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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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tanzania
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tanzania
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88 total results foundAuthor: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Title: Victimization Survey in Tanzania: Executive Summary Summary: This survey gathered information about crime and the perceptions of safety from a range of cities and municipalties in the country, namely the cities of Tanga, Mbeya and Mwanza and the municipalities of Moshi and Dodoma. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2009. 8p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Crime Statistics Shelf Number: 119148 |
Author: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Title: The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Tanzania Summary: This report on policing in Tanzania analyses the Tanzania police, looking mainly at illegitimate political control, the impact of that control on policing, and the reform answers that will provide a more democratic and more accountable police service to the Tanzanian people. The report examines the concepts of democratic policing and accountability in practice, in the Tanzanian context. It looks at the development of the Tanzanian Police Force, analyses the issues that the police are faced with, considers the legislative and political frameworks that the police operate within and critiques policing budgets in tanzania. Finally, it suggests the reforms that need to take place in tanzania and provides a roadmap for those reforms. Details: New Delhi, India: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2006. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 10, 2010 at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/tanzania_country_report_2006.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Police Accountability (Tanzania) Shelf Number: 120082 |
Author: Bulamile, Ludigija Boniface Title: Homeowner's Architectural Responses to Crime in Dar Es Salaan: Its impacts and implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management Summary: This study is about Homeowner’s architectural responses to crime in Dar es Salaam Tanzania: its impacts and implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management. The study explores and examines the processes through which homeowners respond to crimes of burglary, home robbery and fear of it using architectural or physical elements. The processes are explored and examined using case study methodology in three cases in Dar es Salaam. The cases are residential areas of Mikocheni B, Ilala Kasulu and Chang’ombe Housing. The findings from the three cases are compared and the common findings are illuminated and discussed using criminology, economic and social theories and concepts. The results of the study show that, homeowners physically and architecturally modify their home environments for many reasons. Homeowners do so by building or erecting wall fences around their houses and install or barricade doors and windows using metal bars. From the study, the notable main reasons are security and protection from burglary, thefts, home robbery and visual and physical privacy. Others include property marking, disputes and misunderstandings between neighbours and property encroachment by neighbours. In the study, it has been established that, the actions by the homeowners in responding to crime of burglary, thievery and home robberies have impacts and implications on the built environment. The impacts are: affects the visual experience of the built form by limiting view to houses; keeps neighbours apart thus limiting social interaction among residents; segregating public spaces and thus making them empty without people; encroaching on the streets; reducing surveilability of streets and neighbouring dwellings; create the impression of ‘private appearance’ therefore stigmataizing the residential neighbourhoods, all of which increase the vulnerability of areas as well as enhancing the ‘subjective’ feeling of fear in the areas. Furthermore, the responses pose risks to residents when fire evacuation from homes is required, including the effects that affect the environmental comfort conditions of homes and the overall built environment. Despite of the impacts to the built environment as summarised in the foregoing, the study has shown that, homeowners still erect wall fences and barricade their homes due to fear arising from previous crimes. On the basis of the impacts, a new approach to planning of residential housing areas is recommended in which the question of security against crime is included as design factor particularly in urban design. Either an approach to architectural design of houses and the layout of houses that considers crime as an important factor in addition to ‘target hardening’ approach is recommended to increase visibility and surveilability of built environments. The study concludes by highlighting five implications to urban architecture, urban design and urban management at planning and architectural design, considerations which may be of impacts towards improving built environment and management of the urban residential arena. The study ends by outlining and recommending areas of further research. Details: Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, 2009. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 1, 2011 at: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11388 Year: 2009 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Architectural Design Shelf Number: 122581 |
