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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
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Results for communications
12 results foundAuthor: Davey, Christopher Title: New Media and the Courts: The Current Status and a Look at the Future Summary: Recently, jurors in a Florida drug case conducted independent Internet research causing the judge to declare a mistrial. In Arkansas, a juror‘s Twitter updates from the courtroom nearly scuttled the proceedings involving a multimillion-dollar civil judgment. From Twitter to Facebook to YouTube and Wikipedia, new Web-based digital media is transforming how citizens process information, and courts are beginning to examine the impact on a wide variety of their core functions. The Conference of Court Public Information Officers (CCPIO) undertook a yearlong, collaborative national research project to systematically examine this phenomenon and analyze its potential effects on the judiciary. The CCPIO New Media Project has five primary objectives:(1) clearly define the current technology, (2) systematically examine the ways courts use the technology, (3) empirically measure the perceptions of judges and top court administrators toward the technology, (4) collect and analyze the literature on public perceptions of the judiciary and court public outreach programs and (5) offer a framework and analysis for judges and court administrators to use for making decisions about the appropriate use of new media. Among the technologies examined are social media profile sites; smart phones, tablets and notebooks; news categorizing, sharing and syndication technologies; and visual media sharing sites. Government sectors at all levels are experimenting with many of these technologies hoping their collaborative capabilities can transform the relationship between governmental entities and their constituents. These new and emerging digital media technologies offer great potential; simultaneously there are significant inherent challenges specific to the judiciary. Ramifications range from the ability to ensure fair trials to building trust and confidence through public outreach and communication. Details: The Conference of Court Public Information Officers, 2010. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2011 at: http://www.ccpio.org/documents/newmediaproject/New-Media-and-the-Courts-Report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ccpio.org/documents/newmediaproject/New-Media-and-the-Courts-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 121384 Keywords: CommunicationsCourts and the MediaInformation TechnologyPublic InformationTrials |
Author: Stephens, Darrel W. Title: Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives Summary: Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives was developed to help police executives communicate more effectively with their communities and organizations. It addresses the changes in the news media and how that has affected the way people obtain information. It is designed to provide greater insight into communications strategies and planning. It will provide examples of strategic communications plans and how police have used various communications tools to more effectively reach their community. It is a companion piece and builds on the 2010 Major Cities Chiefs Association/COPS Office white paper – Key Leadership Strategies to Enhance Communication. Details: Washington, DC: Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice, 2011. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2012 at http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e081129395_Strategic-Comm-Practices-Toolkit_rev.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e081129395_Strategic-Comm-Practices-Toolkit_rev.pdf Shelf Number: 124946 Keywords: CommunicationsPolice AdministratorsPolice PerformancePolice-Community Relations |
Author: Hannaford-Agor, Paula Title: Juror and Jury Use of New Media: A Baseline Exploration Summary: Over the course of six meetings held between 2008 and 2011, the members of the Executive Session for State Court Leaders in the 21st Century considered leadership challenges presented by a series of both longstanding problems and new trends. The new social media’s turn came in April 2010 with a discussion billed as examining “the opportunities and pitfalls of new media for state court leaders.” The youngest Session member, Garrett Graff, an expert on the new media, agreed to frame the issues for everyone’s benefit. He immediately took the discussion to an unexpected place. The real challenge, he claimed, is that “this is much more than just a set of tools—this is a different way of thinking.” That is not to say that the tools themselves are unproblematic. Graff noted that one consequence of the new media is that “every single person who is now sitting in a courtroom has access to just about every piece of information ever published anywhere in the world. And that is a tremendous challenge to the way we traditionally think of sealing off the courtroom from the outside world for the duration of a trial.” Currently, jury and juror use of the Internet to conduct independent research or to engage in ex parte communications on