police abuse, but Human Rights Watch reached its findings based on consistent and detailed accounts of police abuse by nearly every one of the more than 60 asylum seekers and migrant interviewed in and around Calais in June and July 2017. "Like Living in Hell" also finds that local authorities have responded to the return of migrants to Calais in increasing numbers in 2017 by impeding their access to food, water, and other basic necessities, despite a court ruling that efforts to bar humanitarian distributions by aid groups amounts to inhuman and degrading treatment. Human Rights Watch calls on French authorities to direct police to follow international standards on the use of force, and refrain from conduct that interferes with the delivery of humanitarian assistance. Authorities should also remove obstacles that impede access to refugee protection and ensure that unaccompanied migrant children have full access to appropriate child protection services. Details: New York: HRW, 2017. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2017 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/france0717_web_3.pdf Year: 2017 Country: France Keywords: Child Migrants Shelf Number: 146752 |
Author: union des fabricants (unifab) Title: Counterfeiting and terrorism Summary: Remember that counterfeiting is defined as the reproduction or total or partial use of an intellectual property right without authorisation from its owner. It currently represents up to 10% of world trade and costs an estimated 40,000 jobs per year in France and 2.5 million to G20 countries. In 2009, the OECD assessed the global financial impact of counterfeiting at between $250 billion and $500 billion. We estimate that in 2015, "counterfeiting will represent a turnover of over $1.700 billion world-wide. This is more than the value of drugs and prostitution combined". The counterfeiter therefore aims to create confusion between the original product and the counterfeit product, in order to benefit from another's reputation or the result of investments made by the true holder of an intellectual property right. From a legal viewpoint, digital piracy (music, film, software, book, graphic) is therefore a form of counterfeiting, as is the production of fake brand items. In France, counterfeiting is governed by the Code of Intellectual Property in Articles L 335-2 to L 335-9 for the infringement of copyright and related rights, L 513- 4 for the violation of pictures and models, L 613-3 for the infringement of patents, and L 713-2 and L 713-3 for the infringement of trademarks and services. In France, counterfeiting is covered under both civil and criminal law. Thus, under criminal law, counterfeiting is punishable by three years imprisonment and a 300,000 euro fine, with penalties increased to five years' imprisonment and a 500,000 euro fine when the acts are committed by an organised group, or when they concern products that are hazardous to consumer health or safety. However, the proven presence of counterfeiting within terrorist organisations raises questions about the adequacy of current criminal penalties, and particularly how they are applied. Terrorism is also punishable under the Criminal Code. This defines a terrorist act as an act pertaining to "an individual or collective undertaking aimed at seriously disturbing public order by intimidation or terror" (Article L 421-1 CC amended by Law of 13 November 2014). It covers two categories of offences: - First, existing offences committed in relation to a terrorist undertaking. It therefore concerns common crimes in specific circumstances which give them a specific nature; - Second, a number of offences defined independently, without reference to an existing offence. The funding of a terrorist undertaking therefore represents a specific offence (Article 421-2-2 of the Criminal Code). Which is punishable by 10 years' imprisonment and a fine of 225,000 euros. However, the penalty is increased to 20 years' imprisonment, with a fine of 500,000 euros for those directing or organising a terrorist group. Unifab' publication of this report aims to provide an insight into the links between terrorism and counterfeiting, as well as demonstrating that this illegal activity is a favourite method for financing terrorist actions. This study deals with industrial and commercial counterfeiting, in addition to the infringement of copyright. However, it excludes the falsification of means of payment and administrative papers. Moreover, it is primarily based on information collected from companies, the media, professional and public organisations, and european and international agencies. Details: Paris: unifab, 2016. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 30, 2017 at: https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/documents/11370/71142/Counterfeiting+%26%20terrorism/7c4a4abf-05ee-4269-87eb-c828a5dbe3c6 Year: 2016 Country: France Keywords: Consumer Fraud Shelf Number: 146942 |