Author: United Nations Children’s Fund Title: Violence Against Children in Tanzania: Findings from a National Survey 2009 Summary: Violence against children is a serious human rights, social and public health issue in many parts of the world and its consequences can be devastating. No country is immune, whether rich or poor. Violence erodes the strong foundation that children need for leading healthy and productive lives, and violates the fundamental right of children to a safe childhood. Violence against children is never justifiable. Nor is it inevitable. If its underlying causes are identified and addressed, violence against children is entirely preventable. The United Nations Secretary-General’s (UNSG) World Report on Violence against Children (2006) was the first and most comprehensive global study on all forms of violence against children. The aim of the study was to research, report, and make recommendations on violence in the multiple settings where children live and survive — including the home and family, in schools, care and justice systems, the workplace and the community. Overarching recommendations from this global study included the need to ‘develop and implement systematic national data collection and research’ urging States to improve data collection and information systems in order to identify the most vulnerable children, inform policy and programming at all levels and track progress towards the goal of preventing violence against children. Tanzania is the first country in Africa to undertake A National Study on Violence against Children – for the first time measuring all forms of violence (sexual, physical and emotional) amongst girls and boys and giving national estimates of the prevalence of violence. The results of this study which you are about to read indicate that sexual, physical and emotional violence are common for children growing up in Tanzania, and the perpetrators of this violence are often near and known to the children. This report provides, for the first time, national estimates which describe the magnitude and nature of violence experienced by both girls and boys in Tanzania. It highlights the particular vulnerability of girls to sexual violence and the negative health consequences of these experiences in their childhoods and beyond. Violence against children is a major threat to national development and our work to achieve the vision laid out in MKUKUTA and to reach the Millennium Development Goals. We will not achieve quality primary and secondary education unless children are safe in school. The spread of HIV/AIDS will not be halted until we stop sexual violence that helps to fuel the pandemic. We will not reduce the incidence and costs of mental and physical health problems if we do not address all forms of violence against children. We will not challenge the social and cultural legitimacy of violence in Tanzania without understanding its circumstances. The obligation for all States to work toward the elimination of all forms of violence against children is recognized by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratifi ed by Tanzania in 1990. Efforts to prevent violence form part of the government’s national commitment to uphold the right of each child to his or her human dignity and physical integrity. This commitment is refl ected in the Tanzanian Law of the Child Act (2009) - the national legal and regulatory framework to protect children. The results of this study will help the Government of Tanzania, through the Multi-Sector Task Force that has coordinated the Study, to enhance efforts to break the silence around violence against children and establish a stronger foundation for both prevention and response, nested within a nationally supported Child Protection System in line with the Law of the Child Act (2009). What is critical now is to move the Study from research to action. Responses are required across all sectors – including health, social welfare, education, justice – and at all levels - national, regional, district and lower levels. Civil society groups and individual citizens all have important roles to play. Details: Dar es Salaam: UNICEF Tanzania, 2011. 152p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2011 at: http://www.unicef.org/media/files/VIOLENCE_AGAINST_CHILDREN_IN_TANZANIA_REPORT.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect (Tanzania) Shelf Number: 122754 |
Author: Tanzania. Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance Title: Inspection Report for Children in Detention Facilities in Tanzania Summary: The Commission for Human Rights and Good Governance (CHRAGG)1 in Tanzania has the mandate to visit prisons and places of detention or related facilities with a view to assessing and inspecting conditions of persons held in such places and making recommendations in relation to protecting their human rights2. CHRAGG undertook monitoring visits to detention facilities during 2008/09 and 2009/10. These visits and subsequent reports revealed that the numbers of children being held in detention facilities was increasing, that they were often held in adult prisons and that the conditions in detention and the treatment they received fell far short of international human rights standards. Furthermore, children were not receiving adequate access to reintegration and rehabilitation activities and services. As a result of these findings, CHRAGG undertook a detailed and comprehensive assessment of the situation of children in detention facilities in Tanzania during early 2011. This assessment involved an extensive desk review and inspection visits to 65 detention centres around the country where children are held. During the inspection visits, 144 detention facility officers were interviewed (73 officers) or took part in group discussions (71 officers), and overall 491 children were involved in the assessment either through one to one interviews (179) or through focus group discussions (312). This Executive Summary gives an overview of the methodology used for this assessment, summarises the key findings regarding the conditions for and treatment of children in police stations, in Retention Homes (facility for under-18s on remand), in the Approved School (facility for convicted under-18s) and in adult prisons, and concludes with a set of recommendations based on the findings. 