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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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mongolia
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mongolia
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44 total results foundAuthor: Asia Foundation Title: Incidence of Trafficking in Persons and Prostitution at Mine Sites in Mongolia Summary: This report examines the incidence of prostitution and human trafficking at mine sites across Mongolia. It includes surveys with 300 community members at eight sites, both soum and bagh centers and mine sites, as well as surveys of 16 sex workers at six mine sites. Interviews were conducted from July 20 to July 30, 2008 by teams organized by the Population Teaching and Research Center (PTRC). The objective of this report is to build upon existing studies of human trafficking, including two studies conducted by The Asia Foundation on trafficking risks and combating trafficking in Mongolia. The survey is unique in its focus on the mining sector in Mongolia. Details: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Asia Foundation, 2008 Source: Year: 2008 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 114896 |
Author: International Center for Mongol Culture Title: Mongolia Survey: Community-Oriented Policing in Mongolia Summary: "This survey on “Community-Oriented Policing” was conducted in Mongolia between March and April 2008. The report consists of two main parts: one is an analysis of questionnaires administered to law enforcement officials, and the other to community and civil society representatives; the second is a narrative report based on information gathered from interviews, participant observation and general observation that enhanced the questionnaire data. The latter part of the report is a summation of the analysis and provides discussion related to the nature of the relationship between the police and the community in survey sites. The main objectives of the survey were to examine and assess the present relationship between the police and target communities, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses in these relationships. The survey aims to diagnose police-community relations, and to suggest possible ways of enhancing and strengthening relations in order to improve dialogue and the provision of policing services in urban and rural communities across Mongolia. This survey contributes directly to efforts initiated by the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs (MOJHA) to reform the enforcement and police services in Mongolia." Details: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: International Center for Mongol Culture and The Asia Foundation, 2008. 37p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 16, 2010 at: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/COPsurveyreportSept1608.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing (Mongolia) Shelf Number: 114902 |
Author: Kim, Jane S. Title: Evaluation of UNICEF Mongolia's Child Protection Programme: Juvenile Justice and Legislative Reform Summary: Mongolia's children and adolescents are a 'transition generation' having to cope on various levels with the challenges of ongoing political, economic and social changes. It is at such times when youth are highly vulnerable in coming into conflict with the law, and generally those children most at risk and requiring protective services come from unstable, vulnerable families. Crimes involving juveniles have doubled in the last decade, rising from 733 in 1991 to 1,437 in 2007. Most of these recorded crimes are for theft. How the State responds to these youth can have a significant impact on whether they successfully make the transition to law-abiding citizens, or become embroiled in a life of crime. Unfortunately, the current response of the State to a child accused of minor crimes such as theft is to punish, usually by detention. It is established practice to incarcerate children below 18 in pre-trial detention centres for a prolonged period, and to sentence first-time juvenile offenders, accused of petty crimes, to imprisonment. Although the law provides for some alternatives to detention, such as probation, conditional sentence and educational and disciplinary measures, there are no provisions for diversion and non-custodial rehabilitation programmes. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC Committee) recently expressed concern about Mongolia's pre-trial detention of juveniles for prolonged periods and its sentencing policy for first time juvenile offenders; probation, community service and suspended sentences were recommended as alternatives to detention. The CRC Committee also expressed concern about other practices adversely affecting juveniles: inadequate access to legal aid and assistance, poor detention and prison conditions, and weak social reintegration services. The Government of Mongolia ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, and has committed to making reforms in line with the CRC and UN Guidelines, to improve the situation of children in conflict with the law. Since 2005, a juvenile justice project has been successfully implemented by UNICEF in cooperation with the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs. In 2006, the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs established an inter-agency Juvenile Justice Working Group to oversee juvenile justice reform initiatives. In June 2006, a conference on “Juvenile Crime: measures on managing problematic issues” and a subsequent Juvenile Justice Working Group meeting in July identified a number of focus areas for reform. Although diversion is not yet