Transaction Search Form: please type in any of the fields below.
Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:52 pm
rwanda
Time: 9:52 pm
rwanda
Results for rwanda
34 total results foundAuthor: United Nations Development Fund for Women Title: Baseline Survey on Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Rwanda Summary: The objective of this study was to provide reliable quantitative and qualitative information that would enable UNIFEM and her partners to develop strategies and interventions aimed at fighting against gender-based violence in Rwanda. The research sought to measure the frequency of incidents of sexual gender-based violence experienced by women in their various life situations, and to analyse the perceptions that the community has about the nature, causes and consequences of these incidents. Details: Rwanda: UNIFEM, 2008. 70p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Sexual Violence (Rwanda) Shelf Number: 117744 |
Author: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime Title: Victimization Survey in Rwanda: Executive Summary Summary: This report presents the summary of the major findings of the crime victimization survey carried out in Rwanda. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2008. 7p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Crime Statistics (Rwanda) Shelf Number: 119236 |
Author: Sommers, Marc Title: Fearing Africa's Young Men: The Case of Rwanda Summary: Do the concentrated numbers of male youths in urban Rwanda threaten social stability? The World Bank investigates this theory, examining the concept that large concentrations of male youths are disconnected from their cultures and prone to violence due to the ‘youth bulge’. However, interviews with urban male youths in Rwanda indicate that they are constrained by limited opportunities rather than menaces to society. The situation confronting most Rwandan youth and most of their counterparts in Africa remains alarming - a largely silent emergency. The ‘youth bulge’ theory suggests that a heavy concentration of male youths in urban areas leads to situations of violence, uprisings, revolutions and even terrorism. The prevalence of this theory in post-conflict literature has led African policymakers to attempt to avoid the urban ‘youth bulge’ by targeting aid to rural areas. For example, policymakers in Liberia have directed post-war reintegration strategies towards rural areas even though agriculture does not appeal to urban youth. In pre-genocide Rwanda, anti-urbanisation policy severely limited the educational and employment opportunities available to male youth. Forced immobility meant that while young men had few rural opportunities, they were not allowed to migrate to find better employment. The education system allowed few students into secondary school and provided poor or impractical vocational training. It is likely that the high numbers of male youth participants in the violence in Rwanda is attributable to limited opportunities resulting from faulty anti-urbanisation policy. Instead of eliminating the threat of the urban ‘youth bulge’, these policies created a life of entrapment and frustration that translated into desperation and violence during the genocide. •Young men had far less land than their fathers and were often unable to support a wife or a family. •The educational and legal system prevented young men from access to education and inheriting land, which forced them into low-paid, temporary jobs. •The government vocational education system targeted towards rural youth was ineffectual. Not only was the community required to pay many of the costs and choose appropriate courses, but also forced immobility meant that graduates could not find jobs in an already saturated workforce. •The hopelessness resulting from the lack of opportunities made Rwandan youth susceptible to genocide instigators whose recruitment strategy mixed coercion and promises of material gain. Given that Rwandan youth today face similar patterns of limited education and employment opportunities, there is a threat that the violence could reappear. Policymakers must learn from the past in order to create effective programmes for the current youth generation. •The ‘youth bulge’ theory unnecessarily labels young men as essentially dangerous. Youth may have excellent reasons to be frustrated and faulty policies based on the ‘youth bulge’ assumption may only fuel their discontent. •Policymakers need to accept and support the decisions of youth not to reintegrate into traditional society. This means providing positive engagement and support to them whether in urban or rural areas. •Young women are often ignored in post-conflict policy. All of Africa’s youth needs to be engaged and supported through appropriate, proactive, empowering, and inclusive measures. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2006. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Social Development Papers: Conflict Prevention & Reconstruction, Paper No. 32: Accessed November 11, 2011 at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/02/13/000090341_20060213142651/Rendered/PDF/351490RW0Young0men0WP3201PUBLIC1.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Juvenile Offenders Shelf Number: 123310 |