2. Objectives of the assessment of children in detention The main objectives of this assessment of the situation of children in detention facilities are to: • Promote the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and other related instruments relating to the placement of children in detention, and their treatment and care while detained; • Provide recommendations on ways of improving the situation in the Retention Homes, the Approved School and other detention facilities where children are held; • Provide recommendations for reforming the juvenile justice system in order to reduce the overall number of children placed in detention; • Develop baseline data for the situation of children in detention for monitoring and advocacy purposes; and • Identify lessons to be learnt for future research and advocacy work both in Tanzania mainland and in Zanzibar. Details: Dar es salaam: Commission for Human Rights and Good Governence, 2011. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2012 at: http://www.ipjj.org/fileadmin/data/documents/reports_monitoring_evaluation/CHRAGG_InspectionChildrenDetentionTanzania_2011_EN.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Juvenile Detention (Tanzania) Shelf Number: 125430 |
Author: Robinson, Elizabeth J.Z. Title: Insiders, Outsiders, and the Role of Local Enforcement in Forest Management: An Example from Tanzania Summary: Typically both local villagers (“insiders”) and non-locals (“outsiders”) extract products from protected forests even though the activities are illegal. Our paper suggests that, depending on the relative ecological damage caused by each group, budget-constrained forest managers may be able to reduce total forest degradation by legalizing “insider” extraction in return for local villagers involvement in enforcement activities. We illustrate this through the development of a game-theoretic model that considers explicitly the interaction between the forest manager who can combine a limited enforcement budget with legalization of insider resource extraction and livelihood projects such as bee keeping, insider villagers, and outsider charcoal producers. Details: Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 2012. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper Series, EfD DP 12-07: Accessed July 18, 2012 at: http://www.rff.org/Publications/Pages/PublicationDetails.aspx?PublicationID=21871 Year: 2012 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Forest Management (Tanzania) Shelf Number: 125661 |
Author: Robinson, Elizabeth J.Z. Title: To Bribe or Not to Bribe: Incentives to Protect Tanzania´s Forest Summary: Where participatory forest management has been introduced into Tanzania, “volunteer” patrollers take responsibility for enforcing access restrictions, often receiving a share of the fine revenue that they collect as an incentive. We explored how this shared revenue and alternative sources of forest products for villagers determine the effort patrollers put into enforcement and whether they choose to take a bribe from illegal harvesters rather than honestly reporting the illegal activity. Using an optimal enforcement model, we show that, without transparency or funds to pay and monitor the volunteers undertaking enforcement, policymakers face tradeoffs between efficiency, enforcement effectiveness, and revenue collection. Details: Tanzania: Environment for Development, 2009. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper Series::, Efd DP 09-17: Accessed July 19, 2012 at: http://www.efdinitiative.org/research/publications/publications-repository/to-bribe-or-not-to-bribe-incentives-to-protect-tanzanias-forest Year: 2009 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Forest Management Shelf Number: 125689 |
Author: McCleary-Sills, Jennifer Title: Help-Seeking Pathways and Barriers for Survivors of Gender-based Violence in Tanzania - Results from a Study in Dar es Salaam, Mbeya, and Iringa Regions Summary: Over the last few decades, gender-based violence has gained international recognition as a grave social and human rights concern. In Tanzania, gender-based violence is widespread; the most recent Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey found that 44% of ever-married women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime. ICRW and the University of Dar es Salaam's Department of Sociology and Anthropology, in partnership with EngenderHealth, conducted a qualitative study in three target regions of the country: Dar es Salaam, Iringa, and Mbeya. This report documents community perceptions and attitudes about gender-based violence, identifies the range of informal and formal services currently available to survivors, highlights gaps in service provision, and provides recommendations for improving existing services. The findings are based on 104 key informant interviews conducted with a wide array of stakeholders, service providers, and duty bearers at the national, district, and ward levels, as well as participatory focus group discussions with 96 male and female community members. The research and recommendations currently are informing the overall design of a multi-sectoral intervention to scale up the response to gender-based violence in Tanzania under the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS (PEPFAR). Details: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: EngenderHealth/CHAMPION, 2013. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 25, 2013 at: http://reliefweb.int/report/united-republic-tanzania/help-seeking-pathways-and-barriers-survivors-gender-based-violence Year: 2013 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Domestic Violence Shelf Number: 128128 |