Author: Maurin, Eric Title: Sentence Reductions and Recidivism: Lessons from the Bastille Day quasi experiment Summary: This paper exploits the collective pardon granted to individuals incarcerated in French prisons on the 14th of July, 1996 (Bastille Day) to identify the effect of collective sentence reductions on recidivism. The collective pardon generated a very significant discontinuity in the relationship between the number of weeks of sentence reduction granted to inmates and their prospective date of release. We show that the same discontinuity exists in the relationship between recidivism probability five years after the release and prospective date of release. Overall, the Bastille Day quasi experiment suggests that collective sentence reductions increase recidivism and do not represent a cost-effective way to reduce incarceration rates or prisons' overcrowding. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2009. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 3990: Accessed September 13, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1351154 Year: 2009 Country: France Keywords: Deterrence Shelf Number: 113473 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "The Root of Humiliation": Abusive Identity Checks in France Summary: Police in France have broad discretion to carry out identity checks even when no wrongdoing is suspected. The stops - known as controle d'identite - can involve lengthy questioning, orders to empty pockets, bag searches, and intrusive pat-downs. Statistical and qualitative research indicates that these checks particularly affect black and Arab young men and boys, subjecting them to frequent humiliating pat-downs without any explanation, in some cases accompanied by insults and physical abuse. Individuals stopped by the police are rarely told the legal basis for the stop, do not receive any written record of the stop, and can face criminal prosecution for bringing complaints. The frequent stops experienced by young black and Arabs suggest that police are engaging in unlawful ethnic profiling - making assumptions about who is more likely to be a delinquent based on appearance rather than on actual behavior. The Root of Humiliation, based on research in Paris, Lyon and Lille, shows that these abusive police stops have a deeply negative impact on relations between the police and minority youth. Many described identity checks as the sharp edge of their broader experience of discrimination and exclusion in French society. Human Rights Watch calls on French authorities to adopt legal and policy reforms to prevent ethnic profiling and abusive treatment. Identity check powers - including pat-downs - should be used only when there is a real, individualized suspicion, and those stopped should be given a written record of the procedure. The police should gather, analyze and publish detailed data on identity checks. Failure to enact reforms will allow abuses to go unchecked, and relations between the police and minorities to deteriorate further. Details: New York: HRW, 2012. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2017 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/france0112ForUpload.pdf Year: 2012 Country: France Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Shelf Number: 123933 |
Author: Contre la Traite Title: Child Victims of Trafficking in Human Beings in France # Invisibles Summary: In France, trafficking in human beings is defined in the Act of 5 August 2013. Trafficking in human beings is the fact of recruiting, transporting, transferring, lodging or receiving someone with a view to exploitation in one of the following circumstances: 1 Involving the use of threats, coercion, violence or deception aimed at the victim, their family or someone in regular contact with the victim; 2 By the person's legitimate, natural or adoptive ascendant relative or a person who has authority over them or abuses the authority conferred by their position; 3 By abusing a situation of vulnerability due to their age, an illness, infirmity, physical disability or mental health issue, or pregnancy, which is either apparent or known to the perpetrator; 4 In return for or by offering compensation or any benefit or a promise of compensation of benefits. The exploitation referred to in the first paragraph of article I is the fact of using the victim or making them available to a third party, even an unidentified party, to enable offences to be committed in respect of the victim, of procuring, sexual assault or abuse, enslavement, forced labour or the forced provision of services, reducing to servitude, the removal of an organ, exploitation of begging, housing or working conditions that are contrary to human dignity, or forcing the victim to commit any crime or offense. Details: s.l.: Contre la Traite, 2017. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 6, 2018 at: http://www.caritas.eu/sites/default/files/trafficking_-_invisibles_en_0.pdf Year: 2017 Country: France Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Shelf Number: 148994 |
Author: Mouzourakis, Minos Title: Access to asylum and detention at France's borders Summary: The confinement of asylum seekers arriving at the borders in France in order to decide on their right to enter the territory for the purpose of examining their asylum application has been an integral and controversial part of France's asylum system. The European Court of Human Rights held already in the 1996 landmark judgment of Amuur v. France that the placement of individuals in hotel accommodation near Orly airport constituted deprivation of liberty and therefore needed to comply with the safeguards set out in Article 5 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). At the same time, the creation of waiting zones is not limited to the country's airports or ports. More recently, informal zones have emerged as spaces allowing the de facto detention without any formal decision of migrants and asylum seekers arriving from Italy. Parallel to counter-terrorism measures, culminating in the permanent anti-terrorism legislation adopted in October 2017, the French government has stepped up controls at its internal Schengen borders, as well as the use of asylum and immigration detention, thereby suggesting a policy link between migration and counter-terrorism, without such a connection being substantiated by evidence on the ground. This report analyses