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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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netherlands
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683 total results foundAuthor: United Nations Children's Fund. Innocenti Research Centre Title: A Study on Violence Against Girls: Report on the International Girl Child Conference, 9-10 March 2009, The Hague, the Netherlands Summary: This document summarizes the discussions and outcomes of the International Girl Child Conference. The conference addressed the gaps in knowledge, research and responses to violence against girls in the home and family. Details: Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2009 Source: Government of the Netherlands Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Female Victims Shelf Number: 116245 |
Author: Jensema, Ernestien Title: A Matter of Substance: Fighting Drug Trafficking With a Substance-Oriented Approach Summary: This paper discusses the “substance-oriented approach” Dutch authorities implemented to to scare off potential small-scale cocaine smugglers. The focus was on the drugs, rather than the couriers, and on incapacitating the smuggling route, rather than deterrence by incarceration. Details: Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2010. 12p. Source: Internet Resource; Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies, No. 7 Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Drug Policy (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 119437 |
Author: Unger, Brigitte Title: Detecting Criminal Investments in the Dutch Real Estate Sector Summary: The real estate sector is a prominent candidate for money laundering and criminal abuse. Real estate objects can be used in two ways for criminal purpose. They can be traded in order to hide the origin of illicit funds on a non transparent and speculative market, or they can be used as a final investment, where criminals park their money in business or houses permanently. Given the importance of this sector in the Netherlands, both with regard to its economic size and its relevance for criminals, several studies on criminal behavior in the real estate sector have been made. Most prominently the study of the WODC by Ferwerda et al (2007), which gives a good overview over maleficent behavior in the Dutch real estate sector, and the Financial Expertise Center (FEC) report of 2008 on money laundering techniques. However, so far, no systematic study on the importance and frequency of diverse maleficent behavior constructions for money laundering in this sector has been conducted. This study tries to use all information available, to operationalize it into measurable indicators, and to systematically analyze criminal investment in the Dutch real estate sector. Details: The Hague: Dutch Ministry of Finance, Justice and Interior Affairs, 2010. 252 p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2010 at: http://www.minfin.nl/dsresource?objectid=80301&type=org Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Financial Crimes Shelf Number: 119823 |
Author: Wartna, B.S.J. Title: Recidivism Report 1997-2006: Developments in the Reconviction Rate of Dutch Offenders Summary: For some years, the Research and Documentation Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Justice (WODC) has conducted a study of the reconviction rate of Dutch offenders. The measurements relate to five study populations: adult offenders sanctioned by court or Public Prosecutor’s Service (PPS), juvenile offenders sanctioned by court or PPS, ex-prisoners, former inmates of juvenile detention centres and former offenders placed under an entrustment order. The Recidivism Monitor study covers almost the entire field of Dutch criminal law application. Nearly all persons in the Netherlands who came into contact with the Dutch judicial system as a suspect occur in one or more of the offender populations. Recidivism among former offenders placed under an entrustment order is reported separately. This fact sheet outlines recidivism in the other four populations. The study includes all persons who were sanctioned by court or PPS or released from a penitentiary institution in the 1997-2006 period. In a former report, published in 2008, 2004 was the last year included in the study period. This report includes two more years. Details: The Hague: Ministry of Justice, 2009. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 6, 2010 at: http://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/actualisering-sancties-2009.aspx Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Adult Offenders Shelf Number: 119871 |
Author: Weijters, Gijs Gerard Maria Title: Youth Delinquency in Dutch Cities and Schools: A Multilevel Approach Summary: This study assesses the influence of different social-ecological context on youth delinquency for the Netherlands. Details: Unpublished Dissertation, 2008. 143p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 25, 2010 at: http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/73286/2/73286_youtdeind.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency Shelf Number: 120073 |
Author: Kofoed, Julie Garfieldt Title: Criminal Justice in the Netherlands Over Trade in Natural Resources Originating From Conflict Zones Summary: Natural resources such as diamonds, timber, coltan, and other minerals are often extracted from developing countries by rebel groups; and the resources are subsequently exported to developed countries as private goods. There is evidence that the presence of valuable natural resources increases the likelihood of armed conflict; and it is widely acknowledged that the sale of these natural resources is often used to fund an prolong armed conflicts. Once sold, these natural resources regularly enter developed countries, including the Netherlands, as a final destination or a transit point, whereupon they are sold and used as if they were legitimately obtained goods. Given that the countries of origin are often unable to exercise effective control over the illicit extraction and trade in resources on their territory, the IES has advocated that developed importing or transit countries take steps to block access to their national markets by criminalizing trade in resources that originate from conflict zones and that are illicitly extracted and sold. It is hoped that the prevention of access to the external market will diminish the money flow which fuels armed conflicts. It is expected that without the ability to export the illicitly obtained resources to external markets, the most important money flows that underlie or fund the continuation of armed conflict will soon dry up. Details: The Hague: Institute for Environmental Security, Amsterdam International Law Clinic and Bronkhorst International Law Services, 2008. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 8, 2010 at: http://www.envirosecurity.org/pathfinder/Criminal_Jurisdiction.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Illegal Trade Shelf Number: 120262 |
Author: Vollaard, Ben Title: Performance Contracts for Police Forces Summary: In 2003, the government will enter into performance contracts with each of the 25 regional police forces. The performance contracts establish a direct link between meeting a number of quantitative performance targets and financial incentives. A major improvement in police performance is necessary to meet the objective of 20 to 25 percent less criminal and disorderly behavior by 2006. A closer look at the performance contracts learns that they may not be the most appropriate policy instrument to achieve this objective. The nature of police work does not allow for advance planning of outputs. The police consist of professionals who need a high degree of discretion to do their work. The targets invite adverse behavioral effects. Management could become focused on 'meeting the numbers' rather than on delivering results. Because of the wide variety in police tasks and the low measurability of quality, there is a wide gap between performance measures and results. The financial incentives make it worse, by forcing a yes/no decision based on weighing multiple, non discrete performance measures. Moreover, the targets are likely to be off since the government does not have the information to set them at the right level. Less financial resources for poorly performing forces also adversely affect citizens. They cannot choose between providers of police services as in the case of hospitals or schools. Experiences in Australia and the United Kingdom suggest an alternative approach. They focus on benchmarking of police forces without direct financial incentives. Both countries have invested many years in improving the quality and comparability of police data as well as methods for fair comparisons between forces. Based on these comparisons, police forces are hold accountable. Consequently, the police are being forced to develop a clear picture of the effects of their approach in terms of the region's specific problems. The Dutch government could follow a similar approach. A system of peer review and customer satisfaction surveys can be instrumental in assessing a force's performance and in providing ideas for improvement. Critical assessment of performance data by knowledgeable people is a necessary ingredient to a policy of holding the police accountable to results. It stimulates a culture of experimenting, data collection and analysis, and singling out and sharing best practices. Such a change is necessary to bring about the desired improvement in police performance. Details: The Hague: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, 2003. 119p. Source: Internet Resource: CPB Document No. 31: Accessed February 9, 2011 at: http://www.cpb.nl/sites/default/files/publicaties/download/performance-contrasts-police-forces.pdf Year: 2003 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Police Accountability Shelf Number: 120728 |
Author: Poot, C.J. de Title: Jihadi Terrorism in the Netherlands: A Description Based on Closed Criminal Investigations Summary: What is the nature of jihadist terrorism in the Netherlands at the outset of the 21st century when we base our analysis on information the police gathered about this phenomenon? That is the core question of this research. In order to increase the understanding of jihadist terrorism, the knowledge collected by the police during criminal investigations into jihadist activities has been analysed systematically. When we refer to jihadist activities, we mean activities which are aimed at making a contribution to the armed fight against the West and against other perceived enemies of Islam. For the purpose of this research, we analysed a total of twelve (large-scale) criminal investigations that were conducted in the Netherlands in the period between July 2001 and July 2005. In doing so, we have sketched the portrait of an era. The most recent criminal investigation we analysed was conducted in the spring of 2005. We cannot make any projection about the manner in which the phenomenon of jihadism has changed since then under the influence of national or international developments. We have based this research on police files. This entails considerable restrictions. Firstly, not all jihadist activities come to the knowledge of the police and the police do not initiate criminal investigations into all jihadist activities which come to their knowledge. Secondly, we only selected a part of the cases which have been investigated during the research period. This selection may have influenced our perception. Thirdly, we have based this research on the information gathered by investigation teams which had the aim of reconstructing terrorist crimes and submitting these to the court substantiated by evidence. This focus of the investigation teams, their investigation hypotheses and the related selection and interpretation of information has also influenced our perception. The findings presented below must be seen in this light. For the purpose of obtaining an objective analysis of the available investigation material, but also because different criminal investigations into jihadist activities are often interrelated, we considered the selected investigation material in its entirety, and chose to rely less on the structures of the separate criminal investigations. The raw empirical material was subsequently restructured, so that groups of cooperating persons and joint activities could be examined together. In analysing this material, we focused on three dimensions of this phenomenon: (1) jihadist cooperations; (2) the activities performed in these cooperations and (3) the jihadist actors. Details: The Hague: Boom Juridische uitgevers, 2011. 176p. Source: Internet Resource: Onderzoek en beleid, 291: Accessed April 12, 2011 at: http://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/1381a-jihadist-terrorism-in-the-netherlands-a-description-based-on-closed-criminal-investigations.aspx?cp=45&cs=6796 Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Investigation Shelf Number: 121318 |
Author: Initernational Monetary Fund Title: Kingdom of the Netherlands - Netherlands: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism Summary: This assessment of the anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) regime of the Netherlands is based on the Forty Recommendations 2003 and the Nine Special Recommendations on Terrorist Financing 2001 of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), and was prepared using the AML/CFT assessment Methodology 2004, as last updated in February 2009. The assessment team considered all the materials supplied by the authorities, the information obtained on site during their mission from June 28 to July 13, 2010, and other verifiable information subsequently provided by the authorities. During the mission, the assessment team met with officials and representatives of all relevant government agencies and the private sector. A list of the bodies met is set out in Annex 1 to the detailed assessment report. This report provides a summary of the AML/CFT measures in place in the Netherlands at the time of the mission or shortly thereafter. It describes and analyzes those measures, sets out the Netherlands's levels of compliance with the FATF 40+9 Recommendations (see Table 1), and provides recommendations on how certain aspects of the system could be strengthened (see Table 2). The report was produced by the IMF as part of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) of the Netherlands. It was also presented to the FATF and adopted by this organization at its plenary meeting of February 2011. Details: Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2011. 334p. Source: Internet Resource: IMF Country Report No. 11/92: Accessed April 25 at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr1192.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Financial Crimes Shelf Number: 121482 |
Author: Butter, Tamara Title: Exploitative Labour Relations and Legal Consciousness of Irregular Migrant Workers in the Netherlands Summary: Because of their precarious position in the Netherlands, irregular migrants are potential victims of trafficking. The issue of trafficking in human beings is gaining more attention in the Netherlands, initially mainly in connection with prostitution but now increasingly also with regard to other forms of exploitation. Given the relevance of combating human trafficking of irregular migrants, IOM The Hague asked the University of Amsterdam (UvA) to research this issue. The first part of the UvA’s exploratory research is conducted through legal desk research based on the study of international and national law, jurisprudence and literature. In addition, staff members were interviewed of the Expertise Centrum Mensenhandel en Mensensmokkel, the Dutch Labour Inspectorate the Social Intelligence and Investigation Service (SIOD), representatives of Okia Foundation and BLinN as well as three lawyers assisting irregular migrants in labour law cases. The second part of the research, dealing with the migrant perspective regarding labour rights, was based on semi-structured interviews conducted with irregular migrants (previously) working in the Netherlands themselves. The irregular migrants were contacted at the consultation hours of the IOM. Moreover, migrants held in aliens detention centres were contacted. This exploratory research demonstrates that combating exploitative labour relations through a rights-based approach in the Netherlands is a complex undertaking, for which both institutional reforms at the (sub-)state level, as well as individual understanding and willingness to enforce labour rights for irregular migrant workers are necessary conditions. The rights-based approach can only be a viable alternative when the institutional steps to which the Dutch government is legally obliged are taken, resulting in more protection and awareness-raising among irregular migrants. However, even if these measures are taken, it remains doubtful whether irregular migrants will be willing to actually enforce their rights. From our empirical research it appears that a vast majority is currently not willing to take such steps for various reasons. Although many of these reasons relate to the existence of a parallel society without de facto labour rights – which could be changed through State action – the fact that they are just glad to have a job, are grateful for that and do not want to damage their contacts proved to be decisive in not claiming rights. Nevertheless, the creation of more awareness of rights and enforcement possibilities would be a first step towards dissolving the parallel society which is a necessary requirement for abolishing exploitative labour relations in the Netherlands. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2011. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2011 at: http://www.iom-nederland.nl/english/Configuratie/Homepage/About_IOM/IOM_in_the_Netherlands/Publications/Reports/Exploitative_Labour_Relations_and_Legal_Consciousness_of_Irregular_Migrant_Workers_in_the_Netherlands Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Forced Labour Shelf Number: 121697 |
Author: Wartna, B.S.J. Title: Recidivism Report 1997-2007 Trends in the Reconviction Rate of Dutch Offenders Summary: In the field of Dutch criminal law there is a comprehensive policy programme called "Working on Reduction of Recidivism". Various measures are being implemented to help reduce the risk of prosecuted offenders relapsing into criminal behaviour. Some years ago, definite targets were formulated with respect to two offender groups. Between 2002 and 2010, the medium-term recidivism for both juvenile offenders sanctioned by court or PPS, and adult ex-prisoners will have to be reduced by 10 percentage points. With regard to the latter group, the target was recently enhanced: by 2020, the reconviction rate of ex-prisoners must be reduced by 25 percent. The Recidivism Monitor study constitutes a means of checking whether the realisation of the target figures holds a steady course. Each year, the WODC calculates the reconviction rate of Dutch offenders. Nearly all persons in the Netherlands who came into contact with the Dutch judicial system as a suspect are included in the study. The measurements relate to five populations: adult offenders sanctioned by court or Public Prosecutor's Service (PPS), juvenile offenders sanctioned by court or PPS, ex-prisoners, former inmates of juvenile detention centres and former offenders placed under an entrustment order. Recently, the relapse among former offenders placed under an entrustment order was reported separately. This fact sheet outlines recidivism in the other four offender populations. Specifically, the study relates to juveniles and adults who were sanctioned by court or PPS or released from a penitentiary institution in the 1997-2007 period. Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice, 2010. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Fact Sheet 2010-6a: Accessed May 18, 2011 at: wodc.nl/images/Factsheet%202010-6a%20_tcm44-357792.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Adult Offenders Shelf Number: 121747 |
Author: Wijs, Rutger de Title: Improving Knowledge Transfer in Public-Private Partnerships that Confront Dutch Road Freight Transport Related Crime Summary: Because road freight transport safety in the Netherlands is a rising concern, the Dutch police and the affected Dutch transport sector, along with a number of other public and private stakeholders, have joined forces in the form of public-private partnership initiatives directed toward confronting road freight transport related crime in the Netherlands. As all parties involved possess unique but relevant knowledge, transferring this knowledge between partners is important. However, it is also difficult to achieve. Therefore the problem statement of this research is: how can knowledge transfer be improved in Public-Private Partnerships that confront Dutch road freight transport related crime? The knowledge transfer environment is shaped by the way Public-Private Partnerships are organised as well as the way people within them interact with each other and the knowledge to be transferred. This environment consists of 10 factors, which are all interrelated. To investigate how knowledge transfer occurs in these Public-Private Partnerships and to offer recommendations on how this can be improved, 18 semi-structured interviews were held with the most relevant and available people from five Public-Private Partnerships. The recommendations on how to improve knowledge transfer in Public-Private Partnerships that confront Dutch road freight transport related crime are organised in terms of how to improve structure and interaction. Structural recommendations refer to increased interaction by strategic and operational level partnerships, care for the ideal organisational structure, the inclusion of an operational field lab as well as a knowledge securing software system and the screening of potential partners as well as the optimal amount of partners and their preferred organisation size. The interaction recommendations refer to increasing empathy between partners, stimulating open communication, ensuring that the people who represent a partner stay on for the long-term and selecting the people who represent partners based on a number of individual competences. Details: Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University, Department of Organization, and Strategy, 2010. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Master Thesis: Accessed July 11, 2011 at: http://www.rpcgelderland-midden.nl/uploads/tx_rpcinfo/Onderzoek_-_het_verbeteren_van_kennisdeling_in_PPSen.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Cargo Theft (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 122018 |
Author: Flight, Sander Title: Cameratoezicht bekeken: Evaluatie cameratoezicht Amsterdamse Wallen en Nieuwendijk (2008 - 2010) (In Dutch) Summary: Camera surveillance was initiated in 2 areas in Amsterdam as off 2004. The reason for this was the widespread drug-related nuisance and the increasing burden of partying public. The areas under surveillance are popular within the city, which means that safety is of top priority to attract foreigners, entrepreneurs and residents. The goal of installing the cameras in these neighbourhoods was to prevent crime, to increase objective and subjective safety, to detect crime and to improve emergency aid within the areas. Details: Amsterdam: DSP-groep, 2011. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2011 at: http://www.eukn.org/E_library/Security_Crime_Prevention/Crime_Prevention/Camera_Surveillance/Camera_surveillance_in_Amsterdam_does_it_work Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: CCTV Shelf Number: 123009 |
Author: Netherlands. National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Human Trafficking: Ten Years of Independent Monitoring Summary: This report marks the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the post of National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings as an independent monitoring mechanism of the Netherlands’ efforts to combat human trafficking. It also marks ten years of making recommendations, 200 in all. Many of those recommendations have been acted upon, the importance of some has receded and others have been regularly repeated. This report outlines the progress made in efforts to tackle human trafficking in the Netherlands over the last ten years in light of those recommendations. This report contains no new recommendations. Nevertheless, the contents clearly illustrate the aspects of the fight against human trafficking that still give cause for concern and demand vigilance. New developments are highlighted that might present a different kind of challenge in the efforts to combat human trafficking. Political and public attention for the subject of human trafficking has grown in the last ten years. Tackling human trafficking is a priority for the police and the public prosecution service. The growing public and political awareness of human trafficking has also increased the abhorrence of this abject form of crime. The political outrage is reflected in the decision to raise the maximum sentences for this serious offence with effect from 1 July 2009. At the same time, the statistics show that the number of criminal cases registered by the district offices of the public prosecution service has fluctuated over the years and that in 2009 the figure was lower than in 2000. The statistics also show that the proportion of custodial sentences of less than one year is increasing, while prison sentences of more than four years are declining, both in first instance and on appeal. Any self-respecting society should do everything in its power to ensure that the five Ps, prevention, protection, prosecution, punishment and partnership, which together form the cornerstone of efforts to combat human trafficking, are a constant and integral facet of anti-trafficking policies and their implementation in practice. That was also the message conveyed by the European Court of Human Rights in its judgment in the case of Rantsev versus Cyprus and Russia. Effective progress depends on cooperation between the various actors responsible for implementing the 5P paradigm. Enormous efforts have also been made in this respect in recent years. But cooperation in the anti-trafficking chain is not in itself a magic formula. Success demands a constant willingness on the part of every actor to help find solutions for those elements of the paradigm that are not necessarily their own direct responsibility. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem. Although roughly a quarter of the registered victims in the last ten years were Dutch, the majority are still people who have fled from poverty in their own country in search of a more dignified existence, only to end up being exploited in the sex industry or in other sectors. Their experience is vividly illustrated by ‘Journey’, an exhibition that BNRM is bringing to the Netherlands to mark its tenth anniversary. The exhibition tells the story of a young East European girl who was trafficked for the purpose of exploitation in prostitution in the United Kingdom. The exhibition makes a deep impression and provides inspiration for continuing the fight against human trafficking. For the last ten years the Rapporteur has held a mirror up to the agencies engaged in the fight against human trafficking in the Netherlands. They have looked in that mirror. Details: The Hague: BNRM, 2010. 237p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: www.bnrm.nl Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Prostitution Shelf Number: 123154 |
Author: Hoogenboom, A.B. Title: Bringing the police back in. Notes on the lost & found character of the police in police studies Summary: Narratives - or storytelling - are essential elements of our history and culture. In his Origins of Stories, Boyd (2009) argues that narratives are a specifically human adaptation. They offer tangible advantages for human survival, and are derived from playing, itself an adaption widespread among intelligent animals. More particularly, our fondness for storytelling has sharpened social cognition, encouraged cooperation, and fostered creativity. The need to hold an audience’s attention, Boyd underscores, is the fundamental problem facing all storytellers. Today, I will do just that in trying to hold your attention. This lecture is about politics, policing and the police, and it brings back in the political context of policing - and also how this relates to the craft of policing. I define the craft of policing in terms of the core tasks of the police: maintaining public order, enforcing the law, offering services to the public and securing the underlying quality of (criminal) intelligence - and finally executing these tasks in a timely and professional way. And by ‘professional’ I mean ‘within the boundaries of the law’, and thus proportionate. Still, the term ‘professional’ here is also about setting one’s own moral standards and about being self-critical when it comes to assessing one’s performance. In the first part of my lecture I will define the political context of policing from which the core tasks of the police are derived. Next, I will give an overview of what these core tasks are. In the second part of my lecture I shall argue how in the last 35 years both the political context and the craft of policing have gradually disappeared in police research. Layers and layers of academic knowledge bringing in theories, concepts, definitions and ideas from different social sciences have been put on top of the craft of policing. Most of the research concerned here deals with organizational and managerial issues, or with descriptions of police processes. As a result, the political and theoretical context of policing, receiving less and less attention in research, is increasingly often ignored. I put forward six interrelated factors to explain why and how this happened. In the third part of my lecture I will bring the police back into police research by arguing that the political context is changing. I will do this on two levels. On the first level I shall argue that order keeping and law enforcement, and the quality of intelligence needed to execute these tasks, is becoming more prominent in actual policing. The Dutch police system is slowly evolving from a service and consent model of policing towards a system in which order keeping, law enforcement and intelligence is being brought in. Yet, much of the police research still clings to the theories, models, concepts and ideologies of a police system oriented towards service to the public. This means other research questions have to formulated. Which is what I will do. On the second level, the strategically relevant question, both for the political system and the police, asks what - if at all - the function is of the police in today’s network society in which a multitude of agencies and private actors are currently supplying safety and security. I will bring in recent research to fuel this discussion. Finally, I shall thank some of the people who have been an inspiration for me, and thank others who have made it possible for me to lecture, to write, and to tell stories - and who have enabled me throughout my career to satisfy my curiosity and my interest in policing. Details: Dordrecht, Netherlands: Stichting Maatschappij, Veiligheid en Politie, 2009. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2012 at http://www.smvp.nl/files/hoogenboom_english.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Police Behavior (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 124520 |
Author: Schatz, Eberhard Title: The Dutch treatment and social support system for drug users: Recent developments and the example of Amsterdam Summary: This paper, written in collaboration with the Correlation Network, briefly describes the history and the basic elements of the Dutch drug dependence treatment policy, including recent trends in drug use and the current drug treatment system implemented in the four largest cities in the Netherlands. Building on more than 30 years’ experience, the Dutch approach focuses on an integrated treatment system, which provides comprehensive support and services to the most vulnerable groups, including homeless people, problematic drug users and chronic psychiatric patients. At the same time, a strong emphasis is given to public order and crime reduction. The paper describes the law enforcement and community involvement elements of the strategy, and provides available data on the results achieved so far. Although the current policy has shown positive results for individuals and society as a whole, the system is at risk of losing its balanced approach. The approach of public health-based regulation may have reached its limits and is lose focus in over-medicalization and over-regulation. The policy may have been under pressure from surrounding countries in the 1980s and 1990s, but nowadays, the biggest threat for turning back the clock is coming from inside the country. There is a growing concern among service providers and drug using communities that the new government will be redrafting the policy agenda away from the primary interest of drug policy: increasing the quality of life of people who use drugs. Details: International Drug Policy Consortium, 2011. 15p. Source: IDPC Briefing Paper: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2012 at http://dl.dropbox.com/u/64663568/library/IDPC-briefing-paper-dutch-treatment-systems.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Reduction Shelf Number: 125216 |
Author: Netherlands. National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings Title: Child Pornography: First Report of the Dutch National Rapporteur Summary: The aim of this initial report is to provide some insight into the phenomenon of child pornography. The current state of affairs is also broadly analysed. The core theme within the analysis is that the approach towards tackling child pornography is inextricably linked to the overall approach towards tackling sexual violence against children, and must form part of this. At the present time, ample attention is already being paid to the structure of the policy on child pornography, specifically with regard to the repressive strategy. Considerations are being made regarding the most effective way of allocating the police capacity involved in the programme of measures, at a central and regional level, as described in the section ondetection in Chapter 3. However, an effective programme consists of more than just repressive action alone. Bodies other than the police and the judicial authorities have responsibilities in this area, as well; these other bodies will also be discussed in the following chapters. Contents: Chapter 1 ‘The phenomenon of child pornography’. This chapter forms the response to an extensive literature study, which enabled us to gain an insight into the complexity of the phenomenon. Chapter 2 ‘The government agenda’. This chapter analyses the manner in which the government has responded in terms of policymaking to the phenomenon of child pornography as it manifested itself as a social phenomenon and isstill continuing to do so. In view of the fact that child pornography forms part of the wider context of sexual violence against children, this report will look at aspects including the question as to whether the specific characteristics of child pornography that are shown in Chapter 1 have been taken into account in the policy initiatives in that area over the past two decades. It also examines current policy initiatives from the perspective of international developments and conventions, in which Articles 19 and 34 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Lanzarote Convention in particular have served as the guideline. Chapter 3 ‘Implementation’. The central question in this chapter relates to the way in which the means of implementation in practice contribute to the strategy to tackle child pornography within the wider context of protecting children from sexual violence. The processes that form part of the implementation policy that will be discussed include prevention, identification and registration, the repressive approach – consisting of detection, prosecution and trial and (after-care for and) monitoring of convicted sex offenders – and the provision of care to victims. This report also devotes special attention to the public-private sector partnership, which is essential in tackling child pornography. Chapter 4 ‘Conclusions and recommendations’. Finally, the report states which conclusions can be drawn from the previous chapters and what recommendations must be associated with these. Details: The Hague: Bureau of the Dutch National Rapporteur, 2011. 342p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 24, 2012 at: www.bnrm.nl/Images/child-pornography_tcm63-426858.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Pornography (The Netherlands) Shelf Number: 125747 |
Author: Aantjes, Feike Title: Residential burglaries: A comparison between self-report studies of burglars and observational data from Enschede Summary: Residential burglary is a serious crime. In Twente the amount of residential burglaries increased in the period of 2007 till 2011 every year by at least 8%. A burglary has a significant impact on the victims, not only financially but emotionally as well. Once a burglary is committed, a repeat of the crime is very likely. Some theories try to explain how burglars operate and why. These theories are the rational choice perspective, the routine activities approach, the opportunity theory, the crime pattern theory and crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). This study compares the results of self report studies of burglars with observational data from Enschede, a Dutch city with approximately 157.000 citizens. The self report studies are from Macintyre (2001). He interviewed 50 burglars to obtain a list of seventeen cues, which play a role in assessing whether a house is suitable to break in to or not. Some cues attract burglars, while others deter them. In Enschede 851 houses were observed in 2010, 430 of them were burglarized in 2008 and the other 421 were not burglarized the past 5 years. Every house was observed using a checklist, which was used for characteristics of the houses and the direct environment. Every cue of Macintyre is compared with the data from Enschede, to find out whether the cues correspond or not. The factors dog evidence and people in the street have in agreement with Macintyre a significant lower chance of getting burglarized. Houses with bad window frames or bad maintenance or a corner house are significantly more likely to get burglarized. Houses with high fences, an alarm system or extra locks are more likely to get burglarized, in contrast with what was expected. The other cues had no significant impact on the chance of getting burglarized. Further research can take alarm systems and extra locks into account and investigate whether these are effective measures, as well as dead-end streets and take the different types of dead-end streets into account. Finally a replica of Macintyre’s study in a Dutch setting with information about the modus operandi could generate more insight in the target selection and breaking and entering of burglars in The Netherlands. Details: The Netherlands: Universiteit Twente, 2012. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2012 athttp://essay.utwente.nl/61668/1/MSc_F_Aantjes.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPT Shelf Number: 125826 |
Author: Kuperus, Jasper Title: Catching Criminals by Chance: A Probabilistic Approach to Named Entity Recognition using Targeted Feedback Summary: In forensics, large amounts of unstructured data have to be analyzed in order to nd evidence or to detect risks. For example, the contents of a personal computer or USB data carriers belonging to a suspect. Automatic processing of these large amounts of unstructured data, using techniques like Information Extraction, is inevitable. Named Entity Recognition (NER) is an important rst step in Information Extraction and still a dicult task. A main challenge in NER is the ambiguity among the extracted named entities. Most approaches take a hard decision on which named entities belong to which class or which boundary ts an entity. However, often there is a signi - cant amount of ambiguity when making this choice, resulting in errors by making these hard decisions. Instead of making such a choice, all possible alternatives can be preserved with a corresponding con dence of the probability that it is the correct choice. Extracting and handling entities in such a probabilistic way is called Probabilistic Named Entity Recognition (PNER). Combining the elds of Probabilistic Databases and Information Extraction results in a new eld of research. This research project explores the problem of Probabilistic NER. Although Probabilistic NER does not make hard decisions when ambiguity is involved, it also does not yet resolve ambiguity. A way of resolving this ambiguity is by using user feedback to let the probabilities converge to the real world situation, called Targeted Feedback. The main goal in this project is to improve NER results by using PNER, preventing ambiguity related extraction errors and using Targeted Feedback to reduce ambiguity. This research project shows that Recall values of the PNER results are significantly higher than for regular NER, adding up to improvements over 29%. Using Targeted Feedback, both Precision and Recall approach 100% after full user feedback. For Targeted Feedback, both the order in which questions are posed and whether a strategy attempts to learn from the answers of the user provide performance gains. Although PNER shows to have potential, this research project provides insucient evidence whether PNER is better than regular NER. Details: Enschede, The Netherlands: University of Twente, 2012. 116p. Source: Master's Thesis: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2012 at http://essay.utwente.nl/61639/1/MSc_J_Kuperus_DB_CTIT.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Computer Crime Shelf Number: 125827 |
Author: Rempe, Sheller-Blink Title: Contacts of minority and majority juveniles with the police: An exploratory research on the number of contacts that minority and majority juveniles have had with the police and the number of negative police actions experienced during those contacts Summary: The interaction between juveniles and the police is one that is very important in our society. One might only think of the police as arm of the state that deals with criminal cases. However, getting an insight into the relationships between juveniles and the police shows that the police also work together with different institutions (e.g. schools). By having cooperation’s with other institutions the police try to take preventive actions so that delinquent juveniles can be integrated into the society and will not break the law. This study, which was undertaken in June 2011, surveyed 35 ethnic minority and native German juveniles living in the city of Gronau. The respondents were asked about the contacts they have had with the police. All respondents at least one time had personal contact with the police and were asked to give an insight into the nature of that contact. In addition to examining how often each juvenile had contact with the police and how many times they experienced negative actions of the police, the study also evaluated in which sense ethnicity, individual delinquency and availability on the streets impacted the different encounters of juveniles with the police. One major finding of this study is that ethnic minority juveniles do not have significantly more contact with the police than their native counterparts. Hence, initial assumptions that prejudice of police officers exists in the legal institutions were not confirmed. The only explanations the thesis found for having a high number of contacts with the police are the involvement of juveniles in delinquency and the availability of juveniles on the streets as this makes him or herself approachable for the police. Examining whether the type of negative actions both groups have received during the contacts differ showed that in general juveniles are punished in relation to the crime they have committed. There was no evidence that police officers treat one group different from the other. Details: Enschede, The Netherlands: University of Twente, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2012 at http://essay.utwente.nl/61544/1/BSc_S_Blink_Rempe.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Disproportionate Minority Contact, Juveniles (The Shelf Number: 125829 |
Author: Austrup, Sebastian Title: The Person Behind the "Broken Window": The Influence of the Environment and Personality on Undesired Behavior Summary: The Broken Windows Theory predicts that when disorder is present in a surrounding, people will behave in an antisocial way. How exactly a disorderly environment affect a person and which mechanisms could make the person behave in an anti-social way? Approaches regarding that topic are mostly dealt in context of the Broken Windows Theory. Popularity of this approach ranks behind its controversy. Goal of the present study was to assess the influence of the environment and camera surveillance on human behavior, moderated by a personality trait. In a 2 x 2 factorial design in which participants were confronted with a tidy and untidy setup of a room they got the opportunity to cheat for money and leave mess behind. The influence of environmental factors was stronger in people who feel their lives are being controlled by external factors, meaning they have an external locus of control. Moreover we found no damping effect on cheating of camera surveillance in our experiment nor did it raise the self-awareness of the participants. Results suggest that there has to be an extra „push“ to act antisocial in a disorderly environment, with witch has to be dealt in further research. Details: Enschede, Netherlands: University of Twente, 2011. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 6, 2012 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/59931/1/BSc_S_Austrup.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior Shelf Number: 125862 |
