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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 12:20 pm
Time: 12:20 pm
Results for community policing
105 results foundAuthor: Duncan, Anne Title: Canterbury community policing small business robbery prevention case study Summary: This initiative, Small Business Robbery Prevention, was a cooperative and proactive response to a rise in local robberies of small businesses in the Canterbury region, most of which are owned and operated by people belonging to the Chinese, Korean or Indian ethnic groups. This case study documents the work that has been undertaken in relation to the Canterbury Small Business Robbery Prevention initiative and explores views of interviewees, both those engaged in delivering the initiative and those impacted by it, in relation to what has worked well, what hasn't, and where improvement could be made. Details: Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Police, 2009, 56p. Source: Internet Source Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: Shelf Number: 117817 Keywords: Community PolicingRetail CrimeRobbery |
Author: Sadusky, Jane Title: Community Policing and Domestic Violence: Five Promising Practices Summary: This report outlines promising practices in the area of collaboration between police and communities in the following jurisdictions: Chicago, Illinois; Marin County, California; Duluth Minnesota; and London, Kentucky. Details: Minneapolis, MN: Battered Women's Justice Project, 2003. 125p. Source: Year: 2003 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118328 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice/Community Partnerships |
Author: Coquilhat, Jenny Title: Community Policing: An International Literature Review Summary: This literature review discusses international research from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand in order to identify key elements of, benefits of, and barriers to community policing against which New Zealand projects can be compared. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2008. 52p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 117815 Keywords: Community PolicingPolicing |
Author: Glover, Richard L. Title: Community and Problem Oriented Policing in School Settings: Design and Process Issues Summary: Community and Problem Oriented Policing (CPOP) is a multidemsional strategy used by police departments to control crime and improve the quality of life in target areas. This monograph presents CPOP as a possible solution to the problem of school violence. It identifies design components and process dimensions that can contribute to successful applications of CPOP. Five models have gained wide acceptance as strategies for school based problem solving around safety and security issues: the School Resource Officer model, student problem solving, the public health model, the Child Development-Community Policing Program, and the collaborative problem solving model. Eight components from these five models are fundamental to school based CPOP: police-school partnerships, problem solving approach, collaboration that reflects full stakeholder involvement, organizational support, education and training of problem solving group members, effective planning approaches, appropriate problem solving group size, and use of memoranda of understanding. The process dimensions associated with successful implementation of CPOP in schools are partnering between schools and police, collaborative problem solving, implementation, and evaluation of the overall CPOP effort. Details: New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 2002. 58p. Source: Year: 2002 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118340 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionProblem SolvingProblem-Oriented PolicingSchool SafetySchool SecuritySchool Violence |
Author: Pilkington, James Title: Aboriginal Communities and the Police's Taskforce Themis: Case Studies in Remote Aboriginal Community Policing in the Northern Territory Summary: The Northern Territory government built 18 new police stations in Aboriginal communities and labeled this Taskforce Themis. This report examines the impact of these new police stations on the various communities in which the stations were placed. Each of the communities was examined as a separate case study in remote community policing. Part 2 contains a detailed examination of the experience of each community with the police. The first clear conclusion from the fieldwork is that each community has had a distinct and different experience with the police presence. There are no factors in common across all the communities of Taskforce Themis; policing styles, priorities, and levels and methods for community engagement vary, as do crime levels, crime improvement and community responses to the police. Details: Darwin, NT, AUS: North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency and Central Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service, 2009. 198p., app. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.naaja.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Themis-Stations-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 118705 Keywords: AboriginalsCommunity PolicingIndigenous PeoplesPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Australia) |
