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peru
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127 total results foundAuthor: Navarrete-Frias, Carolina Title: Illegal Drugs and Human Rights of Peasants and Indigenous Communities: The Case of Peru Summary: This paper analyses the problem of illegal drugs and human rights abuses in Peru, paying special attention to the effects of the illegal drugs industry on indigenous and peasant communities and to their responses to the industry's development. Details: Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2005. 38p. Source: Management of Social Transformations; Policy Papers No. 13 Year: 2005 Country: Peru Keywords: Drug Trafficking Shelf Number: 116258 |
Author: Sharma, Bhavna Title: Contemporary Forms of Slavery in Peru Summary: This report provides information and analysis in relation to slavery practices in Peru, with a particular focus on forced labor in the Amazon, domestic work, trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation, and children working in mines. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2006. 20p. Source: Year: 2006 Country: Peru Keywords: Child Sexual Exploitation Shelf Number: 118403 |
Author: Blokker, Stefan Title: Race and the City: Looking into the Relationship between Fear of Crime and Racial Dynamics in Lima, Peru Summary: The Peruvian capital, Lima, is a bloating metropolis with a population of almost nine million people. Like most other large cities in Latin America, there is great socioeconomic and racial inequality in Lima, the city has a very diverse population; from the wealthy, and primarily of European descent, members of the higher classes in districts such as Miraflores and San Isidro to the poor rural migrants of indigenous and mestizo descent living in the pueblos jovenes and everything in between these two extremes. Tensions based on socioeconomic and racial status have always been present in this city. In the era of so-called “new violence”, defined as organised coercion through the evasion or undermining of the formally democratic state’s legitimate monopoly on violence for criminal/economic purposes, these tensions remain and have intertwined with crime and more specifically with the fear of crime. The main research problem in this study is the relationship between the socioeconomic and racial dynamics in Peru and the fear of crime experienced by members of the upper middle-class in Lima. Details: Utrecht: University of Utrecht, Latin American & Caribbean Studies, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Master's Thesis: Accessed April 5, 2011 at: http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/student-theses/2011-0222-200311/Stefan%20Blokker%20-%20Master%20Thesis%202010%20LACS%20Stefan%20Blokker%203082814.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Peru Keywords: Fear of Crime (Lima, Peru) Shelf Number: 121250 |
Author: Pedroni, Peter Title: The Relationship Between Illicit Coca Production and Formal Economic Activity in Peru Summary: This paper investigates the relationship between unrecorded economic activity associated with the production of illicit coca and formally recorded economic activity in Peru. It does so by attempting to construct new regional level estimates for coca production and by implementing recently developed panel time series methods that are robust to regional heterogeneity and unobserved regional inter-dependencies. The paper finds that on balance illicit coca production crowds out formal sector production at the regional level, regardless of whether unanticipated changes occur nationally or regionally. However, total output nevertheless increases, since formal sector production is crowded out less than one for one. Details: Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: IMF Working Paper WP/11/182: Accessed September 24, 2011 at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp11182.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Peru Keywords: Cocaine (Peru) Shelf Number: 122891 |
Author: Fagan, Chris Title: An Investigation of Illegal Mahogany Logging in Peru’s Alto Purús National Park and its Surroundings Summary: Illegal logging of bigleaf mahogany trees (Swietenia macrophylla) in Peru’s Alto Purús National Park and adjacent lands continues despite Peruvian laws and international regulations intended to protect mahogany, indigenous people and conservation areas. This illegal logging is detrimental to the ecosystem of the Alto Purús region, indigenous communities in the area, uncontacted indigenous groups and global biodiversity. We recommend: • removing immediately loggers operating in the park • constructing and staffing control posts on the primary access routes into the park • monitoring closely the logging operations in the indigenous communities northeast of the park and the forestry concessions along its western border • creating an independent research team to investigate mahogany logging in the region and the legality of Peru’s mahogany exports • pressuring importing countries to reject shipments of illegal mahogany from Peru We were also prepared to recommend the creation of the Alto Purús National Park in what was formerly the Alto Purús Reserved Zone, a move being considered by the Peruvian government at the time of our investigation. However, the recommendation became immaterial in November 2004, when the government announced the creation of the Alto Purús National Park, covering 2.5 million hectares, 93% of the former reserved zone. Our findings and recommendations are based on an investigation conducted in the fall of 2004 in the Alto Purús National Park (the Alto Purús Reserved Zone, at the time), as well as forestry concessions and indigenous communal lands adjacent to it. The investigation involved two overflights and four weeks of river travel. Data were collected through personal observations and a combination of informal and structured interviews with indigenous leaders, government officials, non-governmental organization (NGO) staff, loggers and local inhabitants. Details: Durham, NC: ParksWatch, Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, 2005. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2012 at: http://www.parkswatch.org/spec_reports/logging_apnp_eng.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Peru Keywords: Forest Management Shelf Number: 125312 |