Author: Eijkman, Quirine Title: Impact of Counter-Terrorism on Communities: Netherlands Background Report Summary: This country report sets the context for research on the impact of counter-terrorism legislation and policies on racial, ethnic and religious minority communities in the Netherlands. Despite the fact that over the last decade various security measures have been assessed, there are few studies on their context-specific effect. This report discusses the Dutch population and community situation, the counter-terrorism legal framework, its policy and policing background as well as security and political perspectives. It concludes that, in the years since 9/11, the Madrid and London terror attacks, and the murder of filmmaker and Islam-critic Theo van Gogh, fear of terrorism has decreased. Furthermore, the general public appears more concerned about the effect that security measures have on their civil rights and liberties. Public security and crime-prevention remain high on the political agenda and various trends, including the emergence of anticipatory criminal justice, the use and availability of ethnic data and the strength of populist parties mobilising around (cr)immigration and integration, have made the risk of side-effects of security measures for minority communities more pertinent. The apparently decreased political and public support for the anti-discrimination framework and the weak socio-economic position and institutional representation of ethnic minorities and migrants, contribute to the necessity of sound empirical research on the impact of security measures on minority, especially Muslim, communities in the Netherlands. Details: London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2012. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 5, 2012 at: http://www.strategicdialogue.org/Netherlands_FINAL.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Counter-Terrorism (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 126880 |
Author: Baat, Mariska de Title: Combating Child Abuse and Neglect in the Netherlands Summary: In the Netherlands, every year more than 100.000 children and young people between the ages of 0 and 18 are abused in one or more ways. It is estimated that between 40 and 80 children die of the consequences. The Dutch Government finds it unacceptable that so many young people experience violence in their home situation. Because of the serious effects of child abuse, the Dutch government focuses on the prevention and early recognition and halting of child abuse. This report describes the national and regional strategies in policy and practice in addressing child abuse in the Netherlands. The Netherlands Youth Institute has been granted a two-year project (2011 – 2012) in the framework of the Daphne III programme: prevent and combat violence against children, young people and women and to protect victims and groups at risk. The aim of the project is to generate relevant knowledge on current strategies for the prevention of child abuse and neglect in Europe. It will focus on interventions and strategies that are targeted at preventing and the treatment of child abuse. It will compare the strategies of 5 European countries. This report is part of the first workstream, in which the national approaches of combatting child abuse and neglect in the five countries are described and compared to each other. The output of the project will be a manual with data on what works in preventing and the treatment of child abuse and it also has a research strand with the experiences of parents and children regarding their experiences with programmes. The project is a collaboration with the Swedish Orebro regional council, the Hungarian Family child Youth Association, the German Youth Institute, CESIS from Portugal and Verweij-Jonker from the Netherlands. This report contains six chapters. The first chapter describes the definition and prevalence of child abuse and neglect, the child welfare system in the Netherlands and the main governmental policy on child abuse and neglect. Chapter two, three and four describe the continuum of care: from universal and preventive services, to the detection, reporting and stopping of child abuse and neglect and the treatment services. Each of these chapters contain seven paragraphs, they are about: governmental strategies and actions, involved people and organizations, products, results, good practices, bottlenecks and a summary and conclusion. Chapter five is about the integrating of services and chapter six describes the professionalization of professionals in the Netherlands. We conclude with an overall summary and conclusion. Details: Utrecht: Netherlands Youth Institute, 2011. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2012 at: http://www.youthpolicy.nl/yp/downloadsyp/Daphne-report-The-Netherlands.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 126935 |
Author: Rud, Iryna Title: The Externalities of Crime: The Effect of Criminal Involvement of Parents on the Educational Attainment of Their Children Summary: The empirical literature on education and crime suggests that both criminal behavior and educational attainment are transferred from parents to children. However, the impact of criminal involvement of parents on educational outcomes of children tends to be ignored, even though the entailed social costs may be substantial. This study examines the effects of parents‟ criminal involvement on the educational attainment of their children. A multinomial probit model is applied in combination with a Mahalanobis matching approach to identify this effect. The findings suggest that having criminally involved parents: (1) increases the probability of only finishing primary education by 8 percentage points, and (2) decreases the probability of having a higher education degree by 13 percentage points. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2012. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: TIER Working Paper Series; Tier SP 12/10: Accessed January 30, 2013 at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/tir/wpaper/44.html Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Behavior Shelf Number: 127450 |
Author: Netherlands Youth Institute Title: What Works in Tackling Child Abuse and Neglect? A manual for policy makers, managers & professionals Summary: Effective tackling of child abuse and neglect requires a sustainable care continuum for preventing and treating child abuse and neglect, embedded in a national framework. In addition, the implementation of effective policies and services should be founded on practice and evidencebased knowledge. There is also a need for ensuring and implementing integratedworking. At last, policy and practice should be based on the empowerment and participation of children and parents. These are the general conclusions of the manual ‘What works in tackling child abuse and neglect?’. This manual also contains specific conclusions and recommendations about the various steps in the care continuum around child abuse and neglect (CAN) and integrated working in relation to tackling CAN. The manual is directed at policy makers, managers and professionals. Details: Utrecht: Netherlands Youth Institute, 2013. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://www.youthpolicy.nl/yp/downloadsyp/downloadsyp-What-works-in-tackling-child-abuse-and-neglect.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 128071 |
Author: Kunst, Maarten Title: The Burden of Interpersonal Violence: Examining the psychosocial aftermath of victimisation Summary: The burden of violent victimisation has received much attention in scientific literature. Most previous studies seem to have focussed on adverse psychological or medical consequences of victimisation (e.g., Denkers, 1996). A few others have attempted to uncover its negative socioeconomic impact (e.g., Dolan, Loomes, Peasgood, & Tsuchiya, 2005). And finally, several studies have considered the positive side of violence (e.g., Cobb, Tedeschi, Calhoun, & Cann, 2006). Despite the abundance of available studies on the aftermath of violent victimisation, many issues still remain to be uncovered. Relying on a sample of victims of violence who had claimed compensation from the Dutch Victim Compensation Fund (DVCF), the purpose of this PhD project was to further unravel the psychosocial aftermath of violent victimisation in this specific subgroup of interpersonal violence. A number of studies have investigated mental health outcomes of violence in victims with a history of application for compensation from the state. These studies primarily focussed on victims of mass casualties, such terrorist bombings (e.g., Verger et al., 2004). However, on the other hand, victims of individual casualties, such as civilian violence, seem to have been neglected in previous research. Details: Tilburg, German: University of Tilburg, 2010. 224p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 6, 2013 at: http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=105988 Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Family Violence Shelf Number: 128307 |
Author: Verhoef, J. Title: Immigration Detention: penal regime or step towards deportation? About respecting human rights in immigration detention Summary: The government wants people who are living in the Netherlands illegally to leave the country voluntarily. If they fail to do so, the government will take a number of steps. One of those steps is immigration detention. Detention is a measure that deprives people of their liberty. A foreign national will be locked up at a detention centre pending swift deportation. A total of 6,100 foreign nationals were kept in detention in 2010, for an average for 76 days. The National Ombudsman has observed that foreign nationals are being detained under an inappropriate regime that seriously strains the respect of fundamental rights. To some extent this is because immigration detention acts insufficiently as the last resort. Moreover, the government wrongly assumes that foreign nationals spend only a relatively short period of time in detention. The current regime fails to reflect the nature of a measure taken under administrative law. The sole purpose of detention is to prevent a foreign national from avoiding deportation. This measure is not intended to be a punishment. Yet in several respects foreign nationals are detained under a more austere regime than that of convicted criminals. Unlike convicted criminals, foreign nationals are kept as standard in two-person cells, for example, while they are not allowed to work, they may not receive any education and they must remain in their cells from 17:00 to 08:00 hrs. What’s more, foreign nationals are subject to the same security measures (frisk searches, strip searches and restraints during transportation) and disciplinary punishments and measures (such as segregation and solitary confinement). What is needed to bring about real improvements is the acknowledgement that immigration detention may be used only as a last resort. In the short term the Dutch government needs to develop less drastic alternatives to immigration detention. The National Ombudsman naturally welcomes as a positive step the government’s current elaboration of alternatives to immigration detention (such as the Reporting project and the Deposit project). In contrast, however, the pilot projects are being carried out only on a small scale, focus on specific target groups, and only last a short time. Immigration detention is the step that remains when the government, after due consideration, concludes that a less severe remedy for preventing a foreign national from avoiding deportation does not exist. When this occurs, it is important for the regime to reflect the nature of immigration detention, namely a measure focused solely on deportation. There should be no elements of punishment in immigration detention. As the Custodial Institutions Act was written with a view to punishment, it is important to give the regime of immigration detention its own dedicated embodiment. Another option is to develop an appropriate regime within the framework of the Custodial Institutions Act. The Act sets down only minimum standards and offers scope to adapt the different regimes. There are all kinds of different institutions for offenders based on the regime of the entire community, varying from closed to open prisons, and even a penitentiary programme that allow prisoners to stay outside the prison by means of electronic surveillance. The National Ombudsman observed that governors of detention centres involved in this study exhibit a willingness to change the approach from pressure and coercion to one of brainstorming and facilitating. Consideration is also being given to more moderate forms of the regime. The National Ombudsman regards this as a first step towards developing a more appropriate regime. Details: The Hague: Netherlands National Ombudsman, 2012. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Report No. 2012/105: Accessed April 16, 2013 at: Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Human Rights Shelf Number: 128359 |
Author: Spagens, Toine Title: Decriminalization as Regulation: The Gambling and Cannabis Markets in the Netherlands Summary: Decriminalizing an illegal market may be a useful strategy for reducing crime. It is also necessary, however, to have a clear understanding of the nature of the illegal market before undertaking such an endeavor. Experiences in the Netherlands show that decriminalizing illegal markets may indeed result in a substantial reduction of organized crime and other criminal activities, if the regulatory system is designed adequately. These experiences also show that such systems inherently lack flexibility and that criminals are usually quick to re-enter the market when unforeseen developments, particularly technical innovations and internationalization, create new illegal business opportunities. Details: Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University, 2013. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Tilburg Law School Research Paper No. 05/2013: Accessed April 17, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2107654 Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Drug Legalization Shelf Number: 128392 |
Author: Abraham, Manja Title: Halt Updated Process evaluation study of the updated Halt programme Summary: Juveniles aged from 12 to 18, who have been apprehended by the police for, for example, vandalism, shoplifting, firework offences or truant, may be given a choice between the criminal justice system and - via a conditional nolle prosequi - the Halt programme. The aim of the Halt programme is to hand out an alternative punishment – Het ALTernatief in Dutch – to make these juveniles aware of their behaviour, to give them the chance to right their wrongs and to make it clear to them that criminal behaviour is unacceptable. If they take part in the Halt programme, juveniles can also avoid having a criminal record. In addition to the police and the Dutch Public Prosecution Service (OM), special investigating officers (BOAs) with special powers can refer juveniles to the Halt programme. The updated Halt programme has been implemented by all the Halt offices since 1 January 2010. The questions to be examined were: Is the updated Halt programme being implemented as intended? Which points are being implemented as intended and which are not? What are the causes of any problems in the implementation? Details: Amsterdam: WODC, ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie,, 2013. 11 p. (summary) Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2013 at: http://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/evaluatie-nieuwe-haltafdoening.aspx Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 128838 |
Author: Veen, Violaine Title: Risk Profiles of Youth in Pre-Trial Detention: A comparative study of Moroccan and Dutch male adolescents in the Netherlands Summary: Moroccan male adolescents in the Netherlands are highly overrepresented in youth crime, compared to both native Dutch and other ethnic minority groups. The current thesis has been the first to examine the characteristics of Moroccan adolescent offenders in the Netherlands in relation to various environmental and individual risk factors, using quantitative data from both an offender population and from the general population. The objective of the present study was a) to identify the risk profile of Moroccan youth offenders in pre-trail detention, b) to compare this risk profile with that of native Dutch adolescents in pre-trail detention, and c) to draw intra-ethnic comparisons of various risk factors by using comparison samples from the respective general populations. Participants in this study were 299 boys aged 12-18 years, placed in pre-trial detention in 10 juvenile justice institutions in the Netherlands. From all incarcerated boys, 141 were of Moroccan origin and 158 were native Dutch. Of the participants, 168 parents participated in the study. Overall, a less problematic profile was found for Moroccan adolescents in pre-trial detention than for native Dutch adolescents in pre-trial detention. First, analysis of police record data showed that the offending behavior of Moroccan adolescents in pre-trial detention was characterized by relatively less serious delinquent acts (i.e., property-based offences) compared to native Dutch. Second, individual risk factors such as mental health problems and psychopathic traits, were found to be less prevalent among Moroccan adolescents in pre-trial detention than among native Dutch. Third, less control and less affection expression characterized the mother-son relationship in Moroccan families in general. Finally, the level of orientation towards Dutch society was higher for Moroccan adolescents in pre-trial detention than for Moroccan adolescents from the general population. In sum, the risk profile of Moroccan youths in pre-trial detention was found to be less problematic compared to the risk profile of incarcerated native Dutch, and incarcerated Moroccans were found to be more orientated towards the Dutch society than their Moroccan peers in the general population. The characteristics of Moroccan boys are indicative of various theoretical explanations for their overrepresentation in crime. First, being strongly oriented towards the Dutch society may make Moroccan youths more likely to use natives as a basis of social comparison, and therefore may make them more prone to experience frustration regarding their unfavorable socio-economic and socio-cultural position in the Netherlands. As a consequence, Moroccan immigrant youths may be more likely to engage in criminal activities. Second, a lack of social control exerted by for instance school and mothers in Moroccan families, is thought to contribute to problem behavior in Moroccan boys. Third, there are indications that discriminatory processes in the juvenile justice system may to some extent account for their overrepresentation in youth crime, and our findings on the relatively less problematic risk profiles of Moroccan boys are in line with these indications. Support is warranted for Moroccan boys, for example by creating more educational opportunities and better chances on the labor market and by helping Moroccan families accessing mental health services. Details: Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2011. 170p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 26, 2013 at: http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/dissertations/2011-0819-200943/UUindex.html Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Adolescents Shelf Number: 129187 |
Author: Grund, Jean-Paul Title: Coffee Shops and Compromise: Separated Illicit Drug Markets in the Netherlands Summary: Though famous for its coffee shops, where cannabis can be purchased and consumed, the Netherlands has accomplished many enviable public health outcomes through its drug policy. These include low prevalence of HIV among people who use drugs, negligible incidence of heroin use, lower cannabis use among young people than in many stricter countries, and a citizenry that has generally been spared the burden of criminal records for low level, nonviolent drug offenses. Coffee Shops and Compromise: Separated Illicit Drug Markets in the Netherlands tells the history of the Dutch approach and describes the ongoing success of the country’s drug policy. This includes the impact of the Dutch “separation of markets,” which potentially limits people’s exposure and access to harder drugs. Though coffee shops have traditionally commanded the most media attention, the Netherlands also pioneered needle exchange and safer consumption rooms, decriminalized possession of small quantities of drugs, and introduced easy-to-access treatment services. These policies, coupled with groundbreaking harm reduction interventions, have resulted in the near-disappearance of HIV among people who inject drugs and the lowest rate of problem drug use in Europe. Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2013. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2013 at: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/coffee-shops-and-compromise-separated-illicit-drug-markets-netherlands Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 129535 |
Author: Rud, Iryna Title: The Effect of Restorative Juvenile Justice on Future Educational Outcomes Summary: In this article, we study the effects of a Dutch restorative justice program for adolescent first-time offenders on early school leaving and years of education attained. Causal statistical estimates are presented using data from a randomized experiment, in which 944 adolescent offenders are randomly assigned to the experimental condition, and by linking these data to registration data that track the educational careers of all adolescents in the Netherlands. We found that the program reduces early school leaving by 6 percentage points and increases years of education attained by 0.29 years. The findings show that restorative juvenile justice programs have signi cant educational benefi ts and should be considered as a tool to reduce early school leaving and increase educational attainment. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2014. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Tier Working Paper Series, Tier AP 14/01: Accessed April 24, 2014 at: http://www.tierweb.nl/assets/files/UM/Working%20papers/TIER%20WP%2014-01.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Delinquency Prevention Shelf Number: 132159 |
Author: Mulder, E.A. Title: Unraveling Serious Juvenile Delinquency: Risk and Needs Assessment by Classification into Subgroups Summary: In the Netherlands, the top 5% most serious juvenile offenders are placed in juvenile justice institutions under a mandatory treatment order. After two to six years of treatment, the chance of recidivism is supposed to have been reduced considerably. The new offenses that do take place, are supposed to be less severe in nature than the offenses that were committed before treatment. Over the years, several interventions aimed at these serious offenders have been developed. However, the effectiveness of most interventions has not been demonstrated yet. Specialists in the field have said for years that improvement of interventions is needed. However, until now little research has been done on risk factors that predict recidivism in this group of very serious off enders. This is important because of the risk of this subgroup for society, for the victims and for the juveniles themselves. If more is known about the precursors of serious juvenile off ending and recidivism, existing interventions may be improved, new interventions may be developed and the effectiveness of interventions may be higher. However, the accuracy of current ways of predicting off ending and future recidivism is still far from perfect with effect sizes that are seldom higher than 0.70 (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2009). Thus new ways to come to evidence-based decision making and the development of evidence-based interventions need to be explored. Details: Rotterdam: Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2010. 163p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 3, 2014 at: http://repub.eur.nl/pub/19506/ Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Interventions Shelf Number: 132205 |
Author: Coumans, Sara Vida Title: How Age Matters: Exploring Contemporary Dutch Debates on Age and Sex Work Summary: Social protection policies regarding sex work in The Netherlands use 'age' as an instrument to create binaries between adults and young people. The concept 'chronological age' assumes that age is a static feature and supports the process of categorization; however, age is a socially constructed phenomenon and has an embodied experience that is gendered. The objective of this research is to understand the role of 'age' in shaping social protection policies regarding sex work in The Netherlands, by analyzing how age is understood by those involved in the design and implementation of policies related to sex work in The Netherlands. Details: The Hague: Institute of Social Studies, 2014. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Working Paper Series / General Series , No. 588: Accessed June 14, 2014 at: http://repub.eur.nl/pub/51411 Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Age Shelf Number: 132455 |
Author: Odinot, G. Title: The Dutch Implementation of the Data Retention Directive. On the Storage and Use of Telephone and Internet Traffic Data for Crime Investigation Purposes Summary: This report shows how the Dutch Data Retention Act works in practice. It provides an overview of the way in which the Retention Act is structured, and of the use of the retained telephone and internet traffic data in the investigative practice. The report also provides insight into the use and value of these data in court rulings. The main assumption behind the Data Retention Act is that certain telephone and internet traffic data can play an important role in the investigation and prosecution of serious crimes. However, the fact that these privacy sensitive data have to be stored for a certain period of time, is a continual source of discussion. This report provides insight into the use of the data that are stored according to Dutch law, in order to assess the value and the necessity of the retention directive. Hereby this report fills a need that is felt both in The Netherlands, as well as at the European level. Due to the rise of mobile phone and smartphone use, and due to the many communication possibilities provided by the Internet, distance communication has changed drastically in recent years. The current legislation does not reflect these developments, and it is unlikely that 'local' Dutch legislation can overcome this and can be meaningful in the borderless and location free space of the Internet. Given the international nature of many forms of crime, European harmonization on retention periods and the retrieval of data is desirable. European harmonization does not, however, resolve all the possible challenges presented by the virtual world. Security minded thinking stimulates an expansion of retention directives to involve more possibilities for the use of internet data in the investigation of crime. However, from the perspective of the privacy of citizens, this is an undesirable development. The search for an alternative to the current data retention is a hefty challenge. Insights offered in this report will be useful in discussions concerning these developments. Details: The Hague: WODC and Eleven International Publishing, 2014. 150p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 11, 2014 at: http://www.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/ov-201402-the-dutch-implementation-of-the-data-retention-directive.aspx?cp=44&cs=6796 Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Investigation (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 133278 |
Author: Keizer, Kees Title: The Importance of Demonstratively Restoring Order Summary: Contrary to what is often assumed, order is not the strongest context for encouraging normative behavior. The strongest context effect on normative behavior comes from cues that clearly convey other people's respect for norms. Ironically, this show of respect necessitates some contrasting disrespect that is being restored. Using civic virtues (such as helping behavior) as a prototype of normative behavior, the three field experiments described in this paper reveal the impact of normative cues on civic virtues. Results show that the strongest effect on making people follow prosocial norms in public places emanates from seeing order being restored, rather than just order being present. The robust and surprisingly large effects show that observing other people's respect for one particular norm (as evidenced in their restoring physical order) makes it more likely that the onlooker follows other norms as well. This implies that prosocial behavior has the highest chance of spreading when people observe order being restored. There are clear policy implications: create low cost ''normative respect cues'' wherever it is desirable to increase conformity to norms. Details: PLoS ONE 8(6): e65137. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 13, 2014 at: http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065137&representation=PDF Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Littering Shelf Number: 134071 |
Author: Stottelaar, Bas Title: Online social sports networks as crime facilitators Summary: Emerging technologies such as broadband services and mobile and wireless technologies create not only benefits for the community but also risks (Choo, Smith & McCusker, 2007). The implications of these developments should be evaluated to make any necessary changes to policing, policy and legislation. This study investigates the risk of disclosure of confidential information via online public exercise routes. The study identified in particular whether a) people inadvertently disclose their home address more often indirectly via online sports tracking networks than directly via other means and whether b) gender and age play a role in this disclosure. In addition, an analysis of the temporal characteristics of runs was performed to establish the window of opportunity for a home burglary and whether running is temporally predictable by hour of day or day of week. A total of 513 RunKeeper users were selected from the Dutch cities of Enschede and Nijmegen. 231 runners (45.03%) were located via RunKeeper and 122 (23.78%) via other Internet (i.e. non-social sports network) sources. It was found that a statistical difference exists between the indirect and direct disclosure of addresses; more runners disclose their home address via online sports tracking networks than via other sources. Furthermore, it was found that age played a role in the direct disclosure of addresses but not in the indirect disclosure. Older users more often disclosed their home address directly than younger ones. Conversely, gender plays a role in the indirect disclosure but not in the direct disclosure. Men more often disclosed their home address indirectly than women. Regarding temporal characteristics, it was found that the window of opportunity for a burglary is approximately 1 hour. Furthermore, the `within subject' analysis suggests that the starting hour of the run is the most predictable temporal characteristic, followed by the duration of the run and the day of the week. This research ultimately shows the extent to which the unique combination of spatial and temporal information available in online sports tracking networks can enable criminals to predict where a potential target lives and when he or she will be out running. Details: Crime Science, 3 (8). pp. 1-20. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2014 at: http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/24780/01/s40163-014-0008-z.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Cyber Security Shelf Number: 134158 |
Author: Wartna, B.S.J. Title: Recidivism report 2002-2008: Trends in the reconviction rate of Dutch offenders Summary: For a third consecutive year Dutch criminal recidivism has decreased on a broad front. The latest measurements of the WODC Recidivism Monitor show another slight reduction of the percentages of adult and juvenile offenders who were reconvicted within two years. The last year of the study relates to persons who were sanctioned by court or PPS in 2008, or who were released during that year from a penitentiary institution. The first year of the research period is 2002. - From 2004, the percentage of repeat adult offenders sanctioned by court or PPS decreased slightly. Of the adults 27.5% sentenced for committing a crime in 2008 relapsed within two years. In 2002 this was 30.8%. - For juvenile offenders sanctioned by court or PPS the decline in recidivism started somewhat later. The national reconviction rate for this population decreased from 2006. In 2002 this was 39.1%. In 2008 35.9% of all minors with a criminal case disposed by court or PPS were prosecuted again within two years after the index case. - The last few years the reconviction rate of ex-prisoners decreased as well. From 2002, the recidivism percentages in the sector of the adult prison system show a downward trend. Of all the adults leaving a penitentiary institution in 2008, 48.5% came into contact with the judicial system again, within two years. In 2002, this was 55.2%. - The 2-year reconviction rate among former inmates of juvenile detention centres who were released in 2002 was 55.3%. For juveniles released in 2008 this was 52.0%. From 2006 a decrease is noticeable. This population also includes minors institutionalised under a civil suit. Details: The Hague: Ministry of Security and Justice, Research and Documentation Centre, 2011. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Fact sheet 2011-5a: Accessed December 10, 2014 at: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/actualisering-recidivemeting-sancties-2011.aspx?cp=45&cs=6801 Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Adult Offenders Shelf Number: 134298 |
Author: Salm, Martin Title: Individual Perceptions of Local Crime Risk Summary: We provide evidence that perceptions of crime risk are severely biased for many years after a move to a new neighborhood. Based on four successive waves of a large crime survey, matched with administrative records on household relocations, we find that the longer an individual lives in a neighborhood, the higher their perception of the crime rate in the neighborhood. This finding holds irrespective of whether the move is from a relatively low-crime to a relatively high-crime area or vice versa. We find that avoidance behavior adjusts in line with the observed changes in beliefs. Details: Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2014. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA DP No. 8677: Accessed February 4, 2015 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8677.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Risk (Netherlands) Shelf Number: 134542 |
Author: Griffiths, Curt Taylor Title: The Effective Response to Crime and Social Disorder: Developing Sustainable Police-Community Partnerships in Limburg-Zuid Summary: This report sets out the findings from a field research project that was conducted in the Limburg-Zuid police region during the time period June-December, 2005. The project involved two visits to the region, one in June and the other in December. The initial visit was designed to familiarize the researcher with the structure, context, and dynamics of police work in Limburg-Zuid Region as well as to identify the research activities to be completed during the second phase of the project. Initial contact was established with the police, politicians, representatives of non-governmental organizations, municipal governments and social service and justice personnel. Recommendations that are presented in this report are based on an assessment of the materials that were gathered during the project and, as well, are informed by best practices of leading edge police organizations in North America and Western Europe. Field work during the first visit focused on documenting the nature and extent of current community involvement with the police and the current status of any initiatives that had been undertaken to enhance these relations. To this end, there was a specific focus on the extent to which community residents were currently involved in police-sponsored crime prevention and crime response initiatives and on the potential for recruiting and retaining volunteers from the community for such initiatives. An additional area that was explored was the current state of relationships between the police and specialized populations, including youth, the elderly, and ethnic minorities. With a view toward the future, another objective of the initial field work was to develop preliminary ideas of the current and potential capacities of the police to develop sustainable police-community partnerships. This included the identification of potential strategies for facilitating the involvement of community residents, enhancing the organizational and operational capacities in the police to establish and sustain effective police-community partnerships, and the potential for creating the capacity to provide information to the community on levels of crime, crime prevention, and police activities. Experience in other jurisdictions has shown that police-community partnerships in crime prevention and crime response can function to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the police and can be a major factor in reducing the levels of crime and social disorder in communities. The field work in Phase 1 involved walk-a-longs with Area Officers in the communities of Geleen and SBS, a ride-a-long with patrol officers in Sittard, and interviews with a variety of community, police, governmental, and social service and justice personnel (see Appendix A). Although the current project was not designed as an organizational review of the Limburg-Zuid Regional Police, an in-depth consideration of the potential for developing sustainable police-community partnerships does require an examination of the organizational capacities that need to be developed, or enhanced, to facilitate such partnerships. Drawing upon information gathered during the first phase of the field work, this report will identify potential strategies for engaging, and sustaining community involvement in police-community partnerships to prevent and respond to crime. It will consider the challenges that are imposed on these endeavors by the framework within which policing services are funded and delivered, as well as the current state of police-community relations. These initial impressions and ideas will be supplemented by materials to be gathered via focus group sessions and additional one-on-one interviews during Phase 2 of the project. (1) This report from Phase 1 of the project, premised on four days of on-site field work, should be considered as only a preliminary consideration of the issues and of the possible strategies and options for developing sustainable police-community relationships. The suggestions presented are necessarily tentative and remain to be explored further during Phase 2 of the project. It is likely that the additional information gathered in Phase 2 will result in the modification of some of the ideas presented in this document and the addition of new possibilities. Details: Unpublished report, 2006. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://curtgriffiths.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/dutch-police-final-report.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Collaboration Shelf Number: 134765 |
Author: Daalder, A.L. Title: Prostitution in the Netherlands in 2014 Summary: The goal of this report is to offer insight into the current state of affairs with respect to prostitution in the Netherlands in 2014, with a view to the proposed enactment of the WRP. This report is an overarching and summarising report, in which the main results of three studies (See links at: More information) are assembled. The questions that this report will answer, to the extent possible, are: 1.How have municipal policy, the supervision and enforcement in the prostitution sector been arranged, and with what results? 2.What is the size of the licensed prostitution sector? 3.What is the situation regarding non-legal prostitution, and what forms does this take? Where and in what forms do exploitation, underage prostitution and illegality occur, and do we have any idea of the size of this sector? 4.How do prostitutes in the various sub-sectors of prostitution perceive their social position, with respect to labour relations, rights and duties, income, mobility, welfare and health and social status? Details: The Hague: Ministry of Justice, Research and Documentation Centre, 2015. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2015-1a: Accessed April 16, 2015 at: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/2389d-nulmeting-wrp-overkoepelend-rapport.aspx Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Prostitutes Shelf Number: 135253 |
Author: Helmond, Petra Title: Inside Out: Program Integrity and Effectiveness of the Cognitive-Behavioral Program EQUIP for Incarcerated Youth Summary: This dissertation focuses on the program integrity and effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral program EQUIP for incarcerated youth. The title 'Inside Out' refers to opening the 'black box' of the implementation of EQUIP. We will uncover the actual implementation of the EQUIP program by bringing out what happens inside group meetings of the EQUIP program. In another sense, we will turn the implementation of EQUIP inside out by assessing the program integrity of EQUIP and the impact of program integrity on the effectiveness of EQUIP in a detailed way. Last but not least, we hope to contribute to the 'what works' literature in correctional treatment with the knowledge on program integrity obtained in our research. In this way, the present dissertation hopes to contribute to keeping youths inside out, from inside correctional facilities to outside, out into society. Effective intervention outcomes can be established on the condition that interventions contain effective ingredients and that interventions are implemented with high levels of program integrity (see Table 1). Although program integrity is widely recognized as an important factor influencing the effectiveness of interventions, many studies still fail to include measures of program integrity (Durlak & DuPre, 2008; Landenberger & Lipsey, 2005; Roen, Arai, Roberts, & Popay, 2006). Although correctional treatment researchers have written extensively about the importance of program integrity for the success of rehabilitation programs (Andrews & Dowden, 2005; Gendreau, Goggin, & Smith, 1999; Landenberger & Lipsey, 2005; Lipsey, 2009), studies on the effectiveness of correctional treatment that include measures of integrity are almost nonexistent (Andrews & Dowden, 2005; Landenberger & Lipsey, 2005; Lipsey, 2009). Yet, it is crucially important to know whether interventions have been implemented with high levels of program integrity for two reasons. First, without any information on program integrity we do not know whether the experimental manipulation (i.e., the intervention) has succeeded and whether positive, negative or absent outcomes can and should be attributed to the intervention program (Dane & Schneider, 1998; Durlak & DuPre, 2008; Mowbray, Holter, Teague, & Bybee, 2003). Second, in general, studies have shown that higher levels of program integrity are related to higher levels of program effectiveness (Caroll et al., 2007; Durlak & DuPre, 2008). For instance, the intervention Multisystemic Therapy (MST) showed that higher levels of program integrity predicted higher effectiveness of MST, in terms of rates of youth criminal charges after the intervention (Schoenwald, Chapman, Sheidow, & Carter, 2009). In a correctional setting, Family Functional Therapy (FFT) and Aggression Replacement Training (ART) produced greater reductions in recidivism when implemented competently (Barnoski, 2004). A major shortcoming of this latter study was that the measurement of "competence" was based on post-hoc recollections of involved supervising staff rather than on real time measurement (Barnoski, 2004). In this dissertation, we have examined the program integrity and effectiveness of EQUIP, a cognitive-behavioral program aimed at reducing antisocial behavior of incarcerated offenders. Previous studies on the effectiveness of EQUIP showed diverse results (Brugman & Bink, 2011; Devlin & Gibbs, 2010; Leeman, Gibbs, & Fuller, 1993; Liau et al., 2004; Nas, Brugman, & Koops, 2005). However, none of these previous studies included measures of program integrity. Thus, for these previous studies on EQUIP it is unclear whether the program was actually implemented as intended and whether the diverse findings should be attributed to poor program implementation or to a lack of effectiveness of the EQUIP program itself. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation was to assess the program integrity of EQUIP, and to examine whether higher levels of program integrity would stimulate the effectiveness of EQUIP on program outcomes (i.e., cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development) and behavioral outcomes (i.e., recidivism). Details: Utrecht: Universiteit Utrecht, 2013. 213p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 26, 2015 at: http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/272325/helmond.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment Shelf Number: 129791 |
Author: Mercer, Vince Title: Sexual violence and restorative justice: A practice guide Summary: In envisioning the potential audience for this guide - experienced and reflective RJ practitioners - we asked what questions would be asked if they were to extend their restorative practice to cases of SV? We also independently surveyed RJ practitioners in Denmark and the UK to further enhance our approach to the guide. A series of questions that are important to this task were then established and the question and answer format of the guide was developed. In the guide we aim to capture the differences as well as the similarities in practice in order to suggest and offer an authentic portrayal of the reality of practice dilemmas, allowing for the genuine expression of doubt and uncertainty that often arises in practice. Our intention is to avoid prescriptive formulae for a way forward. This guide is advised for practitioners who are well trained in any of the restorative methods conventionally employed, have experience of facilitating a range of sensitive and complex cases and are well supported and familiar with the practice of both co-work and multi-agency practice. Consequently we do not offer a generic set of basic questions about RJ or its principles and values. Whilst this guide stands alone and is available in both paper and digital format, we hope that it is read in conjunction with the final findings of the DAPHNE two year investigation into the application of RJ in cases of SV (Zinsstag et al., 2015). Such a double reading will give the reader a broad consideration of issues related to RJ, such as definition, typologies, explanations, ranges of impacts, cultural contexts and legalistic considerations; all of which are essential when considering practice implications. Details: Leuven, BE: Leuven Institute of Criminology, 2015. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2015 at: https://www.law.kuleuven.be/linc/english/research/RJ_sexual_violence_practice_guide_Sept2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Restorative Justice Shelf Number: 136971 |
