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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri

Time: 11:52 am

Results for children, crimes against

39 results found

Author: Asia Against Child Trafficking (Organization)

Title: Protecting the Rights and Dignity of the Trafficked Children in South East Asia

Summary: This report presents some minimum standards to protect the rights of trafficked children in South Asia. The report contains three main documents: Proposed guidelines for the protection of the rights of trafficked children in South Asia; Proposed ASEAN guidelines for the protection of the rights of trafficked children in South East Asia; and a comparative analysis and explanatory notes that includes some related experiences and examples in relation to specific provisions gathered from different sources.

Details: Manila: Asia ACTs Against Child Trafficking, 2007. 127p.

Source:

Year: 2007

Country: Asia

URL:

Shelf Number: 113386

Keywords:
Child Labor
Children, Crimes Against
Human Trafficking (Children)

Author: Delap, Emily

Title: Begging for Change: Research Findings and Recommendations on Forced Child Begging in Albania/Greece, India and Senegal

Summary: This report explores the issue of forced child begging both in its local specifics and global commonalities. Forced child begging involves forcing boys and girls to beg through physical or psychological coercion. Forced child begging offers an important focus for the struggle for children's rights in that it represents one of the most extreme forms of exploitation of children in the world today. The research shows that children may be forced to beg by their parents or guardians. Others are exploited in this way by third parties, including cases of children trafficked into begging by informal networks or organized criminal gangs.

Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2009. 33p.

Source:

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 114862

Keywords:
Begging
Child Exploitation
Child Labor
Child Trafficking
Children, Crimes Against
Organized Crime

Author: ECPAT International

Title: Upholding the Right of Children to Live Free from Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Interventions and Recommendations

Summary: The commercial sexual exploitation of children is a transnational issue that affects children across Asia and one that needs to be addressed in the regional and international context. A key requirement is well-coordinated, consistent and strong laws, within countries and across jurisdictions. Children are trafficked across borders and coerced into prostitution; child sex tourists travel to different locations to exploit children; and rapid growth in Internet use and other information and communication technologies allows child pornography to be distributed across borders. Many countries have inadequate legislation to address the problem. This report looks at the legal environment in the Asia Region and outlines the steps a country can take to fulfill its obligations towards children.

Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2007. 61p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2007

Country: Asia

URL:

Shelf Number: 119250

Keywords:
Child Pornography
Child Prostitution
Child Sex Tourism
Child Trafficking
Children, Crimes Against
Human Trafficking
Sex Trafficking

Author: Honomichi, Ryan

Title: An Evaluation of the Child Abuser Vertical Prosecution Program

Summary: This report is an evaluation of the Child Abuser Vertical Prosecution (CAVP) Program that is funded by the State of California. The goals of the program are to enhance prosecution efforts in felony child sexual abuse cases and to reduce the emotional trauma and secondary victimization related to the legal process for young victims and their families. The purpose of this evaluation is to determine if there was an impact on prosecution practices and outcomes as a result of CAVP Program funding and to determine whether the program accomplished its goals in a cost effective manner.

Details: Sacramento: California Governor's Office of Criminal Justice Planning, Program Evaluation Division, 2002. 69p.

Source:

Year: 2002

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 119364

Keywords:
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Prosecution (California )
Sex Offenders

Author: International Labour Office

Title: Combating Trafficking in Children for Labour Exploitation: A Resource Kit for Policy-Makers and Practitioners

Summary: This resource kit presents a series of booklets designed to enable policy-makers and practitioners to design, implement and improve policy and programming to fight child trafficking. The resource kit is composed of five independent, but interrelated books that each cover a particular set of themes: Book 1 is designed to help users to understand human trafficking, particularly trafficking that involves children (people under the age of 18 years); Book 2 is about acquiring knowledge prior to designing responses to child trafficking; Book 3 is about building a legal and policy framework within which to address trafficking, and also pays attention to mobilization and building of partnerships; Book 4 is about the actual remedial action to address child trafficking and provides insight into the initiatives that have been and can be taken to prevent such trafficking, protect children from becoming victims of trafficking, respond where trafficking exists and provide support and services to those who have been trafficked; Book 5 is about effective processes that may contribute to effective remedial action, and highlights amongst others the value of child participation, monitoring and documentation of learning.

Details: Geneva: ILO, 2008. 222p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2008

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 117315

Keywords:
Child Labor
Child Trafficking
Children, Crimes Against
Human Trafficking

Author: United Nations Children's Fund

Title: Progress for Children: A Report Card on Child Protection

Summary: This report card is a compendium of data on the global and national efforts to protect the rights of children.

Details: New York: UNICEF, 2009. 46p.

Source: Internet Resource; Number 8

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 119331

Keywords:
Child Protection
Children, Crimes Against

Author: Adams, William

Title: Effects of Federal Legislation on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children

Summary: Each year, as many as 300,000 children become victims of commercial sexual exploitation in the United States. Such victimization can have devastating effects on a child's physical and mental health and well-being. In an effort to stop the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), Congress enacted the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention Act (TVPA) in 2000. As the seminal legislation in America's efforts to end CSEC, the Act criminalizes human trafficking on a federal level. This bulletin describes the results of a study funded by OJJDP to examine TVPA's impact on the prosecution of CSEC cases. The authors draw on CSEC cases processed in federal courts between 1998 and 2005 to examine how current laws addressing CSEC are enforced, indicate key features of successful CSEC prosecutions, and describe how legislation has affected sentences imposed on CSEC perpetrators, as well as legislation's effects on the provision of services to victims.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2010. 11p.

Source: Internet Resource; Juvenile Justice Bulletin, July 2010

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 119477

Keywords:
Child Prostitution
Child Sex Trafficking
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Sexual Exploitation

Author: International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children

Title: Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review. Fifth Edition

Summary: Research into national child pornography legislation began in November 2004. Primary sources of information included: LexisNexis; a survey of Member Countries previously conducted by Interpol regarding national child sexual exploitation legislation; government submissions to the U.N. Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography in conjunction with a U.N. report on child pornography on the Internet; and direct contact with in-country nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), law enforcement agencies and officers, and attorneys. Sadly, the end results continue to shock. Of the 187 Interpol Member Countries, only 29 have legislation sufficient to combat child pornography offenses (5 Member Countries meet all of the criteria set forth above and 24 Member Countries meet all but the last criteria, pertaining to ISP reporting); and 93 have no legislation at all that specifically addresses child pornography. Of the remaining Interpol Member Countries that do have legislation specifically addressing child pornography: 54 do not define child pornography in national legislation; 24 do not provide for computer-facilitated offenses; and 36 do not criminalize possession of child pornography, regardless of the intent to distribute. Fundamental topics addressed in the model legislation portion of this report include: Defining “child” for the purposes of child pornography as anyone under the age of 18, regardless of the age of sexual consent; Defining “child pornography,” and ensuring that the definition includes computer- and Internet-specific terminology; Creating offenses specific to child pornography in the national penal code, including criminalizing the possession of child pornography, regardless of one’s intent to distribute, and including provisions specific to downloading or viewing images on the Internet; Ensuring criminal penalties for parents or legal guardians who acquiesce to their child’s participation in child pornography; Penalizing those who make known to others where to find child pornography; Including grooming provisions; Punishing attempt crimes; Establishing mandatory reporting requirements for healthcare and social service professionals, teachers, law enforcement officers, photo developers, information technology (IT) professionals, ISPs, credit card companies, and banks; Addressing the criminal liability of children involved in pornography; and Enhancing penalties for repeat offenders, organized crime participants, and other aggravated factors considered upon sentencing.

Details: Alexandria, VA: International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children, 2008. 33p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2008

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 119545

Keywords:
Child Pornography, Model Legislation
Children, Crimes Against
Internet Crimes
Organized Crime
Sex Crimes
Sex Offenders
Sexual Exploitation, Children

Author: Finkelhor, David

Title: Children's Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive National Survey

Summary: This Bulletin describes the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), a nationwide survey of the incidence and prevalence of children's exposure to violence. NatSCEV estimated both past-year and lifetime exposure to violence across a number of categories, including physical assault, bullying, sexual victimization, child maltreatment, dating violence, and witnessed and indirect victimization. The NatSCEV study showed high levels of exposure to violence among a nationally representative sample of youth. More than three in five reported being direct or indirect victims of violence in the past year, and of those, nearly two-thirds were victimized more than once.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2009. 11p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2010 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227744.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227744.pdf

Shelf Number: 119807

Keywords:
Abused Children
Bullying
Child Maltreatment
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Domestic Violence
Violent Crime

Author: Crime Victim Conmensation and Support Authority, Sweden

Title: Child Victims in the Union - Rights and Empowerment CURE. A report of the CURE Project 2009-2010

Summary: Child victims in the Union – Rights and Empowerment, CURE, has been a project on the situation of victimised children in the criminal justice system. It has had the ultimate aim to provide recommendations for an improved position of child victims in the European Union. The CURE project was initiated and run by the Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority in Sweden during 2009-2010. Child victims are identified as a vulnerable group of victims in the legislation of many Member States. Over the last couple of years, the legislative activity on issues related to certain groups of child victims and witnesses has been high. This has led to the establishment of a number of procedural safeguards aimed to protect the child victim from hardship in the criminal justice process. These are primarily concerned with how the child victim is interviewed and with ways to avoid that the child victim is confronted with the suspect. The CURE project concludes that criminal justice policies do not provide sufficient holistic support for child victims as called for in the UN Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime. Improving the circumstances of child victims in the justice system requires binding legislation and mechanisms which cater to the specific needs of children.

