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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 11:47 am
indonesia
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indonesia
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345 total results foundAuthor: Broecker, Christen Title: Turning Critics Into Criminals: The Human Rights Consequences of Criminal Defamation Law in Indonesia Summary: In Indonesia, publicly voicing criticism of officials and powerful individuals can lead to criminal charges and, in some cases, imprisonment. While media freedom and freedom of expression have expanded significantly in the 12 years since Indonesia began its transition from authoritarianism to democracy, a number of laws criminalizing speech remain on the books. These include criminal libel, slander, and insult laws. Punishments under the laws include stiff fines and prison sentences of up to six years. This report documents recent cases in which such laws have been used by public officials and powerful individuals in Indonesia to the detriment of anti-corruption activists, human rights defenders, journalists, consumers, and others. Based on interviews with more than 30 defendants and witnesses, it reveals the disastrous and long-lasting impact criminal defamation investigations and prosecutions can have on the lives of those accused. The report urges Indonesia to repeal its criminal defamation laws and craft appropriate civil defamation provisions to better safeguard freedom of expression while still adequately protecting reputational interests. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. 86p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Criminal Defamation Shelf Number: 118813 |
Author: Walters, Julie Title: Following the Proceeds of Illegal Logging in Indonesia Summary: low number of prosecutions in Indonesia for illegal logging may not offer a strong enough deterrent against engaging in what is a lucrative crime. However, the movement of offenders and proceeds tied to illegal logging through other countries in the region offers some opportunities to support Indonesia’s law enforcement responses. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010. 6p. Source: Internet Resource; Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 391 Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging Shelf Number: 109420 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency Title: Rogue Traders: The Murky Business of Merbau Timber Smuggling in Indonesia Summary: During 2009 and 2010 EIA/Telapak carried out undercover investigations into the illicit merbau trade in China and Singapore, as well as Surabaya, Makassar and Papua in Indonesia. These investigations reveal how significant amounts of illegal merbau, in the form of square logs and rough sawn timber, continue to be smuggled out of Indonesia, with the bulk bound for China. They also uncover the illegal activities of two rogue timber traders; Hengky Gosal, the man behind a foiled attempt to ship 23 containers of merbau logs, and Ricky Gunawan, a serial smuggler based in Surabaya. Details: London: Environmental Investigation Agency; Bogor, Indonesia: Telepak, 2010. 13p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging Shelf Number: 119547 |
Author: Nijman, Vincent Title: An Assessment of Trade in Gibbons and Orang-utans in Sumatra, Indonesia Summary: This report presents an assessment of the trade in gibbons and orang-utans in Sumatra, Indonesia, including the islands off Sumatra’s west coast (most notably, the Mentawai Islands). Until recently Sumatra and its off-lying islands harboured one of the largest expanses of lowland evergreen rainforest in Southeast Asia. Most of the lowland forests are gone and the forest that remains is largely in the hills and mountains, running along the western part of the island, with the largest expanse of forests being in the Leuser Ecosystem, and adjacent Ulu Masen forest to the north. Commercial timber extraction, small-scale logging (legal and illegal), conversion of forest to palm oil or wood-pulp plantations, and forest fires – along with the concurrent increase in access to formerly remote areas – are increasingly threatening the integrity of the remaining forests, thus putting the survival of its inhabitants at stake. Sumatra is home to five species of ape i.e. the Sumatran Orang-utan Pongo abelii, and the Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar in the northernmost part, the Agile Gibbon Hylobates agilis in the central and southern part, and the Siamang Symphalangus syndactylus occurring sympatrically with the other apes throughout the island. Kloss’ Gibbon Hylobates klossi is found on the four Mentawai Islands, off Sumatra’s west coast. Lar Gibbons occur throughout Southeast Asia. The Sumatran Orang-utan is only found in Sumatra, and although the Agile Gibbon and the Siamang do occur in Peninsular Malaysia, based on the area of occupancy, over 90 percent of their populations are found in Sumatra. Kloss’ Gibbons are endemic to Indonesia. Indonesia bears a great responsibility towards safeguarding the future of these five ape species. All species are classified by the IUCN Red List as Globally Threatened, primarily due to loss of habitat but also due to illegal hunting and trade. This report finds that a lack of law enforcement against illegal trade in Indonesia threatens the survival of orang-utans and gibbons on Sumatra. The report recommends that the root causes of trade be examined and that laws be better implemented for the protection of orang-utans, gibbons and the island’s other wildlife. (Excerpts from publication) Details: Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2009. 57p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, 2010 at http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals47.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Trade Shelf Number: 119591 |
Author: Title: Illicit Arms in Indonesia Summary: A bloody bank robbery in Medan in August 2010 and the discovery in Aceh in February 2010 of a terrorist training camp using old police weapons have focused public attention on the circulation of illegal arms in Indonesia. These incidents raise questions about how firearms fall into criminal hands and what measures are in place to stop them. The issue has become more urgent as the small groups of Indonesian jihadis, concerned about Muslim casualties in bomb attacks, are starting to discuss targeted killings as a preferred method of operation. The Indonesian government could begin to address the problem by reviewing and strengthening compliance with procedures for storage, inventory and disposal of firearms; improved vetting and monitoring of those guarding armouries; auditing of gun importers and gun shops, including those that sell weapons online; and paying more attention to the growing popularity of “airsoft” guns that look exactly like real ones but shoot plastic pellets. The problem needs to be kept in perspective, however. It is worth addressing precisely because the scale is manageable. Indonesia does not have a “gun culture” like the Philippines or Thailand. The number of people killed by terrorist gunfire in Indonesia over the last decade is about twenty, more than half of them police, and most of the deaths took place in post-conflict central Sulawesi and Maluku. The nexus between terrorism and crime is not nearly as strong as in other countries. There have been a few cases of bartering ganja (marijuana) for guns – and one case of trading endangered anteaters – but in general, narco-terrorism is not a problem. Jihadi use of armed robberies as a fund-raising method is a more serious issue, with banks, gold stores and ATMs the favourite targets. As of this writing it remained unclear who was behind the Medan robbery – although criminal thugs remain the strongest possibility – but jihadi groups have robbed Medan banks before, most notably the Lippo Bank in 2003. Such crimes constitute a miniscule proportion of the country’s robberies, but it is still worth looking at where the guns come from when they occur. The problem may increase as the larger jihadi groups weaken and split, particularly those that once depended on member contributions for financing day-to-day activities. Recruitment by jihadis of ordinary criminals in prisons may also strengthen the linkage between terrorism and crime in the future. There are four main sources of illegal guns in Indonesia. They can be stolen or illegally purchased from security forces, taken from leftover stockpiles in former conflict areas, manufactured by local gunsmiths or smuggled from abroad. Thousands of guns acquired legally but later rendered illicit through lapsed permits have become a growing concern because no one has kept track of them. Throughout the country, corruption facilitates the circulation of illegal arms in different ways and undermines what on paper is a tight system of regulation. Details: Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2010. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Briefing; Asia Briefing No. 109: Accessed September 7, 2010 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/B109-illicit-arms-in-indonesia.aspx Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Firearms and Crime Shelf Number: 119762 |
Author: Obidzinski, Krystof Title: Timber Smuggling in Indonesia: Critical or Overstated problem? Forest Governance Lessons from Kalimantan Summary: Over the last few years, illegal logging has been at the center of policy debates about the current state and future prospects of Indonesia’s forestry sector. To a significant extent, the policy dialogues as well as public understanding of the illegal logging problem have been influenced by the timber establishment’s view that clandestine timber smuggling is responsible for illegal logging activities in the country. Echoing this sentiment, the Indonesian government has been at odds with neighboring countries Malaysia and Singapore over their perceived lack of cooperation in stemming the illegal flow of Indonesian timber across the border and thus helping to rein in illegal logging. At the same time, timber smuggling has become the focus of forest law enforcement operations in Indonesia. This paper scrutinizes the assumption that timber smuggling is at the core of the illegal logging problem in Indonesia. Taking the border zone between Indonesia and Malaysia on the island of Borneo (Kalimantan) as a sample unit of analysis and complementing it with data from other parts of Indonesia, the paper shows the intensity of timber smuggling was relatively high between 2000 and 2003, but has since declined by over 70%. Despite this decline, illegal logging in Indonesia still continues at a rate of approximately 40 million m3 per year. It seems clear that timber smuggling is not the primary driver of illegal logging in Indonesia. Instead, the core of the problem is the extraction of timber by Indonesian forest concession holders, plantation developers, road construction companies and other ventures that abuse company permits and violate prevailing forestry regulations. The current timber trade system, controlled by the government regulating bodies BRIK and ETPIK, stresses the administrative and documentary compliance of forestry businesses in Indonesia. However, this is not enough because these requirements are relatively easy to manipulate and their enforcement is lax. There is an urgent need for a timber legality standard that would be more difficult to manipulate, simpler to enforce and easier to evaluate – e.g. the standard developed collaboratively by LEI, TNC and other parties. This will require a lot of political will, commitment and sustained effort from a range of government agencies to endorse the legality standard, develop the implementation framework, provide public policy incentives and remove disincentives, allow third party independent verification of legality, and perhaps most importantly develop a comprehensive plan to balance the supply and demand for timber in Indonesia. While this is a lot to hope for, it seems to be the only way to make meaningful and lasting progress on the illegal logging issue in Indonesia. Details: Bogar, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2006. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2010 at: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BObidzinski0601.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 120562 |
Author: Tacconi, Luda Title: Learning Lessons to Promote Forest Certification and Control Illegal Logging in Indonesia Summary: Illegal logging is a cause for widespread concern. It has negative environmental impacts, results in the loss of forest products used by rural communities, creates conflicts, and causes significant losses of tax revenues that could be used for development activities. The Nature Conservancy and World Wide Fund for Nature developed the Alliance to Promote Certification and Combat Illegal Logging in Indonesia to respond to the concern about illegal logging. The Alliance is a three-year initiative that aims to: 1. Strengthen market signals to expand certification and combat illegal logging, 2. Increase supply of certified Indonesian wood products, 3. Demonstrate practical solutions to achieve certification and differentiate legal and illegal supplies, 4. Reduce financing and investment in companies engaged in destructive or illegal logging in Indonesia, 5. Share lessons learned from the project. The Alliance seeks to learn lessons from its ongoing work to inform and adapt its activities, as well as to inform other initiatives seeking to address similar problems. This report is part of this lessons learning process. This report assesses the situation in Indonesia, including a quantitative estimation of illegally produced logs, discusses the causes of illegal logging, and describes the national and international policy and trade context. Then, it considers the work undertaken by the Alliance to address illegal logging in Indonesia; it summarizes the strategy of the Alliance, describes its rationale, and assesses the assumptions underlying the rationale and the objectives. Finally, it summarizes the progress made by the Alliance towards achieving its goal, highlights the lessons that can be learnt from the work in progress, and provides recommendations for the Alliance. Details: Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2004. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2010 at: http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BTacconi0401.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging Shelf Number: 120566 |
Author: ProFauna Indonesia Title: Wildlife Trade Survey on the Bird Markets in Java Summary: Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country. It is estimated that about 300,000 wild animals or 17% of the world animals inhabit the nature of Indonesia, despite Indonesia’s lands is only 1.3% of the world’s. Indonesia has the largest mammals (515 species) and is inhabited by 1,539 bird species. 45% of the world’s fish species live in Indonesia’s waters. However, illegal wildlife trade becomes a huge threat towards wild animals survival in Indonesia. 183 mammal, 115 bird, 27 reptile, and 111 fish species are threatened in Indonesia (IUCN, 2008). Unless there are efforts to save and protect the animals, wild animals in Indonesia will be extinct like Balinese Tiger which was gone in the 1970’s. Similarly, Javan tiger is considered extinct even though some scientists believe that there are some still left in Merubetiri National Park in Banyuwangi, East Java. The main causes of wild animal extinction are the habitat loss or destruction and poaching for trade. Now, wildlife trade poses serious threat to the Indonesian animals’ survival. More than 95% of the traded animals are caught from the wild instead of captive-bred. The hub of wildlife trade takes place in bird (animal/ pet) markets in Java. Almost every big city in Java has a bird market. Java Island is one of the largest islands in Indonesia which 12 millions hectares (6% of the Indonesian land) and 116 millions population (60% of the whole country population) since Java is the centre of Indonesian government and economy. To the Javanese’s believe, birds as pets take certain position in their social life. Keeping birds has been a lifestyle for a Javanese man. Some also believe that keeping bird is a symbol of accomplishment and settlement. In the past, noble Javanese were considered to be successful in life when he had a turangga (horse/ride), a curiga (Javanese weapon), and a kukila (bird. This traditional belief is assumed to explain why Javanese keep birds which also encourages the flourishing bird markets in Java. Because the market sells birds the most, it is named ‘bird market’ by the locals despite it also sells other species or wildlife. To study the wildlife trade in bird markets, ProFauna has conducted a survey on the bird markets in Java between May and July 2009. Details: Malang, Indonesia: ProFauna, 2010(?). 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2010 at: http://www.profauna.org/download/publication/final-report-bird-market-survey-(2009).pdf Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Trade Shelf Number: 120567 |
Author: ProFauna Indonesia Title: The Illegal Trade of Tiger Parts and Ivory Tusks in Sumatera, Indonesia Summary: Sumatera Island which is located in Indonesia is the sixth biggest island in the world with 470,000 kilometre squares. The population of the island was 45 million in 2005. Sumatera is a mega biodiversity island. There are 205 big and small mammals, and 380 bird species. As a mega biodiversity island, Sumatera is important as Indonesia’s heritage. Many endangered species inhabit the island: Sumateran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus), Sumateran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatranus), Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelli), Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), and tapir (Tapirus indicus). The populations of three famous species in Sumatra: the Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus), Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), and orangutan (Pongo abelii) are declining. Sumatran elephant population in 2007 was estimated around 2,400 to 2,800, falling to 35% from the record in 1992 which was around 2,800 to 5,000. While Sumatran tiger population was 400, orangutan’s was 7,500. In the 1990’s their populations were estimated 200,000. The decreasing population of the three endangered species shows the general shrinkage of other species populations in Sumatera. The habitat loss and wildlife hunting are the two causes of the declining population. According to the Forestry Information Center, the lowland forests in Sumatera had dramatically fallen into eight millions hectares from 1990- 2000. The shrinkage triggers the human animal conflicts. The illegal wildlife trade has become an important factor of the drastic decline in the populations of wildlife species in Sumatera besides the habitat loss. Wildlife trade is serious because 100% of the traded animals are caught from the wild. The investigation in July to October 2008 was intended to reveal the illegal trade of body parts and wildlife products of the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) in some locations in Sumatera and Java. Previously in November – December 2007, ProFauna with the funding provided IFAW conducted a short-term investigation on wildlife trade in Sumatera. The investigation focused on mammal and bird species. From the investigation in 2007, ProFauna gathered some beginning information on the trade of ivory tusks and tiger parts. The findings were then followed up by a further investigation from July to October 2008. Details: Malang, Indonesia: ProFauna Indonesia, 2009. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 23, 2010 at: http://www.profauna.org/download/publication/tiger-ivory-investigation-report-(2009).pdf Year: 2009 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 120624 |
Author: ProFauna Indonesia Title: Pirated Parrots: ProFauna's Investigation of the Indonesian Parrot Smuggling to the Philippines Summary: There are about 85 parrot species in Indonesia, 14 of them are classified as threatened. One of the regions with many parrot species is Wallacea which includes Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and the Maluku Islands. 4 endangered species in Wallacea are the red-and-blue Lory (Eos histrio), yellowcrested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), blue-napped Parrot (Tanygnathus lucioinensis), and blackwinged Lory (Eos cyanogenia). The most threatened genus in Wallacea are the lorry and cockatoo ones, mainly caused by the trapping for trade. This trapping is made worse by habitat loss resulting in local extinctions for some species like the yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), red-and-blue Lory (Eos histrio), and the chattering Lory (Lorius garulus). All parrot species (Psittaciformes spp) are in Appendix II CITES, except those in Appendix I and a few in Appendxi III. There are 5 parrot species listed in Appendix I: Goffin’s Cockatoo (Cacatua goffini), the salmon-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea), palm Cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) and the red-and-blue Lory (Eos histrio). This means that the commercial international trade in these parrots is principally prohibited and must be from captive bred birds not wild caught ones. Other species in Appendix II can be traded under the catching quotas and the permits issued by the Forestry Department. In 2007, Indonesia didn’t issue export quotas for any species, including parrots. Therefore, there is no legal export of Indonesian parrots. Even though there is no legal export for parrots from Indonesia, poaching of birds from the wild which are subsequently smuggled into the Philippines and domestically traded is still going on. A ProFauna Indonesia investigation in June – September 2007, funded by Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), reveals the fact that parrot smuggling from Maluku, Indonesia to the Philippines has been taking place until now. This poses a serious threat towards the parrot conservation in the wild. Details: Malang, Indonesia: ProFauna Indonesia, 2008. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 23, 2010 at: http://www.profauna.org/download/publication/pirated-parrot-(2008).pdf Year: 2008 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 120625 |
Author: Sumner, Cate Title: Courting Reform: Indonesia's Islamic Courts and Justice for the Poor Summary: Western perceptions of Islam in Indonesia are often dominated by images of radical minorities seeking a shari’ah state. In reality, however, mainstream Islamic institutions have played an important part in the post-Soeharto process of democratisation and institutional reform. Among them are Indonesia’s Islamic courts, the Pengadilan Agama or Religious Courts. This report shows the Islamic courts have embraced reform within a judicial system notorious for corruption and incompetence, taking the lead in efforts to deliver decisions that are more accessible, transparent and fair, especially for women and the poor. Details: Double Bay, New South Wales: Lowy Institute for International Policy, 2010. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Lowy Institute Paper 31: Accessed April 4, 2011 at: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/Publication.asp?pid=1470 Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Administration of Justice Shelf Number: 121223 |
Author: Scambary, James Title: A Survey of Gangs and Youth Groups in Dili, Timor-Leste Summary: The events in April 2006 that propelled Timor Leste into an ongoing political and social crisis came as a surprise to most observers. The disintegration of the security forces into multiple factions and the emergence of large, organized street gangs and a diverse range of potentially destabilising disaffected political groups was also largely unpredicted. The sources of the violence are also varied and complex, including long standing ethnic tensions over the control of the markets and trading routes, property disputes arising from post 1999 resettlement, rival factions within the security forces, endemic gang rivalries, and a politically driven destabilization campaign by opposition parties. The one common thread is the involvement of large numbers of young, marginalized males. The sources of their alienation are well known through a number of recent studies which revealed a sense of disenfranchisement due to a range of factors including unemployment, security concerns, and lack of access to education. Not all youth have resorted to violence however. The key finding of this report was the existence of hundreds of different bairo (village) based youth groups, all attempting in different but positive ways to engage and unify their communities through collective, socially oriented activities. These groups are essentially voluntary, community based civil society organizations, and represent important building blocks for future reconciliation and reconstruction programs, and as vital points of engagement with marginalized youth. Their needs and objectives are generally modest, and could be met with a minimum of support. In the absence of active, viable representative youth structures these groups also present a vital opportunity for building a new, ground up youth representative body, to ensure youth perspectives are heard at a national policy level. Details: Canberra: AusAID, 2006. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2011 at: http://www.etan.org/etanpdf/2006/Report_Youth_Gangs_in_Dili.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Violent Crime Shelf Number: 121386 |