formally recognized under Mongolian law, the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs approved the establishment of a juvenile justice project on a pilot basis in select regions. With UNICEF support, pilot projects have been underway in two districts and one province – Bayangol, Baganuur and Khentii respectively - since September 2006. Government officials, children and families, and communities have voiced deep appreciation for the pilot initiative in these three locations. Discussions are underway regarding the expansion of this pilot initiative to other provinces. Meanwhile, broad legislative reform efforts are in progress to amend existing criminal, administrative, labour, child rights protection and other laws relevant to juvenile justice. Prior to legislative reform and replication, however, a comprehensive evaluation is necessary to better understand the impact, relevance and effectiveness of interventions undertaken thus far. This evaluation has a two-fold purpose: to assess the effectiveness of UNICEF-supported juvenile justice initiatives and to recommend future directions and strategies to assist the Government of Mongolia (GoM) and UNICEF to strengthen the country's justice system for children. Further, this evidence base is put forward to draw lessons for proposed replication, and to facilitate taking this initiative to scale. Lessons, experiences and recommendations from the pilot sites, and elsewhere internationally, will inform the potential replication or adaptation of this project to other areas. Globally, the main focus of UNICEF's juvenile justice programming is the reduction of the number of children held in police custody, pre-trial detention and prisons. This evaluation therefore also aims to provide a better understanding of who are the children referred (in order to identify potential discriminatory practices), the offences they are suspected/accused of, the decision-making authority, the decision-making process, the basis on which JJ decisions are made, as well as an analysis on how current practices comply with national and international standards. Details: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: UNICEF Mongolia, 2009. 133p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.createsolutions.org/unicef/Documents/resources/country/ceecis/mongolia/unicefmongoliajjevaluation09full.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Juvenile Justice Systems Shelf Number: 119905 |
Author: Parkinson, Andrew M. Title: WCS 2008 Ulaanbaatar Wildlife Trade Survey: Report to the World Bank Summary: The objective of this study was to collect information about wildlife trade violations in Mongolia and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing wildlife trade law enforcement system. The geographic focus of this work was Ulaanbaatar city “markets” and the raw materials markets around Ulaanbaatar. The purpose of these market surveys was not just to quantify the trade or identify the most active traders, markets, and transportation routes but to give us the understanding we need to develop a long-term strategy for preventing illegal wildlife trade in Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar is the seat of Mongolia’s government, media markets, and civil society, as well as the center of the wildlife trade. Some of the country’s largest raw materials markets are located to the east and west of the city; road inspection points, the train station, and the airport are all strategic sites for enforcing trade regulation. For these reasons, Ulaanbaatar is an ideal site for launching an effort to support improved enforcement of wildlife trade regulations. Details: New York: Wildlife Conservation Society, 2008. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2013 at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/WCSResources/file_20111006_162813_Ulaanbaatar+Wildlife+Trade+Survey-+Report+to+the+World+Bank_fVkhMV.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade (Mongolia) Shelf Number: 128777 |
Author: Wingard, James R. Title: Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia Summary: The single greatest threat facing many species of wildlife across the world today is hunting for commercial wildlife trade. This publication reveals that the problem is not confined to tropical forest ecosystems, but that harvest levels are also vast and unsustainable in the temparate steppe and forests of Mongolia. Populations of both endangered and previously widespread species have declined dramatically. The wildlife trade is not only devastating Mongolia's biodiversity, but is also threatening rural livelihoods - Mongolia has approximately 245,000 hunters, one tenth of the total population. The fur trade alone contributes an estimated US$100 million to the economy, possibly the third largest contributor behind mining and tourism. The groundbreaking research presented in this report, which arose from a study led by the Wildlife Conservation Society, in cooperation with a variety of other NGOs, makes a strong case for addressing the problems associated with the wildlife trade in and from Mongolia; seeking solutions to conserve Mongolia’s unique and diverse wildlife community; and ensuring that rural livelihoods are sustainable and not tied to a dwindling resource base. The report reviews the history of wildlife trade in Mongolia; examines the current levels of take and trade through comprehensive surveys of hunters, trade chains and markets; investigates current wildlife management practices; and makes recommendations to improve wildlife management. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006. 163p. Source: Internet Resource: Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department; Accessed May 22, 2013 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPENVIRONMENT/Resources/silent_steppe.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Hunting Shelf Number: 128778 |