Details: Umea, Sweden: Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority, 2010. 184p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2010 at: http://s3.amazonaws.com/rcpp/assets/attachments/1151_Cure_report_for_web__original.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Europe

URL: http://s3.amazonaws.com/rcpp/assets/attachments/1151_Cure_report_for_web__original.pdf

Shelf Number: 120331

Keywords:
Child Witnesses
Children, Crimes Against
Victims of Crime, Children

Author: O'Donnell, Dan

Title: Child Victims of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

Summary: This paper addresses the legal framework and medical and psychological impacts of torture on children. Part One, Legal Framework, begins by showing the three characteristics that legally distinguish torture from child abuse, by definition: Torture is committed by an agent of the state or someone acting with the encouragement or acquiescence of the state. Torture is committed for the purpose of obtaining information or a confession; to intimidate, coerce or punish the immediate victim or a third person; or as part of discrimination. Torture must cause severe pain or suffering. Because of these differences, torture should be treated differently to child abuse, in particular with regard to law enforcement. The fact that torture is committed by a representative of the state justifies a stronger response. That it involves severe pain or suffering is another reason that the response must be proportionate. International law prohibits both torture and „cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment‟, although the distinction between them is not clearly defined. When the victim is a child, his or her greater vulnerability must be taken into account in determining whether the acts inflicted constitute torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, according to jurisprudence of international courts and other bodies. The obligations of states regarding torture are different from those regarding child abuse. Under international law suspected torturers must be prosecuted, and if they are convicted, the sentence must reflect the gravity of the crime. In contrast, prosecution is not always the most appropriate response to child abuse, especially when it takes place in the home. Most states have accepted an obligation to cooperate with one another in investigating and prosecuting torture, and to prosecute any torturer found in their territory, regardless of where the crime took place. No similar obligation exists with regard to child abuse. The torture of children occurs in different contexts, including police operations against children seen as a threat to public order or safety; children confined in prisons or detention facilities; and children seen as linked to subversive groups, including the children of militants States have special obligations under international humanitarian law when torture or inhuman treatment are committed during armed conflict or foreign occupation. They must search for and extradite or prosecute persons alleged to have committed such “grave breaches” of humanitarian law. Individuals also may be prosecuted before the International Criminal Court for torture or cruel or degrading treatment committed during armed conflict. The obligation to bring torturers to justice in order to prevent impunity must be reconciled with the right of child victims to psychological recovery and the principle that the best interests of the child must be a primary concern in all decisions and proceedings that affect children. The United Nations Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crimes can help reconcile these concerns. They provide that victims should be treated in a caring and sensitive manner that takes into account their personal situation and needs, and respects their physical, mental and moral integrity; that interviews and examinations should be conducted by trained professionals; and that all interactions should be conducted in a child-sensitive manner in a suitable environment. Part Two of the working paper addresses the medical and psychological impacts. States have an inescapable responsibility not only to prevent torture and punish torturers but also to assist the victims. These duties have special implications for health professionals. Yet the torture of children has low visibility and recognition among health workers.

Details: Florence, Italy: United Nation's Children Fund Innocenti Research Center, 2010. 34p.

Source: Internet Resource: Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-11: Accessed December 9, 2010 at: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp_2010_11.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: International

URL: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp_2010_11.pdf

Shelf Number: 120433

Keywords:
Child Maltreatment
Children, Crimes Against
Torture

Author: Prentky, Robert

Title: A Multi-Prong Approach to Strengthening Internet Child Safety

Summary: The Internet is a highly effective vehicle for engaging in a range of sexual crimes, including possession of and trafficking in child pornography, identifying, locating and grooming potential victims; sex-related entrepreneurial crime; and the dissemination of misogynistic material. It would be naïve to assume the Internet has only been used for offense-related purposes by those who have been caught and convicted of Internet-related crimes. It is reasonable to assume the “web” of actual or would-be offenders is substantially greater than the known offenders. Metaphorically, it is an “iceberg” problem, with many hands-on offenders and risk-prone individuals falling below the surface. As part of this three-year project, awarded by the U.S. Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to Justice Resource Institute, Boston College, Villanova University, and Fairleigh Dickinson University, we attempted to address this highly complex, multifaceted problem with a “multi-pronged” approach. To begin, we created an interdisciplinary Working Group comprised of seasoned professionals covering a range of perspectives about online child sexual victimization. The Working Group initially assisted in providing us with cases to help create and refine an Internet Offender Assessment dictionary, which later led to the development of self-report questionnaires used in data collection. The Working Group convened three times over the course of three years to discuss and brainstorm pertinent issues related to online child sexual victimization. This research project used a three-prong approach: The first prong elicited information from middle school and high school students regarding their Internet knowledge and practices, incidence of risk-taking behaviors while online, and experiences of being solicited or engaging in inappropriate sexual activity via a request from a person first met online. This task was aimed at improving Internet safety programs by better understanding how some children are victimized by Internet Sex Offenders while others are not. The results from this prong will inform and, it is hoped, improve Internet safety programs for school systems We added a large, diverse sample of college students drawn from across the county. We administered a selfreport questionnaire surveying their Internet use, experiences, and knowledge, as well as their exposure to pornographic images. This group of young adults is unique in that it is the first generation to have grown up with widely and readily available access to the Internet. We looked at age-related exposure to Internet pornography and a wide range of “content” of pornography and compared student’s reports to reports by the offender groups. The second prong targeted known offenders. Informing primary prevention and secondary intervention programs requires a much better understanding of the complexity of Internet Sex Offenders, their backgrounds, their criminal offenses, and the motives of Internet Sex Offenders. The objective was to help reduce victimization by identifying risk-relevant characteristics of Internet Sex Offenders, creating more effective safety programs based on the knowledge gleaned from offenders, and adding to the existing literature by differentiating among Internet Sex Offenders in an empirically informed way. To accomplish this we included, in addition to a sample of Internet-only Sex Offenders, a group of known hands-on sex offenders with no known Internet offenses, and a third group consisting of known hands-on sexual offenders with Internet sex offenses. The third prong of this project was intended to more fully understand the role, limitations, and importance of technology. Technology is not only important to law enforcement for apprehending offenders, but also critical in reducing victimization. We assembled a dataset to explore the feasibility of identifying “cyber DNA,” unique (signature) elements revealed in communications between adults and children and/or offenders and undercover law enforcement. The intent of such computer-forensic markers is to detect distinctive patterns distinguishing one offender from another or place an offender within a subset of offenders. The concern expressed by parents/guardians about offensive photographs currently available to children online warranted additional research to examine the effectiveness of filters (commercial programs designed to prevent unwanted materials from being viewed or downloaded). Thus, one of our third-prong-related tasks was a comparison of all widely used filters. By understanding the boundaries of technological sophistication among diverse samples, we can more effectively employ different types of filters.

Details: Boston: Justice Resource Institute, 2010. 40p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 28, 2011 at: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/documents/law-enforcement-bulletin-4.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://www.missingkids.com/en_US/documents/law-enforcement-bulletin-4.pdf

Shelf Number: 120884

Keywords:
Children, Crimes Against
Computer Crimes
Internet Crimes
Internet Safety
Sex Offenders

Author: Bernard van Leer Foundation

Title: Hidden Violence: Protecting Young Children at Home

Summary: Violence against young children is often hidden from view when it takes place in the home and the family. Articles in this issue of ECM explore the need for good data on how many children are affected, and for better evidence about what works to tackle violence in the home; among the strategies discussed in this issue are programmes to strengthen families, engage fathers in the early years and challenge social norms. Contributions include an interview with Maud de Boer-Buquicchio on the Council of Europe's action plan; Professors Jack Shonkoff and Nathan Fox on the neuroscience of children's exposure to violence in the home; Marta Santos Pais, UN Special Representative on violence against children, discussing what legislation can do; Chris Mikton on the WHO's quest for evidence and UNICEF on their approach to violence in the home; and contributions from the Netherlands, Sweden, Brazil, Uganda and Peru among others.