Author: Barber, Amee Title: From the Red Light to the Red Carpet: Legalization, Deliberation, and the Paradoxical Challenges to Sex Work Policy in the Netherlands Summary: This dissertation utilizes deliberative democratic theory to analyze two moments of Dutch policy-making around sex work. The first moment covers the period from 1990 to 2000, the decade prior to the full legalization of the sex industry in the Netherlands, and includes a focus on the national, legal-parliamentary process that resulted in the lifting of the Brothel Ban. The second moment explores the decade after the legalization of sex work, when sex work policy was decentralized, and narrows the focus to Amsterdam's local policy-making system. Sex work advocates heralded the lifting of the Brothel Ban as a victory for the legal rights of all sex industry personnel and cited its democratic character, a feature resulting from the meaningful inclusion of marginalized political subjects. Soon after legalization, however, the sex industry was politically excluded from the local policy-making processes that had recently been given responsibility for sex work regulation. In the absence of the sex industry, Amsterdam's private and public sector elites partnered to create Project 1012, a set of policies that sought the physical restructuring of Amsterdam's core and aimed to revamp its image by reducing the number of window brothels by at least forty per cent. To implement Project 1012, the project's proponents purchased a number of window brothels and restricted the emergence of new brothels in Amsterdam's core with the use of an exclusionary zoning plan. Amsterdam's municipal authorities also used the national Public Administration Probity in Decision-Making Act (the BIBOB), passed in 2003, to put the Red Light District's (RLD) remaining window brothels under routine investigation on grounds of suspicion of criminal activity. Under such pressure, several window brothel owners sold their properties for other uses. By comparing and contrasting these separate policy moments using a set of criteria I derive from deliberative democratic theory, I demonstrate a shift in the political character of sex work policy-making. Through the description of these two policy periods, it becomes clear that the development of these policies, their framing and the municipal tools used to enact them evince a marked shift in both the degree of legitimacy that sex work was ascribed and in the involvement of sex industry personnel in the policy-making process. The contrasts that emerge between these two time periods clearly sets them apart with respect to their democratic legitimacy. In assessing the consequences of this shift for those involved in the sex industry I show that while all who hold a stake in the RLD's sex businesses have been negatively impacted by Project 1012, the sex worker, particularly the migrant sex worker, is the most disenfranchised by this political shift. The discussion of consequences is followed by an investigation of those factors that most strongly contributed to the shift, such as the discovery of human-trafficking rings within Amsterdam, the emergence of a strong anti-trafficking campaign, rising racial tensions and xenophobia, as well as an intense, neoliberal, European intra-urban competition. These social and economic forces, discourse and factors have all combined to change the way in which sex work is understood and have compelled a need to close the RLD, a symbol of Dutch progressive tolerance, in order to protect it and its workers from 'foreign' influence, as well as improve Amsterdam's international competitiveness. Project 1012 reimagines the RLD in the absence of both sex workers and 'foreigners,' aims to make it more commercially profitable and return the space to those deemed more deserving. The sense of urgency instilled by these discourses has trumped the use of deliberative democratic policy mechanisms as a way to address the morally contentious topic of sex work and uncover alternate visions for the RLD. Details: Edmonton: University of Alberta, 2014. 406p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 12, 2015 at: https://era.library.ualberta.ca/downloads/f1881m26g Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Brothels Shelf Number: 137278 |
Author: Vollaard, Ben Title: Evaluating the push for tougher, more targeted policing in the Netherlands; evidence from a citizen survey Summary: In this study, we estimate the effects of a tougher, more targeted police response to criminal and disorderly behaviour ('proactive policing'). We use a citizen survey providing unique data on hard-to-observe dimensions of police work for every single municipality in the Netherlands. We relate variation in local policing strategies to individual data on victimisation of crime and experience of disorder and fear of crime over the period 1993-2001. The sample includes some 370,000 residents randomly selected from the Dutch population. We control for individual background characteristics and fixed municipality characteristics. We find evidence that stricter law enforcement is effective in reducing disorder, fear of crime, violent crime and property crime. Concentrating visible police presence at 'hot spots' is effective in combating disorder, fear of crime, and property crime. As a result of proactive policing during the period 2003-2005, crime and disorder went down substantially. Fear of crime has been reduced as well. Details: The Hague: CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, 2006. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: CPB Document No. 119: Accessed December 3, 2015 at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/cpb/docmnt/119.html Year: 2006 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Analysis Shelf Number: 137435 |
Author: Bisschop, Paul Title: Street Prostitution Zones and Crime Summary: This paper studies the effects of introducing legal street prostitution zones on both registered and perceived crime. We exploit a unique setting in the Netherlands where legal street prostitution zones were opened in nine cities under different regulation systems. We provide evidence that the opening of these zones was not in response to changes in crime.Our difference-in-difference analysis using data on the largest 25 Dutch cities between 1994 and 2011 shows that opening a legal street prostitution zone decreases registered sexual abuse and rape by about 30% to 40% in the first two years. For cities which opened a legal street prostitution zone with a licensing system we also find significant reductions in drug-related crime and long-term effects on sexual assaults. Perceived drug nuisance increases upon opening but then decreases below pre-opening levels in cities with a licensed prostitution zone. In contrast, we find permanent increases in perceived drug crime in the areas adjacent to the legal prostitution zones Details: Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 9038: Accessed February 18, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2606891 Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Prostitution Shelf Number: 137892 |
Author: van der Laan, Franca Title: The Future of Police Missions Summary: The current security situation in the world, and specifically the zones of instability that surround and affect Europe, provide the Netherlands with many good reasons to contribute police capabilities to international crisis management missions. The EU, UN and OSCE struggle with both quantitative and qualitative personnel shortages when it comes to deploying police in missions. In qualitative terms, the increasing complexity of police mandates in missions, the multi-dimensional approach to security sector reform and other forms of crisis management and the shift of attention from observation and monitoring missions to mentoring, training, and capacity-building missions asks for high quality experts and senior leaders. NATO will continue to need police capabilities that can operate under a military command structure for the performance of its executive police duties, and, in exceptional cases, for urgent SSR tasks, in conflict situations where no other actors are present that can take up these tasks. Providing that the efforts in creating stability are successful, police deployment in multilateral operations abroad can prevent or reduce future spill-over effects from the crises these operations address. With both the Royal Marechaussee and the Netherlands' Police as donor organisations, the Netherlands has a broad and well developed policing toolkit that can in many ways meet, or adapt to, the demand of the IOs. In order to match the increasing demand for police contributions, increasing the contribution of NP and/ or KMar staff to multilateral operations should be taken into consideration. The study argues to focus these contributions on a set of niches that fits both the IOs' demand and national (security) policy objectives. More specialisation can enhance the quality of deployed staff or teams, it can streamline the relative competency discussion between the KMar and NP and it would sharpen the profile of the Netherlands as a supplier of policing capabilities. Details: The Hague: The Clingendael Institute, 2016. 141p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 19, 2016 at: http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/The%20Future%20of%20Police%20Missions.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crisis Management Shelf Number: 137921 |
Author: Engbersen, Godfried Title: No time to lose: from reception to integration of asylum migrants Summary: By focusing simultaneously on housing, language acquisition, training and work, public authorities will minimise the amount of valuable time lost in integrating asylum migrants. In 2015, the public debate was dominated by moving images of migrants making their way to Europe and by the concerned reactions of European citizens to the asylum issue. Attention is currently focused mainly on the problems relating to the local reception of new groups of asylum seekers. At the same time, however, policymakers face a second fundamental challenge, which is the question of how to facilitate the integration of asylum seekers who have been granted a residence permit into Dutch society. This policy brief focuses on this category of asylum seekers, who are referred to as permit holders. Just one in three permit holders between the ages of 15 and 64 living in the Netherlands have a paid jod and many are permanently dependent on social assistance benefits. This represents a waste of human capital and places an unnecessary strain on the country's welfare system. It is therefore important to make integration a key objective from the start of the asylum procedure, which, in turn, implies two things: 1.The need for an accurate and rapid asylum procedure in which greater attention is devoted to the labour potential of permit holders and their opportunities in the labour market in the Netherlands. 2.The need for an approach in which language acquisition, schooling, securing housing and finding work occur simultaneously rather than sequentially. With such an approach, permit holders will be able to support themselves and make a contribution to the receiving society sooner, which will in turn fortify public support for the asylum policy Details: The Hague: Netherlands Institute for Social Research, 2016.48 p. Source: Internet Resource: WRR-Policy Brief 4: Accessed March 17, 2016 at: http://www.wrr.nl/en/publications/publication/article/geen-tijd-verliezen-van-opvang-naar-integratie-van-asielmigranten-4/ Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 138306 |
Author: Van Der Grijp, Nicolien Title: Wildlife Crime in the Netherlands: In-depth Analysis for the ENVI Committee Summary: This study presents insights on wildlife crime and efforts to combat it in the Netherlands. It is based on publicly available documents, literature, and interviews with three experts. The analysis shows that the Netherlands is a major destination as well as transit hub for the trade in endangered animals and plants and products thereof in Western Europe. Between 2001 and 2010, 14 % of seizures in the EU took place in the Netherlands. A similar trend is noticeable in the period 2011-2015. Trading routes in which the Netherlands is involved are very diverse and in the case of confiscations, countries of origin, export and destination are often unknown. However, it is evident that in 2013-2014, the majority of confiscations in the Netherlands were related to trading routes in which China, Hong Kong and Thailand either were countries of origin, export and/or destination. In the Netherlands illegal shipments of wildlife mainly consist of live reptiles and birds, and products thereof, plants, and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In the past few years, the majority of confiscated wildlife items fell under Appendix II/Annex B instead of Appendix I/Annex A. Dutch trafficking hotspots are the airport of Schiphol Amsterdam and the port of Rotterdam, with its massive container activity. Another important trading place is the internet, through websites such as www.markplaats.nl and www.christies.com. In addition, local markets and fairs for birds, reptiles and curiosa objects offer opportunities for illegal trade. Combating wildlife crime is not a high priority in the Netherlands and there is no specific action plan to tackle illegal wildlife trade. However, compared to the other EU Member States, the Netherlands is seen as one of the frontrunners in enforcement of wildlife trade regulations, because of its risk-based approach and well-functioning cooperation between customs, police, and administration. It has an action plan for enforcement of CITES related regulations. The strengths of the Dutch approach are related to the well-functioning cooperation between customs, national policy and the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) and their risk-based approach to control and enforcement. There is much expertise in the Netherlands that could be shared with other countries. The Netherlands is involved in several cooperative activities with other countries. However, the varying levels of enforcement in the EU are considered a major barrier for effective cooperation. Several international NGOs, such as the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), Wereld Natuur Fonds (WNF), and World Animal Protection (WAP) are active in the Netherlands to combat wildlife crime. In addition, the Wildlife Justice Commission (WJC) was launched in July 2015. It aims to hold perpetrators of wildlife crime accountable and to generate additional publicity. Addressing the demand side of wildlife trade is considered a challenging task. The Ministry of Economic Affairs is undertaking efforts in the area of awareness-raising. Since February 2015, the Netherlands has a positive list of mammals that are legally allowed to be kept as pets. The intention exists to develop similar lists for reptiles and birds. Details: Brussels: European Parliament, 2016. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2016 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2016/578957/IPOL_IDA%282016%29578957_EN.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 138725 |
Author: Netherlands. Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Title: Violent Jihad in the Netherlands: Current trends in the Islamist terrorist threat Summary: The murder of film maker Theo van Gogh in 2004 deeply shocked Dutch society. People began to realise that the ideology of violent jihad against the West, which explicitly manifested itself in the attacks on the Twin Towers on 11 September 2001, had also established a foothold in the Netherlands. Since the bomb attacks in Madrid on 11 March 2004, the threat of a terrorist attack on European soil had loomed over a number of European countries. The murder of Van Gogh on 2 November 2004 proved that the Netherlands as well had become a scene of terrorist violence. Although it was an individual assassination rather than the large-scale attack feared in the aftermath of the Madrid bombings, its background, motives and justification suggested a type of religious- inspired terrorism as propounded by Al-Qaeda since the late 20th century. It ensued that the murderer, and most other members of the extremist network to which he belonged, were young Muslims born and bred in the Netherlands. While on 11 September 2001 New York was hit by an enemy from abroad and the Madrid attacks were perpetrated by a group of North African migrants, the Netherlands had to face the fact that a group of indigenous Muslims had metamorphosed into (potential) terrorists within a short period of time. At an international level, the murder of Van Gogh thrust the Netherlands into the limelight as a country which had now - after years of ethnic and religious tolerance - produced its own jihadists. The attacks on public transport in London in July 2005 by British-Pakistani Muslims, however, have shown that the Dutch situation is by no means unique and that a new phase in the threat from Islamist terrorism appears to have set in. This phase, in which the threat emanates principally from extremist European Muslims who are prepared to commit attacks in their own country, is hereinafter referred to as European jihad. This new phase is in line with developments in Islamist terrorism during recent years. In December 2002 the AIVD pointed out that the future threat would manifest itself in and emanate from the West, and that it would possess a more endogenous character. There were indications that radical Muslims brought up in Europe were beginning to regard Europe as a frontline for jihad and that they might proceed to perpetrating localised terrorist attacks. The attacks in Madrid, London and Amsterdam confirmed these fears. Increasing numbers of migrants' children with an Islamic background are going through a radicalisation process in Europe, which in some cases leads them to use violence. Young jihadists justify this violence by referring to the Koran - often on the basis of interpretations by radical ideologists - and view themselves as prospective martyrs. In addition to the acute threat of possible terrorist attacks, the problems involved in Islamist radicalism and terrorism also represent a long-term threat, as a polarization between various ethnic-religious population groups may undermine social cohesion. In the long term this may have an undesirable effect on the democratic order in the Netherlands. The murder of Van Gogh inflamed certain interethnic and social issues in the Netherlands. The murder set in motion processes involving both positive and negative aspects as regards the threat assessment in the immediate future, the consequences of which are as yet unpredictable. One negative development is the intensification of radicalisation tendencies among sections of ethnic minorities and the indigenous population, which poses an increasing risk that groups or individuals will resort to violence. It is alarming that certain youth groups among the younger generation of Muslims in the Netherlands not only appear receptive to radicalisation, but perceive violent jihad as positive and 'cool'. A positive aspect, however, is the fact that a process of political and social consciousness-raising has set in, involving a cautious mobilisation of moderate forces in society - also among ethnic minorities - who are prepared to counteract radical and extremist tendencies. The complexity of the problem as well as the lack of organization within certain communities account partly for this initial reluctance. The shortcomings of certain spokespersons also play a part. Furthermore, fear for lack of support from the rest of Dutch society as well as uncertainty about possible repercussions which might ensue as a result of clearly establishing their position within their ethnic group, as well as in regard to their supporters, can delay or impede such initiatives. This paper describes how the threat from Islamist terrorism currently manifests itself in the Netherlands. It attempts, for instance, to answer the question of why young people born and bred in the Netherlands turn their backs on society to propagate and commit acts of violence in the name of Islam. Another question is, to what extent the situation in the Netherlands differs from that in neighbouring countries. Details: The Hague: General Intelligence and Security Service, 2006. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 13, 2016 at: https://fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/violent.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 139419 |
Author: De Bie, Jasper L. Title: How Jihadist Networks Operate: a grounded understanding of changing organizational structures, activities, and involvement mechanisms of jihadist networks in the Netherlands Summary: The rise of ISIS and the recent terrorist attacks in Europe have raised a collective alertness for a potential terrorist attack. The presence of jihadist networks in the Netherlands, and the significant outflow of young people to conflict areas in the Middle East to join the jihad, have greatly enhanced this anxiety. But how are these networks organized and how do they prepare their jihad? How do people get involved in jihadist networks and how important is ideology in that regard? Answering such questions will help to understand how jihadist networks operate, which can be useful knowledge for policy makers and practitioners who aim to counter terrorist threats. Using unique data from police files, interviews, and trial observations, while utilizing different analytical methods, this study provides an in-depth insight into the modus operandi of jihadist networks in the Netherlands. The findings show how jihadist networks have changed over the years and how this development has affected the way jihadists operate. Details: Leiden: Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Leiden University, 2016. 242p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 13, 2016 at: http://lawevents.rutgers.edu/restricted/graylit/ Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: ISIS Shelf Number: 139435 |
Author: Volder, Eefje de Title: Demand in the Context of Trafficking in the Domestic Work Sector in the Netherlands Summary: Notwithstanding significant demand for domestic workers in Europe, sub-standard conditions and informal work-arrangement persist. Despite various national contexts and policies, this labour sector mostly composed of migrant women still face vulnerability to abuses, exploitation, as well as trafficking. Informal work arrangement still prevails. A new study on trafficking in domestic work brings visibility and new data on this under-researched and hidden phenomenon happening in Europe. This study examines the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work in the Netherlands in its multiple facets (diplomatic household, domestic worker visa regime, au pair, child fostering, etc.). It is part of a series of studies conducted in 7 European countries, from southern, central and northern Europe: Belgium, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands and the UK. Looking at the demand-side of trafficking in domestic work brings back at the core of the discussion: the private nature of the employer/employee relationship which often escapes regulation, monitoring and sanctioning. Domestic work is still largely undervalued and hardly perceived as 'real' form of work. Details: Vienna: ICMPD,2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Demand AT Country Study No. 6: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.demandat.eu/sites/default/files/DemandAT_CountryStudies_6_Netherlands_deVolder_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Domestic Workers Shelf Number: 139913 |
Author: Kruithof, Kristy Title: Internet-facilitated Drugs Trade: An Analysis of the size, scope and the role of the Netherlands Summary: The potential role of the Internet in facilitating drugs trade first gained mass attention with the rise and fall of Silk Road; the first major online market place for illegal goods on the hidden web. After Silk Road was taken down by the FBI in October 2013, it was only a matter of weeks before copycats filled the void. Today, there are around 50 so-called cryptomarkets and vendor shops where anonymous sellers and buyers find each other to trade illegal drugs, new psychoactive substances, prescription drugs and other goods and services. But it is not just the obscure parts of the Internet where drugs are on offer. There are numerous web shops, easily found by search engines, which offer new psychoactive substances, often labelled as 'research chemicals'. The Netherlands occupies a crucial position in European illicit drug markets. Data from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction suggested it is the main producer of MDMA, ecstasy and herbal cannabis and a key distribution hub for cannabis resin and cocaine. Whether the pivotal role of the Netherlands also extends online, has yet been unclear. The Netherlands Ministry of Security and Justice commissioned RAND Europe to provide a firmer evidence base to this phenomenon and, in particular, the role of the Netherlands. This report analyses the size and scope of Internet-facilitated drugs trade both on the so-called clear and hidden web, paying special attention to the Netherlands, and delineates potential avenues for law enforcement for detection and intervention. Key Findings Monthly revenues from drugs on cryptomarkets are in the double-digit million dollars Of all products and services on offer, this study found that 57 per cent of listings across the eight analysed cryptomarkets offered drugs. The results indicate that these cryptomarkets generated a total monthly revenue of $14.2m (L12.6m) in January 2016, $12.0m (L10.5m) when prescription drugs and alcohol and tobacco are excluded (lower-boundary estimate). An upper-boundary estimate for monthly drug revenues via visible listings on all cryptomarkets would be $25.0m (L22.1m) and $21.1m (L18.5m) when prescription drugs and alcohol and tobacco are excluded. Cannabis, stimulants and ecstasy were responsible for 70 per cent of all revenues on the analysed cryptomarkets. No information was identified on revenues on the clear net. The values are based on EUR/USD exchange rate of 1.14 as of April 2016. Cryptomarkets are not just an 'eBay for Drugs' Large 'wholesale' level transactions (those greater than $1,000) are important for cryptomarkets, generating nearly one quarter of overall revenue both in September 2013 and in January 2016. Based on these findings it is likely that many cryptomarket customers are drug dealers sourcing stock intended for offline distribution. Most revenues are generated by vendors who indicate they are operating from Anglo-Saxon countries or Western Europe Most vendors appeared to be operating from the United States (890), followed by the United Kingdom (338), and Germany (225). Vendors indicating they ship from the United States generated 36% per cent of all drug revenues within our sample. Other Anglo-Saxon (Canada and the United Kingdom) as well as Western European countries (the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, France) also generate substantial proportions of revenues. Revenues from vendors operating from the Netherlands are by far the largest on a per capita basis Revenues to vendors reporting to operate from the Netherlands on cryptomarkets accounted for 8 per cent of total drug revenues. On a per capita basis, revenues to vendors operating from the Netherlands were 2.4 times higher than those from the United Kingdom and 4.5 higher than those from the United States. Vendors and buyers on online markets seem to have similar characteristics Traditional investigation techniques applied in the drug chain, postal detection and interception, online detection and online disruption are potential law enforcement strategies in the detection and intervention of Internet-facilitated drugs trade. In addition, international cooperation and coordination (and the accompanying legal challenges), capacity and resources and (technical) capabilities could play a facilitating role in deploying the different strategies to tackle Internet-facilitated drugs trade. There are four broad categories of modes of detection and intervention Traditional investigation techniques applied in the drug chain, postal detection and interception, online detection and online disruption are potential law enforcement strategies in the detection and intervention of Internet-facilitated drugs trade. In addition, international cooperation and coordination (and the accompanying legal challenges), capacity and resources and (technical) capabilities could play a facilitating role in deploying the different strategies to tackle Internet-facilitated drugs trade. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2016. 203p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2016 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1600/RR1607/RAND_RR1607.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Computer Crimes Shelf Number: 140034 |
Author: Duijn, Paul A.C. Title: The Relative Ineffectiveness of Criminal Network Disruption Summary: Researchers, policymakers and law enforcement agencies across the globe struggle to find effective strategies to control criminal networks. The effectiveness of disruption strategies is known to depend on both network topology and network resilience. However, as these criminal networks operate in secrecy, data-driven knowledge concerning the effectiveness of different criminal network disruption strategies is very limited. By combining computational modeling and social network analysis with unique criminal network intelligence data from the Dutch Police, we discovered, in contrast to common belief, that criminal networks might even become 'stronger', after targeted attacks. On the other hand increased efficiency within criminal networks decreases its internal security, thus offering opportunities for law enforcement agencies to target these networks more deliberately. Our results emphasize the importance of criminal network interventions at an early stage, before the network gets a chance to (re-)organize to maximum resilience. In the end disruption strategies force criminal networks to become more exposed, which causes successful network disruption to become a long-term effort. Details: Sci. Rep. 4, 4238; DOI:10.1038/srep04238 2014. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 6, 2016 at: http://www.nature.com/articles/srep04238?WT.ec_id=SREP-704-20140304 Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Networks Shelf Number: 140167 |
Author: National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children Title: Vulnerability up Close: An exploratory study into the vulnerability of children to human trafficking Summary: he National Rapporteur is concerned about the position of Roma children, Syrian child brides and children living illegally in the Netherlands who are required to work in households. In 'Vulnerability up close', Corinne Dettmeijer observes that too little attention is devoted to the situation of these groups of children from the perspective of human trafficking. 'As a result, there is a risk that human trafficking occurring within these groups is not being seen.' The National Rapporteur investigated the potential vulnerability to human trafficking of seven groups of children. She is concerned about the position of some Roma children. I have found that some Roma children are forced to steal on the street,' she says. 'This is a form of criminal exploitation, but it is not always treated as such. The child is arrested and punished as a criminal, but what is forgotten is that he or she may have been forced to commit crimes. The public prosecution service, the police and the municipalities must be better prepared to deal with that.'' Child marriages In the report, the Rapporteur also observes that child marriages occur in the Netherlands. The report looks at the situation of Syrian child brides, children who have travelled from Syria, often with an older man. Approximately 60 child brides arrived in the Netherlands between September 2015 and January 2016. ‘The absence of specific measures makes Syrian child brides vulnerable not only to human trafficking, but also to sexual violence,’ says the National Rapporteur. 'These girls often find themselves socially isolated, which means that any abuse and exploitation can continue for a long time. There is a risk that they will eventually become domestic slaves or hidden women.' Within the Roma community, there are children who are forced into marriage. The Rapporteur investigated the relationship between these arranged child marriages and human trafficking and sexual violence against children. 'At the moment there is no active policy designed to tackle forced marriages of children under criminal law. The National Rapporteur is concerned about that because parents who arrange these marriages could be breaking various laws. Despite the growing attention devoted to the position of children in these marriages in recent years, there have been no real consequences.' In her report, the National Rapporteur recommends greater use of criminal-law sanctions to address this problem. 'Forcing children to marry and then creating a setting in which they are required to have sex must not be permitted. The policy of the Public Prosecution Service should be geared far more to bringing prosecutions in these situations.' Specific approach needed In the report published today, the National Rapporteur investigated the vulnerability to human trafficking of seven groups of children. In addition to the aforementioned groups, the study also explored the situation of children in the LHBT community, children with the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, children who join or wish to join ISIS and children who work in the production chains of large companies. The Rapporteur also investigated children living illegally in the Netherlands who are required to perform domestic work, a group that Corinne Dettmeijer regards as 'very vulnerable' but about whom little is known. 'In the cases I investigated the children had often been exploited for years in the Netherlands and although there had been a number of occasions when the child had social contact, no alarm bells had ever gone off.' Details: The Hague: National Rapporteur, 2016. 123p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/binaries/Vulnerability%20up%20Close_interactive_National%20Rapporteur%20on%20Trafficking%20in%20Human%20Beings%20and%20Sexual%20Violence%20against%20Children_tcm24-128353.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Marriage Shelf Number: 140992 |
Author: National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children Title: On solid ground:Tackling sexual violence against children in the Netherlands Summary: Sexual violence against children takes many different forms: the mother who commits incest with her son, the boy who rapes his girlfriend, the teacher who watches child pornography, the man who induces girls to undress in front of the webcam. In the Dutch Criminal Code, various forms of sexual violence are defined as criminal offences, ranging from rape to indecent assault and grooming. Where possible, the report follows this legal framework. Topics such as identification of victims and providing assistance for them, however, are addressed from a psychological perspective (does a person regard him- or herself as a victim of sexual violence). Details: The Hague: National Rapporteur, 2014. 354p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: www.dutchrapporteur.nl Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Shelf Number: 140094 |
Author: National Rapporteur on Trafficking in Human Beings and Sexual Violence against Children Title: Child Sexual Abuse on Trial. Part 1: The Cases Summary: Sexual abuse of children is present in multiple differing forms, so it is impossible to sketch a profile of the typical child molester. Clearly, however, the popular image of a child molester is not supported by the facts. Contrary to the stereotype of the offender as a stranger, the perpetrators of hands-on sexual abuse of children are usually known to the victim: a family member, friend or acquaintance. Furthermore, it is not only adults that commit the abuse: one in six offenders is a minor. The assumption impression that perpetrators often abuse many victims also needs to be rectified: most offenders are convicted of abusing a single child. National Rapporteur Corinne Dettmeijer: 'It is one of the greatest fears of parents that their child will one day be the victim of sexual abuse. Many parents warn their children about child molesters and are on their guard with respect to contact between their child and the man at the day-care centre or the swimming pool, for example. To focus so much on strangers and men who work with children is to overlook a great many victims and offenders.' The study shows that only a small proportion of victims (7%) are abused by a total stranger. In the vast majority of cases, the perpetrator is a member of the victim's own family or circle of friends and acquaintances. Abuse by a person who works with children, such as a teacher, a sports coach or a babysitter certainly occurs, but only in a minority of cases (10%). The abuse is most often committed by a person who is very close to the victim. In no fewer than 36% of cases, for example, the perpetrator is a member of the child's family. The nature of the abuse This first part of the study focuses on the nature of the abuse and the characteristics of the perpetrators and victims in the cases that were analysed. Almost nine out of ten of the convictions involved serious sexual abuse, including touching of the genitals and penetration. In most cases, the abuse did not occur just once: in more than three-quarters of the cases the abuse had continued for more than one day, over periods ranging from a few days to twelve years. More than one in ten victims suffered the abuse for a period of four years or longer. Most perpetrators abuse a single victim The National Rapporteur refutes the stereotypical impression that perpetrators have more than one victim: 78% of the perpetrators were convicted of sexual abuse of a single victim. The offenders varied greatly in age, from minors to the very elderly. One in six offenders was a minor at the time he or she committed the offence. There were practically no female perpetrators in the study. In 97% of the cases studied, the convicted offenders were men. Victims are usually girls The study also provides insight into the victims of child sexual abuse. In most cases (85%), the victim was a girl. The average age of the victims when the abuse began was 10.4 years. Scarcely any of the victims in the judgments that were studied were below the age of four. Research and follow-up The study was based on a sample taken from almost 600 judgments in 2012 and 2013 in which an offender was convicted of hands-on abuse of a child. The sample comprised 182 perpetrators. The charges in the cases were brought under the following articles of the Dutch Criminal Code: Article 244 DCC (sexual penetration of a child under the age of twelve); Article 245 DCC (sexual penetration of a child between the ages of twelve and sixteen); Article 247 (indecent acts with a child under the age of 16) Article 249(1) (indecent acts with a minor entrusted to the offender's care). Details: The Hague: National Rapporteur, 2016. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2016 at: https://www.dutchrapporteur.nl/binaries/bnrm-child-sexual-abuse-on-trial-def_tcm64-623336_tcm24-56551.PDF Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 145002 |
Author: Janssen, Jordi Title: Going Dutch: An Analysis of the Import of Live Animals from Indonesia by the Netherlands Summary: Ongoing illegal and unsustainable trade in wildlife is an increasing threat to species conservation in Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia, with possible irreversible effects on wild populations. In particular, rare and newly identified species have a high commercial value and are increasingly harvested for the international exotic pet trade. Large numbers of live animals, both CITES listed and EU Annex listed, were imported from Indonesia by the Netherlands between 2003 and 2013. This report does not include trade on species not listed in CITES or the EU Annexes. Reported trade in CITES-listed species between the two countries comprised 98% coral specimens followed by fish (1.02%) and reptiles (0.69%). The total volume of trade between Indonesia and the Netherlands is likely a lot higher since e.g. fewer than 8% of reptiles are currently listed in the CITES Appendices. This makes the Netherlands a major importer of Indonesian corals and to a lesser extent of fish and reptiles. The majority of the species were native to Indonesia, except for a few non-native reptile species originating from Africa. This report highlights several issues as observed in the trade data. Large discrepancies were observed between the quantities reported by Indonesia and the Netherlands. For only 41 of 1146 records both countries reported the same quantities. For 496 records, the Netherlands did not report any quantity, and 132 records had no reported quantity by Indonesia. The large discrepancies mentioned in the report can be caused by differences in reporting; such as permits issued versus actual trade. Other reasons for reported differences in quantities may be: discrepancies in reporting of source, purpose, terms and units, or permits may be issued at the end of one year and arrive in the import country in the following year. However, a possibility that cannot be excluded is that no permits were issued for the 132 cases with no recorded quantity in export documentation. The UNEP-WCMC CITES Trade Database indicated trade in five wild-sourced reptile species and 14 coral species between the two countries, despite European Union (EU) trade suspensions or negative opinions being in place. However, for almost all species quantities were only reported by Indonesia, making it likely these originate from permits issued and not actual trade. Nevertheless, commercial trade in wild-sourced specimens was reported by both Indonesia and the Netherlands for the coral species Hydnophora microconos despite an EU negative opinion being in place at the time. Further efforts are therefore required by the Dutch authorities to ensure that in the future all EU import restrictions are fully complied with. In addition, this report shows that trade suspensions can lead to a sudden increase in trade of captive-bred specimens like that demonstrated for the trade in Common Seahorse. A sudden switch to captive-bred specimens raises questions about the legality of the reported source and if the specimens are potentially fraudulently declared as such. Even though signs are positive that for several species groups (e.g. molluscs and fish) animals reported as captive-bred or farmed are indeed originating from breeding facilities, the significant trade in taxa like coral and reptile species, for which laundering has been well documented, suggest that some of the wildlife imported into the Netherlands could be fraudulently declared as captive-bred or captive-born. The EU single market makes it easy to transport wildlife between EU countries with virtually no documentation. Therefore the true quantities and species imported and traded in the Netherlands are likely to be higher and some species imported into the Netherlands are destined for other EU Member States. This has also been found through surveys of the annual Snake Day in Houten where the trade in Indonesian species by vendors from eight different EU countries was documented. Details: Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC, Southeast Asia Regional Office, 2016. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2016 at: http://www.trafficj.org/publication/16_Going_Dutch.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Fishing Industry Shelf Number: 140264 |
Author: Kruisbergen, Edwin W. Title: Combating organized crime: A study on undercover policing and the follow-the-money strategy Summary: This thesis presents empirical evidence on two counterstrategies to organized crime in the Netherlands: the criminal justice approach and the financial approach. For the criminal justice approach, it focuses on a specific method of criminal investigation: undercover policing. For the financial approach, it looks into what organized crime offenders actually do with their money as well as the efforts of law enforcement agencies to confiscate criminal earnings. Index General introduction Undercover policing: assumptions and empirical evidence Infiltrating organized crime groups: theory, regulation and results of a last resort method of investigation Profitability, power, or proximity? Organized crime offenders investing their money in legal economy Explaining attrition: investigating and confiscating the profits of organized crime Conclusion and discussion Details: The Hague: WODC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2017. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed January 25, 2017 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Kruisbergen_dissertation_full%20text_tcm28-237785.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Investigation Shelf Number: 147799 |
Author: Schans, D. Title: Raising awareness, changing behavior? Summary: Several migrant receiving countries such as Australia, the U.S. and Switzerland have launched migration information campaigns in migrant sending and transit countries about the risks involved in (irregular) migration. With the current high influx of migrants more and more of such campaigns are launched. Such campaigns can target different goals: to help to prevent irregular movements by ensuring that people are sufficiently informed about the potential risks; to manage expectations people might have about the opportunities they will have after migration or to outright prevent migration altogether. This research project will look at several aspects of migration information campaigns: the design, the implementation, the assumptions underlying the campaign and the possible effects of these campaigns. The use of social media will receive separate attention. How and to what extent migration information campaigns are part of social media platforms used by refugees and migrants and whether or not they influence migration decisions remains unclear though. Details: The Hague: WODC-Research and Documentation Centre) of the Ministry of Security and Justice , 2016. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2016-11: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202016-11_2683_Volledige%20tekst_tcm29-239610.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Illegal Immigrants Shelf Number: 145881 |