Author: Kartas, Moncel Title: Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence: Case Study of Kigali, Rwanda Summary: The question guiding the Kigali case study is how formal and informal institutions interact in the process of urban adaptation to external and internal shocks and stress factors. For instance, if state institutions are failing to provide acceptable levels of services, do informal groups rise in prominence (numbers, resources, visibility, or physical activity)? If such informal institutions do become more salient, how does the state then react to them? By defining urban resilience as an ongoing process of coping and adaptation of territorially bounded units (characterised as a city’s formal as well as informal social, political, and economic institutions and its members and affiliates) to exogenous and endogenous stress, the present study distinguishes between what could be called “negative” and “positive” resilience. The main emphasis of this case study has been placed on the security dimension of resilience. The main argument is that it is not the formal or informal nature of institutions which matter for the production of positive or negative effects, but rather that the strategic orientation underlying their organisation, and the social dynamics in which they operate, influence their ultimate effect on violence and perceived insecurity. In other words, even if the same measures are introduced in urban and rural areas, in an urban space they develop their own urbanspecific resilience mechanisms. Overall, the research team noticed the stark absence of available data sets related to urban parameters such as infrastructure, security, health, housing, and education. Moreover, Rwandan official showed great reluctance in sharing information, datasets, reports and studies with the research team, even when it was stated that the project was being conducted for USAID. Surprisingly, even within and between various government and city-level administrations, there appears to be little capacity and/or willingness to share documents and data. Ultimately, and as no previous work exists on urban violence in the city of Kigali, the research strategy had to be adapted accordingly. The focus was moved to: • localising where and what data exists; • understanding the broad urban dynamics in Kigali and the main urbanisation policies; and • identifying instances of urban resilience in the different sectors discussed by conceptual framework of the project (security, infrastructure, basic service delivery, etc.). To this end, the research has focused on qualitative approaches based on open interviews and narrative conversations. Furthermore, the team used basic participant observation techniques and a thorough visual exploration of the city and its different neighbourhoods using photographic support. The present report is thus able to provide an interpretation and illustrations of urban resilience in Kigali, but not a systematic survey supported by GIS data. The report is divided into five sections. The first provides a descriptive account of Kigali’s main stress factor, namely its demographic explosion, against the backdrop of its topography. It also gives a schematic picture of the city’s neighbourhoods and the scope of informal and formal settlement. The second section introduces the Kigali City Master Plan (KCMP) to familiarise the reader with the macro-policies of the authorities towards urbanisation. It also highlights how the city has shown signs of resilience through the adaptation of its population and institutions to wide-spread expropriation, eviction and resettlement schemes. The third section focuses on the evolution of informal security institutions and their interaction with formal institutions, notably with the security sector reform efforts undertaken by the government and their link to the government’s decentralisation and community-based development policy. The fourth section seeks to relate instances of informal coping strategies with phenomena of urban resilience through a number of illustrations in the fields of public utilities (electricity, sanitation, and waste management), microfinance, and transportation. A final section then briefly reflects on the links between urbanisation and development in present-day Rwanda. Details: Cambridge, MA: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 10, 2012 at: http://graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ccdp/shared/5917/Kigali_URCV.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Urban Areas (Rwanda) Shelf Number: 127203 |
Author: Kartas, Moncef Title: Urban Resilience in Situations of Chronic Violence: Case Study of Kigali, Rwanda Summary: With support from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), URCV researchers have produced a series of publications that include a report that summarizes the research findings and recommendations, a toolkit that focuses on the practical implications of our findings, in-depth case studies of seven cities facing diverse violence challenges, a working paper, and policy briefs (forthcoming). The question guiding the Kigali case study is how formal and informal institutions interact in the process of urban adaptation to external and internal shocks and stress factors. For instance, if state institutions are failing to provide acceptable levels of services, do informal groups rise in prominence (numbers, resources, visibility, or physical activity)? If such informal institutions do become more salient, how does the state then react to them? By defining urban resilience