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Date: April 18, 2024 Thu
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7 results foundAuthor: Nowell, Kristin Title: Wildlife Crime Scorecard: Assessing Compliance with and Enforcement of CITES Commitments for Tigers, Rhinos and Elephants Summary: International commercial trade of elephants, rhinos and tigers – and their parts and products — is almost universally prohibited by CITES, the international endangered species trade convention, however the enforcement of this restriction remains weak. Illegal trade in ivory, rhino horn and tiger parts is of major conservation concern. While CITES mainly prohibits or regulates international trade, it has continued to expand its role to prevent illegal trade at the national level through the adoption of various “Decisions” and “Resolutions”. This is critical to ensure illegal trade at national levels does not lead to international trade dynamics that undermine the conservation of elephants, rhinos and tigers, in addition to the effectiveness of the Convention itself. The approach to each species group differs, but all include national measures to control not only international, but also internal trade in the species’ parts, derivatives and products: • For tigers, it is recommended that internal trade be “prohibited” (Res Conf. 12.5 Rev. CoP15 ); • For rhinos, it is recommended that such trade be “restricted” (Res Conf. 9.14 Rev. CoP15); • For elephants, “unregulated domestic sale of ivory [is to] to be prohibited” under the Action Plan for the Control of Trade in Elephant Ivory Decision 13.26 Rev. CoP15 Annex 2). Other common themes include strengthening law enforcement; coordination with other countries; improved data collection; enacting deterrent legal penalties for illegal trade; and raising public awareness, especially among user groups. Tigers, rhinos and elephants were the subject of renewed and substantial concern at the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP15) in 2010 and the 61st meeting of the CITES Standing Committee (SC61) in 2011, specifically in regard to the scale of illegal trade. This report, produced to coincide with the 62nd meeting of the CITES Standing Committee (in July 2012), selects 23 range, transit and consumer countries from Asia and Africa facing the highest levels of illegal trade in elephant ivory, rhino horn and tiger parts (Annex 1), and evaluates their progress since CoP15 towards compliance with and enforcement of CITES commitments for these three species groups. Countries are scored green, yellow and red to signal recent implementation effort, and indicate whether governments are moving in the right direction to curb illegal trade in these species groups, or to indicate whether they have made little progress. Recent actions underpinning the country scores are discussed, and recommendations are made for all countries to improve compliance and enforcement, but with focus on key countries identified in this assessment as urgently needing to show progress. It is important to note that illegal internal trade in these three species groups persists in virtually all of the selected countries, however this report seeks to differentiate countries where it is actively being countered from those where current efforts are entirely inadequate. It should also be noted that a green score of all three species groups does not mean that the country in question is free of wildlife crime. In many cases there are widespread problems concerning illegal trade in other species, such as reptiles and primates. Moreover, some of these countries are performing poorly in terms of other conservation governance indicators and threats to the three species groups, such as the integrity of protected areas. Details: Gland, SWIT: World Wildlife Fund, 2012. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2012 at: http://www.wwf.se/source.php/1486859/WWF%20Wildlife%20Crime%20Scorecard%20Report[1].pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.wwf.se/source.php/1486859/WWF%20Wildlife%20Crime%20Scorecard%20Report[1].pdf Shelf Number: 125903 Keywords: Animal PoachingCITESEndangered SpeciesIllegal TradeIvoryTigers, Elephants, RhinosWildlife CrimeWildlife Law EnforcementWildlife Trade |
Author: Kasterine, A. Title: The Trade in South-East Asian Python Skins Summary: South-East Asian pythons are heavily exploited for skins, food and traditional Chinese medicines, with nearly half a million python skins alone exported annually. The trade provides cash income for a large, but unknown, number of rural people across the region that collect, breed and process pythons. The high number of skins traded has raised concerns about the conservation impact of harvests upon wild python populations and the potential animal welfare issues associated with this trade. This report describes the trade flows for the five most heavily traded python species from South-East Asia (Python reticulatus, Python molurus bivittatus, P. curtus, P. brongersmai and P. breitensteini). It identifies the main points of value addition in the supply chain and considers aspects of illegality. In addition, it reviews the current understanding related to the sustainability and welfare issues regarding python harvesting for the skin trade and offers a series of recommendations to help guide relevant stakeholders, including CITES, governments, the private sector and NGOs, on improving the mechanisms by which trade operates. Details: Geneva: International Trade Centre, 2012. 