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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:01 pm
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Results for child sexual violence
3 results foundAuthor: Blaya, Catherine Title: Expel Violence! A Systematic Review of Interventions to Prevent Corporal Punishment, Sexual Violence and Bullying in Schools Summary: School violence and peer victimization have become a focus concern due to isolated single, extremely violent events (e.g. school shootings). Even in its less serious forms, the issues of violence and behaviour management in schools trigger a great deal of stress for both pupils and school staff. More broadly, school victimization is a predictor of school drop out; criminality; as well as social exclusion for both victims and perpetrators (Olweus, 1991; Farrington, 1993; Smith, 2004). It is also damaging to the general school climate and quality of education (Debarbieux, 1999). School bullying has become one of the main concerns in Northern Europe (Olweus,1978), England (Smith and Sharp, 1994), Spain (Ortega, 1992) and throughout Europe and other countries such as Australia, Japan and North America (Rigby & Slee, 1991; Twemlow et al., 1996; Smith et al., 1999; Cowie, 2000). Other types of violence such as corporal punishment and sexual abuse are common in some countries. Corporal punishment, although it contravenes the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child remains legal in many countries. Research provided evidence that it remains to be considered the best solution for misbehaviour or conflicts with children by some teachers and head-teachers. This includes developed countries such as the United States, where in the late 1980's, it was estimated that corporal punishment was administered between 1 and 2 million times in schools (American Academy of Pediatrics - Committee on School Health, 2000). It is commonly administered to maintain attention and order within the classroom; for poor timekeeping or as a result of bad academic grades (Human Rights Watch: http://www.hrw.org). Sexual abuse by teachers is frequent in some countries. This is not only traumatic for the victims, but also provides a negative male role model to witnesses. In other countries, the fear of girls being sexually abused or threatened leads some ethnic minorities to exclude them from mainstream education (Blaya, 2003). Male pupils and male teachers are usually the perpetrators, with female pupils being the victims. Sexual violence has an impact not only on mental, but also on physical health and is the focus of concern of the World Health Organization and public health sectors worldwide due to sexually transmitted diseases, mainly HIV. Details: Woking, Surrey, UK: Plan Limited, 2008. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2014 at: https://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/files/expel-violence-english Year: 2008 Country: International URL: https://plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear/files/expel-violence-english Shelf Number: 132129 Keywords: Child Sexual ViolenceCorporal PunishmentPeer VictimizationSchool BullyingSchool CrimeSchool Violence |
Author: Rape Crisis Network Ireland Title: Hearing child survivors of sexual violence: Towards a national response Summary: As children are among the most vulnerable in society, through their dependence on adults and limited access to resources they are often incapable or face considerable difficulty communicating needs and having those needs met. This report seeks to identify those needs more clearly in relation to sexual violence and provide information about child sexual violence learned from child survivors who access services. This information can be used by adults and statutory actors to respond to and support vulnerable children. Globally, 7% of boys and 14% of girls under the age of 18 are subjected to forced sexual intercourse and other forms of violence involving touch (Pinheiro, 2006). In Ireland, the SAVI report revealed that 30% of women and 24% of men experienced some form of sexual abuse before the age of 17 (McGee et.al. 2002). Despite this vulnerability to multiple forms of abuse and violence, children are often disadvantaged in seeking support and redress for sexual crimes. Research in Ireland and internationally has identified that children subjected to sexual violence often do not disclose the abuse to anyone or delay disclosure until decades after the abuse has ended (McGee et.al. 2002; McElvany, 2008). Furthermore, even when children do disclose incidents of sexual violence, services may be inadequate or inaccessible. The CARI Foundation has stated that, "services for children affected by sexual abuse across the country are patchy and inadequate and much less developed than those for adults who were abused in their childhood" (2011). An important factor in the coherence and development of services is that the "the lack of comprehensive research and disaggregated data concerning sexual violence makes it difficult to clearly define the problem" (Moreno, 2010). The RCNI statistical database seeks to address this gap through the provision of high quality data on child survivors of sexual abuse. This information not only defines the problem but is essential in developing strategies and solutions to support survivors and reduce the risk of sexual violence against children. In this RCNI report, data relating to survivors under the age of 18 utilising RCC and CARI services in 2012 are examined. RCCs usually provide services to survivors from the age of 14, while CARI provides services to all children. The report presents previously unexamined data from these centres and includes information about the 192 child survivors, accounting for 220 incidents of sexual violence against children, who accessed services from CARI or an RCC in 2012. Child survivors represent a small subset of the total number of survivors of child sexual abuse that access services from RCCs or CARI. As incidents of sexual violence are often disclosed years later, certain types of incidents, perpetrators, and survivors may be omitted from the child survivor sample that are evident within a larger sample that includes adult survivors of child sexual abuse. In order to address this, and to reveal significant disparities between child service users and all service users who experienced incidences of child sexual violence, the child survivor sample is compared to the general sample of survivors of child sexual violence. Where significant differences exist, they are discussed within the report. Details: Galway: Rape Crisis Network Ireland, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 26, 2015 at: http://www.rcni.ie/wp-content/uploads/Hearing-Child-Survivors-of-Sexual-Violence-2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.rcni.ie/wp-content/uploads/Hearing-Child-Survivors-of-Sexual-Violence-2013.pdf Shelf Number: 134683 Keywords: Child PornographyChild Sexual Abuse (Ireland)Child Sexual ExploitationChild Sexual Violence |