Author: Shoaf, Lisa Contos Title: Evaluation of the Akron Weed and Seed Program 2000-2004 Summary: Operation Weed and Seed is a strategy designed to prevent, control, and reduce violent crime, drug crime, and gang activity in targeted high-crime neighborhoods. The strategy consists of two primary components: a weeding strategy designed to weed out individuals contributing to crime in the neighborhood and a seeding strategy that brings services to the neighborhood dedicated to prevention, intervention, treatment and neighborhood revitalization. This study assesses the city of Akron's Weed and Seed program over the last five years of its existence, from 2000 through 2004, with special emphasis on the weeding component of the program. Details: Columbus, OH: Ohio Office of Criminal Jsutice Services, Statistical Analysis Center, 2005. 50p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119152 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug ControlOperation Weed and Seed |
Author: Asquith, Nicole Title: Review and Evaluation of the Officer Next Door Program Summary: This report assesses and evaluates the criminal justice and business case for the Officer Next Door(OND) program. Since its establishment in 1998, the OND program has sought to provide Housing Tasmania residents with a reassurance policing approach based on early intervention in criminal and anti-social behavior on Housing Tasmania Broadacre Estates. The primary objects of this research were four-fold: 1) What are the preceived goals of the Office Next Door program for both Housing Tasmania and Tasmania Police?; 2) What are the expectations and obligations of Officers Next Door?; 3) What are the social and criminal jsutice outcomes for Housing Tasmania residents?; and 4) Does the program represent value for money for Housing Tasmania in managing anti-social behavor in and around public housing in Tasmania? Details: Hobart, Tasmania: Housing Tasmania and Tasmania Police, 2009. 125p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 118673 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (Tasmania)Community PolicingCost-Benefit AnalysisPublic Housing (Tasmania)Reassurance Policing |
Author: Maguire, Edward Title: Implementing Community Policing: Lessons from 12 Agencies Summary: This report examines the implementation of community policing in 12 local police agencies across the U.S., drawing conclusions from tangible and visible phenomena about what community policing means to the agencies claiming to practice it. It describes and analyzes the experiences of local law enforcement agencies and the lessons learned as they work to define, make sense of, and implement community policing, and synthesizes what was learned in eight community policing topic-specific chapters. While there is no one-size fits-all approach to implementing community policing or any other innovation, this report offers police officials at all levels, from patrol officers to police chiefs, ideas that can be used in their own organizations to help implement effective community policing throughout the U.S. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 211p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119203 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice AdministrationPolice Agencies |
Author: Long, Matthew Title: A Visible Difference: An Evaluation of the Second Phase of Police Community Support Officers in West Yorkshire Summary: This evaluation considers Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) in four local authority areas (6 police divisions) in West Yorkshire. All four local authorities are either currently match-funding or are in the process of agreeing match-funding for PCSOs. Data has been collected for this evaluation through a range of quantitative, qualitative and secondary data. The evaluation found that PCSOs are instrumental in tackling anti-social behaviour, low level crime and disorder. They are engaged in a diversity of roles and tasks which have become an integral part of neighbourhood policing teams. Details: Sheffield, UK: Hallam Centre for Community Justice, Sheffield Hallam University, 2006. 110p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119475 Keywords: Antisocial BehaviorCommunity PolicingPolice Community Support OfficersPolicing |
Author: West, Ronald A. Title: Democratic Oversight of Police Forces: Mechanisms for Accountability and Community Policing Summary: One of the most important features of the modern democratic state is the tacit agreement between the government and citizens: in exchange for surrendering some of their personal liberty to allow government to develop a binding legal framework for society, citizens are given protection by the government. This public protection is provided by police, who maintain order and enforce laws. Police in democratic countries are generally civilians, even if the organization of police institutions bears many similarities to military forces. Most developed democracies have limited the authority of their militaries to responsibility for protecting the state from foreign invasion and/or actions in a very limited range of internal crises — there is no role for the military in policing a democracy. This handbook is a guide for those concerned with what happens after democratization takes place and police realize that a new type of government is in power. To whom will police answer? What form will policing take? The handbook includes the following sections: 1) Ensuring Accountability - How Democracies Control Police; 2) Community or "Problem-Solving Policing"; and Sweden - A Case Study in Improving Performance. Details: Washington, DC: RIGHTS Consortium; National Democratic Institute, 2005. 