Author: Title: Indonesian Jihadism: Small Groups, Big Plans Summary: Violent extremism in Indonesia increasingly is taking the form of small groups acting independently of large jihadi organisations but sometimes encouraged by them. This is in part a response to effective law enforcement that has resulted in widespread arrests and structural weakening of Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), Jama’ah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT) and other organisations accused of links to terrorism. But it is also the result of ideological shifts that favour “individual” over “organisational” jihad and low-cost, smallscale targeted killings over mass casualty attacks that inadvertently kill Muslims. The suicide bombing inside a police station mosque on 15 April 2011 and a spate of letter bombs delivered in Jakarta in mid-March are emblematic of the shift. The government needs urgently to develop prevention strategies to reduce the likelihood that more such groups will emerge. Unlike the small group proponents, advocates of “organisational” jihad believe that nothing can be accomplished without a large organisation and a strong leader, but if the ultimate goal is an Islamic state, then it is imperative to build public support. Rather than engage in violence, groups like JI and JAT are focused for the moment on building up a mass base, by finding issues that resonate with their target audience. Increasingly this means a greater focus on local rather than foreign “enemies”, with officials who are seen as oppressors, particularly the police; Christians; and members of the Ahmadiyah sect topping the list. It also means a greater willingness than in the past to join coalitions with non-jihadi groups. The two strands of jihadism are complementary. The larger organisations can fund the religious outreach that attracts potential recruits for the small groups. They can also provide the translators and distributors for material downloaded from extremist websites in Arabic or English that buttress the small group approach. They can maintain plausible deniability for acts of violence while trying to rebuild their ranks, while at the same time providing the cover under which small groups emerge. The report looks at detailed case studies of small violent groups that have emerged in Indonesia in 2009 and 2010 in Medan and Lampung, on Sumatra, and in Bandung and Klaten, on Java. All involved at least one former prisoner; three of the four had links to JAT but operated independently of JAT control. Three of the four also involved mosque-based study groups that evolved into hit squads, and all were committed to the idea of ightiyalat, secret assassinations. In none of them was poverty a significant driver of radicalisation. Information about these groups is only available because their members were caught. This raises the question of how many similar small groups operating under police radar exist across Indonesia that will only come to light when one of their murderous attempts succeeds. Prevention strategies that go beyond law enforcement are critical, and the new National Anti-Terrorism Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme, BNPT) has an important role to play in designing and testing them. All such strategies, however, must be based on wellgrounded research and informed by serious study of what has and has not worked elsewhere. Details: Jakarta/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Report No. 204: Accessed April 20, 2011 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/204%20Indonesian%20Jihadism%20%20Small%20Groups%20Big%20Plans.ashx Year: 2011 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 121409 |
Author: Ungerer, Cari Title: Jihadists in Jail: Radicalisation and the Indonesian Prison Experience Summary: The issue of terrorist motivations and pathways towards violent extremism has been the subject of numerous studies in recent years. Much of that work, however, has focused on open source literature. Less attention has been given to understanding the individuals themselves and their personal experiences within terrorist organisations. To help address this gap, ASPI and the Centre of Excellence for National Security, a constituent research unit of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) in Singapore, undertook a joint research project to conduct personal interviews with members of the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) terrorist organisation who are serving or have served prison sentences in Indonesia. This project is the first detailed study of both the former leadership group and the foot soldiers of the JI organisation in prison. Interviews were conducted across four Indonesian prisons and detention centres with more than thirty convicted terrorists. Details: Barton, ACT, Australia: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report Issue 40: Accessed May 19, 2011 at: http://www.apo.org.au/sites/default/files/Jihadists_in_jail.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 121754 |
Author: Ng, Julia Title: Tiger Trade Revisited in Sumatra, Indonesia Summary: The Sumatran Tiger is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN 2006 Red List of Threatened Animals, as Appendix I under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and as a Protected species under the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No.5 of 1990 Concerning Conservation of Living Resources and their Ecosystems. However, despite being given full protection in Indonesia and internationally, Tiger parts are still found openly in trade in Sumatra. TRAFFIC revisited the markets of Sumatra in 2006 to conduct Tiger trade surveys, four years after the last TRAFFIC survey from 1999–2002 (Shepherd and Magnus, 2004). All intelligence information obtained on the names and addresses of retail outlets selling Tiger parts from the 1999–2002 survey were given to the Indonesian authorities, at province and federal level, prior to the report being published. Unfortunately, little or no action was taken by the Indonesian authorities against these retail outlets selling Tiger parts or the retail outlets’ owners. Results from the 1999–2002 survey were published in both English and Indonesian, the latter were then widely distributed to all Indonesian enforcement agencies. To raise awareness on Tiger trade among enforcement agencies in Sumatra, three training workshops were conducted there in 2006, two of which were Tiger focused, the third on general wildlife crime enforcement and included a component on Tiger trade. The 2006 surveys were conducted over a seven month period in 28 cities/towns in seven Sumatran provinces and nine seaports. A total of 326 retail outlets were surveyed which were goldsmiths, souvenir and Traditional Chinese Medicine shops, and antiques and precious stones vendors. TRAFFIC returned to the markets to investigate and document again the open availability of Tiger parts for sale, and to investigate further possible trade links between Indonesia and Malaysia. The information gathered in Sumatra is presented here and it is hoped it will clearly highlight the priority actions that should be taken and how resources should best be distributed in combating the trade of Tiger parts. In addition, TRAFFIC has given the findings of this report, including the names and addresses of the retail outlets found selling Tiger parts to the enforcement authorities in April 2007, and hopes that action will be taken against these retail outlets. Of the 28 cities and towns surveyed in Sumatra, eight (29%) were found to have Tiger parts for sale. At least ten percent of the total retail outlets surveyed sold Tiger parts. A conservative estimate of the number of Tigers killed, based on the number of Tiger canines found during the market surveys is 23 Tigers. From the results, it is evident that the trade in Tiger parts continues openly, and the number of Tiger canines, claws and skin pieces found openly for sale in North Sumatra province is higher compared to the 1999–2002 survey. Medan and Pancur Batu are the main hubs for the trade of Tiger parts in this province but there were no Tiger cases brought to the Indonesian criminal court in these two cities between 2004 and 2006. This indicates that enforcement efforts are lacking in these two important hubs for Tiger parts. However, for the provinces of Jambi, South Sumatra and West Sumatra, there is an indication of a decrease in the trade of Tiger parts compared to the 1999–2002 survey. Binjai, Jambi, Palembang, Padang and Bukit Tinggi recorded a drop in the open availability of Tiger parts for sale. The reason for this is unclear, but it could be that more traders are aware that the Tiger is a protected species and therefore they are more wary of whom they talk to, or there are fewer Tigers in the wild compared to five years ago, or more optimistically, because fewer poachers and traders are hunting and selling protected species. Surveys at the ports on the east coast of Sumatra did not provide any conclusive evidence that Tigers or their parts are being exported to Malaysia or Singapore. Only birds were found to be smuggled out of the Belawan and Dumai seaports. It is obvious that no amount of Tiger action plan workshops and Tiger trade surveys conducted will save the Sumatran Tiger. What is needed now is for strict enforcement to take place in Sumatra to stop the poaching of Tigers and the trade. This report therefore recommends that resources should be concentrated on effective enforcement to take place to protect Tiger habitats and combat the trade by arresting the main dealers/suppliers of Tigers and closing down retail outlets selling Tiger parts. The specific recommendations for this report are: 1) The Indonesian authorities must take prompt action against the open trade of Tiger parts in Sumatra by closing down retail outlets selling Tiger parts; 2) Other actions include monitoring of Tiger trade hotspots (such as Medan and Pancur Batu), to gather intelligence information of retail outlets selling illegal wildlife parts so they can be promptly raided; 3) Successful prosecutions of owners of retail outlets selling Tiger parts are needed. PHKA, KSDA and the relevant NGOs must raise awareness among the judiciary on the seriousness of wildlife crime and investigators should be given proper training on collecting sufficient evidence for making a strong case; 4) Better inter-agency cooperation is needed among the different enforcement agencies, such as Quarantine and Customs at the seaports and the Police to carry out the raids at retail outlets. The formation and function of the ASEAN-WEN Wildlife Crime Task Force, involving agencies such as the Judiciary, Customs, Police, Navy and Quarantine, should be hastened. Details: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2007. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2011 at: www.traffic.org Year: 2007 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Trade Shelf Number: 122057 |
Author: Stengel, Carrie J. Title: The Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in Jakarta Revisited Summary: In recent years, the Indonesian capital of Jakarta has become a focal point for the pet trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles. Alarmingly, observed trends indicate much of this trade is illegal and includes a growing number of threatened species. Regular monitoring of wildlife markets is essential to keep abreast of current trade dynamics and aid enforcement efforts at strategic points along the trade chain. In line with recommendations made in earlier studies on the trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles, TRAFFIC made follow-up observations of freshwater turtles and tortoises for sale in Jakarta’s major markets in 2010. Direct observations were undertaken to determine the current extent of trade, trends, species composition and, through analysis of the collected data, attempt to obtain proxy measures of current enforcement effort to combat illegal trade. Details: Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2011. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2011 at: http://www.traffic.org/home/2011/8/17/jakartas-illegal-trade-in-threatened-tortoises-and-turtles-p.html Year: 2011 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Trade Shelf Number: 122450 |
Author: Brown, David W. Title: Bridging the Information Gap: Combating Illegal Logging in Indonesia Summary: Spanning around 100 million hectares, the forests of Indonesia constitute 10 percent of the world’s remaining tropical forests and provide people with a variety of benefits or “ecosystem services.” For instance, local communities rely on the forests for food, medicine, fresh water, and building material. The global community relies on them for carbon sequestration, timber, and tourism. In addition, the forests of Indonesia are a biodiversity “hotspot,” with new species discovered every year. In view of the importance of its forests, Indonesia — both on its own and in partnership with donor countries and world experts — has incorporated themes of “sustainable forest management” and “combating illegal logging” into its forest governance since the mid-1990s. Despite these efforts, during the first half decade of the new millennium, deforestation rates increased year on year (from 0.2 million hectares in 2000/2001 to 1.2 million hectares in 2004/2005, the last year such data were reported). The causes of Indonesia’s forest loss are diverse, but it is widely recognized that illegal logging is a major contributor. Estimates of the scale of this illegal activity vary widely. One study found that three quarters or 40 million out of the 53 million cubic meters of logs consumed by Indonesia’s mills (and mostly exported in the form of moldings, sawn timber, plywood, pulp, and paper) in 2003, came from unknown and/ or illegal sources. This equated to $1.4 billion in lost revenue to the government in 2003 alone. Moreover, this estimate did not include the additional volume of logs illegally exported from Indonesia, which another study estimated at 10 million cubic meters per year. In order to pinpoint the identity of the actors perpetrating these crimes, and thereby reduce illegal trade, better information is needed in areas such as: changes in forest cover; timber concession and plantation boundaries; administrative boundaries; and sources of raw material for timber mills. Many stakeholders have recognized the importance of such information and several experts and policymakers have tried to develop such databases. However, forest data continues to be scattered throughout the archipelago and across different government departments and non-government organizations. Where information exists, much of it needs to be updated and improved. Details: Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2009. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: WRI Forest Note: Accessed September 29, 2011 at: http://pdf.wri.org/bridging_the_information_gap.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 122961 |
Author: Palmer, Charles E. Title: The Extent and Causes of Illegal Logging: An Analysis of a Major Cause of Tropical Deforestation in Indonesia Summary: This paper considers the scale and underlying causes of recent high rates of deforestation in Indonesia. Its extent during 1997-98 is analysed using a materials balance model, the results of which demonstrate the seriousness of the problem at a time when the Indonesian economy was suffering the effects of the Asian financial crisis. The behaviour of the principal agents, illegal loggers, is discussed in the context of market and government failures and rent-seeking or corruption. A culture of corruption originated at the top of government during the tenure of ex-President Suharto, leading to market and government failures in the forestry sector, thus resulting in the creation of high levels of rent. A culture of corruption ensures that policy failures cannot be reversed and may lead to further intervention to benefit the status quo. Rent-seeking behaviour then spread to all levels of government, via a lack of good example at the top, leading to the creation of illegal logging networks. Since rent from illegal logging is higher than that for legal logging, there is an incentive for agents to ignore costs associated with sustainable forest management. Illegal logging, and hence inefficient resource use, is further encouraged by institutional failures such as weak enforcement and monitoring capacity, as well as policy failures at the international level too. Consequently, Indonesia’s forests have been intensively deforested for perhaps as long as 30 years, with little or no attention given to sustainable forest management. Details: London: Economics Department, University College London and Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University College London and University of East Anglia, 2001(?). 33p. Source: Internet Resource: CSERGE Working Paper: Accessed November 1, 2011 at: http://www.cserge.ucl.ac.uk/Illegal_Logging.pdf Year: 2001 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging Shelf Number: 123209 |
Author: Title: Indonesia: From Vigilantism to Terrorism in Cirebon Summary: Involvement in violent campaigns against vice and religious deviance has become one pathway to terrorism in Indonesia. "Indonesia: From Vigilantism to Terrorism in Cirebon," the latest briefing from the International Crisis Group, examines the radicalisation of a group from Cirebon, West Java that was behind the 2011 suicide bombings of a mosque and a church. It argues that ideological and tactical lines within the radical community are blurring, making it harder to distinguish “terrorists” from hardline activists and religious vigilantes. “The Cirebon men moved from using sticks and stones in the name of upholding morality and curbing ‘deviance’ to using bombs and guns, and this may become the common pattern”, says Sidney Jones, Crisis Group Senior Adviser. Poorly educated and underemployed, the Cirebon men represent a generational shift from the jihadists trained abroad or those who fought a decade ago in two major communal conflicts in Ambon and Poso. They were radicalised through attending public lectures by radical clerics; most had taken part as well in attacks on stores selling liquor and anti-Ahmadiyah activities. They had been members of Jemaah Ansharut Tauhid (JAT), an extremist organisation founded by well-known cleric Abu Bakar Ba’asyir in 2008, but then left to form their even more militant group. The two suicide bombers, Mohamed Syarif, who blew himself up at a Cirebon mosque on 15 April 2011, and Ahmed Yosefa Hayat, who died in an attack on a church in Solo, Central Java on 25 September, taught themselves bomb-making from the Internet and worked on their own. The others preferred targeted assassinations to suicide attacks and learned bomb-making from friends in a Solo-based group of vigilantes-turned-bombers. The briefing notes that the merging of vigilantes and jihadists has been facilitated by the proliferation of Islamist civil society organisations and the popularity of public taklim (religious lectures), as forums for spreading radical views. The government needs a strategy, consistent with democratic values, to counter clerics who use no violence themselves but preach that it is permissible to shed the blood of infidels (kafir) or tyrants (thaghut), frequently meaning Indonesian officials and, especially, the police. The problem is that there is no agreement within the country’s political elite on the nature of the threat. If the radicalisation of groups like the Cirebon men is to be halted, the government needs to build a national consensus on what constitutes extremism; directly confront hate speech; and promote zero tolerance of religiously-inspired crimes, however minor, including in the course of anti-vice campaigns. “Expressions of shock and horror every time there is an incident of religiously-motivated violence as in Cirebon or Solo are not a substitute for prevention”, says Jim Della-Giacoma, Crisis Group’s South East Asia Project Director. Details: Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, 2012. 16p. Source: Update Briefing, Asia Briefing No. 132: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 28, 2012 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/B132%20Indonesia%20-%20From%20Vigilantism%20to%20Terrorism%20in%20Cirebon.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 123846 |
Author: International Crisis Group Title: Indonesia: The Deadly Cost of Poor Policing Summary: Indonesian communities are increasingly turning to violence to retaliate against the police for abuses, real or perceived. Some 40 attacks on police stations and personnel since August 2010 are clear evidence that community policing, the centrepoint of the police reform agenda, is not working; police are too quick to shoot, usually with live ammunition; and little progress has been made toward police accountability. In the absence of urgent reforms and mechanisms to address local grievances, public hostility is likely to grow. Police are supposed to be helping prevent conflict but too often they are contributing to its outbreak. Cultural, structural, individual, financial and educational barriers within the institution hinder behavioural change. Applicants join the police to wield power and earn money, and once on the force, there are few incentives, financial or professional, to build rapport with the communities they are supposed to serve. Policy directives on community policing from 2005 and 2008 have not trickled down to the sub-district precincts (kepolisian sektor, polsek), and those field officers who are committed to building good relations have limited impact because of frequent rotations. Community hostility is the cumulative result of police brutality; unwarranted demands for money; perceived arrogance; and lack of accountability, especially in cases of fatal shootings. Failure to investigate or punish errant officers triggers mob action, often involving arson, while community resistance to the arrest of those responsible for such violence intensifies if the police in question go free. The problem is compounded by the staffing of precincts with poorly-trained graduates of provincial police schools who receive inadequate firearms training, let alone instruction in community policing. In many cases, local elected officials have to take on the burden of negotiating a way out of the police-community standoff because there are no available institutional mechanisms to resolve grievances. This report looks in detail at three cases of community attacks on police stations that occurred in 2010 and 2011. All started from complaints about excessive use of force. In Buol, Central Sulawesi, citizens destroyed police facilities and forced police families to leave town after seven men were shot dead during a mass protest against the death of a teenager in police custody. This is one of the few cases in which officers were brought to court, but only because of the high death toll and media attention. One was acquitted, two were given slap-on-the-wrist sentences, and some two dozen others faced minor disciplinary sanctions. Many questions remain unanswered. In Kampar, Riau, residents vandalised a precinct after the arrest and beating of an innocent clan elder at a market. He was accused of illegal gambling because he was jotting numbers on a piece of paper, when in fact he was noting product prices. Trivial arrests like this frequently occur because police are rewarded for favourable crime statistics: the more arrests they make, regardless of the severity of the crime, the better they are seen to be doing their job. In Bantaeng, South Sulawesi, villagers attacked a precinct after a deadly police raid on alleged gamblers at a wedding party that killed one. The raiders did not come from that precinct, but it was the nearest one to the dead man’s home. Police claim they opened fire because they believed anger among the wedding guests over the gambling arrests put their commander’s life in danger. In fact they seem to have shot wildly in the dark without being able to see what they were shooting at. These incidents are emblematic of a much broader problem; the Indonesian government should stop treating them as isolated incidents. They represent a systemic failure which will continue to undermine the credibility of the police pledge to “serve and protect” the people and encourage further deadly violence unless the underlying causes of community hostility are addressed. Details: Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, 2012. 32p. Source: Crisis Group Asia Report No. 218: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2012 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/218%20Indonesia%20--%20The%20Deadly%20Cost%20of%20Poor%20Policing.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Police Behavior Shelf Number: 124161 |
Author: Braithwaite, John Title: Anomie and Violence: Non-truth and reconciliation in Indonesian peacebuilding Summary: This chapter first outlines the ambitions—methodological and substantive—of the Peacebuilding Compared project, of which this book is the first product. It then describes the history of the crash of the Indonesian economy in 1997, followed by the collapse of the political order in 1998, then progressive unravelling of the social order for regulating violence between 1998 and 2001. It is argued that Indonesia is a resilient democratising society that has managed to restabilise all these institutions to create peace (except in West Papua) and better long-term prospects for its people. Few of the structural injustices that contributed to armed conflict have changed substantially. Even though Western investment has not yet returned to the levels enjoyed by Indonesia before 1997 (Hill 2007), its economy did resume strong economic growth at the end of its millennial conflicts, with much of the benefit flowing to the poor. In 2008, Indonesia ranked eleventh in the world in the share of income or consumption that went to the poorest 10 per cent of the population (UNDP 2008). From being the society with the biggest terrorism problem in the world by 2002 (Kivimäki 2007:50)—a position thereafter lost to Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan—Indonesia became the first Muslim society with a massive terror problem to get on top of it. Indonesia showed a better path for solving it than a crude war on terror. It is hard to see Indonesia’s peacemaking as having been accomplished by truth, reconciliation and tackling structural injustices, as was advocated by the senior author eight years ago when Indonesian conflict was at its height (Braithwaite 2002:Ch.6). Rather, this book finds a great deal of peace to have been secured in Indonesia through non-truth and reconciliation. While political game playing by the security forces continues to be a risk to peace in Indonesia (especially in West Papua), in most parts of the country the military has moved from being a large part of the problem to being a big part of the solution. This book argues that between 1997 and 2004, theoretically, Indonesia experienced a period of anomie (Durkheim 1897): a breakdown of the regulatory order that secured the institutional order (the rules of the game). A security sector that pursued its own interests by taking sides instead of preventing violence from all sides was one important part of that wider problem of anomie. This will recur as a problem in the next three volumes of Peacebuilding Compared—on Bougainville, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste. Abuses by the security forces escalated communal defiance before finally helping to bring violence under control. A Mertonian reading of anomie theory that dissects legitimate and illegitimate opportunity structures in a micro–macro way is found to be fertile for understanding the onset of these conflicts. Emulation (modelling) of strategies for seizing illegitimate opportunities contributed to the diffusion of violence. Remarkable accomplishments of the reintegration of combatants from organisations such as Laskar Jihad, in which religious leaders showed great leadership for peace, was a feature of Indonesian peacebuilding. So was reconciliation through sharing power combined with the sharing of work (gotong royong) for reconstruction. The chapter then moves on to consider the complex multidimensionality of the factors that make for both war and peace. This evidence is used to argue for locally attuned multidimensionality and redundancy in peacebuilding strategy. This is the key to managing the inherent risks of violence in the gaming of transitions to democracy. Details: Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press, The Australian National University, 2010. 518p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 28, 2012 at http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/3F1C00B38C42A9A4C125775E00496892/$file/Anomie+and+Violence+2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Conflict and Violence (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 124319 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency Title: The Thousand-Headed Snake: Forest Crimes, Corruption and Injustice in Indonesia Summary: This report exposes how corruption and collusion at all stages of the justice system, from the police and prosecutors to judges, conspires to ensure that the main culprits behind illegal logging in Indonesia remain at liberty. Details: London: Environmental Investigation Agency, 2007. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2012 at http://www.eia-global.org/PDF/Report--THS--forests--MAR07.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Corruption (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 124471 |
