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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
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zambia
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zambia
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43 total results foundAuthor: Todrys, Katherine Wiltenburg Title: Unjust and Unhealthy: HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons Summary: This report documents how inhuman and degrading conditions, poor or non-existent medical care, ill-treatment, and corporal punishment, combined with criminal justice system failures, have created a human rights crisis in Zambian prisons. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch; Windhoek, Namibia; Lusaka, Zambia: Prisons Care and Counselling Association, 2010. 135p. Source: Year: 2010 Country: Zambia Keywords: Health Care (Prisons, Zambia) Shelf Number: 118255 |
Author: Fox, Carron Title: Investigating Forced Labour and Trafficking: Do They Exist in Zambia? Summary: This project aimed to investigate whether forced labour exists in Zambia, and if so, in what forms. Unlike some countries where ‘traditional’ forms of forced labour, such as debt bondage and serfdom, persist, these are not prevalent in Zambia. Analysis of the labour-related complaints registered at the MLSS and HRC shows that some forced labour problems exist. There are cases where workers were working without pay for extended periods, and unable to leave due to forfeiture of the wages due; or unable to complain because of the threat of dismissal; or have been promised one job, only to be made to carry out another. In the majority of these cases, the workers are no longer doing the job voluntarily as they cannot leave without losing their pay or benefits. The high levels of unemployment in Zambia, and the high number of workers in the informal economy, clearly make it easy for employers to exploit workers’ vulnerability and treat them in ways that are unacceptable and unlawful. In conclusion, the research confirms that forced labour and trafficking do exist in Zambia. Many Zambians, desperate for employment, are willing to accept any job offer. Employers sometimes exploit workers’ vulnerability and impose severe conditions of work and other means to keep them in the job against their will. Their desperation stems from poverty and until poverty is alleviated, forced labour and trafficking are likely to continue. However, specific measures can and must be taken to reduce their incidence and impact in the short and medium term. These measures should be undertaken in the context of broader efforts to provide all workers with the decent work they deserve. Details: Geneva: International Labour Office, Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour, 2008. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2010 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_098473.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Zambia Keywords: Forced Labor Shelf Number: 113072 |
Author: Jacobson, Mireille Title: Breaking the Net: Family Structure and Street Children in Zambia Summary: The safety net provided by the African extended family has traditionally been the basis for the assertion that “there is no such thing as an orphan in Africa” (Foster 2000). The assumption is that even families lacking sufficient resources to properly care for existing members are predisposed to take in orphans. Chronic poverty, coupled with an increasing malaria burden and the HIV/AIDS pandemic, has put this safety-net under severe strain, giving rise to an increasing number of orphans and vulnerable children and, in the extreme, to “street children.” Drawing on original fieldwork in the slums of Ndola in Northern Zambia we study the role of family structure in caring for vulnerable children. We try to isolate those features of a child’s nuclear and extended family that put him most at risk of ending up on the streets. We find that older, male children and particularly orphaned children are more likely to wind up on the street. Families with a male household head who is in poor health are more likely to originate street children. The educational level, age and employment status of the male head of household has little impact on the likelihood the family is associated with a child who has taken to the street. In contrast, households with surviving maternal grandparents or with a male head who has many sisters are significantly less likely to originate street children. These findings support the critical role that women play in poor countries, highlighting the importance of policies aimed at empowering women. At the same time, our findings show that policies aimed at improving the health of the male head of household can also yield important benefits. A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that moving male heads from poor to good self-rated health status can increase the rate of GDP growth by as much as 0.20 to 0.33 of a percentage point per year. Details: Manchester, UK: University of Manchester, Brooks World Poverty institute, 2010. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: BWPI Working Paper 111: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1590922 Year: 2010 Country: Zambia Keywords: Poverty Shelf Number: 129334 |