Author: Boesten, Jelke Title: Sexual Violence and Justice in Postconflict Peru Summary: This report informs the international community on the continuum of sexual violence in Peru, current legal practices in domestic courts, and the barriers that victim-survivors face in seeking justice. The recommendations are based on testimonies from victim-survivors of the internal conflict between Shining Path and the counterinsurgency in the 1980s and 1990s. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2012. 12p. Source: USIP Special Report 310: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2012 at http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR310.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Peru Keywords: Administration of Justice (Peru) Shelf Number: 125379 |
Author: Dun, Mirella van Title: Between Reality and Abstraction: Guiding Principles and Developing Alternatives for Illicit Crop Producing Regions in Peru Summary: At the International Conference on Alternative Development (ICAD), held 15-16 November 2012 in Lima, the Peruvian Government continued to insist on the relevance of “Alternative Development (AD),” with particular emphasis on the socalled San Martín “miracle” or “model.” The model, started with the support of international cooperation, is proposed by Peru as a paradigm to be followed worldwide by regions and countries that also deal with problems associated with crops grown for illicit purposes. The goal of the ICAD conference in Lima was to reach a consensus on 'Guiding Principles', based on a draft prepared at the first ICAD meeting in Thailand in November 2011. The principles should facilitate the implementation of effective Alternative Development programs, assessed in two ways: economic development of regions where illicit crops are grown, and the reduction of these crops. The document will be presented for approval at the fifty-sixth session of the U.N. Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) to be held in March 2013. It is seen as the culmination of a long process that can be traced back to the debate that began at the UN General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on Drugs in 1998. The supposed world consensus on principles to guide Alternative Development projects appear to be far removed from the reality of the Upper Huallaga Valley, the very zone were Peru's supposedly exemplary model for Alternative Development is being implemented. This briefing exposes the breach between rhetoric and reality by examining the impact of AD projects in Peru, focussing on its impact on peasant families. Details: Amsterdam: Transnational Institute, 2013. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Drug Policy Briefing Nr . 39: Accessed March 12, 2013 at: http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/files/download/brief39_0.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Peru Keywords: Cocaine Shelf Number: 127915 |
Author: Verite Title: Risk Analysis of Indicators of Forced Labor and Human Trafficking in Illegal Gold Mining in Peru Summary: Peru is one of the largest gold producers in the world- the fifth largest, if illegally produced gold is taken into account. Hundreds of thousands of people are employed in Peru in artisanal gold mining and peripheral services. With the support of Humanity United, Verite mapped production areas and the supply chain of Peruvian gold, consulted with experts from NGOs, government, and academia, and conducted interviews with almost 100 mine workers, and workers providing peripheral services (including mechanics, cooks, sex workers, transporters, and others). In the the course of these interviews, workers told us horrendous stories of labor and sexual exploitation in Peru. There are a number of factors that make the gold sector in Peru vulnerable to forced labor: primarily, the prevalence of illegal gold mining. Its illegality results in a black hole, in which miners operate in areas that are not fully under the control of the government. Verite's report on risks of forced labor in artisanal and small scale mining (ASM) in Peru raises challenging questions for companies in industries including jewelry, mining, electronics and banking. The report reveals that ASM gold tainted by human rights abuses makes its way - through corruption, laundering and illegal export- into the hands of global traders, refineries, banks and into our watches and smart phones. Our research on these largely hidden problems is intended to encourage action on the part of stakeholders, including companies, NGOs, governments, and industry associations to raise awareness of the vulnerability to forced labor, as well as actions companies can take to improve their ethical performance. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2013. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20Gold%20Mining%20in%20Peru_0.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Peru Keywords: Forced Labor Shelf Number: 131853 |
Author: Strehl, Talinay Title: Street-Working and Street-Living Children in Peru:Conditions and Current Interventions Summary: The 1990s witnessed serious interest from Peruvian NGOs in the issue of street children and, as a result, many street child welfare services were initiated, especially in Lima. However, since that time the interest has once again waned, even though the problem has not decreased. In recent years, hardly any anthropological research with street children has been done in Peru. Although GOs and NGOs have a lot of relevant knowledge concerning street children, this knowledge lacks actualisation and analysis to be positively used for the formulation of policy. This research will expose the reality of street children, which will enable us to understand the relation between street children and the organisations that intervene in their name. The focus will be more on the street-living than on the street-working children. One of the central objectives of this IREWOC research therefore was to reveal the faces and voices of street children and analyse their various backgrounds, relations to the streets and their perceptions of their situation. The research results were expected to give relevant insights into the various reasons why children are in the streets, the activities in which the children engage and how they generate income and the consequences that the children experience from their working/living/being in the streets. The anthropological outline of the lives of street children will form a basis for the second objective of this research, namely to map different policy initiatives for street children and to identify the best practices to satisfy street children's needs. Are organisations working with street children alleviating the problem or are they reproducing it, i.e. are their policies pulling children to the streets? These research objectives have been translated to the following research questions: - What are the street children's coping mechanisms? What labour activities or other activities do the children perform to generate income and what do they