Author: Nellemann, C. Title: The Last Stand of the Orangutan: State of Emergency: Illegal Logging, Fire and Palm Oil in Indonesia's National Parks Summary: Globalization and international trade are generating wealth on an unprecedented scale and lifting millions out of poverty. However, the growth of global markets is also putting pressure on the Earth’s ecosystems or natural assets that in many ways are the foundation of wealth creation in the first place. The planet’s tropical forests are some of these extraordinary and economically important assets – ecosystems playing a vital role in moderating the atmosphere, sequestrating greenhouse gases, delivering watershed management and are home to a rich and biologically important array of plants and animals. This UNEP Rapid Response report, carried out on behalf of the UN-led Great Ape Survival Project, has used the latest satellite imagery and data from the Government of Indonesia to assess changes in the forests in one part of south-east Asia. The results indicate that illegal logging, fires and plantations of crops such as palm oil are now intruding extensively into Indonesia’s national parks which, for example, are the last safe-holds of the orangutan. In the past five years more than 90% of over 40 parks have now been impacted putting at risk national and regional attempts to meet the 2010 biodiversity target. The driving forces are not impoverished farmers, but what appears to be well-organized companies with heavy machinery and strong international links to the global markets. UNEP applauds the Indonesian government’s new initiative focusing on new and specially trained ranger units to win back the national parks. It is starting to show some promising results with illegal logging halted in two parks in 2006. But the authorities need more assistance. National parks represent a common heritage and their protection and enforcement is essential in international conservation. UNEP therefore hopes to work even more closely with Indonesia’s government in the coming years and support them in this vital work that may hold promise for other nations too. Details: Arendal, Norway: United Nations Environment, 2007. 52p. Programme, GRID-Arendal, 2007. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2012 at: http://www.unep.org/grasp/docs/2007Jan-LastStand-of-Orangutan-report.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 124898 |
Author: Mihardja, Suma Title: Combating Sex Trafficking in Indonesia through Community Empowerment and Education Summary: Sex services have always been part of human history. However, due to its lucrative business nature, the increase of the sex industry in the last few decades is largely the result of national and international socio-economic and political policies. Globalization has made the poor get poorer and many countries are in financial and political crisis. Women are generally the poorest of the poor and are preyed on by recruiters, traffickers, and pimps. Global sexual exploitation has increased due to rise in military presence in many parts of the world; racial myths and stereotypes; and women's inequality. There are at least four main actors in sex trafficking: (1) the men who buy commercial sex acts, (2) the exploiters who make up the sex industry, (3) the states that are destination countries, and (4) the culture that tolerates or promotes sexual exploitation. This paper reviews Indonesian government policy regarding laws on combating sex trafficking and offers recommendations to improve the quality of reducing sex trafficking in Indonesia. It provides an overview of sex trafficking problem in Indonesia, Indonesia's responses to date and the likely effectiveness of those strategies to eradicate sex trafficking regarding the position of Indonesia in the globalized world. The following are recommendations to combat sex trafficking in Indonesia: (1) set zero tolerance policies for sex trafficking; (2) set an abolitionist approach to sex trafficking and prostitution; (3) redefine prevention; (4) end tolerance for the illegal sex trade, including open advertising of criminal activity; (5) redefine and rename police department units to combat sex trafficking; (6) end discrimination against victims in arrest and prosecution of trafficking and prostitution-related offenses; (7) increase criminal investigation of exploiters; (8) train law enforcer to recognize exploiter behaviour and signs of victimization; (9) devise strategies to combat different markets for victims; (10) review state approaches to prostitution for effectiveness in reducing the demand for victims and for eliminating the markets for victims. The following are some operational programs to combat sex trafficking: (1) Producing community education materials such as pamphlets, brochures, leaflets, posters, banners, compact disc, mass media (printed, audio and audio-visual); (2) Proposing formal and non-formal community education through inserting specific materials describing the risk of sex business, modus operandi of sex trafficking actions, and practice to avoid sex trafficking; and (3) Proposing the poverty eradication to minimize the push factor of sex trafficking. The program consists of broad range of community empowerment as mental and spiritual guidance, vocational training, women's living skills, family welfare counselling, and saving and loans or micro finance credit schemes. Details: Canberra, Australia: AusAID, 2008. 50p. Source: Discussion and Direction Policy Paper: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2012 at http://pse.litbang.deptan.go.id/eng/pdffiles/Semrut_13_04_09.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Sex Industry (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 125050 |
Author: Wich, Serge Title: Orangutans and the Economics of Sustainable Forest Management in Sumatra Summary: Deforestation is responsible for approximately 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and is therefore a major contributor to climate change, but also to the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services and a direct threat to Asia’s great ape – the orangutan. Between 2005-2010, Indonesia had accelerating forest loss compared to 2000-2005 and is within the highest five countries for percentage of primary forest loss globally. This acceleration in forest loss not only negatively impacts forests and biodiversity, but also local and global ecosystem services such as water supply, human health and food security in addition to climate change mitigation. Much of the deforestation is caused by both illegal and short-term economic gains, often undermining long-term development goals. As its name implies, the Sumatran orangutan – “person (orang) of the forest (hutan)” in Malay – occurs only in forests on the island of Sumatra (Rijksen and Meijaard 1999). More specifically, the wild population today survives solely in the north-western regions of the island, in the provinces of Aceh and North Sumatra. These provinces stretch from the Indian Ocean in the west to the Strait of Malacca, which separates Sumatra from mainland Malaysia further to the east. They are also bisected by the Bukit Barisan mountain range that runs down the full length of Sumatra. Details: Arendal, Norway: UNEP/GRASP/PanEco/YEL/ICRAF/GRID-Arendal, 2011. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2012 at http://www.grida.no/_cms/OpenFile.aspx?s=1&id=1434 Year: 2011 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Deforestation (Sumatra) Shelf Number: 125082 |
Author: Title: How Indonesian Extremists Regroup Summary: Almost ten years after the Bali bombing that brought terrorism in Indonesia to international attention, the country’s violent extremists are weak and divided but still active. In the face of strong police pressure, they are finding ways to regroup on the run, in prison and through internet forums, military training camps and arranged marriages. In many cases, the same individuals keep reappearing, using old networks to build new alliances. The fact that they have been singularly inept in their operations in recent years does not mean that the danger of attacks is over. There are signs that at least some are learning lessons from past failures and becoming more sophisticated in recruitment and fundraising. Better understanding of how extremists regroup could lead to more effective counter-radicalisation programs. The biggest blow to terrorist capacity in recent years was the break-up in early 2010 of a training camp in Aceh, on the northern tip of Sumatra, where an alliance of almost all major jihadi groups in the country had planned to establish a base. Many senior leaders were captured or killed and a wealth of information discovered that led to the arrest, trial and imprisonment of some 200 individuals. Instead of cowing the jihadis into submission, however, police operations inspired a new wave of activity motivated by the desire for revenge, with new partnerships and training centres established and new plans set in motion. Activity has been particularly noticeable in Medan, North Sumatra; Poso, Central Sulawesi; Solo, Central Java; Bima, West Nusa Tenggara; and parts of East Kalimantan. Underground activity has been directly or indirectly assisted by radical preachers whose meetings provide inspiration and meeting grounds for jihadis and sympathisers. Some pro-Sharia (Islamic law) advocacy groups that do not use violence themselves but whose teachings are in line with jihadi views play a similar role. Almost all the plots since 2010, and there have been more than a dozen, are connected directly or indirectly to the fugitives from Aceh. The ease with which wanted men can move around, communicate with friends in prison, share information and skills, disseminate ideology, purchase arms, conduct training and recruit new followers shows how much basic preventive work still needs to be done. Many of the jihadi groups operating today have links to Jamaah Anshorut Tauhid (JAT), a group set up by radical cleric Abu Bakar Ba’asyir in 2008 that has replaced Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) as the country’s largest and most active jihadi organisation. JI, responsible for the 2002 Bali attack, is now the object of scorn from more militant groups, accused of abandoning jihad. It continues to exert an influence through its schools, however, and many disaffected former members remain active through other organisations. Several smaller groups have emerged as well, often composed of inexperienced young amateurs who lack the skills, discipline and strategic vision of the generation that trained on the Afghanistan-Pakistan border between 1985 and 1994 and produced the Bali bombers. Materials posted on radical websites suggest that the more educated extremists have learned important lessons from the Aceh experience, especially in terms of awareness of the extent to which their ranks have been infiltrated by the “enemy” – the Indonesian state. They conclude that they must be much more careful about vetting members, protecting communications and guarding secrets. If jihadis were to heed these lessons, the task of the police could become much harder. There has been less introspection within the government about why recruitment continues to take place or why there are so many more terrorist plots – even if most have been poorly conceived. Indonesia’s counter-terrorism successes have all been due to good law enforcement. The police have become skilled at identifying and arresting those responsible for violent crimes and interdicting plots as long as there is evidence, such as illegal possession of guns or explosives, on which to act. But virtually no effective programs are in place to address the environment in which jihadi ideology continues to flourish. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2012. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Report No. 228: Accessed July 16, 2012 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/228-how-indonesian-extremists-regroup Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Radical Groups Shelf Number: 125628 |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Global SMART Programme Title: Indonesia: Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Summary: The manufacture, trafficking and use of crystalline methamphetamine is now the greatest drug threat to Indonesia. Crystal methamphetamine seizures rose 79 per cent in 2011 to 1,161 kg from the 649 kg seized in 2010, the report says, noting that while cannabis remains the most widely used illicit drug in Indonesia, crystalline methamphetamine use has expanded continually during the past several years, particularly among laborers, students and commercial sex workers. Ecstasy, popular with Indonesian young adults, continues to be the third most widely used illicit drug in Indonesia. The report, Indonesia Situation Assessment on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (2013), highlights the latest trends and emerging concerns related to ATS in Indonesia, with the aim of gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the crystalline methamphetamine and ecstasy situation in Indonesia. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2013. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 4, 2013 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/indonesia//publication/2013/Indonesia_ATS_2013_low.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 127822 |
Author: Nijman, Vincent Title: Hanging in the Balance: An Assessment of trade in Orang-utans and Gibbons in Kalimantan, Indonesia Summary: This report presents an assessment of the trade in gibbons and orang-utans in Kalimantan, which is part of Indonesia’s territory on the island of Borneo. Borneo is the third largest island in the world and, within the Indo-Malayan region, supports the largest remaining expanse of lowland evergreen rainforest, one of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world. Most of this forest remains in the four Indonesian provinces of West, Central, South and East Kalimantan with about 50% of the land surface still under forest. However, commercial timber extraction, small-scale logging (legal and illegal), conversion, and forest fires – along with the concurrent increase in access to formerly remote areas – are increasingly threatening the integrity of the remaining forest, thus putting the survival of its inhabitants at stake. The forests of Kalimantan are home to three species of apes i.e. the Bornean Orang-utan Pongo pygmaeus, and two species of gibbon, the Bornean White-bearded Gibbon Hylobates albibarbis and Müller's Gibbon H. muelleri. All three are endemic to the island and thus are not found anywhere else in the world. The Bornean White-bearded Gibbon is confined to Kalimantan and for the other two species a disproportionately large part of their populations is found in Kalimantan, rather than other parts of Borneo. As all three ape species are classified by the IUCN Red List as Globally Threatened, primarily through loss of habitat but also through hunting and trade, Indonesia bears a great responsibility towards safeguarding the future of these primates. The Indonesian government has long recognized this responsibility and has pledged to do its best to control the problems wildlife faces and to preserve both individual species and their habitats. These pledges have been formalized in a range of laws, regulations and membership of Multilateral Environmental Agreements. A number of protected areas have been established in Kalimantan, to safeguard the habitat as well as the primate populations that reside in these areas, and all gibbons and orang-utans, be it inside or outside the protected area network, are legally protected. Indonesia is a Party to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and all gibbons and orang-utans are listed in CITES Appendix I, which prohibits all international commercial trade of these species among contracting Parties. Details: Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2005. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2013 at: http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/kalimantanorangutan.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 128053 |
Author: JALA – the Advocacy Network for North Sumatra Fisherfolk Title: When Fishing Turns Deadly: The Environmental and Social Impacts of Illegal Trawling in North Sumatra Summary: North Sumatra is particularly significant to the antitrawler movement in Indonesia because it is here that the numbers of trawlers are greatest, and therefore also here that the conflict between traditional fishing communities and trawlers has been the most widespread and severe. The large increase in the number of trawlers in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in large decreases in catch and income levels for local fishermen10, particularly in the 3 mile zone reserved for traditional fishing activities. Trawlers have often illegally entered these areas, a practice that frequently continues to this day. There was and is little enforcement of the law by any level of government. The result has been anger and frustration on the part of local fishing communities over their decrease in income and the lack of government action. The incursions by trawlers into the traditional fishing zone and resulting contact with local fishermen have had tragic consequences. Trawlers have crushed small fishing boats, resulting in injuries and loss of equipment, and in some cases deaths11. In response traditional fishermen have attacked and burnt trawlers. These clashes between traditional fishermen and trawlers result in injury and loss of life on both sides; many fishermen have been injured, disappeared or died. JALA estimates that the conflict has resulted in over 200 casualties in North Sumatra over the last 15 years. These events continue to be of serious concern; the most recent deadly confrontation occurred at the end of February 2007 near Pantai Cermin, Deli Serdang district. JALA strongly condemns the violent actions taken by both sides, and promotes non-violent solutions amongst the local fishing communities to the problem of trawlers. Together with other NGOs and fishermen organizations, JALA is active in resolving the conflict by providing non-litigation support for traditional fishermen. JALA also works with the NGO Legal Aid Foundation (LBH), which provides professional legal representation for local fishermen impacted by the conflict, who otherwise would not be provided with any information or assistance Details: London: Environmental Justice Foundation, 2008. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing: Accessed March 21, 2013 at: http://www.imcsnet.org/imcs/docs/when_fishing_turns_deadly_north_sumatra.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Fishing (North Sumatra, Indonesia) Shelf Number: 128055 |
Author: Shepherd, Chris R. Title: An Overview of the Regulation of the Freshwater Turtle and Tortoise Pet Trade in Jakarta, Indonesia Summary: Trade in wildlife is extensive in Asia, including a large number of species specifically traded live to supply the demand for pets. In an attempt to gain a greater insight into the drivers behind wildlife trade and to increase our understanding of how to regulate this trade, this survey provides an overview of the management and control of wildlife harvesting in Indonesia. Within Indonesia all commercial trade in wild animals is subject to a quota system, with no harvest or (domestic or international) trade allowed in any species without an allocated quota. Wildlife trade, whether legal or not, is performed openly; in general, regulatory law enforcement regarding wildlife protection and trade management is less than optimal. Indonesia is home to some 10 per cent of the world’s tortoise and freshwater turtle species. Persistent trade is one of the main threats to their survival, and large volumes can be observed in trade in Indonesia’s domestic markets, as well as being exported from Indonesia. This makes tortoises and freshwater turtles an appropriately indicative group to evaluate the management and control of wildlife harvesting and trade in Indonesia. To this end, two discrete, yet complementary datasets, have been analysed. The first dataset focuses on the quota-setting process, the requirement for non-detriment findings under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and regulations determining the legality of the trade and identifying gaps in the current trade-regulation system. The second dataset focuses on the trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles for pets in Indonesia’s capital city, Jakarta, quantifying this trade, analyzing how the market affects different species in trade, and assessing the effectiveness of trade regulations. Annual reported imports of CITES-listed species to Indonesia range between 0-1050 turtles per year, averaging 230 turtles per year for the 2000-2004 period. Numbers of CITES-listed exotic species observed in trade at any moment often exceed the reported import figures of these species for several years. Although for meaningful quota-setting for CITES Appendix II-listed species, non-detriment findings are required to be carried out under Article IV of the Convention, this has not been done in detail for any of the Indonesian tortoises or freshwater turtles in trade. In 2004, harvest of selected species was allowed in 17/31 provinces throughout the country, with harvest often being permitted in one province but not in the adjacent provincial jurisdiction, with no apparent justification for the demarcation. Large regions of the country do not have harvest quota allotted to them, yet species distributed in these geographic areas do show up in trade. Although there are a number of regulations and guidelines in place to regulate the trade in tortoises and turtles, few of the collectors, middlemen, and traders (especially the smaller operators), abide by these rules. All of the allotted quotas for species traded as pets are divided between members of the Indonesian Reptile and Amphibian Trade Association (IRATA), almost all of whom are in the wholesale business. Hardly any of the retail pet dealers are members of IRATA, yet throughout Indonesia there are hundreds of specialized turtle sellers to supply domestic market demand. In 2004, TRAFFIC surveyed 20 pet retailers in the greater Jakarta area, and recorded stock volumes and turnover for 48 species of freshwater turtles and tortoises. Twenty-two indigenous species that were An overview observed (1884 individuals) came from all over the country, and included all six nationally protected species. Indigenous species recorded were especially common among the high stock–high turnover species group. Asking prices by dealers for individuals in this species group were lower than those in the other species groups. A total of 26 exotic species (1439 individuals) were recorded, including species from Madagascar, West Africa, North America and Japan: 18 of these are in one of the CITES Appendices. According to the Indonesian CITES Management Authority, the majority, if not all, of these were imported into Indonesia without proper permits. Furthermore, no import was ever reported in UNEP-WCMC CITES trade database. Exotic species were more expensive than indigenous species, and tended to fall in the high stock–low turnover species group. Species that cannot be traded legally (i.e. species that are protected and species listed in one of the CITES Appendices and that were illegally imported into Indonesia) were approximately twice as expensive as the ones that could be sold legally. Species that could be sold legally were frequently in the high stock–high turnover species group. CITES-listed species (indigenous and exotic) were more expensive than non- CITES listed species, but there was no relation between stock availability / turnover and CITES-listing. Apparently, for retailers, CITES-listed species were not more difficult to obtain than non-CITES listed species, nor was it difficult to sell them. There are no significant price differences between globally threatened and non-threatened species. All species in the low stock–high turnover species group are classified as Threatened under the IUCN Red List, suggesting that although retailers had a low stock of threatened turtles and tortoises they had no difficulties in selling them. Extrapolating from the data collected, the total annual retail value of tortoises and freshwater turtles sold in the greater Jakarta area ranges between USD 135,000 and USD 350,000, of which the illegal component amounts to some USD 90,000-220,000 in value. Details: Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2007. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2013 at: www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_reptiles12.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 128058 |