Author: Samuels, Fiona Title: Baseline Study: Stamping Out and Preventing Gender Based Violence (STOP GBV) in Zambia Summary: Gender-based violence (GBV) in various forms is commonplace in Zambia. Demographic Household Survey (DHS) data indicates that from the age of 15 years onwards almost half of all Zambian women have experienced physical violence, and a third had experienced physical violence in the 12 months preceding the survey. Factors contributing to GBV include sexual cleansing rituals, initiation ceremonies, women’s economic dependence on men, socialisation of boys and girls at home and in school, inadequate laws on GBV and domestic violence, a lack of law enforcement, and intimate partner violence (IPV) (DHS, 2007). This study provides a baseline to measure programme results, impact and long-lasting change at the end of the STOP GBV Programme led by World Vision (WV), Women and Law in Southern Africa (WLSA) and Zambia Centre for Communication Programme (ZCCP) in six districts of Zambia: Chingola, Kalomo, Monze, Mpika, Mumbwa and Nyimba. Given the focus of the STOP-GBV Programme the study focused on three main areas: GBV Survivor Services; Access to Justice; and Prevention and Advocacy. The baseline study used secondary data review and analysis as well as collecting and analysing primary data using both quantitative and qualitative approaches: quantitative data was collected through a community survey and qualitative data through in-depth interviews with One-Stop Centre (OSC) personnel, other service providers and GBV survivors and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with community members. Quantitative analysis was carried out using Epi-Data and exporting the data to SPSS. All qualitative interviews, with appropriate consent, were recorded, translated and transcribed. Themes and sub-themes formed the basis of the coding structure for the transcripts, which were analysed manually. The baseline study observed relevant institutional and national requirements for ethical review: the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), through its Ethics Review Committee, ensured that the methodological tools and proposal were reviewed and approved and in Zambia both were submitted to ERES Research Ethics Committees for review and approval. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2015 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9759.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Zambia Keywords: Forced Marriage Shelf Number: 136750 |
Author: Baker, Jo Title: Conditions for Women in Detention in Zambia: Needs, Vulnerabilities and Good Practices Summary: While conditions for women in Zambia's under-resourced prison system are largely considered better than those for men, a closer look tells a different story. As a minority, it may be that various women's facilities suffer from less (yet still chronic) congestion, are subject to lighter security restrictions, and allow more flexibility, at the discretion of the warden. Yet as revealed by this study, there is a broad, acute and harmful lack of consideration for the special needs of women in detention, in forms acknowledged by and less visible to officials and personnel in the Zambia Prison Service (ZPS or Prison Service). These gaps are detrimental to the dignity and wellbeing of female detainees and breach many of their human rights. Key among these gaps are a lack of basic hygiene provisions and gender-specific healthcare. These present particular risk to the health of inmates, among others, who are pregnant, living with HIV, accompanied by young children or for those who, because of stigma or distance from family (which are both, in many cases, worse for men than women), have no outside assistance at all. Although the Prison Service should be commended for the continued opening of prisons to outside support and a human rights approach, it must observe its State responsibility to meet detainees' basic needs. Female inmates were largely found to be isolated from family, including children, and from other forms of outside support, which research has indicated is likely to be more harmful to women than men, in general, from a psychological and material perspective. For the women interviewed in Zambia, this was often the greatest cause of anxiety and despair (as summarized in the section, What Matters Most). Female inmates lack access to vocational, educational and recreational activities that are made available to men; they are also unremunerated, even though many women face extreme anxiety about supporting themselves and any dependents on release, in the context of rejection from their husbands, families and communities. Key, also, are discriminatory barriers to complaint and information that place them at risk. The Offender Management role has been seen to fill critical gaps in admissions screenings and orientation for female inmates, in identifying special needs and connecting them with needed services and counseling, but it is under resourced and under supported institutionally. Men and women are separated in law and to a great extent, in practice, and inmates were protected from gender-based violence and harassment by men in the facilities visited by DIGNITY, according to our research. In contrast to reports of police custody, a sharp decline in the use of physical violence and torture against women by prison staff has also been reported in recent years, among other improvements. Yet DIGNITY is concerned that sexual relationships with male staff are not fully and effectively prevented in some facilities, and degrading and harmful disciplinary measures were also found to be used by female staff, including body searching practices. Attention to staff training, gender awareness and attitudes would make a great difference - particularly among female staff -- as would measures to encourage free, regular and dignified contact with family and children; structured activities to engage and empower women (personally and economically); and greater attention to sanitation and health provisions, particularly for pregnant women, new mothers, and children. While these may be most important for women with long sentences, they are also urgently needed in small rural prisons, where women may have very little. The role of the Offender Managers, if adequately resourced, gender trained and institutionally supported, could be one of the most effective ways to ensure the well-being and dignity of women in detention in Zambia. Details: Danish Institute Against Torture (DIGNITY), 2015. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: DIGNITY Publication Series on Torture and Organised Violence no. 12: Accessed June 13, 2016 at: https://dignityinstitute.org/media/2066110/pubserieswid12.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Zambia Keywords: Female Inmates Shelf Number: 139426 |