74p. Source: Technical Paper: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2012 at http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Publications/The%20Trade%20in%20Southeast%20Asian%20Python%20Skins%20for%20web.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Asia URL: http://www.intracen.org/uploadedFiles/intracenorg/Content/Publications/The%20Trade%20in%20Southeast%20Asian%20Python%20Skins%20for%20web.pdf Shelf Number: 127222 Keywords: Animal PoachingCITESEndangered SpeciesIllegal TradePythonsWildlife CrimeWildlife Law EnforcementWildlife Trade |
Author: Shepherd, Chris R. Title: The Export and Re-export of CITES-listed Birds from the Solomon Islands Summary: Large numbers of birds, including more than 68 000 wild-caught and reportedly captive-bred CITES-listed individuals, were imported from the Solomon Islands in the 2000s. The vast majority were imported by Malaysia and Singapore and often re-exported, particularly in the case of Singapore. In terms of species composition, there were a few species native to the Solomon Islands, however the majority (77%) were non-native species from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. 13 736 individuals of these non-native species were exported as “captive-bred”. However, it is unclear how the parent stock of these captive-bred birds was acquired as there is no documented export of these CITES-listed species to the Solomon Islands. In terms of the number of individual birds involved in the trade, the majority of exports were species native to the Solomon Islands (54 793). Of these native bird species, 13 692 were declared as wild-caught and 41 101 were reportedly captive-bred. These large numbers of native and non-native captive-bred birds suggest the existence of commercial breeding facilities on the Solomon Islands capable of housing thousands of breeding pairs. However, in 2006, CITES reported the Solomon Islands was “not known to have substantial bird breeding facilities” and a comprehensive State of the Environment report published by the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Meterology (the Solomon Islands’ CITES Scientific Authority and Management Authority) in 2008 makes no mention of captive-breeding or captive-breeding facilities for birds. Meanwhile the Environment Conservation Division (ECD) informed TRAFFIC researchers (in litt.) that although there were registered bird breeders in the islands, they were not breeding birds, only taking them from the wild. Furthermore, the ECD wrote: “There are no breeding facilities, only some confusion with storing facilities. Most of the exported birds were captured and kept in holding sites only.” Given the official confirmation of a lack of suitable bird breeding facilities in the Solomon Islands, these data lead to the inescapable conclusion that large numbers of wild-caught birds have been laundered into the global wildlife trade through being declared as captive-bred. Over the past decade, Singapore and Malaysia combined have accounted for 93% of all birds imported from the Solomon Islands, with significant amounts being re-exported elsewhere, such as Taiwan. The vast majority, if not all the birds declared as captive-bred are in fact sourced from the wild. This has grave implications for maintaining healthy populations of birds in the wild. In light of the above, TRAFFIC makes the following recommendations: • The CITES Standing Committee should evaluate the captive breeding operations of the Solomon Islands and consider recommendations that address the concerns raised in this report. In the event the Standing Committee makes recommendations and the Solomon Islands fails to comply, TRAFFIC then recommends the Standing Committee consider a trade suspension. • The CITES Management Authority of the Solomon Islands should investigate species’ origins, including whether individuals were wild-caught versus legitimately captive-bred as well as the origin and legality of non-native stock. • The CITES Management Authorities of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea—the range States of the majority of non-native bird species exported from the Solomon Islands—should contact their counterparts in the Solomon Islands as well as in Singapore and other export destinations, to investigate the potential laundering of birds. This recommendation is extended to the Management Authority of Taiwan and all other importers of birds declared as originating from the Solomon Islands. • All countries reporting data to CITES based on permits issued should take steps to provide more accurate information. Reporting should reflect the actual numbers of permits used to ensure transparency in the international wildlife trade and to enable the UNEP-WCMC CITES trade database to be used to its fullest potential. Details: Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/sb_report__final_1.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Solomon Islands URL: http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/sb_report__final_1.pdf Shelf Number: 128067 Keywords: BirdCITESIllegal Wildlife TradeWildlife ConservationWildlife Crime (Solomon Islands)Wildlife Management |