Author: Verité Title: Research on Indicators of Forced Labor in the Supply Chain of Fish in Indonesia: Platform (Jermal) Fishing, Small-Boat Anchovy Fishing, and Blast Fishing Summary: Verité carried out research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the production of ten goods in seven countries from 2008 through 2011. Research was carried out on the production of shrimp in Bangladesh; Brazil-nuts, cattle, corn, and peanuts in Bolivia; sugar in the Dominican Republic; coffee in Guatemala; fish in Indonesia; rubber in Liberia; and tuna in the Philippines. The following report is based on research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in certain types of fishing in Indonesia. This research was not intended to determine the existence or scale of forced labor in the countries and sectors under study, but rather to identify the presence of indicators of forced labor and factors that increased workers‘ vulnerability to labor exploitation. Objectives The primary objectives of the project were to: obtain background information on certain areas of the fishing sector in Indonesia; create a methodology to study the presence of indicators of forced labor in some areas of the Indonesian fishing sector; identify and document indicators of forced labor among workers in the Indonesian fishing sector; document the broader working conditions that workers in the fishing sector experience; and determine the risk factors for vulnerability to forced labor and other forms of exploitation in the particular areas of the Indonesian fishing sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2012(?). 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Indonesian%20Fishing%20Sector__9.16.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Fishing Industry (Indonesia) Shelf Number: 128086 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency Title: Testing the Law: Carbon, Crime and Impunity in Indonesia’s Plantation Sector Summary: Systemic law enforcement failings threaten to make a mockery of Indonesia’s pledge to reduce deforestation and carbon emissions by enabling plantation companies to destroy carbon-rich peatlands with impunity, a report released today reveals. Testing the Law, jointly produced by the London-based Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Indonesian NGO Telapak, highlights how a well-connected oil palm firm has been allowed to continue operating in Central Kalimantan in clear breach of the law for almost five years. Evidence gathered by EIA/Telapak shows that Government officials have been aware of the activities of PT Suryamas Cipta Perkasa (PT SCP) for years and, despite statements to the contrary, have failed to take action. The crimes committed by PT SCP, part of the BEST Group, have led directly to the destruction of the habitat of hundreds of endangered orangutans and local livelihoods, generating millions of tonnes of carbon emissions in the process. In March this year, EIA/Telapak submitted a dossier of evidence to a range of authorities in Indonesia, detailing how PT SCP had broken numerous laws governing land allocation, access to resources and environmental management. The dossier provided the authorities with sufficient evidence to prompt a criminal investigation into the illegal conversion of more than 23,000 hectares of peatland and peat swamp forest, while giving notice to the Government that its response would be made public. Although the Government has openly admitted the concession is illegal, today the illicit proceeds of the crime continue to flow. Meetings between EIA/Telapak and the authorities have raised serious concerns over the likelihood of any prosecution. Details: London: EIA, 2012. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2013 at: http://www.eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/Testing-the-Law-final-version.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Corporate Crimes Shelf Number: 128335 |
Author: Arianti, V. Title: Indonesian Terrorism Financing: Resorting To Robberies Summary: SINCE 2010, there have been dozens of bank heists conducted by numerous terrorist cells, some of them linked to Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (Mujahidin of Eastern Indonesia or MIT). Led by Santoso, MIT is currently the most dangerous terrorist group in Indonesia and is responsible for a string of deadly attacks against police. Besides banks, the terrorists have also robbed gold shops, mobile phone shops, post offices, money changers, internet cafes, grocery stores, and construction material shops. In the first half of 2013 alone, MIT’s funding arm, Mujahidin Indonesia Barat (Mujahidin of Western Indonesia or MIB) led by Abu Roban, reaped a total of Rp 1.8 billion (US$180,000) from a series of bank heists. While in the past, Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) and its splinter cells had conducted robberies to supplement their funding for terrorist attacks, two factors may explain the significant increase in the number of heists since 2010. Details: Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2013. 2p. Source: Internet Resource: RSIS Commentaries: Accessed August 7, 2013 at: http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/Perspective/RSIS1422013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Robbery Shelf Number: 129571 |
Author: Crouch, Melissa Title: Trials of People Smugglers in Indonesia: 2007-2012 Summary: This policy paper addresses the critical need for greater knowledge and understanding of how the contemporary Indonesian legal system is dealing with people smuggling. It primarily presents the findings of a survey of court cases from May 2011 to December 2012, in the first year and a half of the operation of Law 6/2011 on Immigration. The paper identifies patterns in court cases in terms of the location of people smuggling operations, profiles of the accused, the criminal charges laid against them, and the severity of penalties handed down by the courts. The paper argues that any efforts to increase the scope and depth of such cooperation between Australia and Indonesia must take into account the progress made by law enforcement agencies in prosecuting people smugglers in Indonesian courts, as well as the challenges they confront. Details: Melbourne: Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Centre for Indonesian Law, Islam and Society, 2013. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: XXILIA Policy Papers: Accessed March 12, 2014 at: http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/files/dmfile/Crouch_Missbach_web.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Human Smuggling Shelf Number: 131869 |
Author: Andrevski, Hannah Title: Experiences of exploitation and human trafficking among a sample of Indonesian migrant domestic workers Summary: Indonesia has one of the highest rates of workers seeking employment abroad, with the majority of these workers being females employed in domestic service. Due to the nature of recruitment, the process of migration and the location and characteristics of the work, Indonesian migrant domestic workers may in some instances be at risk of abuse, exploitation and human trafficking. Drawing on data contained in the International Organization for Migration's Counter Trafficking Module, the experiences of Indonesian victims of human trafficking who were exploited as domestic workers in Malaysia are examined, as well as the risk factors that may have contributed to their exploitation. Understanding the nature of human trafficking and the risk factors for exploitation is crucial for developing domestic and regional responses that can effectively contribute to anti-human trafficking strategies in the southeast Asia region. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 471: Accessed March 21, 2014 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi471.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Forced Labor Shelf Number: 104858 |
Author: Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC) Title: Countering Violent Extremism in Indonesia: Need for a Rethink Summary: The IPAC report, Countering Violent Extremism in Indonesia: Need for a Rethink, says that prevention programs of the National Anti-Terrorism Agency (Badan Nasional untuk Penanggulangan Terorisme) have not been as effective as hoped. At the same time, many local communities, some of them inspired by an anti-salafi backlash, are taking action themselves against extremist preachers and radical media, while some prisoners are deciding on their own to move away from violence. "The trick is to understand when, why and how individuals and communities decide to resist extremism and then to design interventions that can replicate the process," says Sidney Jones, IPAC director. BNPT's prevention programs could usefully benefit from more research on how radicalisation takes place and how local communities fight back. For example, it is planning to train administrators and imams of some 90 mosques across thirteen provinces and provide funding to strengthen their capacity to resist extremist donors. But the case dossiers of the hundreds of convicted terrorists, which contained detailed information on the mosques where they became radicalised in the first place, do not appear to have been used to compile a list of mosques to be targeted. The IPAC report contains a case study of one such mosque, Mesjid Muhammad Ramadhan in South Bekasi, just outside Jakarta, where dozens of men later convicted of terrorism took part in radical discussion groups. In April 2014, the local government, working with community leaders, expelled the extremists, exploiting an internal rift in the mosque administration; the fact that the city owned the land on which the mosque was built; and resentment of influential local religious leaders over chararacterisation of their traditional practices as incorrect or idolatrous. The Bekasi takeover benefited from a particularly good local police chief and subdistrict head (camat), but it is only one of many such incidents across the country. If BNPT could collect such cases and analyse what tactics have been successful, it could make the proposed training of mosque administrators far more effective. The report also examines government programs aimed at prisons and at the media and concludes that much more could be done to target them more effectively. It suggests that a new government taking office later this year might consider a restructuring of BNPT to ensure that the prevention division is better integrated with the division responsible for intelligence and operations. Details: Jakarta: IPAC, 2014. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: IPAC Report No. 11: Accessed July 19, 2014 at: http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2014/06/IPAC_11_Rethinking_Countering_Extremism.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 132717 |
Author: Goldstein, Daniel M. Title: Qualitative Research in Dangerous Places: Becoming an Ethnographer of Violence and Personal Safety Summary: Conducting qualitative research is a challenge in any environment, but in highly violent settings the obstacles to both successful outcomes and researcher safety are especially high. Not only are the usual problems that confront qualitative researchers intensified when fear and insecurity add to local people's tendency to mistrust strangers asking questions; environments marked by high levels of criminal, political, and/or daily social violence require researchers to be constantly alert to threats to their own physical safety, and to the ways in which their research can imperil their subjects and collaborators. While some dangers will be obvious, such as people firing guns or waving knives, they may include more subtle things as well, like being in the wrong place at the wrong time, witnessing an activity one shouldn't, asking the wrong question of the wrong person, revealing the extent of one's personal resources and equipment, or inadvertently violating the unwritten codes that govern violent areas. Extreme caution is needed, not only when doing research, but when carrying out the daily business of living and working as well. Qualitative researchers working in highly violent settings confront the same risks and dangers that the inhabitants must confront on a regular basis. And like the people who are often the subjects of their research inquiries, researchers must learn how to keep themselves safe in places where violence is always a possibility. One effective way to do this is to adopt the local cultural and linguistic norms their subjects use to promote their own security. In other words, researchers, regardless of discipline, can become "ethnographers" of local violence and the responses it engenders and emulate the behaviors their informants have learned to keep themselves safe. Details: Brooklyn, NY: Social Science Research Council, Drugs, Security and Democracy Program, 2014. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: DSD Working Papers on Research Security: No. 1: Accessed September 10, 2014 at: http://webarchive.ssrc.org/working-papers/DSD_ResearchSecurity_01_Goldstein.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Criminal Justice Research Shelf Number: 133258 |
Author: Burgess, Elizabeth A. Title: Assessing The Trade In Pig-Nosed Turtles Carettochelys insculpta in Papua, Indonesia Summary: The Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta, also known as the Fly River or Pitted-Shell Turtle, is a taxonomically distinct, large freshwater chelonian restricted to the river systems of northern Australia and southern New Guinea (divided politically between Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Papua Province, Indonesia). The high international demand for Pignosed Turtles in the exotic pet trade, food market and traditional medicine practices has driven the intensified exploitation of this species in Papua. Despite being afforded legal protection in Indonesia and being listed in Appendix II of CITES, the Pig-nosed Turtle is increasingly being targeted in the province of Papua, Indonesia for international wildlife trade. This study highlights an urgent need for the existing laws and regulations concerning Pig-nosed Turtle trade to be rigorously enforced to curtail the illegal harvest and trade. Surveys on the trade of Pig-nosed Turtles throughout the Indonesian province of Papua were carried out in November and December 2010 to coincide with the Pig-nosed Turtle nesting season (September to February). Pig-nosed Turtles were primarily collected by Papuan villagers who source eggs of this species by excavating nests on the banks of rivers and swamps. Predominant collection areas lie in the Asmat region of Papua, although more expansive collection areas also exist further east and north of Merauke near the PNG border. Village collectors sell the wild harvested Pig-nosed Turtle eggs directly to traders operating in villages (typically non-Papuan immigrant traders settled in the region). There was also a growing trend towards incubating the collected eggs in ex-situ hatcheries located within Papuan villages, which was favourable among local collectors and traders because live hatchling turtles can command a higher price than eggs. Pignosed Turtles from Papua are traded as live pets, for meat consumption as well as for medicinal purposes. One respondent reported a company in Jayapura that purchases hatchling Pig-nosed Turtles for drying and then grinding into a powder for export to China, and resale in the traditional medicine trade. Local Papuans realize that the natural resources around them have a high value to outsiders, and what previously was opportunistic hunting for daily needs has become a large-scale exploitation of Pig-nosed Turtles. Turtle traders have also significantly influenced remote communities in Papua by bringing in and bartering with modern commodities (such as outboard boat motors) and provisions (such as useful equipment, supplies, fuel and foodstuffs). This survey found that local people were actively encouraged by immigrant traders to harvest and independently incubate eggs for trade, and that immigrant traders often organized and co-ordinated egg-collecting trips further upriver using motorboats. Improved transportation (e.g., motorboats and access to fuel) in the region have increased the accessibility of more remote river systems, and thereby expanded the harvest potential of Pig-nosed Turtles in Papua. Turtle buyers offering trade in rural communities, combined with a recent shift to a cash economy (cf. subsistence economy), has created strong incentives for local Papuans to trade in Pig-nosed Turtle eggs and hatchlings. Eggs and hatchlings of Pig-nosed Turtles are smuggled from remote source villages (via boat or small aircraft) to centralized trade hubs within Papua, including the towns of Agats, Merauke, Timika and Jayapura. From Papua, turtles were typically smuggled westward into major domestic trade destinations in Indonesia, including Jakarta, Surabaya and Probolinggo in Java, Makassar (Ujung Pandang) in south Sulawesi, and Denpasar in Bali. This survey also found that Pig-nosed Turtles could be bought through a growing online marketplace, with sellers located in Indonesia as well as in the United States and the United Kingdom. Along this international trade chain, the value of Pig-nosed Turtles increased exponentially: hatchlings were generally sold in Papuan villages for USD 0.56-1.33 each; in domestic trade hubs such as Jakarta and Surabaya for USD 3.30-8.33 each; and on international markets for USD 39-56 each. Thirty-two seizures of Pig-nosed Turtles, between 2003 and 2012, were compiled in this study, including more than 81,689 individual turtles. Most seizures (75% of reported cases) occurred early in the calendar year (i.e., between January-March) towards the end of the nesting season for Pig-nosed Turtles, suggesting that traders are moving shipments as soon as the turtles are hatched. Available seizure data suggests that Pig-nosed Turtles are being traded in large quantities, with consignments averaging 2817 3701 turtles per seizure. Highlighting the enormity of this illegal trade was one seizure that rescued 12 247 Pig-nosed Turtles in Timika, Papua en route to Jakarta. Most enforcement actions and confiscations occurred at points of export from Indonesia, with little documented enforcement at the source of eggs collection. Undoubtedly, the swamps and river systems where turtles are sourced are vast and the villages involved in the trade are remote, making enforcement efforts for Pig-nosed Turtle trade geographically challenging. Nonetheless, the lack of enforcement, and potential corruption, at the source of trade means that the exploitation of wild Pig-nosed Turtles populations proceeds unhindered. All of the egg collections and ex-situ hatchery operations observed during this survey were illegal, relying on wild harvested eggs for commercial sale. An apparent problem for addressing trade issues in Papuan villages is that many local people are confused by the concept of 'captive breeding' and are freely collecting eggs without remorse. Inadequate enforcement of Indonesia's legislation to protect Pig-nosed Turtles from wild harvest in Papua is a major factor contributing to the excessive exploitation. Anecdotal information implies that while there have not been any quotas issued for taking Pig-nosed Turtles or their eggs from the wild, there are a few traders licensed to breed and export Pig-nosed Turtle in Indonesia. How they would have acquired breeding stock is not clear. Yet, according to the CITES Trade Database (WCMC), Indonesia has only ever legally exported one shipment of 57 Pig-nosed Turtles for the purpose of trade in 2006 to the US (these animals were declared as being Farmed). It is suspected that illegal smuggling is an easier and cost-cutting option, and therefore the preferred route for traders. The trade threat to Pig-nosed Turtles is further compounded by the high mortality rate reported in smuggling operations, with available data from reported seizures showing that on average 18% of turtles die in a shipment. Turtles that are found alive by authorities in confiscated shipments are held in a temporary holding facilities or rescue centres. Surviving confiscated turtles were sometimes repatriated back into the wild in Papua by Indonesian Customs and local government BKSDA officials - often with financial aid from industries within Papua. The environmental risks and financial costs associated with maintaining, translocating and reintroducing seized Pig-nosed Turtles are substantial, particularly for cases where turtles are seized outside of Papua and/or large numbers of turtles are involved. Results of this study have shown that the exploitation of Pig-nosed Turtles in Papua, Indonesia has reached a level that requires immediate action. High international demand for Pig-nosed Turtles, combined with an organised and influential global wildlife trade network within Indonesia, unregulated harvesting of eggs, an increased potential to collect eggs in previously inaccessible swamp habitat in Papua (i.e., using motorboats, improved regional infrastructure), growing socio-economic incentives for rural Papuans to harvest turtles for income and a lack of enforcement at the source of wild harvests, are contributing to unprecedented levels of exploitation of Pig-nosed Turtles throughout its Papuan range. Unless actions are taken to mitigate the high demands of consumer nations and to fully enforce the legal protection of Pig-nosed Turtles within Indonesia, the current unabated harvest regimes observed in rivers throughout Papua will lead to significant population declines of Pig-nosed Turtles (see Eisemberg et al., 2011). For the effective protection of the Pignosed Turtle in Papua, Details: Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.: TRAFFIC, 2014. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2014 at: http://www.traffic.org/home/2014/10/4/intensive-collection-threatens-peculiar-pig-nosed-turtle-in.html Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 133748 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) Title: Permitting Crime: How palm oil expansion drives illegal logging in Indonesia Summary: The clear-cutting of forests to make way for oil palm plantations is driving a wave of illegal logging in Indonesia, fundamentally undermining efforts to bring much-needed reform to the nation's forestry and timber sectors. A new report released today by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA), Permitting Crime: How palm oil expansion drives illegal logging in Indonesia, reveals how a widespread culture of corruption and poor law enforcement is generating a flood of illicit timber as plantations surge into frontier forests. In-depth case studies of blatant violations of licensing procedures and other laws in Central Kalimantan - a hotspot for forest crime - detailed in the report include: - outright violations of plantation licensing, timber and environmental regulations by firms clear-cutting forests in some of Indonesia's richest tracts of rainforest; - clear links between a series of palm oil concessions, a corrupt regent and one of the highest-profile Indonesian political graft cases of recent years; - attempts by a palm oil firm to pay US$45,000 to police to bury an investigation into its illegal operations; - local governments selling-out customary communities and facilitating the transfer of millions of dollars of their resources to private firms. The report explains how almost all palm plantations nationwide are willfully evading Indonesia's Timber Legality Verification System (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu, or SVLK), a mandatory law implemented in September 2010 as a cornerstone of efforts to ensure only legal timber is produced in the country. Details: Washington, DC; London: EIA, 2014. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2015 at: http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/Permitting-Crime.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Conservation Shelf Number: 135244 |