Author: Erdenechuluun, T. Title: Wood Supply in Mongolia: The Legal and Illegal Economies Summary: The forests of Mongolia protect watersheds and water supply, and as a source of timber, fuel wood, pine nuts, berries and game they are saviors and sustainers of livelihoods. Mongolia's forestry sector is currently in crisis, with illegal logging devastating accessible forests, particularly around urban centers. Lack of reliable data means that estimates of timber consumption vary widely, but levels are clearly well above the sustainable harvest for Mongolia's slow growing forests. Lack of planning and active management, lack of inventory, loss of capacity, and corruption have together led to significant degradation of forest quality, and have created virtual anarchy in the forestry industry. The publication reviews the current situation, examines action to date and makes a series of recommendations for bringing control to, and prosperity from, Mongolia's forestry sector. This report represents a novel and unconventional approach to the very serious subject of illegal wood supply in Mongolia. Rather than just relying on official statistics, which have many drawbacks, the team sought information from a range of sources, such as direct interviews with government officials and others working in the sector; field observation of illegal activities, often in the dead of night; and indirect approaches using various data sources to test assumptions. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006. 88p. Source: Internet Resource:Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department; Accessed May 22, 2013 at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/MONGOLIAEXTN/Resources/mong_timber_int_for_web.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Conservation Shelf Number: 128781 |
Author: Scharf, Katie Title: Strategies for Enforcing Wildlife Trade Regulations in Ulaanbaatar- Mongolia Summary: This report reviews and recommends strategies to regulate the trade of wildlife through Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar is an ideal site to launch an effort to support improved enforcement of wildlife trade regulations. The city is the seat of Mongolia’s government, media markets, and civil society, as well as the center of the wildlife trade. Some of the country’s largest raw materials markets are located to the east and west of the city. Ulaanbaatar’s many road inspection points, its train station, and its airport are all strategic sites for enforcing trade regulation. A comprehensive — and sometimes internally contradictory — framework of “species-oriented” regulations provides different penalties and fines based on the species hunted. “Trade-oriented” regulations assign criminal or administrative liability for a limited range of market activities, including transport, export, and advertising of wildlife products. At the risk of repeating the efforts of a legislative gap analysis of wildlife-related regulation (recently completed for by Wingard & Odgerel in 2006), this report will not propose legal reforms, but will assess enforcement strategies available under the existing laws. Responsibility for enforcement of wildlife trade regulations is distributed among half a dozen different agencies. Inspectors (state and municipal), rangers, and customs officials enforce administrative penalties for minor violations. Criminal-level violations must be referred to the Mongolian National Police, who then turn cases over to the state General Prosecutor’s Office for prosecution in any of soum or aimag-level courts. Getting these different agencies to collaborate on investigations, share information, and harmonize confiscation procedures must be a major focus of any successful enforcement support strategy. After reviewing the existing legal framework and the present state of enforcement, this report will discuss specific recommendations for improving wildlife trade regulation enforcement. These include near-term measures (market surveys and “ride-alongs” with enforcement officials) to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the existing enforcement system. Public awareness strategies targeted towards Mongolians, foreign tourists, and tour operators are discussed, as well as the need for further legal research on the adjudication of wildlife crimes, and possible collaboration with Mongolian human rights lawyers, whose approach of monitoring mining-related litigation and petitioning to have cases reopened or reinstated could be applied successfully in the wildlife context. Recommended measures for improving inter-agency coordination include: establishing a database for enforcement information collection and sharing; publicizing the Mongolian State Specialized Inspection Agency’s *SSIA+ wildlife hotline; and creating a pocket guide to wildlife trade enforcement. The recommendations in this report build on prior research, including the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Silent Steppe report (2005), and a recent training session conducted for Mongolian customs and law enforcement officials by the United States Fish & Wildlife Service [USFWS] and TRAFFIC International (2006). Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2009. 115p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2013 at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/WCSResources/file_20111006_161059_Strategies+for+enforcing+wildlife+trade+regulations+in+Ulaanbaatar-+Mongolia_BVSgF.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 128906 |