Author: Mundy-Taylor Title: Into the Deep: Implementing CITES Measures for Commercially-Valuable Sharks and Manta Rays Summary: Over the past twenty years, the conservation and management of sharks has been the subject of much attention and discussion among Parties to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). During this period, a significant amount of research and information has been generated on this issue within CITES processes, with Parties also having adopted a number of recommendations for action in the form of CITES Resolutions and Decisions, and proposals for listing of various shark species (Basking Shark Cetorhinus maximus, the Whale Shark Rhincodon typus, the Great White Shark Carcharodon carcharias and Sawfish Pristidae spp.) in the CITES Appendices. A summary of CITES processes related to shark conservation and management, from 1994 to present, is provided in Appendix A. At the 16th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (CoP16) held in Bangkok, Thailand, in March 2013, four new proposals to list a number of commercially important marine species in Appendix II of CITES were adopted as follows: Oceanic Whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus Porbeagle Lamna nasus Scalloped Hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini, Great Hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran, and Smooth Hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena (hereafter referred to collectively as “Hammerheads”)1 Manta rays Manta spp. The entry into effect of the above listings has been delayed by 18 months to 14 September 2014, to enable Parties to resolve related technical and administrative issues. At CoP16, the European Union (EU) announced that it was providing funding through the CITES Secretariat to support capacity building for the implementation of the CITES listings of commercially-valuable marine species, with a focus on developing Parties. In order to ensure the effective allocation of these funds, the European Commission requested that TRAFFIC carry out a rapid assessment of capacity building priorities and needs. Consequently, the aim of this Report was to compile and collate readily available information on: (i) the main Parties likely to be affected by the listings; (ii) international, regional and domestic regulations and measures that may be mutually supportive of, and complementary to, the listings; (iii) the main challenges expected in relation to implementation of the listings; and (iv) any existing or planned capacity building initiatives and tools available to support the listings, in addition to potential gaps and needs. The Report is composed of the following four main Parts: I. Key exporters, re-exporters and consumers of the shark and ray species listed in the CITES Appendices at CoP16 II. International, regional and domestic policies, regulations and measures relevant to CITES implementation III. Implementation of the CITES CoP16 shark and ray listings: challenges, available resources and capacity building initiatives IV. Overview of key gaps in capacity and priorities for future work Additional/supporting information is provided in Appendices A to P. Details: Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC, 2013. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 2, 2013 at: www.traffic.org Year: 2013 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 129506 Keywords: CITESIllegal FishingManta RaysSharksWildlife ConservationWildlife Crime |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) Title: Routes of Extinction: The corruption and violence destroying Siamese rosewood in the Mekong Summary: This is a tragic true story of high culture, peerless art forms, and a rich historical identity being warped by greed and obsession, which consumes its very foundations to extinction and sparks a violent crime wave across Asian forests. It is a stark warning to the range states of the Mekong region that the redwoods of Asia are under assault with violent social and environmental consequences. It starts in one of dozens of glitzy malls across mainland China, where an aspiring collector admires swathes of shops selling elaborately carved wooden furniture and artworks, each valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars. In the lobby of a five-star hotel in high-rise Singapore, a wily and animated timber trader laughs while explaining how he bribes senior officials of the Lao government to access stocks of illegal precious woods seized by officials. In Pakse, Laos, bordering Thailand, a niece of the head of the local military command profits from sales of illegal precious timbers seized by the military. She knows the paperwork from the corrupted sale will launder five times more illegal wood. In Dong Ky, near Hanoi, Vietnam, a reported triad leader stacks cash into a bag while explaining timber smuggling routes across the land border into China, and advises that his operations are protected by border officials on the pay roll. In Shenzhen, China, a