Author: Campbell, Ken Title: Sustainable Use of Wildland Resources: Ecological, Economic and Social Interactions. An Analysis of Illegal Hunting of Wildlife in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania Summary: A common problem for protected area managers is illegal or unsustainable extraction of natural resources. Similarly, lack of access to an often decreasing resource base may also be a problem fo rural communities living adjacent to protected areas. In Tanzania, illegal hunting of both resident and migratory wildlife is a significant problem for the management of Serengeti National Park. Poaching has already reduced populations of resident wildlife, whilst over-harvesting of the migratory herbivores may ultimately threaten the integrity of the Serengeti ecosystem. Reduced wildlife populations may in turn undermine local livelihoods that depend partly on this resource. This project examined illegal hunting from the twin perspectives of conservation and the livelihoods of people surrounding the protected area. The research aimed to improve understanding of factors related to or responsible for the promotion of game meat hunting as a viable livelihood activity. Details: Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute, 2001. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2013 at: http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/R7050d.pdf Year: 2001 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 128434 |
Author: Ngure, Paulo Wilfred Title: Patterns of Wildlife Exploitation in the Ugalla Ecosystem of Western Tanzania Summary: Unsustainable use of wildlife is a global conservation challenge. Understanding ecosystem specific patterns of wildlife exploitation is key to addressing this challenge. This thesis explores the nature of wildlife exploitation in and around Ugalla Game Reserve in western Tanzania. The reserve is divided into Ugalla east and Ugalla west tourist hunting blocks. First, I assessed the status of wildlife in the hunting blocks. Overall, estimates of wildlife population parameters suggested that Ugalla west was somewhat more exploited than Ugalla east. Second, I looked at the degree to which the hunting blocks experienced illegal wildlife hunting (poaching) and factors behind this. The spatial distribution of poaching signs and household interviews revealed that poaching was widespread, more so in Ugalla west than Ugalla east. Proximity to the reserve encouraged poaching, although bushmeat consumption increased with distance from the reserve. A wide range of bushmeat species was favoured, but the common species were impala Aepyceros melampus, dik-dik Madoqua kirkii and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Availability of alternative sources of animal protein, agricultural production and income had significant influences on poaching. Different forms of poaching were specialist activities largely independent of each other. To address poaching, the main focus of attention has been on creating wildlife management areas (WMAs) along with allowing legal subsistence hunting by the communities around the reserve. Third, I assessed the impact of legal subsistence hunting on the wildlife species, and showed that it is not well managed and wildlife populations are contracting. This leaves WMAs as a potentially viable option for the conservation of Ugalla. Therefore, lastly, I identified and recounted some options for promoting the sustainability of WMAs. This thesis presents the first detailed assessment of wildlife exploitation in Ugalla, thus contributing to the existing body of knowledge on tackling the bushmeat crisis in Africa. Details: Nottingham, UK: University of Nottingham, 2012. 210p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 25, 2013 at: http://etheses.nottingham.ac.uk/2564/2/Paulo_W.N..pdf Year: 2012 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 128502 |
Author: Mkombozi Centre for Street Children Title: Police Round-ups of Street Children in Arusha are Unjust, Inhumane and Uunconstitutional Summary: This position paper provides an overview of the current situation of street children round-ups in Arusha, specific violations of domestic and international law that occur during the round-ups and detentions and concludes with recommendations to ensure that round-ups are stopped and street children are provided with appropriate child protection and juvenile justice services. Details: Moshi, Tanzania: Mkombozi, 2005. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 17, 2013 at: http://www.crin.org/docs/mkombozi_tan.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Child Protection Shelf Number: 129435 |
Author: Railway Children Title: Children and Young People Living on the Streets in Mwanza, Tanzania. Headcount Report Summary: This report contains the findings of a "headcount" of children and young people who work or live on the streets of Mwanza, Tanzania. The purpose of conducting this headcount was to establish the number of street-based children and young people so as to inform ongoing strategic responses for them by various stakeholders. Railway Children Africa, the key local agencies working with street children in Mwanza and the Social Welfare department make up the partnership "the Integrated Response for Street Children in Mwanza" which is behind this headcount survey. These different partner agencies have observed what appears to be a steady increase of children and young people on the streets, and the current survey attempts to provide valid data to test assumptions about this trend and create a baseline against which to measure changes in the numbers of children on the streets in future years. Periodically quantifying the street children population provides an opportunity to understand the magnitude of the issue and to call various stakeholders to action as they seek to address and support children and young people living alone on the streets. In this report, the data from the headcount exercise is presented and analysed with lessons learnt, conclusions, and recommendations for future work and data collection. We hope that the data will indicate areas that need to be improved and avenues for new directions for work with children living on the streets. Details: Sandbach, Cheshire, UK: Railway Children, 2012. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2014 at: http://www.railwaychildren.org.uk/media/11743/mwanza-head-count-report-final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Begging Shelf Number: 133393 |