the legal and practical implications of the border procedure carried out in the waiting zones of Roissy and Marseille, as well as the procedures in place at the French-Italian border to stem the arrival of migrants and refugees in France. It presents the results of fact-finding visit to France conducted between 23 April and 27 April 2018. During this period, the ECRE delegation visited: - The waiting zone (ZAPI3) of Roissy Charles de Gaulle Airport, Paris where it met with representatives of the Red Cross, the Commander of the Border Police and attended a session of the "Annex" of the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Bobigny in the waiting zone; - Paris, where it had meetings with representatives of OFPRA, Anaf, Ordre de Malte, France terre d'asile and the General Controller of Places of Deprivation of Liberty; - Marseille, where it visited the waiting zone of Canet and had meetings with the Deputy Director and the Chief of the Border Police at the port of Marseille; - Nice and Breil-sur-Roya, where it met with representatives of Cimade and Habitat et Citoyennete and Roya Citoyenne - Ventimiglia, where it met with a representative of InterSOS. Information and data gathered from interviews and observations made in the various sites visited are complemented by desk research and authoritative sources on the treatment of people intercepted at the airport or the French-Italian land border. The report is structured into two chapters: Chapter I analyses the various legal frameworks relating to detention to which persons applying for international protection at the border can be subjected, the procedural safeguards in place to protect individuals from arbitrary detention and the conditions in the waiting zones of Roissy and Marseille; Chapter II assesses the obstacles asylum seekers face in accessing the asylum procedure at the land and air border, including the gaps in procedural guarantees for vulnerable applicants and the particular challenges relating to remote OFPRA interviews conducted in all waiting zones except Roissy. A final section contains general conclusions and recommendations to the French authorities. Details: Brussels, Belgium: European Council for Refugees and Exiles (ECRE), 2018. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 21, 2018 at: http://www.asylumineurope.org/sites/default/files/franceborders.pdf Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 150627 |
Author: International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) Title: Dispositif d'intervention sur la radicalisation violente en milieu ouvert : identification des difficultes et des besoins des professionnels des SPIP, aide a l'adaptation des pratiques Summary: The International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (ICPC) carried out a research-action over 18 months in collaboration with the French Penitentiary Administration (DAP) in order to develop an intervention response for individuals who have been radicalized or are in the process of radicalization within the Penitentiary Services for Integration and Probation (SPIP) within the probation system. This project was developed in three pilot sites: Grenoble, Lyon and Nice. This "intervention response" is understood as a set of actions and initiatives implemented at the institutional level to counter violent radicalization, namely: - A decision-making support system in the process of identifying and reporting individuals who have been or are being radicalized. For this purpose, the following products were developed by the research-action: - An Identification and Reporting Protocol for individuals who have initiated a process of radicalization leading to violence, and - A Semi-Structured Interview Guide for the Identification of individuals who have initiated a process of radicalization leading to violence. - A support system for individuals who are at risk or are already radicalized. For this component, three different actions were developed: - Two collective actions, one of which is primary-secondary prevention (Vivre Ensemble) and the other is secondary-tertiary prevention (CODE), as well as - An individual program for the prevention of recidivism (Accordeon). This research-action is a world first. Never has a project of such magnitude been implemented within the probation system. Violent radicalization although very popular remains very difficult to apprehend. This is the reason why this research-action is quite unique considering its very great ambition that is to think of and create identification and support procedures and methods. This Report is aiming to present the work achieved from July 4, 2016 to December 31, 2017, by pilot research units (mainly professionals of the Ministry of Justice and the ICPC) in the framework of the project: "Intervention response to violent radicalization within the probation system: identifying the challenges and the needs of the SPIPs professionals, and support to adapt practices". This report describes the methodology used, developed products, the results of the process evaluation and the impact of this approach as well as the actions implemented. Details: Montreal: The Centre, 2018. 146p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 3, 2018 at: http://www.crime-prevention-intl.