logistics broker offers official Lao government export permits illegitimately in his possession to legitimise illegal wood stolen from Laos and facilitate its entry into mainland China from Hong Kong, violating an international treaty decision designed to prevent the extinction of the wood species concerned. In Thailand, yet another Cambodian logger is killed in a firefight with forest rangers. The following week a Thai forest ranger is killed by armed loggers in a nearby national park. Meanwhile, a well-connected commodities trader offers access to hundreds of containers of seized timber held in Bangkok ports for US$50 million. Welcome to the corrupt and bloody illegal Siamese rosewood trade, born out of China's growing obsession with "Hongmu". Over the past ten years, demand in China for luxury reproduction wood furniture and cultural artworks rooted in Ming and Qing dynastic aesthetics has soared. The increasing rarity of the timbers involved has led to dramatic price rises, exacerbated by a flood of hot investment money. With rare timbers already threatened with commercial, if not biological, extinction, laws put in place to protect Siamese rosewood (Dalbergia cochinchinensis) have been swept away by corruption, driven by the huge financial incentives offered by timber traders supplying the Chinese market. In March 2013, the world agreed to protect Siamese rosewood from unsustainable and illegal trade under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). This report details the findings of EIA's investigations into the Siamese rosewood trade in recent years, including in the year since the CITES listing. It reveals how crime, corruption, and ill-conceived government policies from Thailand to China, via Laos and Vietnam, are likely to result in the demise of Siamese rosewood in the coming years, unless significant and rapid reforms are made. It also reveals weaknesses in the CITES listing that fundamentally undermine the application of the treaty to Siamese rosewood, and doubtless other species. While responsibility lies with countries in which the tree grows (Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia), it is the state-supported commodification and commercialisation of China's rich Hongmu cultural heritage that has provided all the money, and China is where all the timber has gone. EIA's findings also show how Siamese rosewood is now all but gone, and as a result attention is now being focused on other precious replacement species. Unless governments respond strongly to the crimes outlined in this report, the "redwoods" of Asia will follow Siamese rosewood along the route to extinction. Details: London: Environmental Investigation Agency, 2014. 28p. Source: http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/Routes-of-Extinction-FINAL-lo-res.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/Routes-of-Extinction-FINAL-lo-res.pdf Shelf Number: 132439 Keywords: CITESCorruption Crime Against the Environment Deforestation (Mekong Region) Environmental Crime Illegal Logging Illegal Timber Trade |
Author: International Fund for Animal Welfare Title: Wanted -- Dead or Alive: Exposing Online Wildlife Trade Summary: IFAW has shared key results from its reports with national enforcement agencies in order that they might assess whether to investigate if traders have sold items in breach of the law. It is not possible to measure the scale of illegal online wildlife trade based on IFAW investigations alone. This requires law enforcement agencies to record and publish wildlife cybercrime prosecutions as well as the number of incidents or intelligence logs that relate to this issue. Sadly IFAW's investigations are taking place at a time when wildlife poaching levels are alarmingly high with reports of more than 100,000 elephants killed for their ivory in just three years1 and a recent increase in the number of large ivory seizures. The illegal trade in ivory, wildlife and wildlife parts and products is not only a threat to the conservation of species, but also to national and global security as well as to social and economic development in the countries in which it occurs. The illegal wildlife trade generates an estimated US $19 billion per year. It ranks fourth on the list of the most lucrative global illegal activities closely behind drugs, counterfeiting and human trafficking. Meanwhile, cybercrime is a growing area of concern, as was highlighted in the United Kingdom's Home Office Select Committee report of 2013 on e-crime, which states: "We live in a world where terms like 'cybercrime' no longer belong in the realm of science fiction. Modern devices such as smart phones and tablets have brought the internet not only to our fingertips but to our bedsides, our pockets and to our children. And yet there is strong evidence that access to such technology, with all its opportunities and benefits, can put businesses and families at increasing risk of exploitation and internet-based crime (e-crime)." It was in this context of high levels of poaching and the increasing threat of cybercrime that IFAW investigated the trade in endangered wildlife taking place on 280 online marketplaces in 16 countries during a six week period in 2014. Investigators