Author: Wildlife Conservation Society Title: Protecting Mongolia's Wildlife through Wildlife Trade Law Enforcement Summary: he first year of the project entitled "Protecting Mongolia's Wildlife through Wildlife Trade Law Enforcement," implemented by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in cooperation with the Mongolian Ministry of Nature, Environment and Tourism (MNET) under the Netherlands-Mongolian Trust Fund for Environmental Reform (NEMO) Phase II program, was successfully completed in January 2009. The geographic focus of the first year of the project (2008) was the greater Ulaanbaatar area, Mongolia’s national capital and surrounding market/trade points. The two primary activities included an examination of the current and potential strategies for enforcing wildlife trade law in Ulaanbaatar and the formation of a multi-agency wildlife trade crime unit or team who were provided training and opportunities to examine wildlife law enforcement approaches across Asia. The multi-agency wildlife trade crime unit/team was tasked with improving the strategies and practice of enforcing wildlife trade law in Ulaanbaatar markets and trade points around the city. The overall goal of the project is to decrease the volume and scale of illegal wildlife trade in Mongolia, thereby reducing the impact the trade has on a wide range of wildlife species threatened by over hunting for commercial trade. Project accomplishments in 2008 include the formation of a multi-agency wildlife trade crime unit made up of representatives from the MNET (CITES National Authority and Policy Implementation and Strategic Planning Department), State Specialized Inspection Agency (SSIA), Municipal Specialized Inspection Agency (Municipal SIA), National Police (Wildlife Crime and Patrolling & Protection Units), Ulaanbaatar Airport Customs (Veterinary Inspection Unit) and the "IRBIS" "Environmental Crime" Emergency Response Unit. The team was formed in August 2008, and participated in all aspects of the project activities described in this report including the pilot Ulaanbaatar-area marmot anti-poaching initiatives in September 2008, and pilot market patrols December 2008, through January 2009. The team concluded 2008 activities with a wildlife trade law enforcement study tour to Lao PDR. Throughout 2008, wildlife trade crime unit team members and project consultants reviewed reports and materials related to the regulation and the current legal framework for wildlife trade law enforcement in Mongolia. Strategies developed to improve wildlife trade law enforcement were designed based on reviews of these legal analyses and tested through the pilot multi-agency anti-poaching activities and market patrols. Mongolian National University students, supervised by WCS project consultants, continued observational surveys of markets in and around Ulaanbaatar and media outlets (newspaper and TV advertisements) to record and track wildlife trade activities. Delays in the finalization of the project agreement (Appendix 1), which was signed by both parties in June 2008, resulted in the need to compress the scheduled activities outlined in the original agreement into a shorter time frame. The 2008 project activities were completed by the end of January 2009, and an extension for submission of the final report until March, 2009, was requested. Resources to support WCS wildlife trade work in Mongolia and across Asia were used to support the implementation of this project and the delivery of outputs. Consultants hired for the project included Ms. N. Odonchimeg, Wildlife Trade Specialist and Mr. D. Tuvshinjargal, Wildlife Trade Fellow. Mr. Kh. Badam, retired Senior Environmental Inspector, provided the project with advice and the overall project implementation was overseen by Dr. Amanda Fine, WCS Country Program Director. Details: Bronx, NY: Wildlife Conservation Society, 2009. 143p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2016 at: https://mongolia.wcs.org Year: 2009 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Environmental Crime Shelf Number: 130126 |
Author: Hunter, Marcena Title: Follow the Money: Mongolia Summary: In artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), a sector that employs approximately 15 million people around the world, mercury is often used to help extract gold from mined ore. Although inexpensive and relatively effective in extracting gold from ore, mercury emissions and releases can cause serious harm to people and the environment when handled unsafely. Recognising the threat, a call for global action was initiated in 2009 which culminated in 2013 when the Minamata Convention on Mercury was adopted. The Convention mandates a reduction, and elimination, if possible, in mercury usage around the world, including in ASGM. As of this writing, the 50th instrument of ratification has been submitted to the Minamata Secretariat and the Convention will enter into force on Aug. 16, 2017. Signatories to the Convention include many gold-mining countries, including Mongolia and the Philippines. While ASGM is a significant global sector, the vast majority of ASGM is informal (and/or illicit) and unregulated, i.e. operating without the required licenses or legal approval. Pervasive informality is a result of several factors, including: onerous licensing requirements that create a barrier to entry for many miners; a lack of clarity in legal texts governing artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM); insufficient or inaccessible legally mandated mining areas; a lack of awareness of legal requirements amongst miners; and miners' inability to access administrative capitals. This omnipresent informality