Author: Cornet, L.J.M. Title: Neuroscientific applications in the juvenile criminal justice system Summary: This report investigates how neuroscientific research could be applied in the juvenile criminal justice system. Neuroscientific research on antisocial behavior has gained more attention in the last decades. This has resulted in a better understanding of neurobiological characteristics that presumably underlie antisocial behavior, such as alterations in hormone levels and deficits in brain functioning. The study aims to provide an update on the current application of neuroscientific research in the juvenile criminal justice system and comprises three areas of interest: measurement instruments, prevention and intervention.In order to obtain a perspective on how neuroscience can be used in these three areas, the following research questions were formulated. In what way could neuroscience be applicable: - to the use of measurement instruments in the juvenile criminal justice system? - to the prevention of antisocial behavior in juveniles? - to the intervention of antisocial behavior in juveniles? Details: The Hague: Boom criminologie, 2017. 10p. (English summary) Source: Internet Resource: Onderzoek en beleid 318: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/O%26B318_Summary_tcm29-228323.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Aggression Shelf Number: 145882 |
Author: Gestel, B. van Title: Crossing borders on the trail of thieves: Research on facilitating itinerant crime groups based on fifteen criminal investigation studies in the Netherlands Summary: In recent years, the Minister of Security and Justice has repeatedly expressed his concerns about the broad range of offences against property committed by itinerant crime groups and the resulting damage suffered by citizens and businesses. Dutch policy emphatically focuses on preventing mobile banditry, in addition to intensifying investigation efforts. Collecting information about the different ‘steps’ in the criminal operation of an itinerant crime group will help clarify how such groups are facilitated and which legal actors and opportunities they exploit. The government can consequently use this knowledge to stop or disrupt criminal operations. The Minister of Security and Justice requested that research be carried out by the Dutch Research and Documentation Centre [WODC] for the purpose of fighting itinerant crime groups. The Research and Documentation Centre study primarily focuses on facilitating itinerant crime groups and has been carried out in two parts. The first part consists of a research synthesis and was carried out in 2014. The synthesis contains findings from current scientific studies on the facilitation of itinerant crime groups. The findings of this research synthesis can be summarised briefly in terms of the three dimensions that offer itinerant crime groups the opportunity to operate. These are legal occupational groups, social ties and convergence settings. These dimensions provide insight into the actors and the circumstances that play a facilitating role in the (continued) existence of itinerant crime groups. They are shown to be dynamic, recurrent dimensions that may play a facilitating role for itinerant crime groups in various phases of the criminal operation. This report contains the findings of the empirical follow-up research. The aim of this study is to collect current information on facilitating itinerant crime groups, specifically with regard to the situation in the Netherlands. In this study , the following questions are key: How are itinerant crime groups composed and what crimes do they focus on? How are itinerant crime groups facilitated? Which actors and circumstances can be identified? How is information exchanged with investigation partners in other regions and other countries during and after a criminal investigation? Details: The Hague: WODC (Research and Documentation Centre, Minister of Security and Justice), 2016. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahiers 2016-08: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202016-8_Summary_nw_tcm29-228345.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Gangs Shelf Number: 145883 |
Author: Bouw, J.C Title: Mindfulness in detention. Plan- and process evaluation (full text only available in Dutch) Summary: In response to the report 'Behavioral Interventions for Prisoners' (Fischer, Captein, & Zwirs, 2012) a start was made with the implementation of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)-training in six prisons in The Netherlands. In this report, it was concluded that low self-esteem and stress responsivity were both factors that were not adequately covered by the currently offered interventions. As low self-esteem and deviant stress responsivity are both well-established risk factors for criminal behavior and impaired responsiveness to cognitive behavioral training, they were deemed promising targets for new or complementary interventions. Before further steps can be taken regarding the implementation of MBSR in detention, it is important to increase knowledge about how the training is supposedly sorting its effects (i.e., the working mechanisms) and about any difficulties encountered in providing and implementing the MBSR training (i.e., its feasibility). Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice; Leiden, Universiteit Leiden, 2017. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 17, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/2717_Summary_tcm29-242809.pdf (English Summary) Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Aggression Shelf Number: 144482 |
Author: Leerdam, J. van Title: Expensive friendships: what problematic youth groups cost society Explorative study in a large city (full text only available in Dutch) Summary: Summary reasons for study Commissioned by the Research and Documentation Centre of the Ministry of Security and Justice, we conducted an experimental study in one municipality on problematic youth groups. The aim was to identify social problems such youth groups can cause, the social costs connected with this and the extent to which the estimated costs are reliable and valid. problematic youth groups in test municipality The situation of mid-2015 is the basis for the calculations in this study. At that time, 2 criminal and 3 troublesome youth groups were active. The criminal youth groups have already existed for years and currently consist of a total of 35 boys of about 22 years old. The troublesome groups have been active for two years and comprise a total of 28 boys of about 20 years. Many young people in problematic youth groups have a history of multiple problems and have not (yet) completed their education. They often come from broken families with an unfavourable socio-economic perspective and an unstimulating rearing environment. As a result, possible tendencies to cause social problems are strengthened rather than restrained. Moreover, there are indications of mental and/or psychological problems, making them vulnerable to peer pressure. defining social costs Social costs are defined as the welfare effects for various parties in society, caused by the behaviour of problematic youth groups. In addition to costs resulting from this behaviour (such as social damage), it involves costs associated with the response of the authorities (such as support and punishment of perpetrators) and prevention costs (such as a different organisation of the public space). Furthermore, the costs should be traceable to the group behaviour and should not directly result from (personal) problems of individual boys. method The study is exploratory in nature and focused on providing insight into the most important cost items for which suitable data are available. To that end, several steps were completed. First, an overview of social impacts was made based on scientific literature and interviews with professionals. With the help of this overview a preliminary cost model was drawn up which was discussed with a broad group of experts in the pilot municipality. Based on their insights, the cost model was improved. Subsequently, from various bodies data was retrieved (at client level) to quantify social impacts. Insofar as cost amounts were not directly available, data on young people and/or provided support were translated to costs. The costs were charted for a period of about 5 years. To validate the cost calculations an analysis was made to determine the susceptibility of the results to variations in assumptions. Finally, an independent methodological test was conducted by a scientist with expertise in the area of cost-benefit analysis. reference groups The cost calculations were performed for problematic youth groups and for reference youth groups that were matched to the following characteristics: sex, age and district/postcode area. By using reference groups, social costs resulting from problematic group behaviour can be isolated as much as possible. The fact is, many social costs are not made solely for young people from the youth groups, but also for other young people with similar backgrounds. social impact in 3 areas In the study, nine direct effects of problematic youth groups were identified, divided into three domains. In addition, there are indirect effects between these domains. social costs By using data from various sources cost assessments were made of the social costs of both types of problematic youth groups. This mainly concerns costs made in recent years that can be ascribed to young people in these youth groups. Only those costs are taken into account that are additional with respect to the reference groups. The study estimates that criminal youth groups annually cause an average of approximately 1.9 million euros of social costs per group, that are borne especially by the judiciary. Costs caused by troublesome youth groups involve amounts in the order of 1.5 million euros per group, of which the municipality bears a substantial amount. The calculations per cost category are included in Chapter 6. In total, the social costs in the pilot municipality amount to approximately 8.2 million euros. So these are ‘expensive’ friendships. The reason for the study was the perceived knowledge gap with regard to the precise social costs of problematic youth groups. It was obvious that such youth groups have large social impacts and this was the reason to develop an integrated approach. This exploratory study is the first to map out the composition and (potential) size of the social costs caused by such youth groups. This insight is important for municipalities and the Ministry of Security and Justice to further optimise the local approach. discussion It has been found possible to translate many social effects to costs. Some cost figures are an underestimate because the image of the youth groups in question was not complete. With regard to a number of effects usable data were entirely lacking. Possibly, these p.m. items can be mapped out in a continuation study. In addition, the study period was limited to about 5 years which means ‘lifetime’ effects, with potential substantial cost implications, have not been taken into account. The calculations were based on data from reliable sources and, where possible, directly related to people. The degree of validity varies and depends on whether use could be made of direct personal data over several years and cost statements from primary sources or not and whether there was a need to elaborate on input derived from other sources. Details: Amsterdam: Cebeon - Centrum Beleidsadviserend Onderzoek, Regioplan, WODC, 2016. 4p.(summary) Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/2635_Summary_tcm29-240540.pdf (English Summary) Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: At-Risk Youth Shelf Number: 144483 |
Author: Odinot, G. Title: Organised Cybercrime in the Netherlands Empirical findings and implications for law enforcement Summary: Summary This study seeks to explore the characteristics of cyber-organised crime (OC), and focuses on the criminal activities of cyber-OC groups, their modus operandi, the organisational structures, the 'profiles' of the involved offenders, and the characteristics of criminal investigation into these cases. For this purpose we will focus on the following research questions: 1.Is organised crime involved in cybercrime? What kind of cybercrime do organised crime groups commit? 2.How do organised crime groups use the Internet to commit 'traditional crimes'? 3.Does the Internet provide windows of opportunity for the development of new business ideas and for the identification and approaching of new targets? 4.Does the Internet lead to structural changes in organised crime? 5.Is cybercrime organised? How, why and when? 6.How does the criminal investigation of (organised) cybercrime work in practice and which best practices and challenges can be identified? Details: The Hague: Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum, 2017. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2017-1: Accessed March 17, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202017-1_Full%20text_tcm29-244615.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Computer Crime Shelf Number: 144484 |
Author: Smid, Wineke Title: Sex Offender Risk Assessment in the Netherlands: Towards a risk need responsivity oriented approach Summary: Sexual offenses are arguably regarded as the most reprehensible crimes in western society today. There is an increasing outcry from society to prevent these offenses and many people are working on measures to keep children and women safe from sexual victimization. This thesis investigates what role risk assessment instruments might play in Dutch sex offender policy to reduce the number of victims of sexual crimes. One principal approach to decrease the number of victims of sexual offenses is to reduce the recidivism rates of convicted sex offenders through effective interventions. It has repeatedly been demonstrated that such interventions are most effective when they follow the Risk Need Responsivity (RNR) principles. First, the risk principle dictates that the level of treatment services must be proportional to the offender’s risk to reoffend, i.e., high-risk offenders should receive the most intensive treatment. Second, the need principle states that specific criminogenic needs (dynamic risk factors) should be assessed and explicitly targeted in treatment. Third, the responsivity principle states that the (preferable cognitive behavioral) treatment should be tailored to the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the individual offender. Meta-analyses of treatment effectiveness studies showed that adherence to all three principles increased treatment effect substantially for general offenders, violent offenders, as well as sex offenders. This thesis focuses on the risk principle. Prior research has established that sex offender risk levels can be most accurately assessed through the use of structured actuarial risk assessment instruments and that these risk levels should guide subsequent treatment selection. In The Netherlands, referral to treatment is not guided by validated risk assessment instruments (yet). When instruments are included in the assessment, the results serve as complementary information in overall unstructured clinical evaluations. The first study of this thesis (Chapter 2) investigated whether the Dutch method of treatment referral resulted in an adequate match between sex offenders’ risk levels on the one hand and treatment intensity on the other. Our findings show that clinically derived treatment referral is, at best, only moderately in line with the risk principle of the RNR model, as sex offenders of all risk levels were referred to all types of treatment. This led most notably to under-treatment of high-risk rapists and over-treatment of low-risk child molesters. Over a quarter of all convicted rapists of moderately-high to high risk levels returned to society without any treatment, and over a quarter of all convicted child molesters received far more intensive treatments than warranted by their risk levels. The second study (Chapter 3) examined how unstructured clinical treatment selection for sexual offenders affects treatment group composition in terms of the risk levels of its comprising members. We found that not only were sex offenders of all risk levels (as retrospectively assessed by the Static-99R) referred to all intensities of treatment, clinical compilation of treatment groups also led to a mixing of all risk levels within the same treatment group. Moreover, treatment duration in the open format group of study was not related to sex offenders risk level. These findings implied that either the low-risk sex offenders were overtreated and/ or the high-risk sex offenders were undertreated. Furthermore, the mixing of sexual offenders of all risk levels within a treatment group carries the possibility of affiliation between high-risk and low-risk offenders. Several authors have noted the risk of this mixing of low and high-risk offenders as a possible detrimental factor for the recidivism risk in low-risk offenders. Stated differently: Such mismatched treatment intensity may inadvertently promote recidivism risk in (originally) low risk offenders. Based on the first two studies, standard- and guiding use of structured actuarial risk assessment for sex offenders in the Netherlands is advisable, both for treatment referral and treatment group composition. The third study (Chapter 4) investigated which of the nine internationally most widely used instruments would be optimal for the purpose of risk assessment in The Netherlands. The selection of risk assessment instruments was administered to a sample of convicted Dutch sex offenders including all offenders who were discharged from inpatient treatment between 1996 and 2002 as well as 25% of the sex offenders discharged from prison during that same period. ROC analyses relating the instrument scores to the presence or absence of recidivism during the more than 10 years follow up time indicated that most of the included sex offender risk assessment instruments were successful in predicting both sexual- and violent (including sexual) recidivism. Correlational analyses showed that most instrument scores were also significantly positively related to the number of reoffenses and negatively to reoffense latency. However, several significant differences in psychometric properties emerged between the various instruments. Most notably, the RRASOR and SVR-20 performed least well, while the Static-2002R and Static-99R consistently showed the strongest results. Combining relatively high levels of reliability and validity with relative ease of use, the Static versions emerged as preeminently suitable for standard use in The Netherlands. The fourth study (Chapter 5) evaluated the effect of inpatient (TBS; at the disposition of the State, mandatory treatment by the state) treatment in terms of sexual and/or violent recidivism. This quasi-experimental study was conducted following the CODC guidelines, aiming to control for risk level, follow up time, drop out, and possible confounding variables between the treated and untreated groups. A comparing of Cox regression survival curves of both offender groups indicated that, controlling for risk level, sex offenders who were referred to this high intensity treatment recidivated significantly less upon discharge than sex offenders who were discharged from prison. This effect was largely due to the moderate-high and high-risk sex offenders groups receiving TBS treatment; no differences were found between treated and untreated lower risk sex offenders. These results indicate that the high intensity TBS treatment was effective specifically for the higher risk sex offenders, but not for the lower risk sex offenders, again underscoring the risk principle. Chapter 6 describes one of the first (published) empirical approaches to the prioritization of child pornography notifications at the level of police investigations. Child pornography consumers are quite numerous, but are also known to predominantly limit themselves to child pornography consumption. However, a subgroup is also involved in the direct victimization of children in the form of contact offending, online offending, or the production of child pornography. Using exploratory analyses, this study aimed to statistically identify distinguishing characteristics of these individuals within the larger group of child pornography consumers. Several distinguishing risk factors were observed, including the number of confiscated computers and the content of the CP material that gave rise to the police investigation, suggesting a small and deeply invested subgroup with higher levels of sexual deviance. These factors may help the police force to prioritize cases, and to focus their efforts on catching these ‘dual’ sex offenders. Of note, targeting dual offenders is a relatively new subject of investigation, and cross validation of our findings is clearly indicated. Chapter 7 provides a discussion of this body of research. A brief summary of the main findings is presented, together with an appraisal of methodological strengths and limitations. Several implications of the findings are discussed. Most importantly, based on these studies, it is concluded that there are principal opportunities in the Netherlands to adjust sex offender policies in a way that will decrease the number of victims. This reduction can be achieved by using a structured actuarial risk assessment instrument, preferably Static-2002R or Static-99R, for every sexual conviction to assess sex offender risk levels and to select a matching treatment referral. These instruments should also be used in the composition of specific treatment groups to ensure reasonable homogeneity of risk levels within a group. These measures will improve the match between treatment intensity and risk levels; TBS treatment, for instance, should best be reserved for sex offenders of higher risk levels. Such policies will furthermore save resources by not providing expensive treatment for low-risk sex offenders whose recidivism risk is unlikely to be further reduced. Moreover, excluding low-risk sex offenders from (intensive) treatment will leave resources for the higher risk sex offenders who currently remain untreated due to the lack of accurate assessment at the time of conviction. By using resources in this more efficient and effective manner, expected benefits of (TBS) treatment are likely to be much greater. Recommendations for future research include cross validation, in particular of the results of the 6th study, as well as progression to the study of Need factors and dynamic risk assessment. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2014. 162p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 18, 2017 at: https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/2051470/140392_thesis.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Risk Assessment Shelf Number: 144502 |
Author: Ham, Tom van Title: Van cijfers naar interpretatie. Een duiding van de kwantitatieve ontwikkelingen van de jeugdcriminaliteit (From Numbers to Interpretation: An interpretation of quantitative trends in juvenile delinquency Summary: This report focuses on an interpretation of the drop in youth crime rates as registered in the Juvenile Crime Monitor (MJC). An inventory has been made of how experts view this development and of the indicators which in their opinion may contribute to its interpretation. We provide here a summary of the study and answer the study questions formulated by the commissioning body, the Research and Documentation Centre (WODC): 1. Can experts provide a further qualitative interpretation of the major developments in youth crime, as recorded in the Juvenile Crime Monitor? If yes, what interpretation with which developments? 2. Are the indicators from the report 'Vision on youth crime' usable in interpreting the developments in youth crime and if yes, how? Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice, 2016. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2017 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/2675B_Volledige%20tekst_tcm28-215577.pdf (In Dutch with English Summary) Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Juvenile Delinquency Shelf Number: 144612 |
Author: Ferwerda, Henk Title: Focus on Fencing: summary and conclusions Summary: This report focuses on the phenomenon of receiving/handling stolen goods also known as fencing. The study investigates how the market for stolen goods functions, and examines prevention policy and the consequences of fencing. Here we provide a summary of the study and answer the study questions formulated by the client – the WODC of the Ministry of Security and Justice. These questions arise from the following aims of the study: 'To map the functioning of the market for fencing, thereby identifying the policy and instruments for tackling fencing, and to provide a picture of the consequences of fencing for trade and industry and individual citizens and to find points of departure for reducing fencing in the future.' Details: The Hague: WODC, Ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie, 2016. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2017 at: http://www.beke.nl/doc/2016/Summary_Focus_on_Fencing.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Fencing of Stolen Property Shelf Number: 144622 |
Author: Struiksma, N. Title: The escort branche Supervision and enforcement (full text only available in Dutch) Summary: On 10 November 2009 a legislative proposal was submitted on rules regulating prostitution and combatting abuse in the sex industry (Wrp) with the objective of reducing local and regional differences, gaining more insight into and control over the sex industry by regulating prostitution as a business and facilitating supervision and enforcement. Once the Wrp has been adopted all municipalities will have to introduce a licensing requirement for prostitution businesses, including escort businesses. Some municipalities have already been issuing licenses for escort businesses for many years. But this does not mean that all escort businesses and escorts working independently apply for a license. At the time of writing, the Wrp has not yet been adopted. Assignment At the request of the WODC (Research and Documentation Centre) and in collaboration with Intraval, Pro Facto conducted research into the supervision and enforcement of and compliance with (administrative) rules for escort businesses. The core research question is: What form of supervision and enforcement is applied to the escort branch, what were the results, problems and secondary effects, how can municipalities improve compliance within the escort branch and what good practices are there for supervision and enforcement in this field? To answer this question we started with a document and literature study. In addition, in ten municipalities, selected in consultation with the supervisory committee, we made a detailed study of the local situation with regard to escort policy and the supervision and enforcement thereof. We also interviewed different people including municipality staff involved in escort policy, police officers, who implement the supervision of the escort branch, operators, interest groups' spokespersons and people from different organisations who are involved in making national policy. Finally, we had the opportunity to accompany prostitution management teams in three different municipalities to find out how these set about their work and we interviewed both the members of these teams and the escorts themselves. Policy All ten municipalities studied require a license for escort activities although they apply different definitions of what constitutes an escort business. The definition currently applied by six of the ten municipalities is based on the so called location criteria: it is assumed that the escort activities take place elsewhere, so not on the business premises. An important criterion at four of the ten municipalities concerns the ‘mediation’ between client and prostitute. However, exactly what should be understood by mediation is not always clear. All the municipalities studied included the concept 'commercial' in their definition, but here too the majority of municipalities have not defined what should be understood by this. In the Wrp 'escort business' will be defined as follows: 'the activity constitutes providing the commercial opportunity for prostitution in the form of mediation between client and prostitute'. Almost all municipalities have announced their intention to adopt this definition, inasmuch as they have not already done so, in the General Municipal Byelaw (APV). Legal implications The criteria for escort activities are, based on the definition of an escort business, easy to enforce if the escort activities are carried out in a transparent manner. However, in practice there is a shift taking place from the traditional form of escort business to other forms, such as an escort working independently (with no mediator) and home prostitution. Municipalities deal with this in different ways. The majority of the ten municipalities studied classify escorts working independently as an escort business. The municipalities argue that an escort can mediate on his or her own behalf and in such situations is therefore also subject to the licensing requirement. The fact that there is no mediator is, according to them, irrelevant. However, one municipality does not classify an escort working independently as an escort business. This municipality questions whether it is indeed at all possible to class this way of working under an existing definition. Municipalities also deal with home prostitution in different ways. When people offer their services as an escort and subsequently work at home some municipalities are uncertain about under which rule they fall. Whether or not escort activities require a license partly depends on whether the activities have a commercial character. Most municipalities say that as soon as an advertisement is placed, in practice there is no doubt about the commercial character. Other municipalities say that although there is no doubt about the commercial character, the problem is establishing this. Parliamentary history provides a few factors that are decisive for establishing the commercial nature of activities, but these have never been set out in more detail. In connection with the above it is relevant that the minister recently (mid 2016) announced that an individual prostitute can never be a business as referred to in the law. The license requirement under the Wrp only applies for the operator and not for home workers or prostitutes working independently. Administrative and criminal supervision In nine of the ten municipalities studied it is the police that are responsible for supervision on behalf of the municipalities. The police supervise wearing two hats. First they are the administrative supervisor but at the same time they are also responsible for criminal investigations. Municipalities regulate specific activities, including escort activities, in the APV. Logically, the authority to lay down rules and apply a licensing policy does not extend beyond the municipal boundary within which the municipal body exercises its authority. So when a specific act results in a breach of the APV, that offense can only be sanctioned to the extent that the act was committed within the municipality's boundary. In the case of escort activities this is complicated because the activities can be divided into two phases: the mediation phase (phase 1) and the actual performance of the 'agreement' (phase 2) that often takes place in a municipality other than that in which the escort business is established and where the mediation took place. This division gives rise to the question of who is responsible for enforcement. The text in the explanatory memorandum seems to suggest that only the municipality in which the escort business is established is responsible for enforcement. But there is not necessarily always an establishment, which complicates the question of who is responsible for enforcement. Details: Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen - Pro Facto, 2016. 5p. (English Summary) Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/2439-evaluatie-toezicht-en-handhaving-van-de-vergunde-en-illegale-prostitutiebranche.aspx?refTitle=zUuTtpRskjvV7SDR3SAS4Oe_xI1SwtdRVLpvCrdZotQqpqYVSgKX_KUT3M13pat7TU7qlLShVAUK53aZM3rlZ2WNxhC5UR3JmeDnGpGLHJM1&refId=6FaBPJpYfIgsBMhKPdYOUqztTJt4zw6yNqaXc2HCl34j5rVp4DdeNDnPBgvn4yQGW61QaVKlVHG6WcdkullLAA2 Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Escort Business Shelf Number: 144707 |
Author: Bisschop, Paul Title: Did the recent unemployment book in the Netherlands affect crime rates? Evidence from a 2005-2012 panel data analysis Summary: This paper uses municipality-level unemployment rates during 2005-2012 to identify the effect of unemployment on different crime rates. The fixed effects regression finds evidence for a relationship between unemployment and burglary. For every ten percent increase of the unemployment rate, burglary crime shows a three percent increase. Assuming a mean crime cost of $ 46,000 per burglary, the unemployment boom from four percent to seven percent between 2005 and 2013 led to $ 725 million (1999 dollars) additional crime costs. The results indicate that, with respect to burglary, motivational factors of unemployment dominate opportunity factors. The analysis provides no evidence for a significant relationship between unemployment during 2005- 2012 and assaults, sexual offences and vandalism. Details: Amsterdam: SEO Economic Research, 2014. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 21, 2017 at: http://www.seo.nl/uploads/media/DP78_Did_the_recent_unemployment_boom_in_the_Netherlands_affect_crime__rates.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Burglary Shelf Number: 145141 |
Author: Rokven, J.J Title: Juvenile delinquency in the virtual world A new type of offenders or new opportunities for traditional offenders? Summary: The aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of juveniles who reported online offenses in the Youth Delinquency Survey (YDS). In addition, the authors intend to provide more insight into the extent to which delinquent behavior of juveniles shifts from the streets to the virtual world. The question is whether juveniles who report online offenses differ from juveniles who report offline offenses, and from juveniles who report both online and offline offenses regarding demographic characteristics, and risk and protective factors. Put differently, do juveniles who commit online offenses have a different profile than juveniles who commit offline offenses, and juveniles who commit both online and offline offenses? And, considering the (theoretical) distinction between cyber-enabled and cyber-dependent delinquency; do juveniles who commit cyber-enabled offenses, and juveniles who commit cyber-dependent offenses have a comparable profile? Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice, 2017. 9p. (English Summary) Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/2699a-profielen-van-jeugdige-zelfgerapporteerde-daders-van-online-en-offline-criminaliteit.aspx (full text only available in Dutch) Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Computer Crimes Shelf Number: 145181 |
Author: Tollenaar, N. Title: Prediction Modelling for Population Conviction Data Summary: In this thesis, the possibilities of using prediction models for judicial penal case data are investigated. The development and refinement of a risk taxation scale based on these data is discussed. When false positives are weighted equally severe as false negatives, 70% can be classified correctly. Moreover, the improvement in prediction is investigated by adding criminal case file information to the scale. The performance over time and over place is also assessed. Furthermore, an attempt to improve the predictive performance of this and other scales is done using machine learning and modern statistical techniques. This is done both for data having a binary outcome variable (i.e. recidivism yes/no after four years) as for models having a survival outcome (i.e. censored recidivism data). Finally, the effect of a penal measure for very frequent adult offenders is estimated using a combination of propensity score matching and multiple imputation. A combination of propensity score matching, difference-in-difference and multiple imputation is also considered. Details: Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2017. 191p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 28, 2017 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Tollenaar_thesis_tcm28-256307.PDF Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Prediction Shelf Number: 145182 |
Author: Verhoeven, Maite Title: Government policies and sex work realities: Human trafficking in the regulated sex industry Summary: In the Netherlands selling sexual services for money is accepted by law under certain conditions. Some sex workers, however, are tricked out of their money by people using manipulation, fraud or coercion. This crime, the exploitation of sex workers, constitutes human trafficking. Several government agencies deal with the prevention and prosecution of human trafficking in the sex industry, and with the protection of victims. However, people who are identified as victims often decline the assistance that is offered to them. How can this be explained? Does it mean that the way in which human trafficking is dealt with fails to meet the needs and problems of sex workers? This dissertation explores these questions by zooming in on the red-light district in Amsterdam and reveals the relationships between pimps and sex workers, the informal economy and the criminal investigation of human trafficking. It shows that the perspective of sex workers on exploitation and on government policy is relevant for a better understanding of effective anti-trafficking policy. Details: Amsterdam: Free University of Amsterdam, 2017. 193p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 28, 2017 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Verhoeven_dissertation_fulltext_tcm28-255127.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Human Trafficking Shelf Number: 145183 |
Author: Wassenaar, Mattheus Title: Public vs. Nonprofit Incarceration: The Case of the Netherlands Summary: Outsourcing of detention is a complex public task, due to quality risks from incomplete contracts, the public responsibility for sentencing and execution, and related social opinions. In the Netherlands, the debate about the outsourcing of prison services to the private profit sector has recently restarted. At the same time, in the Netherlands there is extensive experience of outsourcing prison services - in particular for juvenile detention and internal forensic psychiatric care - to nonprofit organizations. In the Dutch experience, we have not found differences between public and nonprofit execution, with respect to the type of contract with the prisons, costs and quality. The Dutch experience shows that outsourcing to nonprofit entrepreneurs in civil society can be an alternative to outsourcing to the private market. Details: Tinbergen: Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam, 2017. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2017-023/VIII: Accessed May 10, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2920440 Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Detention Facilities Shelf Number: 145389 |
Author: Bernasco, Wim Title: Social Interactions and Crime Revisited: An Investigation Using Individual Offender Data in Dutch Neighborhoods Summary: Using data on the age, sex, ethnicity and criminal involvement of 14.3 million residents aged 10-89 residing in 4,007 neighborhoods in the Netherlands, this article tests if an individual's criminal involvement is affected by the proportion of criminals living in their neighborhood of residence. We develop a binomial discrete choice model for criminal involvement and estimate it on individual data. We control for the endogeneity that may be related to the unobserved neighborhood characteristics and take into account possible biases that may result from sorting behavior. We find strongly significant social interaction effects and explore their implications for the presence of multiple equilibria and social multipliers. Details: Amsterdam: The Institute, 2012. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2012-108: Accessed May 19, 2017 at: https://papers.tinbergen.nl/12108.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Neighborhoods and Crime Shelf Number: 145635 |
Author: Mesters, Geert Title: Crime, Employment and Social Welfare: an Individual-level Study on Disadvantaged Males Summary: We test economic and sociological theories for the relationship between employment and crime, where social welfare is used as an identifying mechanism. We consider a sample of disadvantaged males from The Netherlands who are observed between ages 18 and 32 on a monthly time scale. We simultaneously model the offending, employment and social welfare variables using a dynamic discrete choice model, where we allow for state dependence, reciprocal effects and time-varying unobserved heterogeneity. We find significant negative bi-directional structural effects between employment and property crime. Robustness checks show that only regular employment is able to significantly reduce the offending probability. Further, a significant uni-directional effect is found for the public assistance category of social welfare on property offending. The results highlight the importance of economic incentives for explaining the relationship between employment and crime for disadvantaged individuals. For these individuals the crime reducing effects from the public assistance category of social welfare equivalent to those from employment, which suggests the importance of financial gains. Further, the results suggest that stigmatizing effects from offending reduce the future employment probability. Details: Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute, 2014. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: TI 2014-091/III Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper: Internet Resource: Accessed May 24, 2017 at: http://papers.tinbergen.nl/14091.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime and Unemployment Shelf Number: 145755 |
Author: Broek, Martin Title: Tax evasion and weapon production: Mailbox arms companies in the Netherlands Summary: Six of the top ten world's biggest arms dealers are based in the Netherlands in order to benefit from its favourable tax and trade system. The revelations of the leaked Panama Papers in April 2016 pushed the issue of tax and tax evasion high up the international political agenda. Prompting scandals and high profile resignations, the 11.5 million documents from the offshore law firm Mossack Fonseca unveiled some of the tricks and strategies that countless politicians, businessmen and elites use to avoid taxes. Among them were arms companies and arms traders, including blacklisted individuals as well as major arms corporations such as Italian arms giant FinnMeccanica. However Panama is just one of the many countries offering corporations secrecy and means of avoiding tax. The Netherlands is another leading player, providing a legal home to thousands of corporations, attracted by its low tax rates, its lack of transparency requirements and its bilateral investment agreements with many nations. Corporations with nothing more than a postal address are able to evade taxes in their own countries, file arbitration claims using Dutch investment agreements, and hide ownership and account details. Amongst the big companies using the Dutch evasion routes are a large number of arms manufacturers and major international defence companies. Who are these tax evading arms companies and what are their strategies? In this report, Stop Wapenhandel and Transnational Institute publish their findings resulting from a search through the Dutch Chamber of Commerce. We found a large number of arms-producing companies with shell companies established in the Netherlands. Most of the production of these companies takes place in the major western arms-producing countries; the United States, United Kingdom, France and Germany. The arms companies turned out to have zero or minimal personnel presence in the Netherlands. Their almost empty offices and sometimes only having a mailbox allows them to legally pay as little tax as possible. The top 100 global arms companies has been used as the starting point for this research. Of the almost US$ 450 billion annual defence production, these top 100 companies are responsible for $392.6 billion. Details: Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2016. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue Brief: Accessed May 27, 2017 at: https://www.tni.org/files/publication-downloads/issue-brief-arms-trade-web.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Corporate Crime Shelf Number: 145838 |
Author: De Waard, Jaap Title: Criminology's Dirty Little Secret: How Dutch criminologists almost completely failed to pick up on the decline in crime Summary: It is pretty embarrassing to criminology as a profession that nobody has come close to explaining the huge drops in crime experienced in industrialised countries in the last decade or so. This lament by Farrell et al. (2008) has set the tone for the following discussion. The international science ofcriminology has clearly been remiss when it comes to explaining why crime rates have declined. Only a small number of criminologists have focused on this subject in the last few years. The present contribution to Gerben Bruinsma's Festschrift seeks to address the following points: (1) Have crime rates declined? Where did crime decline, and to what extent? What types of crimes have declined? What statistical resources allow us to say anything on this subject? (2) Why did crime rates decline? What plausible explanations can we provide for this reduction? We will assess several hypotheses on the basis of existing literature. (3) We will pay special attention to the so-called 'security hypothesis', which operates from the premise that the main driving force behind the crime reduction observed in many countries has been the increase in, and improved quality of, large-scale security measures such as immobilisers, burglary prevention measures, private security teams and crime opportunity-reducing measures. (4) Finally, this chapter presents several key conclusions. Getting our facts straight: have crime rates actually declined in the Netherlands? This section presents a summary of trends in crime reported in the Netherlands. Details: Book Chapter, 2017. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2017 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317277495_Criminology's_Dirty_Little_Secret_How_Dutch_criminologists_almost_completely_failed_to_pick_up_on_the_decline_in_crime_this_article_was_originally_published_in_Dutch_in_Liber_Amicorum_Gerben_Bruinsma_ Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Prevention Shelf Number: 146321 |