Author: Gumbo, Davison J. Title: Dynamics of the charcoal and indigenous timber trade in Zambia: A scoping study in Eastern, Northern and Northwestern provinces Summary: This paper addresses the increasing concern over the contribution of charcoal production and commercial timber extraction to deforestation and forest degradation in Zambia. This scoping study notes that rural communities in Zambia are fully involved in forest management and do obtain direct incentives from these forests, a critical condition for realising sustainable forest management. With traditional systems for forest management under siege and resources allocation and control for both charcoal and commercial timber transferred to the state, the general failure of the heavily centralised top-down approach to arrest losses of forest resources in Zambia is imperilling the livelihoods of scores of rural households. Charcoal production is licensed by the Forest Department with limited inputs from local authorities especially in terms of monitoring. Arrangements for extraction of commercial timber fall under the same arrangement but differ with charcoal in that applicants have to travel to Lusaka. The contribution of charcoal to forest loss and environmental degradation is almost a given, but the study notes that this activity, now widely practised across the country, has several hidden social and economic benefits for rural households. It is likely to continue in the future but strong policies and legal frameworks which provide power and authority to local-level institutions are likely to address the problems associated with these activities. Rural communities and their associated local-level institutions should take an active part in the management of the key forest resources and should benefit as outlined in law. It is proposed that approaches be formulated that should not only be holistic but must also provide for institutional collaboration (local-to-local and local-to-national linkages) to manage the resources available. Details: Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2013. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Occasional Paper: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: http://www.cifor.org/library/4113/dynamics-of-the-charcoal-and-indigenous-timber-trade-in-zambia-a-scoping-study-in-eastern-northern-and-northwestern-provinces/ Year: 2013 Country: Zambia Keywords: Charcoal Shelf Number: 139805 |
Author: Zambia. Human Rights Commission Title: A Survey Report on the Application of Bond and Bail Legislation in Zambia Summary: This survey was conducted to collect information on factors affecting access and conditions regarding bail among people found to be in conflict with the law in Zambia. The survey was conducted for a period of six months in all ten provinces of the country. The findings of this study are meant to provide a basis for the review of current bail legislation relating to bail conditions in Zambia by promoting easy access for suspects or inmates to bail regardless of their social and economic conditions. The target respondents for the surveys were inmates in prisons, police officers in charge of a police station, magistrates and public prosecutors. The survey also examined the current committal process of matters to the High Court and the transfer process of matters to other courts so as to determine causes of delays in the two processes. A total of 2,168 respondents were interviewed in this survey. The findings reveal that on average suspects in Zambia are kept in police custody for fourteen days before they are made to appear before the court. The survey has shown that in Lusaka suspects were kept in police custody for about 22 days. Eastern province had the least detention days of 6 days. Another key finding is that about 30% of the remandees indicated that they have been awaiting judgment for a period of over one year. Two- thirds said they have been awaiting judgment for a period of less than one month. Nearly 6% have been waiting for judgment for at least 9 months. The survey also revealed several reasons explaining why few suspects attempted applying for bail. The reasons brought forward included suspects lack of knowledge that they can apply for police bond or bail and; suspects having no working sureties to sign police bond for them. The survey revealed that bail conditions in Zambia are stringent, requiring suspects to provide two working sureties as a condition for granting of bail. Findings also showed that time taken for cases to be committed to the High Court can be inordinately long as can be the rendering of judgments. The survey thus revealed that there were challenges at every stage of the criminal justice process that hindered accused persons' enjoyment of their due process rights. In this regard, the Commission found that the criminal justice system has more often than not failed in its function of ensuring that the rights of the accused are protected