Details: The Hague: Bernard van Leer Foundation, 2011. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Early Childhood Matters: Accessed July 14, 2011 at: http://www.bernardvanleer.org/Hidden-violence-Protecting-young-children-at-home

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://www.bernardvanleer.org/Hidden-violence-Protecting-young-children-at-home

Shelf Number: 122053

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Children, Crimes Against
Family Interventions
Family Violence

Author: Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre (CEOP)

Title: Hidden Children: The Trafficking and Exploitation of Children Within the Home

Summary: The trafficking and exploitation of children can take many forms, both commercial and non-commercial. To date, however, there has been comparatively little focus on hidden children in the UK who are exploited on a non-commercial basis, in domestic servitude. This can be attributed to the fact these crimes are indeed hidden and the number of cases known to law enforcement is limited. In this ‘Hidden Children’ report, the Child Exploitation and Online Protection (CEOP) Centre identifies examples of modus operandi and techniques used by offenders in this form of exploitation. The report also outlines, identifies and profiles the trends and characteristics of this form of abuse, which has resulted in the development of recommendations with UK-wide significance. CEOP’s ‘Hidden Children’ report demonstrates that instances of child abuse through domestic servitude occur throughout the UK, with case studies used to illustrate the nature of the abuse. The report also shows that, in some instances, domestic servitude can occur in tandem with the commercial and economic exploitation of that child. This can take the form of forced labour, begging and pretty crime, and sexual exploitation.

Details: London: CEOP, 2011. 36p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 27, 2011 at: http://www.ceop.police.uk/Documents/ceopdocs/CEOP_Hidden_Children_report_2011.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.ceop.police.uk/Documents/ceopdocs/CEOP_Hidden_Children_report_2011.pdf

Shelf Number: 122185

Keywords:
Begging
Child Abuse and Neglect (U.K.)
Child Prostitution
Children, Crimes Against
Forced Labour, Children

Author: Silva-de-Alwis, Rangita de

Title: Child Marriage and the Law: Legislative Reform Initiative Paper Series

Summary: Child marriage violates the rights of the girl child to be free from all forms of discrimination, inhuman and degrading treatment, and slavery. This paper analyses the different legal frameworks and human rights dimensions of child marriage within a feminist perspective. The value of a rights-based approach as a powerful advocacy tool to monitor child marriage is at the heart of this paper. Further, the paper highlights the interconnectivity between international human rights law, constitutional guarantees of gender equality, and other gender friendly laws in combating child marriage. The main thrust of this paper is that early marriage is a violation of fundamental human rights and that both state and non- state actors must be held accountable under international treaty obligations to combat early child marriage. What is unique about this paper is that it looks at the legal system as a whole and proposes a set of holistic legal and policy reform. By reviewing the landscape of laws that impact on women and children, we are able to come up with a broader range of policy alternatives and a more sophisticated understanding of how the multiple strands of law and innovative legal strategies can converge to prevent child marriage. Laws have been traditionally created in the male image. In re-envisioning law and legal strategies it is important to capture the lived experiences of women that are so often excluded in the law. The human rights discourse provides the language and the framework to conceive new laws and revise old laws. Child marriage violates a panoply of interconnected rights, including, the right to equality on grounds of sex and age, the right to marry and found a family, the right to life, the right to the highest attainable standard of health, the right to education and development and the right to be free from slavery that are guaranteed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages and the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery. The human rights guarantees legitimize strong penalties for violations of laws and policies preventing child marriage. Locating child marriage as a human rights violation also helps to raise it as a grave public concern rather than a private matter between families. The human rights agenda helps to view child marriage through the lenses of both civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights covenants. Most of all, the human rights perspective helps to frame child marriage as a crime against women and the girl child. Child marriage disproportionately affects girls because of their sex and despite facially neutral laws, women and girls are often de facto unequal before the law. That is why apart from specific child marriage laws, laws relating to prohibitions against discrimination on the ground of sex and age must be strengthened in an effort to strike out the root causes of child marriage.

Details: New York: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2008. 76p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 28, 2011 at: http://www.unrol.org/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law[1].pdf

Year: 2008

Country: International

URL: http://www.unrol.org/files/Child_Marriage_and_the_Law[1].pdf

Shelf Number: 122224

Keywords:
Child Marriage
Children, Crimes Against
Human Rights, Children

Author: United Nations Children’s Fund

Title: Violence Against Children in Tanzania: Findings from a National Survey 2009

Summary: Violence against children is a serious human rights, social and public health issue in many parts of the world and its consequences can be devastating. No country is immune, whether rich or poor. Violence erodes the strong foundation that children need for leading healthy and productive lives, and violates the fundamental right of children to a safe childhood. Violence against children is never justifiable. Nor is it inevitable. If its underlying causes are identified and addressed, violence against children is entirely preventable. The United Nations Secretary-General’s (UNSG) World Report on Violence against Children (2006) was the first and most comprehensive global study on all forms of violence against children. The aim of the study was to research, report, and make recommendations on violence in the multiple settings where children live and survive — including the home and family, in schools, care and justice systems, the workplace and the community. Overarching recommendations from this global study included the need to ‘develop and implement systematic national data collection and research’ urging States to improve data collection and information systems in order to identify the most vulnerable children, inform policy and programming at all levels and track progress towards the goal of preventing violence against children. Tanzania is the first country in Africa to undertake A National Study on Violence against Children – for the first time measuring all forms of violence (sexual, physical and emotional) amongst girls and boys and giving national estimates of the prevalence of violence. The results of this study which you are about to read indicate that sexual, physical and emotional violence are common for children growing up in Tanzania, and the perpetrators of this violence are often near and known to the children. This report provides, for the first time, national estimates which describe the magnitude and nature of violence experienced by both girls and boys in Tanzania. It highlights the particular vulnerability of girls to sexual violence and the negative health consequences of these experiences in their childhoods and beyond. Violence against children is a major threat to national development and our work to achieve the vision laid out in MKUKUTA and to reach the Millennium Development Goals. We will not achieve quality primary and secondary education unless children are safe in school. The spread of HIV/AIDS will not be halted until we stop sexual violence that helps to fuel the pandemic. We will not reduce the incidence and costs of mental and physical health problems if we do not address all forms of violence against children. We will not challenge the social and cultural legitimacy of violence in Tanzania without understanding its circumstances. The obligation for all States to work toward the elimination of all forms of violence against children is recognized by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratifi ed by Tanzania in 1990. Efforts to prevent violence form part of the government’s national commitment to uphold the right of each child to his or her human dignity and physical integrity. This commitment is refl ected in the Tanzanian Law of the Child Act (2009) - the national legal and regulatory framework to protect children. The results of this study will help the Government of Tanzania, through the Multi-Sector Task Force that has coordinated the Study, to enhance efforts to break the silence around violence against children and establish a stronger foundation for both prevention and response, nested within a nationally supported Child Protection System in line with the Law of the Child Act (2009). What is critical now is to move the Study from research to action. Responses are required across all sectors – including health, social welfare, education, justice – and at all levels - national, regional, district and lower levels. Civil society groups and individual citizens all have important roles to play.

Details: Dar es Salaam: UNICEF Tanzania, 2011. 152p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2011 at: http://www.unicef.org/media/files/VIOLENCE_AGAINST_CHILDREN_IN_TANZANIA_REPORT.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Tanzania

URL: http://www.unicef.org/media/files/VIOLENCE_AGAINST_CHILDREN_IN_TANZANIA_REPORT.pdf

Shelf Number: 122754

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect (Tanzania)
Child Maltreatment
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Violence Against Children

Author: Covell, Katherine

Title: Five Years On: A Global Update on Violence Against Children

Summary: In 2001, the UN General Assembly, acting on the recommendation of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, requested the UN Secretary-General to undertake an in-depth study on violence against children. The Study provided the first global report on the extent, causes, and effects of violence against children — in the home, the school, institutions, the workplace, and the community. It was also the first United Nations report to be based on widespread collaboration among the OHCHR, UNICEF, the WHO, non-governmental organizations, national human rights institutions, and direct consultation with children themselves. The report found that millions of children across the world were victims of sexual, physical and/or, emotional violence, many on a daily basis. Societal acceptance of violence against children appeared to be the norm and to be a key obstacle to its elimination. The UN Study put forward 12 overarching recommendations for action. It urged states and other stakeholders to strengthen international, national, and local commitments to end violence against children; to prohibit all violence against children in national law; to promote non-violent values and awareness raising; to enhance the capacity of those who work with or for children; to ensure accountability and end impunity; and to take a range of other actions to prevent violence against children and to respond to it effectively if it occurs. The ultimate goal of the recommendations was to establish conditions that would end all forms of violence against all children. The UN Study concluded, “No violence against children is justifiable; all violence against children is preventable.” When the report of the UN Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children (UN Study) was presented in 2006, it revealed that despite extensive international human rights obligations, children globally experience staggering levels of violence. The magnitude of violence against children documented by the UN Study represented an urgent call to action, and the Study presented clear and concrete recommendations on how states should respond. Five years later, we find that violence, including severe violence, continues against millions of children globally. There has been some progress on some of the Study’s recommendations – but concerted action to prohibit and eliminate violence against children is as urgently needed today as when the report was submitted to the General Assembly (GA) in 2006.