54p. Source: Internet Resource; Rule of Law Series Paper Year: 2005 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119564 Keywords: Community PolicingDemocratizationPolice AccountabilityProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Context Driven Community Policing in Ukraine: Final Report Summary: This is the final report to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for the project on Introducing Context Specific Community Policing in Ukraine. This has been a three-year project focused on building a ‘model of best practice’ for improving the relationship between the police and the public in Ukraine and enhancing co-operation between them on crime prevention and community safety. With that purpose, the project introduced and evaluated a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas in the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. The project had four distinct objectives: To identify and understand the context within which community policing might take place within Ukraine; To introduce a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas; To evaluate the effect such schemes have on the relationship between the community and the police, and on the levels of reported and recorded crime; and To develop a new module to be taught at Kharkiv University of Internal Affairs on Understanding and Implementing Community Policing in Ukraine. Details: Leicester, UK: Scarman Centre, University of Leicester, 2003. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2010 at: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/ContextDrivenCommunityPolicinginUkrainepdf/view?searchterm=policing Year: 2003 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/ContextDrivenCommunityPolicinginUkrainepdf/view?searchterm=policing Shelf Number: 119774 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Anne Duncan Consultancy Title: Evaluation of the Auckland City East Community Policing Team Summary: The Auckland East Community Policing Team (CPT) is a problem-solving team that works with community constables and local communities to identify and address issues of concern to the community. The team draws on information from Intel, local police staff, tactical meetings, other agencies and communities groups to identify problems and to decide on which issues they will focus. They work flexibly on varied shifts in order to target problem times and places. The CPT comprises a sergeant and four staff who are a mix of experienced and probationary constables. This mix provides a training ground in community policing for new staff and ensures that more senior staff are attracted to lead community policing as Field Training Officers. The evaluation of the Auckland East CPT has drawn on interviews with CPT members, other local police staff, and community stakeholders; Intel data; informal observation; and CPT weekly reports. The CPT has an on-going focus on graffiti, truancy, alcohol-related incidents, and road policing. On-going work in these areas has been complemented by targeted operations. These include: • a graffiti operation, with the Auckland City Council • two truancy operations, with schools and the Ministry of Education • public visibility and crime deterrence activity following a community survey • three controlled purchase operations • directed patrolling of selected retail areas. There is some evidence that the targeted activity is associated with a reduction in the problems identified, at least in the short term. Community stakeholders, particularly those from local government, were positive about their relationship with the CPT and believed the team was helping to raise the profile of police service in the area. The CPT has successfully complemented local community constables and other police sections, such as Youth Aid, Officers in Charge of local stations, and the Strategic Traffic Unit. Interviews with other police staff indicate that there is growing appreciation of and support for the role of the CPT. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2010 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Auckland-City-East-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Auckland-City-East-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 119810 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionGraffitiProblem-Oriented PolicingRoad PolicingTruancy |
Author: Coquilhat, Jenny Title: Evaluation of the Community Policing Rural Liaison Officer Demonstration Project in Central District Summary: The Rural Liaison Officer demonstration project was developed to strengthen Central District Police engagement within the rural sector. Seven new community constable positions were allocated to the project from Government New Initiative (GNI) funding. These positions are known as Rural Liaison Officers (RLO). The purpose of the report is to provide a descriptive overview of the operation; assess the progress towards achieving the outcomes; and determine how the additional community policing positions contribute to the goals of the national community policing strategy. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2010 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Central-Rural-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Central-Rural-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 119811 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community RelationsRural Areas |
Author: Woodhams Research Associates Title: Evaluation of the Kapiti-Mana Community Engagement Demonstration Project Summary: In late 2007 the Kapiti-Mana Area established a team of Community Engagement Officers (CEOs) to gain the trust of the community, increase Police availability, and collaborate with agencies in the community and with other Police units to reduce crime. The CEOs: enhanced community perceptions of safety in the Porirua Central Business District (CBD), by making Police more approachable with foot patrols and visits to businesses; collaborated with community agencies in effective work with community members with mental health and alcohol issues; worked intensively with young people and their families; revitalised Neighbourhood Support in some areas; and developed strong mutually respectful relationships with a wide variety of groups in their areas. Analysis of recorded occurrences for the ‘signal’ crimes of focus in the Porirua CBD shows an increasing trend, which is likely to reflect increased community confidence in reporting crime, improved recording, and increased police activity. The main challenge for the team, supervisers, and managers is the need to improve co-operation between the team and other policing units in the Area so that the community experiences a consistent Police service. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Kapiti-Mana-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Kapiti-Mana-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 119812 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Choate, David E. Title: Canyon Corridor Weed and Seed: A First Year Process and Impact Evaluation of a Local Weed and Seed Community Site in Phoenix, Arizona Summary: The purpose of the present study was to conduct an evaluation of the Canyon Corridor Weed and Seed, using both qualitative and quantitative data to conduct process and impact evaluations. The process evaluation relied on official documents detailing site activities and interviews with key stakeholders. The impact evaluation relied on Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and call for service (CFS) data from the Phoenix Police Department (PPD) from 2002 through 2007, divided into two categories represented by a four-year “pre-test” and two-year “post-test”. The results of the process evaluation indicated that the Canyon Corridor Weed and Seed was actively engaged in activities pursuant of their original site goals, and adapting them as the site developed. The impact evaluation indicated that the crime rates in the Canyon Corridor Weed and Seed area experienced mixed declines and increases during the past two years of official programmatic activities when compared to the four years prior for crimes related to violent, property, drugs, and total crimes. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2008. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed Sepptember 22, 2010 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/canyon-corridor-w-s-eval-final.pdf/view Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/canyon-corridor-w-s-eval-final.pdf/view Shelf Number: 119855 Keywords: Community ParticipationCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionOperation Weed and Seed |
Author: Schnebly, Stephen M. Title: Orchard Glen Weed and Seed Community: A Process and Impact Evaluation of a Local Weed and Seed Initiative in Glendale, Arizona Summary: The purpose of the present study was to conduct an evaluation of the Orchard Glen Weed and Seed Community, using both qualitative and quantitative data to conduct process and impact evaluations. The process evaluation relied on official documents detailing site activities. The impact evaluation relied on Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and call for service (CFS) data from the Glendale Police Department (GPD), spanning 84 months from January 2000 through December 2006, divided into two geographical categories to compare the Orchard Glen weed and Seed site and the rest of the City of Glendale. These raw frequency data were converted into monthly rates based on U.S. Census population estimates to represent the number of crimes per 100,000 people, then grouped into four categories of crime: 1) violent; 2) property; 3) drugs; and 4) disorder. The results of the process evaluation indicated that the Orchard Glen Weed and Seed Community was actively engaged in activities pursuant of their original site goals, and adapting them as the site developed, and that the efforts were well documented. The impact evaluation indicated that levels of violence, property crime, and disorder all declined in Orchard Glen after the implementation of the Weed and Seed program, and in conjunction with evidence that similar changes generally did not occur throughout the rest of the city of Glendale (i.e., the comparison area), these findings support the conclusion that Weed and Seed program was a likely contributor to the decline in violence, property crime, and disorder that was observed in the Orchard Glen treatment area. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2007. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 22, 2010 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/orchard-glen-w-s-final.pdf/view Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/orchard-glen-w-s-final.pdf/view Shelf Number: 119856 Keywords: Community ParticipationCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionOperation Weed and Seed |
Author: Choate, David E. Title: Kino Weed and Seed Coalition: A Process and Impact Evaluation of a Local Weed and Seed Community Site in Tucson, Arizona Summary: The purpose of the present study was to conduct an evaluation of the Kino Weed and Seed Coalition, using both qualitative and quantitative data to conduct process and impact evaluations. The process evaluation relied on official documents detailing site activities and focus group interviews with key stakeholders. The impact evaluation relied on call for service (CFS) data from the Tucson Police Department (TPD) from 1999 through 2005, divided into two categories represented by a three-year “pre-test” and four-year “post-test”. The results of the process evaluation indicated that the Kino Weed and Seed Coalition was actively engaged in activities pursuant of their original site goals, and adapting them as the site developed. The impact evaluation indicated that the rates of calls for service in the Kino Weed and Seed area declined significantly during the four years of official programmatic activities when compared to the three years prior for calls related to violent, property, drugs, and total crimes. Quality of life, or disorder, issues did have a slight increase during the implementation years compared to the pre-test years, but the change was not significant. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2006. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 22, 2010 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/kino-w-s-2006.pdf/view Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/kino-w-s-2006.pdf/view Shelf Number: 113393 Keywords: Community ParticipationCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionOperation Weed and Seed |
