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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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yemen
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yemen
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59 total results foundAuthor: Yemen Armed Violence Assessment Title: Under Pressure: Social Violence Over Land and Water in Yemen Summary: This Yemen Armed Violence Assessment (YAVA) Issue Brief provides an overview of the dynamics and impacts of land- and water-related social violence, highlighting likely future trends. It elaborates on the particular contribution of small arms and light weapons as a cross-cutting factor shaping social violence. The Issue Brief also considers government initiatives to contain civilian gun use, and highlights the many linkages between social violence and other systemic challenges confronting Yemeni society. Details: Geneva: Small Arms Survey, Yemen Armed Violence Assessment, 2010. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Small Arms Survey, Issue Brief, No. 2; Accessed October 20, 2010 at: http://yemenviolence.org/pdfs/Yemen-Armed-Violence-IB2-Social-violence-over-land-and-water-in-Yemen.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Yemen Keywords: Gun Violence Shelf Number: 120019 |
Author: Small Arms Survey Title: Fault Lines: Tracking Armed Violence in Yemen Summary: In Yemen, armed violence is conditioned by the widespread availability and proliferation of small arms and light weapons. It is also exacerbated by structural factors such as weak rule of law, the limited political legitimacy of public institutions, and rapid natural resource depletion. Similarly, it is tolerated due to prevailing sociocultural norms sanctioning certain forms of violence, and because of competing geopolitical interests. As a result, many observers are concerned about the likelihood of increased instability in Yemen and its implications for the region as a whole. Drawing on intensive research and analysis, this Issue Brief first briefly reviews Yemen’s political and economic environment. It considers a range of key risk factors shaping contemporary and future instability, then provides a short assessment of arms availability and use. Finally, the Issue Brief provides a typology to conceptualize the manifestations of armed violence and the interaction of key risk factors. While preliminary, the typology facilitates a more structured analysis of armed violence dynamics in Yemen and identifies opportunities for strategic engagement leading to preventive and reduction strategies for both Yemeni actors and their international partners. A 13 page supplement presents a timeline covering incidents reported in the media over the 12-month period from September 2008 to August 2009, inclusive. Both printed and online publications were monitored, primarily but not exclusively in English. Yemen’s press was classified as ‘Not Free’ in the 2009 Freedom of the Press Index and Yemen was ranked 172nd out of 195 countries (Freedom House, 2009). In particular, the government has imposed considerable restrictions on reporting political developments in the south since early 2009, and more generally on the war in Sa’dah. The 199 incidents documented below should therefore be read as indicative of the manifestation of armed violence in Yemen rather than as a comprehensive audit. Nevertheless, they encompass incidents in which approximately 740 people were killed and at least a further 734 injured. Details: Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2010. 12p., supplement Source: Internet Resource: Issue Brief: Available December 13, 2010 at: http://www.yemenviolence.org/pdfs/Yemen-Armed-Violence-IB1-Tracking-armed-violence-in-Yemen.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Yemen Keywords: Domestic Violence Shelf Number: 120450 |
Author: Khalife, Nadya Title: “How Come You Allow Little Girls to Get Married?”: Child Marriage in Yemen Summary: Child marriages are widespread in Yemen. Most girls marry before they reach 18, and in rural areas, some marry as young as eight. Girls are sometimes married to significantly older men. Child marriage is rare among boys. This report documents the damage of child marriage in Yemen on girls and women, a practice that perpetuates women’s status as second-class citizens. Girls are deprived of the right to decide whether, when, and whom to marry, and whether and when to have children. Child marriage cuts short girls’ education, exposes them to increased sexual and reproductive health risks, and puts them at risk of domestic violence by husbands and extended family members. The fallout persists throughout women’s lives. Yemeni demonstrators demanding the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2011 also called for the government to address persistent social problems. Ending forms of gender discrimination such as child marriage was among their demands, and should be a high priority for Yemen’s next leadership. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2011. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 26, 2012 at: Year: 2011 Country: Yemen Keywords: Child Marriage (Yemen) Shelf Number: 123763 |