Details: NGO Advisory Council, 2011. 58p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.crin.org/docs/Five_Years_On.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://www.crin.org/docs/Five_Years_On.pdf

Shelf Number: 123050

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Protection
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Violence Against Children

Author: New Zealand. Ministry of Justice

Title: Alternative Pre-Trial and Trial Processes for Child Witnesses in New Zealand's Criminal Justice System

Summary: The Ministry of Justice (the Ministry) is undertaking a policy project on child victims and witnesses in the criminal justice system to improve the way in which their needs are managed in the court process. The policy project is investigating alternative pre-trial and trial processes that may improve how child witnesses are treated. This Issues Paper outlines concerns with the current situation and seeks your views on potential options for reform. 2. It is widely acknowledged that contact with the court system can be especially difficult for child victims and witnesses. In particular, the process of giving evidence (especially cross-examination) can be traumatic for many child victims and witnesses. The experience can be confrontational, stressful and confusing, which can also mean that the best quality evidence is not elicited from these witnesses. As a result, the system does not ensure fairness to all those involved in the criminal justice system. 3. In addition, concerns have been raised about the sometimes long delays between the time children are interviewed by Police and when they give evidence in court. Court delays can impact on the quality of children‟s evidence and their ability to exit the criminal justice system as early as possible. 4. There are a considerable number of children who are in contact with the court system. In the 2009/2010 year, over 2,000 child complainants were involved in cases before the courts.1 More children will have been involved in court cases as witnesses. Given this data, improving the experience of child witnesses has the potential to assist a large number of children who are currently involved in criminal court trials. 5. To develop the options outlined in this Issues Paper, the Ministry has undertaken a review of academic literature along with a review of practices in other jurisdictions, including both adversarial and inquisitorial systems. The specific focus has been on identifying alternative approaches that might address the key concerns of timeliness and inappropriate questioning of children. In looking at the alternative approaches used in other jurisdictions, this project will consider whether a hybrid model, with elements of inquisitorial systems being incorporated into our adversarial system, could be developed for the New Zealand criminal justice system. 6. The Ministry will assess the proposed options against four key criteria. These criteria include eliciting the most complete, accurate and reliable evidence from witnesses; minimising harm to witnesses; maintaining defendant‟s rights; and ensuring that the cost of reforms do not outweigh the benefits. These criteria are outlined in more detail on page 15. It is also important to note that the options outlined in this Issues Paper should not be treated as a package or integrated suite of options that build on each other. Rather, they are a range of potential approaches, some of which are compatible with others, and some that if selected, would render other options unnecessary. 7. This work is initially focussed on addressing the specific needs of child victims and witnesses, but the Ministry is maintaining the possibility that any options that are progressed could later be extended to other vulnerable victims and witnesses (such as adult victims of sexual violence or people with diminished capacity). 8. Section One outlines the current system, including the current processes and provisions that exist to protect child victims and witnesses, and presents the key concerns with the current system. Section Two outlines a range of possible options for reform, drawing on our review of the literature, discussions with stakeholders, and analysis of approaches taken in other jurisdictions, both adversarial and inquisitorial. 9. The purpose of this Issues Paper is to encourage discussion on the treatment of child witnesses in the criminal justice system and identify the best options to address concerns. The Issues Paper is intended to be used for targeted consultation with key stakeholders and interested parties to gather feedback on the options outlined. We also welcome other ideas and suggestions of options that have not been covered in this paper.

Details: Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Justice, 2011. 53p.

Source: Internet Resource: Issues Paper: Accessed October 20, 2011 at: http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/a/alternative-pre-trial-and-trial-processes-for-child-witnesses-in-new-zealands-criminal-justice-system

Year: 2011

Country: New Zealand

URL: http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/global-publications/a/alternative-pre-trial-and-trial-processes-for-child-witnesses-in-new-zealands-criminal-justice-system

Shelf Number: 123065

Keywords:
Child Witnesses (New Zealand)
Children, Crimes Against

Author: Save the Children Sweden

Title: Violence Against Children in Schools: A Regional Analysis of Lebanon, Morocco and Yemen

Summary: The project “Manara Network: A Civil Society for Child Rights” is a three-year project funded by the Swedish International Development Agency and implemented by Save the Children Sweden (SCS) in collaboration with the International Bureau for Children’s Rights (IBCR). The project aims at establishing a Regional Child Rights Network of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region with the objectives of supporting and strengthening the capacity of local CSOs in four main components: analysis and reporting, coordination and networking, advocacy and child rights programming mainstreaming. After an inception phase between September 2008 and March 2009, four partners were identified to implement the first phase of the project: the Lebanese Association for Education and Training (ALEF) and Developmental Action without Borders (Naba’a) (both based in Lebanon); the Moroccan non-governmental organisation (NGO) Bayti, and SOUL for Development in Yemen. The network aims to expand to 17 countries in the MENA region. To date, members of Manara come from Lebanon, Yemen, Morocco, Jordan, the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) and Iraq. The first phase of the component on analysis and reporting included the creation of Country Profiles on the status of the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) by local organisations in their respective country. This component has two objectives: strengthening the capacity of organisations in conducting research on children’s rights, and producing a report that provides an overview of the status of child rights in each given country. The report aims to identify gaps and challenges on the status of implementation of the CRC, highlight the recommendations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on specific matters and identify commendable practices adopted by the State, civil society and the international community to address those issues. For the second phase of the component on analysis and reporting, the four partners (Alef, Naba’a, Soul and Bayti) chose to focus their attention on a common problem they identified in their respective country profiles: violence against children in schools. They conducted an in-depth analysis of the topic, including a literature review and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The first stage of the research on violence against children in schools started in July 2010. Each organisation produced a national study that reviewed the prevalence of violence against children in schools and the recommendations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, and identified the commendable practices implemented in its country by the State, civil society and international organisations in preventing and addressing this issue. The research examined violent acts that are committed by teachers and administrative staff towards students. The study covered physical, psychological and sexual violence. The study also aimed at analysing violence between peers within the school setting; however, very little data on this subject was available and, therefore, this aspect of violence against children could not be included in this analysis. Furthermore, the few studies available addressed the problem of violence in general rather than specifically within the school setting. Each partner conducted a literature review to identify existing research on the topic, followed by field research involving a series of interviews with identified stakeholders. These interviews contributed to filling the gaps identified through the desk research. These two phases of research allowed partners to paint a clearer picture of school-based violence in their respective countries, the legislative and institutional framework regulating education and ensuring protection and responses to this phenomenon by governmental and non-governmental actors. In December 2010, the second stage of the research process began. National sections were compiled and the four partners along with IBCR came together in a workshop to analyse the information. The data was then divided into four main areas of responses or practices identified by local partners: initiatives toward prevention, legislation and initiatives to end impunity; - initiatives in monitoring, reporting, and research; and services provided to victims. By the end of January 2011, partners had finalised the report and produced an analysis of results in each realm of intervention, as well as making recommendations for various stakeholders. The study includes initiatives implemented from the latest Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child until December 2010.

Details: Beirut: Save the Children Sweden, Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa, 2011. 122p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2011 at: http://65.39.174.116/editor/assets/Violence%20against%20Children%20in%20Schools.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 123200

Keywords:
Children, Crimes Against
School Violence (Lebanon, Morocco, Yemen)

Author: European Commission`s Daphne III Programme 2007 - 2013

Title: Research of the Current Situation in Latvia, Concerning Sexual Abuse of Children at Residential Institutions

Summary: Child abuse is still a pending matter in Latvia, as well as still many children in comparison live at residential institutions. Therefore it was decided to do a research that would help to analyze the current situation in Latvia. This research has two goals: 1) To gather and analyze available information, statistical data, legal framework of the Republic of Latvia and good practices concerning child sexual abuse. 2) To gather and analyze available information and statistical data regarding children who live in residential institutions. Gathering and analyzing available information, legal framework and statistical data is the method used in this research. This research is based on child abuse definition introduced by World Health Organization (WHO): Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power (WHO, 1999). World Health Organization also introduces the definition of child sexual abuse, which will also be used in this research. This definition prescribes, that child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent, or that violate the laws or social taboos of society. Child sexual abuse is evidenced by an activity between a child and an adult or another child who by age or development is (WHO, 1999) in a relationship of responsibility, trust or power, the activity being intended to gratify or satisfy the needs of the other person. This may include but is not limited to: • The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity. • The exploitative use of a child in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices. • The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials (WHO, 1999) Children who are left without care in Latvia receive extra-familial care, which is ensured with a guardian, foster family, childcare institution for orphans and children who have been left without parental care. In turn, child care institution is defined as an institution in which social care and social rehabilitation for orphans and children left without parental care, as well as children for whom social rehabilitation is necessary or special care due to their state of health, is ensured. (Protection of the Rights of the Child Law, 1998).