trial-related topics is universally prohibited as a violation of the juror’s oath and can result in a mistrial or an overturned verdict. The more profound challenge, however, is the change to the very nature of how people engage in truth finding. The Kennedy School’s Christopher E. Stone summarized the challenge as a “dilemma for an institution that is used to insisting on its own ways of knowing things, ways that are different from what ordinary people do. Consider the rules of evidence—or just the rules on hearsay—we have an institution that is used to telling the whole society, ‘Yeah, yeah, you think you learn things this way, but we have different rules for acquiring knowledge in this process.’” The jury trial clearly is where new ways of truth seeking are most likely to collide with the requirements of traditional court processes. The potential casualty is fairness. Chief Justice Christine M. Durham of the Utah Supreme Court expressed skepticism about the ability of courts to find a compromise that accommodates new understandings of truth finding with the traditional trial process: “Where I have trouble is with what becomes of the fundamental definition of fairness in the American judicial system—which is founded on the concept of the adversarial system as the means of guaranteeing fairness. We have inextricably connected those two values, fairness and the adversary system, from the beginning of our history.” If judges are no longer the gatekeepers for the flow of information into a courtroom, and if jurors no longer accept the legitimacy of restrictions on what is relevant to fact finding, can the American adversarial system continue to deliver fairness? The subsequent discussion led to a broad consensus that the Executive Session should, as part of its legacy, sponsor one or more jury experiments to inform court leaders as they confront changing technology and approaches to truth finding. More specifically, the National Center for State Courts (NCSC), with its tradition of jury research, was asked to design a research project to explore the impact of the new media on juries, develop the necessary survey and other methodologies needed to explore the impact of the new media on juries, and recommend potential ways to reconcile the use of new media with the dynamics of the adversarial system. This paper frames the research issues and describes what was learned from the pilot test of a jury study in 15 civil and criminal trials. Details: Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, 2012. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 17, 2012 at http://www.ncsc.org/Services-and-Experts/Court-leadership/Harvard-Executive-Session/~/media/Files/PDF/Services%20and%20Experts/Harvard%20Executive%20Session/jurorandjuryuse.ashx Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncsc.org/Services-and-Experts/Court-leadership/Harvard-Executive-Session/~/media/Files/PDF/Services%20and%20Experts/Harvard%20Executive%20Session/jurorandjuryuse.ashx Shelf Number: 127230 Keywords: CommunicationsInformation TechnologyJuriesJurorsMass Media and Criminal Justice |
Author: Farley, Erin J. Title: Improving Courtroom Communication: A Procedural Justice Experiment in Milwaukee Summary: Research indicates that litigants are more likely to leave court with a positive impression of their experience and to comply with court orders in the future when they perceive the court process as fair. This research underlines the importance of procedural justice. In court settings, procedural justice concerns the role of fair and respectful procedures and interpersonal treatment in shaping assessments of legal authorities and reactions to specific case outcomes. In 2011, with funding from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Center for Court Innovation and the National Judicial College launched a pilot demonstration project at the Milwaukee County Criminal Court with the goal of enhancing defendant perceptions of procedural justice by improving the oral, written, and nonverbal communication used by judges in the courtroom. In the initial months of the project, Center staff worked with a group of experts - judges, legal theorists, communications experts, and others - to develop a one-day training for judges and other court staff that aimed to improve courtroom communication practices. Seven Milwaukee judges from misdemeanor and felony courtrooms were recruited to participate in the demonstration (in addition to representatives from partner agencies such as the public defender's office and the district attorney's office), which involved attending the project training, then developing and implementing individualized action plans to improve their communication with defendants. This report presents research findings from a quasi-experimental evaluation of the demonstration project as well as an analysis of the specific types of perceptions, courtroom actors, and defendant characteristics that play a role in shaping dynamics associated with procedural justice. Details: New York: Center for Court Innovation, 2014. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2014 at: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Improving%20Courtroom%20Communication.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Improving%20Courtroom%20Communication.pdf Shelf Number: 132202 Keywords: Communications Court PersonnelCourt ProceduresCourtsCriminal DefendantsJudgesProcedural Justice |