Author: Martin, Esmond Bradley Title: On a Knife's Edge: The Rinoceros Horn Trade in Yemen Summary: While Asia's rhinoceroses have been poached predominantly for their horn to be made into medicines in eastern Asia, the horn of Africa's rhinoceroses has been in demand for both medicines and production of traditional dagger handles in the Middle East, especially Yemen. Dagger-like knives have been part of a man's traditional dress in Yemen for centuries. Known as jamibyas, these daggers are worn daily by many Yemeni men and serve as an important status symbol. The quality of the blade, sheath, belt and handle decorations are all important, but the most prestigious element of a jambiya is a good rhinoceros horn handle. This report examines the continuing use of rhinoceros horn in the production of the jambiya in Yemen. The report documents the results of TRAFFIC and WWF fieldwork data collected on the trade in rhinoceros horn in Yemen from 1978-1996. It focuses on the centuries-old trade in horn of Black Rhinoceros Diceros bicornis and White Rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum from Africa to Sanaa, Yemen's capital. Today, there are only an estimated 2,400 Black Rhinoceros and 7,562 White Rhinoceros left in the wild in Africa, compared to approximately 70,000 in total in 1970. Snared, speared, shot with poisoned arrows and bullets for their horn, rhinoceros numbers in most populations have plummeted dramatically. The demand and trade in horn for jambiyas has been a major contributory factor to this decline, and continues to threaten Africa's rhinoceros populations. Details: Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC Network, 1997. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 27, 2013 at: http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/index.php?s=e8195581c2de3d4dd827b63357480761&act=refs&CODE=ref_detail&id=1165240008 Year: 1997 Country: Yemen Keywords: Animal Poaching Shelf Number: 128145 |
Author: Gaston, Erica Title: Dispute Resolution and Justice Provision in Yemen's Transition Summary: This report focuses on the different means of dispute resolutionfrom the formal justice sector to tribal arbitrationavailable to citizens in Yemen and how these practices were affected by the 2011 crisis and transition phase that followed. It is derived from several United States Institute of Peace (USIP) studies on how the post-Arab Spring transition has affected rule of law, justice, and security in Yemen. USIP has been a leader in exploring customary or traditional dispute resolution practices and their relationship with formal justice mechanisms throughout its areas of work, including in Liberia, Sudan, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2014. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report 345: Accessed April 24, 2014 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR345_Dispute-Resolution-and-Justice-Provision-in-Yemen%E2%80%99s-Transition.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Yemen Keywords: Conflict Resoluation Shelf Number: 132172 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: Yemen's Torture Camps: Abuse of Migrants by Human Traffickers in a Climate of Impunity Summary: Tens of thousands of African migrants pass through Yemen each year to seek work in Saudi Arabia. A multi-million-dollar human trafficking industry has developed in Yemen based on their passage. Its locus is the hot and dry northern border town of Haradh. Here Yemeni traffickers have found a particularly horrific way to make money: by taking migrants captive and transporting them to isolated camps, where they inflict severe pain and suffering and extort ransom from the migrants' relatives and friends. Yemen's Torture Camps describes how Yemeni officials have conducted only sporadic raids on the camps, and have frequently warned traffickers of raids, and freed them from jail when they are arrested. In some cases, officials actively helped the traffickers capture and detain migrants. It also documents abuses of migrants by Saudi border officials, who apprehend border crossers and turn them over to Haradh-based traffickers. The report is based on interviews with 67 people, including 18 Ethiopian migrants who survived torture in the camps, and 10 traffickers and smugglers, as well as health professionals, government officials, activists, diplomats, and journalists. Human Rights Watch calls on the Yemeni government to launch a concerted effort to investigate and prosecute traffickers, as well as members of the security forces, regardless of rank, suspected of collusion with traffickers. It also calls on police, military, and intelligence agencies to assist in the investigations and take appropriate disciplinary action against personnel implicated in trafficking. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2014. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 14, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/yemen0514_ForUpload.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Yemen Keywords: Human Rights Abuses (Yemen) Shelf Number: 132454 |
Author: Regional Mixed Migration Secretariat Title: Abused & Abducted: The Plight Of Female Migrants From The Horn Of Africa In Yemen Summary: In reviewing, compiling and analysing existing information on the migration of female migrants from the Horn of Africa to Yemen, the study provides insight into why women and girls from the Horn of Africa migrate; who they are and their experience during the journey and on arrival in Yemen. The study expounds on particular risks that they face and the existing protection gaps. In summary, the study aims to provide visibility to individuals who have, until now, been an invisible but particularly vulnerable group. Details: Nairobi, Kenya: RMMS, 2014. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2015 at: http://www.regionalmms.org/fileadmin/content/rmms_publications/Abused___Abducted_RMMS.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Yemen Keywords: Human Smuggling Shelf Number: 134564 |