Details: Riga, Latvia: Dardedze, 2009. 32p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2011 at: http://www.centrsdardedze.lv/eng/daphne_programme_of_european_commission/daphne_programme_of_european_commission/

Year: 2009

Country: Latvia

URL: http://www.centrsdardedze.lv/eng/daphne_programme_of_european_commission/daphne_programme_of_european_commission/

Shelf Number: 123212

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Sexual Abuse (Latvia)
Children, Crimes Against

Author: Reza, Avid

Title: Violence Against Children in Swaziland: Findings from a National Survey on Violence Against Children in Swaziland, May 15 – June 16, 2007

Summary: Violence against children is a significant global health and human rights problem, and a growing concern in sub-Saharan Africa. The problem of violence against children spans geographical boundaries, culture, race, class, and religion. It can be expressed in the form of physical or sexual assault or abuse, psychological or emotional abuse, and deprivation or neglect. Violence against children is a profound violation of human rights and has devastating short- and long-term mental and physical health consequences. This report focuses primarily on sexual violence against female children. According to the World Report on Violence and Health, sexual violence is defined as “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.” Existing research shows that sexual violence is a major health problem throughout the world. Although nationally representative studies on child sexual violence are limited in sub-Saharan Africa, available data show that sexual violence against children is an important problem in the region. Sexual violence is preventable. However, in order to develop and implement effective prevention strategies, timely and more complete data are needed. To the best of our knowledge, this survey provides, for the first time, national population based estimates that describe the magnitude and nature of the problem of violence experienced by female children in Swaziland. The objectives of this survey were to (1) describe the epidemiologic patterns of sexual violence and other forms of violence; (2) identify potential risk and protective factors for sexual violence; (3) assess the knowledge and utilization of health services available for victims of sexual violence and other forms of violence; (4) identify areas for further research; (5) raise awareness about violence as an important health problem; and (6) make recommendations on improving and enhancing interventions to better identify, treat and prevent sexual violence against children and its health-related consequences. This report will address all of the above listed objectives, with the exception of identifying risk and protective factors for sexual violence and areas for future research which will be presented in future publications.

Details: Swaziland: Swaziland United Nations Children's Fund; Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007. 94p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2011 at: http://www.unicef.org/swaziland/sz_publications_2007violenceagainstchildren.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: Swaziland

URL: http://www.unicef.org/swaziland/sz_publications_2007violenceagainstchildren.pdf

Shelf Number: 123213

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect (Swaziland)
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Sexual Violence

Author: South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children

Title: Rapid Assessment of Existing Practices and Mechanisms Concerning Rescue, Recovery and Reintegration of Child Victims of Trafficking between India and Bangladesh

Summary: This rapid assessment examined the processes and mechanisms currently in place for the withdrawal, documentation, family tracing, repatriation, recovery and reintegration of trafficked Bangladeshi children in India, with particular attention to the protection and well-being of the child while in the care of India and Bangladesh government and NGOs. This is a process assessment, and does not investigate the policy considerations, legal implications or judicial proceedings in either Bangladesh or India that surround the issue.

Details: Nepal: South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children, Undated. 49p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 31, 2012 at http://www.saievac.info/editor_uploads/File/UNICEF%20DOCS/01%20RRRI%20Rapid%20Assessment.pdf

Year: 0

Country: International

URL: http://www.saievac.info/editor_uploads/File/UNICEF%20DOCS/01%20RRRI%20Rapid%20Assessment.pdf

Shelf Number: 123915

Keywords:
Bangladesh
Child Trafficking
Children, Crimes Against
India
Reintegration

Author: Thiara, Ravi K.

Title: Domestic Violence, Child Contact and Post-Separation Violence: Issues for South Asian and African-Caribbean Women and Children: a Report of Findings

Summary: This report details research undertaken with South Asian and African-Caribbean mothers who had experienced domestic violence and have since separated from their partners. The research reviews the knowledge base around domestic violence and child contact and looks at the particular issues experienced by women in these communities. It reports on the findings from interviews with 19 children, 45 women, and 71 professionals.

Details: London: NSPCC - National Society for the Prevention of Cruely to Children, 2012. 160p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 3, 2012 at This report details research undertaken with South Asian and African-Caribbean mothers who had experienced domestic violence and have since separated from their partners.

The research reviews the knowledge base around domestic violence and child contact and looks at the particular issues experienced by women in these communities.

It reports on the findings from interviews with 19 children, 45 women, and 71 professionals.

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 123953

Keywords:
Children, Crimes Against
Domestic Violence (U.K.)
Female Victims
Juvenile Victims
Minority Groups

Author: Smith, Kevin (ed.)

Title: Hate Crime, Cyber Security and the Experience of Crime among Children: Findings from the 2010/11 British Crime Survey: Supplementary Volume 3 to Crime in England and Wales 2010/11

Summary: This bulletin covers three topic areas. These are: The extent of and perceptions towards hate crime -- This chapter contains analysis of figures from the 2009/10 and 2010/11 British Crime Surveys, including extent and reporting of hate crime, its effects on victims and victim satisfaction with the police. It also looks at a range of public perception measures relating to hate crime. Questions were asked of adults aged 16 or over in England and Wales. Use of the internet and cyber security -- This chapter contains information from the 2010/11 British Crime Survey on levels of internet use, concerns people may have about using the internet, and any measures taken to protect personal details when using the internet. Variations by age and sex are highlighted throughout the chapter. Questions were asked of adults aged 16 or over in England and Wales. Experimental statistics on the experience of crime among children aged 10 to 15 -- This chapter is based on data collected from 10 to 15 year olds who took part in the 2010/11 British Crime Survey. Questions were asked of children in England and Wales who had experienced a crime about the circumstances of the incident, any details on the offender(s) and their views of the incident. Experimental statistics is a designation for statistics still in a development phase.

Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 84p.

Source: Internet Resource: Home Office Statistical Bulletin: Accessed March 29, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb0612/hosb0612?view=Binary

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb0612/hosb0612?view=Binary

Shelf Number: 124757

Keywords:
Children, Crimes Against
Crime Statistics (U.K.)
Cybercrimes
Hate Crimes
Internet Crimes

Author: Finkelhor, David

Title: Child and Youth Victimization Known to Police, School, and Medical Authorities

Summary: Considerable efforts have been made during the last generation to encourage children and their families to report victimization to authorities. Nonetheless, concern persists that most childhood victimization remains hidden. The 2008 inventory of childhood victimization—the National Study of Children’s Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV) — allowed an assessment of whether authorities, including police, school, and medical authorities, are identifying victimizations. The victim, the victim’s family, or a bystander may have disclosed the victimization to those authorities, or the authorities may have directly observed the victimization or evidence of that victimization. Among the survey findings: • Thirteen percent of children victimized in the previous year had at least one of their victimizations known to police, and 46 percent had one known to school, police, or medical authorities. • Authorities knew about a majority of serious victimizations, including incidents of sexual abuse by an adult, gang assaults, and kidnappings, but they were mostly unaware of other kinds of serious victimizations, such as dating violence and completed and attempted rape. • In general, school officials knew about victimization episodes considerably more often (42 percent) than police (13 percent) or medical personnel (2 percent). However, police were the most likely to know about kidnapping, neglect, and sexual abuse by an adult. • More victimization and abuse appears to be known to authorities currently than was the case in a comparable 1992 survey.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2012. 8p.

Source: Internet Resource: Juvenile Justice Bulletin, N AT I O N A L S U R V E Y O F
Children’s Exposure to Violence: Accessed April 27, 2012 at: http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/235394.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/235394.pdf

Shelf Number: 125075

Keywords:
Children as Victims
Children, Crimes Against
Victimization, Children
Victims of Crime (U.S.)

Author: Nobody's Children Foundation 2009 - 2010

Title: "Sexual violence against children": Study of the phenomenon and dimensions of the violence against children raised in the residential institutions

Summary: The project “Sexual Abuse of Children in Residential Institutions“ is aimed at examining the extent and scope of child sexual abuse in residential institutions in five European Union member states. The ultimate objective of the project is to promote the making of both national and European policies that prevent sexual abuse of institutionalized children. The use of uni-form research methodology will allow for the comparison of research results in different countries and sharing the experiences of good practices. The project was carried out in Bulgaria, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. The characteristics of children who grow up in residential institutions (parental alcohol abuse, family pathology, child neglect, etc.) provide grounds for the hypothesis that the experience of sexual contact with adults may be more common in the population of institutionalized chil-dren than in the general child population. Emotional neglect by the loved ones may motivate these children to seek emotional bonds with other grown-ups. Such children are especially likely to fall victim to paedophilia. Moreover, when the child is neglected and there are no close relationships between the child and his/her family, it becomes significantly less likely for the child to disclose the abuse and for the family members to notice symptoms of abuse in the child. Additionally, the very fact of growing up in an institution may increase the risk of sexual abuse. Many such institutions have a “second life”, focusing on the development and maintenance of a hierarchy of status and power among the residing children. Forced sex (when older and stronger residents force younger children to sexual activity), rape, etc. may serve as instruments of this “second life”. The problem of victimization of children living in residential care in Poland, including sexual abuse, was examined in 2005, when the Nobody’s Children Foundation conducted a survey (within its research programme) of 495 children selected from a representative na-tional sample of residential care institutions. Institutional staff were also included in the study. The 2009 study presented in this report helped to determine the scale (or prevalence) of such traumatic experiences among children living in residential institutions in Warsaw, and the scope of help available to them in such cases. The study used the methodology of the 2005 survey, making it possible to relate the findings about the Warsaw subjects to the national data.

Details: Warsaw: Nobody's Children Foundation, 2010. 70p.