use it for? - What consequences does living/working in the streets have for these children's lives: what are the specific problems that the various types of street children face? - What are their urgent (self-declared) needs and what are their (perceived) aspirations? - Which specific strategies and interventions are used by GOs and NGOs to improve the situation of street children? - What are the effects of the different GO and NGO interventions on the street children and which strategies can be identified as most effective in improving the daily life situation and the future prospects of the street children? - Do GOs and NGOs work in a complementary way? What are bottlenecks in cooperation? The fieldwork locations for this research were Lima and Cusco. Lima was chosen because of its urban and metropolitan character and high number of street children, and Cusco because of its tourism industry and more rural and indigenous influences. Details: Leiden: Foundation for International Research on Working Children (IREWOC), 2010. 145p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: https://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/Street%20Children%20Peru_Strehl_IREWOC_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Peru Keywords: Child Abuse Shelf Number: 134964 |
Author: Lopez Villanes, Noam Title: Crime and Fear of Crime in Four Neighborhoods in Lima, Peru Summary: This research addresses crime and fear of crime in four neighborhoods of Metropolitan Lima. Taking a micro-sociological perspective, I explore the social mechanisms that neighbors use and the public policies that local governments implement to tackle crime and fear of crime in areas where there are different levels of burglary and theft. A comparative qualitative methodology was applied. Fear of crime in these neighborhoods is a complex phenomenon in which several factors are involved. These include the performance of the police, the community policing managed by local government, individual and collective crime prevention strategies, the leadership of the local authorities, the economic resources of citizens and local governments, as well as certain aspects of neighborhood infrastructure. Details: Bielefeld, Germany: Universitat Bielefeld, 2015. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Violence Research and Development Project - Papers - No. 3: Accessed June 11, 2016 at: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/icvr/docs/lopez.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Peru Keywords: Burglary Shelf Number: 139377 |
Author: Vizcarra Castillo, Sofia Isabel Title: The Construction of Legitimacy for the Ronda Urbana of Huamachuco Summary: In this paper I explore which factors contribute to the legitimization of the Ronda Urbana of Huamachuco, a vigilante institution in a district in the highlands of La Libertad region in the North of Peru. Using qualitative methods, I show how the Ronda Urbana emerged and developed into a local security actor. I study the legitimization strategies and the factors that have created a certain level of acceptance of this institution, in a context where the state is discredited and weak. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of vigilante organizations and their legitimacy, not as an alternative or parallel institution but more as a complementary actor within complex local system of public security. Details: Bielefeld, Germany: Universitat Bielefeld, 2015. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Violence Research and Development Project - Papers - no. 13: Accessed June 11, 2016 at: http://www.uni-bielefeld.de/icvr/docs/vizcarra.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Peru Keywords: Public Security Shelf Number: 139382 |
Author: Morales, Alvaro Title: "Face the Bullet, Spare the Rod?": Evidence from the Aftermath of the Shining Path Insurgency Summary: We investigate whether violence occurring outside the confines of a home can alter intra- household violence inter-generationally. This paper is the first to explore whether exposure to violence from an armed conflict affects the later use of physical punishment as a child discipline method. Our identification strategy relies on the spatial and temporal variation of the Peruvian civil conflict that occurred between 1980 and 2000. We find that a mother exposed to an additional one hundred violent conflict-related events in her district is 3.4-3.8 percentage points less likely to physically punish her children. This effect is equivalent in magnitude to an additional 10 years of education. We find suggestive evidence that the conflict could have increased parenting knowledge and support. Communities that experienced higher levels of conflict violence saw greater increases in social spending and had more health resources in the post-conflict period. Additionally, we find women's conflict exposure is associated with a higher likelihood of accessing these resources. Details: Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper No. 10093: Accessed August 3, 2016 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp10093.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Peru Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 139963 |
Author: Palmer, David Scott Title: Peru's Shining Path: Recent Dynamics and Future Prospects Summary: Although soundly defeated in the early to mid-1990s, Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) did not disappear. Over the past five years, it has reemerged in a substantially different form, with both a military and a political component. The organization, once again coordinated by jailed leader Abimael Guzman Reynoso, has eschewed shorter-term military objectives in favor of a longer-term strategy of slowly rebuilding popular support and establishing a party within the Peruvian political system. In so doing, it has also moved from extreme Maoist ideological rigidity to a more pragmatic, though perhaps only tactical, approach. Financial support is derived once again from cocaine production and trafficking in the Upper Huallaga Valley (UHV). Although there may be some individual exceptions, Shining Path is not a narcoterrorist organization. At the same time, Sendero is still very small, in no way a threat to the Peruvian state, and divided. The Lima-based political organization and the military wing in the UHV continue to follow Guzman's leadership, while the Apurmac-Ene Valleys (VRAE) group remains committed to the armed struggle. The Government of Peru (GOP) response to date, both military and civilian, has been inadequate. VRAE military operations are hampered by poor leadership, ill-trained troops, and an outdated strategy. VRAE development resources have been cut, and the long-promised paved road remains in the planning stage. Without significant GOP adjustments, Shining Path is likely to continue to grow. Details: Miami: Florida International University, Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center, 2011. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center. Paper 2. Accessed October 6, 2016 at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=whemsac Year: 2011 Country: Peru Keywords: Drug Trafficking Shelf Number: 140541 |