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/2018/Rapport_final_RAMO__Copie_securisee_.pdf Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Extremism Shelf Number: 150761 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "Like a Lottery": Arbitrary Treatment of Unaccompanied Migrant Children in Paris Summary: Child protection authorities in Paris are arbitrarily refusing unaccompanied migrant youths status as minors and using flawed age assessment procedures with the result that many of these children are excluded from care they need and to which they are entitled. Arbitrary practices can lead to unaccompanied children being erroneously considered adults, leaving then ineligible for emergency shelter and other protection given to children. As a result, hundreds of unaccompanied children sleep on the streets of Paris each night, lawyers and nongovernmental organizations estimate. Human Rights Watch found that many youths who requested protection from the child welfare system were turned away summarily and inaccurately, based on appearance alone. Others are rejected without written decisions after interviews lasting as little as five minutes, contrary to French regulations. Those who do receive full interviews may be denied recognition as children because of personal judgements made for invalid reasons, for example because they worked during their journey to Europe or travelled on their ownas do many children around the world. When children seek review of adverse decisions, some judges regularly order bone tests to determine their age. Medical bodies in France and elsewhere have repeatedly found that bone and similar medical examinations are not a reliable means of determining age, particularly for older adolescents, and have called for an end to their use. French national and departmental authorities should ensure that age assessments are used only when authorities have well-founded doubts about an individual's claim to be under 18. In such cases, they should determine age through interviews by professionals with the expertise to work with children and should bear in mind that all age assessments will be estimates. France should also end the use of bone tests and similar discredited medical examinations. Details: New York: HRW, 2018. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 27, 2018 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/france0718_web.pdf Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Child Protection Shelf Number: 150937 |
Author: Global Detention Project Title: Immigration Detention in France: Longer, More Widespread, and Harder to Contest Summary: France has one of Europe's oldest - and largest - administrative immigration detention regimes. Since 1981, the year it adopted its first law explicitly providing for immigration detention, the country has passed some 30 immigration laws. In 2017, the country placed 46,857 people in immigration detention, 42 percent of whom were held in overseas territories (by way of comparison, in the United Kingdom, during the year ending in March 2018, approximately 29,000 people "entered detention"). Detainees in France spent on average 12.8 days in detention, far below the 45 days legal limit in place at that time. France operates 24 long-term immigration detention centres, euphemistically labelled centres de retention administrative ("administrative retention centres"), which have a total capacity of 1,543 beds. The country also operates 26 short-term administrative detention facilities called locaux de retention administrative. In 2018, the Interior Ministry announced plans to boost bed space in CRAs by 450 during 2019. Although European Union (EU) law allows member states to detain migrants for up to 18 months for deportation purposes, France retained - until recently - one of the lowest limits among EU member states (along with Iceland [42 days] and Spain [60 days]). In 2018, however, the situation changed significantly - prompted by Europe's "migration crisis" - with the adoption of controversial new legislation which, inter alia, doubles the detention limit to 90 days and reduces the time frame to apply for asylum from 120 days to 90 days. Many civil society organisations and national human rights institutions challenged the new law, with some critics calling it the Code de la honte ("code of shame"). The French ombudsman said, "Contrary to the discourse that everything should be done in favour of asylum seekers, they are in fact badly treated by this project." According to the ombudsman, the accelerated asylum procedures will "impose impossible deadlines on asylum seekers - which risks causing asylum seekers to lose their rights to appeal." Another recently adopted law, the March 2018 asylum bill, also came under sharp criticism because of fears that it may lead to widespread detention of asylum seekers who are awaiting transfer to another EU country under the Dublin III procedure. The law, which allows for the detention of people who have not yet been served an expulsion order, represents a major departure from previous French asylum protection policies. French NGOs are present on a daily basis inside the centres de retention administrative (CRAs) to provide legal and other forms of advice to detainees. Each year, they publish joint authoritative analyses of laws, policies, and practices, as well as detailed information on every detention facility. While having a permanent civil society presence in immigration detention centres is not wholly unique to France (in Lebanon, for instance, Caritas has had an office in the countrys main immigration detention centre), the French system seems to stand apart from others in the breadth of involvement of NGOs inside its 24 long-term facilities. As a result, there is a tremendous amount of readily available information about operations at detention centres, which is exceedingly rare. In the French overseas territory of Mayotte (part of the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean), the French Constitution and successive immigration laws authorise important derogations