Source: Internet REsource: Accessed August 30, 2012 at http://www.sapibg.org/attachments/article/1253/Poland%20%28EN%29.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Poland

URL: http://www.sapibg.org/attachments/article/1253/Poland%20%28EN%29.pdf

Shelf Number: 126176

Keywords:
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Residential Institutions Child Abuse

Author: United Children's Fund (UNICEF)

Title: Child Maltreatment: Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences in East Asia and the Pacific. A Systematic Review of Research

Summary: Child maltreatment – the physical, sexual and emotional abuse, exploitation and neglect of children – has been shown through the World Report on Violence and Health (2002) and the UN Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against Children (2006) to be widely prevalent in all societies. According to recent global data, more than one in four children worldwide reported having experienced severe and frequent physical abuse, while child sexual abuse was experienced by nearly one in five females and one in eleven males. Maltreatment can have profound and damaging consequences during childhood and adolescence and throughout adult life. Children who have experienced abuse or neglect are more likely to have poorer physical and/or mental health outcomes; social difficulties, such as insecure attachments with caregivers and problematic relationships with peers, and as adults later in life; cognitive dysfunction, attributable to the negative impact of excessive stress on brain development; high-risk behaviours, such as drug and alcohol abuse, early sexual activity and resulting teenage parenting; and behavioural problems, including aggression and adult criminality. In addition to addressing these crucial dimensions of children’s rights, investing in protecting children has a direct positive impact on a country’s human capital and economic growth and reduces the burden of government spending on the long-term consequences of abuse. National child protection systems are recognized as the most effective and sustainable means to protect children from all forms of maltreatment. The absence of such a system frequently leads to incomplete coverage, and to individual violations being addressed as separate, unrelated problems. UNICEF is strongly committed to working with partners to prevent and respond to child maltreatment. The Strengthening Child Protection System Series is a package of evidence and tools to support this effort in the East Asia and Pacific Region. It provides information and guidance on the scale and nature of child maltreatment, the immediate and long-term costs of such maltreatment to individuals, families and society, and effective and sustainable policies and programmes for child protection. The series is intended to contribute to an enhanced evidence base for rights-based interventions and the development of strong child protection systems in countries across the region. This publication, number 1 in the series, presents the findings of a systematic review of research over the last decade on the prevalence, incidence and consequences of child maltreatment in the region. While qualitative studies on particular forms of child abuse and exploitation in the region are numerous, scientific research on the overall extent of child maltreatment is severely lacking. This review has applied a rigorous methodology in identifying and analysing peer reviewed research as well as grey literature on the scale and nature of child maltreatment in the region to provide as reliable a picture as possible of current knowledge and understanding. The findings are intended to support the development of a model to estimate costs of child maltreatment, as a credible means of estimating the minimum, lifetime direct and indirect costs of child maltreatment across countries in East Asia and the Pacific. Such a model can demonstrate the potential economic savings to governments and society that would accrue from effective, evidence-based policies and programmes for the prevention of child maltreatment.

Details: Bangkok, Thailand: UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, 2012. 232-.

Source: Internet Resource: Strengthening Child Protection Systems Series: No 1: Accessed September 10, 2012 at: http://www.unicef.org/eapro/Child_Maltreatment.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: Asia

URL: http://www.unicef.org/eapro/Child_Maltreatment.pdf

Shelf Number: 126289

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Maltreatment (Asia)
Child Protection
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against

Author: International NGO Council on Violence Against Children

Title: Violating Children's Rights: Harmful Practices Based on Tradition, Culture, Religion or Superstition

Summary: All violations of children’s rights can legitimately be described as harmful practices, but the common characteristic of the violations highlighted in this report is that they are based on tradition, culture, religion or superstition and are perpetrated and actively condoned by the child’s parents or significant adults within the child’s community. Indeed, they often still enjoy majority support within communities or whole states. Harmful practices based on tradition, culture, religion or superstition are often perpetrated against very young children or infants, who are clearly lacking the capacity to consent or to refuse consent themselves. Assumptions of parental powers or rights over their children allow the perpetration of a wide range of these practices, many by parents directly, some by other individuals with parents’ assumed or actual consent. Yet the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ratified by almost every state, favours the replacement of the concept of parental “rights” over children with parental “responsibilities,” ensuring that the child’s best interests are parents’ “basic concern” (Article 18). Many of the practices identified in this report involve gross and unlawful discrimination against groups of children, including gender discrimination, and in particular discrimination against children with disabilities. Some are based on tradition and/or superstition, some on religious belief, others on false information or beliefs about child development and health. Many involve extreme physical violence and pain leading, in some cases intentionally, to death or serious injury. Others involve mental violence. All are an assault on the child’s human dignity and violate universally agreed international human rights standards. The International NGO Council on Violence against Children believes the continued legality and social and cultural acceptance of a very wide range of these practices in many states illustrates a devastating failure of international and regional human rights mechanisms to provoke the necessary challenge, prohibition and elimination. Comprehensive, children’s rights-based analysis and action are needed now. Above all, there must be an assertion of every state’s immediate obligation to ensure all children their right to full respect for their human dignity and physical integrity. This short report is designed to complement other current activities in the UN system that are focusing on harmful practices and children and will hopefully lead to more effective action. The UN Secretary-General’s Special Representative on Violence against Children, Marta Santos Pais, held an International Expert Consultation on the issue in June 2012 in Addis Ababa in which the International NGO Council was represented and prepared a submission. Two UN Treaty Bodies, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), are collaborating in drafting a General Comment/General Recommendation on harmful practices.

Details: International NGO Council on Violence Against Children, 2012. 58p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2012 at: http://www.crin.org/docs/InCo_Report_15Oct.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: International

URL: http://www.crin.org/docs/InCo_Report_15Oct.pdf

Shelf Number: 126806

Keywords:
Child Abuse
Child Maltreatment
Child Protection
Children, Crimes Against
Violence Against Children

Author: United Nations Children's Fund. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary on Violence against Children

Title: Protecting Children from Harmful Practices in Plural Legal Systems with a Special Emphasis on Africa

Summary: Across regions, millions of children continue to suffer from various forms of harmful practices, including female genital mutilation, early and forced marriage, breast ironing, son preference, female infanticide, virginity testing, honour crimes, bonded labour, forced feeding and nutritional taboos, accusation of witchcraft, as well as a great number of other less known practices. Harmful practices may be traditional or emerging, but generally have some cultural, social or religious underpinning. Common for most harmful practices is that they have devastating consequences on the child’s life, development, health, education and protection. The UN Study on Violence against Children urged states to prohibit by law all forms of violence against children, including harmful practices. This recommendation is a key priority for the mandate of the Special representative of the Secretary General on Violence against Children as well as for Plan International. To advance progress in the implementation of this recommendation, they co-organized an expert consultation, in June 2012. This thematic report was informed by those important discussions.

Details: New York: UNICEF, 2012. 51p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 6, 2013 at: http://srsg.violenceagainstchildren.org/sites/default/files/publications_final/SRSG_Plan_harmful_practices_report_final.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: Africa

URL: http://srsg.violenceagainstchildren.org/sites/default/files/publications_final/SRSG_Plan_harmful_practices_report_final.pdf

Shelf Number: 128966

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Protection
Children, Crimes Against
Forced Marriage
Honor Related Violence
Violence Against Children (Africa)

Author: Aubert, Veronique

Title: Unspeakable Crimes Against Children: Sexual Violence in Conflict

Summary: The prevalence of rape, sexual exploitation and sexual violence against children in conflict is shocking. In some contexts more than 80% of those affected are children. This report addresses key questions to understanding sexual violence against children in conflict: What's the scale of the problem? Who suffers? Where does it happen? Who are the perpetrators? Why does it happen? What's the impact on children? The report looks at how we can protect children in these situations and identifies gaps in funding. It makes recommendations to G8 countries to tackle these horrific crimes against children.

Details: London: Save the Children, 2013. 50p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2014 at: http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/unspeakable-crimes-against-children

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/unspeakable-crimes-against-children

Shelf Number: 132726

Keywords:
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Conflict Related Violence
Rape
Sexual Violence

Author: Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict

Title: "Who Will Care for Us?" - Grave Violations against Children in Northeastern Nigeria

Summary: Conflict between the armed group Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad (JAS), commonly known as Boko Haram, Nigerian security forces, and civilian self-defense militias, is ravaging Nigeria's fragile northeast. Over the last few years the level of violence and the scale of violations against children have worsened. While the abduction of over 200 girls from Chibok in Borno State has shed some light on these atrocities, much of the impact of the conflict on children is not well understood or addressed. Following a six-week research mission between March and May 2014, Watchlist found that parties to the conflict have subjected boys and girls to forced recruitment, attacks on their schools, killing and maiming, abductions, rape and sexual violence, and arbitrary detention. The humanitarian response has been slow, fragmented, and unable to meet the fast-growing needs of those affected by the conflict. The government of Nigeria, in collaboration with humanitarian, United Nations, and non-governmental actors, needs to take steps to strengthen data collection and programming to support children affected by conflict, to adopt operating procedures to manage children encountered in armed groups, and to expand and implement strategies to promote school safety and security.