Author: Ford, Adriana Title: An Evaluation of Wildlife Monitoring and Anti-Poaching Activities Summary: Monitoring and evaluation of community based wildlife management projects is essential for assessing both effectiveness and efficiency of project activities, thus enabling the identification of potential improvements and providing feedback information to stakeholders, policy-makers and the conservation community itself. This evaluation addresses two aspects of two community wildlife management projects, wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching activities, using two projects based in Tanzania as case studies. A theoretical framework of the costs and benefits of these activities is used as a basis for identifying relevant data within the project records, followed by an analysis of the data in order to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of the projects. Additionally, an estimation of the monetary value of anti-poaching activities is made, based upon results of questionnaires administered to game scouts. Finally, recommendations are made for the improvement of the wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching operations of the two projects. Cullman and Hurt Community Wildlife Project (CHCWP) is shown to be effective in some aspects of their anti-poaching activities, illustrated by a decline in the rate of firearms confiscated,bows and arrows confiscated and snares destroyed, and they have a high value of anti-poaching activities relative to cost and hunting off-take value. Analysis of MBOMIPA anti-poaching data is inconclusive as to whether anti-poaching patrols are effective, and value of anti-poaching activities is low relative to costs. Ground surveys using live animal sightings have shown to be useful for assessing changes in populations in both direction and magnitude. Recommendations for improvement of anti-poaching activities include improving resources and data consistency and focusing on high value enforcement activities, whilst wildlife monitoring can be improved by utilising trophy quality and hunting effort data, using line transect techniques and pursuance of the use of the data for quota setting. Details: London: Imperial College London, 2005. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 22, 2014 at: http://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/FordMScThesis05.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 133793 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: No Way Out: Child Marriage and Human Rights Abuses in Tanzania Summary: Four out of every 10 girls in Tanzania marry before they reach age 18. Some are as young as 7. Child marriage in Tanzania is driven by poverty and the payment of dowry, child labor, adolescent pregnancy, child abuse and neglect, as well as limited access to education and employment opportunities for women and girls. No Way Out: Child Marriage and Human Rights Abuses in Tanzania, is based on in-depth interviews with 135 girls and women in Tanzania. The report documents the detrimental impact of child marriage including the impact on girls' education, the increased exposure to sexual and reproductive health risks, and domestic violence by husbands and extended family members. It also shows how child labor and female genital mutilation are pathways to child marriage. Tanzania lacks a uniform minimum marriage age of 18 for both boys and girls. Gaps in the child protection system, the lack of protection for victims of child marriage, and the many obstacles girls and women face in obtaining redress compel them to endure the devastating and long-lasting consequences of child marriage. Human Rights Watch calls on the Tanzanian government to enact legislation setting 18 as a minimum marriage age and to take immediate measures to protect girls and women from child marriage and other forms of violence to ensure the fulfillment of their human rights, in accordance with Tanzania's international legal obligations. Details: New York: HRW, 2014. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 30, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/tanzania1014_forinsert_ForUpload.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Child Marriage (Tanzania) Shelf Number: 133882 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency Title: Vanishing Point: Criminality, Corruption and the Devastation of Tanzania's Elephants Summary: The devastating poaching crisis in Tanzania 25 years ago was characterized by increased criminality, corruption, the proliferation of firearms, the failure of the judicial system and the perception that Tanzania was a sanctuary for criminals. Between 1977-87, Tanzania lost over 50,000 elephants, more than 50 per cent of its population. The Government concluded that without drastic action the country would lose both its elephants and international credibility. In 1989, recognising it could not tackle the situation alone and, in the face of considerable opposition from key allies, Tanzania proposed an international ban on all African ivory trade. As a result, it was hailed as a champion for African elephants and a global conservation leader. The ban succeeded for a decade. The poaching crisis was