Author: Favara, Marta Title: Psychosocial Competencies and Risky Behaviours in Peru Summary: We use a unique longitudinal dataset from Peru to investigate the relationship between psychosocial competencies related to the concepts of self-esteem, self-efficacy, and aspirations, and a number of risky behaviours at a crucial transition period between adolescence and early adulthood. First of all, we document a high prevalence of risky behaviours with 1 out of 2 individuals engaging in at least one risky activity by the age 19 with a dramatic increase between age 15 and 19. Second, we find a pronounced pro-male bias and some differences by area of residence particularly in drinking habits which are more prevalent in urban areas.Third, we find a negative correlation between early self-esteem and later risky behaviours which is robust to a number of specifications. Further, aspiring to higher education at the age of 15 is correlated to a lower probability of drinking and of engaging in criminal behaviours at the age of 19. Similarly, aspirations protect girls from risky sexual behaviours. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 10260: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2849745 Year: 2016 Country: Peru Keywords: At-Risk Youth Shelf Number: 140683 |
Author: Gutierrez, Italo A. Title: The Effect of Civil Conflict on Domestic Violence The Case of Peru Summary: We study the effect of women's exposure to civil conflict violent events during childhood and early teenage years on the probability that they will experience domestic violence in their marriages as adults. In particular, we investigate the case of the internal conflict in Peru during the 1980s and early 1990s, and its effect on the incidence of domestic violence between 2004 and 2012. We find that female exposure to conflict violence increases their later risk of being a perpetrator and a victim of domestic violence. The average effects for women affected by the conflict are small, although they mask important heterogeneities as some regions were affected by the conflict more severely than others. The effects are substantial for women in the highest categories of exposure. We also find evidence that a potential mechanism through which exposure to the conflict affects domestic violence in the long-term is normalization of the use of violence. Women more exposed to conflict violent events are more likely to justify the use of violence against women and more likely to stay in a violent relationship. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed December 8, 2016 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/WR1100/WR1168/RAND_WR1168.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Peru Keywords: Domestic Violence Shelf Number: 140358 |
Author: Morales, Alvaro Title: The Effect of Civil Conflict on Child Abuse: Evidence from Peru Summary: In this paper, we investigate whether violence occurring outside the confines of a home can alter intra-household violence. Using the Peruvian civil conflict that occurred between 1980 and 2000, this paper is the first to explore whether exposure to violence from an armed conflict affects the later use of physical punishment as a child discipline method. This paper's identification strategy relies on the spatial and temporal variation of Peru's internal civil conflict. A mother exposed to an additional one hundred violent conflict-related events in her district during her lifetime is 3.4-3.8 percentage points less likely to abuse her children. This effect is equivalent in magnitude to an additional 10 years of education. We find suggestive evidence that conflict could have increased parenting knowledge and support. Communities that experienced higher levels of conflict violence saw greater increases in social spending and had more health resources in the post-conflict period, and women’s conflict exposure is associated with a higher likelihood of accessing these resources. Details: Brighton, UK: Households in Conflict Network, Institute of Development Studies, 2014. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: HiCN Working Paper 187: Accessed December 8, 2016 at: http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/HiCN-WP-187.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Peru Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 140363 |
Author: Guerrero, Gabriela Title: Understanding Children's Experiences of Violence in Peru: Evidence from Young Lives Summary: This paper describes children's experiences of violence at home in Peru, using a lifecourse approach. Violence against children at home tended to increase with age, as children took on more chores (especially in rural areas), and spent more time away from home (in some cases, in urban areas). The chances of being hit by parents increased when children failed in their responsibilities; spending more time away from home also presented potential dangers for children (e.g., being robbed in the community, joining a gang, etc.), and so violence was used as a means to protect them and to prevent them from being led astray. We discuss how living in poverty affects relationships between parents and children. Meeting the basic economic needs of a family is the priority for parents, who then have limited time, energy and resources to devote to their children. We also found that children exposed to violence in the home are also frequently exposed to corporal punishment at school. Details: Florence, Italy: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Office of Research, (Innocenti) 2016. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Innocenti Working Papers, IWP_2016_17: Accessed February 23, 2017 at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/IWP_2016_17.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Peru Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 144850 |