Author: Maternowska, M. Catherine Title: Research that Drives Change: Conceptualizing and Conducting Nationally Led Violence Prevention Research. Synthesis Report of the "Multi-Country Study on the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children" in Italy, Peru, Viet Nam and Zimbabwe Summary: Globally, studies have demonstrated that children in every society are affected by physical, sexual and emotional violence. The drive to both quantify and qualify violence through data and research has been powerful: discourse among policy makers is shifting from "this does not happen here" to "what is driving this?" and "how can we address it?" To help answer these questions, the MultiCountry Study on the Drivers of Violence Affecting Children - conducted in Italy, Viet Nam, Peru and Zimbabwe - sought to disentangle the complex and often interrelated underlying causes of violence affecting children (VAC) in these four countries. Led by the UNICEF Office of Research - Innocenti with its academic partner, the University of Edinburgh, the Study was conducted by national research teams comprised of government, practitioners and academic researchers in each of the four countries. Drawing on human-centred principles, the Study used an iterative approach which put national ownership and co-creation at its core. Government partners were actively engaged as co-researchers and all data analysis was conducted in-country by government statisticians. Facilitating and prioritizing national meaning-making through dialogue and joint analysis and synthesis of findings was also a key part of the Study design. Each national team used a common process involving three separate components, all of which build on existing data and research: a systematic literature review of academic and 'grey' literature (such as research reports) including both quality quantitative and qualitative research, secondary analyses of nationally representative data sets and an initial mapping of the interventions landscape. Analysed together, these sources of information helped build initial hypotheses around what drives violence in each country. Two key frameworks were applied to the analysis in this Study: 1) a version of the socio-ecological model, which helps to understand the dynamic relationships between factors at the micro-, meso-and macro-levels, and 2) an age and gender framework, which recognizes that a child's vulnerability and ability to protect herself from violence changes over time with her evolving capacities. Through these lenses, common themes emerged across contexts. Guided by findings from the four countries highlighting the dynamic and constantly changing and/or overlapping domains that shape violence in children's lives, this Study moved beyond understanding the risk and protective factors for violence affecting children, which are often measured at the individual, interpersonal and community level. In doing so, it demonstrated how patterns of interpersonal violence are intimately connected to larger structural and institutional factors-or the drivers of violence. The structural drivers of violence identified across the four country sites, representing high (Italy), upper middle (Peru), lower middle (Viet Nam) and low income (Zimbabwe) settings, include: rapid socio-economic transformations accompanied by economic growth but also instability; poverty; migration; and gender inequality. The institutional drivers of violence, such as legal structures, ineffective child protection systems, weak school governance and harmful social and cultural norms, often serve to reinforce children's vulnerabilities. Drivers are rarely isolated factors and tend to work in potent combination with other factors within a single level as well as between levels of the social ecology that shapes children's lives. While some drivers can lead to positive change for children, in this study, these factors or combinations of factors are most often invisible forms of harm in and of themselves While VAC is present in every country, the analyses also show how violence conspires unevenly to create and maintain inequalities between and within countries. The institutions and communities upon which children and their families depend are changing social entities with many interdependent parts. The type of violence in any one or multiple settings may vary depending on a variety of risk or protective factors and/or by age and gender. One of the most important findings is that violence is a fluid and shifting phenomenon in children's lives as they move between the places where they live, play, sleep and learn. Identifying and addressing unequal power dynamics - wherever they may occur in the home, school or community - is of central importance to effective violence prevention. The research also shows how behaviours around violence are passed through generations, suggesting that the social tolerance of these behaviours is learned in childhood. Data across countries also shows how violence is intimately connected to how relationships are structured and defined by power dynamics within and among families, peers and communities. These findings, along with learning from the study process, led to the development of a new child-centred and integrated framework, which proposes a process by which interdisciplinary coalitions of researchers, practitioners and policymakers can understand violence affecting children and what can be done to prevent it. Using data to drive change, our proposed Child-Centred and Integrated Framework for Violence Prevention serves to situate national findings according to a child's social ecology, making clear how institutional and structural drivers and risk/protective factors together shape the many risks and opportunities of childhood around the world. KEY POINTS: - Unpacking the drivers of violence at the structural and institutional levels, and analysing how these interact with risk and protective factors at the community, interpersonal and individual levels is critical to understanding how violence affects children. It is this interaction between drivers and risk/protective factors that delineates how, where, when and why violence occurs in children's lives. - Focusing solely on the types of violence and the places where it occurs - as is commonly done in large-scale surveys and some qualitative studies - will only provide part of the picture of a child's risk of violence. - The role of age and gender as childhood unfolds over time is also essential to understanding violence. - Qualitative inquiry and analysis should be further promoted within the field of violence prevention - on its own or as part of a mixed-methods approach - to ensure meaningful data interpretation of the social world, including the webs of interactions and the concepts and behaviours of people within it. - Research that engages and empowers stakeholders can contribute to a common strategy for building and sustaining political will to end violence affecting children. - The way the study was conducted - led by national teams and using existing literature and data - provided a relatively low-cost and human-centred alternative model to costly surveys that assess the scope of violence without examining the drivers that determine it. - Moving forward, violence prevention research should continuously and critically examine the ways in which we count and construct the complex social phenomenon of violence affecting children: placing recognition of process and power at the heart of our research endeavours. Details: Florence, Italy: UNICEF, Innocenti Office of Research, 2018. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2018 at: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Drivers-of-Violence_Study.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Drivers-of-Violence_Study.pdf Shelf Number: 153883 Keywords: Child Abuse and Neglect Child Maltreatment Child Sexual Violence Children and Violence Crime PreventionViolenceViolence Against ChildrenViolence PreventionViolent Crime |