brought under control and many elephant populations either recovered or stabilised. In Tanzania, the population increased to about 142,788 by 2006, with over half in the Selous ecosystem. However, all the indicators that raised the alarm in the 1980s have made a disturbing reappearance and Tanzania's elephants are again being slaughtered en masse to feed a resurgent ivory trade. Tanzania is a key player in the illegal ivory trade. While the escalation in poaching is generally traced to 2009, evidence suggests the trend started four years earlier, indicating deeper entrenchment than previously acknowledged. Between 2009-13, there has been a devastating decline. The Selous population fell by 66 per cent in just over four years. Based on available evidence, Tanzania has lost more elephants to poaching during this period than any other country. In 2013 alone, it reportedly lost 10,000 elephants, equivalent to 30 a day. Tanzania's elephants continue to be poached to supply a growing demand in an unregulated illegal ivory market, predominantly in China. Seizure data implicates Tanzania in more large flows of ivory than any other country. It is also consistently linked to criminal cases featuring exceptionally large consignments of ivory recovered in places as diverse as Hong Kong, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Taiwan. The poaching crisis in Tanzania is due to a toxic mix of criminal syndicates, often led by Chinese nationals, and corruption among some Tanzanian Government officials. This report shows that without a zero-tolerance approach, the future of Tanzania's elephants and its tourism industry are precarious. The ivory trade must be disrupted at all levels of criminality, the entire prosecution chain needs to be systemically restructured and all stakeholders, including communities exploited by the criminal syndicates and those on the front lines of enforcement, given unequivocal support. All trade in ivory should be resolutely banned, especially in China. Details: London; Washington, DC: EIA, 2014. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2014 at: http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-Vanishing-Point-lo-res1.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 134013 |
Author: Stopler, Lucien Title: Money Makes the World Go Down. Child Sexual Abuse and Child Sexual Exploitation in Tanzania Summary: Child sexual abuse and child sexual exploitation is widespread and growing in Tanzania. Although no nationwide statistics currently exist, certain observations strongly indicate widespread sexual exploitation. This report is based on a literature review and key informant interviews. Tanzanian police, specialized local and international NGOs and victims of abuse and exploitation were interviewed during the field work. Below is a summary of the empirical findings that are subsequently supported and discussed in the body of the report. Research conducted in six areas of Dar es Salaam revealed that 40% of children from poor families are being sexually exploited. Other commercial areas in Tanzania, including mining and fishing areas, are known locations for child prostitution. Anecdotal information confirms that a large number of children travel to these areas on payday to solicit sex. Child sexual abuse is rampant among street children; it is estimated that 30 to 40% of boys are abused by older boys and market vendors and 90% of girls are abused and generally end up in prostitution. The clients of child prostitutes' range, from tourists, business men and NGO workers for the more expensive girls, to locals and teenagers exploiting the children that charge the lowest rates - sometimes asking only for food. Child prostitutes interviewed related stories of violence from clients and big mama's (pimps) and the desperation they feel from not having any options. Child sexual abuse within the family goes mostly undiscovered because family honor prevails over the rights of individual children. Boy prostitution is a phenomenon that occurs primarily in Zanzibar. Child sexual abuse and child sexual exploitation are often linked. Child sexual abuse is defined differently than child sexual exploitation - namely that there is no commercial transaction or negotiation taking place - but in practice there is a gradient scale from abuse to exploitation. Sexual abusers often introduce an aspect of commercial transaction that further exploits the vulnerability of the victim. The police do not prioritize the investigation or prosecution of men having sex with child prostitutes, even though sex with a minor is a grave offence, carrying up to 30 years imprisonment as well as corporal punishment. The police arrest the underage prostitute, not the man who is also breaking the law by engaging in child sexual exploitation. The police are themselves accused of exploiting child prostitutes. The police officers that are committed, request more training on investigative techniques and internatioanal cooperation, as well as sufficient resources. Trafficking routes run from Tanzania and other East African countries to Europe. Information from the Tanzanian police lists the Netherlands as a likely location for victims of trafficking, even though there are few reports of women in The Netherlands trafficked from Tanzania. Two important root causes of child sexual abuse and exploitation that need to be addressed are poverty, which pushes children towards the city where there is no work, and broken homes emanating partly from social stress. Income-generation and family-support programs can improve this situation. Details: The Hague: Terre des Hommes Netherlands, 2009. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2015 at: http://www.mensenhandelweb.nl/system/files/documents/14%20feb%202014/Money%20Makes%20the%20World%20Go%20Down%20%20Tanzania.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Child Prostitution Shelf Number: 129774 |