Author: van der Helm, Gjalt Herman Peerke Title: First do no Harm: Living Group Climate in Secure Juvenile Correctional Institutions Summary: Over the past four years five studies in a Dutch correctional institution were conducted, which started by constructing and validating an instrument measuring group living climate, as little is known about group climate properties in youth prison. As incarcerated youth spent most of their time in this environment, apart from attending school or therapy, living group climate is thought to exert a substantial influence on adolescent inmates. Results of these five studies confirmed this assumption and showed that a positive (therapeutic) living group climate could stimulate development in incarcerated adolescents. In these five studies, living group quality proved to be associated with treatment motivation, locus of control, coping, empathy, stabilization of personality and self-reported aggression. A repressive living group climate was associated with negative developmental characteristics and aggression, whereas an open living group climate was associated with positive social development. The results of these five studies form the basis of an innovative longitudinal research project, which is currently being undertaken in 23 institutions for secure residential youth care in the Netherlands with the aim of improving group living climate and developmental outcomes for adolescents with severe behavioral problems and criminal conduct. Details: Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit, 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/2909204 Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Detention Facilities Shelf Number: 146709 |
Author: Ramakers, Anke Antonia Theodora Title: Barred from employment? A study of labor market prospects before and after imprisonment Summary: Practically all prisoners eventually return to free society. Considering their high rates of subsequent recidivism, more insight into post-prison circumstances is vital. Such knowledge is scarce, and it also remained unclear thus far to what extent imprisonment caused these individuals to lose their integration with the community. Scholars, professionals and prisoners themselves note that the path to a successful reentry critically depends on the transition to employment. Yet, imprisonment bars offenders from employment during imprisonment and might also limit their post-prison employment prospects. Using data of the Prison Project - a longitudinal study of almost 2,000 prisoners - this thesis examines men's labor market experiences before and after imprisonment and studies whether recidivism risks are lower among employed versus unemployed ex-prisoners. The results show that most prisoners face a severe human capital deficit even long before they enter prison. After release many remain unable to (re)integrate into the labor market. Only longer spells (exceeding six months) seem to further deteriorate the already poor employment prospects. Among working ex-prisoners, those who are able to return to a previous employer or hold down their job during the first half year following release recidivate significantly less. Details: Leiden: Universiteit Leiden, 2014. 217p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 5, 2017 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/26890/Barred_from_employment_proefschrift_Anke_Ramakers.pdf?sequence=14 Year: 2014 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Employment Shelf Number: 146742 |
Author: Gestel, B. van Title: Exploratory study into contract killings by organized crime groups Summary: The Netherlands has seen a series of violent contract killings by organised crime groups in recent years. While contract killings are by no means new to the Netherlands (with around twenty to thirty cases a year over the last few decades), there is reason to believe that the nature of the killings has changed. Insight into the phenomenon itself and any changes that it may have gone through, however, is currently fragmented, and the policy department of the Ministry of Security and Justice expressed the need for an overview of the available knowledge. The Research and Documentation Centre (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum, WODC) was asked to perform an exploratory study into the subject. As such, we have taken stock of what knowledge is available on the subject on the 'shop floor' - among police-officers and public prosecutors - who are charged with investigation and prosecution of contract killings and, in that capacity, have accrued knowledge on the subject. This report sets out the results of that exploration.. Details: The Hague: WODC (Research and Documentation Centre, Minister of Security and Justice), 2017. 3 p. (English Summary) Source: Internet Resource: Cahiers 2027-07: Accessed Septemer 25, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202017-7_2624_Summary_tcm29-263765.pdf (Full text only available in Dutch) Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Contract Killings Shelf Number: 147439 |
Author: Kruithof, Kristy Title: The role of the 'dark web' in the trade of illicit drugs Summary: The Internet has fundamentally changed ways of doing business, including the operations of illegal markets. RAND Europe was commissioned to investigate the role of the Internet in facilitating the drugs trade, particularly in the Netherlands. The Internet has fundamentally changed ways of doing business, including the operations and activities of illegal markets. There are now around 50 online marketplaces on the 'dark web' that trade illegal drugs, novel psychoactive substances (NPS), prescription drugs and other - often illegal - goods and services. These so-called cryptomarkets are accessible with a normal Internet connection, but require special anonymising software to access. The role of these cryptomarkets in facilitating the trade of illicit drugs was first highlighted by the success of Silk Road, an online marketplace for the sale of illegal goods. Silk Road was taken down by the FBI in October 2013; however, other very similar cryptomarkets filled the void within a matter of weeks. Details: Cambridge, UK: RAND Europe, 2016. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Brief: Accessed September 27, 2017 at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9925.html Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Dark Web Shelf Number: 147473 |
Author: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Title: Netherlands: Country Drug Report 2017 Summary: This report presents the top-level overview of the drug phenomenon in the Netherlands, covering drug supply, use and public health problems as well as drug policy and responses. The statistical data reported relate to 2015 (or most recent year) and are provided to the EMCDDA by the national focal point, unless stated otherwise. Details: Luxembourg: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2017 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/4512/TD0616155ENN.pdf_en Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Shelf Number: 147661 |
Author: Eerten, Jan-Jaap van Title: Developing a social media response to radicalization The role of counter-narratives in prevention of radicalization and de-radicalization Summary: Radical groups thrive by spreading their message. They have increasingly used social media to spread their propaganda and promote their extremist narratives. Including on websites such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. In this study, the main question that we investigate is to what extent it is possible to use counter-narrative programs via social media to de-radicalize individuals or prevent violent extremism. We focus on violent radicalization connected to SalafiJihadism. Due to the political and societal context in which this project was initiated, NCTV and WODC were interested in this specific form of radicalization. The method we used consisted of a literature study, interviews (n=8) and three focus groups (n=6, n=7 and n=8) with people with different expertise and backgrounds (including academics, field workers, social media students and a former radical. In this study, narratives are conceptualized as strategically constructed storylines that are projected and nurtured through (online) strategic communication activities by state and non-state actors in attempts to shape how target audiences feel about or understand events or issues, and ultimately, guide their behavior in a manner that is conducive to their aims and goals. We conceptualize counter-narratives as strategically constructed storylines that are projected and nurtured through strategic communication (or messaging) activities with the intention to undermine the appeal of extremist narratives of violent extremist groups. Narratives have been projected by radical groups through a wide range of social media, including YouTube, Twitter and Facebook. For counter-narratives on social media, we identify three domains: (1) countermessaging (e.g., activities that challenge extremist narratives head on); (2) alternative messaging (e.g., activities that aim to provide a positive alternative to extremist narratives); and (3) strategic communication by the government (e.g., activities that provide insight in what the government is doing). A central outcome of our analysis is that to the extent that people have become more radical and strongly identify with an extremist ideology or group, they are less likely to be persuaded by any counter-narrative campaign. In general, it's challenging to persuade people with strong convictions through (online) campaigning. They are typically not very receptive to messages that aim to change their views. However, it will be very difficult to challenge people with extremist attitudes. They may not pay attention to these messages or even may adopt a stronger attitude in the other direction than intended as a reaction to this persuasive attempt. Thus, we argue that counter-narrative campaigns may be most useful for prevention purposes. They could perhaps focus on those that appear to be sensitive to extremist views and information - to the extent that they can be identified meaningfully. In addition, we have raised the question whether or not such counter narrative efforts may have some effect for the individuals from radical groups who show a glimpse of doubt about their group. For such individuals, a counter-narrative message may fall on fertile grounds and a seed may be planted, although this is highly speculative at the moment and more research is needed to support this notion. A sound starting point for designing a counter-narrative campaign is research. One should develop a sound understanding of (the context of) 'the problem', underlying determinants, where communication can potentially contribute to a solution. Here it is advisable to consider relevant theories and insights about radicalization and attitude and behavioral change. Beyond borrowing from existing theory, program planners do well to develop a sound theory of change that explicates how campaign efforts are expected to lead to the desired result. In addition, the audience should be carefully defined and segmented on the bases of meaningful variables. This requires thorough audience research. Campaigns targeting an overly broad and general target audience run the risk of being ineffective and may be counterproductive. It is therefore recommendable to focus on narrow, specific audience segments. In addition to studying the audience, it is important to develop an in-depth understanding of the extremist narratives one aims to counter. When deciding upon which elements of, for example, the Salafi-Jihadi narrative one aims to counter, we argue it is also important to consider why members of the target audience in question may be attracted to these narratives. Radicalizing individuals that are looking for extremist content may have different motives. Different motives of radical people may request different alternative or counter-narrative content. Some may be drawn to an extremist ideology. However, there are a variety of other reasons that may motivate people, such as the need for group-membership and camaraderie, a search for meaning, the need for excitement and adventure. As suggested, it is important to clarify the desired outcome, and the steps towards that outcome. Relatedly, at the outset of a campaign, goals and objectives should be delineated that clearly specify which change one aims to achieve. Well-defined objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound. Running an effective social media effort also requires adequate resources (time, finances, people) which should be assessed at the outset of a program. It is also important to give consideration to potential partners. Involving partners from within local communities in campaign development and delivery may benefit a campaign effort. Control over the message is not strictly assured when it is released on social media. Of course, it is still important to give consideration to the content of the message. As put forward earlier, to the extent that this is possible, it may be fruitful to consider the different motives of radical people. Besides content, it is important to think about different aspects of the message. Messages that use the narrative format have the advantage of using subtle ways to influence people and may overcome various forms of resistance. In addition, double-sided messages (in which one side is being discredited) and messages with a strong emotional appeal may prove to be particularly persuasive. In terms of sources, it is clear that they need to be perceived as credible by the audience in order to function as trustworthy messengers. Commonly mentioned candidates are former extremists, victims of violence, peers and family, as well as key members of communities and civil society actors. The potential of the government to serve as a credible source might be limited. Among other things, the government often suffers from a say-do gap in the eyes of relevant target audiences. Yet, which messenger will in fact effective will depend on the context, the target audience, and the message one wants to relay. Also, it should be noted that source is a murky entity in social media environments. For instance, processes of information transfer may obscure the original source of a message or make it difficult to interpret who the source is. Some researchers also maintain that social media environments complicate traditional insights about credibility indicators. In terms of selected channels, obviously they should be frequently utilized by the audience one intends to reach. Using multiple channels is argued to be beneficial. Importantly, social media may not be appropriate in all circumstances, and linking online with offline activities is suggested to be particularly effective. In terms of message dissemination, one may join already on-going 'conversations'. Also, it may be beneficial to partner up with people and organizations that have already established a strong social media presence and are popular among the target audience. In some cases, it may also be useful to ask established online (news) outlets to share the message. Furthermore, it may be important to create opportunities for audience engagement. One should also give consideration to aspects such as timing and volume. Finally, we argue it is important to assess the potential risks, challenges and limitations when developing a communication strategy. These might include losing control of the message, counter-campaigns, threats to safety and well-being of messengers, and multi-tier approval processes that hamper campaign efforts, as well as the notorious difficulty of demonstrating the effect of counter-narrative efforts. Generally speaking, it is not easy to establish an effect of a policy or measure in counter violent extremism (CVE). For the potential effectiveness of a counter-narrative campaign, it is important to distinguish between a formative evaluation, a process evaluation and a summative evaluation. Specifically tailored at online interventions, we argue that a combination of awareness (e.g., reach and views) and engagement metrics (e.g., likes, shares, comments and emoji responses) can provide some insight into the extent to which a counter-narrative campaign achieved its desired effect. More traditional research techniques such as interviews and focus groups can give insight in the reception of online materials (thus useful in the formative phase), but can also provide input in the interpretation of quantitative data in the summative evaluation phase. Experiments (either offline or online) offer insight in the cause-and-effect-relationship, while "netnography" makes use of data usually obtained from observations of people in their regular social media environments. Sentiment and content analyses are methods to distract the overall evaluation towards a counter-narrative campaign as well as the specific narratives that were put forward in a particular online community. Finally, social network analyses may give insight into the structure of a group and potentially how this might change over time, although the use of this technique in this field has not yet been fully established. Government actors are not well-suited to act as a counter-narrative producer or messenger. They tend to lack credibility as effective messengers with relevant target audiences. In part, because they are perceived to suffer from a say-do gap, which means their actions and words do not always match in the view of the audience. However, they still can still their part. First, governments can fruitfully engage in streamlining their own strategic communications in terms of explaining their own actions locally and in an international context. Second, the government can play a valuable role by facilitating grassroots and civil society actors best placed to act as counter-narrative messengers. They can do so by establishing an infrastructure to support these initiatives and by sponsoring such efforts (providing help, expertise or financial support) as well as. Yet, they should be cautious, as government endorsement or support for such initiatives may act as a 'kiss of death' and undermine them. Thirdly, they could stimulate thorough monitoring and evaluation, as there is only limited evidence for the effectiveness of counter-narrative efforts. Finally, government efforts could focus on supporting the development of programs in the area of strengthening digital literacy and critical consumption skills In terms of limitations of the current study, in our analysis, we have focused only on counter-narratives with respect to the Jihadi ideology. As such, it is not possible to generalize these findings to other groups (e.g., extreme right wings groups). Furthermore, due to the fact that there is hardly any strong empirical research available, we had to base some of our analysis on the general literature on persuasion and communication campaigns, as well as some "grey literature" (e.g., policy papers, working papers, and recommendations). This undermines the options to draw strong conclusions from the current analysis, as one might question the extent to which it is possible to generalize from the general field of persuasion to the specific field of online counternarratives. We conclude that, although presenting online counter-narratives appears to be intuitively an appealing strategy to employ, our analysis shows that this may not be an ideal option to deradicalize people. It might be more fruitful to use counter-narratives in a prevention context, in which people's minds are still open enough to register and process the information presented. Alternatively, it might be possible to explore the options to expose known individuals (e.g., a convicted prisoner) with specific counter-narratives, but ideally not in an online context, but an offline context, in order to directly monitor the reactions of the individuals. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam - Department of Psychology/Department of Political Science, 2017. 152p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/2607_Volledige_Tekst_tcm29-286136.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Counter-Radicalization Shelf Number: 148510 |
Author: Chevalier, Danielle A.M. Title: Playing It by the Rules: Local Bans on the public use of soft drugs and the production of shared spaces of everyday life Summary: In a nutshell, this book is about formalized social control in public space: it examines the different ways shared public spaces of everyday life are used and perceived, focusing on the manner in which the urge to control such space is operationalized, and how in turn formalized control effects the way space is produced and used. It does so triggered by the investigation of an archetypical Dutch phenomenon: local bans on the public use of soft drugs. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2015. 250p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 30, 2017 at: https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4502582/161829_GEDRUKT_207758_L_bw_Chevalier_versie_20150520x_complete.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Disorderly Conduct Shelf Number: 148662 |
Author: Slot, Brigitte Title: Interwovenness of organised crime and terrorist jihadi groups regarding the procurement of firearms Summary: The question if and how organised crime and terrorist jihadi groups are interwoven regarding the procurement of (automatic) firearms is of great interest for investigative and intelligence services. This research sheds light on the issue through three elements: - a literature review, - an exploration of the added value of social network analysis (SNA), - an illustration of this added value based on a concrete Dutch case. The literature review expounds the (criminological) theory behind the interwovenness of organised crime and terrorist jihadi groups, and elaborates the most recent developments in our thinking about the issue: criminal and terrorist organisations recruit their members from the same pool; perpetrators of (foiled) attacks in Europe often had a criminal background; in the Paris attacks firearms were found from a batch that is connected to a known firearms supply line. With the knowledge about the international and European context as a background, an exploration has been conducted of the added value of SNA on this issue for investigative services. Based on a round of discussions with various departments of the National Police tasked with monitoring developments of this issue, it is concluded that for a variety of reasons currently SNA is applied to a limited extent. After a short explanation of what SNA entails, it is subsequently discussed how an SNA can be applied to studying this nexus. Next, the added value is illustrated through the analysis of a large case involving the smuggling of and trade in firearms: - Based on primary police data (registrations and antecedents) and discussions with involved experts the case is framed and a starting group of suspects is identified. The direct network of these persons has been mapped (in connection with which other persons were they known by the police?), after which the direct network of these newly added persons-of-interest was mapped, thereby resulting in a network comprising the network of our starting group to the second degree. In addition, various personal traits of the members of the network were mapped: were they encountered with firearms? Are they of interest in the context of counterterrorism, extremism and radicalisation (CTER) monitoring? Are the known to be firearms dealers? - In this way, interrelations between over 700 persons were mapped, as well as their profile ('firearms possessor', 'firearms dealer', 'terrorism suspect'). This resulted in 24 larger and smaller networks, which operated independently of one another (no interrelations were found between these networks, based on second degree connections). In additions, new connections that had not previously been visible came to light. - Based on the data gathered, SNA-specific network indicators were calculated, which help with identifying the function of a person within a network: who is important acting as a bridge between sub-networks, who are central actors in a network, who have the most connections with 'important' persons? Proceeding from the values on these indicators, a number of persons have been identified as potentially interesting for follow-up by the investigative services A further deepening of this theme is recommended as a result of this exploration. In the context of this research, a number of concrete possibilities have been described for how to apply SNA within the police agencies to this theme and related issues. SNA can support the process of gathering further information regarding the nexus of organised crime and terrorist jihadi groups, and can assist in the decision-making concerning how to prioritise follow-up investigatory work. Details: Rotterdam: Ecorys, 2017. Executive summary. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 2, 2018 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/2738_Summary_tcm29-291432.pdf (full text only available in Dutch) Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Analysis Shelf Number: 148985 |
Author: Molenwijk, Chantal Title: Social norm violation and bystanders: The effect of different norm violations and bystander presence on perpetrators mind-sets Summary: How are perpetrators influenced by bystanders when committing different types of norm violation? Two online vignette studies were implemented to analyse this. We expected generally more positive attitudes towards norm violation through more positive perceptions towards norm violation, less negative affect, and more power affordance in the presence of multiple versus one bystander(s), for prosocial versus selfish norm violation and in the presence of a passive high status bystander versus a passive low status bystander. We also argue for a strengthened effect for multiple or high status bystanders and prosocial norm violation. In study 1, 136 students had to imagine themselves as a perpetrator committing a prosocial- or selfish norm violation in the perceived presence of one or multiple bystanders. In line with expectations, the online questionnaire results indicated that people put more blame onto someone else when committing selfish norm violation. They surprisingly also felt more disapproval about prosocial norm violation in the presence of multiple bystanders and felt more negative emotions towards prosocial norm violation in the presence of one bystander. The second study, consisting of 116 students, unexpectedly yielded no significant effects for bystander status and norm violation types on perpetrators mind-sets. The results imply that the relation between perpetrators, bystanders and norm violations might differ to what would be expected from research from bystander perspective. Details: Twente: University of Twente, 2017. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 13, 2018 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/73172/1/Molenwijk_MA_BMS.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Shelf Number: 149102 |
Author: Shayea, Anhur Title: The Impact of Bystanders on Offenders: The Presence of Bystanders Increases the Likelihood of Shoplifting Summary: Shoplifting is a common crime in the Netherlands and billions of euros have been spent on prevention. According to the Routine Activity Theory (RAT), the presence of a guardian can already prevent crimes from taking place. The present study will examine the effects of bystanders on shoplifting behavior in a quasi-experiment. Participants were tasked to steal a bracelet from a store, where the number of shoppers (i.e. bystanders) actually varied. Additionally, private self-awareness was manipulated by placing (vs. not placing) a mirror in the store. The main outcome measures in the experiment were shoplifting behavior and level of arousal, which were measured in real time with an Empatica E4 wristband. Based on the RAT, we proposed two competing hypotheses. It was expected that the presence of a bystander will make it less likely for participants to steal (H1a). However, if too many bystanders are present, the opposite occurs: shoplifting behavior will increase (H1b) because offenders feel less visible. Furthermore, the presence of a mirror was expected to result in reduced shoplifting behavior, (H2) due to increased self-awareness. For the level of arousal, a main effect was hypothesized: more bystanders will result in a higher level of arousal (H3). The findings showed a reverse pattern expected from RAT and participants were more likely to steal when bystanders were around. As expected, with the presence of the mirror, participants were less likely to steal compared with participant in no-mirror condition. No significant results have been found for the level of arousal. This study revealed that the RAT does not apply to a crime such as shoplifting, but indicates that mirrors in shops could serve as monitor to discourage offenders from shoplifting. Details: Enschede: University of Twente, 2017. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 13, 2018 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/71970/2/A.Shayea_%20MA_Psychology.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Bystanders Shelf Number: 149103 |
Author: Amnesty International Netherlands Title: A Failed Experiment: The Taser-Pilot of the Dutch Police Summary: It is required by recognized international human rights rules and standards as presented in the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials that police agencies have at their disposition a range of means to respond to difficult situations in a differentiated manner. Thus, Amnesty International is not outright opposed to the use of electro-shock weapons in law enforcement in all cases. However, the current use of electro-shock weapons as well as the governing regulations in The Netherlands raise serious concerns and therefore Amnesty International calls the Dutch police to: - suspend the use of electro-shock weapons by all police units currently using them until a suitable legal and operational framework for their use has been set up that is in line with the obligations of The Netherlands under international human rights law and standards and - until this is done - to withdraw all electro-shock weapons distributed; - refrain from widespread distribution of electro-shock weapons in day-to-day policing; - cease any police interventions in mental health institutions in all situations and circumstances that do not amount to immediate life threatening emergencies (e.g. hostage situations). Amnesty International furthermore urges the Dutch government to create a legislative framework governing the use of force that gives due consideration to the obligations of The Netherlands under international human rights law, in particular to regulate, in formal legislation, the use of force in line with the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms, including the use of firearms and the use of electro-shock weapons, as well the overall conditions and criteria for police interventions in mental health institutions. This briefing sets out the background to the current pilot project conducted by the Dutch police on the general deployment of electro-shock weapons in day-to-day policing (I.). It further provides a summary of the Amnesty International's main findings regarding the human rights concerns of the first pilot phase as well as the overall set up of the project and its interim evaluation (II.). These findings are then more in detail explained and elaborated in section III., followed by a conclusion and some recommendations (IV.). Details: Amsterdam: Amnesty International Netherlands, 2018. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2018/02/A-Failed-Experiment_The-Taser-pilot-of-the-Dutch-Police.pdf?x32866 Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Shelf Number: 149679 |
Author: Amnesty International Netherlands Title: Policing Assemblies Summary: A public assembly is a dynamic social process which often starts long before the actual assembly takes place. However, in particular when public assemblies turn into violence, what is usually seen is a photograph or a video of law enforcement officials (LEOs) and demonstrators clashing in some way. Such a picture gives only a one-dimensional idea of what happened. This paper aims to provide those who wish to monitor or analyse public assemblies - e.g. human rights and other civil society organisations, or journalists - with a broader view about them. It aims to provide them with an understanding about the planning and preparatory process undertaken by law enforcement agencies and enable them to identify causes and failures throughout the process where things may have gone wrong. It should in the end enable them to formulate constructive recommendations for the future which go beyond simply the necessary response of calling for investigation of incidents and bringing to justice those who commit human rights violations or abuses. Details: Amsterdam: Amnesty International Netherlands, 2013. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Police and Human Rights Programme - Short paper series no. 1: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/short-paper-series-no-1-policing-assemblies Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crowd Control Shelf Number: 149681 |
Author: Amnesty International Netherlands Title: Police Oversight Summary: Effective oversight mechanisms are necessary to balance the powers held by law enforcement officials, and ensure that they operate within the law. Oversight, for this purpose, refers to continuous accountability, before, during and after law enforcement operations. While international standards stress the importance of establishing accountability, there is little specification as to the structure or method required to achieve this goal. The PHRP team has analysed a number of existing oversight mechanisms from a variety of countries in terms of their functioning and effectiveness, their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the processes that led to their creation. The purpose of the paper is not to present a one-model-fits-all idea of an effective police oversight mechanism since any such mechanism would have to be adapted to the specificities of each country. The purpose is rather to show the criteria and considerations to be taken into account when setting up an effective police oversight mechanism in terms of mandate, powers and authority, composition and resourcing. Worldwide, Amnesty International and other human rights organisations strive to enhance police accountability and to strengthen independent control and oversight over police. It is hoped that the findings and recommendations of this paper are a useful support to that endeavour. Details: Amsterdam: Amnesty International, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Police and Human Rights Programme -- Short paper series No. 2: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/short-paper-series-no-2-police-oversight Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Police Accountability Shelf Number: 149682 |
Author: Amnesty International Netherlands Title: Police and Minority Groups Summary: In 2016, PHRP finalized the third paper of the short paper series on Police and Minority Groups. Police have a duty to protect people against crime, and this includes protection against crime motivated by discrimination. They are furthermore obliged not to commit any acts of discrimination themselves in carrying out their law enforcement duties. However, in many instances law enforcement officials fail in both regards: they can sometimes have the role of the perpetrator, actively discriminating for example by means of ethnic profiling, harassment, or through the excessive use of force against certain groups, or they fail to effectively protect people from crimes motivated by discrimination ("hate crimes") or to investigate such crimes. Any such conduct has damaging consequences. In a specific situation, it leads to a violation of the human rights of the person(s) concerned. On a wider scale, it leads to the loss of confidence in police by minority groups, fostering a climate of mutual mistrust or even hostility that can be self-reinforcing. There are, however, solutions and ways to address these issues, and good practices can be found in numerous countries and contexts to improve the relationship between police and minority groups. The PHRP team looked at a variety of European countries, to outline and analyse some of the most common issues as well as to introduce possible solutions and examples of good practice on how to counter the problem. To that end, the paper addresses some general considerations about the relationship between police and minority groups as well as specific issues that are common concerns in the interaction between police and minority groups, namely hate crimes, ethnic profiling and preventing and addressing discriminatory police misconduct. Details: Amsterdam: Amnesty International, 2016. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Police and Human Rights Programme - Short paper series No. 3: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/short-paper-series-no-3-police-and-minority-groups Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Minority Groups Shelf Number: 149684 |
Author: Beijersbergen, K.A. Title: Recidivism after domestic violence: Recidivism of perpetrators of domestic violence who were convicted between 2008 and 2013 Summary: For the last 20 years, domestic violence (abbreviated DV) has been recognized as a major social problem and is high on the political agenda in the Netherlands. Various health programs have tried to address this health and safety problem. The main goal of these programs is to reduce the extent and severity of domestic violence. The programs consist of a wide range of measures aimed primarily at raising awareness, by making the magnitude of the problem visible, setting out normative guidelines, by making it clear that domestic violence is not tolerated, improving collaboration between stakeholders, improving care and assistance for victims, and the development of screening instruments and offender interventions. In this report, we examine the recidivism of DV-perpetrators who were convicted between 2008 and 2013. This research is part of a five-year research program into recidivism among perpetrators of domestic violence and child abuse. In the present study, the research questions were: 1 How many individuals are convicted annually for domestic violence? 2 What are the characteristics (personal and criminal case characteristics) of domestic violence perpetrators and how do the characteristics of this group compare to the characteristics of the total group of convicted perpetrators? 3 What is the recidivism rate for perpetrators of domestic violence: what percentage of domestic violence perpetrators came back into contact with the criminal justice system within two years of their DV criminal case? How does the prevalence of recidivism for this group compare to the prevalence of recidivism for the total group of convicted offenders? Three forms of recidivism are examined: general, violent, and domestic violence recidivism. 4 Which personal characteristics are related to whether or not domestic violence perpetrators recidivate and how do these compare to those for the total group of convicted perpetrators? 5 How do recidivism rates among domestic violence perpetrators develop over time, taking into account shifts in the background characteristics of perpetrators? Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice and Security, WODC, 2018. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2018-2_Summary) https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202018-2_2773a_Summary_tcm28-307221.pdf (Full text only available in Dutch) Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 149691 |
Author: Stouwe, T. van der, Title: Recidivism after Tools4U: Comparative recidivism research Tools4U 2012 Summary: Tools4U is a social skills training imposed as a penal sanction aimed at increasing the social and cognitive skills of youth aged 12 to 18 years with a medium-sized risk of reoffending. Previous research into the effectiveness of this intervention has found positive results regarding social and cognitive skills. In addition, Tools4U is generally in line with the What Works principles, principles any intervention aiming to effectively reduce recidivism should comply to. A previous study into the effects of Tools4U on recidivism compared 115 Tools4U participants to 108 youth with community service order a year later. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to match these youth to the Tools4U participants. No significant differences were found between the Tools4U group and this control group after periods of 6 months, 12 months, the longest available period for all youth (1.46 years), or for the maximum observed period (2.76 years). Furthermore, no moderating effects were found for age, gender, ethnic background, or criminal history. A marginally significant effect was found for violent offences: if Tools4U participants reoffended they were less likely to commit a violent offence than youth in the control group. The current study extends this previous work, with its relatively short follow-up period, by examining recidivism over a longer time frame. Furthermore, the previous study made use of a control group recruited a year after the Tools4U group, resulting in a different observation period for the two groups. The current study makes use of an additional control group, made up of youth with a community service order during the same period as the Tools4U participants received their training order. In addition, analyses were carried out on the influence of social and cognitive skills measured at entry. In the current study the following research questions are examined: To what extent is Tools4U effective in reducing recidivism? As measured by: prevalence of recidivism; seriousness of first new offence. Does the effectiveness of Tools4U depend on participant characteristics? Namely: age, gender, ethnic background, criminal history; skills deficiency measured at entry. Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice and Security, WODC, 2018. 3p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2018-4_Summary: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202018-4_2704_Summary_tcm28-304747.pdf (Full text only available in Dutch) Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Delinquency Prevention Shelf Number: 149692 |
Author: Franken, A. Title: Specialization in National Specialist Facilities: a literature review. Summary: The Netherlands Youth Institute carried out this research commissioned by the Research and Documentation Centre, WODC, Ministry of Justice and Security. The topic of this research arises from the report "Custody of Young Offenders (Implementation) Survey" (Verkenning Invulling Vrijheidsbeneming Justitiele Jeugd, VIV JJ), which was presented to the House of Representatives in November 2015 (Van Alphen, Drost & Jongebreur, 2015, Parliamentary Papers, Meeting Year 2015-2016, no. 24587-626). Central to this report is the young person, with his or her support needs and needs for care and security. The report focuses on the continuation of care, involvement of the young person's own network and local cooperation between the Custodial Institutions Agency (DJI), local care partners and municipalities. One of the building blocks of the report is a National Specialist Facility (LSV), in which young people with a specific profile receive specialist care and security. The question remains, however, which specializations are needed within the National Specialist Facilities and how these specializations could be clustered. Details: Utrecht: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi) , Universiteit van Amsterdam - Afdeling Forensische Orthopedagogiek, WODC, 2018. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 5, 2018 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/2895_summary_tcm28-310965.pdf (Full text only available in Dutch) Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Detention Facilities Shelf Number: 149693 |
Author: Beijersbergen, K.A. Title: Recidivism after high impact crimes Recidivism of offenders of high impact crimes who were convicted between 2002 and 2013 Summary: For some years now, the term 'high impact crimes' (abbreviated HIC) has been used in the Netherlands to indicate offences that have a major impact on the victim, their social environment and the sense of security in society. Among the classic HIC offences are (violent) property crimes, such as domestic burglary, mugging and robbery. Recently, the government has made great efforts to combat the HIC problem, through various policy and safety programs and by setting up a Robbery Task Force. In this report, we examine the recidivism of HIC offenders who were convicted between 2002 and 2013. Three HIC groups are distinguished: domestic burglars, muggers and robbers. This study is part of a five-year research program into recidivism among HIC offenders. In the present study, the research questions were: 1 How many individuals are convicted annually for domestic burglary, mugging and robbery? 2 What are the characteristics (personal and criminal case characteristics) of HIC offenders and how do the characteristics of this group compare to the characteristics of the total group of convicted offenders? 3 What is the recidivism rate among HIC offenders? a Recidivism prevalence What percentage of the domestic burglars, muggers and robbers came back into contact with the criminal justice system within two years of their HIC criminal case? How does the prevalence for this group compare to the prevalence of recidivism for the total group of convicted offenders? Three forms of recidivism are examined: general, HIC and special recidivism. Focussing on robbers: what percentage of domestic robbers and of other robbers came back into contact with the criminal justice system within two years of their HIC criminal case? b Recidivism frequency How often do domestic burglars, muggers and robbers come back into contact with the criminal justice system within two years of their HIC criminal case? How does the frequency for this group compare to the frequency of recidivism for the total group of convicted offenders? Focussing on robbers: how often did domestic robbers and other robbers come back into contact with the criminal justice system within two years of 4 Which personal characteristics are related to whether or not HIC offenders reoffend and how do these compare to those for the total group of convicted offenders? 5 How do recidivism rates among HIC offenders develop over time, taking into account shifts in the background characteristics of offenders? Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice and Security, WODC, 2018. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2018-3_Summary: Accessed April 5, 2018 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202018-3_2786a_Summary_tcm28-307226.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Burglary Shelf Number: 149694 |