as an ongoing process of coping and adaptation of territorially bounded units (characterised as a city’s formal as well as informal social, political, and economic institutions and its members and affiliates) to exogenous and endogenous stress, the present study distinguishes between what could be called “negative” and “positive” resilience. The main emphasis of this case study has been placed on the security dimension of resilience. The main argument is that it is not the formal or informal nature of institutions which matter for the production of positive or negative effects, but rather that the strategic orientation underlying their organisation, and the social dynamics in which they operate, influence their ultimate effect on violence and perceived insecurity. In other words, even if the same measures are introduced in urban and rural areas, in an urban space they develop their own urbanspecific resilience mechanisms. The report is divided into five sections. The first provides a descriptive account of Kigali’s main stress factor, namely its demographic explosion, against the backdrop of its topography. It also gives a schematic picture of the city’s neighbourhoods and the scope of informal and formal settlement. The second section introduces the Kigali City Master Plan (KCMP) to familiarise the reader with the macro-policies of the authorities towards urbanisation. It also highlights how the city has shown signs of resilience through the adaptation of its population and institutions to wide-spread expropriation, eviction and resettlement schemes. The third section focuses on the evolution of informal security institutions and their interaction with formal institutions, notably with the security sector reform efforts undertaken by the government and their link to the government’s decentralisation and community-based development policy. The fourth section seeks to relate instances of informal coping strategies with phenomena of urban resilience through a number of illustrations in the fields of public utilities (electricity, sanitation, and waste management), microfinance, and transportation. A final section then briefly reflects on the links between urbanisation and development in present-day Rwanda. Details: Cambridge, MA: Urban Resilience in Chronic Violence, MIT. 2012. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2012 at http://urcvproject.org/uploads/Kigali_URCV.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Urban Areas (Rwanda) Shelf Number: 127219 |
Author: Rwanda Women’s Network Title: Exploring Community Perceptions and Women’s Experiences of Violence against Women and Use of Services in Bugesera District, Eastern Province, Rwanda Summary: Most studies on gender based violence (GBV) in Rwanda have focused on the sexual violence that happened during the genocide. Research that does exist on violence in intimate relationships after the genocide has shown that the levels are high but good data on how women are assisted and supported is absent. This report presents findings from a study done as part of the Strengthening GBV Research Capacity in Africa project. The main objective of the study was to assist the Rwanda Women’s Network (RWN) and other service providers in developing effective services for abused women. The study was done in the District of Bugesera, an area most affected by the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Qualitative methods consisting of semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used. Participants included women survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV), community members, service providers (police, health, community leaders, local authorities, GVB committees, NGOs, and mediators (abunzi)). The data was analyzed using content analysis. Women experienced the full spectrum of IPV, including physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence. Being abandoned by a partner and struggling to survive was a common theme. Seeking help was not always an option although many women’s first call of help was to local leaders. The study revealed that many women were not able to get the assistance they needed and both the financial dependence on husbands and the Rwandan culture of keeping family affairs private were key barriers in seeking assistance. Barriers to providing assistance as described by service providers include: lack of resources such as transport to take victims to the hospital; wide distances between villages and lack of health personnel to attend to survivors. Family support was also limited because of the effect of the genocide. However encouraging was the assistance provided by other community women as well as NGOs and this was of value in providing emotional and financial assistance to women and their children. The study not only generated more in-depth information about knowledge, attitudes and perceptions on VAW, but it also built RWN research capacity and provided data for use in programmatic and advocacy work among women in Rwanda. Details: Kigali, Rwanda: Rwanda Women's Network, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2013 at: http://www.mrc.ac.za/gender/ExploringCommunityPerceptions.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Family Violence Shelf Number: 128310 |