to the application of immigration law. Local authorities expelled some 60 people a day from Mayotte during 2016 (with most denied access to a lawyer or judge before their expulsion)11 in defiance of the French ombudsman's recommendations as well as the European Court of Human rights' jurisprudence on the right to access an effective remedy. Although it has a population of less than 250,000, Mayotte manages to deport nearly 20,000 people each year: 17,934 in 2017 and 19,488 in 2016. In many countries the language of immigration detention can appear to be opaque or misleading. In the case of France, it crafted the terminology retention administrative ("administrative retention") as early as 1981, when it adopted its first immigration detention provisions. While some countries, including Argentina, have adopted this language, French-speaking countries like Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland continue to employ the word detention. A joint ministerial audit in 2005 found that this language created a "paradoxical" situation because "the alien placed in retention remains a free person, against whom no charge has been laid; he is only momentarily 'retained,' for the time required for organising his return. The whole paradox of retention lies in this principle. Before the judge of liberty and detention (JLD) the procedure is civil even if it borrows aspects of criminal law, in particular because the JLD can challenge the conditions of the arrest and the regularity of the custody." While many leading French advocates and academics have argued that detention centres should be called "camps" and denounced the use of euphemistic language when referring to places of deprivation of liberty, French civil society for the most part seems not to have specifically challenged the use of the word retention. However, the impact of this "paradoxical" phrasing is often clear in public and official discourse. For instance, during the debate over the 2018 legislation, the Minister of Justice misleadingly characterised the detention of families as allowing "children to be in an administrative centre with their parents." Civil society protest against immigration detention is common. Non-violent silence protests (cercles de silences) have been regularly held in many French cities since 2011. Many NGOs have argued that detention is a disproportionate response to irregular migration and that it largely fails in its stated purpose of enabling removal since less than half of the country's detainees are expelled following detention (40 percent of immigration detainees in mainland France were expelled in 2017, 42 percent of whom were expelled to another EU country). In contrast, officials bemoan that the high proportion of expulsion orders cancelled by judges creates obstacles, even though these judgments are based on respect for the rule of law. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: Global Detention Project, 2018. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2019 at: https://reliefweb.int/report/france/immigration-detention-france-longer-more-widespread-and-harder-contest Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Shelf Number: 154243 |
Author: Coudert, Fanny Title: Applying the Purpose Specification Principle in the Age of "Big Data": The Example of Integrated Video Surveillance Platforms in France Summary: The proliferation of data made available to businesses, governments and individuals, also referred to as the "data tsunami" or the age of "big data", heavily challenges the application in practice of the purpose specification principle, one cornerstone principle of the data protection framework. In order to illustrate these difficulties, this paper takes as example a growing phenomenon, the deployment of integrated video surveillance platforms that link networks originally installed for distinct purposes and managed by different actors. Focus is put on France where the government passed a law to authorize law enforcement agencies to access private video surveillance networks for purposes of fighting crimes against properties and persons. We conclude by formulating policy recommendations tending to counter the dilution of safeguards when implementing the purpose specification principle in networked systems. Details: S.L., 2012. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 21, 2019 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255854756_Applying_the_Purpose_Specification_Principle_in_the_Age_of_'Big_Data'_The_Example_of_Integrated_Video_Surveillance_Platforms_in_France Year: 2012 Country: France Keywords: Big Data Shelf Number: 154341 |
Author: Jamieson, Charlotte Title: Uprooted and Unprotected: Experiences of Children Forced into Migration through Northern France and a Multi-Agency Approach to Safeguarding Them Summary: Between August 2016 and November 2017, 196 children of 12 different nationalities who had been living in informal camps in northern France, were referred to CTAC by Refugee Youth Service (RYS). The referrals were made due to concerns for the children's safety and the risk of them being trafficked into the UK. The children had originally come to the attention of a range of charities working in the so-called 'Calais Jungle', as they were travelling without parents or carers, leaving them vulnerable to being abused and exploited by adults. These children subsequently went missing from the camp but when reported, were not deemed to be "missing people" by the French authorities. They therefore continued to be exposed to the risk of trafficking and other forms of abuse while seeking to reach the UK. Of the 196 children referred to CTAC, 68 were located and confirmed to be in the UK. The whereabouts of 128 children remain unknown. This report is based on information shared by young people, case analysis and CTAC's ongoing work with RYS. It provides rich learning about the experiences of young people who have entered the UK as refugees from northern France, showing the many ways in which they are vulnerable and have not been adequately protected from harm. All names and potentially identifying details in this report have been changed to protect the identity of the child or young person. Details: London, England: National Security for the Protection for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 2018. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2019 at: https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/media/1072/uprooted-and-unprotected-ctac-report.pdf Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Child Abuse Shelf Number: 154297 |
Author: Colomina, Pierre Title: From Criminals to Terrorists and Back? Quarterly Report: France Summary: The worse ISIS terrorist atrocities in Europe, including the 2015 Paris and 2016 Brussels attacks, were undertaken by individuals who had been involved in criminality and illegal trade before they joined the ranks of the world's most dangerous terrorist organisation. It is no longer widely assumed that Europe's terrorists are radicals first and foremost: the bulk of them are criminals who turned to political violence along the way. The threat of a "crime-terror nexus" therefore hangs over Europe. In view of this, GLOBSEC - an independent, non-partisan, nongovernmental organisation aiming to shape the global debate on foreign and security policy - has developed a research and advocacy project aimed at addressing the "crime-terror nexus" in Europe. Titled From Criminals to Terrorists and Back?, the remit of the project is to: 1. collect, collate and analyse data on terrorism convicts from 11 EU countries (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK) with the highest number of arrests for terrorism offences. We will investigate whether these individuals had prior criminal connections, and if so, whether a specific connection to illegal trade is a precursor to terrorism, and to what extent this trade funds terrorism. In short, we will check whether crime-terror nexus exists and how strong it truly is. 2. disseminate project findings at high profile GLOBSEC Strategic Forums (GLOBSEC Bratislava Forum, TATRA Summit, Chateau Bela conferences) and other internationally acclaimed gatherings which attract decision makers, experts, private sector and law enforcement representatives, while also incorporating their expert level feedback into our work. 3. help shape and strengthen the European counter-terrorism efforts by providing tailor made solutions on combating crime-terror nexus and terrorist financing via education and awareness, and advocacy efforts involving decision makers and security stakeholders in the 11 targeted countries. This line of activity directly links the project to the widely acclaimed work of the GLOBSEC Intelligence Reform Initiative (GIRI), led by Sec. Michael Chertoff, which is involved in developing and promoting more effective transatlantic counter-terrorism solutions. Details: Bratislava, Slovak Republic: GLOBSEC Policy Institute, 2019. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2019 at: https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/From-Criminals-To-Terrorists-And-Back-Quarterly-Report-France-Vol-2.pdf Year: 2019 Country: France Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Shelf Number: 155599 |
Author: Atutxa, Ibai Title: Toxic Criminalities in Francoist Spain: The Making of a European Dictatorship Summary: This dissertation investigates the transformation undergone by the Francoist dictatorship (1939-1978) in Spain in the 1950s and 1960s, which occurred under conditions of neoliberal rationalities and petroleum toxicity -petrotoxicty. It addresses the transformation at three levels: the dictatorship's criminalized bodies; the Francoist national political project; and early transnational attempts for European unification. By exploring an archive of laws, mass media, and intellectual dialogues, the dissertation contends that there was a shift in regimes of criminality that allowed the dictatorship in the south and Europe in the north to establish the initial form of their coalition. The dissertation addresses processes of recognition of criminality by establishing a critical framework that examines the transition from a dominant paradigm of disease toxicity to one of petrotoxicity. In proposing that this transition took place together with the development of neoliberalism, the dissertation argues that the neoliberal regime operated during its period of consolidation by generalizing, at national and transnational scales, forms of exclusion and inclusion that were characteristic of what the text presents as the "petrotoxic regime of criminality." By conducting the analysis through the lens of the petrotoxic regime of criminality, the dissertation offers a fresh perspective to the debate within Spanish Peninsular Cultural Studies about the seemingly contradictory nature that the Francoist dictatorship acquired during this period; both anti-modern and modern; both Catholic fundamentalist and neoliberal capitalist. It allows us to shed light on a process of revaluation of the regime's toxic nature that resulted in a Catholic Fundamentalist Capitalist dictatorship. Details: New York: Columbia University, 2018. 245p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2019 at: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8W683BX Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Criminality Shelf Number: 155726 |