Author: Jamaica. Ministry of National Security Title: A New Era of Policing in Jamaica: Transforming the JCF. The Report of the JCF Strategic Review Panel Summary: The pattern and high incidence of criminality in Jamaica over recent years has sparked profound concern at the local, national and international levels. Current trends in violent crime reflect deep-rooted social problems and a lack of social cohesion. General public distrust of the police and incidences of police corruption have created an uneasy distance between the police and citizens. This hinders investigative efforts as many persons are afraid or unwilling to come forward as witnesses and a majority of serious crimes remain unsolved or unreported. The security situation and ineffective security governance arrangements undermine Jamaica’s ability to establish and maintain a viable economy that can sustain acceptable levels of well-being for the majority of its citizens. Finally, it is widely believed that the security situation is deteriorating and that decisive action is required to turn the situation around quickly and fundamentally. It is against this backdrop that, in mid 2007, the Ministry of National Security (MNS) commissioned a strategic review of the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). A strategic review panel, comprising domestic and international experts, was established for this purpose. Our mandate was to create a new vision for security governance within Jamaica. As part of this, we were to review the governance, management structures, key infrastructure, standards and performance of the JCF and make appropriate recommendations for reform. The major objectives in accomplishing this included: • enhancement of accountability mechanisms governing the operations of the JCF; • the development of recommendations to ensure professionalism, efficiency and enhanced competence of the entire organisation; • establishment of appropriate standards in recruitment, training and professional development to ensure adherence to internationally accepted best practices; • improvement of public confidence in policing; • review of the legislative and administrative framework governing the JCF, including the Jamaica Constabulary Force Act. Our task was to develop a set of proposals that would enable the Government of Jamaica (GoJ) to meet its responsibilities towards ensuring a safe and secure Jamaica through a properly governed, professional and accountable police service working in partnership with other elements of government and civil society. Our approach involved reviewing available documentation and literature relating to JCF performance, together with a series of public consultations and discussions with stakeholders from the JCF, the Government and civil society. The consultations were intended to provide the perspectives and views of citizens and stakeholders with regards to their experience of the police and policing reform. These were supplemented by four targeted reviews commissioned to examine the legislation and policy framework supporting police governance, as well as the JCF management structure. We also reflected upon the six previous reviews of the JCF conducted over the last two decades and the efforts made by the JCF during that period to achieve a fundamental move towards becoming a modern police service. This report sets out an integrated suite of recommendations that if implemented in a coordinated fashion, will bring about this fundamental reform and enable the Government to meet is responsibility for a safe and secure Jamaica. Details: Kingston, Jamaica: Ministry of National Security, 2008. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2010 at: http://www.mns.org.jm/picture_library/pdfs/JCF%20Strategic%20Review%202008.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Jamaica URL: http://www.mns.org.jm/picture_library/pdfs/JCF%20Strategic%20Review%202008.pdf Shelf Number: 119923 Keywords: Community PolicingCorruptionPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Mclean, John Title: Jamaica - Community-Based Policing Assessment Summary: This assessment follows on from a stakeholders’ workshop convened by USAID and held on December 11 2007. This workshop was significant in making efforts to deal with the differences of opinion about Grants Pen in a way that was constructive, action-orientated and forward looking. This report seeks to continue to move this process forward by identifying lessons learned and making recommendations for progressing CBP in Grants Pen and throughout Jamaica. Personal safety is a primary concern for many Jamaicans and reducing the country’s high rates of violent crime has been and continues to be a challenge for the Government of Jamaica and the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). For the past ten years, community-based policing (CBP) has been an espoused policy of the JCF with several past attempts at implementation. Lessons from these previous programmes have been included in this assessment. While past CBP reforms have typically not been sustained, they do provide a platform for the country-wide CBP expansion that is now a major priority for the new JCF Commissioner of Police. Currently, the JCF is working to roll out CBP more widely throughout the country. USAID has supported