with the country falling short of the principles enunciated in the international standards to which it is a party. There is therefore need for a thorough review of the existing law regarding the bail and police bond conditions in Zambia as well as the law and processes that regulate the committal of cases to the High Court. In addition to this is the need for sensitisation of the citizenry on the rights to bond and bail in Zambia. Chapter 1 focuses on the problem statement and situational analysis. It further speaks to the survey objectives and methodology used. Chapter 2 focuses on the law relating to bail and committal in Zambia. It demonstrates the relationship between human rights and criminal justice; the law relating to bail and committal; preliminary inquires; survey procedures and committal sentencing. In Chapter 3 of the report, the findings of the survey are discussed. These relate to the demographic characteristics of the respondents, arbitrary and over detention of suspects, the issue of legal representation and judgement. The findings reveal the bail and bond conditions, bail during trial, reasons for the court not granting bail and the process of transfer of cases from the lower court for committal to the high court. Finally Chapter 4 concludes with recommendations from the Human Rights Commission regarding the need for reform in the legal and justice system and specifically regarding bail and police bond and the committal process. Details: Lusaka: Human Rights Commission, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 22, 2016 at: http://www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/survey_report_hrc_zambia_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Zambia Keywords: Bail Bonds Shelf Number: 145587 |
Author: Zambia. Ministry of Youth, Sport and Child Development Title: Violence against Children in Zambia: Findings from a National Survey, 2014 Summary: The 2014 Zambia Violence against Children Survey (VACS) is the first national survey of violence against children. It is a cross-sectional household survey of 13-24-year-olds, designed to produce national-level estimates of experiences of physical, sexual, and emotional violence in childhood. A total of 2,770 households for females and 3,324 households for males were selected for the survey. Out of these, 1,819 individuals aged 13-24 years (891 females and 928 males) participated in the study. Overall individual response rates were 86.8 per cent and 85.6 per cent for females and males, respectively. The survey was designed to include a household questionnaire to be administered to an adult respondent to determine current socioeconomic dynamics of the household and a second, relatively longer questionnaire, for selected primary respondents aged 13-24 years. Results show that violence against children is a problem and is rife in Zambia. The co-occurrence of violence overall and of different types of violence is prominent. Half of females and males experienced at least one type of violence in their childhood. Female respondents aged 18-24 years were more likely to report experiencing sexual abuse than males in the same age group. Females were also more likely to experience physically forced sex in childhood compared to males. One in three females and two in five males aged 18-24 years experienced physical violence prior to age 18. A quarter of male and female respondents aged 13-17 years experienced physical violence 12 months prior to the survey. Findings from the survey show that one in five females and one in six males aged 18-24, experienced emotional violence. The most frequent perpetrators of the first incident of sexual abuse prior to age 18 for females and males were spouses, boyfriends/girlfriends, romantic partners and friends. Parents, adult caregivers or other adult relatives were the most frequent perpetrators of physical violence prior to age 18. Sexually active males (aged 19-24) were more likely to have had multiple sexual partners and infrequent condom use in the 12 months preceding the survey, compared to females in the same age group. Nine in ten respondents aged 18-4 who reported having had sexual intercourse knew where to get an HIV test. Two out of three sexually active males and half of sexually active females aged 13-17 were never tested for HIV. One out of six sexually active females and one in three sexually active males aged 18-24 had never been tested for HIV. Females and males who had experienced childhood sexual abuse had similar rates of HIV testing to those who had not experienced childhood sexual abuse. The most common reason for not getting tested for HIV, endorsed by one out of three was that individuals felt they did not need the test or were low risk. One in six also indicated that they did not want to know whether they had HIV. Knowledge and utilization of services for victims and survivors of all forms of violence against children are low. Only one in five females and one in four males who experienced childhood sexual abuse knew of a place to go for help; fewer than one in ten male victims of childhood sexual abuse received professional services for any experience of sexual abuse. Results in this study show that there is a great need to have well-coordinated response strategies, programmes and policies by both Government and all stakeholders to address abuse and violence against children. Details: Zambia: Ministry of Youth, 2018. 179p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2019 at: https://www.unicef.org/zambia/sites/unicef.org.zambia/files/2018-11/Binder%20EMAIL%20thursday%20NEW.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Zambia Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Shelf Number: 154460 |