found a total of 33,006 endangered wildlife and wildlife parts and products from species listed on the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I and II available for sale in 9,482 advertisements, estimated to be worth at least US $10,708,137. Of the advertisements, 54 per cent were for live animals while 46 per cent were for animal parts and products. Ivory, reptiles and birds were the most widely traded items, with ivory and suspected ivory featuring in almost one-third of all advertisements and reptiles accounting for one-quarter of the items found for sale. IFAW investigators submitted 1,192 intelligence files to law enforcers, which equates to almost 13 per cent of the advertisements. While it was not possible to determine the legality of each item provided to law enforcers based on the information available to the investigators, IFAW shared this information with enforcers because it believes that it could inform or be used as the grounds for future police or customs criminal investigations. At a time when poaching of endangered wildlife has reached unprecedented levels, the widespread availability of the internet has transformed some traditional criminal activity to the extent that law-breaking takes place on an extraordinary scale. IFAW believes it is essential that governments, policy makers, law enforcers and online marketplaces do not ignore online wildlife crime in their battle for justice. Governments must ensure they have robust laws in place that specifically tackle the unique challenges of wildlife cybercrime supported by sufficient enforcement capacity, while online marketplaces must commit to strong policies that are effectively implemented to prevent their platforms being abused by wildlife criminals. Lastly consumers must be made aware of the devastating cost of wildlife crime Details: London: IFAW, 2014. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2015: http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/IFAW-Wanted-Dead-or-Alive-Exposing-Online-Wildlife-Trade-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/IFAW-Wanted-Dead-or-Alive-Exposing-Online-Wildlife-Trade-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 134495 Keywords: Animal PoachingCITESCybercrimeIllegal Wildlife TradeIvoryWildlife Crime (International) |
Author: Sinovas, P. Title: Southern Africa's Wildlife Trade: An Analysis of CITES Trade in SADC Countries Summary: The Southern African Development Community (SADC) covers a vast territory in Africa, straddling from South Africa in the south to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania in the north, and including the Indian ocean island States of Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. The region is home to a highly diverse range of wildlife, some of which is traded internationally and listed in the Appendices to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). This report presents the first comprehensive overview of trade in CITES-listed wildlife in southern African countries. The analysis provides a baseline of information on trade levels and trends in SADC, based on the - ten year period 2005-2014, in order to inform future trade management in the region. CITES trade from the SADC Region 2005-2014 was dominated by hunting trophies, live parrots, live reptiles, crocodile skins, crocodile meat, live plants (including cycads and succulent plants) and plant derivatives. As part of this analysis, six case studies are considered in more depth: hunting trophies, felids, parrots, reptiles, succulent plants and cycads. On average, approximately 18 000 individuals of species mostly traded as hunting trophies were exported annually from the region; the principal mammal taxa in trade were (by volume of trade, in decreasing order) Equus zebra hartmannae (Hartmann’s Mountain Zebra), Papio ursinus (Chacma Baboon), Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus), Loxodonta africana (African Elephant) and Panthera leo (African Lion). Hunting trophy trade also included high levels of Crocodylus niloticus (Nile Crocodile) trophies. Trophies in trade were predominantly from the wild, with the exception of P. leo which showed an increasing trend in exports of captive-bred trophies from South Africa. The United States and the European Union (EU) were the main import markets of mammal trophies, accounting for over 60% of exports of each of the top taxa in trade. Trade in P. leo (Lion) bones and in live Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah) and live lions increased over the study period. South Africa was the dominant exporter of Felidae bones and live felids during this period, with the trade in bones destined largely to the traditional medicine market in East and Southeast Asia and the trade in live big cats destined also to other SADC countries, the United Arab Emirates and the United States, including for zoos and for the pet market. Live parrots are in demand globally as household pets, and this was reflected in the high numbers of parrots exported by SADC countries as live birds. Exports of live parrots increased over the period 2005-2014 (from 50 000 live birds in 2005 to over 300 000 in 2014 according to exporting countries), with western Asia (particularly