community policing in Kingston, and specifically in Grants Pen, for the past five years: through the 2002-05 CBP pilot activity, the Community Policing Initiative (CPI), implemented by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), and through the current Community Empowerment and Transformation Project (COMET), implemented by Management Systems International (MSI). The CBP model piloted in Grants Pen under the CPI was part of a larger strategy by USAID and its partners. The intent was to apply the lessons learned and best practices from the Grants Pen pilot to assist in the JCF’s roll out of community policing island-wide. Some basic elements of CBP were introduced in Grants Pen and the pilot succeeded in having an impact, albeit temporary, on the community-police relationship. The assessment team found that Grants Pen is not a “model” either in terms of success or replicability but that there are valuable lessons to be learned which can assist with the ongoing development of CBP throughout Jamaica. The invaluable work of the private sector in supporting CBP in Grants Pen is particularly note worthy although there are lessons to be learned regarding roles and responsibilities. While CBP has been attempted in various forms and at various times in the history of Jamaican policing there has never been a significant, sustained implementation programme. A number of factors have been identified to be addressed to make such an implementation of CBP more effective. These include leadership and accountability within the JCF; effective partnership working; clear policy support direction; enhanced corporate communications and increased organizational capacity. Nonetheless, while there are inhibitors to change various circumstances referenced in the report suggest that the time is opportune to progress the implementation of CBP in Jamaica. In this respect, the roles of the international donor community and the private sector are significant. This assessment recommends that USAID expands its work on community policing and supports the implementation of CBP within the JCF in several ways, including developing its organizational capacity. A consistent theme recognized by the team during field work was a shortage of resources that constrains the JCF in the most fundamental ways. We recognize that good policing can be expensive. However, good policing is essential to improving the livelihoods of all citizens. As a result, we wish to stress the need for consistently greater resource allocation and accountability on the part of the Government of Jamaica for the JCF. Good intentions and plans are important; resources are critical. The coordinated and focused support of the business community and international donor community in providing resources for the development of CBP has proved important in the past and will be even more so in the future. Any further community policing efforts by USAID or the JCF must be accompanied by effective monitoring and evaluation (Section V and Annex IV and V), which will serve as the foundation for increasing the effectiveness and the impact of any programme and by close coordination and collaboration, not only with donors but also the private sector, which has resources and skills to contribute to community policing, crime prevention, and community development. The assessment team recognizes the difficulty associated with measuring many of the aspects of programme performance in the police environment. However, if initial monitoring and evaluation is designed with focus and simplicity, the utility of the initial results will encourage follow up and further refinement. From a more general perspective, the assessment team believes that while there are likely those in Jamaica who would not support improving police performance, there are a number of factors currently present that do support reform. The new JCF Commissioner has publicly made CBP a top priority. In general, the public supports improved policing, as does the private sector. DFID is conducting a complementary modernization project in both the Ministry of National Security and the JCF, which the USG should encourage to continue beyond its scheduled summer 2008 end date. EU budget support can be used by the GoJ to support the implementation of GoJ policies related to security (including community policing). Lastly, the current USAID COMET project provides a ready mechanism for supporting reform in the JCF. The team agrees that the goals of reform are not in question. That the JCF knows the goals is also not in doubt. How change is to be implemented and accomplished is the primary obstacle. The state of the JCF as an institution presents the most significant challenge. In theory, control of the operational philosophy rests with management. In practice, however, if supervision, process, structure, policy, implementation, accountability, leadership, and all the other components of an effective organization are inadequate, effective management of even routine operations is a significant problem. These daily obstacles are even more daunting when sustained operational reform is the goal. When functioning properly, the foundation of institutional management provides sufficient leverage for change to be accomplished. The JCF foundation is in serious need of rebuilding which can best be accomplished from the inside while taking advantage of support from the outside. Part three of this report contains an analysis of CBP particularly in relation to Grants Pen. Part four of the report examines, in particular, the experience the JCF has had with CBP and looks at current organizational impediments to change and makes proposals for overcoming these. Part five highlight the importance of monitoring and evaluation. In addition, Annex I identifies the key roles for the international donor community and private sector in Jamaica; Annex II details the individuals and organizations consulted during the assessments and Annex III sets out the literature review. Annex IV and V are relevant to the monitoring and evaluation recommendations. The assessment team found there is significant experience to draw on in progressing CBP in Jamaica. While there are many hurdles and barriers to be overcome a significant momentum has been gathered which, with the support of USAID and other partners, should overcome these. For ease of reference, two matrices have been prepared which detail the lessons learned and the recommendations of the assessment team; these are attached as Annexes VI and VII. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2008. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2010 at: http://usaid-comet.org/reports/FINAL%20CBP%20Assessment%20Report%20-%20April%20%209%202008.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Jamaica URL: http://usaid-comet.org/reports/FINAL%20CBP%20Assessment%20Report%20-%20April%20%209%202008.pdf Shelf Number: 119992 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice ReformViolent Crime |
Author: Willis, James J. Title: Maximizing the Benefits of Reform: Integrating Compstat and Community Policing in America Summary: Compstat and community policing are both powerful tools that have been quite effective in police reform in the United States. But just how well do they work together? This report takes a look at the impact of these reforms when implemented simultaneously in the same police organization. While some have speculated that Compstat complements and supports community policing and even improves it, there is very little systematic evidence to support these claims. This report uses fieldwork data from site visits to seven U.S. police agencies to address this issue. Our principal finding that these reforms operated largely independently suggested to us that there were opportunities for making them work more closely with one another in ways that promise greater benefits than having them operate separately. Our goal is to challenge policymakers, practitioners, and scholars to reconsider the current relationship between Compstat and community policing and conceive of more innovative approaches to their co-implementation. As a starting point, we make four key recommendations for integration of these two powerful reforms. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e021026259_reccompstat_fin.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e021026259_reccompstat_fin.pdf Shelf Number: 120104 Keywords: Community PolicingCompstatPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Cordner, Gary Title: Reducing Fear of Crime: Strategies for Police Summary: Fear of crime was at or near the top of the list of police priorities in the United States more than 2 decades ago, in the early 1980s. Many police executives had accepted the premise that reducing fear of crime was an important objective, and several promising practices had been identified. This situation helped spur the development of community policing in the 1980s and 1990s but, paradoxically, the importance of fear of crime within the explicit missions of most police departments seemed to recede even as community policing expanded. More recently, however, the gap between (1) falling crime rates and (2) stable or even increasing levels of fear (what some call the reassurance gap) has led to renewed interest among police in strategies for reducing fear of crime. Also, fear of terrorism arose in America post-9/11, making fear reduction even more salient for local, state, and national officials. This Guide briefly reviews information about the phenomenon of fear of crime as well as historical and contemporary police efforts to reduce fear. The main focus, however, is on tools and techniques that police can use to target and reduce fear of crime, and institutionalize fear reduction within their agencies. Some promising practices and best practices have been identified — these are strategies and programs that have been implemented and that have been tested and shown to be effective. Fear of crime is a different animal from crime, disorder, or traffic, but it is not really all that esoteric. This Guide will help police understand what fear of crime is, why it matters, and why it should be an important target of police attention. The Guide provides a number of tools and techniques that should enable any police department to successfully add fear reduction to its operational strategy and organizational bottom line. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e110913242-ReducingFear.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e110913242-ReducingFear.pdf Shelf Number: 120105 Keywords: Community PolicingFear of CrimePolice-Community Relations |
Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Crime and Policing in Ukraine: The Kharkiv Crime Survey 2000 Summary: This is the first report from the Introducing Context-Specific Community Policing into Ukraine project. The project seeks to utilise the experience of western countries on community policing and to work in close partnership with colleagues in Ukraine to develop a programme of reform for the police. The current project is part of a broad range of assistance being offered by a number European countries and the United States to the police forces of the former socialist states in recent years. This help has come in a number of different forms ranging from organising seminars on international topics such as organised crime to the provision of specific equipment such as forensic and investigative tools. This project attempts to assist/foster the process of democratic police reform in Ukraine by initiating the