Author: Cortes, Carlos Title: Communications Surveillance in Colombia: The Chasm between Technological Capacity and the Legal Framework Summary: Last year, media outlets revealed that the National Police of Colombia would operationalize the Single Platform for Monitoring and Analysis (Plataforma Uinica de Monitoreo y Anailisis, or PUMA), through which it would be able to intercept "what is spoken, written or sent from e-mails, Facebook, Twitter, Line, Viber, Skype, and, in short, any type of communication undertaken via the internet." More recently, last February, Semana magazine revealed that the military was reviewing e-mails and chats of those involved in the peace talks in Havana, Cuba. In both cases, the government put its spin on the news. In the first case, the government presented PUMA as nothing more than the replacement of an older system, and stressed that it would be subject to legal controls. In the second, the Colombian president quickly announced the formation of a commission to develop the country's policy on cybersecurity and cyberdefense. Nonetheless, the underlying issues remain unsolved. What is, in the end, the technical capacity of PUMA? Is it possible to review anyone's e-mails? Can the military access someone's chat history? Is intercepting a phone call the same thing as intercepting internet traffic? Although new scandals regarding state intelligence emerge periodically in Colombia, the state never clarifies how intelligence works in practice or what controls exist for its exercise. Meanwhile, as time moves on, intelligence schemes grow more sophisticated along with our cell phones and computers. An analog rotary-dial telephone is as obsolete as "crocodile cables" used to intercept calls. Nonetheless, as the market facilitates the process of obsolescence and the incorporation of new massive technologies, it tells us little about the devices that are simultaneously developed to monitor individuals. Technological changes tend to alter long-established assumptions regarding the reach of specific rights. Privacy is arguably the right that faces the most challenges in the digital environment. Yet regulatory and jurisprudential lacunae persist in terms of how technology affects the exercise of fundamental rights. The cases of PUMA and the military's spying on peace negotiators occurred soon after Colombia's adoption of its new Intelligence Law, which, in theory, corrects previous irregularities and aligns with modern surveillance. But is this truly the case? Do we have a regulation that preserves national security without compromising citizens' privacy and freedom of expression, among other rights? The goal of this book is to examine the Colombian legal and jurisprudential framework regarding communications surveillance in light of today's technologies. Phrased in the form of a hypothesis, the purpose is to demonstrate how intelligence-related laws and jurisprudence fail to ensure that potentially affected rights remain intact. To test this hypothesis, I address several aspects of the country's Intelligence Law that I selected somewhat arbitrarily: the interception of communications, surveillance of the electromagnetic spectrum, and access to user data. This last point, which alone merits its own study, is developed as a complement to the first two. The book is divided as follows: The first chapter explains, from a technical point of view, the technologies that we use to communicate and that are used to monitor us. The second chapter explores the normative framework for communications surveillance. The third offers a comparative look at communications interception. Finally, the fourth chapter synthesizes the findings of the first three chapters in an effort to offer several conclusions. Details: Bogota: Centro de Estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 3: Accessed May 23, 2015 at: http://www.dejusticia.org/files/r2_actividades_recursos/fi_name_recurso.683.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Colombia URL: http://www.dejusticia.org/files/r2_actividades_recursos/fi_name_recurso.683.pdf Shelf Number: 135766 Keywords: CommunicationsCyber-securityIntelligence GatheringNational SecurityPrivacySurveillance |
Author: Kennedy, David M. Title: Custom Notifications: Individualized Communication in the Group Violence Intervention Summary: The National Network for Safe Communities' Group Violence Intervention (GVI) has repeatedly demonstrated that serious violence can be reduced when law enforcement, community members, and social service providers join together to engage directly with violent street groups and clearly communicate (1) a credible, moral message against violence; (2) a credible law enforcement message about the group consequences of further violence; and (3) a genuine offer of help for those who want it. Custom Notifications: Individualized Communication in the Group Violence Intervention provides practical information about "custom notifications," an independent element of GVI that enables quick, tactical, direct communication to particular group members. Custom notifications articulate that group members are valued members of the community, give individualized information about their legal risk, and offer opportunities for help. They effectively interrupt group "beefs," avoid retaliation after incidents, calm outbreaks of violence, and reinforce the GVI message. This publication presents the custom notification process, explains its value within the broader strategy, details its use by several national practitioners, and encourages further development. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2014. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed June 4, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p304-pub.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p304-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 135904 Keywords: CommunicationsCommunity ParticipationViolence PreventionViolent Crime |
Author: Wald, Johanna Title: Adjusting Our Focus: Current Communication Practices and Patterns in the Criminal Justice Sector Summary: This report presents results from a Field Frame Analysis of influential organizations in the criminal justice reform field. It is informed by, and a part of, a larger multi-year project being conducted by the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice at Harvard Law School (CHHIRJ) and the FrameWorks Institute. The long-term goal of this project is to develop more effective ways to communicate about the challenges facing America's criminal justice system and the reforms necessary to make it more just and equitable. The project aims to provide criminal justice experts and progressive reform advocates with tools and strategic recommendations they can use to reframe their public communications for broad public understanding and support. This means moving public perceptions and policy-making away from ineffective "tough on crime" tactics that over-emphasize policing, prosecution, and prisons in favor of greater investments in programs that address the underlying social and economic issues fueling cycles of incarceration. A Field Frame Analysis captures the patterns of communications that organizations within a given sector use to frame issues. It allows researchers to map networks of influential organizations within the field and identify the ways in which these organizations publicly discuss the issues. Since influential organizations act as "gatekeepers" for the field and shape the direction of programs and policies, the ways in which they communicate - language, frames, topic priorities and word choices - have direct implications on whether and how an issue will be more widely adopted and on the solutions that are proposed. Moreover, as reframing strategies and tools emerge, the Field Frame Analysis allows us to assess how recommendations can best be aligned with existing practices and how the field's discourse and communication practices may need to change in order to accommodate the reframing process. Specifically, this study uses a Field Frame Analysis to address the following questions: Reform Agenda: What are the most prominent issues on the reform agenda of influential organizations in the criminal justice field? Conceptions of Crime and the Criminal Justice System: How do prominent and influential organizations in the criminal justice field frame crime and the criminal justice system? Implications: What are the field-level constraints and opportunities for reframing public safety and criminal justice reform? Details: Washington, DC: FrameWorks Institute, 2014. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 11, 2016 at: http://www.charleshamiltonhouston.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CHHIRJ-Report-Adjusting-Our-Focus2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.charleshamiltonhouston.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/CHHIRJ-Report-Adjusting-Our-Focus2.pdf Shelf Number: 137443 Keywords: CommunicationsCriminal Justice PolicyCriminal Justice ReformPublic OpinionPublic Safety |
Author: Hassan, Sabrina Title: Behavioral Economics in Criminal Justice Messaging Summary: Oftentimes despite the availability of certain information, we rely on our split-second intuition to make decisions. We are humans. We are biased. Sometimes we are lazy or inattentive. Instead of computing all of the stimuli available to us, we often act on impulse instead of considering all of our options. Behavioral economics (BE) allows us to predict what people actually do in decision-making contexts instead of depending on people to behave like rational, controlled, forward-thinking computers. By understanding what influences real choices, we can design choice settings that guide people to choose in a certain way. We can fix the inside of an outward-swinging door with a flat metal plate instead of asking, "Can't they read?" Behavioral economists have developed ways to "nudge people into better choices, which is to encourage selection of certain options without eliminating or taxing alternatives. For example, putting healthy food at eye level in a school cafeteria encourages students to eat more nutritious meals; choosing junk requires reaching for a different shelf. A state can increase its number of organ donors by instituting a default rule of presumed consent to donate; opting out of donation requires unchecking a box. This paper introduces behavioral economics as a way to improve criminal justice messaging. Specifically, Part I of the paper introduces a few key concepts of behavioral economics to consider when designing messages. Part II suggests specific ways to apply those concepts in messages dealing with each registry regarding sex-related offenses, drug policy, and racial profiling. Details: New York: The Opportunity Agenda, 2015. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 24, 2016 at: http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/2015%2011%2030%20-%20Behavioral%20Economics%20Paper%20-%20FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://opportunityagenda.org/files/field_file/2015%2011%2030%20-%20Behavioral%20Economics%20Paper%20-%20FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 137951 Keywords: Behavioral EconomicsCommunicationsDecision-MakingHuman BehaviorMedia |
Author: Hughes, Melissa Marie Title: "She's Just A Slut": The Effect of Language on the Perceived Value and Worth of Women Summary: This study examines the word "slut" and its impact on the way 638 participants perceived an individual woman. Two test groups were established using a survey that briefly describes a fictional woman named "Stacy". Test group B received a survey that contained the word "slut/slutty" in reference to "Stacy" whereas Test Group A received a survey that contained the words "flirt/flirty" in reference to Stacy. Using a semantic differential scale that featured 20 word pairings, this study examined the likelihood that participants who were exposed to the word "slut" perceived "Stacy" more negatively than those who were not. Results show that the participants who were exposed to the word "slut" did perceive "Stacy" somewhat more negatively overall and in relation to word pairings that were both specifically related to promiscuity and specifically unrelated to promiscuity. The implications of these findings are discussed within a Symbolic Interactionalist framework and conclusions are made about the impact on society at large. Details: Dayton, OH: University of Dayton, 2016. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:114927 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:114927 Shelf Number: 139927 Keywords: CommunicationsSexual LanguageVictim Blaming |
Author: Ingram, Haroro J. Title: A Brief History of Propaganda During Conflict: Lessons for Counter-Terrorism Strategic Communications Summary: There is a tendency in scholarly and strategic-policy fields to see the propaganda produced by groups like Islamic State and Al-Qaeda as historically unheralded. As evidence, slickly produced communiques and a penchant for using social media are typically highlighted. This narrow perspective, in placing the current phenomenon into an historical and thematic vacuum, infers that history has little to offer contemporary efforts to understand and confront extremist propaganda. This Research Paper explores the history of propaganda during conflict and draws out key lessons for improving counter-terrorism strategic communications. For millennia the evolution of propaganda strategies during conflict has been driven by three fundamental factors: developments in communication technology, advancements in military technology and strategy, and the shifting relationship between the political elite and the populace. This rich history offers vital lessons for contextualising and improving current (and future) efforts. Overall, history suggests that a strategic communications campaign during conflict is more likely to succeed if it based on a multifaceted approach characterised by the deployment of a diversity of messages that leverage a variety of target audience motivations, uses all pertinent means of communication (not just the latest), and synchronises this messaging with strategic-policy/politico-military actions. Details: The Hague: The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism , 2016. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: ICCT Research Paper: Accessed March 13, 2017 at: https://www.icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ICCT-Haroro-Ingram-Brief-History-Propaganda-June-2016-LATEST.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://www.icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ICCT-Haroro-Ingram-Brief-History-Propaganda-June-2016-LATEST.pdf Shelf Number: 144459 Keywords: CommunicationsCounter-Terrorism Extremist Groups Extremist Propaganda ISIS Islamic State |