Author: Laan, A.M. van der Title: Juvenile Crime Monitor 2017. Developments in registered juvenile crime from 2000 to 2017 Summary: The Juvenile Crime Monitor 2017 describes developments in juvenile crime registered by the police, the Public Prosecution Service and the courts from 2000 to 2017. The aim of the Juvenile Crime Monitor program is to provide a broad overview of developments in juvenile crime from various sources, and to discuss and compare these developments. The different sources in the latest Monitor include: police records of juvenile suspects, sentencing records of juvenile criminal offenders, and judicial statistics from other countries as well. The 2015 edition of the Juvenile Crime Monitor also included self-report measures of offending behavior by Dutch juveniles, which are obtained from a representative sample every five years. Juveniles are individuals between the ages of 12 and 23 years old. Besides describing developments in registered juvenile crime on the national level, the current edition also examines youth crime in so-called hots spots and (selected) municipalities and also the developments of juvenile crime in neighbouring countries. Significant trends from 2012 to 2017 Trends in registered juvenile crime are predominantly decreasing To examine whether the more long term decrease in juvenile crime (see figure S1) is also prevalent at the regional level, among specific subgroups, and for all types of criminal behaviour, more in-depth examinations are performed for the years 2012 to 2017. For specific regions, subgroups and types of offenses, the developments in juvenile crime, too, exhibit a downwards trend. The level of juvenile crime in 2016 is predominantly below the level of crime in 2012, regardless of region or subgroup. That said, the magnitude of the observed crime drop does differ per region or subgroup. Moreover, for some of these regions or subgroups juvenile crime does not decrease year after year, as there are isolated cases of juvenile crime levels remaining stable or even increasing. Juvenile crime drop is prevalent among all age groups, most delinquent group becomes slightly older Registered crime decreased for all age groups from 2007 to 2017. While 18- to 21- year-olds were mostly overrepresented in the juvenile criminal offender population up to and through 2012, the upper age range of the most delinquent group expands to 25 years after 2012. Juvenile crime drops annually at the national level, intermittently at the municipal level, but with variation at the level of neighbourhoods The decrease in juvenile crime is observed regardless of where juvenile suspects live or in which cities juvenile offenders commit crimes. However, the decrease in juvenile crime is not annually for each of the observed municipalities, but can be characterized as a intermittent drop. Also, at the more local level of neighbourhoods there is significant variation in the magnitude of the juvenile crime drop. For instance, in hot spots (i.e., neighbourhoods with relatively high levels of juvenile crime) the level of juvenile crime decreases more strongly than the national average, but less so or not at all in other neighbourhoods. The number of juveniles sentenced for digitalized and cybercrime is small, and is (still) not clearly identifiable in registration sources on the national level. The number of juveniles sentenced for digitalized or cybercrime consist of less than 1% of all juvenile criminal offenders. This figure significantly underestimates the number of juveniles who are actually involved in digitalized and cybercrime, because these types of offenders are not yet clearly identifiable in police and court records on the national level. Greatest decrease in sanctions against juvenile offenders was from 2007 to 2013, afterwards the decrease weakens The number of juveniles sanctioned with alternative community sentences issued by the organisation Halt, as well as the number of sanctions issued by the Publication Prosecution Service and the courts, decreases from 2007 to 2017. Up to 2013 this decrease was relatively strong, though it weakens afterwards. Particularly, the number of juveniles with a Halt referral stabilizes in recent years. This recent stability could be in part due to the introduction of the so-called Halt+ variant, which was introduced in 2013 and stimulates the referral of juvenile suspects and offenders to Halt by the Public Prosecution Service. Also, the general decrease of the number of imposed sanctions is not observed for all types of sanctions. For example, the number of transactions (which are out-ofcourt settlements, usually involving a fine or community service) drops more sharply than penalty orders, which suggests that the latter is replacing the former (as intended by lawmakers). Number of juvenile reoffenders decreases The percentage of 12- to 18-year-olds and 18- to 25-year-olds that reoffend after at least one prior conviction decreases, though to a lesser extent than the general juvenile crime drop. In other words, while there is a general decrease in the number of juvenile offenders, the recidivism among those that remain remains more or less stable over time (whereas the latest cohort seems to show a slight increase in recidivism). Prosecution of young adults as minors increases Although there has been a decrease in the number of young adult criminal offenders, the percentage of criminal cases (with preliminary judgments) against young adults where they are sanctioned according to juvenile law increases. Juvenile crime drop internationally observed The Dutch drop in registered juvenile crime is not on its own. There is a similar decrease in the number of juvenile suspects and convicts in other countries as well, for 2007 to 2015. But, the number of registered juvenile suspects and convicts does fall more rapidly in the Netherlands, when compared with neighbouring nations. Possible explanations for the juvenile crime drop A monitor, such as the Juvenile Crime Monitor, is primarily a descriptive entity, and not necessarily means to clarify or explain observed developments. Still, some explanations for the juvenile crime drop are discussed, such as: - Changes in registration practises, priority shifts regarding investigating juvenile crime as well as changes in police protocols have led to a shortage in enforcement practises, which may have contributed to the registered juvenile crime drop. - The crime debut hypothesis suggests that an increase in security measures has made it more difficult for criminals to successfully commit crimes, particularly among less experienced offenders of property crimes, thus preventing criminal careers from 'taking off'. - The social media hypothesis suggests that the registered drop in juvenile crime could be due to the increased digitalization of society, which includes, but is not limited to, the increased use of social media and mobile devices. - The changing sociocultural attitude hypothesis suggests that the downward development in juvenile crime is due to a changing sociocultural attitude among juveniles and parents towards risky behaviour, such as alcohol consumption, dropping out of school or delinquency. Conclusion Since 2007, juvenile crime has decreased in the Netherlands. This crime drop is observable in the registrations of the police and the judicial authorities as well as in self-report measures of juveniles themselves (see the Juvenile Crime Monitor 2015 for the results regarding self-report). The observed juvenile crime drop that started in 2007 continues up to 2017. Although the magnitude of the juvenile crime drop differs per region, subgroup or type of crime, and is not always annually, the overall trend shows a decrease in registered juvenile crime. That said, the monitor concerns registered juvenile crime. Hence, the monitor only concerns a part of all juvenile crime. It is likely that the juvenile crime registered by police is dropping more sharply than actual juvenile crime, for instance, due to changes in registration practices. A juvenile crime drop is also observed internationally, in countries surrounding the Netherlands, though the decrease in crime appears to be largest in the Netherlands. Details: The Hague: WODC, 2018. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahiers 2018-01: Accessed May 11, 2018 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202018-1_2849a_Summary_tcm28-306192.pdf - English Summary Only Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Rates Shelf Number: 150168 |
Author: de Vries, Lise Anne Title: The effectiveness of youth crime prevention Summary: Evidence-based interventions are crucial for preventing that at-risk youth will develop a persistent criminal carreer. This dissertation includes a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of youth crime prevention, and an evaluation of the Dutch youth intervention 'New Perspectives' (NP). At-risk youth (N = 101) aged 12 to 19 years were randomly assigned to NP and care as usual (CAU). New Perspectives proved not to be more effective than other existing youth care services. However, the time to re-arrest appeared to be longer for NP-participants than for CAU-participants. Also, NP was most successful for youth with prior offenses, whereas participants without prior offenses performed better in CAU. The effectiveness of NP could be enhanced by focusing on youth with prior offenses. In addition, the findings of the meta-analysis showed small effects of crime prevention. However, under specific conditions, prevention could lead to larger positive effects; programs with behavioral contracting and training parenting skills, carried out in a family-based or multimodal format, produced the largest effects. Group-based interventions and too intensive interventions should be avoided among youth showing low risk of delinquency. Finally, this dissertation includes the results of two separate structural equation models showing that social factors, including deviant peers and low parental monitoring, mediated the association between attachment and delinquency, whereas the association between attachment and aggression was mediated by individual factors, including cognitive distortions. Clinical practice should focus on the attachment relationship between adolescent and parents in order to positively affect risk and protective factors for adolescents' externalizing problem behavior. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2016. 157p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 14, 2018 at: https://dare.uva.nl/search?identifier=0f5aebf4-a698-4126-a8c4-258bb6287cb9 Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: At-Risk Youth Shelf Number: 150542 |
Author: Blokland, Arjan Title: Profielen van Nederlandse outlawbikers en Nederlandse outlawbikerclubs Summary: The criminal careers of members of Dutch outlaw motorcycle clubs and their supportclubs: a study using conviction data Decisive action against criminal outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMG's) ranks high on the Dutch criminal justice agenda since 2012. Nevertheless, the number of OMG-chapters in the Netherlands, and presumably therefore the number of Dutch OMG-members, has rapidly increased over the last couple of years. This rise was accompanied by an increase in the number of official support clubs or puppet clubs as well. There are reasons to believe that these support clubs are not only used as incubators for new OMG-members, but also to lend a hand in criminal activities and to provide leverage in intergang conflict. The current study aims to describe the (officially registered) criminal behavior of OMG- and support club-members. This research builds on previous research into the criminal careers of Dutch OMG-members by using official data on the conviction histories of 1.617 police-identified OMG-members, and 473 members of support clubs. Results show that the vast majority of OMG- and support club-members is convicted at least once. Convictions often also pertain to serious crimes. Several criminal trajectories can be distinguished, of which some are characterized by a rather high level of convictions during the adult years. Profiles of Dutch outlaw bikers: a latent class analysis The Netherlands are confronted with a rapid growth of the outlaw biker subculture. On theoretical grounds it is expected that such a steep increase is accompanied by radicalization of the outlaw biker milieu, and an increasing number of OMG members involved in organized crime. Expansion also leads to increased rivalry between OMG's, further contributing to radicalization by making membership attainable to those motivated by other sentiments than a love for motorcycles. In a partial test of these explanations the current study examines the nature of the crimes committed by OMG- and support club-members, and whether, based on combinations of different types of offenses, meaningful criminal career types can be distinguished. Results show that in OMG's and support clubs different criminal career types can be distinguished, but that these criminal career types are not the same in OMG and support clubs. Over one third of Dutch OMG-members exhibits a criminal career type that is indicative of radical sentiments. Among support club-members a criminal career type is found that is characterized by violence. Crime amongst Dutch outlaw motorcycle gangs Crimes by outlaw motorcycle gangs are a source of concern for the Dutch police and local authorities. Since 2012, OMG's have therefore been subjected to a whole-of-government approach, targeting in principle every Dutch OMG. Spokesmen of OMG's have opposed to this approach on the grounds that it indiscriminately and unjustly puts all OMG's on the same level. Based on a sample of 1617 police-identified members of Dutch OMG's, the current study paints a quantitative picture of the extent to which Dutch OMG's are involved in various types of crime. By distinguishing between common club-members and club leaders, Dutch OMG's can be placed along the club/gang-continuum proposed by Barker (2007; 2015). Results show that Dutch OMG's differ in both the percentage of ever convicted members, as well as the average extent of these members' criminal records Details: Apeldoorn;: University of Leiden, Law School, 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b324baabe80ePW101.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Bikers Shelf Number: 150701 |
Author: van Koppen, M.S. Title: Doorgroeiers in de misdaad: De criminele carrieres en achtergrondkenmerken van jonge daders van een zwaar delict Summary: Young perpetrators of a serious crime often face serious and diverse problems in the family and at school. Nevertheless, the combination of problems among these young people is not by definition a precursor to a growth in serious crime. Only a small part of this group actually grows into the serious crime. This is shown by research by the VU University Amsterdam among more than 1,000 young perpetrators. The research was carried out in collaboration with the Police Unit Amsterdam and Youth Protection Region Amsterdam on behalf of the Research Program Police and Science. There appears to be only a limited number of distinguishing characteristics between stoppers and career groups. The later growers have more debt and use more soft drugs than stoppers. The contact with Youth Protection is also difficult and involves a negative prognosis at the end of their treatment process. The reason for the research was the often-heard hypothesis that a new generation of young criminals in Amsterdam has grown into serious crime. They have been known for years by emergency services and police, but have nevertheless become serious criminals. In this study, the criminal careers of more than 1000 young perpetrators of a serious offense were studied, who were first suspected in 2000 of a serious violent crime or an offense for which a prison sentence of at least 9 years can be imposed. They are young people who were between 12 and 30 years old in 2000 and who lived in Amsterdam. Subsequently, all antecedents up to and including 2013 that preceded the serious offense were identified. The research shows that only a small part of this group actually grows into the serious crime. Which young perpetrators of a serious offense grow into serious crime and which do not? Some of the young people were accompanied by Youth Protection at a young age, because there were serious concerns about their development. Based on the Youth Protection Files, an exploratory analysis has been carried out into the distinguishing characteristics of 50 career groups and 49 stoppers. This shows that both groups are characterized by serious problems in the family and at school. Many of them grew up in families with financial problems in which little structure was offered and in which young people could not always count on loving involvement of their mother or father. At school, behavioral problems were often signaled and there was a lot of absenteeism. Relatively many of these young people left school prematurely. Although these problems do not in themselves predict whether a young perpetrator stops or continues to grow in crime, the combination of problems can. Early school leaving, soft drug use and having bad friends are together predictive of growing into serious crime. Young people in whom the supervision by Youth Protection Region Amsterdam was less flexible, could, as it were, be flagged as risky and had a greater chance of growing into serious crime. (Google Translation) Details: Apfeldoorn: Politie & Wetenschap, 2017. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b32816483e81PW100.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Careers Shelf Number: 150709 |
Author: Mehlbaum, Shanna Title: Notoire straten: Over de lokale inbedding van georganiseerde criminaliteit Summary: Although not always visible, some (shopping) streets in the Netherlands appear to be the scene for all kinds of organized crime, such as drug trafficking, money laundering and illegal gambling. These notorious streets act as criminal meeting places and offer all kinds of facilitating services. A combination of factors means that these streets offer a relatively anonymous and safe environment for shadowy practices. This is shown by research by Mehlbaum Research commissioned by Police and Science. Everyone probably knows the places in his or her place of residence where there is suspicion of activities that do not tolerate the light of day. Such 'notorious streets' are central to this research. In order to gain insight into exactly what is happening at such locations, the researchers have looked at this for a long time in three such streets. The focus was on locally embedded forms of crime and possibilities to better visualize them. For the investigation, both police investigation and enforcement information were analyzed and expert sessions and interviews were held with community police officers, detectives, municipal officials, residents and entrepreneurs. The research shows that various forms of organized crime occur in the areas. This concerns drug crime, illegal gambling, illegal prostitution, liquidations and firearm incidents. In addition to these criminal activities, there is also an atmosphere of intimidation and threat in the streets. This concerns, among other things, the roadblocking of entrepreneurs, claiming parking space and actual threat. There may be several people involved in crime in the street: entrepreneurs, employees, residents, visitors, house owners, brokers and tenants. In every street, another type is most strongly represented. These infamous streets often fall between shore and ship in their approach. The criminal investigation department does not work in a sufficiently area-oriented manner and neighborhood teams have no view of crime behind the faade. The problem is persistent and residents and entrepreneurs have often lost confidence in the government to turn the tide. This improvement is a long-term process and requires joint efforts from, among others, criminal investigation, district police, local authorities and special investigative services. The research report includes indicators that can help professionals in the streets to recognize locally embedded organized crime. (Google Translation) Details: Apeldoorn: Politie & Wetenschap, 2018. 176p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b32828d11a66PK92.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Drug Trafficking Shelf Number: 150710 |
Author: Moors, H. Title: Criminal families in North Brabant. An exploration of generation effects in organized crime - Criminele families in Noord-Brabant. Een verkenning van generatie-effecten in de georganiseerde misdaad. Summary: The association of North Brabant and organized crime is current. Almost weekly, pieces appear in the newspaper of sobre rolled up hemp nurseries, dumping of chemical waste from drug labs in the outlying area the on the city sewer, threats to the mayors and aldermen about how close the underworld and the upper world sometimes seem to be to each other. 'This is the situation: we are dealing with an unorganized government versus organized crime, 'said the King's commissioner Wim van de Donk in the Volkskrant note: 'Nosotros only catch the losers. I have heard from a few experts that it was not. ' Interestingly, organized crime is often also connected is brought with a criminal culture that would be typical of Brabant. It is then una vez mas una economia moral originates from an inward culture, from a feeling of orphan una cultura de la historia de Government but long-term social relations within villages, city neighborhoods, the familias are the main source of trust. De Brabander would be contrarian and silent because of the 'we know US '. And on that breeding ground the crime would thrive. Details: Amsterdam: Reed Business, 2017. 192p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 27, 2018 at: http://www.emma.nl/files/documenten/criminele_families.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Neighborhoods and Crime Shelf Number: 150719 |
Author: van Ham, Tom Title: Vechten op afspraak: Inzicht in het fenomeen en input voor de ontwikkeling van een politiestrategie Summary: In October 2016, the Nieuwsuur program will pay attention to battles that take place between hooligans. Shortly afterwards, two images appear online from supporters of Feyenoord who record it by appointment other supporters group. Once in a forest against a delegation of the French football club Nancy (November 2016) and once against supporters of AZ (January 2017). These and other images - for example from a confrontation between supporters of PSV and Vitesse (April 2017) - show that groups are clear can be distinguished from each other: one group is for example dressed in white and the other in black. There are people around the groups who do not fight. They do have a role in the whole: some are screaming and give directions, others have a camera or mobile phone in hand to record the violence. They are not attacked, which confirms the purposeful character of the confrontation. From the images it appears that groups can vary (unexpectedly) in size, causing one unequal struggle can arise. In addition, the violence applied in this usually short confrontations are heavy: several times - sometimes by several people at the same time - stepped through while someone is lying on the floor. Although these fight agreements often take place "under the radar", is online reporting clearly that these take place with some regularity. Details: Politie & Wetenschap, Apeldoorn; Bureau Beke, Arnhem, 2017. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b34fd15521acPK91.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior Shelf Number: 150728 |
Author: van Schijndel, A. Title: Daders over cameratoezicht Summary: What is the effectiveness of camera surveillance from the perspective of the perpetrators? Description The research was carried out by means of literature study and analysis of police records. However, the core of the research is the interviews with police officers and with (potential) perpetrators. 21 offenders and 22 potential perpetrators were interviewed. The fieldwork was carried out in the municipalities of Amsterdam and Zaanstad. Conclusions The interviews with the (potential) perpetrators make it clear that in many cases the cameras do not provide for crime prevention. The detained perpetrators, all experienced criminals or frequent offenders, are well aware of the camera surveillance: the places where the cameras are hanging, the technical possibilities, the times when they are looked for, the quality of the images and their usability. The calculating perpetrators are usually not prevented from committing offenses, but they do adjust their behavior. They try to stay out of sight of the cameras and make recognition more difficult. Moreover, they use times when people are not tired of and they know the limitations of the cameras, for example drug offenses. If possible, they commit offenses elsewhere. The impulsive and also the indifferent perpetrators, however, draw little attention from cameras. The fact that camera surveillance does not always provide for prevention of crime does not mean that it is useless. From the perspective of the police, camera surveillance has three functions: Prevention of crime and nuisance. Pro-action: the timely signaling of threatening security problems with cameras, on which a rapid police response can follow. Cameras thus help with the targeted and effective police deployment. One condition is that you will be watched live in a very professional lookout center. Detection: collecting offender information that can improve the detection. This requires cameras and high quality observation techniques. Details: Amsterdam: Reed Business, 2012. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b35187948566daders_over_cameratoezicht.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Surveillance Shelf Number: 150729 |
Author: Flight, Sander Title: De mogelijke meerwaarde van bodycams voor politiewerk: Een internationaal literatuuronderzoek Summary: The introduction of the bodycam by the police does not always lead to desired effects such as a reduction in the number of complaints and use of force by the police and the use of recordings for detection. This is evident from a large-scale international literature review conducted by Sander Flight. Positive effects that were found in the US were found not to occur in the other countries where thorough examinations with body cams were performed. Context, such as the relationship between police and citizens, policy choices, technical specifications and the legal framework are apparently of influence. Using the pilots to be evaluated, the police can get a better view of the effects in the Dutch context and with different uses. Nine evaluations were found in the literature that were sufficiently robust to be included in this meta-evaluation: in the US, the United Kingdom and Canada. Five of the nine studies showed that the number of complaints against police officers dropped significantly (by 14 to 87 percent). The four other evaluations examined other goals and did not make any pronouncements about complaints. Violent use by the police can also be reduced by body cams: that showed three of the nine evaluations (decreases by 28 to 75 percent). We know very little about the value of recorded images for the investigation: only two of the evaluated evaluation reports reported positive, albeit small, contributions from bodycams to the criminal justice chain. The effects of body cams seem to strongly depend on the policy context. Does the police have to turn on the bodycam himself or is it always on? And who works with the bodycams: is this only voluntary or is the use compulsory? This affects the number of recorded images. Policy and instructions are therefore very important. The same applies to technical specifications (for example, if you can see that the camera is on), the legal framework (for example, how long the images are stored and whether they go directly to the Public Prosecution Service and the judge or have to be written out in an official report) and the physical context (for example the type of location or type of police service). How this all interacts is not yet clear; not abroad and also not in the Netherlands. An important recommendation is to start a research program and to thoroughly examine the effects of body cams in the Netherlands. The purpose of follow-up research should be to find out how public and police respond to the bodycams, what bodycams contribute to truth-finding, evidence, complaint handling, the prevention of violence against the police and to peer learning. This follow-up study, in which pilots are evaluated, can show how, where, in what situation and in what way body cams could become part of the equipment of the police. Details: Politie & Wetenschap, Apeldoorn; Sander Flight Onderzoek & Advies, Amsterdam, 2017. 192p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed June 28, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b351e8821463PW93.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Body Cameras Shelf Number: 150730 |
Author: Veen, H.C.J. van der Title: National Risk Assessment on Money Laundering for the Netherlands Summary: Dutch policy to prevent and combat money laundering is based on the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and EU directives and regulations. The FATF - an intergovernmental body set up by the G7 in 1989 - focuses on global prevention of money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. The majority of the FATF's recommendations has been adopted into the fourth EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive, applicable to all EU member states. In short, Article 7 of this directive obliges EU member states to implement a risk-based policy against money laundering and terrorist financing and to establish a National Risk Assessment (NRA). The goal of this NRA is to identify the ten most significant risks relating to money laundering in terms of their potential impact and to assess the 'resilience' of the policy instruments designed to prevent and combat money laundering. Resilience entails the functioning of policy instruments (including legislation), whereby the following is applicable: the greater the resilience, the more the risks are combatted. This initial NRA also describes a number of lessons learned that could be taken into account in the process of subsequent NRAs. Details: The Hague: WODC, 2017. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2017-13a: Accessed July 2, 2018 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202017-13a_2689c_Full%20text_tcm29-328683.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Economics and Crime Shelf Number: 150759 |
Author: Rijken, Conny Title: Trafficking Victims in The Netherlands: An exploratory study Summary: In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the number of victims of trafficking in the Netherlands, from 993 in 2010 to 1,222 in 2011 and 1,711 in 2012 (CoMensha Annual Reports, www.mensenhandel.nl). The actual number of victims is likely to be much higher than this, as many victims do not approach the authorities. FairWork, an organisation striving to end slavery in the Netherlands, estimated (based on the global estimates of the International Labour Organization) that at any one time in the Netherlands there are 9,000 victims of sexual exploitation and 21,000 victims of other forms of exploitation including labour exploitation (FairWork 2012). However, these figures are only guesstimates and further quantitative research is required to substantiate these figures and to better understand the effects of policies on combating human trafficking. Approximately a quarter of the registered victims are victims of labour exploitation, although this figure dropped in 2012. The majority of victims are registered after identification by the police. Based on a study by the Dutch Rapporteur on Human Trafficking (BNRM 2012b, BNRM 2012c) it can be estimated that per year 200 victims appear in the files of the prosecution service, which means that approximately 20 to 25% of victim registrations lead to prosecution. The report also found that only 15% of registrations lead to a conviction. Although these rates are low and more than half of the cases prosecuted in 2010 ended with an acquittal, the number of victims registered and the number of prosecutions and convictions is high compared to other European destination countries. Historically, protection and assistance to victims of human trafficking in the Netherlands, as in many other countries, is provided in Dutch migration law and dependent on whether or not a residence permit is granted to the victim (Chapter 9, Part B, Aliens Circular). Given that many victims have Dutch nationality (around 25%) or EU citizenship and do not need a residence permit, this link with migration law needs to be revised to extend protection to all victims of trafficking. Apart from some limited exceptions, cooperation with law enforcement authorities in criminal investigations is a condition for the granting of a residence permit to victims of trafficking. However, many victims do not want to go to the police or do not consider themself a victim of trafficking and are unaware of the protection and assistance facilities available. This triggers the question whether or not the current protection and assistance provided to victims of trafficking in the Netherlands matches the needs of these victims. Accordingly, the current study was undertaken to answer the following two questions: 1. What factors and patterns play a role in the decision by victims of trafficking to leave the situation of exploitation, make use of assistance, and report to the police or testify against the trafficker? 2. What are the needs of victims of trafficking and what changes need to be made to the assistance provided to victims to better meet their needs. To answer these questions, a survey was conducted in 2012 on 36 victims of human trafficking in the Netherlands whose stories were elicited in focus groups and open‐ended in‐depth interviews. The respondents included victims of labour exploitation and sexual exploitation and can be categorised according to the type of exploitation and country of origin as victims of sexual exploitation originating from the Netherlands (eight), the EU (five) and non‐EU countries (fourteen) and victims of labour exploitation from the EU (five) and non‐EU countries (four). Dutch victims of labour exploitation were not included in the sample group. To contextualise the information gathered during the focus groups and interviews, a literature review was undertaken together with a secondary analysis of available statistics. A quantitative analysis was conducted on the information on victims of trafficking contained in 78 criminal case files of the prosecution service and 25 victim case files compiled by a relief organisation. In addition, elaborate interviews with 15 experts in the field of human trafficking for sexual or labour exploitation were conducted to facilitate understanding of the needs of victims of human trafficking. Details: Tilburg: International Victimology Institute Tilburg (INTERVICT), Tilburg University, 2013. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed july 2, 2018 at: https://www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/855033a0-aa90-4fdc-90d1-547993fcf881_Human%20Trafficking%20Eng%20summary.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Forced Labor Shelf Number: 150760 |
Author: Onrust, Simone Title: Vier politiestrategieen tegan veel voorkomende criminaliteit: effectiviteit en werkzame mechanismen Summary: In this research synthesis we searched for results from empirical research on the effectiveness of four different police strategies, as well as the conditions under which these strategies are effective. The following research questions are addressed in this study: What is the current state of knowledge about the effectiveness of Community Policing What is the current state of knowledge about the effectiveness of Third Party Policing What is the current state of knowledge? about the effectiveness of Hotspot policing What is the current state of knowledge about the effectiveness of Problem Oriented Policing Under which circumstances (or in which context) are the results of effective police strategies achieved? Under what circumstances (or in what context) the effect of effective police strategies? (Google Translation) Details: Utrecht: Trimbos Institute, 2013. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 9, 2018 at: https://repository.tudelft.nl/view/wodc/uuid:3eca1ef8-fc8b-4a9a-8c42-1e0bfae8431a/ Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Community Policing Shelf Number: 150782 |
Author: Salet, Renze Title: VVC onder de aandacht: Een onderzoek naar ZSM en de gevolgen voor het politiewerk Summary: At the end of 2009, the police and Public Prosecution Service took the initiative for the often long lead times of the settlement of cases of common crime to deal with. This resulted in the measure 'ZSM', with which a direct and faster criminal response to common crime was envisaged. In 2011, the introduction of this measure was started. Although the introduction of ZSM has broad reactions to positive reactions led, there is also the necessary criticism and concern expressed about among others possible negative consequences for fundamental criminal law values. Striking however, there was hardly any research at the start of this study something known about the actual functioning of ZSM. Also about the consequences of ZSM lacked empirical research for police and police work. With this a part of this gap is filled up. In this research the central question is how the ZSM method works, which consequences this has for police work and which factors and circumstances play a role in this. To answer this question are in total four ZSM tables the working method, the role and contributions of the various partners cooperate, investigated. In addition, there are thirteen different basic teams of the National Police investigated how from the basic teams to the police the work on the VVC cases goes on, how the police work fits in with the work at the ZSM table and what influence the ZSM method has on police and police work. In doing so, attention was paid to the question of which factors and circumstances affect the practices used. In the frame both have large numbers at both the ZSM tables and the basic teams interviews and are police officers and employees at the ZSM tables were observed, with a number of concrete issues being followed. The observed cases at the ZSM tables formed the basis for a legal one analysis of those ZSM decisions. In addition, there are a number of lawyers per location interviewed. Finally, an analysis of the speed with which matters at ZSM are settled on the basis of existing registration data. The fieldwork in this study took place in the period of October 2014 to August 2015. (Google Translation) Details: Amsterdam : Reed Business, 2017. 220p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed july 9, 2018 at: https://www.politieacademie.nl/kennisenonderzoek/kennis/mediatheek/PDF/93210.PDF Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Investigation Shelf Number: 150789 |
Author: Noije, Lonneke van Title: Overlast en verloedering ontsleuteld: Veronderstelde en werkelijke effecten van het Actieplan overlast en verloedering Summary: At the beginning of 2008, the Balkenende IV government presented the 'Action plan on nuisance and degradation' with the aim: in 2010 the social and physical nuisance was reduced by a quarter compared to 2002. The measures of the Action Plan are focused on nuisance (and crime) by young people, on social issues, on nuisance in the living and living environment and on degradation in the physical living and living environment. The package of measures is varied, varying from mediation in conflict between neighbors, insignia for special investigating officers, changes to the liquor and catering law, to professionalisation of youth care and campuses for at-risk youths without training or work. Why does the government actually implement these measures and to what extent is this a reasoned choice? In follow-up to the publication Social Security Decrypted, SCP has reviewed the Action Plan on nuisance and degradation. Assumptions from the Action Plan have been reconstructed and confronted with empirical findings on the effectiveness of measures to reduce nuisance and degradation. With this approach, policy choices can be better substantiated in the future. Details: The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau, 2009. 111p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2018 at: https://www.scp.nl/Publicaties/Alle_publicaties/Publicaties_2009/Overlast_en_verloedering_ontsleuteld Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Anti-social Behavior Shelf Number: 150812 |
Author: Akkerman, Tjitske Title: The Impact of Populist Radical-Right Parties on Immigration Policy Agendas: A Look at the Netherlands Summary: In the run-up to the 2017 Dutch parliamentary elections, the radical-right, anti-immigration Party for Freedom (PVV) and the center-right People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) were locked in fierce competition. Immigration and integration, core issues for the PVV and its controversial leader, Geert Wilders, were at the heart of the debate. In the end, the VVD beat out its radical-right opponent, earning the most votes and leading some commentators to proclaim the election a victory for mainstream liberal democratic values. Yet direct influence, in the form of winning elections and entering office, is not the only way to exert political power and shape policy outcomes, as this report makes clear. In many Western European countries, radical-right parties such as the PVV have successfully influenced policymaking indirectly by putting pressure on other parties to advance stricter migration policy proposals in order to compete for votes. Details: Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2018. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2018 at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/populist-radical-right-parties-immigration-netherlands Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Immigrants Shelf Number: 150819 |
