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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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Results for aggression
10 results foundAuthor: Welsh, Brandon C. Title: Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention: Security Guards, Place Managers and Defensible Space Summary: This report presents a systematic review of the effects of surveillance of public spaces by security guards, place mangers and measures to stimulate so called defensible space. Studies were included in these systematic reviews if the surveillance measure in question (i.e., security guards, place managers, and defensible space) was the main focus of the intervention; if there was an outcome measure of crime; if the evaluation design was of high methodological quality, with the minimum design involving before-and-after measures of crime in experimental and comparable control areas; and if the total number of crimes in each area before the intervention was at least 20. The reviews revealed generally encouraging results across the three different types of public area surveillance. There is fairly strong and consistent evidence that the defensible space technique of street closures or barricades is effective in preventing crime in inner-city neighborhoods. Less conclusive statements can be made about the effectiveness of security guards and place managers. This has everything to do with the small number of high quality evaluations that have been carried out on these measures. In the case of security guards, the weight of the evidence suggests that it is a promising technique of formal surveillance when implemented in car parks and targeted at vehicle crimes. The surveillance technique of place managers appears to be of unknown effectiveness in preventing crime in public places. Implications for policy and research are explored. Details: Stockholm: Brottsforebyggande radet (Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention), 2010. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2010 at: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Effectiviness_of_Public_Area_Surveillance_for_Crime_Prevention.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/100309/0a3ceabb221375f51f9a82824942a662/Effectiviness%255fof%255fPublic%255fArea%255fSurveillance%255ffor%255fCrime%255fPrevention.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Effectiviness_of_Public_Area_Surveillance_for_Crime_Prevention.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/100309/0a3ceabb221375f51f9a82824942a662/Effectiviness%255fof%255fPub Shelf Number: 119684 Keywords: AggressionCrime PreventionCrime Prevention through Environmental DesignDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse and CrimeMethamphetamine (Australia)Private SecuritySurveillance |
Author: Winder, Belinda Title: Last Orders for Alcohol Related Violence: Exploring Salient Factors in the Occurrence of Violent Incidents in UK Pubs and Other Late Night Venues Summary: Research was conducted exploring the possible interaction between drinking containers and antisocial behaviour in pubs and other late night venues in the UK. The research further attempted to identify salient factors leading to violent incidents at these locations. The research comprised two types of study; an interview study and three correlational surveys. For the interview study, a purposive sample of 50 individuals who had either been involved in an aggressive / violent altercation in a pub, bar or other late night drinking venue in the last 3 years, or who had first hand experience of the same, was recruited. Participants were recruited from a number of UK cities, including Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Sheffield, Nottingham and city locations in Scotland. Five themes were identified from the interviews: rivalry; crowding; staff; glass and accidental injury and glass as a weapon. Each of these themes was considered in turn and examples from participants’ transcripts were included in the results to allow the reader to assess the interpretations. In all of the incidents described by participants alcohol was involved, although this is probably to be expected given that the research focused on late night drinking venues. Nevertheless, the majority of incidents described involved people who were drunk and hence it is probably fair to state that alcohol is a major factor linked to violent / aggressive incidents in pubs and other late night venues. However, other factors are necessary to trigger violent / aggressive behaviour, and three factors (or themes) were identified from the research interviews conducted for this study. These factors are outlined below; they include rivalry, crowding and staff. In addition, two further themes emerged from the interviews; these related to glass and accidental injury and glass as a weapon. Key factors relating to the theme of rivalry were: sporting rivalry, local or territorial rivalry, and romantic rivalry. In the case of the first two factors, aggression evolved from social tensions created when different groups met, such as rival football supporters or groups of students and locals. However, there was a clear consensus that staff in venues are aware of these factors as potential sources of aggression and already take necessary steps to avoid conflict. The latter factor was much more unpredictable, and predicting where and when such aggression would occur is more problematic. The key factors within the