Author: Figueroa Alvear, Rocio Title: Listening to Male Survivors of Church Sexual Abuse: Voices from Survivors of Sodalicio Abuses in Peru Summary: This project seeks to give voice to male victims of sexual abuse through interviews with eight young men involved with the Sodalicio movement in Peru. The aim of this research is to explore the impact of church-related sexual abuse on each of the interviewees and to identify the short and long-term psychological and spiritual consequences associated with it. We are grateful to all the interviewees for their willingness to participate in this project, and to everyone who helped us in this process in different ways. The limited scale of the project means that the findings cannot be readily generalised, but they support the widely shared conclusion that the damage caused by institutional sexual abuse is often traumatic and profound, and that this is frequently heightened when perpetrators have a religious standing and authority. Despite this, none of the interviewees was given effective pastoral support by the church for years, till the scandal exploded and reached the press. The impact on religious faith varied, and this partly reflected the degree to which the participant identified himself as religious. For participants who did not consider themselves religious, the abuse confirmed their aversion to religion. Participants who previously considered themselves religious, spoke of profound challenges to their faith. One described the impact as ‘catastrophic’ and felt abandoned by God as well as abandoned by the church. Another spoke of his faith being snatched away by a clerical penis. Recognition of different spiritual consequences should be included alongside attention to physical and psychological consequences. Understanding how the physical, psychological and spiritual often occur together, and can magnify each other, needs to be part of a holistic pastoral response to these traumatic experiences. Details: Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago, Centre for Theology and Public Issues, 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2017 at: https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/7052/Figueroa%20and%20Tombs%202016%20-%20English.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: Peru Keywords: Church-Related Sexual Abuse Shelf Number: 144632 |
Author: Global Witness Title: Buyers in Good Faith: How Timber Exporters are Complicit in Plundering Peru's Amazon Summary: A new report into an emblematic case of timber trafficking in Peru highlights the corruption and fraud that continue to sabotage attempts to crack down on a trade that is devastating the Amazon region. The report, released on November 9 by investigative watchdog group Global Witness, tells the story of the most high-profile anti-timber trafficking operation in Peruvian history: the November 2015 attempted seizure of illegal timber from the ship Yacu Kallpa as it was anchored in the Amazon River near the city of Iquitos. On the morning the Yacu Kallpa was set to depart on a journey that would have eventually taken it to Houston, Texas, a public prosecutor boarded the ship and attempted to seize 15 percent of its cargo - 1,200 square meters of wood that investigators had proven was of illegal origin. The boat eventually departed after a day of murky interventions and legal wrangling that ended with the ship's captain promising the prosecutor to return with the 15 percent after dropping off the rest of the cargo, according to an account of events in an investigation by Wired. However, investigators continued their work, visiting the locations cited in the wood's certificates of origin to verify its extraction. The Yacu Kallpa was eventually detained in Mexico and its cargo seized. By the time they had finished their verification, investigators had established that 96 percent of the cargo - more than 9,500 square meters - was "not of legal origin." Details: London: Global Witness, 2017. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2017 at: http://globalinitiative.net/timber-peru/ Year: 2017 Country: Peru Keywords: Forests Shelf Number: 148273 |
Author: Kavanaugh, Guadalupe E. Title: Inter-Generational Benefits of Improving Access to Justice for Women: Evidence from Peru Summary: Domestic violence is a major concern in developing countries, with important social, economic and health consequences. However, institutions do not usually address the problems facing women or ethnic and religious minorities. For example, the police do very little to stop domestic violence in rural areas of developing countries. This paper exploits the introduction of Women's Justice Centers (WJCs) in Peru to provide causal estimates on the effects of improving access to justice for women and children. These centers offer a new integrated public service model for women by including medical, psychological and legal support in cases of violence against women. Our empirical approach uses a difference in difference estimation exploiting variation over time and space in the opening of WJC centers together with province-by-year fixed effects. Exploiting administrative data from health providers, district attorney offices and schools, we find that after the opening of these centers, there are important improvements on women's welfare: a large reduction in domestic violence, feminicides and female hospitalizations for assault. Moreover, using geo-coded household surveys we find evidence that the existence of these services increase women's threat points and, therefore, lead to household decisions that are more aligned with their interests. Using administrative data on the universe of schools, we find large gains on human capital for their children: affected children are more likely to enroll, attend school and have better grades in national exams, instead of working for the family. In sum, the evidence in this paper shows that providing access to justice for women can be a powerful tool to reduce domestic violence and increase education of children, suggesting a positive inter-generational benefit. Details: Unpublished paper, 2017. 84p, Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 18, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3022670 Year: 2017 Country: Peru Keywords: Children Exposed to Violence Shelf Number: 148860 |
Author: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime Title: Case Study: Illicit Gold Mining in Peru Summary: This case study presents the key findings of research conducted between June and August 2016 into the impacts of illicit gold mining in the Madre de Dios region in Peru, focussing on how communities can be supported in effecting a shift from informal mining structures to formal, specifically agricultural, activities. The study scrutinises the Agrobosque project, a cooperative which provides technical and financial support to its members, many ex or current gold miners, in growing cocoa and drives initiatives targeting the detrimental social impacts of mining. This reveals the key drivers incentivising the transition from informal to formal structures, and the main obstacles hindering this transition. Interviews with national and regional politicians shaping agricultural and mining policy, and the third sector working in this field, contextualise Agrobosque's work, yielding a set of programmatic recommendations to strengthen the current response, together with key changes necessary to national and regional policy. Details: Geneva, SWIT: The Global Initiative, 2017. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2018 at: . Year: 2017 Country: Peru Keywords: Environmental Crimes Shelf Number: 148923 |