Author: Boone, Miranda Title: Electronic Monitoring in the Netherlands Summary: This report describes in detail the current use of electronic monitoring (EM) in the Netherlands. The research forms part of an EU-funded comparative research study involving five jurisdictions, namely: Belgium, England and Wales, Germany, the Netherlands and Scotland. The research involved a partnership between academics in five universities: University of Leeds (England and Wales), University of Stirling (Scotland), University of Greifswald (Germany), Free University Bruxelles (Belgium) and Utrecht University (the Netherlands). This comparative research focuses on the potential of electronic monitoring to provide a credible and workable alternative to imprisonment. As such, the empirical findings from the five jurisdictions will fill a significant knowledge gap about the capacity of EM to operate as an alternative to imprisonment and inform on best practices to enhance its effectiveness and ensure its legal, ethical and humane use across Europe. The report is based on observations within the organisations involved in the implementation of EM and 36 interviews with practitioners. The structure of this research report and the way in which headings are organized is a replication of a format adopted consistently across the five country reports. Before describing the results of our own research, we start with a short overview of the history of EM in the Netherlands. Van Gestel (1998) describes how the debate on electronic monitoring started in the Netherlands and how eventually the first pilot was initiated. The first Dutch media publication on the use of electronic monitoring in the United States, where it originated, came in 1987. In this period, the Dutch government was looking for solutions to ease prison overcrowding and cell shortage. Against this background, it was no surprise that the possibility of electronic monitoring was quickly picked up by politicians. In 1988, a working group was installed to explore the potential of electronic house arrest for providing an alternative to imprisonment. This working group came to be known as the 'Schalken Committee' (Shalken Committee, 1988). In its report, the committee suggested that electronic house arrest could be valuable in terms of rehabilitation, provided that it would be combined with an intensive support program and 'meaningful activities' such as schooling or work. It also stated that electronic house arrest could have an economizing effect, with the sidenote that this effect could be reduced by effects of 'net-widening', which means including people in the penal system that otherwise would have been kept out. The committee further advised giving judges the exclusive authority for imposing electronic house arrest in order to prevent arbitrariness. Some other concerns were expressed regarding the intrusiveness of the modality and how continuous control may be interpreted as a sign of distrust towards the monitored person. All in all, the committee did not take a clear position but instead pointed at the importance of a broad debate on the desirability of electronic house arrest. This debate started across a wide range of organizations and culminated in a symposium in 1990. The majority of the persons present were not enthusiastic about the implementation of electronic house arrest either in the context of custody, as an alternative to detention or towards the end of a prison sentence (Van Gestel, 1998). Following this symposium, the advice was formulated to refrain from electronic house arrest while other alternatives were being explored. Two years later, however, a new report was published in which electronic monitoring was again presented as a potential economizing instrument. Eventually, in 1994, a newly formed project group sent a recommendation to the Minister of Justice, in which it advised starting a pilot with electronic house arrest in two forms: in combination with a community service order and as an alternative to the last phase of a prison sentence in the context of detention phasing. This plan was approved and in 1995 a two-year experiment started in the north of the Netherlands. From the start, the probation service has been the responsible organization for the implementation of EM, despite the earlier resistance within the organisation (Van Gestel 1998). In 2000, an experiment started with electronic house arrest as an alternative to remand for juvenile offenders. This experiment took place in the Rotterdam region and 23 youngsters participated, which was a lot less than the expected 48. Terlouw and Kamphorst (2002) evaluated the experiment and concluded that the electronic house arrest decreased the youngster's contact with fellow offenders. Other reported benefits were the increased feeling of responsibility and the benefit of being in a trusted environment. On the other hand, the researchers state that the house arrest placed a heavy burden on the household and was labor intensive for the youth probation services (Terlouw and Kamphorst, 2002). In 2003, facing a pressing cell shortage, the modality of electronic detention or 'home detention' was introduced. Electronic detention could be imposed as a means of executing an unconditional prison sentence of up to 90 days for offenders without a 'security risk' who report themselves to the prison without coercion, so-called self reporters. As opposed to the electronic supervision modalities as described above, the sole objective of electronic detention was to reduce the shortage of prison cells. It was announced in the 2000 Green Paper 'Sanction in perspective' as an alternative for short prison sentences that could annually save the Dutch tax-payer 115 million guilders, but that did not have a rehabilitative function. Between 2003 and 2005, 2145 offenders were placed under electronic detention, of which 1998 successfully finished the detention. Contrary to the rehabilitative forms of electronic monitoring, it was not the Dutch Probation Service that was made responsible for the execution of electronic detention, but the Prison Service of the Department of Justice (DJI). The Inspection for Sentencing Implementation was rather positive about the use of the electronic dentention modality. Despite the fact that the offenders involved usually belonged to the medium risk category of offenders, actual recidivism was relatively low. It concluded in its inspection report that electronic detention was an effective alternative for a short prison sentence. However, the implementation could be improved. The Inspection observed considerable differences between the five regions and noted that, contrary to the regulations, home visits and work inspections were not always made (Inspectie voor de sanctietoepassing, 2007). With respect to the experiences of the detainees, one evaluative study found that those who had been in prison before were much more positive about electronic detention than about imprisonment (Post, Tielemans and Woldringh, 2005). Electronic detention was also heavily criticized. The Council for the Administration of Criminal Justice and the Protection of Juveniles (RSJ) emphasized that home detention should always be combined with some form of support or assistance and that the prisoner should have the opportunity to work. Furthermore, the Council stated that the principal goals of home detention in terms of retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation would have to be made explicit (RSJ, 2007). This point is also emphasized by Van Swaaningen and Uit Beijerse, who are concerned that the main rationale behind any form of electronic monitoring simply tends to be cost reduction (Van Swaaningen and Uit Beijerse, 2013). In June 2010, the Minister of Justice decided to end the practice of electronic detention awaiting new legislation that would codify EM as a principal punishment and as a condition to suspend remand (Van Swaaningen and Uit Beijerse 2013: 181). However, this bill never came into force, because the need for home detention as a substitute for prison declined in the context of a cell surplus and the new State Secretary of Security and Justice was personally a strong opponent of EM. In 2013, the master plan of the Dutch Prison Service for 2013-2018 was published. It describes the intended changes in the prison system aimed at reducing the expenditures of the Prison Service with up to 340 million euros in 2018 (DJI, 2013). Electronic detention is presented as one of the important instruments for realizing these cuts and a new Bill on Electronic Detention was proposed in the same period as the Masterplan DJI. Two modalities are mentioned. The first is the 'backdoor modality' to be applied after half of the prison sentence has been served but before conditional release. The second is the 'front-door modality' which is meant to be a substitution for any prison sentence shorter than six months, unless the possibility for electronic detention is explicitly ruled out in the verdict. It is estimated that the implementation of electronic detention will facilitate the reduction of existing prison capacity by 2033 places. For juvenile offenders, the aim is to increase the imposition of electronic monitoring as an alternative to remand (DJI, 2013). The second proposal caused a wave of criticism. In the political arena the dominant opinion was that EM was a far too mild alternative for detention. Therefore EM was not acceptable as an alternative for short prison sentences. Most Advice Committees that commented on the Bill were positive on EM as an alternative for short prison sentences, but only if it would become an autonomous sentence that could be imposed by the judge (courts). More enthusiasm existed for the 'back door modality', although several concerns were expressed in relation to this modality as well, in particular concerning the replacement of the existing system of detention phasing by electronic detention and the exclusion of certain groups of prisoners of electronic detention as a result of contraindications and conditions that would be required (Boone and Van Hattum 2014; RSJ, 2013). In September 2014, the electronic detention bill was rejected by the Upper House. Only the Labour Party (PVDA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) supported the bill, which was not sufficient for a majority in the senate. To the senate, abolishing the existing system of detention phasing was unacceptable and electronic detention did not provide a workable and legally substantiated alternative. There were concerns about the risk of recidivism for prisoners who would not qualify for electronic detention. Also, the fact that the judge would not be involved in the allocation of electronic detention was criticized (Reclassering Nederland, 2014). To summarize, EM in the Netherlands has had a bit of a slow start and has not yet been accepted as an autonomous alternative for a prison sentence in the sentencing stage. It is used, however, as an instrument to supervise the requirements added to several conditional sentences and measures, as will be described in the first section below. Details: Utrecht: Utrecht University, 2016. 108p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 12, 2018 at: http://28uzqb445tcn4c24864ahmel.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/files/2016/06/EMEU-Electronic-monitoring-in-the-Netherlands.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Alternatives to Incarceration Shelf Number: 150836 |
Author: Hoogeveen, C.E. Title: Hoelang kun je schijt hebben? Dertien desisters uit criminele jeugdgroepen aan het woord Summary: The approach of criminal youth groups has been one of the last fifteen years considerable development. Around the turn of the century was started with the systematic mapping of annoying, nuisance and criminal youth groups according to the shortlist method. This way of 'Counting' of problematic youth groups led to an overview at local level level of numbers, group characteristics, risky habits and delict behavior of group members. In 2011, the then Minister Opstelten of Security and Justice made the approach of 89 counted criminal youth groups to top priority. The first evaluation of the approach showed that there was more cooperation between police, justice, municipality and other partners (Van Burik et al., 2012). Also the groups with more different types of measures: in addition to one Criminal law approach was used to manage, monitor and manage unpleasant administrative interventions. The management of the approach was still short, as came forward. The effectiveness of the approach in terms of the decline of delict behavior is not clearly. The sixth measurement (Ferwerda & Van Ham, 2014) on the basis of the shortlist methodology shows a decrease from 92 to 33 criminal youth groups between 2009 and 2014. That means a drop of no less than two thirds. However, this can not be translated one-to-one into a decrease of the problems with criminal behavior with about a fifth. Insights from various studies show that group boundaries are diffuse (among others De Jong, 2007; Van Burik et al., 2013; Weijers & Van Drie, 2014). The shortlisted instrument gives an overview of the groups visible on the street, and the decrease of the therefore, the number of groups indicates a decline in visible problems on the streets of these youth groups. A decrease of inconvenience on the street is therefore definitely indicated by the decrease (see also Van Burik et al., 2013). According to the Youth Crime Monitor 2015 (WODC) takes the number of young people (12-24 years) that due to delictual behavior with the police and the judiciary will have to do between 2007- 2013 (sometimes considerable), although this decline under 18-24-year-old criminal law perpetrators seem to level off. If both developments are related to each other (we do not know that), then the question is how boys come from such a group stop committing offenses, obvious. The question why boys from these groups stop at a given moment, researchers have been busy for some time. VanMontfoort is in collaboration with Bureau Alpha, started in 2013 with an exploratory study in which this question was central. This research was carried out on behalf of Police & Science. The following two research questions are central: 1 Which factors and circumstances are important for the development and ending a criminal career among young people who are part of a criminal youth group? 2 What is the role of police action and at what times and on what wise police action makes the difference in the behavioral choices of members of youth groups? This report describes answers to the research questions entirely from the perspective of thirteen boys and men who expanded talk about both their criminal career and their stopping process. (From Google Translate) Details: Amsterdam: Reed Business, 2016. 156p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 13, 2018 at: http://www.bureaualpha.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CJG2-HOELANG-KUN-JE-SCHIJT-HEBBEN-website-versie-PK78.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Careers Shelf Number: 150845 |
Author: James, Chrissy Title: Beyond detention: The effectiveness of aftercare for juvenile and young adult offenders Summary: High recidivism rates among young offenders that leave a detention facility are considered to be a major problem for society. Hence, during the past decades various reentry and aftercare programs have been developed to increase the chances of juvenile and young adult offenders for successful reintegration. Yet, up to now, much about the effectiveness and working mechanisms of these interventions remained unclear. Therefore, for this dissertation, a meta-analytic review was conducted to provide an overview and analysis of the effectiveness of aftercare programs for juvenile and young adult offenders. The results indicated that aftercare is most effective if it is well-implemented and intensive in nature, consists of individual treatment, and is aimed at older and high-risk youth. Furthermore, a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate a promising aftercare intervention in the Netherlands. New Perspectives Aftercare Program (NPAP) is an intensive reentry program for serious juvenile and young adult offenders, aged 16 to 24, starting in the last phase of their detention and lasting for 9 months. NPAP was compared to offenders receiving 'treatment as usual'(TAU). Results indicated that no direct intervention effects were found on any of the outcome measures included in the dissertation: recidivism, aggressive behavior, cognitive distortions, pro-criminal attitude, coping and prosocial skills. Moderator analyses, however, showed several interaction effects of ethnicity and coping skills for both NPAP and TAU youths. Overall, the most precise inference that we can make is that in the studies included in this dissertation no compelling evidence was found that receiving NPAP aftercare services provides any additional effect above and beyond what juvenile and young adult offenders released from detention received elsewhere in one form or another. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2015. 169p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 14, 2018 at: https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4502517/159904_James_thesis_complete_ZONDER_dankwoord_.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Aftercare Shelf Number: 150872 |
Author: Flight, Sander Title: Evaluatie cameratoezicht Amsterdam-Centrum: Effectmeting Wallen en Nieuwendijkkwartier Summary: In the municipality of Amsterdam, since 2000 experiments have been done with camera surveillance in the public space. Since 2000, projects have started on it August Allebeplein and the Belgieplein in Slotervaart / Overtoomse Veld and in the Crow's Nest in Southeast. Of these projects in 2003 an extensive evaluation report. The city council decided on this basis camera surveillance, under conditions, to be further expanded in the city. Since February 2004 there are also cameras on the Red Light District and the Nieuwendijk in the Stadsdeel-Centrum. Because these two locations are unique, the municipality again instructed DSP group to evaluate the (desired and unwanted) effects of camera surveillance. Comparison between 2003 and 2004 In this report, the results of the baseline measurement of June 2003 are compared with the effect measurement of June 2004. Through surveys, police records and in-depth interviews with experts are the changes in objective and subjective safety measured. The question of whether the cameras lead to a displacement of crime and nuisance also receives a lot of attention. Next this effect evaluation is a process evaluation that provides insight into the organizational and policy-related state of affairs. It is the intention to take another measurement in June 2005 to see to what extent observed effects last. There is a fundamental problem with evaluating preventive resources such as camera surveillance. You try to find out if something is not happened. Then you try a causal explanation for those 'nong events' to give: an impossible task. Camera surveillance is also never 'bald' introduced: other measures have been introduced at the same time, such as extra physical supervision by the police. There can never be indisputable be proven to be a decrease (or an increase) in crime caused by camera surveillance. In recent years, methods have been developed to still be a good evaluation can perform under these conditions. The most important thing is it using as many different sources of information as possible (residents, visitors, entrepreneurs, police, municipality, district) and research methods (surveys, interviews, observation, registrations, logbooks). There are for this evaluation no less than two thousand surveys were held among residents, passers-by and entrepreneurs in and next to the camera locations. beside have conducted in-depth interviews with dozens of politicians, civil servants, police officers and other stakeholders, such as residents, drug addicts and entrepreneurs. Thirdly, an analysis has been carried out on police records from the area. Also are the logs of the camera supervisors behind the camera and from the police requested and analyzed. Finally, all kinds of documents such as safety plans, project plans, municipalities notes and other evaluations of camera surveillance. The the moment of this research is not ideal. The effect measurement is actually held in June 2004, while the cameras were only four months old. At interpreting the outcomes must be taken into account the fact that the effect measurement was kept relatively early. Another condition for a reliable evaluation, there is a fairly long period in between the baseline measurement and the effect measurement. Outcomes of some evaluations have shown that camera surveillance is sometimes a kind shock effect in the first few months after introduction. Also for that reason is a third measurement in June 2005 desirable. The project in short There are a total of 26 cameras in this area: 10 in the Nieuwendijk district and 16 on the Red Light District. A monitor room has been set up at the Beursstraat desk where the images are recorded 24 hours a day and stored for three days. Two employees watch between 19 o'clock in the evening and 3 o'clock at night from the City Control Service live to the images and report incidents that they observe it to the police. Pictures can also be requested afterwards be added to a file by the police and as evidence. Details: Amsterdam: DSP-groep, 2004. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2018 at: http://publicaties.dsp-groep.nl/getFile.cfm?file=1sfbinnen_Evaluatie%20cameratoezicht%20Amsterdam%20Centrum.pdf&dir=rapport Year: 2004 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Surveillance Shelf Number: 150874 |
Author: Landman, Wouter Title: Tegengaan van etnisch profileren: Een internationale literatuurstudie naar effecten van interventies Summary: To prevent ethnic profiling, no interventions are known abroad that have been scientifically proven to work. This is evident from an international literature review by Twynstra Gudde commissioned by the Research Program Police & Science. Combining different interventions in a coherent program offers the most chance of positive effects, as foreign experiences teach. This means that the focus should not only be on the behavior of individual agents, but also on policy and legislation. Since the signals that ethnic profiling by policemen in the Netherlands occurs, the conversation about countering ethnic profiling has also started. Especially in the big cities it is a theme both in local politics and in the police organization and various measures or interventions are proposed and implemented. The question is which effects of these interventions can be expected. In order to provide more insight into this, an international literature study has been conducted into the effects of and experiences with interventions to prevent ethnic profiling by the police. The literature study systematically identifies relevant interventions and their demonstrated effectiveness. It appears that very little research has been done into the effectiveness of interventions and that there is therefore limited scientific knowledge available about what (does not) work. The researchers conclude, however, that it is wise to combine different interventions in a broad and coherent approach and to emphasize the (procedural) justice of proactive monitoring. In addition, attention should not only be paid to the actions of police officers, but also to have an eye for the institutional structures within which this action is effected. Experience abroad shows that too much unilateral attention for the behavior of individual agents leads to resistance and incomprehension among these agents. This while precisely the institutional embedding of this behavior can be an important cause. For example, the repressive safety policy and related legislation, police policy and attention to performance indicators (eg the number of suspects). A one-sided orientation on the behavior of police officers evokes opposing forces and reduces the effectiveness of interventions. The literature study ends with some recommendations for the approach to ethnic profiling and for follow-up research. For example, a plea for more effect studies into interventions, including training courses offered. Details: Politie & Wetenschap, Apeldoorn; Twynstra Gudde, Amersfoortm 2018. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b4a09c774250PW91A.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Racial Bias Shelf Number: 150875 |
Author: Gromme, Francisca Title: Governance by Pilot Projects: Experimenting with surveillance in Dutch crime control Summary: Technologies that collect and analyse personal data about people and their behaviour, often referred to as surveillance technologies, are introduced in ever more parts of daily life. In this dissertation I investigate the experimental manner in which they enter crime control practices in the Netherlands. My concern is with how they change governance, including who and what are understood as criminal. My research question is: how do surveillance technologies and crime governance affect each other in experimental practices? The experimental practices I focus on are pilot studies. The cases are a pilot study of acoustic aggression detection by a local police station; of data mining by a local government; and of Codemark, a spray with traceable liquid ('synthetic DNA') used by ticket inspectors in public transport to mark suspects of assault. Together, these cases suggest that pilot studies are means of governance in which technologies take part in rearranging the world we live in. Authorities, norms and governable spaces in crime control were rearranged, although not always dramatically or permanently. Aspects of pilot studies deserving critical attention and care are, among others, their exclusionary character; the dismissal of test sites as disturbing; and the sporadic ways in which pilots respect leading principles of constitutional democracies, laws and regulations. Details: Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR): 2015. 163p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 16, 2018 at: http://dare.uva.nl/search?metis.record.id=486712 Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Cameras Shelf Number: 150880 |
Author: Dur, Robert Title: Salience of Law Enforcement: A Field Experiment Summary: We conduct a field experiment to examine whether the deterrent effect of law enforcement depends on the salience of law enforcement activity. Our focus is on illegal disposal of household garbage in residential areas. At a random subset of 56 locations in a mid-sized city, law enforcement officers supplemented their regular enforcement activities by the practice of putting brightly-colored warning labels on illegally disposed garbage bags. This treatment made the existing enforcement activities suddenly much more apparent to residents. We find evidence for a substantial reduction in illegal disposal of garbage in response to the treatment. Details: Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2015. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 11644: Accessed July 18, 2018 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp11644.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Deterrence Shelf Number: 150903 |
Author: Knotter, Jaap Title: Slangenkoppen en tijgerjagers: illegaliteit en criminaliteit onder chinezen in Nederland Summary: China is on the move and we see that reflected in the migration flow from Chinese to the Netherlands in general and to the heavy and organized crime in particular. New groups of Chinese have has settled in the Netherlands in recent years, often after a difficult period tour and with the 'help' of people smugglers. Besides the approximately 65,000 legal Chinese remain many thousands of illegal Chinese in the Netherlands. In the heavy and organized crime a battle is going on between 'established' and 'new' Chinese. With this research we aim to fill in gaps in the knowledge and information position from the Dutch police. By reorganization within the Corps National Police Services (KLPD) disappeared the Information and Analysis department Smuggling of human beings (IAM), part of the then National service Criminal Investigation Information (dNRI). IAM KLPD originated from the then existing Southeast Asia team (ZOA) of the Rotterdam Rijnmond Regional Police, that for years was the source of information and the information node of the Dutch police on crime committed by Asian offender groups, especially Chinese criminal organizations. By canceling this team of experts, the Dutch lost police have a lot of knowledge and expertise, while many police forces still face it continued to be with Chinese (organized) crime. We first use this report broadly, with the aim of giving a glimpse into the doing and letting of Chinese in the Netherlands. In addition, we spend specific attention to illegal Chinese in the Netherlands. Then we zoom in crime and we examine to what extent it is related to illegality. Then we focus on heavy and organized crime. With especially in this last theme we also use police files. Our The most important approach, however, is that of the field researcher, who based it of observations, informal conversations and interviews, as far as possible, to provide insight into the lifestyle and thinking of Chinese people The Netherlands. Details: Uitgever: Boom Lemma Uitgevers, 2009. 220p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 27, 2018 at: http://www.bonger.nl/PDF/Overigen/kleinslangenkoppen-en-tijgerjagers.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Human Smuggling Shelf Number: 150929 |
Author: Bosma, Anouk Quirina Title: Targeting recidivism: An evaluation study into the functioning and effectiveness of a prison-based treatment program Summary: This dissertation aimed to study the functioning and effectiveness of the Prevention of Recidivism Program, a prison-based rehabilitation program aimed to reduce the re-offending rates of program participants, by conducting a plan-, process and product evaluation. The results indicated that the Prevention of Recidivism program could be considered promising, since it applied methods that were considered effective based on theoretical and empirical knowledge. In practice however, it was shown that program-execution was severely hampered by a number of issues; the program had rather strict inclusion criteria; faced considerable non-participation and non-completion rates; and often allocated offenders to inappropriate treatment. In the end, the program reached a limited group of offenders, most of whom completed a standard program, with no specific treatment aimed to target the factors that initially caused their criminal behavior. Consequently, the program was only shown effective for a small group of offenders that completed a standard treatment program. The most vital program-component, criminogenic need-specific treatment modules, was not shown effective. It was therefore concluded that the Prevention of Recidivism Program had for the most part not been effective in reaching its goals. Details: Leiden: Meijers Research Institute and Graduate School of the Leiden Law School, 2017. 229p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 31, 2018 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/45808/Targeting_recidivism_DEF2.pdf?sequence=2 Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Correctional Programs Shelf Number: 150981 |
Author: Knaap, L.M. van der Title: Geweld verslagen? Een studie naar de preventie van geweld in het publieke en semi-publieke domein Summary: This report provides a synthesis of 48 studies into the effects of the prevention of violence in the public and semi-public domain. This study was announced in the 'Actieplan tegen geweld' [Action plan against violence] (TK 2005-2006, 28 684, no. 65) and is a result of the conclusion drawn in the policy study 'Van afzijdigheid naar betrokkenheid: Preventieve strategien tegen geweld' [From non-involvement to involvement; preventive strategies against violence] (Van Erpecum, 2005) that little is known about the effects of preventive projects. However, a preventive approach of violence is of great importance and knowledge about the effects of prevention measures regarding violence in the Netherlands and abroad is therefore essential. A research synthesis is a sound method of obtaining this knowledge, because this method - if carried out correctly - yields the most complete and reliable information about 'what does and does not work in a certain field'. Among policy makers there is also a need for knowledge about the nature of the mechanisms which form the basis of effective prevention measures and about the conditions under which those mechanisms work. Such knowledge can be used in order to adopt proven effective or promising measures to prevent violence in the public and semi-public domain in the Netherlands. The following research questions have been formulated: 1 Which measures for the prevention of violence in the public and semi-public domain are known and studied for their effects in the Netherlands and abroad? 2 Which mechanisms form the basis for effective measures for the prevention of violence in the public and semi-public domain? 3 Under which conditions are the results of effective measures for the prevention of violence in the public and semi-public domain expected and achieved? Details: The Hague: Boom Juridische uitgevers, 2006. 168p. Source: Internet Resource: Onderzoek en beleid 239: Accessed August 1, 2018 at: https://repository.tudelft.nl/view/wodc/uuid:921f0ec0-ade5-42a6-bec3-e57fdcb67e09/ Year: 2006 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Crime Prevention Shelf Number: 151002 |
Author: Bruijns, I.S.M. Title: Boze, bange of betrokken buren? Een onderzoek naar de protestbereidheid van buurtbewoners tegen de terugkeer van ex-delinquenten in de wijk Summary: The re-entry of politically sensitive former offenders has taken place in recent years provided protest a number of times. Three types of politically sensitive ex-offenders who can generate large-scale social disruption are perpetrators of one pedophile crime, terrorist-related offense and a crime of life. Especially perpetrators of a pedophile crime are seen as folk devils of the society. This thesis was investigated in surveys (N = 164) the extent to which local residents of the Mariahoeve district in The Hague are prepared to participate in protest against the return of politically sensitive former offenders, and which motivations to participate. The question in this research was central: To what extent does the protest willingness differ from local residents against the return to the neighborhood of perpetrators of a crime of life a pedosexual offense and a terrorism-related offense of each other, and what are the determinants of this protest? The findings of the study showed that although the literature and the media make us believe that especially sex offenders indignation and fear calls, the willingness to protest against the return of a perpetrator pedophile offense was not higher than when a terrorist convict or perpetrator would return from a life crime. There was no evidence from empirical research significant difference between the protest readiness against the return of the three types of offenders. The literature study also showed that feelings of anger and fear, a high expected effectiveness of the protest, a sense of social identity and ideology are predictors of collective protest. From the results however, empirical research showed that only the variables are fear and ideology had a significant effect on the willingness to protest against the return of one perpetrator of a crime of life. The variable anger had a significant effect on the protest readiness against the return of a perpetrator of terrorism related offense. The variable ideology had a significant effect on the willingness to protest against it the return of a perpetrator of a pedosexual offense. This means that Participants would participate in protest to ventilate their emotions and / or because they want to express their values and standards. Expected effectiveness and social identity did not appear to be predictors in the context of this research participation in protest. Details: The Hague: Leiden University, Crisis and Security Management, 2016. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 2, 2018 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/53690/2016_Bruijns_CSM.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Pedophiles Shelf Number: 151008 |
Author: Malsch, M Title: The Influence of Image, Sound and Scripture on The Judgment about Suspects - De Invloed van Beeld, Geluid en Schrift op Het Oordeel over Verdachtenverhoren Summary: The Dutch criminal process has a strong written character. The criminal judge deals with the case on the basis of the investigation before the hearing done and the results of which have been recorded in the file. From that written records make official reports (hereafter: pv's) a substantial one part. The pv of suspects hearing by the police is inside one of the most important documents (see Buruma, 2008). Image and sound have played an increasingly important role in the Dutch criminal process in recent years. The hearing is now recorded more often than five years ago. This happens either audibly or audiovisually. Recorded interrogations can be viewed or listened to, for example on the hearing. This development means that the Dutch criminal process is somewhat of a written character starts to lose. Various consequences are associated with the use of image and sound. They offer better possibilities to check the course of events during a questioning than a written document. Image and sound offer a fuller view of the case. They are more direct and have more impact on the viewer or listener. However, image and sound may be more suggestive than writing. If non-verbal behavior can be seen or listened to, this may suggest something, for example, a lie, but also regret or certain emotions. The viewer or listener is not always aware of such a suggestion and the influence it can have. In addition, image and sound, as well as other written documents, can be manipulated. The increasing use of image and sound is expected to have an impact on the legal practice; they therefore deserve substantial attention. This is especially the case with suspect-hearing, because these are of great importance for the discovery of truth and can play a decisive role in the course of the process. These interrogations and the reporting on them (via official reports or via images) sound recordings) are central to this research. Het Nederlandse strafproces heeft een sterk schriftelijk karakter. De strafrechter behandelt de zaak op basis van het onderzoek dat vr de zitting is gedaan en waarvan de resultaten in het dossier zijn neergelegd. Van dat schriftelijk dossier maken processen-verbaal (hierna: pvs) een substantieel onderdeel uit. Het pv van verdachtenverhoor door de politie is daarbinnen een van de belangrijkste documenten(zie Buruma, 2008). Beeld en geluid spelen binnen het Nederlandse strafproces de laatste jaren een steeds grotere rol. Verhoren worden nu vaker opgenomen dan vijf jaar geleden. Dat gebeurt hetzij auditief, hetzij audiovisueel. Opgenomen verhoren kunnen worden bekeken of beluisterd, bijvoorbeeld op de zitting. Deze ontwikkeling betekent dat het Nederlandse strafproces zijn schriftelijke karakter enigszins begint te verliezen. Aan het gebruik van beeld en geluid zijn diverse gevolgen verbonden. Zij bieden betere mogelijkheden om de gang van zaken tijdens een verhoor te controleren dan een schriftelijk stuk. Beeld en geluid bieden een vollediger weergave van de zaak. Zij zijn directer en hebben meer impact op kijker of luisteraar. Beeld en geluid kunnen echter mogelijk suggestiever zijn dan schrift. Als non-verbaal gedrag te zien of te beluisteren is, kan dit iets suggereren, bijvoorbeeld leugenachtigheid, maar ook spijt of bepaalde emoties. De kijker of luisteraar is zich niet altijd bewust van een dergelijke suggestie en de invloed die deze kan hebben. Daarnaast kunnen beeld en geluid, evenals overigens schriftelijke stukken, worden gemanipuleerd. De verwachting is dat het toenemend gebruik van beeld en geluid invloed zal hebben op de rechtspraktijk; zij verdienen daarom substantile aandacht. Dit is vooral bij verdachtenverhoren het geval, omdat deze van groot belang zijn voor de waarheidsvinding en een bepalende rol kunnen spelen in het verloop van het proces. Deze verhoren en de verslaglegging erover (via processen-verbaal of via beeld- en eluidsopnamen) staan centraal in dit onderzoek. Dit boek bespreekt een onderzoek naar deze ontwikkelingen. Het heeft als centrale vraagstelling: - De centrale vraag is uitgewerkt in de volgende deelvragen. Wat wordt opgenomen in processen-verbaal van een verdachtenverhoor en wat wordt eruit gelaten? Hoe verandert dit in de loop der tijd en als gevolg van de Aanwijzing AVR? - Welke verschillen zijn er tussen non-verbale uitingen opgenomen in schriftelijke processen-verbaal van een verdachtenverhoor, en non-verbale uitingen die hoorbaar/zichtbaar zijn tijdens een opname van ditzelfde verhoor? - Welke invloed hebben non-verbale uitingen die zijn opgenomen in het proces-verbaal, en welke invloed hebben dezelfde non-verbale uitingen als die hoorbaar/zichtbaar zijn op opnamen van hetzelfde verhoor, op het oordeel over de verdachte, de aannemelijkheid van zijn/haar verhaal en de controlemogelijkheden van de rechter? Welke verschillen bestaan tussen de manieren waarop een verhoor kan worden gepresenteerd? Details: Netherlands: NSCR, 2015. 216p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2018 at:https://www.nscr.nl/wp-content/uploads/Kijken_luisteren_lezen_NSCR_Politie_Wetenschap.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Law Enforcement Shelf Number: 151537 |
Author: Schreijenberg, A. Title: Evaluatie Cameratoezicht Op Openbare Plaatsen: Driemeting (Evaluation of Camera Control on Public Places - three measurements- Summary: On 1 February 2006, the Camera Surveillance Act in public places comes into force entered. The law implies that the Municipalities Act has been supplemented (with article 151c) and the Police Registers Act (Wpolr) article 13 has been amended. Camera surveillance for the maintenance of public order is observed no longer come under the Personal Data Protection Act (Wbp). Since 1 January 2008, the Wpolr has been transferred to the Act police data (Wpg). Important changes compared to the previous ones regulations concerning camera surveillance (Wbp) are the extension of the retention period and the broadening of the possibilities to use images for investigation and prosecution. With the introduction of the law, the First and Second Chamber have been promised that the law is being evaluated in a five-year monitor study into camera supervision. In 2006 the baseline measurement of this research was carried out, in 2007 the a measurement and in 2008 the two measurement. This research concerns the three measurement. By municipal redistribution and by differences in responding municipalities (not all municipalities with earlier measurements) In response to the three-measurement, we also participated in the research and vice versa) comparisons with the results from the baseline measurement, measurement and tweemeting with some caution interpreted. In addition to comparisons, it is through the monitor research possible to get a multi-year picture. The three measurement consists of a survey among Dutch municipalities (the survey is almost identical to the surveys from previous measurements), one meta-analysis of evaluations of camera surveillance and just like every year one thematic floor. This year, the in-depth study deals with the costs and benefits of camera surveillance. The response to the survey is lower than with previous measurements but still relatively high, namely 84 percent. Which means that 369 of the 441 municipalities have responded. Details: Amsterdam: Regioplan, 2009. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2018 at: https://www.politieacademie.nl/kennisenonderzoek/kennis/mediatheek/PDF/78158.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Surveillance Shelf Number: 151556 |
Author: Flight, Sander Title: Tussentijdse evaluatie cameratoezicht Almere Summary: The city center of Almere is increasingly visited. On the one hand, that is it due to the increase in the number of residents in Almere, on the other hand because the city center has an increasing attraction to the region when it comes to shopping and going out. With increasing urbanization and a growing population, also increase nuisance and crime. These are entertainment-related incidents such as violence and aggression, but also for thefts, vandalism and nuisance. Mission Almere The municipality's mission in the field of safety is the safety level must be high in the city center despite the growth of the city. The most important safety themes, as recorded in the Program Integral Safety, are: - less youth nuisance; - less risk youth; - fewer multiple offenders; - fewer violent crimes; - better supervision and enforcement function; - higher safety on industrial estates; - better guarantee of safety aspects in the built environment and infrastructure. Details: Amsterdam: DSP groep BV, 2009. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2018 at: https://publicaties.dsp-groep.nl/getFile.cfm?file=11sfalmeval_evaluatie_cameratoezicht_almere_2009.pdf&dir=rapport Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Shelf Number: 151557 |
Author: Thijs, Fabienne Title: Verdachten van Terrorisme in Beeld: Achtergrondkenmerken, 'Triggers' en Eerdere Politiecontacten (Suspects of Terrorism in the Picture: Background characteristics, 'Triggers' and Previous Police contacts) Summary: The threat of terrorism, the concern for travelers to Syria and Iraq and, more recently, returnees from (former) area of Islamic State in Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) are important new phenomena where the police are the last years. In recent years, attacks have occurred in Europe place, including in Barcelona, Nice, Brussels, Paris, London, Berlin and Manchester. This means prevention of radicalization and terrorist acts high on the political, public and scientific agenda. Since the introduction of the Terrorist Crimes Act in 2004, and later the Act to expand the possibilities for investigation and prosecution of terrorist crimes (in 2007) and the Integrated Approach Action Program Jihadism (in 2014) is the detection and trial of terrorist suspects crime is becoming an increasingly important place within the criminal justice system take it. In recent years there have been mainly on the basis of this legislation criminal investigations on jihadist crimes: preparing from or actually travel for participation in ISIS and the war Syria and Iraq, propaganda and recruitment for violent struggles, committing of crime to fund those activities, and returning from jihadist area of conflict. Since 2004, there have also been suspects from the interior political-religious terrorism, such as the participants in the Hofstad group, and some individuals who were suspected of preparing for it (foiled) attacks. Jihadism is currently the most important background of terrorism in the Netherlands, but the government also focuses on terrorist crimes from the left and right extremists and animal rights activists. There are sporadic suspects of these forms of politically inspired terrorism persecuted; so in a recent case are persons in the context of the terrorism legislation condemned for throwing Molotov cocktails to a mosque. Suspects of crimes with a terrorist objective are therefore a relative new suspect group for the police. For a better understanding and approach of these suspects it is important to understand their backgrounds, their involvement in other forms of crime than terrorist crimes, and life course events prior to their involvement with terrorism. In the Netherlands, radicalization and terrorism are being dealt with by various bodies and researchers monitored and studied. Examples are the AIVD, NCTV, WODC, ICCT, National Police, researchers Dutch universities and independent radicalization experts. Many publications about Dutch terrorism suspects are based on separate cases, or small numbers of suspects or convicted persons (see, for example, Weggemans et al., 2014; Schuurman et al., 2016; Schuurman, 2017). Some scientific publications have a larger sample of a specific one subpopulation: people involved in large jihadism investigations police or known police to Syria (see for example De Poot et al., 2011; Weenink, 2015; De Bie, 2016). These studies give a global impression of a number of characteristics of terrorist suspects, such as theirs socio-economic status, demographic characteristics and criminal career, but not yet a complete picture of all suspects of crimes with a terrorist objective in the Netherlands. As a result, we have an incomplete for now and fragmented image of suspects of terrorist crimes. Research outside the Netherlands also offers interesting insights into the role of personal characteristics, events prior to terrorism and other criminal activities. Studies from North America distinguish different radicalization models and 'paths' or trajectories leading to terrorism (King & Taylor, 2011; Kruglanski et al., 2009; McCauley & Moskalenko, 2008; Moghaddam, 2005; Sageman, 2008). Cause factors are distinguished on micro, meso and macro level, and different steps or phases in the radicalization process (see, among others, Doosje et al., 2016, Ljujic et al., 2017). There are also carried out several large-scale quantitative surveys abroad to extremists and lone wolfs for personal characteristics and criminal background of subgroups such as extreme right, extreme left and Al Qaida inspired extremism mapping (Chermak & Gruenewald, 2015; Gill, Horgan & Deckert, 2014; McCauley & Moskalenko, 2013). Such studies, involving terrorism suspects on a large-scale quantitative level is being looked at, still missing within the Netherlands. In the present study we offer an overarching picture of the entire population suspected of terrorist crimes in the Netherlands since the introduction of the Terrorist Crimes Act in 2004. We have a link to this made between an anonymous list of terrorist suspects the National Public Prosecutor's Office (OM) and population data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). This is a unique and innovative data set, since CBS data has never been before used in investigating suspects of terrorist crimes. With this data we are able to provide insight into the personal characteristics of suspects, and in their involvement in other forms of crime and the timing thereof. In addition to previous research into so-called trigger factors in the radicalization process (see, among other things, Feddes, Nickolson & Doosje, 2016) we also provide insight into the 'run-up' to the terrorist crimes of which they are suspected, on the one hand may be prior personal events (such as stopping school, losing a job, or a divorce), and secondly, changes in criminal activity. With this data collection it is possible to not only have a description the characteristics of terrorist suspects, but also an analysis creating the possible effects of characteristics and events. Details: NSCR, 2018. 120p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed October 5, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b7fddd584466PW102.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Suspect Database Shelf Number: 151536 |