Author: European Forum for Urban Security Title: Safer Drinking Scenes: Alcool, Ville et Vie Nocturne Summary: The at night, the public space can become the place of appointment of a young audience that often consumes alcohol in a way excessive. Local authorities face a series of questions. How to (reconcile) nocturnal uses of the city? How to manage and to prevent the health, bodily and material? How to articulate answers and actors? This publication aims to make state of the issues around these issues, to point certain practices and make strategic recommendations to local authorities. Details: Paris, France: Forum Francais pour la Securite Urbaine, 2013. 101p. Source: Internet Resource (in French): Accessed May 28, 2019 at: http://www.villes-sante.com/wp-content/uploads/villeaville_prise-en-charge-hyper-alcoolisations_doc11.pdf Year: 2013 Country: France Keywords: Alcohol Consumption Shelf Number: 156069 |
Author: Amnesty International Title: Targeting Solidarity: Criminalization and Harassment of People Defending Refugee and Migrant Rights in Northern France Summary: Human rights defenders in northern France routinely face a range of abuses as they go about their daily work providing humanitarian assistance and support to migrants, asylum seekers and refugees in the region. Hundreds of adults, teenagers, and families with young children, continue to arrive to the area hoping to cross over to the United Kingdom, living in dire conditions in tents and informal camps. Since October 2016, after the dismantlement of the camp known as the "Jungle", the aim of the French authorities has been to prevent the creation of new informal settlements at the French-British border, through the routine dismantlement of encampments, placing reception centres and asylum offices away from the area, and deliberately failing to ensure adequate access, to essential services such as sanitation, food and shelter for all those who need it in the area. The action of human rights defenders has been essential in protecting migrants and refugees from abuse and providing much needed support. While they support individuals and monitor abuses, human rights defenders have been routinely intimidated, harassed, hampered, smeared, criminalized and even assaulted. This report urges the French authorities to stop attacking human rights defenders, recognise their role, and guarantee a safe and enabling environment in which they can work without fear of being targeted. Details: London: Author, 2019. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 6, 2019 at: https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR2103562019ENGLISH.PDF Year: 2019 Country: France Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 156237 |
Author: Delbos, Laurent Title: Country Report: France Summary: The previous update of the report was published in February 2018. Asylum reform: Law n. 2018-778 of 10 September 2018 brought a significant number of changes to the Ceseda. Asylum procedure: Access to the territory: The practice of systematic refusal of entry of persons arriving at the Italian land border continues, despite widespread criticism and condemnation by Administrative Courts. The Border Police has implemented similar measures of push backs on the Spanish land border in the course of 2018. Following the 2018 reform, the right to a "full day" (jour franc) protecting the person against removal can no longer be claimed at land borders. Accelerated procedure: If an applicant lodges an asylum claim more than 90 days after entering the French territory, his/her claim will be processed under accelerated procedure and reception conditions can be refused. Applicants under accelerated procedure on grounds of safe country of origin, subsequent application or threat to public order lose their right to remain on French territory from the moment of notification of a negative decision from OFPRA. They may nevertheless request suspensive effect before the Administrative Court for their appeal before the CNDA. Appeal: If an application for legal aid is lodged in view of introducing an appeal against the first instance decision, the time taken to lodge this application will be substracted from the onemonth deadline to lodge the appeal itself. The decision of the CNDA, when taken after a hearing, enters into force as soon as it is published. Reception conditions: Freedom of movement: Asylum seekers must report to and remain in the region allocated to them by OFII, even if no housing is granted to them. Asylum seekers will automatically lose their reception conditions in case they do not report to or remain in that region, or if they do not abide by the requests of the authorities. Detention of asylum seekers: Grounds for detention: Asylum seekers in Dublin procedure can be detained at any moment if there is a "significant risk of absconding", as now defined by the law. Duration of detention: A person can remain in administrative detention for a maximum of 90 days, up from 45 days prior to the reform. Content of international protection: Residence permit: Beneficiaries of subsidiary protection and their family members will be granted a 4-year residence permit. Family reunification: Unaccompanied children granted international protection can be reunited with their brothers and sisters when coming with the parents. Details: Brussels, Belgium: Asylum Information Database, 2018. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2019 at: https://www.asylumineurope.org/sites/default/files/report-download/aida_fr_2018update.pdf Year: 2018 Country: France Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 156798 |