Details: New York: Watchlist for Children and Armed Conflict, 2014.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 10, 2014 at: http://watchlist.org/who-will-care-for-us-grave-violations-against-children-in-northeastern-nigeria/

Year: 2014

Country: Nigeria

URL: http://watchlist.org/who-will-care-for-us-grave-violations-against-children-in-northeastern-nigeria/

Shelf Number: 133261

Keywords:
Child Kidnapping
Child Sexual Abuse
Children, Crimes Against
Conflict Violence
Human Rights Abuses
Violence Against Children

Author: Moestue, Helen

Title: Digitally Enhanced Child Protection: How new technology can prevent violence against children in the Global South

Summary: The last decade has witnessed growing appreciation of the potential of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to protect children from violence. The issue of violence against children (VAC) is of singular importance. And while the full scope and scale of VAC remains hidden from view there is wide spread consensus that "every year and in every region of the world, millions of children suffer the cumulative impact of physical, mental and emotional violence, and millions more are at risk". Although ICT innovation for child protection is comparatively advanced in North America and Western Europe, there is less known about new tools in lower- and middle-income settings in the Americas, Africa and Asia. This Strategic Paper begins filling this knowledge gap and reviews the emerging character and functions of ICTs to prevent VAC in the global South. Drawing on assorted cases from Benin, Brazil, Kenya, Uganda and other countries, it provides a hint of the diversity of emerging experiences around the world. In the process, the Strategic Paper provides insights into emerging trends, typologies, and threats. Key findings include: - Mobile and digital technology are being harnessed in multiple ways to protect children, including through: (a) the digitization of existing child protection systems (b) helplines (c) citizen reporting and crowd mapping (d) mobile research and survey tools(e) big data analysis, and (f) tech-driven campaigning and information sharing; - These initiatives frequently combine the offer of assistance to children with the collection of real time data. This model in turn generates critical information for advocacy and can inform future child protection interventions; - Such approaches save time and money, and are breaking down the social, cultural and practical barriers to violence reporting. However, digital data collection raises important ethical questions about consent and confidentiality; - Innovation is emerging from a wide range of fields, including child protection, social development, the humanitarian sector, public health and the wider violence prevention field, and is often facilitated by creative public-private partnerships. Different disciplines are using the same tools; - Basic SMS based reporting systems have immense potential. Certain open source digital platforms offer the potential for scaling-up, especially systems such as Frontline SMS, Rapid SMS and Ushahidi, which integrate basic mobile phones for crowd-sourcing violence reporting and community mapping; and - There is a widening array of initiatives that enable children themselves to be informed, empowered and included in their own protection. Digitized survey tools, that can be used for and by children even in emergency settings, include Open Data Kit and Kobo Toolbox. The Strategic Paper considers the emerging landscapes of ICTs for VAC. It first sets the scene exploring the character and dynamics of violence against children, especially in low- and middle-income settings. The opening section also considers the expansion of ICTs and ethical implications in their application among children and youth. The second section introduces a typology of different ICTs including the digitization of child protection systems, child helplines, citizen reporting and crowd mapping, mobile research tools, Big Data analytics and technology-enabled campaigns. Section three explores how different sectors and disciplines are engaging with these new tools - including child protection experts, relief and development professionals and the public health community. The Paper closes with a brief consideration of next steps in the evolution of ICTs to prevent and reduce VAC.

Details: Rio de Janeiro: Igarape Institute, 2014. 36p.

Source: Internet Resource: Strategic Paper 10: Accessed January 28, 2015 at: http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Artigo-estrategico-10-Child-Protection-4.pdf

Year: 134475

Country: International

URL: http://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Artigo-estrategico-10-Child-Protection-4.pdf

Shelf Number: 134475

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Protection
Children, Crimes Against
Digital Technologies
Violence Against Children

Author: Wlodarczyk, Joanna

Title: National Survey of Child and Youth Victimization in Poland. Research Report.

Summary: 1. Key findings - 71% of teenagers (11 to 17-year-olds) have experienced at least one form of victimization. - More than half of the respondents have experienced peer and sibling victimization, which is the most common category of victimization. The most frequent forms of peer and sibling victimization are peer or sibling assault (41%) and emotional bullying (28%). - More than one in three (34%) teenagers has been abused by known adults. Every fifth young person has experienced psychological abuse by adults (22%), and nearly the same proportion have been physically abused (21%). - 27% of teenagers have fallen victim to conventional crime. The largest proportion of young people have experienced vandalism (21%), while robbery and assault with a weapon have been much less common (8% and 5%, respectively). - 18% of the respondents have witnessed violence at home. - 9% have experienced at least one form of noncontact sexual victimization in most cases these were the less severe forms of sexual abuse: verbal sexual harassment (5,3%) and online grooming (5,1%); 6% of teenagers have fallen victim to at least one form of contact sexual victimization. - 6% of children have experienced neglect. - One in ten teenagers is a poly-victim which means that he or she has experienced 6 or more forms of victimization.

Details: Warsaw: Fundacja Dzieci Niczyje (Nobody's Children Foundation), 2013. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2015 at: http://www.canee.net/files/National_Survey_of_Child_and_Youth_Victimization_in_Poland_2013.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Poland

URL: http://www.canee.net/files/National_Survey_of_Child_and_Youth_Victimization_in_Poland_2013.pdf

Shelf Number: 134996

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect (Poland)
Child Maltreatment
Children and Violence
Children, Crimes Against
Repeat Victimization
Victims of Crime

Author: Porteous, David

Title: The Development of Specialist Support Services for Young People who have Offended and who have also been Victims of Crime, Abuse and/or Violence: Final Report

Summary: Introduction 1. This report was commissioned to inform the development of support services for young people who have offended and who have prior experience of victimisation, including but not limited to mental, physical and sexual abuse. In 2014, the London Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime secured $400,000 from the Ministry of Justice Victim's Fund to invest in these services which will be delivered through two London Resettlement Consortia (LRC) areas, each comprising six Youth Offending Services (YOSs), one in North East London, the other in South London. 2. The research involved an online survey and follow up interviews with a sub-sample of YOS professionals, a review of existing research and knowledge on the matter and interviews with seven key informants with specialist knowledge of the issues addressed. Background 3. Existing evidence from academic and applied policy research shows that children and young people are more likely to be victims than offenders and more likely to be victimised than adults, albeit that these comparisons are not straightforward. Furthermore, children and young people known to have offended are more likely to have been a victim of crime, violence and or abuse than young people with no recorded offending history. Many will have emotional and mental health needs and vulnerabilities linked to such traumatic events and when these occur alongside or in the context of other forms of disadvantage and victimisation, young people are particularly vulnerable and find it more difficult to recover from the experience. 4. Children and young people in the youth justice system also have significantly greater speech, language and learning difficulties relative to the general population, are disproportionately likely to have a diagnosed learning disability and to have had a seriously disrupted education. Neurobiological research suggests that traumatic events in early childhood can have a detrimental impact on a range of cognitive and verbal communication skills and may find it difficult to engage productively with treatments that require a certain level of abstract reasoning such as cognitive behavioural therapy. 5. The prevalence and nature of mental health problems relating to crime, violence and abuse varies by ethnicity and gender. Young black males are over-represented in the criminal justice system and in terms of referrals to mental health services made via the CJS. Young women involved in group-related offending are significantly more likely to be victims of sexual assault. 6. There has been growing awareness and recognition of these issues at a policy level in recent times as indicated by the commissioning of the services to be developed in the LRC areas. At the same time, there is concern at a national level about the real term cuts in funding for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services and the implications for mainstream service provision.

Details: London: Middlesex University, 2015. 44p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/Final%20Report_May18th2015_0.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/Final%20Report_May18th2015_0.pdf

Shelf Number: 137823

Keywords:
Children and Violence
Children, Crimes Against
Juvenile Offenders
Victim Services
Victimization
Victims of Crime

Author: Herrenkohl, Todd I.

Title: Effects of Child Maltreatment, Cumulative Victimization Experiences, and Proximal Life Stress on Adult Crime and Antisocial Behavior

Summary: This study sought to replicate and extend research findings on subtypes of child maltreatment, childhood exposure to domestic violence, subsequent forms of victimization, and stress in relation to antisocial behavior, crime, and adulthood IPV perpetration and victimization. The study also investigated protective factors for maltreated children and predictors of self-reported crime desistence among maltreated and multiply victimized children. Data are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, an ongoing prospective investigation of children and families that began in the 1970s. The original sample was comprised of 457 children. Over 80% of the children, now adults, were assessed in 2008-2010 at an average of 36 years. Data on child maltreatment and related risk and protective factors were collected much earlier, beginning when participants were preschoolers, 18 months to 6 years of age. Findings of seven publications, the products of this secondary data analysis project, provide further evidence of the relationship between child maltreatment and adult antisocial behavior and crime. They also point to instances in which this relationship is influenced by other variables, including those pertaining to the socialization of peers and partners. Findings raise the possibility that physical, emotional, and sexual abuse relate differently to self-reported crime and that predictors and pathways differ at times on the basis of gender. Further, several analyses highlight the risk-lowering effects of education variables (e.g., educational engagement, academic achievement, high school graduation), suggesting that attention should be given to incorporating perspectives on schooling and education in prevention and criminal justice policy.