Author: Jakobsson, Linda Scott Title: Copper with a Cost: Human Rights and Environmental Risks in the Mineral Supply Chains of ICT: A Case Study from Zambia Summary: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) products, such as smartphones and laptops, are commonly produced through complex supply chains that are characterised by low transparency and traceability. The supply chain involves many business intermediaries, from mineral extraction to finished product, making it difficult for consumers to know the source of minerals present in their ICT devices and if they are associated with conflict and human rights impacts. In this report, Swedwatch presents findings from an investigation on human rights risks and impacts associated with large-scale mining of copper, a mineral that is an essential component of ICT products. Swedwatch focused its research on Zambia, one of the largest copper producing and exporting countries in the world. Mineral extraction is associated with human rights risks and impacts affecting local communities surrounding mining areas, including environmental degradation, forced evictions and fueling of conflict. Companies within the ICT sector have taken steps to address risks associated with so-called "conflict minerals" - tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold (3TG) and to an emerging degree cobalt. However, there are indications that address of salient human rights risks connected to the extraction of other minerals present in global ICT supply chains, such as copper, has fallen short and risk undermining the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Based on Swedwatch research findings, this report highlights impacts associated with 1) water contamination due to mining activities and 2) resettlement of communities following the establishment of a new mine. Due in part to weak public institutions and government oversight, low enforcement of law, high poverty rates and widespread corruption, Zambia should be considered a high-risk context for mineral extraction in regards to human rights and the environment. As foreign direct investments in land-use projects such as mining have increased, so has the displacement of communities living off the land - often without adequate consultation and compensation. Mining in the country has also been associated with environmental pollution of water, soil and air. In Swedwatch's first case study in the district of Chingola, there are strong indications that Konkola Copper Mines Plc.'s (KCM) mining operations have polluted waterways utilized by local communities for drinking, fishing, cooking and irrigating crops. Swedwatch's findings indicate that this has affected community members in the village of Shimulala with adverse impacts on income-levels and livelihoods. Findings also suggest that farmers from the Chabanyama community lost their livelihoods when KCM deposited mine waste onto their farmland, which polluted the soil in the area and impacted crop yields. Due to loss of livelihoods, community members in Chabanyama and Shimulala experience impacts on food security and parents are unable to send children to school as income levels have decreased. Swedwatch's findings indicate that KCM's mining operations have caused impacts on the human right to clean water as stipulated in the declaration by the UN General Assembly, making the water unsafe and of an unacceptable quality. The case highlights how clean water is a prerequisite to the enjoyment of other human rights and how impacts from mining on water risk to multiply in effect. In Swedwatch's second case study in the Kalumbila district, common challenges were noted in regard to the establishment of new mining operations in rural, low-income areas with low levels of governmental presence and investments. The establishment of the Sentinel copper mine - fully owned by a subsidiary to First Quantum Minerals Limited (FQM) - led to the resettlement of community members into two separate areas. Swedwatch's findings indicate that although FQM has provided compensation and community programmes, the company has not sufficiently managed to restore community members' livelihoods. There are also indications that social networks and norms have been impacted negatively. Findings further suggest that in-migration has led to over-enrollment in schools and potentially increased teen pregnancies, prostitution and crime rates. High expectations and the feeling of being cheated of employment and other opportunities among community members interviewed, also raise questions about the level at which FQM's management of expectations and information distribution has been effective. Swedwatch's findings suggest that there is a need for the ICT sector as a whole to enhance human rights due diligence efforts beyond the scope of 3TG and cobalt and include copper and other high-risk materials. Further, ICT companies should address impacts beyond conflict and child labour and report on their copper supply chains. Companies along the ICT supply chain play an important role to contribute in a positive way to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the fulfilment of the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). If ICT companies keep a too narrow focus and scope of minerals in their human rights due diligence efforts, they risk undermining the realization of SDGs. Details: Stockholm, Sweden: Swed Watch, 2019. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2019 at: https://swedwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/94_Zambia_uppslag.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Zambia Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 156927 |