Author: World Growth Title: Wronging Indonesia -The EU's Bait and Switch Illegal Logging Policy and its Impact on Indonesian Enterprises Summary: The EU is delaying implementation of a 'Voluntary Partnership Agreement' (VPA) with Indonesia on illegal timber exports. Indonesia has complied with EU demands at significant cost, but the delays mean Indonesia's exporters will now have to comply with a different, more costly system of regulation. This report examines the implications. Illegal logging first emerged as a campaign issue in 1998. The illegal timber trade was linked to global concerns over deforestation. Action against illegal logging in developing countries was supported by Western industries that were facing increased competition from timber and paper producers, particularly in China. It was also supported by environmental campaign groups that made unsubstantiated claims about the levels of illegal logging taking place globally. However, there has been very little ground-based research on levels of illegal logging in many countries. Indonesia has often been considered a 'worst offender' for alleged exports of illegal timber. This has in part been due to high levels of administrative overlap during the country's transition into a democracy. Despite this, Indonesia has undertaken successful action to reduce levels of illegal logging and been a driving force in taking action against illegal logging internationally. In 2003 the European Union (EU) first announced it would attempt to prevent the sale of 'illegal' timber on European markets through a combination of domestic legal instruments and international agreements. They are the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) and Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPA) respectively. These policy instruments have emerged following a long international campaign based on unsound data and emotive campaigning by Green groups and uncompetitive manufacturers in Europe. Voluntary Partnership Agreements were introduced as the key policy measure for Europe to take action against 'illegal' timber. The VPAs were ostensibly introduced as a means for exporting nations to 'fast track' timber products into Europe from nations that comply with European regulatory demands. The real purpose is to pressure developing countries that export timber products to apply standards determined by the EU to regulate exports, under the threat of import bans. VPAs require the implementation of a licensing system for exporters wishing to export timber products to Europe that verify the legality of the product. For many developing nations this is a costly exercise. VPA uptake has been slow. This has been in part due to a reluctance of developing nations to enter into trade agreements that propose conditions on non-trade items, such as environment and labour. The slow uptake and potential loopholes for non-VPA timber prompted European Greens to press for the introduction of the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR). The EUTR is set to come into effect in 2013. It threatens European operators with legal action if they sell 'illegal' timber in European markets and/or do not make efforts to mitigate the risk of selling 'illegal' timber on European markets. This risk can be mitigated with the implementation of tools such as independent third-party verification of timber being exported to Europe, distinct from the VPA licensing system. This is an expensive undertaking for many developing country exporters. Licensed VPA imports were supposed to be exempt from the EUTR and considered risk-free once VPAs were operational. In the case of Indonesia, a VPA has been completed and signed, but is yet to be ratified by the EU. According to Indonesian officials, the EU appears to have stalled the agreement completely. This means Indonesian timber exporters are effectively in policy limbo. They have chosen to have their products verified through the VPA-backed Sistem verifikasi legalitas kayu (SVLK - timber legality assurance system) with the promise of avoiding further costly verification under the EUTR. However, the VPA has stalled, and SVLK is not currently recognised under the EUTR. Indonesia's forest and forest-related industries are significant contributors to Indonesia's economy. There are many large and medium businesses exporting forest products to Europe. There are more than 18 million micro and small forest-based enterprises, producing wooden items, furniture and timber that also export to Europe. Most of these businesses are family enterprises comprising less than four people. For many Indonesian businesses, implementing the systems required under the VPA is prohibitively expensive. The EU's own modelling has indicated it will have a detrimental impact on Indonesia's industry. The new EU policies are likely to have a significant impact on trade with partner nations such as Indonesia. These impacts would ordinarily be obviated by legal obligations under international trade law and/or bilateral trade agreements. However, the legality of these policies under international trade agreements is questionable. The actions by the EU constitute a classic 'bait and switch' strategy. Indonesia has been promised a particular action by the EU; the EU has since reneged. It is now offering Indonesia an inferior agreement, despite securing significant and costly policy actions from Indonesia. Under bait and switch, customers are invited to purchase an item at a low price. The vendor then informs the customer that it is no longer available and must accept a more expensive item. Under European law this type of behaviour is illegal under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive. Indonesia has taken leading action on illegal logging globally. It has negotiated in good faith with Europe. In this case, the 18 million-plus Indonesians dependent upon the forest industry are likely to consider themselves wronged by Europe. Given these grievances, Indonesia has solid grounds to consider action through the World Trade Organization Details: Arlington, VA: World Growth, 2012. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://worldgrowth.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/WG_FLEGT_2012_final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Forests Shelf Number: 135506 |
Author: World Growth Title: Cutting Down the Poor: How UK and EU aid is killing jobs in developing countries, wasting EU taxpayer funds and breaking international trade rules Summary: The government of the United Kingdom and the European Union have introduced measures against illegal logging with their trading partners that are currently costing approximately L22.4 million annually. By the EU-s own estimates these measures are likely to be ineffective and will: - cause job losses among the rural poor in developing countries, - have little impact on illegal logging; - have virtually no impact on deforestation, if any. The measures are also likely to put the EU in breach of international trade laws. Timber exporters to the EU should consider trade retaliation. EU taxpayers should demand an inquiry. Illegal logging first emerged as a campaign issue in 1998. The illegal timber trade was linked to global concerns over deforestation. Action against illegal logging in developing countries was supported by Western industries that were facing increased competition from timber and paper producers, particularly in China. It was also supported by environmental campaign groups that made unsubstantiated claims about the levels of illegal logging taking place globally. However, there has been very little ground-based research on levels of illegal logging in many countries. Details: Arlington, VA: World Growth, 2013. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://worldgrowth.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/WG_FLEGT_2013_revision_formatted.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 135507 |
Author: Lowy Institute Title: 2015 Lowy Institute polling: Indonesia and the death penalty Summary: New polling commissioned by the Lowy Institute following the executions in Indonesia of Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran last week suggests that Australians have a strong preference for a restrained diplomatic response from the Australian Government. 'Private diplomatic protests' are the course of action most Australian adults would prefer their Government to take, with 59% agreeing with this approach when presented with five potential Government responses following the execution of an Australian citizen overseas. Only a minority (42%) say that Australia 'should recall Australia's ambassador', despite the Government announcing the recall of Australia's Ambassador to Jakarta last week and his subsequent return to Australia on 4 May. There is scant support for suspending Australian aid projects (28% agreeing) or suspending military and law enforcement cooperation (27%). The least supported action is for applying trade sanctions (24% agreeing). Attitudes have shifted very little since Lowy Institute polling on this question earlier in the year, with the exception of the preference for private diplomatic protests (down from 73% support before the executions) and for recalling Australia's ambassador (up from 33% before the executions). Key Findings - Following the recall of the Australian Ambassador to Indonesia, the predominant view is that normal diplomatic relations with Indonesia should be suspended for only a few months. - The poll results suggest that the executions will have little impact on Australians' travel plans, buying habits or business dealings with Indonesia. - A slight majority say the Australian Government should play an active role in pushing for the abolition of the death penalty internationally (51%, compared with 45% saying it should not). Details: Sydney: Lowy Institute, 2015. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.lowyinstitute.org/files/lowyinstitute_2015indonesiadeathpenaltypolling.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Capital Punishment Shelf Number: 135707 |
Author: Myrttinen, Henri Title: Up in Smoke. Impoverishment and Instability in Post-Independence Timor Leste Summary: The scenes in Dili in late May 2006 were reminiscent of a previous wave of violence that had gripped the East Timorese capital. As in September 1999, the town was burning, armed gangs roamed the streets and a large part of the population was huddled together in the squalor of makeshift camps, where shops remained locked up, shots rang out across town and Australian Defence Force (ADF) troops secured the airport perimeter for evacuations. Apart from a sense of deja vu and these superficial similarities, however, the situation in 2006 was very different from 1999. On the one hand, it was much simpler: it was not a campaign of orchestrated, all-out violence committed by a heavily armed occupation force with its paramilitary proxies in defiance of the international community that needed to be brought to a halt. The violence in 2006 was on a much smaller scale. But the problem was also much more complicated this time around, as the perpetrators were members of Timorese society and finding workable solutions to the crisis was far harder. At the end of May 2006, the humanitarian situation in Dili was dire and the security situation precarious. Of the city's approximately 150,000 inhabitants, almost half were in 'internally displaced persons' (IDP) camps. The fighting of the previous few weeks had left at least 37 dead. In addition to perhaps hundreds of houses, much else had gone up in smoke - trust in the central institutions of the state, trust in key political figures, trust in the international community, trust in the power of the intervening peacekeepers to provide security and, perhaps most seriously, trust in one another's neighbours, in the neighbouring communities and even in the unity of the nation. Much had gone up in smoke. Almost a year and a half on, the violence has subsided to a level where it is almost a kind of 'background noise.' There are gang fights, occasional killings, random cases of arson and cars are still stoned on a regular basis, but the violence is usually restricted to certain areas - which then tend to be avoided by all who do not live in them. Few people move around after dark any more. Tens of thousands of Timorese remain in IDP camps, most of them in and around Dili. A new government has been elected, numerous peace and reconciliation efforts have been launched but a long-term solution still seems elusive. Details: Helsinki: Kehitysyhteistyn palvelukeskus, 2007. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Kepa's Working Paper 11: Accessed May 28, 2015 at: https://www.kepa.fi/tiedostot/julkaisut/up-in-smoke.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Gang-Related Violence Shelf Number: 129961 |
Author: Lukash, Anastasiia Monnet Title: The third international self-report study of delinquency among juveniles in Switzerland and in Indonesia Summary: At the moment the third wave of the International Self-reported Delinquency Survey is taking place in 40 countries all over the world. Indonesia is one of 9 countries that successfully conducted this research with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation and Research Group of Prof. Martin Killias. This report presents the main results of this research in comparison with Swiss results. Only the most important variables and the most interesting results both in Indonesia and Switzerland were compared. Indonesian data includes 1780 cases (not weighted) and Swiss data includes 4159 cases (weighted database, 3919 cases). Details: St. Gallen: University of St. Gallen, 2015. 122p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2015 at: http://www.oijj.org/en/docs/report/the-third-international-self-report-study-of-delinquency-among-juveniles-in-switzerlan-0 Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Crime Statistics Shelf Number: 136397 |
Author: Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC) Title: Prison Problems: Planned and Unplanned Releases of Convicted Extremists in Indonesia Summary: Many convicted Indonesian terrorists will be released over the next several years after serving time in prison. he Indonesian government has little capacity at present to provide adequate post-release monitoring, although it is taking some steps to remedy this. Under the circumstances, how much of a security risk do these releases pose? he answer is probably not as much as some people fear; the recidivism rate for convicted extremists remains low. he problem is that systems are not yet in place to keep track of individuals who are considered potential problems. Any evaluation of risk must take several factors into account. One is the numbers involved. In early 2013, articles appeared in the regional media suggesting that 300 prisoners were due for release by the end of 2014. he National Anti-Terror Agency (Badan Nasional Penganggulangan Terorisme, BNPT) later stated the real figure was only 39. A more reasonable estimate is about 80 releases in 2013-2014, some of which have already taken place, with over 100 more in 2015-2016. No one has exact data, however, and accurate predictions are close to impossible. A second factor is the prison experience of those scheduled for release. It is simply not possible to assess risk on the basis of the activities that led to their convictions. Some of the men that might have been judged most dangerous appear to have modified their views and behavior; others who might have seemed low risk have grown more militant because of associations made in prison. Which way an individual turns may depend less on government "deradicalisation" programs -- although interventions that provide status and income can help -- than on the nature and influence of fellow inmates and connections maintained on the outside. In general, senior JI leaders tend to exert a moderating influence, whereas those who follow radical preacher Aman Abdurrahman are likely to keep the level of militancy high. Other factors can also come into play, including the degree to which inmates can mix with ordinary criminal offenders. he problem of released prisoners does not relate just to those charged with terrorism but also to others they may have recruited. he largest cluster of repeat offenders among convicted extremists consists of men whose first offense had nothing to do with terrorism. The riot in Tanjung Gusta prison, Medan, on 11 July 2013 was a reminder that in thinking about scheduled releases, one should think of unscheduled ones, too, even if the number of terrorist escapes over the last decade has been remarkably low. Overcrowding, understaffing and the poor physical condition of many Indonesian prisons combine to produce escapes of ordinary criminals so frequently that it is a wonder that not more extremists make the attempt. To address these risks, improving the capacity of the Indonesian corrections system to analyse and respond to developments in prison is essential. It is also important for the government as a whole to recognize the need for improved post-release monitoring and allocate the necessary resources to put a better system in place. Managing convicted extremists goes to two much larger issues, however. One is overall prison reform: the government acknowledges that the prison system as a whole is in a state of crisis and the Corrections Directorate with the Law and Human Rights Ministry has been receptive to donor assistance in trying to address it. The second is the spread of extremist teachings in a way that generates new groups of young radicals convinced that violence is the way to address injustice, religious deviance and vice. Until the government does more to address this much more sensitive problem, the best monitoring program in the world will be of limited value. Details: Indonesia: IPAC, 2013. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: IPAC Report No. 2: Accessed September 16, 2015 at: http://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/Indonesia_2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Deradicalization Shelf Number: 129777 |
Author: Chng, Serene C.L. Title: In the Market for Extinction: An inventory of Jakarta's bird markets Summary: TRAFFIC found over 19,000 birds representing 206 species for sale in the Pramuka, Jatinegara and Barito markets over a three-day period. The vast majority of the birds counted - 98 per cent - were native to Indonesia and harvested outside of the national harvest quota system or in direct violation of laws protecting select species. Most were considered to be wild-caught. While Indonesia's law allows trade in unprotected bird species, it has put in place a 'no harvest' quota for native birds since 2002. This makes capture or trade of any wild birds in Indonesia illegal regardless of whether the species is protected or not. The only exception to this rule is for the capture of small quantities of a few species for breeding stock in commercial breeding operations. Researchers found that a fifth of the birds observed were endemic to Indonesia - species found nowhere else on earth. Eight native species for sale are assessed as globally threatened on the IUCN Red List: the Bali Myna and Black-winged Myna (both Critically Endangered), Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush (Endangered), Java Sparrow, Sumatran Laughingthrush, Chattering Lory, Straw-headed Bulbul and Javan Coucal (all Vulnerable). The Pramuka market, the largest bird market in the country, had over 10 times more birds than Barito and Jatinegara markets. This is the first time a full inventory of the city's three largest bird markets has been carried out at once. Earlier surveys in Indonesia's bird markets have largely focused on selected species, only partially uncovering the scale of the bird trade in the country's capital. Bird-keeping has cultural significance in Indonesia, and the number of birds found in these markets reflects that. Songbird competitions have also added to the demand of certain prized birds, and increased pressure on these species in the wild. As a result, a number of species are in real danger of being wiped out by the trade. The study found that laws for native species generally afforded good protection, but monitoring and enforcement in the markets were lacking. Accordingly, TRAFFIC recommends that prosecution of traders found openly selling protected species is made an enforcement priority. Details: Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, 2015. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2015 at: http://www.traffic.org/birds/ Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Birds Shelf Number: 136922 |
Author: Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC) Title: Online Activism and Social Media Usage among Indonesian Extremists Summary: Indonesian extremists have a long history of online activism, but links to the Islamic State (still better known in Indonesia by its former acronym ISIS) have raised questions about whether social media usage is significantly changing patterns of radicalisation and recruitment. The answer seems to be a qualified no, but ISIS propaganda seems nevertheless to be having an impact, persuading some Indonesians that the "caliphate" in Syria and Iraq is a well-run state where devout Muslim families can find fulfilment. Where social media has made a difference is in its ability to turn anyone with a Twitter account into a potential propagandist, meaning that the ISIS message may start with friends and family linked into online networks but quickly reaches a much broader public. Despite the heavy reliance of Indonesian extremists at home and abroad on Facebook, Twitter a"d WhatsApp and similar services, "self-radicalization" and "lone wolf " actions have been extremely rare. Personal contacts and direct face-to-face engagement in religious discussion groups (pengajian) remain important, with friendships reinforced through Internet messaging and mobile phone communication. As one analyst notes, individuals do not become supporters of ISIS by simply by being exposed to propaganda, but the propaganda can help transform them from passive supporters into active members. Social media may play a more important role in recruitment in countries like Malaysia with a very strict legal regime, where police monitoring of suspected extremists is so strict that the only relatively "safe" means of interaction is online - and then only with some form of encryption. In Indonesia, however, it is easy for extremists to hold meetings and discussions, and this is where recruitment generally begins. The very few Indonesian groups that have identified potential members through Facebook have been among the least competent, in part because they have not been able to vet potential members properly. Details: Jakarta: IPAC, 2015. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: IPAC Report No. 24: Accessed March 4, 2016 at: http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2015/10/IPAC_24_Online_Activism_Social_Media.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Extremism Shelf Number: 138034 |
Author: Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC) Title: Disunity Among Indonesian ISIS Supporters and the Risk of More Violence Summary: Disunity among Indonesian ISIS Supporters and the Risk of More Violence, the latest report from the Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (IPAC), looks at the Jakarta attack on 14 January 2016 in the context of rivalry among Indonesian ISIS leaders in Syria and different pro-ISIS groups in Indonesia. The bombing and shooting in Indonesia's capital killed four civilians and four terrorists. The Jakarta attack is now known to have been locally organised - not directed from Syria as originally thought - but it almost instantly resulted in instructions from a Syria-based leader to his followers to do one better," says Sidney Jones, IPAC director. "Leaders of Indonesia's tiny pro-ISIS camp are competing to prove their fighting credentials." The report examines how these rivalries emerged. The Jakarta attack appears to have been carried out by members of a group known as Partisans of the Caliphate (Jamaah Anshar Khilafah, JAK), whose ideological leader is detained cleric Aman Abdurrahman. Aman has fallen out with the top Indonesian in Syria, Bahrumsyah, who commands Katibah Nusantara, the main Indonesian-Malaysian military unit in ISIS. He is close to Bahrumsyah's rival, Abu Jandal, who heads a dissident unit. Bahrumsyah is the Indonesian with best access to central ISIS leaders and funds, but the fact that official ISIS media claimed credit for the Jakarta attacks may have boosted Abu Jandal's position. Details: Jakarta: IPAC, 2016. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: IPAC Report No.25: Accessed march 4, 2016 at: http://file.understandingconflict.org/file/2016/02/IPAC_25.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Extremists Shelf Number: 138035 |
Author: Patel, Reyhana Title: Female Genital Cutting in Indonesia: A Field Study Summary: Female Genital Cutting (FGC) - sometimes referred to as Female Genital Mutilation or female circumcision - is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as 'all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.' An estimated 200 million girls and women around the world are currently thought to be suffering the consequences of FGC. Although the bulk of attention, research, and programmes has mainly centred on countries in Africa and on African diaspora communities, the occurrence of FGC in other parts of the world has for too long been ignored by the international community - which often dismisses FGC as an 'African phenomenon.' Further research, however, will underline that FGC is not limited to Africa. Rather, it is a global issue with girls and women in communities within Indonesia, Malaysia, Iraq, Oman and other parts of the Middle East also being subject to FGC. The mixture of drivers that perpetuate this practice through generations include tradition, culture, religion, and social pressure. Although FGC pre-dates Islam and is not practised by the majority of Muslims worldwide, Islamic Relief Canada has learned that there is a large proportion of Muslims (men, women and girls) around the world who believe FGC to be an Islamic imperative or - at the least - not something to be condemned. Details: Burlington, ONT: Islamic Relief Canada, 2016. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2016 at: http://islamicreliefcanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/IRC_FGC_Report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Female Genital Cutting Shelf Number: 139011 |
Author: Nijman, Vincent Title: In Full Swing: Assessment of Trade in Orangutans and Gibbons on Java and Bali, Indonesia Summary: This report presents an assessment of the trade in seven species of gibbon and two species of orang-utan on the islands of Java and Bali. Java and Bali are the economic, industrial and political centres of the Republic of Indonesia. Both islands are densely populated, with an average population density of around 900 people / km2, and although small in area compared to many other islands in the republic, half of the nation's human population resides on Java and Bali. Several species of gibbon in Indonesia, for instance Kloss' Gibbon Hylobates klossi of the Mentawai Islands or the Javan Gibbon H. moloch, are threatened by habitat loss, hunting and capturing, as are both the Sumatran Orang-utan Pongo abelii and Bornean Orang-utan P. pygmaeus. Since Indonesia's transition from the autocracy of Soeharto to a democracy, illegal logging has accelerated and in large parts of the country, forest is being lost at an alarming rate. This puts the survival of those species that fully depend on forest at risk, including all species of gibbon and both species of orang-utan. Trade in these species, and the associated loss of individuals in the process of capturing and trade, may exacerbate these risks. On Java, and to a lesser extent Bali, protected species are widely kept as pets, and, despite being legally protected since 1931, gibbons and orang-utans are no exceptions. Given the precarious situation of gibbons and orang-utans in Indonesia, and the economic importance of Java and Bali, it was considered imperative to gain a greater insight into the severity of the trade in these primates, as well as how the Indonesian conservation authorities and local Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), try to curb this trade. To this end, data was collected from a variety of sources: bird markets (where despite the name, a large range of wildlife species other than birds are traded, including gibbons and orang-utans); from the regional offices for the conservation of natural resources (data on confiscations, prosecutions, and pets that are registered); wildlife rescue centres, rehabilitation centres and zoological gardens (as the facilitator for confiscated and donated gibbons and orang-utans); and local NGOs (as monitors of the trade). In all, data was collected on 559 individuals from at least nine species (249 Hylobates gibbons, 142 Siamangs Symphalangus syndactylus and 168 orang-utans). Details: Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2005. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://wildlifetraderesearch.org/files/r9_nijman_infullswing_traffic_2005.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Logging Shelf Number: 139319 |