theme of crowding were: bad management practices, poor design, and frustration. Participants were critical of venues that allowed in more clients than they could comfortably accommodate, especially in venues where the layout meant bumping into people at peak times was inevitable. Such factors link into the issue of frustration, as overcrowding can led to increased waiting times to get served, and invasion of personal space. Criticism of how venues are managed continued into the theme of staff. Here participants highlighted the fact that it was not always the clientele of pubs that were fully to blame when aggressive incidents escalated, with door staff being criticised for a lack of intervention, or too much intervention, in that they were deemed to be excessively aggressive. However, staff themselves also commented that aggressive behaviour can arise when they try to enforce sensible serving practices. The final two themes related to specifically to the use of glassware; glass and accidental injury and glass as a weapon. Participants noted that although many venues used glassware, accidental injury did occasionally arise from this. Many venues already self-manage where and when glass could and could not be used, although it is noted that more efficient house-keeping of venues would further reduce incidences of accidental injury. There were two differing perspectives on the theme of glass as a weapon – it was perceived as either a deliberate action to cause harm, or it was an unintentional action in which glass was not intended as a weapon. Although severe, the deliberate action of using glass as a weapon was the exception to the norm and incidences were deemed rare, especially given the extensive use of glassware in the venues participants frequented. In the case of the latter a further noteworthy factor emerged. Glass was seen more often to be used as a threat rather than an actual weapon. However, this perceived threat was sometimes the catalyst for an aggressive response, thus blurring the boundaries between ‘perpetrator’ and ‘victim’ in the case of such incidents. Data from the correlational surveys suggested that the most effective form of intervention in terms of reducing accidents and injuries would be a more stringent policy to bar aggressive individuals and prompt action by bouncers / bar staff to deal with potential trouble. Banning the use of glass vessels was not seen as a useful strategy in reducing aggression in pubs. Additional qualitative comments form the largest survey (n = 165) were further analysed and three main distinct themes identified in the responses: Considering the causes of aggressive behaviour, Methods to address aggressive behaviour and the Impact of the drinking vessel. Considering the causes of aggressive behaviour there were some suggestions put forward by respondents as to the causes of these. These include the amount of alcohol consumed, overcrowding in the pubs, televising sports events, attitudes, culture and acceptance of binge drinking, promotional offers and happy hours and the non-management of the queue for the bar. Respondents also suggested methods that they feel would address these events. These include bar staff having greater powers and training to refuse service to intoxicated customers and extending licensing hours. However some respondents felt that extending licensing hours would not make any difference to the amount of aggression shown by individuals. Regarding the vessels drinks are served in, there was a re-occurring theme that aggressive customers would probably use other objects in a conflict, if they did not have a glass in their hand at that time. Conversely to this, there was a theme suggesting that if glass was replaced with plastic then there would be less damage caused. However participants mostly followed this suggestion with the theory that if plastic vessels were only used, they would use another object (e.g. ashtray) in any aggressive conflict. Overall therefore the analysis suggests that respondents feel there are many causes of aggressive behaviours and that glass vessels are not responsible. If they were replaced with plastic vessels, then the aggressors would replace them with another implement. Details: Nottingham, UK: Nottingham Trent University, 2006. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 22, 2010 at: http://www.britglass.org.uk/files/last_orders_for_alcohol_related_violence_-_final_bw.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.britglass.org.uk/files/last_orders_for_alcohol_related_violence_-_final_bw.pdf Shelf Number: 120054 Keywords: AggressionAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAssaultsInjuryViolence |
Author: Labourse, Eric Title: Late Childhood Risk Factors Associated with Conduct Disorder Subtypes in Early Adolescence: A Latent Class Analysis of a Canadian Sample Summary: Very few studies have investigated the association between risk factors in late childhood and subtypes of conduct disorder (CD) in early adolescence that comprise such heterogeneous symptoms as aggression, destruction of property, theft and serious violations of rules. Previous research has identified four distinct subtypes: No CD type (82.4%), Non-Aggressive CD (NACD) type (13.9%), Physically Aggressive CD (PACD) type (2.3%) and Severe-Mixed CD (SMCD) type (1.4%). These subtypes suggest that there can be multiple pathways to CD that can have similar or different risk factors depending on the qualitative or quantitative aspects of the CD profiles. The aim of the present study was to identify late childhood risk factors in multiple domains, such as neighbourhood characteristics, family adversity, parenting/peer relationships and externalized/internalized behaviours that are common and specific to the four CD subtypes. Methods: Data on CD symptoms and risk factors were collected using the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth. Three cohorts of 12- and 13-year-olds were assessed during 1994–1995, 1996–1997 and 1998–1999 (N = 4,125). Results: Bivariate analyses revealed that out of 12 risk factors, 10 were associated with SMCD, 9 were associated with PACD and 10 were associated with NACD. In contrast to No CD subtype, multivariate analyses revealed that older age, non-intact family, family mobility and hyperactivity/inattention were predictors of SMCD. Males in the younger age category with family mobility and high physical aggression were associated with PACD. NACD was characterized by males in the older age category and with non-intact family, family mobility, coercive/ineffective parenting and deviant peers. Conclusion: Although there are many subtypes of CD, our findings suggest that there is more commonality than differences in risk factors. Components of family adversity, parenting practices and hyperactivity/inattention should be the focus of prevention and intervention efforts. Details: Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Centre, Public Safety Canada, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2012-2: Accessed August 10, 2012 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cp/res/_fl/lcrf-eng.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cp/res/_fl/lcrf-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 0 Keywords: AggressionAt-risk YouthConduct Disorder, Juveniles (Canada)Delinquency PreventionJuvenile DelinquentsJuvenile Offenders |
Author: World Health Organization Title: Violence Prevention: The Evidence Summary: As noted in the World report on violence and health, violence has always been part of the human experience. Today, violence results in more than 1.5 million people being killed each year, and many more suffer non-fatal injuries and chronic, noninjury health consequences as a result of suicide attempts, interpersonal violence (youth violence, intimate partner violence, child maltreatment, elder abuse and sexual violence) and collective violence (war and other forms of armed conflict). Overall, violence is among the leading causes of death worldwide for people aged 15–44 years. “Despite the fact that violence has always been present, the world does not have to accept it as an inevitable part of the human condition. As long as there has been violence, there have also been systems – religious, philosophical, legal and communal – that have grown up to prevent or limit it. None has been completely successful, but all have made their contribution to this defining mark of civilization. Since the early 1980s, the field of public health has been a growing asset in this response. A wide range of public health practitioners, researchers and systems have set themselves the tasks of understanding the roots of violence and preventing its occurrence”. Their experience and the scientific studies they have conducted clearly demonstrate that violence can be prevented and its impact reduced, in the same way that public health efforts have prevented and reduced pregnancy-related complications, workplace injuries, infectious diseases and illness resulting from contaminated food and water in many parts of the world. The factors that contribute to violent responses – whether they are factors of attitude and behaviour or related to larger social, economic, political and cultural conditions – can be changed. Violence can be prevented. This is not an article of faith, but a statement based on evidence. Violence prevention: the evidence is a set of seven briefings based on rigorous reviews of the literature which examines scientific evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to prevent interpersonal and selfdirected violence. Each briefing focuses on a broad strategy for preventing violence, and under that umbrella reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of specific interventions. The violence prevention strategies covered in the seven briefings are: 1. Developing safe, stable and nurturing relationships between children and their parents and caregivers; 2. Developing life skills in children and adolescents; 3. Reducing the availability and harmful use of alcohol; 4. Reducing access to guns, knives and pesticides; 5. Promoting gender equality to prevent violence against women; 6. Changing cultural and social norms that support violence; 7. Victim identification, care and support programmes. This document summarizes the headline findings from each of the seven briefings and spotlights the specific interventions within each strategy that have the strongest evidence for preventing violence. Details: Geneva, SWIT: World Health Organization, 2010. 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 24, 2013 at: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/4th_milestones_meeting/evidence_briefings_all.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/4th_milestones_meeting/evidence_briefings_all.pdf Shelf Number: 127374 Keywords: AggressionDomestic ViolenceInterpersonal ViolenceViolence (International)Violence PreventionViolent Crimes |