Author: Mangan, Fiona B. Title: Prisons in Yemen Summary: Summary - Since the 2011 crisis sparked by the Arab Spring, Yemen has been in a critical political transition. Improving government institutions and rule of law are key goals. Reforming the prison system must be at the core of any strategy for improving rule of law institutions. - Security is universally weak across central prisons. Facilities lack both the physical infrastructure and technical expertise to counter the serious security and terrorist threats they face. Prison breaks are frequent, resulting in serious consequences for broader rule of law and citizen security. - Most facilities have no proper classification and segregation systems in place, and thus detainees held for lesser crimes often mix with serious offenders, and pre-trial detainees with sentenced prisoners. is practice not only violates detainee rights but also enables criminalization, radicalization, and recruitment throughout the detention system. - Overcrowding and substandard prisoner care both result in physical and psychological damage and contribute to frequent rioting and security incidents. - Most guards have no training before taking on their positions is lack has a negative eject on treatment of detainees, security, and prison guards themselves. Prison guards showed signs of psychological strain, fear, and stress, in part due to managing roles they have not been adequately prepared for. - Within the scope of challenges facing Yemen is a risk that reform of detention and prison facilities might not be prioritized. However, given the centrality of a safe and strong detention system for law enforcement and antiterrorism, a failure to do so would be a mistake. - A number of simple, often not costly, reforms-such as establishing basic training for prison leaders, reinforcing a prison order and routine, establishing secure key control and prisoner classification, and baseline security protections-would address many of the most serious rights violations and security concerns. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2015. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW106-Prisons-in-Yemen.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Yemen Keywords: Correctional Institutions Shelf Number: 135624 |
Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Pilot Study: Tourist Marriage in Yemen Summary: Definition: For purpose of this research the authors define Tourist Marriage as a legal union between a Yemeni woman and a man from an Arabian Gulf country which was intended by the groom to be of a limited duration - a fact not clearly communicated to the parents, bride or Yemeni officials. Such marriages often occur during the summer months when there are significant tourists from Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC3) countries visiting Yemen. In Yemen, marriage is a formal relationship between two families with the primary purpose of legally producing children which impacts economic status in the immediate term with implications for future generations through inheritance rights. In Yemen's Personal Status Law 1992 (No. 20) provides the legal framework for this central, social institution. Modifications were made to the Personal Status Law in 19984 and in 1999 the minimum marriage age of 15 years was abolished. The amendment tied marital age to a provision allowing the guardian of a minor to marry her off on the condition that she is fit for sexual intercourse at the onset of puberty (interpreted by some more conservative perspectives to be at the age of nine). One aspect of the legal framework for marriage that has generated heated debate in recent years is contradictions between the Personal Status Law and Yemen's CEDAW obligations. A further law relevant to Tourist Marriage is the Nationality Law 1990 (No. 6) and its subsequent amendments. In 2010 the Parliament ratified an amendment to the Nationality Law (Article 3) which gave Yemeni women the right to confer citizenship to their children. Currently, a key driver of changing marriage patterns in Yemen is economics. Increasing costs for the various aspects of marriage in Yemen from the mahr to celebration costs, exacerbated by rising levels of poverty, food insecurity and numbers of conflict-affected populations are all contributing to transforming marriage in Yemen. Poverty rose dramatically from 42 per cent of the population in 2009, to 54.5 per cent in 2012 and food insecurity has increased dramatically. As a result of increasing poverty and rising marriage costs, marriage traditions are transforming. Increasing incidence of mass marriages, consanguineous marriages and shegar marriages are all trends that are heavily influenced by the deteriorating economic situation in Yemen. A further marital trend in Yemen that bears relevance to this study is the issue of early marriage which has gained increasing urgency in Yemen due to increasing levels of poverty exacerbated by long-term displacements as a result of conflict. Among increasingly economically vulnerable Yemenis and conflict-affected populations in the country, one coping strategy has been marrying off girls at a younger and younger age. This practice has perceived benefits to family honour among internally displaced persons (IDPs) and provides the desperately poor with some financial benefits. Following up on NDC recommendations, on 27 April 2014, the Legal Affairs Minister Mohammad Makhlafi submitted to Prime Minister Mohammad Basindawa a draft amendment to the Child Rights Law (2002) which would establish 18 as the minimum marriage age. The practice of temporary marriage dates to pre-Islamic times and was accepted under certain conditions when the first Muslims were away from their homes for extensive periods of time, although it has often been a practice which generated heated religious and social disputes on its legality within Islamic law and its cultural impact. Anecdotal evidence suggests that there is an increase in temporary marriages in Muslim countries. Currently, all Yemeni madhahib (doctrines - singular madhhab) condemn the above mentioned practices of temporary marriage including Shafi'i (Sunni), Zaydi (Shi'a) and Ismaili (Shi'a - with an estimated 60,000 Yemeni Dawoodis, more commonly known as Bohras). The practice of Tourist Marriage emerged as a significant trend in the media between 2005 and 2007. In 2003 the first of four Government official decrees and memos was issued by the Ministry of Interior (MOI) and Ministry of Justice (MOJ) to regulate Mixed Marriage (defined as a marriage between a Yemeni national and a non-Yemeni). This implies that the practice of Tourist Marriage preceded 2003, possibly going back to 2000. While it is clear that Ibb has had significantly high numbers of Tourist Marriage and, to a lesser degree al-Hodeida, this research found allegations of the practice in the Governorates of Hajja, Taiz, Sana'a, Rayma and Aden, as well as evidence of relative frequency of the practice in Hadramout, where there has been very limited media attention. Based on interviews for this pilot study, key nationalities of Gulf men engaging in Tourist Marriage include: Saudi men in Ibb, al-Hodeida and some in Hadramout; Omani men in Hadramout (al-Sahil, al-Wadi and foremost in Tarim); and Emirati men in Ibb and a few reported incidents in Hadramout. The phenomenon of Tourist Marriage has a key economic dimension. For young, uneducated and rural women from poor families, Tourist Marriage, along with other types of Mixed Marriage, are often seen as addressing a number of economic and social issues. The shorter-term benefits include protecting the honour of the young woman and her family and addressing poverty. The longer-term logic of such a marriage includes having kin with legal residence (and hopefully citizenship) outside of Yemen, as well as producing legitimate heirs. Unfortunately, the reality is that Tourist Marriage does not further any longer-term strategies and causes grave harm and trauma for the young brides. In the 2005 Ibb University Workshop, a number of papers were presented which hypothesized the factors behind the spread of Tourist Marriage in Ibb. The consensus in this workshop was that Tourist Marriage constitutes a warping of the notion of marriage from a bond between a husband and a wife recognized by society into a deceptive opportunity to have legally sanctioned sexual relations with a woman. Workshop participants also agreed that the parents of the brides in Tourist Marriages sincerely believed that the union in marriage is not temporary, hence the mahr costs are very close to "market rates," namely equivalent to amounts that would be requested from any potential Yemeni grooms. The impact of Tourist Marriage is particularly devastating on young girls who fall prey to the practice with regards to their reproductive health, psychological well-being, educational aspirations and emotional development. While some of the "wives" in Tourist Marriage may receive divorce papers from their former husbands, many do not. A study conducted in 2005 by Dr Fuad Hamoud al-Shibami, a professor at Ibb University, with 40 brides of Tourist Marriage from Ibb governorate found that 35 per cent were ages 15-19 and 38 per cent ages 20-24, with 92.5 per cent from urban areas and 7.5 per cent from rural communities. Tourist Marriage as assessed in this pilot study can be prime facie categorized as human trafficking, due to deception on the part of the groom and the Marriage Broker about the "temporary" nature of the marriage for the sole purpose of sexual exploitation. The deception is perpetuated by the father or male guardian negotiating the marriage contract, the family of the bride to be, as well as the bride who will soon be robbed of her virginity. Others may be in collusion with the deception, such as the Akil al-Hara, the Marriage Judge and the khatba connecting families to Gulf men seeking to marry. However, each case would need to be examined to determine collaborators to the deception and if sexual exploitation occurred. Details: Sana'a, Yemen: International Organization for Migration, 2014. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2015 at: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Tourist_Marriage_Yemen.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Yemen Keywords: Child Marriages Shelf Number: 136968 |
Author: Attree, Larry Title: Blown back: Lessons from counter-terror, stabilisation and statebuilding in Yemen Summary: Since serious terror threats emerged in Yemen in 2000, the West has invested significantly in counter-terror and stabilisation. Alongside direct military action to assassinate key militants (by the US), Western actors backed the Government of Yemen to fight, prosecute or punish terrorists, and gave capacity-building support to institutions, hoping to address the weakness of a willing but fragile state. The Western approach reflects a domestic discourse in the West in which Yemen has been defined primarily as a 'threat' - an unstable context that plays host to al-Qaeda and other dangerous groups, which must be defeated by backing the state at all costs. This report analyses external actors' approaches to Yemen and their impacts on its conflict dynamics from a peacebuilding perspective. It argues that counter-terror, stabilisation and statebuilding efforts have had significant negative impacts, and based on this identifies lessons and recommendations for the future. Details: London: Saferworld, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2016 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1033-blown-back Year: 2016 Country: Yemen Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Shelf Number: 137729 |