Author: Nevendorff, Laura Title: Crystal - Meth in Indonesia: Crystal-meth use and hiv-related risk behaviour in Indonesia Summary: HIV risk behaviors among crystal-meth users might contribute to increasing HIV prevalence rates in Indonesia. Related risks can be reduced if people have access to crystal-meth related health services. Prior to the development of interventions, a comprehensive understanding of structural, social, interpersonal and personal factors related to the use of crystal-meth in Indonesia is crucial. This includes a better understanding of individual and environment factors surrounding drug use and HIV-related risk behaviors, which will allow for the designing of better interventions. This study aims to gain better knowledge on patterns of meth use and its implications on HIV risk and health seeking behavior among crystal-meth users in Indonesia, including a better understanding of on individual and environmental factors shaping drug use. A qualitative research design was developed with the aim of producing a deeper understanding of the diverse patterns of meth use and its implications for HIV risk and related health seeking behaviors. The study looked at patterns of initiation of meth use, sustained use and attempts of reducing and stopping the use of the drug, and how the drug use influenced users' behaviors, including daily activities, HIV risk behaviors, exposure to legal problems, as well as users' social and sexual networks and health seeking behaviors. It was found that patterns of meth use are dynamic and that its use is influenced by factors a personal, inter-personal and social level, occurring within a specific setting and situated within the informants' life experience. Initiation of meth use is strongly influenced by the social network during the informants' youth. Through the network information and or knowledge on the drug, its effects, and availability are provided. Moreover, various forms of assistance may also be provided by the network (e.g. borrowing of money, pawning things, pooling money, or providing drugs). Temporary cessation or relapse may also be influenced by a user's social network. The study has identified three overlapping patterns of meth use: Frequent users, who use meth on a daily basis and tend to do so independently of their social network; practical users, who use meth on a regular basis, but not as frequent as the frequent users; and casual users, who use meth on a situational basis. Users may move from one using pattern to another, depending on specific events and their life situation. Addiction is an important theme explored in this study. Most of the informants reported that the use of meth does not necessarily lead to addiction. As long as they perceived they could manage their use and were able to perform their daily routine, they did not consider themselves to be addicted. Informants tended to associate drug addiction with heroin use. This dominant perception seems to be rooted in the belief that rehabilitation or drug treatment is needed or indicated for heroin use only, and not for meth use, as meth use, according to most informants, can be controlled by the user. However, some informants stated that they were in need of psychological services to deal with depression, anxiety and stress, or required legal aid as a consequence the consequences of their meth use. Details: Jakarta: AIDS Research Center at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, 2015. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2016 at: http://mainline-eng.blogbird.nl/uploads/mainline-eng/Mainlines_sober_facts_on_chrystal_meth_use_in_Indonesia.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 139667 |
Author: Dibley, Arjuna Title: The Hidden Driver of Deforestation: Why Effecting Reform of Indonesia's Legal Framework is Critical to the Long-term Success of REDD+ Summary: In 2015, the state parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreed a mechanism that could be deployed by developing country governments to create economic, social and environmental incentives to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through avoiding deforestation and forest degradation, called REDD+. Countries around the globe have commenced the process of implementing REDD+, including Indonesia. Indonesia introduced a dedicated REDD+ Agency, regulations on the topic, and made policy progress in key areas of REDD+. The legal and policy framework supporting REDD+ is, however, in a state of flux, after the legal and bureaucratic infrastructure put in place to support it was recalibrated following the election of President Joko Widodo in 2014. Given this uncertainty, this paper assess Indonesia's existing legal framework for REDD+ and outlines some legal strategies that could be implemented to revive the REDD+ policy process in Indonesia. Details: Melbourne: Centre for Indonesian law, Islam and Society, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: CILIS Policy Paper no. 11: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: http://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1962167/CILIS-Policy-Paper-No-11-Dibley_Khatarina.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 139815 |
Author: Dirks, Annelieke Title: For the Youth: Juvenile Delinquency, Colonial Civil Society and the Late Colonial State in the Netherlands Indies, 1872-1942 Summary: This dissertation project focuses on forced re-education policies for juvenile delinquents in the Netherlands Indies (now Indonesia) and uses this topic to show the interaction between a 'modernizing' Dutch colonial state and the growth of a colonial civil society, between approximately 1872 and 1942. It uncovers specific government and private initiatives - like state re-education institutes, orphanages, and schools - that attempted to turn young delinquents of Indonesian and (Indo-)European heritage into 'proper' Dutch colonial subjects and citizens. The dissertation shows that a colonial civil society - both European and indigenous - was rapidly developing in the twentieth century and had an undeniable influence on state policies. The book also seeks to understand and reveal the influence of racialized government and private reform policies on the lives of the children that were deemed 'delinquent', their parents and communities. This dissertation focuses on forced re-education policies for juvenile delinquents in the Netherlands Indies (now Indonesia) and uses this topic to show the interaction between a 'modernizing' Dutch colonial state and the growth of a 'colonial civil society', between approximately 1872 and 1945. It explains the development of specific government and private initiatives - like state re-education institutes, orphanages, and schools - that attempted to turn young delinquents of Indonesian and (Indo-)European heritage into 'proper' Dutch colonial subjects and citizens. The dissertation shows that a colonial civil society was rapidly developing in the twentieth century and had an undeniable influence on state policies. The dissertation reveals the impact of racialized government and private reform policies on the lives of the children that were deemed 'delinquent', their parents and communities. Details: Leiden: Leiden University, 2011. 374p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 29, 2016 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/17773 Year: 2011 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Education Shelf Number: 139892 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "The Harvest is in My Blood": Hazardous Child Labor in Tobacco Farming in Indonesia Summary: Indonesia is the world's fifth-largest tobacco producer, with more than 500,000 tobacco farms. Thousands of children, some as young as eight years old, work in hazardous conditions on these farms, exposed to nicotine, toxic pesticides, and other dangers. This work can have lasting consequences for their health and development. Large Indonesian companies, as well as some of the largest multinational tobacco companies in the world, buy the vast majority of tobacco grown in Indonesia and use it to manufacture tobacco products sold domestically and abroad. None of these companies do enough to ensure children are not working in hazardous conditions on farms in their supply chains. Based on interviews with more than 130 child workers, This report documents how child tobacco workers suffer symptoms consistent with acute nicotine poisoning, handle toxic chemicals, cut themselves with sharp tools, faint while working in extreme heat, and face other dangers. Few of the children interviewed, or their parents, understood the health risks of the work or were trained on safety measures. Children are particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of tobacco farming because their brains and bodies are still developing. Nicotine exposure during childhood has been associated with mood disorders, and problems with memory, attention, impulse control, and cognition later in life. Human Rights Watch urges the Indonesian government and tobacco companies to ban children from work that involves direct contact with tobacco. Details: Hew York: HRW, 2016. 127p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/indonesia0516web_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 139921 |
Author: ProFauna Indonesia Title: Illegal Trade of Primate in Palembang - South Sumatera Summary: Palembang City - South Sumatera, is one of the main hubs in wildlife trade network in Indonesia. Like the other big cities, Palembang also has bird (animal/pet) markets. Although the bird markets are small, any kind of wildlife can be found there. Besides for local buyers, the traded wildlife are also smuggled to some big cities in Java Island, especially Jakarta and Yogyakarta. Between March and May 2012, ProFauna Indonesia with the support of the International Primate Protection League (IPPL), conducted a survey in Palembang to uncover the primate trade in the capital of South Sumatra Province. The survey results were expected to be used by related stake holders or law enforcement agencies in order to enforce the law and curb the trade. Details: Malang,Indonesia: ProFauna Indonesia, 2012. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 30, 2016 at: http://www.profauna.net/sites/default/files/downloads/publication-2012-illegal-trade-of-primate-in-palembang-south-sumatera.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 140084 |
Author: Solian, Ahmad Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Indonesia Summary: GLOBAL STUDY ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM COUNTRY-SPECIFIC REPORT INDONESIA Indonesia is one of the world's major tourism destinations. It attracts millions of tourists every year from all over the world, including many local visitors. The high tourism rate in Indonesia is influenced by easy access to its nationwide tourist attractions, high volume of flights and cheap accommodation. The rising number of both local and foreign visitors has led to an increased demand for entertainment facilities, most notably in the sex trade. Research on child sex tourism in Indonesia conducted by ECPAT Indonesia found that, on the whole, Indonesia did not recognise or offer sex tourism in its popular destinations, although many manipulated the tourism industry to sexually exploit children. Details: Jakarta, Indonesia: ECPAT Indonesia, 2016. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/countries/Indonesia/ Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Child Pornography Shelf Number: 140304 |
Author: Wakker, Eric Title: Indonesia: Illegalities in Forest Clearance for Large-Scale Commercial Plantations Summary: This is the second in a series of case studies examining the nature, scale and extent of illegalities and irregularities in the process of forest clearance for large-scale agricultural estates and ranchlands, and the scale of the trade in commodities grown or reared on land illegally cleared of forests. Each country assessment examines the state of knowledge on the topic, and the recent history of relevant sectoral activity in each country, profiles key companies, outlines the legal and regulatory environment, and summarizes available evidence of illegalities and irregularities. This study focuses on oil palm and pulp and paper plantations, generally seen as the main drivers of deforestation over the past ten to twenty years. The past fifteen years have seen increased global public and political acknowledgement of the environmental, social and economic costs of illegal logging, but this discourse has largely focused on tree harvesting under selective logging forestry and associated timber trade. This study represents a first step towards broadening our understanding of the nature, scale and extent of illegalities and irregularities in deforestation for oil palm and tree plantation expansion in Indonesia. Details: Washington, DC: Forest Trends, 2014. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 20, 2016 at: http://www.forest-trends.org/documents/files/doc_4528.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 145606 |
Author: Johnson, Kirk A. Title: The longue duree: Indonesia's response to the threat of jihadist terrorism 1998-2016 Summary: This thesis studies the evolution of the Indonesian government's response to the threat of transnational jihadism and addresses the debate over the effectiveness of its counter-terrorism policy. It poses the question: has Indonesian policy on transnational terrorism been effective in combating the mobilization of radical Islamic groups? By examining the three periods since Indonesia's transition to democracy - 1998- 2001, 2002-2008, and 2009-present - the prominent political and social issues considered by politicians and counter-terrorist specialists can be seen through the lenses of the threats facing Indonesia and the state's response. Through these means, the evolution and effectiveness of Indonesian counter-terrorism may be further measured against the context and interplay of three factors: counter-terrorism policies chosen, changing nature and evolution of the jihadist groups, and public opinion. These factors enabled state capacity and the implementation of a criminal justice counter-terrorism approach effectively implementing "hard" and "soft" methods. With continued implementation of this approach, Indonesia may be positioned to combat the re-emergent transnationally influenced jihadist threats. The findings and lessons learned identified in this thesis may assist countries like Indonesia in their CT strategy development, capacity building, and application. Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2016. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 8, 2016 at: http://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/49499/16Jun_Johnson_Kirk.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: al-Qaeda Shelf Number: 145370 |
Author: Ahsan, Abdillah Title: Illicit Cigarettes in Indonesia Summary: Illicit tobacco trade in Indonesia consists of illegal domestically produced cigarettes as well as cigarettes smuggled from abroad. This is recognised as an increasing problem that has not been quantifi ed. Methods Two methods were used to estimate Indonesia's illicit cigarette trade in terms of both volume and revenue loss. Method 1 estimates illicit trade as the discrepancy between, domestic consumption minus legal sales of cigarettes. Method 2 estimates illicit imports as the differences between exports to, and offi cial imports into Indonesia. Data The period of analysis is 1995-2006 using data from the Indonesian Central Board and Statistics and Excise and Customs, and US Department of Agriculture. Results Estimates from method 1 suggest illicit trade from illegal domestic cigarette production and net smuggling out of Indonesia, amounted to 43 billion sticks in 1995, falling to 10 billion by 2001. During 2002-2004 increased illegal domestic production of cigarettes together with possibly some net smuggling in, amounted to 23-31 billion sticks per year or 10-14% of total cigarette consumption. The resultant loss of government revenue ranged from Rp 2.7 Trillion to Rp 3.5 trillion (US$ 327-409 million) for 2002-2004, or between 9% and 13% of total tobacco excise revenue. There were considerable trade discrepancies between the values of imports and exports of cigarettes as reported by Indonesia and by the origin or destination countries. However offi cial imports into Indonesia are low, and to the extent that their difference from exports to Indonesia are an indication of smuggling into the country, they represented only Rp270 to Rp 350 million or some 0.001% of total cigarette revenue. Conclusion The large part of illicit cigarette trade in Indonesia appears to be from illicit domestic production. In order to reduce both illegal cigarette production and smuggling, the government should increase resources to enforce the laws concerning the excise system and impose stronger penalties, especially as related to illicit cigarette production,. Under Article 15 of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC)1, all governments ratifying the FCTC are required to address smuggling by collecting data about cross border trade in tobacco products; enacting or strengthening legislation against illicit trade in tobacco; destroying counterfeit and contraband tobacco; adopting and implementing measures to monitor and control the distribution of tobacco products; and adopting measures to enable the confi scation of proceeds derived from smuggling. Illicit cigarette trade includes smuggled cigarettes and illegal domestic production. It has been suggested by the Indonesian Ministry of Health that smuggling is around 5% of the domestic sales2. This relatively low estimate refl ects the Indonesian preference for kreteks above white cigarettes, which predominate in the illicit cigarette trade, and makes smuggling into Indonesia unprofi table. Some 90% of Indonesian smokers smoke kretek, a tobacco and clove cigarette produced almost exclusively in Indonesia, often illegally. The low price of kreteks may have led to Indonesia being an exporter of smuggled cigarettes, especially to the main destination countries of Indonesian migrant workers including Malaysia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and the Middle East. Bootlegging is unlikely as Indonesia's tobacco tax rate is low compared to neighboring countries except Cambodia. Smuggling white (tobacco only) cigarettes into Indonesia has been identifi ed as potentially profi table; a BAT-commissioned study reported a preference among Indonesian consumers for contraband versions of international brand cigarettes3 (ref). Currently this is relatively low in Indonesia for the reasons given above. Illicit cigarette trade undermines tobacco control policies by lowering price and encouraging consumption particularly by the young and poor4 and denies governments excise revenue. Indonesia’s complicated tobacco excise tax system creates incentives for smokers to ‘trade down’ to cheaper illicit cigarettes, and in Indonesia illicit trade is recognised also as an obstacle to fairly sharing tobacco excise revenue (Damiri, 2008). This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the illicit trade and associated revenue losses, and so to provide the government with the rationale to improve law enforcement Details: Bangkok: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance, 2011. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2017 at: http://seatca.org/dmdocuments/Illicit%20cigarettes%20Indonesia%20July%202011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Cigarette Smuggling Shelf Number: 140846 |
Author: Cameron, Lisa Title: Crimes against Morality: Unintended Consequences of Criminalizing Sex Work Summary: We exploit a natural experiment in which local officials criminalized sex work in one district in East Java, Indonesia, and not in a neighboring district, to estimate the impact of criminalizing sex work on the health and risk behaviors of female sex workers and their clients. We utilize a unique dataset comprised of the first panel data on female sex workers and the first data on clients of sex workers. We find evidence that criminalization increased the prevalence of STIs among female sex workers by 58 percent, measured by health exam results. The main mechanism driving this increase is decreased access to condoms by 62 percent and an increase in non-condom use during commercial sex transactions. We rule out other changes, such as increased transactions or clients per sex worker. This research presents new evidence that criminalizing sex work can put an already vulnerable population in a more precarious situation. Details: Unpublished paper, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2017 at: Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Prostitutes Shelf Number: 144437 |
Author: Persuaduraan Korban Napza Indonesia (PKNI) Title: Women speak out: Understanding women who inject drugs in Indonesia Summary: The needs of women who inject drugs have largely been ignored by existing programmes and policies in Indonesia. The Indonesian Drug Users Network supported the implementation of the Perempuan Bersuara study to explore health needs, sexual and injecting risk behaviours, gender-based violence, contact with law enforcement, and harm reduction service accessibility among more than 700 women who inject drugs across multiple sites in West Java, Greater Jakarta, and Banten province. As people who use and inject drugs and direct beneficiaries of Indonesia's harm reduction and HIV response, we feel that the complex needs of women in our community have been neglected for far too long. There is an urgent need to develop gender-sensitive, low-threshold programmes and evidence-based drug policies that accommodate and respond to the specific needs of this group. Details: s.l.: Indonesian Drug Users Network, 2016. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 27, 2017 at: https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/566349360/library/WomenSpeakOut_English_Web.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 144592 |
Author: Putri, Dania Title: Cannabis in Indonesia: Patterns in consumption, production, and policies Summary: Key Points - Traditional use of cannabis in Indonesia has mainly been found in the northern part of Sumatra, particularly in the Aceh region. Restrictions in production, use and distribution of cannabis were initiated by the Dutch colonial government in the 1920s following international actions on cannabis control. - Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance in Indonesia, with approximately two million users in 2014. Under the current narcotics law cannabis is included in the mostrestrictive Schedule I list, along with substances such as heroin, and crystal meth or shabu. Penalties for cannabis-related offences are comparable to shabu- or heroin-related offences, in spite of the common perception that cannabis is less harmful. - The ambiguous nature of the narcotics law often triggers the victimisation of cannabis users who are either falsely accused as dealers, or have limited or no access to legal support during legal proceedings. Entrapment and extortion by law enforcement and security officers are widespread. - Government attempts to alleviate prison overcrowding by sending users to rehabilitation centres have triggered many criticisms, mainly due to their problematic methods (such as forced urine tests and breaches of patient confidentiality) and the questionable effectiveness of mandatory rehabilitation programmes, especially as the majority of cannabis users do not develop problematic use. - Decriminalizing use, possession for personal use and small-scale cannabis cultivation for personal use may help resolve various issues ranging from prison overcrowding to extortion of users by law enforcement officers, and may also free up human and financial resources to tackle problematic use. Details: Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Drug Policy Briefing no. 44: Accessed April 12, 2017 at: https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/dpb_44_13012016_map_web.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Cannabis Shelf Number: 144819 |
Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Report on Human Trafficking, Forced Labour and Fisheries Crime in the Indonesian Fishing Industry Summary: In 2015 the mass rescue of foreign fishers trafficked for labour exploitation on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels in Benjina and Ambon highlighted the lack of adequate policing of the fishing industry and a lack of scrutiny of working conditions on vessels and in fish processing plants. The case highlighted the expansive nature of this transnational criminal venture. Victims were recruited from numerous countries and forced to work illegally within Indonesia. National laws and regulations were breached and international conventions ignored. Front companies were established and illegally caught fish transshipped in the Indonesian EEZ and boundary areas, thus preventing interception by the Indonesian authorities. Ultimately the catch entered the global supply chain and was handled by legitimate suppliers of fish, unaware of its provenance and the human toll behind the catch. The situation in Benjina and Ambon is symptomatic of a much broader and insidious trade in people, not only in the Indonesian and Thai fishing industries, but indeed globally. This research provides a glimpse into a far-reaching and well-entrenched criminal industry operating alongside the legitimate fishing industry, and often overlapping. The situation represents the spread of transnational organized crime at sea and the threat it poses as a maritime security threat to nations, and a human security threat to fishers, seafarers and fishing communities. Human Trafficking and Forced Labour in Indonesia fishing industry is characterized by: - systematic and highly organized deceptive recruitment and exploitation of fishers and seafarers from multiple source countries in South East Asia; witness testimony of murder and the unlawful disposal of corpses; - extreme cases of labour exploitation with fishers working in excess of 20 hours per day up to 7 days per week; and - a lack of awareness at the local level of human trafficking and forced labour and associated criminal activity. IUU fishing in Indonesia is characterized by: - overlapping Indonesian government legislation and regulations has created confusion over the responsibilities of key government bodies responsible for the oversight of worker recruitment, conditions, and monitoring of fishing companies, manning agencies, and fishing vessels; - collaboration of more than 2 people: double-flagged vessels are registered in two different countries. This act of forging the deletion certificate is done by at least the ship-owner, the backers and field actors; - suspected commission of serious criminal offences: illegal fishers violate numerous laws, from deactivating the transmitter, using prohibited and destructive fishing gear, illegal transshipment, forging vessel documents and the logbook; - foreign masters working illegally for indefinite periods of time: although there has been a national law prohibiting the use of foreign crews, there are still lots of foreign fishing masters working on board vessels undertaking lengthy voyages. This shows that there is considerable planning to conduct the crime; - the pursuit of profit and/or power: the very reason for fisheries crime is to gain more profit and financial benefits with the least minimum effort in regards to compliance and exploiting the corruptible tendencies of some high level authorities and politicians; - operating at an international level: illegal fishers operate in multiple countries, fish in various areas, fly flags of convenience and land their catch directly to another State, and sell the fish in the international market at high cost; and - using commercial or businesslike structures: most illegal fishing operations are managed using large companies, often established with foreign investment, have valid licences, yet they are violating laws and evading taxes. - That port authorities record the movements of vessels, particularly foreign affiliated vessels; - That port officials fisheries investigators be trained in identifying indicators of human trafficking , forced labour and IUU fishing; - Minimise overlapping regulation / authority between Government agencies; - That all deaths on board fishing vessels or in port are investigated and an autopsy performed; - That Flag States take more responsibility for the actions of IUU Fishing vessels flying under their flags; - Efforts to establish a global vessel record (registry) are supported; - Support increased inspections and accessibility to fishing vessels and remote fish processing plants; - Support an increased role for investigators (navy, marine police and fisheries) to conduct inspections of fishing vessels for evidence of trafficking and IUU fishing; - Conduct human rights due diligence and human rights audits on fishing companies before issuing licences; - Establish centres for fishers and seafarers at ports (centre for fishers to report abuse, injuries, deaths and seek protection); - Support multi-agency inspections and investigations at ports; - Introduce a multi traceability policy to prevent human rights violations and reduce IUU fishing; and - Increase and consumer awareness of human trafficking in the fishing industry. Details: Geneva, SWIT: IOM, 2016. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2017 at: https://www.iom.int/sites/default/files/country/docs/indonesia/Human-Trafficking-Forced-Labour-and-Fisheries-Crime-in-the-Indonesian-Fishing-Industry-IOM.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Fishing Industry Shelf Number: 145805 |
Author: Chemonics International Inc. Title: Changes for Justice Project: Final Report Summary: The Changes for Justice (C4J) Project was funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) under Contract No. DFD-I-00-08-00070-00, a Task Order under the Encouraging Global Anticorruption and Good Governance Efforts (ENGAGE) Indefinite Quantity Contract (IQC) awarded to Chemonics International with a start date of May 12, 2010. The C4J contract effective end date was May 11, 2014, but the project received a cost extension until May 11, 2015. The C4J Project was based on several recent USAID efforts to support the bureaucratic reform processes of the Indonesian Supreme Court and the Attorney General's Office (AGO), including the Justice Sector Reform Program (JSRP) focused on the AGO, the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)/USAID Indonesia Control of Corruption Project (ICCP), focused on the Supreme Court, and the Indonesia Anticorruption and Commercial Court Enhancement (In-ACCE) Project, focused on five first-instance general (district) courts with jurisdiction for commercial and anticorruption cases. C4J was designed to sustain those earlier projects' reforms, compare the knowledge and experiences of each, and deepen the reforms by improving management and increasing transparency and accountability within Indonesia's judicial and prosecutorial systems. The goals of the C4J Project were divided into three parts: Sustaining and Broadening Reforms in the Supreme Court (Component 1); Sustaining and Broadening Reforms in the Attorney General's Office (Component 2); and Special Initiatives (Component 3). Key activities included institutional reforms in human resources, budget and financial management, case management, information technology, education and training programs, and public services. Technical activities included development and launching of prosecution guidelines, a new prosecutorial code of conduct, a new certification program for judges on juvenile cases, and an integrated justice sector training program on combatting threats to biodiversity. Special Initiatives of the project under Component 3 included installation of public information desks, creation of Version 1 of a new case tracking system (CTS) in three pilot district courts during the first year of the project, and a new program to combat threats to biodiversity in three pilot districts, including district courts, district prosecutors' offices, and rural communities. These pilot programs proved to be an excellent model for testing, evaluating, and rolling out reforms. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2015. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2017 at: http://www.chemonics.com/OurWork/OurProjects/Documents/C4J%20Final%20Report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Courts Shelf Number: 147179 |
Author: Chemonics International Inc. Title: Wildlife Crime in Indonesia: .A Rapid Assessment of the Current Knowledge, Trends and Priority Actions Summary: Global Context Wildlife crime refers to any activities involving wild species that have been prohibited by law. It is now one of the largest criminal industries in the world, worth an estimated $19 billion (IFAW 2013). Whilst little overall empirical data is available, there is strong evidence that wildlife crime is rising in parallel with rising economic prosperity. There is also evidence that it is increasingly overlapping with other organized criminal activities. A key driver of the illegal trade in wildlife is the demands from the traditional medicine, exotic pet, curio and food markets, with prices for some wildlife products exceeding those for gold and platinum. Although the impacts of wildlife crime on the environment, particularly on endangered species, have long been recognized, the impacts of the illegal trade in wildlife on broader economic prosperity, social wellbeing and the stability of governance are increasingly being appreciated, and in line with this trend, international recognition of the severity of the problem has grown significantly in the last 10-15 years. Asia has long been a global hub for wildlife crime, both as a supplier and consumer. Due to the recent economic growth in Asia its role as a consumer has risen, increasing demand for regional and international products. After a long period of inaction, various Asian institutions are now also starting to respond to the threats presented by wildlife crime, with the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network the key initiative but increasing interest also being shown by APEC and the Asian Development Bank. Wildlife Crime in Indonesia It is currently impossible to provide accurate estimates of the scale and volume of wildlife crime in Indonesia. Current data gaps and biases are huge, the number of threatened and targeted species is long, and the data that does exist is often not readily accessible, or easily comparable. Despite this, the data that is available on specific species and from specific sites, combined with expert testimony from those fighting wildlife crimes in the field, paints a compelling and deeply concerning picture. Wildlife crime is considered to be widespread and relatively open in Indonesia and the country has a reputation for being one of the key regional players in the market. Details on Indonesia's role in the illegal trade in some key species are included in Section III. Most experts believe the industry to be growing, to be getting marginally less visible and to be getting more organised, but specific estimates on the size and growth of the industry are currently lacking. Although the key drivers behind wildlife crime in Indonesia are similar to the global drivers, with demand from China key, domestic markets in Indonesia are also significant, both for domestic and international products. The prices offered for wildlife products in Indonesia are also very significant in comparison to average per capita income and experts tend to agree that prices are rising. Secondary factors which create the enabling conditions for wildlife crime in Indonesia include limited or poorly enforced land use planning, and the weak protection of conservation areas. This leads to relatively uncontrolled deforestation, which opens up access to hunting and increases human-wildlife conflict, which is a key entry point of wild animals into the illegal trade. In addition, overlapping mandates, variable political interest in wildlife crime and a lack of inter-agency coordination are all factors that further complicate enforcement. The wider impacts of wildlife crime in Indonesia are not well understood. Environmental impacts on specific species, such as tigers, rhinos and specific bird species have been recorded, but the likely significant social and economic impacts are still largely based on limited data, or focused on specific sites or species. Analysis of this kind is severely hampered by poor data availability, and the limited comparability of data from different sources (e.g. NGOs, and different Government agencies). However, areas where the trade is better understood show fairly complex, well-organised crime syndicates controlling activities. Some of the illegal activity involves trading totally prohibited species or species parts, such as tiger, pangolin or elephant. Others involve illegal trade of legal species, such as reptiles and birds, either by passing wild-caught specimens off as captive bred, or by exceeding quotas (see Appendix IV). Online wildlife crime is also a growing problem in Indonesia. Although Indonesia's legislative framework is relatively robust, there are numerous loopholes related to wildlife and wildlife protection, and these remain a limiting factor in tackling the issue. Indonesia is also a signatory to CITES and a supporter of other international conventions related to wildlife crime, as well as and an active participant in numerous international and regional collaborations. As the importance of wildlife crime as an economic and social issue becomes more widely communicated regionally, these partnerships have enabled Indonesia to develop a strong political platform which could be used to demonstrate its leadership on this issue in the future. Prioritising interventions within Indonesia for addressing wildlife crime Interventions addressing the underlying macro-level drivers behind wildlife crime in Indonesia are important but difficult to implement, particularly because several of the markets are dominated by other countries in mainland Asia. Progress to date has been made predominantly close to the forest, with poachers, low level traders, transporters and middlemen being successfully targeted by the authorities or through combined NGO/Government operations. These efforts are critical, particularly those which target poachers before animals are trapped or killed, and new investment could be directed towards new and scaled up approaches at this scale, building on enforcement successes, and proven existing partnerships. Improvements in data collection, data coordination and information management are fundamental and will underpin the success of the majority of these initiatives. Much data already exists, but is of varying quality, collected using varying methodologies, and is often not shared with the agencies that need it for their work. A coordinating body on wildlife crime data could help address these concerns, and ensure all government units and all NGOs cooperate and collaborate to bring their individual competitive advantages to bear in addressing the problem. However, any attempt to target a reduction in Indonesia's role in the international supply chains for wildlife trade will also require investment in top down approaches that target the kingpins and criminal networks controlling the import and export levels of the supply chain, alongside strong government relationships, bilateral partnerships and joint action plans with other countries in the region which codify collective action and cooperation. In addition, there is also significant potential to reduce domestic demand and to provide more robust sanctions and incentives which curtail wildlife crime. Addressing the needed revisions to national legislative frameworks would support ground level enforcement, and both the priorities and process of reform are relatively well understood. Engendering a sea change in the culture and effectiveness of the authorities enforcing the laws is also absolutely crucial, but this is considerably more complex, requiring strong leadership from within, as well as sanctions and incentives that encourage behavioural change across institutions. High level political will is needed to engender and prioritise this change, and signs of this already occurring in Indonesia are enormously positive, and indicate that the process of raising wildlife crime from the environmental agenda to the political one has already begun. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2015. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Changes for Justice Project: Accessed January 19, 2018 at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00KH52.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 148881 |
Author: Amnesty International Title: The Great Palm Oil Scandal: Labour abuses behind big brand names Summary: Some of the world's best known companies are selling food, cosmetics and other products containing palm oil from Indonesian plantations on which workers are suffering serious human rights abuses. Wilmar International Limited (Wilmar) controls over 43% of the global palm oil trade, selling to many 'household name' companies. Amnesty International found a range of labour rights abuses on the plantations operated by Wilmar's subsidiaries and suppliers in Indonesia. These abuses include worst forms of child labour, forced labour, discrimination against women workers, people being paid below the minimum wage, and workers suffering injuries from toxic chemicals. Under Indonesian law, many of these abuses can amount to criminal offences but the laws are poorly enforced. Despite these serious abuses, palm oil from many of these plantations continues to be certified by an international initiative - the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) - whose processes are fundamentally flawed. Companies that buy this palm oil claim to consumers that their products have been made using 'sustainable' palm oil. Amnesty International is calling for a major overhaul of how the palm oil industry operates. Companies must end their reliance on weak compliance-based approaches. They must proactively investigate and address abuses all along their supply chain. Amnesty International is also calling on the Indonesian government to improve enforcement of its labour laws, to investigate the abuses it has identified and to initiate prosecutions where there is evidence that criminal offences have been committed. Details: London: AI, 2016. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2018 at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa21/5184/2016/en/ Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 148921 |
Author: Drummond, Caroline Title: Interventions for perpetrators of child sexual exploitation: A scoping study Summary: Child sexual exploitation (CSE) has become an issue of growing concern over the last decade. Understanding and identification of how to work with victims has increased in this period, but little is currently known about those who perpetrate these offences. To prevent further cases of CSE, it is critical that more is known about the individuals involved and their journey through the criminal justice system. This information could help to influence the development of effective interventions for those individuals, and reduce their risk of reoffending. This scoping study was part of a programme of research commissioned by the Centre of expertise on child sexual abuse, concerning individuals who sexually exploit children. The study's purpose was to: ‣ ascertain whether any current interventions exist specifically for adult male perpetrators of CSE involving physical contact ‣ identify areas of promising practice and any evidence of their effectiveness ‣ gather expert views on what an appropriate approach to an effective intervention for this group would be. The study was designed to review existing evidence and gather the views of experts. A literature review was carried out to identify existing interventions, areas of promising practice and recommendations as to how interventions could be further developed. Interviews were then undertaken with a range of experts, including practitioners and academics. Key findings ‣ There is currently no specific intervention - in prison, probation or the community - for individuals convicted of a CSE-related offence involving physical contact. (This study did not investigate interventions for perpetrators of online CSE.) ‣ There was confusion amongst the experts we spoke to over the interpretation of the definition of CSE, and how appropriate this definition is in relation to interventions delivered in the criminal justice system. (A new Government definition of CSE had been introduced in England shortly before the bulk of this study took place.) ‣ There are significant gaps in knowledge about perpetrators. Filling these gaps may help when considering what a specific intervention would be appropriate, and if so what it could look like. ‣ Interventions in the community should be explored further, to supplement programmes provided by criminal justice agencies and enable more collaboration. Further resources would need to be made available to develop these effectively. ‣ It is unknown how the new prison programmes being rolled out by Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) will affect perpetrators of CSE. What does the research show? Current interventions There are currently no specific interventions delivered in prison, probation or the community for perpetrators of contact CSE. Previously, depending on the offence that an individual was convicted of, they may have undertaken a sex offender treatment programme. New treatment programmes targeted at a wider cohort of male offenders (not just those convicted of sexual offences) are currently being rolled out by HMPPS, but little is currently known about how these will work with individuals convicted of a CSE-related offence. Voluntary, community-based interventions, such as Circles of Support and Accountability, exist for individuals convicted of sexual offences, but are not specific to perpetrators of contact CSE. They are based on a voluntary participation model where the individual is supported to reintegrate into the community. Specialist programmes and promising practice There are currently no specialist programmes specifically for perpetrators of contact CSE in either a criminal justice or a community setting. Whilst there is a specific offence around exploitation contained in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, in reality perpetrators may be charged with a variety of offences, and CSE activity will not always be tracked through to the prison or probation setting. Identifying individuals as eligible for specialist programmes would therefore be challenging, unless tracking of CSE activity is more consistent. Although no specific interventions in the criminal justice system for perpetrators of contact CSE have been identified, there are a number of areas of practice that could be developed, including the role of service users and disruption measures. Evidence of effectiveness Whilst reconviction rates of individuals committing sexual offences are low, to date it has been challenging to evidence the effectiveness of sex offender treatment programmes that perpetrators of contact CSE may undertake in prison and the community. We found no clear consensus around what is considered effective, owing to the complexities of measuring effectiveness (including the influence of variables such as housing or family, which may impact on reoffending). In addition, the evidence that exists does not allow us to disaggregate the data for perpetrators of CSE, making it particularly difficult to establish what works with this group. Experts' views on the most appropriate approaches to interventions Many of the experts we interviewed considered that, given the complexities around the different ways in which CSE is perpetrated, creating an intervention to address all models of CSE would be extremely challenging. We still know very little about the specific characteristics and motivations of perpetrators of CSE, and this is critical when considering what an effective intervention might look like. The need for an individualised approach towards interventions was highlighted, given the wide range of motivations and models of CSE that can occur. Gaps in knowledge There are still many gaps in knowledge about individuals convicted of CSE-related offences, in particular around their characteristics and their motivations for committing those offences. Knowing more about individuals who perpetrate CSE could help to inform a specialist intervention for this group. Implications from the research A number of themes emerged from the research that could be explored further: for example, the role that gender-based belief systems and attitudes play in relation to CSE activity. Similarly, issues around gangs and groups (such as the utility of gang risk assessments rather than sexual offending risk assessments) were referenced as being important to consider in developing effective intervention measures. Lack of interventions in custody or in the community for specific groups, particularly young men, is an area for potential exploration - as is the role that the community can play in providing interventions additional to those delivered in the criminal justice system. Given the current resource constraints of Government, supplementary interventions or services should be seriously considered. Details: Ilford, Esssex, UK: Centre of Expertise on Child Sexual Abuse, 2018. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Child sexual exploitation perpetrators research programme, report 4: Accessed February 22, 2018 at: https://www.csacentre.org.uk/csa-centre-prod/assets/File/CSE%20perpetrators%204%20-%20Interventions%20for%20perpetrators%20of%20CSE.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Child Pornography Shelf Number: 149213 |