Author: Cross, Charlotte Title: Community Policing through Local Collective Action in Tanzania: Sungusungu to Ulinzi Shirikishi Summary: Community policing (polisi jamii) was officially introduced in Tanzania in 2006 as part of an ongoing police reform programme. In addition to attempting to improve communication between police and the public, the police have promoted ulinzi shirikishi (participatory security), whereby citizens are encouraged to form neighbourhood policing institutions to prevent and detect crime. This thesis presents the findings of research conducted in the city of Mwanza that explored the extent to which community policing has improved residents' perceptions of local security and constitutes a form of policing which is responsive, accountable and sustainable. Whilst ulinzi shirikishi is widely credited with having improved local safety, it has proved difficult to sustain collective action through community policing and the costs and benefits of participation have been unequally distributed across 'communities'. These outcomes should be understood in terms of the context of how local development is organised and understood in Tanzania. Firstly, existing local governance institutions lack transparency and meaningful accountability mechanisms and are highly dependent upon personal preferences and capacity. Secondly, local development is politicised and liable to become subject to inter-party competition. Thirdly, historical understandings of 'participation' in Tanzania tend to emphasise obligation and material contributions rather than popular influence over initiatives, however this is increasingly being contested in today's multiparty context. The apparent shortcomings of community policing are not necessarily inconsistent with police objectives for the reform, which often prioritise cost-effective crime prevention rather than the reorientation and 'democratisation' of policing envisaged by advocates of community policing. Details: Brighton, UK: University of Sussex, 2013. 267p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 2, 2016 at: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/47166/1/Cross._Charlotte.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Community Policing Shelf Number: 137737 |
Author: Kofol, Chiara Title: Child Labor and the Arrival of Refugees: Evidence from Tanzania Summary: The impact of hosting refugees on child labor in host countries is unclear. This paper estimates both the short and the long term consequences of hosting refugees fleeing from the genocides of Rwanda and Burundi in the Kagera region of Tanzania between 1991 and 2004. The study uses longitudinal data from the Kagera Health and Development Survey. Using the exogenous nature of refugee settlement in Kagera due to geographic and logistical reasons, we find the causal impact of hosting refugees on child labor and children's schooling outcomes. The results suggest that the impact of hosting refugees on children living in Kagera decreases child labor in the short run (between 1991 and 1994), but increases it in the longer run (1991-2004). The results are heterogeneous across gender and age. The study aims at understanding the mechanisms behind the variation in child labor outcome due to the forced migration shock exploring various channels. Details: Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA), 2017. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 11242: Accessed January 31, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3097360 Year: 2017 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 148934 |
Author: Slobodian, Lydia Title: Wildlife Cases in Tanzanian Courts Summary: Illegal killing and trade is a major threat to wildlife particularly in Africa. The current levels of elephant and rhino poaching are the highest in decades driven by burgeoning demand for ivory. East African countries, especially Tanzania, are increasingly implicated as source or transit countries for illegal ivory and rhino horn. It is against this backdrop that IUCN, in collaboration with the University of Dar es Salaam, has carried out this analysis of court cases related to illegal wildlife trade in mainland Tanzania with the aim of providing information to strengthen the judicial chain with regards to wildlife legislation. Details: Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2016. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2018 at: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2016-044.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 149269 |
Author: Chevallier, Romy Title: Safeguarding Tanzania's Coral Reefs: The Case of Illegal Blast Fishing Summary: Tanzania is the only country in Africa where blast fishing, (fishing with explosives), still occurs on a large scale. Besides killing and injuring fish, these blasts cause irreversible damage to coral reefs, destroying the habitats of many reef species, shattering the natural barriers that protect Tanzania's coastline from erosion and storm surges, and threatening the country's reputation as an important marine tourism destination. This destructive fishing practice must urgently be halted, both to prevent the considerable socio-economic repercussions for coastal communities and to protect the integrity of vital and endangered ecosystems. Blast fishing encompasses opportunistic and organised crime, thus requiring an urgent multi-stakeholder response from all sectors of the government, business, coastal communities and regional marine-governing authorities. Details: Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of International Affairs, 2017. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2019 at: https://saiia.org.za/research/safeguarding-tanzania-s-coral-reefs-the-case-of-illegal-blast-fishing/ Year: 2017 Country: Tanzania Keywords: Blast Fishing Shelf Number: 155941 |