Author: Dyson, Sue Title: Building Cultures of Respect and Non-Violence: A Review of Literature Concerning Adult Learning and Violence Prevention Programs with Men Summary: This report provides a review of effective practice in violence prevention education among men, drawing on literature on both adult education and violence prevention. It focuses in particular on efforts among male athletes in professional sporting and other settings, as well as those using ‘peer mentor’ approaches. Details: Carlton, South VIC, Australia: VicHealth, 2009. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2013 at: http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/Publications/Freedom-from-violence/Building-Cultures-of-Respect-and-Non-Violence.aspx Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/Publications/Freedom-from-violence/Building-Cultures-of-Respect-and-Non-Violence.aspx Shelf Number: 127402 Keywords: AggressionAthletesMalesPeer MentoringSports and ViolenceViolence Prevention |
Author: Bowers, Len Title: Inpatient violence and aggression: a literature review. Report from the Conflict and Containment Reduction Research Programme Summary: Mentally ill people in hospital sometimes behave aggressively. They may try to harm other patients, staff, property or themselves. In the UK, the National Audit of Violence found that a third of inpatients had been threatened or made to feel unsafe while in care [Royal College of Psychiatrists 2007]. This figure rose to 44% for clinical staff and 72% of nursing staff working in these units. Such aggression can result in injuries, sometimes severe, to patients or to staff, causing staff absence and hampering the efficiency of the psychiatric service. The ways in which aggressive behaviour is managed by staff is contentious and emotive, and there is little evidence or agreement about their effectiveness. This review aims to describe the available research literature on the prevalence, antecedents, consequences and circumstances of violence and aggression in psychiatric hospitals. Our previous research has focussed on how to reduce of conflict and containment on acute wards. By conflict we mean those things that threaten patient and staff safety, such as aggression, rule breaking, drug/alcohol use, absconding, medication refusal, self-harm/suicide etc. By containment we mean those things the staff do to prevent these things occurring, or reduce the amount of harm that occurs, such as giving extra medication, intermittent observation, constant observation, show of force, manual restraint, coerced injections of medication, seclusion, time out, locking of the ward door, and other security policies. This research indicates a complicated relationship between conflict behaviours and containment, and that the behaviour and attitudes of staff may influence both. It led to the development of the ‘City model’ describing the ways in which staff factors can reduce rates of conflict and containment on wards. Three processes are posited to create low conflict and containment: positive appreciation of patients (kindness), emotional self-regulation of anger and fear (tranquillity), and an effective structure of rules and routines for patients based upon an ethical (not punitive) stance (orderliness). In addition to an analysis of the research literature, therefore, each chapter considers the evidence for and against the City Model and suggests lessons for future research. Details: London: Section of Mental Health Nursing, Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, 2011. 196p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2013 at: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/iop/depts/hspr/research/ciemh/mhn/projects/litreview/LitRevAgg.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/iop/depts/hspr/research/ciemh/mhn/projects/litreview/LitRevAgg.pdf Shelf Number: 129604 Keywords: AggressionHospitalsMental HealthMental Illness (U.K.)ViolenceWorkplace Violence |
Author: Design Council Title: Reducing Violence and Aggression in A&E through a Better Experience Summary: Working with designers and the NHS, the Reducing violence and aggression in A&E: Through a better experience Design Challenge sought to address non-physical aggression and hostility towards staff by improving the A&E experience. A multi-diciplinary design team led by PearsonLloyd produced three design solutions: The People solution, The Guidance solution and a design toolkit. The Guidance and People solutions were installed and piloted at two A&E departments: Southampton General Hospital and St George's Hospital, London. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out by Frontier Economics and ESRO to test their impact which found: - 75% of patients said the improved signage reduced their frustration during waiting times - Threatening body language and aggressive behaviour fell by 50% post-implementation - For every $1 spent on the design solutions, $3 was generated in benefits Details: London: Design Council, 2011. 153p., 9p. summary Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/AE_evaluation_summary_1.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/AE_evaluation_summary_1.pdf Shelf Number: 131851 Keywords: AggressionDesign Against CrimeHospitals |