Author: Urrunaga, Julia Title: Moment of Truth: Promise or Peril for the Amazon as Peru Confronts its Illegal Timber Trade Summary: EIA's new report describes important advances since 2012 in Peru's fight against illegal logging, timber laundering, and its associated international trade - as well as the backlash against these new approaches. The evidence of persistent illegal logging, systemic corruption, laundering, and illegal timber in Peru's exports remains overwhelming. While the U.S. has begun to crack down on illegal Peruvian timber, major importing countries like China and Mexico are turning a blind eye. Human rights violations, long-term economic impacts, and damage to biodiversity and the global climate are all embedded in the Peruvian forest sector's current operating model. At the same time, Peru's institutions have shown that they have the tools to conduct effective enforcement and create more transparent procedures and systems. This is a Moment of Truth. Can Peru accept and act on the truths revealed by its own enforcement actions? Or will it now eliminate the rules and inspections that are necessary for tracing timber back to verified, legal origins? The report focuses on three pieces: A multi-year enforcement effort called Operation Amazonas that in 2015 focused on the shipping vessel Yacu Kallpa, the largest export trade stream of timber from the northern Peruvian Amazon. Upon investigation, enforcement agencies discovered that an average of 91.3% -- and as high as 96% -- of the timber this ship carried was from illegal sources, leading to detentions and seizures in Peru, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the U.S. Protests, backlash and high-level pushback in response to these efforts to enforce the law and introduce greater transparency to the system. The timber industry, its primary regulatory authority (the National Forest and Wildlife Service, Serfor), and other government entities in Peru have denied or minimized the problem and attempted to weaken enforcement institutions. They have also reduced data collection and changed official requirements to make it almost impossible to trace timber and verify legal origin, in contravention of Peru's own laws and commitments. A new analysis of hundreds of pages of official documents that reveal systematic exports of illegal and high-risk timber from Peru's main port of Callao during 2015, by dozens of companies and to 18 countries. It is impossible to replicate this analysis for 2016 or 2017, since the Peruvian forest authority has decided to stop compiling the necessary data. Details: Washington, DC: Environmental Investigation Agency, 2018. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 28, 2018 at: https://content.eia-global.org/posts/documents/000/000/694/original/MomentofTruth.pdf?1518546054 Year: 2018 Country: Peru Keywords: Environmental Crimes Shelf Number: 149277 |
Author: Gutierrez, Italo A. Title: Stand Against Bullying: An Experimental School Intervention Summary: Despite the growing evidence on the negative consequences of school bullying, there is no consensus regarding the most effective strategies to fight this problem. We study the impact of a randomized intervention to reduce school bullying in urban public schools in Peru, a country where violence re-mains a major challenge. The intervention consisted of two components: i) increasing awareness among students about the negative consequences of bullying and encouraging them to stand against this problem, and ii) facilitate students' ability to report violent incidents, by promoting the use of a new Government program for submitting online confidential reports. Our results indicate that the intervention reduced students' bystander behavior and increased their willingness to report violence. Using administrative data, we also find that the intervention reduced the likelihood of changing schools and of dropping out, and improved student achievement in standardized tests in the medium term. Importantly, we find that the intervention had a more limited impact among children that are exposed to violence at home. While depression and isolation were significantly reduced among non-exposed students, this effect disappears among children living in a violent environment. Overall, these findings are promising and reveal that encouraging students to stand up against bullying and providing them with the means to do it may have beneficial effects over their well-being and educational performance, even in violent settings Details: Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2018. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 11623: Accessed July 18, 2018 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp11623.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Peru Keywords: Bullying Shelf Number: 150900 |
Author: Aguero, Jorge M. Title: Prevalence of Violence against Women among Different Ethnic Groups in Peru Summary: About half of Peruvian women between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced some form of violence from their partners. Through a quantitative analysis, this report explores how violence rates against women vary by ethnic group and over time. Based on a nationally representative sample of more than 75,000 women surveyed between 2003 and 2012 and a review of the literature on ethnic classification in Peru, a typology is applied to measure ethnicity, based on women's linguistic backgrounds, allowing for a consistent ethnic characterization throughout the period of analysis. In this typology, the first group is made up of women who speak an indigenous language at home and do not speak Spanish. A second group, called "historic" Spanish speakers, is composed of women who learned Spanish during childhood and still use it today, while the third group, called "recent" Spanish speakers, includes women who grew up speaking an indigenous language but now speak Spanish. The highest rate of all types of violence is found in this last group, with a much greater difference in sexual and severe physical violence. This is consistent with the predictions of the theoretical model developed in this study in which violence depends on the type of couple. The model finds that women who speak "recent" Spanish - and who have what is termed a lower "outside option" than their "historic" Spanish-speaking male partners - experience greater violence. The study found that the gap in rates of violence against women among these three language groupings has remained constant over time despite an overall reduction in violence. This shows that current policies to provide care for victims and prevent violence against women are insufficient because the policies do not necessarily target groups with a greater risk of violence. This is unlike other areas of public health, where interventions are directly targeted at the most vulnerable populations. Details: Inter-American Development Bank , 2018. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 21, 2018 at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/8987?locale-attribute=es& Year: 2018 Country: Peru Keywords: Family Violence Shelf Number: 151173 |