can prevent miners from accessing necessary resources such as trainings and legitimate forms of credit; render them vulnerable to bribery and extortion attempts (particularly by police and other government officials); and drive them to work in dangerous locations that are less accessible to law enforcement. Experience has shown options to introduce and maintain environmental compliance through pure voluntary compliance ("formalization-free") are unlikely to see long-term success. Specifically with regard to mercury usage by ASGM, the informality of much of the sector can impede the delivery of non-mercury technology, trainings and the distribution of information materials to miners and processors, thus creating a knowledge vacuum in the sector about the dangers of mercury. It can also prevent authorities from adequately policing the use of mercury in mining communities and processing regions, and controlling its distribution. Financial flows, in particular illicit financial flows (IFFs), play an integral role in perpetuating informality (as well as illegality) in the ASGM sector. IFFs are defined as "money illegally earned, transferred or used" and can flow into and out of ASM operations. The informality of much of the sector is often appealing to illicit financiers, as it helps to keep illicit activities and related profits, such as gold smuggling, tax evasion and money laundering, hidden from governments. Thus, wide-scale formalisation of ASM is arguably not something such financiers would want to see occur, nor would they be likely to advocate it in the mines they help to finance. In addition, the lack of access to formal financing means informal or illicit financing options are often the only options available to artisanal and small-scale miners (ASMers), making investment a low-risk, high-profit venture for illicit financiers. Moreover, IFFs are often reinvested back into the sector and community, with buyers providing economic benefits to local populations outside of mining, further perpetuating informality and contributing to a sense of legitimacy around informal ASGM practices and associated financial flows. Consequently, financial flows can significantly contribute to a self-reinforcing cycle of informality (and illegality in some instances), which can be difficult to break without a nuanced understanding of the financial flows linked to ASGM and their impacts on mining communities and local populations. The formalisation of ASGM and the elimination of mercury usage go hand-in-hand. Building a better understanding of financial flows and their impact on ASGM is therefore vital. Recognizing the need for a greater understanding of gold-related financial flows to strengthen international responses, the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime (Global Initiative) and Levin Sources established the GIFF Project in 2015 to provide greater insight into this issue and to develop solutions that will improve efforts to formalize the ASGM sector globally. UNIDO has become a strong partner and advocate of the GIFF Project and advocating for a better understanding of financial flows linked to ASGM. Details: Vienna: United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2017. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 5, 2017 at: http://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/mongolia-report-_20.11.17_low.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Corruption Shelf Number: 14870 |
Author: Gramckow, Heike P. Title: Justice Sector Reform in Mongolia: Looking Back, Looking Forward Summary: ABSTRACT The justice sector in Mongolia has changed significantly in the 20 years since the country became a democracy. From the very beginning, the World Bank and other international partners have provided significant assistance to reform processes, particularly in areas concerned with the development of an independent judiciary. Especially in comparison to other countries in the region, Mongolia's reform efforts have been generally successful. During the early and economically difficult times since democracy was established, reform activities naturally focused on legal reforms, including the creation of a legislative framework for democratic institutions, the transition to a market economy, and for needed changes in the relationship between the state and the people. This was followed at the end of the millennium by concerted efforts to reform justice institutions and to improve human capacities for supporting, implementing and sustaining reforms. Mongolia was the first developing nation to pursue comprehensive and inclusive strategic planning for its justice sector. Its strategic plan has provided a roadmap for reforms over many years and withstood leadership changes in both the government and in the key justice agencies. Much has been achieved, considering the challenges that have been overcome in terms of justice system infrastructure, human capacities and changes in attitudes, all with only very limited budget resources. At the same time, reform gaps exist and public trust in the justice sector is lacking. Critics continue to point to weak and uneven decision making capacities of prosecutors and judges, despite more than a decade of intensive donor support for their training. This paper reviews some of the underlying issues affecting justice reforms in Mongolia; and points to areas that require attention to overcome the current shortcomings and challenges. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank Group, 2011. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 11, 2019 at: https://www.eri.mn/download/998zbtfu Year: 2011 Country: Mongolia Keywords: Democratic Institutions Shelf Number: 154116 |