Author: Hassiotis, A.A Title: Behavioural and Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions for Outwardly-Directed Aggressive Behaviour in People with Learning Disabilities (Review) Summary: Challenging behaviour is a significant cause of social exclusion for people with learning disabilities. ('Learning disabilities' is also known as ' intellectual disabilities'). There is no firm evidence as yet about which interventions help people with learning disabilities most with their challenging behaviour. In this review we assess the efficacy of behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions for a specific type of challenging or 'problem' behaviour, that is, outwardly-directed aggression. Details: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2008. Issue 4. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 19, 2014 at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003406.pub3/pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003406.pub3/pdf Shelf Number: 131970 Keywords: AggressionDisabilityIntellectual DisabilitiesLearning Disabilities |
Author: Lapworth, Kely Narelle Title: An Investigation of Aggression in Methamphetamine Users Summary: Methamphetamine (MA) use is associated with increased aggression, though the specific mechanisms through which this association operates remain unclear. Research has demonstrated an association between MA, heightened impulsivity and reduced behavioural control. Similarly, there is strong evidence of a link between MA use and psychotic symptoms. Despite research efforts examining these independent associations, there is a paucity of studies examining how these factors interact to influence the relationship between MA use and aggression. Study 1 was conducted to examine the independent and combined roles of impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms on the relationship between MA and aggression. In this study, 237 injecting MA users completed a range of self-report measures of hostility, impulsivity, and dependence. Higher levels of MA dependence were associated with increased hostility, higher levels of impulsivity and greater positive psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, the relationship between MA use and aggression was mediated by both impulsivity and positive symptoms of psychosis. Synergistic effects of impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms on hostility were also observed, with substantially higher levels of hostility being associated with the presence of positive symptoms in conjunction with heightened impulsivity. The results of Study 1 are important in increasing our current understanding of the relationship between MA dependence and aggression, but the reliance on self-report measures does present a problem because of the susceptibility of such measures to report biases. Study 2 was therefore designed to extend previous research by exploring the relationship between MA and aggression using a behavioural measure of aggression, as well as self-report measures. Behavioural and self-report measures of impulsivity were also included. Results revealed that MA users, compared with non-MA users, not only reported higher levels of aggression, but they actually behaved more aggressively when competing with a (fictitious) opponent. Furthermore, some evidence of a dose-response relationship between MA and aggression was apparent. Unexpectedly, no group differences were evident on either the behavioural or self-report measures of impulsivity. Taken together, the present research attests to the robustness of the relationship between MA use and aggression, and points to the need for increased understanding of the complex and multifaceted nature of factors such as impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms that contribute to this relationship Details: Mt. Gravatt, AUS: Griffith University, School of Psychology, 2011. 256p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/items/4727b810-192b-4ba6-1964-c193f975ef20/1/ Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: https://www120.secure.griffith.edu.au/rch/items/4727b810-192b-4ba6-1964-c193f975ef20/1/ Shelf Number: 129891 Keywords: AggressionDrug Abuse (Australia) Drug Abuse and Crime Methamphetamine |
Author: Cornet, L.J.M. Title: Neuroscientific applications in the juvenile criminal justice system Summary: This report investigates how neuroscientific research could be applied in the juvenile criminal justice system. Neuroscientific research on antisocial behavior has gained more attention in the last decades. This has resulted in a better understanding of neurobiological characteristics that presumably underlie antisocial behavior, such as alterations in hormone levels and deficits in brain functioning. The study aims to provide an update on the current application of neuroscientific research in the juvenile criminal justice system and comprises three areas of interest: measurement instruments, prevention and intervention.In order to obtain a perspective on how neuroscience can be used in these three areas, the following research questions were formulated. In what way could neuroscience be applicable: - to the use of measurement instruments in the juvenile criminal justice system? - to the prevention of antisocial behavior in juveniles? - to the intervention of antisocial behavior in juveniles? Details: The Hague: Boom criminologie, 2017. 10p. (English summary) Source: Internet Resource: Onderzoek en beleid 318: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/O%26B318_Summary_tcm29-228323.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands URL: Shelf Number: 145882 Keywords: AggressionBehaviour interventionBio-social criminologyBiological criminologyCriminal psychologyDelinquent behaviourDeviant behaviourInterventionJuvenile delinquents |