Oman, Bahrain and Lebanon) emerging as a key import region or live parrots. South Africa (captive-produced birds) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (wildsourced birds) were the main exporters, while Psittacus erithacus (African Grey Parrot) and Agapornis fischeri (Fischer’s Lovebird) were the most exported species. Live Crocodylus niloticus and C. niloticus products (mainly skins for the fashion industry) represented the largest volume of reptile exports from the SADC region; live, wild-sourced Sauria (lizards), particularly from Tanzania, Madagascar and Mozambique, and captive-bred Testudines (tortoises) from Zambia were also exported in high numbers for the pet market. Wild-sourced lizards exported included globally threatened Malagasy endemics, although trade in these declined after 2010 following the introduction of lower export quotas. The United States of America and the EU (European Union) were the major importers of live lizards. Hoodia gordonii (Bitter Ghaap) seeds were the succulent plant products exported in the largest quantity. Hoodia gordonii seeds were traded in high volumes particularly during 2007-2008 (over 90 million seeds over the twoyear period), when the species was the focus of attention by international pharmaceutical companies researching its properties as a dietary supplement. Stems of Rhipsalis (Mistletoe Cacti, the only Cactaceae genus with a representation outside of the Americas) and live Rhipsalis plants also formed a large proportion of exports, mainly as ornamental plants. South Africa was the predominant exporter of live succulents and succulent products, while the Netherlands (stems and live plants for the ornamental trade) and Namibia (Hoodia gordonii seeds) were the main destination countries for South Africa’s exports. Live cycads are highly valued in the ornamental plant trade and an average of approximately 10 000 live cycads were exported per year from the region, mostly as artificially-propagated plants. Exports from South Africa formed the majority of trade in cycads; Mozambique was a main exporter prior to a trade suspension in 2005. Cycas thouarsii (Madagascar Cycad) and Encephalartos species formed the majority of trade, with large numbers of South African endemic Encephalartos species being exported. Trade was with a variety of countries, with Thailand (live cycads), Israel (seeds) and France (leaves) being top importers of cycads from the region. The total financial value of CITES-listed exports from the region (excluding some taxa and products for which insufficient data on prices was available) is estimated to be USD340 million per year (USD3.4 billion over the ten-year period). The highest-value trade in individual taxa related to Pericopsis elata (estimated at USD73 million per year), Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape Fur Seal; USD64 million per year), Crocodylus niloticus (USD57 million per year), and Psittacus erithacus (USD31 million per year).The total financial value of the international trade in the case study groups analysed was estimated at an average of over USD150 million per year (USD1.5 billion over the ten-year period), with reptiles (40% of the value when excluding trophies; USD62 million per year), parrots (38%; USD58 million per year) and succulent plants (16%; USD14 million per year), representing the groups with the highest estimated value. The estimated value of the hunting trophies exported was an average of USD6.5 million per year. When criteria to identify species traded at high volumes or showing a sharp increase in trade over the period are applied, 104 CITES-listed species native to, and exported from, the SADC Region showed noteworthy trends (high volume and/or sharp increase) based on an analysis equivalent to that used to inform the CITES Review of Significant Trade process. Reptiles were the group with the highest number of species showing noteworthy trends, with 36 species meeting the selection criteria. Madagascar was the top exporter for these species amongst the SADC countries, exporting 63 of the 104 (61%) selected species during 2005-2014, and was the top global exporter for 62 of these species. Nearly one thousand species native to the SADC Region were exported from non-SADC countries 2005-2014, both as wild-sourced and captivebred or artificially-propagated. Nearly 500 of these species are endemic to a single SADC country. Exports from SADC countries account for a small proportion of the global trade in these species, potentially indicating an opportunity for development of sustainable use systems in SADC range countries. Details: Cambridge, UK: United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2016. 130p. Source: Internet Resource: Technical report prepared for the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI): Accessed November 16, 2016 at: http://conservationaction.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/SANBI-report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Africa URL: http://conservationaction.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/SANBI-report.pdf Shelf Number: 141178 Keywords: CITES Illegal Wildlife Trade Natural Resources Threatened Species Wildlife Crime Wildlife Trade |