Author: Big Brother Watch Title: Careless Whispers: How speech is policed by outdated communications legislation Summary: The social media revolution has changed the way people communicate with each other. Yet, whilst our communications have evolved the way crimes are dealt with has not and so we find ourselves using archaic legislation to police modern day crimes. Without exception, the laws that regulate what is said on social media platforms were passed before companies such as Facebook, Twitter and Ask FM became widely used. The laws used to police our communications are woefully out of date. As this report shows, there has been an increase in charges and convictions and cases involving the use of social media. It is therefore important that the legislation which is used by police and prosecutors is examined to ensure it doesn't become obsolete in light of new technology. The outdated nature of the legislation is evident when you examine its history. Section 127 of the Communications Act 2003 can be seen as the successor to a litany of legislation started by the Post Office (Amendment) Act 1930. The Act focused on stopping abuse towards telephone operators. It was followed by the Telecommunications Act 1984, which contains very similar wording to Section 127. This legislation enables a court to convict you based on whether it deems a message to be "grossly offensive or of an indecent, obscene or menacing character". It is arguable that the outdated nature of the law is why we are seeing an increase in legal cases involving comments made on social media. The most notorious example is the case of Chambers v DPP, also known as the "Twitter joke trial". This case saw Paul Chambers convicted of using a "public electronic communication network" to send a "message of menacing character". Specifically he stated: "Crap! Robin Hood airport is closed. You've got a week and a bit to get your shit together otherwise I'm blowing the airport sky high!!" The conviction was later overturned by the High Court, stating that "there was no evidence to suggest that any of the followers of the appellant's "tweet"... found it to be of a menacing character or, at a time when the threat of terrorism is real, even minimally alarming." Paul Chambers and his legal team attracted high profile support from public figures like Al Murray and Stephen Fry who Tweeted their support. Murray Tweeted: "In 100 years there will be an operetta about this - about how ridiculous we were at the start of the 21st century. I'm a big fan of absurdity but this is taking the biscuit." Arguably it was these high profile legal cases, and the fact that none of the legislation deals with social media cases directly, which led to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) publishing guidelines in June 2013 on how to prosecute cases which involve social media.3 However, these guidelines have been subject to criticism. In a submission to the CPS's public consultation on the guidelines Big Brother Watch highlighted a number of concerns, including the failure of the guidelines to address the problems that the relevant legislation already faced; that it had effectively been rendered obsolete by the advent of social media. Little has changed since these guidelines were produced. It is therefore the view of Big Brother Watch that there needs to be serious reform in this area, to ensure that the laws are brought up to date. Alongside this, it is now vital that the police begin to adopt a standardised approach to recording and combating social media crime. It is imperative that a clear evidence base is established so that the use of these powers can be properly scrutinized. If these policy recommendations are not achieved, then it is almost inevitable that there will be further individuals who are arrested, charged and prosecuted unnecessarily under these laws. Details: London: Big Brother Watch, 2015. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed Mary 3, 2018 at: https://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Careless-Whisper.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Careless-Whisper.pdf Shelf Number: 150030 Keywords: CommunicationsEvidenceSocial Media |
Author: Jones, Chris Title: The EU Data Retention Directive: a case study in the legitimacy and effectiveness of EU counter-terrorism policy Summary: SECILE is an EU-funded research project examining the legitimacy and effectiveness of European Union counter-terrorism measures (CTMs). This report examines the implementation of Directive 2006/24/EC on the retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic communications services or of public communications networks (the "Data Retention Directive"). The Directive obliges providers of internet and telephony services to keep detailed "traffic data" (or "metadata") regarding the identities and activities of their subscribers for between 6 and 24 months and provide access to police and security agencies for the purposes of investigating serious crime, and has been described as the "the most privacy-invasive instrument ever adopted by the EU". This report explains the policy-making process that resulted in the Directive, the obligations stemming from it, and the way these have been transposed into the national law of the member states with reference to infringement proceedings, legal challenges and the review of the legislation by the European Commission. Details: SICILE Consortium, 2013. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: SECILE Deliverable 2.4. www.secile.eu : Accessed march 27, 2019 at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2013/dec/secile-data-retention-directive-in-europe-a-case-study.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2013/dec/secile-data-retention-directive-in-europe-a-case-study.pdf Shelf Number: 155181 Keywords: CommunicationsCounter-TerrorismCriminal InvestigationsData RetentionTerrorismTerrorists |