Author: La Mattina, Giulia Title: Civil Conflict, Sex Ratio and Intimate Partner Violence in Rwanda Summary: This paper examines the long-term impact of civil conflict on intimate partner violence and women’s decision-making power using post-genocide data from Rwanda. Household survey data collected 11 years after the genocide indicate that women who became married after the genocide experienced significantly increased intimate partner violence and decreased decision-making power relative to women who became married before. The effect was greater for women in localities with high genocide intensity. I find that variation in the marriage market sex ratio across localities and over time explains part of the effect of the genocide on intimate partner violence. Details: Brighton, UK: Households in Conflict Network, Institute of Development Studies, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: HiCN Working Paper 175: Accessed December 8, 2016 at: http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/HiCN-WP-175.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Domestic Violence Shelf Number: 146145 |
Author: Amnesty International Title: Rwanda: Shrouded in Secrecy: Illegal Detention and Torture by Military Intelligence Summary: dozens of people in Rwanda suspected of threatening national security have been held in a network of secret detention centres around the country run by the military. in these camps, detainees were unlawfully held and were at risk of torture and other ill-treatment. some are still held in secret detention. Reports of enforced disappearances, torture and other ill-treatment by Rwandan military intelligence began to emerge in march 2010 as part of investigations into grenade attacks in Rwanda and other perceived security threats in the run-up to the august 2010 presidential elections. individuals were arrested, often arbitrarily, by military believed to be acting in collaboration with the police. almost all of them were men aged between 20 and 45, mostly civilians including demobilized military. others were members of the Rwandan army or individuals suspected by the Rwandan authorities of belonging to the democratic Forces for the liberation of Rwanda, an armed opposition group based in eastern democratic Republic of the Congo. For the families of those arrested they had effectively disappeared, held incommunicado and hidden from view. this report is based on information gathered over two years during several visits to Rwanda. it documents more than 45 cases of unlawful detention and 18 allegations of torture or other ill-treatment by Rwandan military intelligence in 2010 and 2011. the actual numbers are believed to be far higher and some individuals who had disappeared are still in secret detention. without the safeguards applied in official places of detention there are serious concerns for these detainees, and amnesty international is urging the government to immediately end this practice of unlawful detention, disclose the fate or whereabouts of those subjected to enforced disappearance, investigate the torture allegations and bring those responsible for these human rights violations to justice. Details: London: AI, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR47/004/2012/en/ Year: 2012 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Detention Shelf Number: 146704 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "All Thieves Must Be Killed": Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwanda Summary: State security forces in Rwanda summarily killed at least 37 suspected petty offenders and forcibly disappeared four others between April 2016 and March 2017, in what appears to have been part of a broader strategy to spread fear, enforce order, and deter any resistance to government orders or policies. Most victims were accused of stealing items such as bananas, a cow, or a motorcycle. Others were suspected of smuggling marijuana, illegally crossing the border from the Democratic Republic of Congo into Rwanda, or of using illegal fishing nets. Based on 119 interviews conducted in Rwanda, including with witnesses, family members and friends of victims, "All Thieves Must Be Killed:" Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwandadocuments how the military, police and auxiliary state security units carried out the killings, sometimes with the assistance of local civilian authorities. No effort was made to investigate the killings or hold the perpetrators accountable. In many cases, local military and civilian authorities admitted to residents, often during public meetings, that they had killed a suspected petty offender and that all other thieves and other criminals in the region would be arrested and executed. Authorities warned victims' family members and friends not to inquire about what happened, and not to grieve. Family members were too afraid to seek justice. Human Rights Watch calls on the Rwandan government to end summary executions of suspected criminals and to hold those responsible to account. Commanders implicated in the abuses should be suspended immediately pending a judicial investigation. The government should also make clear public statements forbidding anyone from the state security forces from intimidating or threatening victims' family members. Details: New York: HRW, 2017. 40p., app. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2017 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/rwanda0717_web_1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Rwanda Keywords: Capital Punishment Shelf Number: 146753 |