Author: Global Witness Title: Rocky Road: How Legal Failings and Vested Interests Behind Peru's Purus Highway Threaten the Amazon and its People Summary: The Peruvian Amazon contains the fourth largest area of tropical forest on Earth and is one of a handful of regions where over 50 percent of forest cover is still undisturbed. Peru has seen impressive economic growth in the last decade, with GDP increasing on average six percent a year, as it follows a commodities led development path. The boom in resource exploitation has put Peru's environmental and social laws under the spotlight. One of the biggest threats to the Peruvian Amazon and indigenous peoples' territories comes from impacts associated with major infrastructure projects. According to one estimate, 91 percent of Peru's current 68 million hectares (ha) of tropical forest will be degraded or deforested within 30 years if all current plans for infrastructure and resource use across the country go ahead. Global Witness investigated one of these proposed infrastructure projects: a highway that would stretch approximately 270 km between Puerto Esperanza and Inapari in the Amazon regions of Ucayali and Madre de Dios. The highway would cut through the Alto Purus National Park (the largest in Peru), the Purus Community Reserve and the Madre de Dios Territorial Reserve, violating Peru's laws on protected areas in the process. Similar projects like the recently completed Southern Interoceanic Highway have facilitated the expansion of logging and gold mining, causing widespread environmental and social harm. The area most affected by the plans is the isolated province of Purus in Ucayali Department. Purus harbours the richest area of mahogany left in Peru and perhaps the whole continent. It is also home to some of the last indigenous groups living 'in voluntary isolation' who have chosen not to have contact with the outside world. A parliamentary bill, no.1035/2011-CR (referred to in this document as 'the highway bill'), has been passed for debate in Peru's congress to declare the highway project 'of national interest priority' in an effort by its promoters to secure official approval and state funds for its construction. The controversial plan has divided local and national opinion, and has drawn criticism that it is riding roughshod over environmental laws and the rights of indigenous peoples. This report examines a range of factors that Global Witness believes may be unduly influencing the decision-making around the highway project, including alleged corruption and possible conflicts of interest. Details: London: Global Witness, 2013. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 8, 2018 at: https://www.illegal-logging.info/content/rocky-road-how-legal-failings-and-vested-interests-behind-perus-purus-highway-threaten Year: 2013 Country: Peru Keywords: Corruption Shelf Number: 153346 |
Author: Global Witness Title: The Forest Avengers: Why Peru's pioneering forest inspection agency OSINFOR should have its independence restored and its powers extended Summary: A new analysis by Global Witness reveals that illegal logging in Peru's forests is still widespread and systematic, contributing towards the degradation of the Amazon. And yet, despite the rampant levels of illegal logging, the Peruvian government has been making alarming moves to weaken its forest watchdog - the Organismo de Supervision de los Recursos Forestales y de Fauna Silvestre (OSINFOR) - even though it has been the only state agency effectively tackling the problem. The report also reveals how some of Peru's biggest sawmills are consistently processing high rates of illegal timber to go out to consumer markets; and that logging companies are finding increasingly creative and devious ways to destroy the Amazon for profit, including: Using new types of harvest areas - especially those intended to be in the hands of local communities - to launder timber on a vast scale. These kinds of harvest areas are unable to be fined by OSINFOR. Faking the locations of trees in official documents, while illegally cutting trees elsewhere. Colluding with regional governments to get those falsified documents approved, making illegal timber appear legal. Using areas OSINFOR is unable to inspect - including plantations and land cleared for agriculture - to falsely declare their timber originated there, when really it was extracted elsewhere. Peru's forest watchdog OSINFOR has helped curb these abuses over the past decade. Tasked with protecting the country's forests, OSINFOR has fought back against the onslaught of illegal logging and become a global pioneer in tackling serious forest crime. Since it became an independent agency, which is not linked to any one ministry, its oversight operations dramatically improved. But now OSINFOR itself is in danger - with its independence weakened and subordinated to the Ministry of Environment, and the all the good work it does severely under threat. Details: London: Global Witness, 2019. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 4, 2019 at: https://www.illegal-logging.info/sites/files/chlogging/The%20Forest%20Avengers_Global%20witness%20%282%29.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Peru Keywords: Environmental Crime Shelf Number: 154470 |