Author: Lewis, Alexandra Title: Violent Crime and Fragility: A Study on Violent Offending among Children and Young People in Yemen Summary: This thesis examines the relationship between violent young offending that has no clear political motive and state fragility. It does so by conducting an in-depth evaluation of crime, underdevelopment and crime control systems in Yemen, using existing theories of criminology and international development to suggest new ways of understanding and responding to violent criminal behaviour in that country and elsewhere. While one of the stated goals of this thesis is to generate new theoretical understandings of criminal violence in Yemen, its main contribution to knowledge is that it brings criminological theory into the discourse on international socio-economic underdevelopment in order to open up a new conduit for the academic analysis of fragility. In so doing, it merges criminological theory with the study of international development and state fragility, where the two academic disciplines have previously remained quite separate. The above aims are achieved through an extensive study of the Yemeni development context, based upon a combination of field research interviews conducted with prominent stakeholders in Yemen, distance research by phone and online conducted with Yemeni stakeholders, and expert consultations conducted with important analysts working either on Yemen directly or more broadly in the area of security and justice reform. The research itself, meanwhile, also provides a detailed overview of relevant theory and literature on criminology, justice reform and state fragility, while being supported by Yemeni criminal justice statistics. In light of the theoretical emphasis of this investigation, the findings of this thesis are suggestive rather than empirical. The author argues that the absence of state services, legitimate opportunities and socialising activities for young people, along with their exposure to significant levels of violence, produces extreme economic, psychological and socio-cultural stresses that lead to their increased aggression and rejection of state legitimacy, all of which combine to raise the likelihood of violent young offending in Yemen. It is argued that these trends yield a coherent analytical framework with relevant lessons for other fragile states, notwithstanding that Yemen's cultural specific cities and tribal communities have produced unique influences that distinguish it from other fragile settings. Details: York, UK: York University, 2012. 290p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 13, 2017 at: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3960/1/Alexandra_Lewis_PhD_-_Violent_Crime_and_Fragility.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Yemen Keywords: Juvenile Offenders Shelf Number: 144454 |
Author: Robinson, Eric Title: What Factors Cause Individuals to Reject Violent Extremism in Yemen? Summary: Why do some individuals become terrorists? Why do some choose to travel overseas to become foreign fighters and others remain home to engage in political violence? More than academic, the answers to these questions inform a central component of U.S. national security strategy: countering violent extremism. This report addresses the topic of radicalization - or individual motivations to engage in political violence-in Yemen. This report uses data from focus groups and a national survey conducted during the spring of 2016. Yemen is in the midst of a civil war. In the wake of the collapse of the government of Tunisia in 2011, Yemeni protesters took to the streets in major cities to protest the reelection of then-President Ali Abdullah Saleh. After protracted negotiations by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was Saleh's vice president, took over the presidency in February 2012. By then, the internal strife had gained momentum. The Houthis, who had fought several wars against Saleh's forces, had used the unrest to expand from their stronghold in the Sa'ada governorate. They eventually seized the capital of Sana'a in September 2014. President Hadi and his forces retreated to Aden and southern Yemen, but the Houthis pushed south and assaulted Aden's international airport in March 2015. The civil war had begun. More than 10,000 people have died in Yemen's civil war. Nearly 2.2 million-out of a total population of 27 million-are internally displaced and an additional 200,000 are refugees overseas. Various nonstate armed groups exist. Some fight with the aforementioned Houthi movement. Others have joined the local al Qaeda affiliate, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). Still, others are associated with the Islamic State. These armed groups fight against one another as well as the Yemeni military forces and those of the Arab coalition. With such a widespread conflict, it would be easy to understand the motivations of those who are sympathetic to, or become involved in, political violence. But rather than focus on support for political violence per se, the report looks at the other side of the coin - why individuals reject violent extremism in Yemen. It argues that the more effective approach to countering violent extremism is to reinforce a propensity toward nonviolence. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed June 17, 2017 at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1700/RR1727/RAND_RR1727.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Yemen Keywords: Counter-Extremism Shelf Number: 146245 |
Author: O'Driscoll, Dylan Title: Violent Extremism and Terrorism in Yemen Summary: This rapid review synthesises findings from rigorous academic, practitioner, and policy references, focusing on research produced after 2014 and the most recent escalation of conflict in Yemen, in order to examine the drivers behind, and the (un)appeal of, violent extremism in the country. As a conflict site, Yemen has been much under reported and researched and as a result there are limited studies on the various dynamics of violent extremism in Yemen. Consequently, this report will also point to research gaps and highlight areas where further research on violent extremism in Yemen is needed. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2017. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: K4K Helpdesk Report, 2017: Accessed September 14, 2017 at: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/13165/154-156%20Violent%20Extremism%20and%20Terrorism%20in%20Yemen.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2017 Country: Yemen Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 147257 |