Author: Morgan, John Title: Slow and Steady: The Global Footprint of Jakarta's Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Trade Summary: TRAFFIC has been monitoring the trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles in Jakarta's markets, exotic pet shops and at wild animal exhibitions (expos) for more than a decade. The two resulting TRAFFIC reports in 2007 and 2011 revealed that trade in Jakarta was widespread and that a large proportion consisted of illegal trade. Subsequently, TRAFFIC carried out additional surveys of tortoises and freshwater turtles in Jakarta in 2015. This four-month study, aimed to document the trade in Jakarta's markets and pet shops to re-assess the situation in terms of illegal and unsustainable trade. These data were compared to previous TRAFFIC surveys to assess fluctuations and trends over the past decade. During weekly visits to seven locations (comprising three pet stores, two animal markets and two tropical fish markets), and single visits to three reptile expos, all known to be dealing in reptiles, a total of 4985 individuals of 65 different species of tortoise and freshwater turtles were recorded. As time spent in the shops was limited to avoid arousing suspicion, the identification of individual tortoise and freshwater turtle specimens over the survey period was not possible, and therefore the total number of individuals on sale could potentially be an overestimate. Nevertheless, numbers of individuals provided for any given week and the total number of species identified are accurate. Numbers of tortoises and freshwater turtles observed per week ranged from 92 to 983, with a mean of 383 individuals. Only 15 of the species observed were native to Indonesia, of which three were nationally protected. Non-native species made up 7% of individuals on sale, with species originating from Africa (6 species), Asia (), Europe (4), Madagascar (3), North America (16) and South America (7). Almost half (32 of 65) of the species observed on sale were categorized in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List as being threatened with extinction. Nine species recorded (one of which was native) are currently listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I, where commercial international trade is prohibited, meaning at least eight of these species were likely to have been illegally imported. A further 27 species were listed in Appendix II and five in Appendix III. With 41 CITES-listed species observed during the surveys, 10 of which were native species and therefore may not appear in the United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) CITES Trade database because records there are restricted to international trade transactions, and ten of which do appear in the database, 21 species (involving 1758 animals) still remain unaccounted for, suggesting they were brought into the country through illegal means. However, as the UNEP-WCMC database requires a minimum of two years to be updated it is possible that the records are still incomplete. A retrospective analysis of discrepancies between CITES trade records and trade observations from the two previous TRAFFIC surveys in 2004 and 2010, reveal that at least 15 of these CITES-listed nonnative species, involving a minimum of 727 animals, are suspected to have been imported illegally. The findings from the 2015 survey show that more species were found on sale than in the previous two TRAFFIC surveys, as well as more non-native, CITES-listed and threatened species. Numbers of native Indonesian species, both protected and non-protected, have stayed fairly constant since the 2010 survey (14 in 2010 and 15 in 2015). While this does not directly indicate larger volumes of species are being traded compared to previous years, the fact that more species were on display reveals either a change in preference among buyers for more novel species or better trade connections between Indonesian traders and a wider variety of suppliers worldwide. Clearly, efforts to curb the unsustainable and at traders and a wider variety of suppliers worldwide. Clearly, efforts to curb the unsustainable and at times illegal trade in tortoises and freshwater turtles are either insufficient or ineffective. The high number of non-native species offered for sale is facilitated by a long-standing legislative problem in Indonesia, namely, Indonesian law does not regulate domestic trade in any non-native species, including those listed by CITES, once they have crossed the Custom's boundary into Indonesian territory. This legal loophole hampers any law enforcement to counter illegal trade in these non-native species. Furthermore, existing laws covering native protected species are seldom enforced effectively, and traders are rarely prosecuted to the full extent possible under the law: thus illegal trade continues largely uninhibited given the lack of regulation and deterrence. The conservation of many tortoise and freshwater turtle species recorded in these surveys depends in part on the effectiveness of Indonesia's approach to tackling trafficking and market availability; this applies equally to native and non-native species. Details: Southeast Asia Regional Office, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia, 2018. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 2, 2018 at: https://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/157301/27865373/1521988425807/Jakartas-Tortoise-and-Freshwater-turtle-trade-web.pdf?token=pcanRKCjUQWp67U%2FakdZK5EB%2BzA%3D Year: 2018 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Endangered Species Shelf Number: 149654 |
Author: Independent Forest Monitoring Network (JPIK) Title: The Loss of Our Forest and Peatland: An investigation into forest and peatland conversion and illegal logging in Sebangau National Park Summary: Our latest joint report with the Independent Forest Monitoring Network in Indonesia (aka JPIK) reveals systematic and extensive encroachment into forests as well as illegal logging in Sebangau National Park. JPIK's repeated monitoring from the end of 2016 to early 2018 found forest and peatland have been converted and burnt to make way for oil palm plantations in Tangkiling and Marang, Bukit Batu sub-district in Palangkaraya municipality, one of the management units of Sebangau National Park. It further found illegal logging inside the park, with the timber allegedly used to supply local timber industries in Central Kalimantan. Satellite image analysis shows 19,000 hectares in Sebangau National Park were burnt in 2015, the same location where more than half of the hotspots in all national parks in Indonesia in the same year were found. The cause is believed to be land clearing for oil palm plantations and farmland. . Details: London: EIA, 2018. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2018 at: https://eia-international.org/report/lost-forest-peatland/ Year: 2018 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Environmental Crimes Shelf Number: 151426 |
Author: Suryadarma, Ardhany Title: Integration of Harm Reduction into Drug Rehabilitation Programmes in Indonesia Summary: Harm reduction programmes in Indonesia have been officially recognised and in operation since 2007, beginning with their implementation in primary-level healthcare facilities. Harm reduction programmes differ from the majority of drug rehabilitation programmes in Indonesia, with the latter focussed on the achievement of abstinence. From when they were established in the late 1990s, rehabilitation programmes in Indonesia typically adopted the approach of setting behavioural change and abstinence from drug use as the only goals. No compromise on these goals were allowed in determining a clients successful completion of a rehabilitation programme. Harm reduction on the other hand, refers to a set of policies, programmes and practices aimed primarily at reducing the harms associated with drug use, which could range from health, social to economic harms, without necessarily focussing on ending drug use. This policy paper is based on an analysis of data and evidence produced from a desk review of literature, and focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with clients who have undergone both types of programmes: abstinence-based rehabilitation programmes, and those integrated with harm reduction services in Indonesia. The paper concludes with recommendations for the Indonesian government to implement policy reforms that enable the integration of harm reduction measures into drug rehabilitation programmes. Details: London: International Drug Policy Consortium, 2018. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: September 7, 2018 at: https://idpc.net/publications/2018/07/integration-of-harm-reduction-into-drug-rehabilitation-programmes-in-indonesia Year: 2018 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Community-Based Shelf Number: 151428 |
Author: Farbenblum, Bassina Title: Migrant Workers' Access to Justice at Home: Indonesia Summary: Each year, around half a million Indonesians travel abroad to work, half of those to the Middle East. Many are women who suffer abuse and exploitation when they work abroad but have virtually no access to recourse within their host country's legal system. The vulnerability of migrant workers abroad makes it crucial for them to be able to seek redress in their own countries. Migrant Workers' Access to Justice at Home: Indonesia is the first comprehensive study of migrant workers access to justice in their country of origin. A collaborative effort by the Open Society International Migration Initiative, the Tifa Foundation, and the Migrant Worker Access to Justice Project, the report analyzes how migrant workers may access justice in Indonesia, and identifies the systemic barriers that prevent them from receiving redress for harms they suffer before, during, and after their work abroad. The report also provides recommendations for improving access to justice and private sector accountability in 11 key areas, addressed to government, parliament, civil society, donors, and others. Migrant Workers' Access to Justice at Home: Indonesia is an important contribution to advancing the rights of migrant workers and will serve as a valuable guide for civil society groups in Indonesia and elsewhere to better understand, use, and test existing justice mechanisms to enforce migrant workers rights. Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2013. 192p. Source: Internet Resource: Migrant Workers' Access to Justice Series: Accessed November 20, 2018 at: https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/migrant-worker-justice-indonesia-20131015.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Human Rights Shelf Number: 153515 |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Independent Evaluation Unit Title: Final Independent project evaluation of the "Promoting Alternatives to Incarceration for Convicted Drug Users, including Rehabilitation and Probation (Forming part of the Sub-Programme 5 on Drugs and HIV of the Indonesia Country Programme 2012-2016) Summary: Drug abuse remains a major problem in Indonesia. At the same time, the national policy response to drugs remains predominantly focused on law enforcement measures, which contributes to the overcrowding of Indonesia's prison. The new Narcotics Law #35/2009 introduces mechanisms for diverting people who use drugs away from prison and towards rehabilitation. However, significant challenges remain in the execution of the law. As of March 2014, several Indonesian government agencies, including the National Narcotics Board (In Indonesia: Badan Narkotika Nasional/BNN), the Indonesian National Police (INP), Supreme Court, Attorney General's Office (AGO), Ministry of Health (MoH), Ministry of Law and Human Rights (MoLHR), and Ministry of Social Affairs (MoSA), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to promote this legislative framework. The MoU further launched the joint Inter-ministerial regulation to operationalize this legislation by establishing the Integrated Assessment Team (IAT). As a valued partner of the Government of Indonesia (GOI), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has been asked to provide technical assistance on the implementation of this regulation. Therefore, UNODC has been implementing the "Promoting Alternatives to Incarceration for Convicted Drug Users, including Rehabilitation and Probation" (INDA06) project. The INDA06 is funded by the Government of the United States of America through the U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (USA-INL). The original duration of the project was 24 months - January 2015 - December 2016. However, a no-cost extension was approved which extended it to June 2017. The project was implemented in two cities, Jakarta and Makassar, Indonesia. The project's main objective is to improve Indonesia's criminal justice reform agenda through alternatives to imprisonment for convicted drug users. The project outcome is to support the implementation of the national joint regulation on the placement of people with drug dependence and victims of drug abuse into rehabilitation institutions. The activities include providing capacity building to Law Enforcement Agencies (LEA), service providers and civil society, strengthening the Integrated Assessment Team (IAT), and introducing international best practices (i.e. the Drug Court Treatment). The Evaluation -- The purpose of this evaluation is to document key achievements, challenges, lessons learned and good practices for future programming and decision-making. It aims to: 1) Assess the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - Development Assistance Committee (OECD DAC) criteria for: Relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, sustainability, as well as partnership and cooperation, human rights and gender; 2) Identify gaps, limitations and/or challenges; 3) Derive lessons learned and best practices; and 4) Generate actionable recommendations that help in promoting the model of alternatives to imprisonment for convicted drug users. This evaluation was conducted from early April through the end of June 2017. The evaluation reviewed all project activities implemented from January 2015 until the end of the field mission in early June 2017. The field missions took place in two cities in Indonesia: Jakarta and Makassar. The evaluation had three phases - (1) the inception phase, with desk review and preparation of the inception report; (2) the data collection phase, which involves a "mixed methods approach" to combining quantitative (i.e. on-line survey) and qualitative methods (i.e. interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs)) to obtain deeper insight into what the project has been able to achieve, including a proper diversification of data sources; and (3) the analysis/synthesis/reporting phase, with drafting and finalization of the report. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2017. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/evaluation/Independent_Project_Evaluations/2017/INDA06_Final_Independent_Project_Evaluation_final_report_October_2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 154944 |
Author: World Bank Title: Indonesia Marine Debris Hotspot Rapid Assessment: Synthesis Report Summary: The Marine Debris Hotspot Rapid Assessment for Indonesia was conducted by the World Bank at the request of relevant Indonesia government agencies and research institutions, to provide an informed and focused analysis of land-based leakage of solid waste, particularly plastics, to the marine environment. The assessment was a rapid study carried out in two phases, providing up-to-date information from 15 cities in western and central parts of Indonesia. The assessment aimed to support Indonesia's response to the growing crisis of plastics and debris in the country's and world's oceans. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank Group, 2018. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2019 at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/983771527663689822/Indonesia-Marine-debris-hotspot-rapid-assessment-synthesis-report Year: 2018 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Environmental Crime Shelf Number: 155357 |
Author: Hidayatulloh, Arip Title: Third World Approach to International Law Analysis on Law Enforcement Against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing in Indonesia Summary: The ambiguities of the international fisheries legal framework and the illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing (IUU fishing) definition leads Indonesia to be portrayed as reluctant to implement and comply with international fisheries management and conservation. This is because Indonesia allows its small-scale fishers to conduct mass unreported and unregulated fishing in Indonesia's waters and in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Some scholars also question whether Indonesia's recent blow-up and sink IUU fishing vessels policy complies with international law. On the other hand, Indonesia suffers great loss because of IUU fishing due to its geographic situation and limited capacity to guard its waters and EEZ. Additionally, limitations inherent in the international fisheries legal framework hamper Indonesia's efforts to combat IUU fishing. Indonesia's experience demonstrates the adverse impacts of the ambiguities in international fisheries legal framework on developing states. However, study on this issue is scarce. Indeed, research in this area predominately focuses on supporting the implementation of the existing international fisheries management and conservation measures, even though history has revealed these measures were developed and proposed by the United States to be adopted in the international fisheries legal framework largely to support the United States' own fisheries interests. Employing TWAIL theory to recognise the practice of hegemony in international law, this thesis analyses the ambiguities in the international fisheries legal framework and the IUU fishing definition, which facilitates the hegemony of developed states in international fisheries management and conservation, and challenges Indonesias efforts to combat IUU fishing. To do so, it analyses the historical context of the development of the international fisheries legal framework, using key law and policy texts, including those related to the international fisheries legal framework, as well as Indonesia's regulations and policies to combat IUU fishing. It also examines Indonesia's enforcement measures directed at combating IUU fishing in order to explore the gap between the international fisheries legal framework and Indonesia's fisheries law enforcement framework. This study finds that both the ambiguity of provisions in the international fisheries legal framework and the ambiguity of IUU fishing definition facilitate the hegemony of the developed states against developing states in accessing and managing fisheries. This study provides a valuable contribution towards the improvement of Indonesia's policy and measures to combat IUU fishing, and fills the gap in the international academic discussion pertaining to the inequality between developed and developing states in fisheries conservation and management. Details: Adelaide: Flinders University, 2019. 219p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 15, 2019 at: https://flex.flinders.edu.au/file/3fc9a35c-6134-49e6-a781-3e7ea5004a79/1/Thesis%20Hidayatulloh%20-%20Final%20Minor%20Rev.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Environmental Crime Shelf Number: 155853 |
Author: Lombardini, Simone Title: Women's Empowerment in Indonesia: Impact Evaluation of the 'Reducing the Occurrence of Gender-Based Violence' Project Summary: This evaluation is presented as part of Oxfam's Effectiveness Review Series 2016/17, selected for review under the women's empowerment thematic area. The evaluation took place in August 2016 in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It intended to evaluate the success of the 'Reducing the Occurrence of Gender Based Violence' project in the region in reducing gender based violence (GBV) and promoting women's empowerment. The project operated with 10 partners in West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and Jakarta. This Effectiveness Review was conducted only in East Nusa Tenggara due to budgetary constraints. In East Nusa Tenggara activities started in 2012 and the project was implemented by four partner organizations: SSP, CIS, YABIKU and LHB APIK. This evaluation was conducted in August 2016 in three districts in East Nusa Tenggara on the Timor island. The evaluation adopted a quasi-experimental impact evaluation design to measure the effect that is causally attributable to - and representative of - the project's intervention. Details: New York: Oxfam, 2018. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2019 at: https://policy-practice.oxfam.org.uk/publications/womens-empowerment-in-indonesia-impact-evaluation-of-the-reducing-the-occurrenc-620505 Year: 2018 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Gender Based Violence Shelf Number: 156150 |
Author: Global Financial Integrity Title: Indonesia: Potential Revenue Losses Associated with Trade Misinvoicing Summary: This report analyzes Indonesia's bilateral trade statistics for 2016 (the most recent year for which sufficient data are available), as published by the United Nations (Comtrade). The detailed breakdown of bilateral Indonesian trade flows in Comtrade allowed for the computation of trade value gaps that are the basis for misinvoicing estimates. Import gaps represent the difference between the value of goods Indonesia reports having imported from its partner countries and the corresponding export reports by Indonesia's trade partners. Export gaps represent the difference in value between what Indonesia reports as having exported and what its partners report as imported. In addition to identifying the trade gaps in Indonesia's 2016 imports and exports with its partners, the report also estimated the potential loss of tax revenue associated with the gaps. The analysis shows that the estimated potential loss of revenue to the Indonesian government is approximately US$6.5 billion for 2016. To put this figure in context, this amount represents 6.0 percent of the value of Indonesia's total government revenue collections in 2016. Put still another way, the estimated value gap of all misinvoiced imports and exports was US$38.5 billion, which is equivalent to 13.7 percent of the country's total trade of US$280.2 billion in 2016. The total estimated potential lost revenue of US$6.5 billion is comprised of misinvoiced imports and exports. The portion of government revenue potentially lost due to import misinvoicing in 2016 was approximately US$2.6 billion. This amount can be further divided into its component parts: uncollected value-added tax (VAT) (US$1.2 billion), uncollected customs duties (US$302 million) and uncollected corporate income tax (US$1.1 billion). The potentially lost revenue due to misinvoiced exports in 2016 was approximately US$3.9 billion. This amount can be further divided into its component parts: uncollected corporate income tax (US$1.8 billion) and uncollected tax from royalty payments (US$2.1 billion) (See Table 2). Trade misinvoicing occurs in four ways: under-invoicing of imports or exports, and over-invoicing of imports or exports. In the case of import under-invoicing, fewer VAT taxes and customs duties are collected due to the lower valuation of goods on the invoices. When import over-invoicing occurs (i.e. when companies pay more than would normally be expected for a product), corporate revenues are lower, making taxable income levels lower and consequently less income tax is paid. In cases of export under-invoicing, the exporting company collects less revenue than would be anticipated and therefore reports lower taxable income, subsequently paying less income tax. Total misinvoicing gaps related to imports in 2016 can be broken down by import under-invoicing (US$11.8 billion) and import over-invoicing (US$6.1 billion). These figures represent the estimated value of the gap between what was reported by Indonesia and its trading partners. The estimated loss in government revenue is a subset of these amounts and is based on VAT tax rates in 2016 (10.0 percent), customs duties in 2016 (calculated by WITS tariff data on line by line basis) and corporate income taxes on profit in 2016 (17.2 percent), which are then applied to the value gap. Export misinvoicing gaps were US$10.6 billion for export under-invoicing and US$10.0 billion for export over-invoicing. Lost corporate income taxes (17.2 percent) and royalties in 2016 (20.0 percent) are then applied to export under-invoicing amounts to calculate lost government revenue. The study also includes a more in-depth exploration of the approximately US$302 million in tax revenues from customs duties that Indonesia is estimated to have lost due to import under-invoicing in 2016 by examining imports according to major commodity groups as listed among the United Nations Harmonized System (HS) product codes at the two-digit level. We examined Indonesia's imports to identify particular products that appeared to be at especially high risk for trade misinvoicing in 2016 (See Figure 2). We also examined Indonesia's imports in 2016 to identify particular trading partners that appeared to be at high risk for trade misinvoicing both in terms of their percentage total imports to Indonesia, as well as in terms of their dollar values of estimated lost customs revenues. The partner countries associated with largest potential dollar values of losses included China (US$79.7 million), Japan (US$57.4 million) and Singapore (US$42.5). While under-invoiced imports from these three trading partners reflected relatively minor potential revenue losses as a percent of total imports from these countries, their combined potential revenue losses by dollar values totaled US$179.6 million. When looking at under-invoiced imports by both commodities and trading partners at the same time, Figure 4 shows that the revenue risks on under-invoiced imports of beverages (HS 22) from Singapore appears to have been particularly acute in 2016. Under-invoicing associated with imports of essential oils (HS 33) from Singapore, plastics (HS 39) from China and vehicles (HS 87) from Japan and China were also highlighted as a potential risk for revenue losses (See Figure 4). We conclude by listing a series of steps that Indonesia can take at the national and international level to address the problem of trade misinvoicing in particular and the problem of illicit financial flows (IFFs) more generally. At the national level, GFI recommends that Indonesia takes steps to streamline procedures and improve oversight, transparency and accountability mechanisms in its customs administration. This could include scaling up the resources needed to strengthen regulatory enforcement, invoice audits and reviews. GFI also recommends that Indonesia consider adopting its online tool - GFTrade - designed by GFI to build the capacity of customs authorities to better detect misinvoicing as transactions are occurring and take corrective steps in real time. In terms of tackling the problem of IFFs more broadly, GFI commends Indonesia for having adopted legislation that addresses beneficial ownership (requiring the true beneficial owners of companies be identified), which the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) views quite positively; for implementing country-by-country reporting (CBCR); for adopting automatic exchange of tax information (AEOI) with partner countries; and for signing on to support the Addis Tax Initiative. At the international level, GFI recommends that Indonesia use its diplomatic clout in the international arena to support a number of policy initiatives that require international cooperation to curtail IFFs. Of particular importance are international efforts to increase transparency in the global financial system, measures related to reducing the secrecy of tax havens and anonymous companies and efforts to curtail money laundering techniques. Specifically, GFI recommends that Indonesia and other world leaders take pro-active steps to support ongoing international efforts on these issues. Details: Washington, DC: Global Financial Integrity, 2019. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2019 at: https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.149.159/34n.8bd.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Indonesia-2019_6.21.19.pdf?time=1563553709 Year: 2019 Country: Indonesia Keywords: Customs Fraud Shelf Number: 156728 |