Details: Report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2017. 21p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 21, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250506.pdf

Shelf Number: 146648

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Exposure to Violence
Child Maltreatment
Child Protection
Children, Crimes Against

Author: International Centre for Missing & Exploited Chidlren

Title: Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review. 7th edition

Summary: Since this report was first released by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) in April 2006, ICMEC has continued to update its research into the child pornography legislation currently in place in the nations of the world to gain a better understanding of existing legislation and to gauge where the issue stands on national political agendas.1 In particular, we are looking to see if national legislation: (1) exists with specific regard to child pornography; (2) provides a definition of child pornography; (3) criminalizes computer‐facilitated offenses; (4) criminalizes the knowing possession of child pornography, regardless of the intent to distribute; and (5) requires Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to report suspected child pornography to law enforcement or to some other mandated agency. In the summer of 2009, ICMEC conducted a thorough update of our research on existing child pornography legislation, expanding our review beyond the 187 Interpol member countries to include 196 countries. Our work included independent research as well as direct contact with Embassies in Washington, D.C. to ensure the accuracy of the report. A new review of the 196 countries began in the Spring of 2011. The process remained much the same; reviewing the existing legislation of each country in search of laws specifically focused on child pornography offenses and verifying the information through the Embassies in Washington, D.C., U.N. Permanent Missions in New York, and in‐country law enforcement contacts. However, the 7th edition report also contains several new sections including expanded information on online grooming, information on the new EU Directive on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, a review of data retention and preservation policies, and a discussion of implementation. Results The 1st edition, published in 2006, returned shocking results: -- only 27 had legislation sufficient to combat child pornography offenses (5 countries met all of the criteria set forth above and 22 countries met all but the last criteria, pertaining to ISP reporting); and -- 95 Countries had no legislation at all that specifically addresses child pornography. Of the remaining 62 Countries that did have legislation specifically addressing child pornography:-- 54 Countries did not define child pornography in national legislation;-- 27 Countries did not provide for computer‐facilitated offenses; and-- 41 Countries did not criminalize possession of child pornography, regardless of the intent to distribute. The 6th edition, published in late 2010, revealed progress. Of the 196 countries reviewed:-- 45 Countries had legislation sufficient to combat child pornography offenses (8 countries met all of the criteria set forth above and 37 countries met all but the last criteria, pertaining to ISP reporting); and-- 89 Countries still had no legislation at all that specifically addresses child pornography. Of the remaining 62 countries that did have legislation specifically addressing child pornography:-- 52 did not define child pornography in national legislation;-- 18 did not provide for computer‐facilitated offenses; and-- 33 did not criminalize the knowing possession of child pornography, regardless of the intent to distribute. Forward movement continues to be visible in this edition, though much remains to be done. Our updated research shows that of the 196 countries reviewed:-- 69 Countries have legislation sufficient to combat child pornography offenses (11 countries met all of the criteria set forth above and 58 countries meet all but the last criteria, pertaining to ISP reporting); and-- 53 Countries still have no legislation at all that specifically addresses child pornography. Of the remaining 74 countries that do have legislation specifically addressing child pornography:-- 60 do not define child pornography in national legislation;-- 21 do not provide for computer‐facilitated offenses; and-- 47 do not criminalize the knowing possession of child pornography, regardless of the intent to distribute.

Details: Alexandria, VA: The Centre, 2012. 52p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2017 at: http://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/7th-Edition-EN.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: International

URL: http://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/7th-Edition-EN.pdf

Shelf Number: 131374

Keywords:
Child Pornography
Child Sexual Exploitation
Children, Crimes Against
Internet Crimes
Online Grooming
Organized Crime
Sex Crimes
Sex Offenders

Author: GreeneWorks

Title: Engaging Men and Boys to End The Practice of Child Marriage

Summary: Engaging Men and Boys to End the Practice of Child Marriage explores how unequal gender norms uphold this practice and through program examples identifies the ways men and boys are helping to prevent child marriage and mitigate its consequences. Community norms around gender and age inequality, the low value of girls and women, and acceptance of patriarchy and male sexual entitlement to females lie at the root of child marriage. Ending this custom requires communities to collectively dismantle these discriminatory norms and replace them with new, equitable norms. The programs and approaches highlighted in this review have worked with men, boys, and their communities to shift their attitudes and behavior to encourage gender equality and discourage child marriage.

Details: Washington, DC: GreenWorks, 2015. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2017 at: http://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Engaging-Men-and-Boys-to-End-the-Practice-of-Child-Marriage1.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: International

URL: http://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Engaging-Men-and-Boys-to-End-the-Practice-of-Child-Marriage1.pdf

Shelf Number: 146777

Keywords:

Child Marriage
Children, Crimes Against
Human Rights, Children
Rights of the Child

Author: Big Win Philanthropy

Title: Violence against children: A review of evidence relevant to Africa on prevalence, impacts and prevention

Summary: This paper is a review of evidence relevant to the nature, impact and prevention of interpersonal violence against children in sub‐Saharan Africa. It has six sections, each covering a set of questions: 1. Prevalence. What is the extent and nature of violence against children in African countries, who perpetrates it and what views do societies have of it? 2. Health. How does violence impact on children's brain development, cognitive ability, mental health and physical health, both as children and in later adult life? 3. Achievement. What are the consequences of childhood violence for an individual's capacity to perform well in education and employment? 4. Cost. What is the economic impact on a country of violence against children, including indirect costs such as reductions in lifetime productivity as well as direct costs such as healthcare? 5. Prevention. What interventions have been successful in reducing violence against children, and what might a multi‐sector prevention program look like? 6. Leadership. Where is the leadership coming from to drive action to reduce violence against children? The fourth point above - the economic impact of violence - occupies a pivotal position in the narrative of the paper, in that the first three sections on prevalence, health and achievement lead up to it, and the final sections on action are justified by it. Although violence against children is of course a moral issue as well as an economic one, our focus on economic impact is because this is an important consideration for governments assessing the relative merits of different issues competing for prioritization.

Details: Hartford, CT: Big Win Philanthropy, 2018. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 29, 2018 at: https://www.bigwin.org/nm_pent_bigwp/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Violence-Against-Children-Big-Win-Philanthropy-July-2018-FULL-REPORT.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: Africa

URL: https://www.bigwin.org/nm_pent_bigwp/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Violence-Against-Children-Big-Win-Philanthropy-July-2018-FULL-REPORT.pdf

Shelf Number: 151284

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Maltreatment
Children, Crimes Against
Interpersonal Violence

Author: International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children

Title: Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review. 9th ed.

Summary: As global accessibility to technology platforms and the Internet has increased, so too has children's online presence. According to UNICEF, one in three Internet users worldwide is a child. And while the digital world offers countless benefits and opportunities, it also vastly multiplies the risks to children. As ICMEC enters its 20th year, we still believe that protecting children is a global imperative. We recognize the continued need for ever stronger laws, policies, and mechanisms; increased coordination across sectors; and the value of sharing ideas, perspectives, and best practices to positively influence child protection responses. We also celebrate the progress of recent years as organizations and institutions around the world have come together in collaborative initiatives such as the WePROTECT Global Alliance, utilizing tools like the Model National Response and the World Health Organization's INSPIRE Strategies to fulfill the UN Sustainable Development Goals and enhance support for children on all fronts. We are particularly excited that adoption of our Model Legislation has been included as a key recommendation of the recent Child Dignity Alliance Technology Working Group Report. Twelve years ago, in an effort to better understand the global legislative landscape as it related to child sexual abuse material (then referred to as "child pornography"), ICMEC launched an initiative that some have called our "Rule of Law" project. We developed model legislation, after careful consideration and consultation, to increase global understanding and concern, and enable governments around the world to adopt and enact appropriate legislation necessary to combat this crime and better protect children. Since we first published the Model Legislation report in 2006, 150 countries have refined or implemented new legislation combating child sexual abuse material. We have seen tremendous progress during the 9th Edition review period, nearly the most we have seen to date. This does not, however, mean that there is nothing left to do - rather, this is the time to be diligent, to persist and push forward to help bring the remaining countries into the fold. As always, it is important to note that the legislative review accompanying our model legislation is not a scorecard or a scold, but an effort to assess the current state and awareness of the problem. Realizing the importance of taking into consideration varying cultural, religious, socio-economic, and political norms, our model legislation continues to resemble a menu of concepts that can be applied universally, as opposed to actual statutory language. With this latest edition, we continue our efforts to improve the legislative landscape and strengthen child protection efforts by introducing new and updated sections in the model law, incorporating additional international and regional legal instruments, and featuring new initiatives related to implementation.

Details: Alexandria, VA: The Centre, 2018. 68p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 18, 2019 at: https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/CSAM-Model-Law-9th-Ed-FINAL-12-3-18.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: International

URL: https://www.icmec.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/CSAM-Model-Law-9th-Ed-FINAL-12-3-18.pdf

Shelf Number: 155029

Keywords:
Child Pornography
Child Sexual Exploitation
Children, Crimes Against
Internet Crimes
Online Grooming
Organized Crime
Sex Crimes
Sex Offenders

Rutgers - School of Law, Newark

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