Author: Kulu-Glasgow, I. Title: Unaccompanied minor asylum seekers in the Netherlands: choice or chance? Summary: Background In Europe, the year 2015 was characterized by a high inflow of asylum seekers, including unaccompanied minor asylum seekers (UMAs), and the Netherlands was no exception. In this year, the number of UMAs who sought protection in Europe almost quadrupled compared to a year earlier (over 96,000 in 2015 vs. approximately 23,000 in 2014). The Netherlands ranked seventh among the destination countries in the EU, with 3,859 UMAs. Similar to the EU total, this number was almost four times higher than in 2014 (984). Also mirroring the situation in Europe, UMAs belonging to the 2015 cohort in the Netherlands came mostly from Syria, Eritrea, and Afghanistan. Objectives and research questions The question as to why asylum seekers end up in a specific country becomes particularly interesting at times of sudden high inflow, such as in 2015. The current study aimed to shed light on the push and pull factors that played a role in the flight of the UMAs who arrived in the Netherlands in 2015, to understand the processes through which these minors ultimately ended up in this country, their expectations regarding the intended destination, if any, and their satisfaction with life in the Netherlands - topics about which little is known so far. The main research questions were: 1 What is known about the inflow of UMAs to other European countries in 2015 and about the pull factors which play a role? 2 What is the size of the UMA cohort which arrived in the Netherlands in 2015, how is it composed (with regard to country of origin, age, and sex), and in which respects does this composition differ from cohorts in earlier and later years? 3 Why did the UMAs who came to the Netherlands leave their home countries? 4 Did they 'choose' the Netherlands consciously, and if so, why? 5 Did they have certain expectations regarding the Netherlands? If yes, what where they and were they met? 6 Are UMAs satisfied with their life in the Netherlands and why (not)? 7 What are UMAs' plans for the future with regard to staying in the Netherlands? 8 Have they filed a request for family reunification? Details: The Hague: WODC, 2018. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 10, 2018 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202018-18_2874_Volledige%20tekst_tcm28-356301.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 152888 |
Author: de Jong, M.A.D.W. Title: Order in the Public Order (Orde in de Openbare Orde) Summary: In recent decades, the number of public order powers of the mayor grown strongly. The mayor has thus become a factor of great significance in the chain of law enforcement in the public space. Commissioned by the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations in 2008 conducts research into the current powers. After realization of this research and the recommendations contained therein is the political and scientific discussion about these powers, their application and their legal embedding dismayed. On the contrary: since 2008 the powers of the mayor have continued extended and the call for more powers has not become less loud. A number of aspects return with some regularity in this discussion. This includes the question of the usefulness and necessity of existing powers and of adding or not adding new powers. A number of existing ones powers seem to find ample application; a number seem to rarely or never appear be handled (for example, administrative retention and the obligation to supervise for 12-minners). New legislation also leads to discussion and lack of clarity about the relationship to existing law. So now is the use of some general powers disputed (Article 172 paragraph 3 of the Constitution) because there are several alternatives (APV provisions, article 174 and article 172a of the Constitution). The legislator does not always have the mutual ranking of competences determined (Article 172a of the Constitution). The practice seems to struggle with this and it does not seem to embrace all new competences without question: that is how is the emergency search (article 174b Gemw) that can be used since July 2014, little use is made and mayors practice that emergency search is done on basis of an emergency regulation, as was recently shown in the crane accident in Alphen a / d Rhine and in various municipalities where disturbances occurred in connection with refugee shelter. The cause may lie in a lack of knowledge, in any lack of clarity of the legal provision, but also in the circumstance that the complex authority is so great, with so many partially overlapping powers, that it is not easy to handle. Furthermore, doubts are sometimes expressed in assigning others - not strictly to the public order - powers to the mayor (think of article 13b Opium Act or the Temporary Residence Prohibition Act). Questions regarding this are what the relationship between these powers and the classical public-order powers, what the public-order task includes, as well as or the granting of such powers to the mayor is the right choice, partly because the position of the mayor within and outside the city council is changing. By these questions the discussion has expanded: the development of the mayor's office is the subject become a discussion. In this context, attention must also be paid to the politicization of the mayor's office and developments in the relationship between the mayor and with especially the city council. The emphatically public nature of it also plays a role here mayor and the perception of those involved play an important role. Furthermore, it illustrates the jurisprudence surrounding fireworks zones in Hilversum that emphasizes the public order task of the mayor leads to discussion about the division of competences between the college and the mayor. In addition - partly in response to the 2008 report referred to above - discussion about whether a certain 'proliferation', 'inconsistencies' and 'fragmentation' in the public order powers of the mayor to confusion and ambiguity can lead. In that context, the bundling of 'mayor powers' is also included a 'public order law' advocated by some. In this respect, an important question applies or (and if so how) this has significance for the size of the municipal autonomy. In view of this, research has been carried out on behalf of the WODC into the mapping of the possibilities for the clarity and applicability of the public law right to improve. This report is the report of this study. Details: Utrecht: University of Utrecht, 2016. 367p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 10, 2018 at: https://www.wodc.nl/binaries/2582_Volledige_Tekst_tcm28-231936.pdf (In Dutch) Year: 0 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Antisocial Behaviors Shelf Number: 152898 |
Author: Kleinepier, Tom Title: The Temporal Dynamics of Neighborhood Disadvantage in Childhood and Subsequent Problem Behavior in Adolescence Summary: Abstract Research on neighborhood effects has increasingly focused on how long children have lived in a deprived neighborhood during childhood (duration), but has typically ignored when in childhood the exposure occurred (timing) and whether neighborhood circumstances were improving or deteriorating (sequencing). In this article, the authors applied sequence analysis to simultaneously capture children's duration, timing, and sequencing of exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage in childhood. Logistic regression analysis was subsequently used to test how different patterns of exposure are related to teenage parenthood, school dropout, and delinquent behavior. Using register data from the Netherlands, an entire cohort was followed from birth in 1995 up until age 19 in 2014 (N = 168,645, 48.8 percent females, 83.2 percent native Dutch). Compared to children who had lived in a deprived neighborhood throughout childhood, children who were exposed to neighborhood deprivation only during adolescence were found to be equally likely to become a teenage parent and were even more likely to drop out of school. Unexpectedly, children who had lived in an affluent neighborhood throughout childhood were most likely to engage in delinquent behavior. Possible explanations and implications are discussed. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for Labor Economics, 2018. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 10, 2019 at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29961241 Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Adolescence Shelf Number: 154126 |
Author: Belfast Drug and Alcohol Working Group Title: Camera's in Beeld: Een beoordeling van cameratoezicht in Bergen op Zoom en Roosendaal (Camera in View: A review of camera surveillance in Bergen op Zoom and Roosendaal) Summary: Preface More than ten years ago the municipalities of Bergen op Zoom and Roosendaal started camera surveillance. In Roosendaal this happens in connection with drug nuisance and nightlife-related nuisance. In Bergen op Zoom, the camera surveillance was initially used for nightlife-related nuisance and nightlife violence. Because of the success it finds there 2005/2006 an expansion takes place in which signaling and tackling drug-related problems becomes an important goal. At that time it was also agreed that an evaluation would take place after five years. Discuss in this report we summarize the results of this evaluation. The reader can, if desired, further inform d.m.v. a number of in-depth documents to which this report refers to. A brief outline of the problem The entertainment centers in both municipalities attract many visitors during the weekends. That works accompanied by the necessary entertainment-related nuisance and nightlife violence. Both municipalities also have to deal with a large stream of foreign drug tourists who visit one of the eight coffee shops in Bergen op Zoom or Roosendaal. This too accompanied by all kinds of drug-related nuisances, vandalism and crime. In this context, the decision is made to proceed with the use of camera surveillance. Get this the police 'extra eyes' on the street, allowing for quicker and more effective intervention in case of nuisance, vandalism, nightlife or other forms of crime. Camera surveillance is seen as an aid for the police on the street. What exactly does the camera project entail? The municipality of Roosendaal is about sixteen cameras. For the municipality of Bergen at Zoom there are considerably more. In three phases, the number of cameras in this municipality gradually expanded to twenty-nine cameras. This expansion is partly due to the successful decrease in the number of incidents (by more than 30%) and the halving of the number of violent incidents after the first series of cameras has been installed. Both the police (Courage), district management, as local government, but certainly also the residents have therefore insisted on this further expansion. Most of the cameras in both municipalities are placed on strategic places in the city center. They cover the entertainment area, with special attention to the at that time active coffeeshops. In addition, cameras were placed on so-called incidental hotspots. These are locations where illegal street trade takes place, or where facilities that focus on youth and related nuisance. In the context of the latter, Roosendaal recently decided to extend its camera surveillance with movable cameras in the Langdon district (see below). Structure An independent research consortium 6 was asked to analyze how camera surveillance functions in both municipalities and - in view of the aforementioned changes - which adjustments are necessary. A number of issues are looked at. These also form the successive paragraphs of this report: Part 1: Actual functioning of the cameras Are cameras optimally used? Do you follow the prescribed protocols? In short: Are there any issues that can be improved around the actual use of current cameras? Part 2: Effects of camera surveillance First of all, the effects can be measured by looking at the extent to which camera surveillance is carried out contributes to the maintenance of public order. How often do camera images lead to police action and possibly a detention? Are camera images used for the detection? The effects can also be measured by the degree to which camera surveillance contributes to the feeling of security for residents, nightlife audiences and / or entrepreneurs in both municipalities. Do they feel safer through camera surveillance? Part 3: Update camera surveillance Does the camera surveillance function optimally? In other words, the most important locations are clearly shown, or adjustments are necessary as a result of a changed security image? In part 3 we make proposals for an update of the camera surveillance in Bergen op Zoom and Roosendaal. Part 4: Camera surveillance in a broader perspective To what extent does the current camera surveillance of Bergen op Zoom and Roosendaal fit in the broader perspective of national developments and experiences on administrative and legal level? Part 5: The balance What are the benefits of this policy? And in which areas is the finger still on the wrist? Here we also make a proposal to adjust the current camera surveillance. Someone who wants to limit himself to the main lines will suffice reading this last part. Details: Arnhem, Netherlands: Bureau Beke, 2012. 41p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed January 12, 2019 at: https://www.loketgezondleven.nl/sites/default/files/Cameras_in_beeld_Evaluatie_Bergen_op_Zoom_en_Roosendaal_def.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Images Shelf Number: 154086 |
Author: Apperloo, Esther Title: Onveiligheid Stoppen, Bij Het Shoppen...: Onderzoek naar de Invloed van Toezicht in Winkelgebieden op de Veiligheidsbeleving van Mensen (Stop Insecurity, When Shopping ...: Investigation of the Influence of Supervision in Shopping Areas on the Safety Expe Summary: Background information Dutch municipalities have introduced camera surveillance in public spaces with different objectives, namely prevention of crime and nuisance, the timely identification of threatening security problems and the collection of offender information that can improve the investigation (Homburg et al., 2012). The most important goals are maintaining and supervising public order and increasing the safety of citizens (Schreijenberg, Koffijberg & Dekkers, 2009). The introduction of CCTV is mainly justified by two assumed effects, namely the increase of objective safety through situational prevention and the enhancement of subjective safety (Geelhoed, 2005). There is a question of increasing objective safety when crime actually falls. Increased subjective safety occurs when people feel safer because of the presence of the cameras, regardless of whether it has become safer in the objective sense (Van Eijk et al., 2006). Details: Enschede, Netherlands: Universiteit Twente, 2015. 73p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed January 12, 2019 at: https://anzdoc.com/onderzoeks-en-adviesgroep-politie.html Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Surveillance Shelf Number: 154085 |
Author: Loef, Lotte Title: Bad Boys Network: Over de Relatie Tussen Full Contact Vechtsport en Criminaliteit (About the Relationship Between Full Contact Martial Arts and Crime Summary: In this exploratory study, the researchers will investigate whether and how crime takes place within the full-braking field and what factors play a role in this. Because relatively little is known about this subject, it has an exploratory approach based on qualitative methods in which written sources - literature, biographies, research material, media - are supplemented with observations and conversations with informants from the martial arts sector, the criminal investigation department, and journalism. and science. This information collection shows that crime manifests itself in this way in all sorts of ways. An additional relationship with crime is that the martial arts sector has links with other subcultures known to be criminals: outlaw motorcycle gangs, coffee shops and the sex industry. The researchers point to a number of factors that make the full-contact martial arts sector criminogen. Details: Amsterdam, Netherlands: 2015. 43p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): https://www.dsp-groep.nl/wp-content/uploads/11llfcscri_Bad_Boys_network_vechtsport_criminaliteit_DSP-groep.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Investigation Shelf Number: 154156 |
Author: Flight, Sander Title: Evaluatie Cameratoezicht Amsterdam: Effectmeting August Allebeplein, Belgieplein en Kraaiennest (Camera Surveillance Evaluation in Amsterdam: Measurement Effect August Allebeplein, Belgieplein and Kraaiennest) Summary: In the municipality of Amsterdam, there has been one in three places in recent years experiment with camera surveillance in public space. The city council has decided to first carry out a thorough evaluation, before taking a final position on an extension of camera surveillance in the city. The effects of camera surveillance must demonstrably positive and camera surveillance must not lead to displacement of nuisance and crime. In this report, the results of the baseline measurement of mid - 2001 and the measurement of effect from mid-2002. In addition to an impact evaluation focused on the development of the objective and the subjective crime, a process evaluation has also been carried out. Together these two offer parts the information that is needed for the future municipal policy on camera surveillance. The experiment with camera surveillance in the city center is due to postponement excluded from this evaluation. At the time of writing is the planning such that camera surveillance will be operational after the summer holidays. This project will of course also be evaluated - the preparations for the baseline measurements have already been taken. Details: Amsterdam, Netherlands: DSP groep, 2003. 69p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed January 14, 2019 at: https://publicaties.dsp-groep.nl/getFile.cfm?file=03_23_Evaluatie%20cameratoezicht%20Amsterdam%20Effectmeting%20August%20Allebeplein%20Belgieplein%20en%20Kraaiennest_23-2003.pdf&dir=rapport Year: 2003 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Surveillance Shelf Number: 154045 |
Author: Egmond, Paul van Title: Evaluatie Gemeentelijk Cameratoezicht Utrecht 2013 (Municipal Camera Surveillance Evaluation in Utrecht 2013) Summary: Preface 1.1 Purpose of this evaluation The municipality of Utrecht is in the process of drafting a policy framework for camera surveillance. Input this policy framework must come from an evaluation of the current camera surveillance. In 2003 and 2008, large-scale evaluations of camera surveillance in Utrecht have already been carried out. The municipality has engaged DSP group research and consultancy firm for the 2013 measurement. The The purpose of this evaluation is to determine whether the intended objectives have been achieved and whether the method is behind the (image) screens in accordance with the agreements made. It is also support among the residents polluted. It is not only the intention to look back with this evaluation: it is also the intention to come to conclusions that can give direction to the camera surveillance in the coming years. Reading Guide In the rest of this chapter we give a description of the legal framework and the camera areas in Utrecht (chapter 1). Then in Chapter 2 the objectives of camera surveillance are discussed and the mechanisms that should come into force: the policy theory. These policy theories are also tested in that chapter on the basis of scientific knowledge. Then we dive into practice in chapter 3: we give an impression of the working method in the control center and at the police. In chapter 4 we discuss the opinion of the residents of Utrecht about camera surveillance: the support. We conclude with conclusions and recommendations chapter 5. Details: Amsterdam, Netherlands: DSP-Groep, 2013. 56p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed January 14, 2019 at: https://www.dsp-groep.nl/wp-content/uploads/18pecamutrecht_Evaluatie_cameratoezicht_Utrecht_2014.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Camera Areas Shelf Number: 154044 |
Author: Snippe, J. Title: Evaluatie Prostitutiebeleid Gemeente Gouda (Prostitution Policy Evaluation Gemeente Gouda Summary: An evaluation of the prostitution policy in the municipality of Gouda. This global evaluation investigated how the policy was implemented and whether the principles of the policy can be maintained. Details: Groningen-Rotterdam, Netherlands: 2017. 38p. Source: Internet Resource (in Dutch): Accessed January 14, 2019 at: https://www.breuerintraval.nl/publicatie/evaluatie-prostitutiebeleid-gemeente-gouda/ Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Netherlands Shelf Number: 154043 |
Author: Rademaker, Michel Title: Dutch Investments in ICT and Cybersecurity: Putting it in Perspective Summary: Digitalization has taken a predominant role in our everyday lives. The advent of networked technology has spurred innovation, cultivated knowledge, encouraged free expression, and increased our economic prosperity. The digital economy today permeates through different domains of the world economy, ranging from sectors such as banking and retail, to education and healthcare. The opportunities offered by the digital revolution and new technologies are regarded as the single most important drivers of innovation, competitiveness, and consequently, economic growth. The Netherlands considers itself one of the leading ICT countries, promotes itself as 'a safe place to do business' and aspires to be the digital gateway of Europe. But are we investing enough to match these ambitions and manage the risks? In the advisory report presented to Dutch Prime Minister Rutte, Herna Verhagen, CEO of PostNL, urges the Dutch government, companies, and households to invest 10% of their annual ICT budget in cybersecurity. In her analysis, Verhagen presents a compelling overview of the current cyber threats, challenges and opportunities, and sets an ambitious goal, but does not provide any measureable benchmarks for the 10% norm, nor any insight into the current state of Dutch cybersecurity investments. This report will first estimate the current and prospective size of the Dutch digital economy and the ICT sector, and later analyze how much the latter contributes to the national economy. Next, we provide a holistic overview of the current level of public and private investments in cybersecurity, followed by an analysis estimating the Dutch cybersecurity market by comparing different studies. Finally, the report gives an overview of the current state of affairs of awareness, education, and scientific research pertaining to cybersecurity in the Netherlands. In the conclusion, we present the most important findings and assess how advanced the Netherlands is compared to the recently proposed norm that suggest governments, businesses and citizens alike should invest 10% of their ICT budget in cybersecurity. Details: The Hague, Netherlands: Centre for Strategic Studies, 2016. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 20, 2019 at: https://www.thehaguesecuritydelta.com/media/com_hsd/report/123/document/HCSS-Dutch-Investments-in-ICT.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Cyber Threats Shelf Number: 154275 |
Author: Kruisbergen, Edwin W. Title: Georganiseerde criminaliteit en ICT - Rapportage in het kader van de vijfde ronde van de Monitor Georganiseerde Criminaliteit (Organised crime and IT - Empirical results of the fifth round of the Dutch Organised Crime Monitor) Summary: This study provides empirical insight into how organised crime uses IT and how it affects criminal operations. We do not focus on cybercrime alone. Instead, we explore the use of IT and its consequences in a broad range of types of organised crime, i.e. from 'traditional' types of organised crime such as offline drug smuggling to cybercrime. The massive use of the internet, and more generally the effect of IT on all segments of society, entails new opportunities for organised crime. However, there is only a limited amount of empirical research into how criminals use these options and what consequences the use of IT has for how criminals operate (Leukfeldt et al., 2017a). A number of studies have recently been published. Odinot et al. analysed criminal investigations in the field of cybercrime (Odinot et al., 2017; Bulanova-Hristova et al., 2016). Leukfeldt et al. also conducted empirical research into cybercrime, focusing in particular on the processes of origin and growth and modi operandi of cyber networks (Leukfeldt et al., 2017b, 2017c, 2017d). Finally, Oerlemans et al. (2016) looked into how money is laundered in banking malware and ransomware cases. In our study, we build on the work of these and other researchers by both broadening and deepening their work. The broadening consists of the fact that we do not just focus on cases of cybercrime. We investigate the use of IT and its con-sequences within organised crime in a broader sense. In addition, we deepen our study by analysing the use of IT and its consequences in relation to three essential aspects of criminal operations: criminal cooperation, logistics and handling money flows. Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice, 2018. 157p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahier 2018: Accessed January 24, 2019 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325966795_Georganiseerde_criminaliteit_en_ICT_-_Rapportage_in_het_kader_van_de_vijfde_ronde_van_de_Monitor_Georganiseerde_Criminaliteit Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Investigations Shelf Number: 154395 |
Author: Kruisbergen, Edwin W. Title: De digitalisering van georgansieerde criminaliteit Summary: Justitiele verkenningen (Judicial explorations) is published six times a year by the Research and Documentation Centre of the Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice in cooperation with Boom juridisch. Each issue focuses on a central theme related to judicial policy. The section Summaries contains abstracts of the internationally most relevant articles of each issue. The central theme of this issue (no. 5, 2018) is The digitalization of organized crime. The effect of the internet on the structure of organized cybercrime. Findings from an international empirical study Geralda Odinot, Christianne de Poot and Maite Verhoeven Worldwide, the digitalization of society is proceeding rapidly and this brings new forms of crime. The threats arising from different types of cybercrime are real and constantly evolving, as the internet with its anonymity and borderless reach, provides new opportunities for criminal activities. This article describes some results from an international empirical study aimed to gather more insight on the link between cybercrime and organized crime as well as on the question whether cybercrime is organized. It shows how cybercriminals cooperate with each other and what this organization structure looks like. Criminal money flows and IT. On innovative modi operandi, old certainties, and new bottlenecks Edwin Kruisbergen, Rutger Leukfeldt, Edward Kleemans and Robby Roks In this article we analyze how organized crime offenders use IT to handle their money flows. How and to what extent do offenders use IT-facilitated possibilities, such as bitcoin, to launder their money? The empirical data consist of thirty large-scale police investigations. These thirty cases are part of the Organized Crime Monitor, an ongoing research project into the nature of organized crime in the Netherlands. One of the most striking findings is the fact that cash is still king - even for online drug dealers who get paid in digital currencies. Summaries 119 Organized child pornography networks on the Dark Web Madeleine van der Bruggen The emergence of Dark Web child pornography forums and their availability to large offender communities has enabled a professional form of child pornography distribution as well as an increased exchange of criminal and social capital. Offenders have access to a new platform in which strong ties and long-lasting relationships with co-offenders are formed. Moreover they could be classified as organized crime, because child pornography Dark Web forums are characterized by a hierarchical order, a clear role division and illegal power structures that regulate the illegal activities. The implications from a law enforcement as well as from scientific perspective are discussed. The non-human (f)actor in cybercrime. Cybercriminal networks seen from a cyborg crime perspective Wytske van der Wagen and Frank Bernaards Botnets, banking malware and other high-tech crimes are increasingly analyzed by criminological scholars. Their distributed and automated nature poses however various theoretical challenges. This article presents an alternative approach, denoted as the 'cyborg crime' perspective, which adopts a more hybrid view of networks and also assigns an active role to technology. The value of this approach is demonstrated by reflecting on findings from earlier empirical work that analyzes conversations between cybercriminals involved in botnets and related activities. The research shows that technological nodes can take an important position in the organizational structure of cybercriminal networks and do not merely have a functional role. Viewing technology as an actor within a criminal network might offer new criminological insights in both the composition of these networks and how to disrupt them. Out of the shadow. Opportunities for researchers in studying dark markets Thijmen Verburgh, Eefje Smits and Rolf van Wegberg In this article the authors present the lessons learned from previous research efforts into dark markets. First the important features of dark markets are discussed, i.e. anonymity and trust, as well as the question how data on dark markets can be collected. Next, the authors illustrate 120 Justitiele verkenningen, jrg. 44, nr. 5, 2018 how this data can be used to study the phenomenon of dark markets itself as well as the impact of police interventions on dark markets. Befriending a criminal suspect on Facebook. Undercover powers on the Internet Jan-Jaap Oerlemans This article investigates which online undercover investigative methods are applied in practice and how they fit in the Dutch legal framework. In particular, the three special investigative powers of a pseudo purchase, systematic information gathering and infiltration are examined. Investigative powers cannot be applied unilaterally (across state borders). When law enforcement officials cannot reasonably determine the location of the suspect, the online unilateral application of undercover investigative powers is allowed. However, there is still a risk that diplomatic tensions arise with the involved state. States should agree in treaties under which circumstances cross-border online undercover operations are allowed. New investigative powers and the right to privacy. An analysis of the Dutch Cybercrime III Act Bart Custers In 2018 the Dutch parliament accepted new cybercrime legislation (the Cybercrime III Act) that creates several new online criminal offences and gives law enforcement agencies new investigative powers on the Internet. This article describes the background of Dutch cybercrime legislation and the contents of the Cybercrime III Act. The newly introduced cybercrimes are discussed as well as the new investigative competences. Particularly the legitimacy and the necessity of the investigative power of the police to hack computer systems of suspects may significantly interfere with the right to privacy. Details: The Hague: Netherlands Ministry of Justice, 2018. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 24, 2019 at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325966795_Georganiseerde_criminaliteit_en_ICT_-_Rapportage_in_het_kader_van_de_vijfde_ronde_van_de_Monitor_Georganiseerde_Criminaliteit/related Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Pornography Shelf Number: 154396 |
Author: Bindler, Anna Title: Scaring or Scarring? Labour Market Effects of Criminal Victimisation Summary: Little is known about the costs of crime to victims and their families. In this paper, we use unique and detailed register data on victimisations and labour market outcomes from the Netherlands to overcome data restrictions previously met in the literature and estimate event-study designs to assess the short- and long-term effects of criminal victimisation. Our results show significant decreases in earnings (6.6-9.3%) and increases in the days of benefit receipt (10.4-14.7%) which are lasting up to eight years after victimisation. We find shorter-lived responses in health expenditure. Additional analyses suggest that the victimisation can be interpreted as an escalation point, potentially triggering subsequent adverse life-events which contribute to its persistent impact. Heterogeneity analyses show that the effects are slightly larger for males regarding earnings and significantly larger for females regarding benefits. These differences appear to be largely (but not completely) driven by different offence characteristics. Lastly, we investigate spill-over effects on nonvictimised partners and find evidence for a spill-over effect of violent threat on the partner's earnings. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2019. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper no. 12082: Accessed February 4, 2019 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp12082.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Criminal Victimization Shelf Number: 154478 |
Author: van der Veen, H.C.J. Title: National Risk Assessment on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba) Summary: Dutch policy to prevent and combat money laundering and terrorist financing is based on the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and European Union (EU) directives and regulations. The FATF - an intergovernmental body set up by the G7 in 1989 - focuses on the global combat of money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. Members of the FATF, including the Netherlands, have committed themselves to implementing the 40 FATF recommendations on taking preventive and repressive measures by obliged entities, and to implementing measures to improve national legal and regulatory systems and international cooperation in this field. In addition, the FATF supervises the correct functioning and effectiveness of those (legal) measures. The majority of the FATF's recommendations has been adopted into the fourth EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive, applicable to all EU member states. Article 7 of this directive obliges EU member states to implement a risk-based policy against money laundering and terrorist financing and to establish a National Risk Assessment (NRA). In 2017, the Research and Documentation Centre (Wetenschappelijk Onderzoeken Documentatiecentrum, WODC) of the Ministry of Justice and Security1 conducted an NRA on money laundering and an NRA on terrorist financing for the European Netherlands. These NRAs identified and categorised the ten most significant money laundering and terrorist financing risks in terms of their potential impact. Both studies also gave an insight into the extent to which the existing policy instruments (legislation and regulation) reduce the identified risks. The risks for the Caribbean part of the Netherlands were not included in these NRAs. These overseas Caribbean territories, i.e. Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (indicated in this report as Caribbean Netherlands or BES islands) have had the status of 'public bodies' or 'special municipalities' since 10 October 2010. The BES islands - with a total population of around 24,000 inhabitants (on 1 January 2017) and a total surface area of 322 km - are situated in the Caribbean Sea at a distance of 7,000-8,000 kilometres from the European Netherlands. Bonaire is situated east of Aruba and Curaao, at 80 kilometres from the continental coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are situated south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Bonaire is situated at around 800 kilometres' distance from Sint Eustatius and Saba. Because of significant differences between the Caribbean and European Netherlands in terms of geographical, demographic, economic and socio-cultural characteristics (context factors) that make these parts alternately more or less vulnerable to money laundering and terrorist financing, a separate NRA has been conducted for the BES islands. There are also differences between both parts in terms of the existing policy instruments to combat the risks and the way this fight is carried out. The aim of this NRA is to identify the most significant money laundering and terrorist financing risks in terms of their potential impact and to assess the 'resilience' of the policy instruments designed to prevent and combat money laundering and terrorist financing. Resilience entails the functioning of policy instruments, whereby the following is applicable: the greater the resilience, the more effectively the instruments combat the risk. This NRA also describes a number of lessons learned that could be taken into account in subsequent NRAs. Different research activities were executed for this NRA to gain an insight into existing threats relating to money laundering and terrorist financing on the BES islands, namely a literature study, an email survey, interviews with expert organisations and other involved organisations, and an expert meeting. Although this provided a considerable amount of information about the subject of money laundering in the Caribbean Netherlands, it did not lead to any clear signals of threats relating to terrorist financing. This does not necessarily mean terrorist financing does not occur on the BES islands; however, interviewees and participants in the expert meeting were unable to substantiate the few rumours about terrorist financing to the extent that they should be considered a threat. Also, the written and online sources that were consulted gave no indication of the existence of threats relating to terrorist financing. Because of this, the report and this summary focus on the subject of money laundering. Details: the Hague: Ministry of Justice and Security, Research and Documentation Center, 2018. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahiers 2018-17a: Accessed April 1, 2019 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202018-17a_2689g_Full%20text_tcm29-379590.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Financial Crimes Shelf Number: 155256 |
Author: Wijkman, Miriam Title: Female Sexual Offending: Offenders, Criminal Careers and Co-offending Summary: 'I didn't believe it, I simply didn't believe it...when [the victim] told me that she [the suspect] would sexually assault him in his bed and while giving him a bath. I felt like laughing. I mean it was ridiculous. It was like everything was in reverse. The world upside down...it was surprising'. [male detective] 'You want to know what happens when a case of [sexual assault] comes forward involving a female suspect and a male victim at our office? The entire office breaks out in laughter. Lots of snickering. It's not taken seriously'. [female detective] 'We see women as mothers, as caretakers. We put women on a pedestal, and with good reason. The woman is the mother of the family - that's the image that we have of her'. [male detective] These quotations from police officers working at a sexual assault unit (Denov, 2004b) are characteristic of what many people think: sexual offenses are committed by men. This is also reflected in the fact that research on female sexual offenders is scarce: the majority of studies on sexual offending focus on adult or juvenile males. Worldwide, just a handful of studies have been published on female sexual offenders and their personal characteristics, offense characteristics, motives and criminal careers. This is also true for the Netherlands, where the studies for this thesis were conducted. At the same time, victim studies and self-report studies on sexual offending show that female sexual offending is not as rare as many may think. In Dutch victim studies between 1.3-1.5% of the female victims and 22.2-42.4% of the male victims reported they had been sexually victimized by a female perpetrator (Bakker et al., 2009; Bakker & Vanwesenbeeck, 2006; Dijk, Veen, & Cox, 2010) and international studies show a similar rate varying between 1-9.3% for juvenile females and 14-52% for juvenile males (Saradjian, 2010). Even if female sexual offenders may constitute a small group and may be responsible for a small proportion of all sexual offenses, the short-term and long-term impact of sexual victimization is relatively large, varying from medical and sexual problems to psychological problems and (sexual) revictimization (Beitchman et al., 1992; Browne & Finkelhor, 1986). Some scholars suggest that the effects of sexual victimization by a female perpetrator may be more serious than the effects of sexual victimization by a male perpetrator (Bunting, 2007; Denov, 2004a). The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of female sexual offenders and their offending careers. It is well known that there is variation in various aspects of male sexual offending. Researchers have attempted to address this heterogeneity by developing classifications. Such classifications have been based on the age of the victim (child molesters versus rapists), the age of the offender (juvenile versus adult offenders), the presence of any co-offenders (solo-offenders versus co-offenders), whether there was physical contact with the victim (hands-on versus hands-off offenses) and offenders' criminal careers (versatile offenders versus specialized offenders). Such heterogeneity is arguably also present in female, adult, as well as juvenile sexual offenders. The rationale for studying female sexual offenders' characteristics, as well as heterogeneity in these characteristics, in terms of their offenses and victims (chapter 2 and 4), based on criminal career parameters (chapter 3), and based on co-offending patterns (chapter 5), is firstly to provide a knowledge base. A second rationale is to provide data to further theory formation on female sexual offending and risk assessment for (sexual) re-offending, treatment programs and intervention and prevention strategies (Blanchette & Taylor, 2010). Theories on female sexual offending are scarce; risk assessment instruments for this group do not exist. This introductory chapter provides an overview of sexual offending laws in the Netherlands (section 1.2), prevalence rates of female sexual offending as derived from victim-studies, perpetrator-studies and official judicial data, as well as a short discussion of the problems in establishing these rates (section 1.3), followed by an account of what is known of heterogeneity in sexual offenders and their criminal career (section 1.4). The research questions underlying this thesis are introduced in section 1.5 followed by a description of the data sources used to answer these questions (section 1.6). Details: Amsterdam: Free University, 2018. 171p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 4, 2019 at: https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/42135775/digitale+versie+proefschrift+definitief.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Child Molesters Shelf Number: 155347 |
Author: Sciarone, Jessica Title: From Criminals to Terrorists and Back Quarterly Report Vol. 2: The Netherlands Summary: The second and final report on the Netherlands' crime-terror nexus has analysed all fourteen profiles of individuals arrested in 2015 for offences of terrorism. Criminal past among terrorism offenders appears to be quite prevalent in this country and this study providing a snapshot of 2015 shows 10 of the 14 arrestees have had a run-in with the law before. Looking at other aspects of their lives, one see the terrorist population is a younger one with almost half of them suffering from some kind of mental illness. The study also briefly touches upon the phenomenon of foreign fighters and radicalisation so to get a more well-rounded picture on the state of Dutch terrorism in 2015, please read the full report prepared by Jessica Sciarone MSc and Bart Schuurman, Ph.D., both affiliated with the Institute of Security and Global Affairs at the Leiden University below. Details: Bratislava, Slovak Republic: GLOBSEC Policy Institute, 2019. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2019 at: https://www.globsec.org/projects/criminals-terrorists-back/#publications Year: 2019 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Shelf Number: 155923 |
Author: van Geffen, Robert Title: Itinerant Groups Target Stores in European Union: An Urgent Cross-Border Problem Summary: The retail trade in North West Europe is increasingly being plagued by itinerant crime groups, a trend also known as mobile banditry. These are mainly (South) Eastern European groups, which conduct a series of crimes in a short space of time, mainly involving shoplifting, ram raids, holdups, payment card fraud and burglaries. Details: Leidschendam, Netherlands: Detailhandel Nederland, 2009. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2019 at: https://www.slideshare.net/frank/binnenwerk-mobiel-banditisme2009 Year: 2009 Country: Netherlands Keywords: Cross-border Issue Shelf Number: 155678 |