Author: Velasquez, Daniel Title: I Read the News Today, Oh Boy: The Effect of Crime News Coverage on Crime Perception and Trust Summary: Crime perception has increased in Peru in recent years, as in other developing and developed countries, in spite of the reduction in crime victimization figures. Our hypothesis is that the news industry is in part responsible for such developments. Using a novel database of written news, we identify short-term deviations from the long-term trend in the coverage of crime news at the province level and estimate the effect of news media on crime perception. We measure coverage as a function of the area an article occupies in cm2. Peruvians are great consumers of written news. For instance, Trome, a Peruvian gazette, is the most read Spanish-language newspaper in the world. We find that a spike of negative crime news increases people's perception about the probability of being a crime victim. We find the opposite for positive crime news. However, the effect per cm2 of negative news is more than three times larger than the effect of positive news in absolute value, signaling a potential asymmetry in the revision of people's expectations. We show that these changes in perception are smaller for recent crime victims than for non-victims and that women's perception is less sensitive to positive crime news. We also explore how these perception changes are transmitted to the political landscape and how individuals distribute accountability and reward between different political institutions. Details: Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2019. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 12056: Accessed February 18, 2019 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp12056.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Peru Keywords: Crime and the Media Shelf Number: 154639 |
Author: Verite Title: Analisis de Riesgo de Indicatores de Trabajo Forzoso y Trata de Personas en la Mineria Ilegal de Oro en el Peru (Risk Analysis of Indicators of Forced Labor and Human Trafficking in Illegal Gold Mining in Peru) Summary: Verite took out a documentary and field research on forced work and treatment of people in the mining of illegal gold in Peru from August 2012 to January 2013. With the support of Humanity United, during the month of August, Verite realized the investigatory documentary, a mapping of the production areas and chain of gold supply in Peru and several consultations with experts with the end of preparing for the field research during the month of September of the year, the investigators of Verite interviewed experts in Lima. They also had interviews with workers in Cusco and Puno. During the month of January 2013, Verite performed the investigation of the field in the department of Arequipa and took out additional queries with experts in Lima. The researchers of Verite interviewed in total, 33 experts (from organizations and representatives of the government and academia); 95 workers directly involved in the mining of gold and another 70 individuals (among them, labor intermediaries, an employer, gold buyers, gold processors, sellers of gold jewelry, independent gold producers, members of cooperatives, union representatives, sex workers, transporters of workers, children, mechanics, cooks and a teacher). Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 142p. Source: Internet Resource (in Spanish): Accessed April 27, 2019 at: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Indicadores-de-Trabajo-Forzoso-en-la-Mineri%CC%81a-Ilegal-de-Oro-en-el-Peru%CC%81-final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Peru Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 155578 |
Author: Center for International Environmental Law Title: Authorized to Steal: Organized Crime Networks Launder Illegal Timber from the Peruvian Amazon Summary: Illegal logging and its related international trade are currently considered the third largest crime in the world. In Peru, illegal logging and timber commerce have a long history. In "Continuous Improvement" in Illegal Practices in the Peruvian Forest Sector, the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) identified timber exports at high risk of being illegal in 2015 and the practices used by exporters to avoid transparency and continue their trade in high-risk timber. With a new Forestry and Wildlife Law having taken effect in October 2015, CIEL has continued its investigation into Peru's illegal logging and timber exports to evaluate whether the new legislation has led to a significant decrease in rates of high-risk wood harvests and sales. This document analyzes domestic trade as well as the export sector, based on information contained in 1,024 Forest Transport Permits (GTFs) issued in June, July, and August of 2017. It examines results and files prepared by the Forest Resources and Wildlife Monitoring Agency (OSINFOR), the entity in charge of supervising and auditing logging areas. The findings reveal that illegal logging continues at an alarmingly high rate. Moreover, high-risk authorizations continue to be concentrated in local forests, private lands, and indigenous communities. In contrast to Continuous Improvement, which examined the private sector's actions, this document focuses on the public sector's role in the proliferation of illegal logging and its related trade in Peru. This analysis assumes that human error does not account for cases in which over 40 percent of the trees approved for harvest never existed in the authorized areas. The individuals involved in these cases are therefore identified by name for their role in facilitating the trade of illegal timber in Peru. These people are the specific forestry regents who wrote and filed the Forest Management Plans, the professionals who conducted on-site visual inspections in order to verify the accuracy of the Forest Management Plans, the professionals who wrote favorable reports and recommended that the plans be approved, and public officials who signed approval resolution forms and forestry contracts that authorized particular volumes and species of wood to be harvested and transported. In Peru, a series of laws regulate forest resources and wildlife management, and they stipulate administrative and criminal sanctions for those involved in trafficking and selling illegally felled wood. Nevertheless, so few cases and sanctions have been applied that there is little disincentive for Forestry and Wildlife Authorities to grant and verify official documents that are used to launder timber illegally extracted from the Peruvian Amazon. The report concludes with a series of concrete recommendations for Peruvian State entities, forestry companies, and financial institutions, that aim to generate meaningful changes that reduce illegal logging and promote legally extracted wood in Peru. Details: Washington, DC: Center for International Environmental Law, 2019. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2019 at: https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Authorized-to-Steal-August-2019-updated.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Peru Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 158113 |