change ‘from within’, through experimental testing and identification of various forms of improved police practice and co-operation with the public in preventing and solving crime. Overall, the project is organised into three phases: understanding the context; implementing schemes; and evaluating the impact. It has four distinct aims: To identify and understand the context within which community policing might take place within Ukraine; To introduce a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas; To evaluate the effect such schemes have on the relationship between the community and the police, and on the levels of reported and recorded crime, and the fear of crime; and To develop a new module to be taught at Kharkiv University of Internal Affairs on Understanding and Implementing Community Policing in Ukraine, and to introduce a short course variant delivered as part of in-service training to existing police officers. This report presents the findings from the first phase of the project that was designed to identify some of the important prerequisites for the development of various forms of community policing. Without a complete grasp of the context within which any form of police reorganisation might take place, changes are likely to be misconstrued, mismanaged and ultimately meaningless. The context also provides the bedrock on which the implementation phase will be built. A cornerstone of community policing is the relationship between the police and the community. It was important therefore to first accurately measure what the public currently thought about crime and policing in their area – how do they view the problems of crime, what do they think about the police, would they be interested in becoming involved in ‘community policing’ style activities? Similarly, it was as important to ascertain what police officers thought – how do they view the public, do they see themselves as servants of the people or the state, what do they see as their own and the state’s priorities for the police in the future? Finally, collecting data on the levels of reported and recorded crime within the research areas was important in order to provide a benchmark for the later evaluation phase of the project. Detailed here are the findings from extensive surveys of the public in the two areas in the city of Kharkiv chosen to take part in the project. Over two thousand members of the public were interviewed as part of the research phase. In addition, all the available police officers in the two areas were interviewed as well. The report is organised into 11 sections. The first 5 sections map out the extent of victimisation and the levels of concern about a range of crime and nuisance problems in the two areas. It then goes on to look at what the public do to try and protect themselves and their possessions from crime. This is followed by a consideration of the relationship between the police and the public, focusing on the nature of contacts in the past and how the police and the public view each other. The report then considers attitudes towards police/public co-operation in the past and more importantly, in the future. It concludes by bringing the main findings together and makes a series of recommendations about the types of schemes that are most suitable for the next phase of the project. Details: Leicester, UK: Scarman Centre, University of Leicester, 2001. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2010 at: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/CrimeandPolicinginUkrainetheKharkivCrimesurvey2000pdf Year: 2001 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/CrimeandPolicinginUkrainetheKharkivCrimesurvey2000pdf Shelf Number: 120178 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime SurveyPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Ukraine)Public Opinion |
Author: Di Paula, Adam Title: Vancouver Police Community Policing Assessment Report: Residential Survey Results Summary: Similar to previous years, the 2009 results indicate that four-in-five Vancouver residents are satisfied with the VPD. Four-in-five residents were 'Somewhat satisfied' or 'Very satisfied' with the service provided by the VPD. The reasons given for less satisfactory ratings were that residents had no contact with the VPD, or that the response was slow. Most residents said that the VPD is effective in responding to emergency situations quickly (61%), meeting the safety needs of the community (63%), and addressing street disorder (57%). There are many residents who seem to be uncertain of the VPD's performance in these areas, however. The proportion of residents who say they do not know how to rate the VPD has increased in recent years. District 2 residents were significantly less likely to give positive ratings to addressing street disorder (49%) compared to those in all three other Districts (58% for Districts 1, 3, and 4 combined). In looking at the year-over-year ratings, it is quite clear that the VPD's performance in two of these three areas is improving. The VPD's performance on 'addressing street disorder' has seen a substantial improvement since 2004. Performance on 'meeting the community's safety needs'improved significantly from 2008 to 2009. Details: Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Police Department, 2009. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2011 at: http://vancouver.ca/police/media/links/VPDResidentialSurveyReport.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://vancouver.ca/police/media/links/VPDResidentialSurveyReport.pdf Shelf Number: 120855 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community Relations (Vancouver, BC) |
Author: Kelling, George L. Title: Keeping Americans Safe: Best Practices to Improve Community Policing and to Protect the Public Summary: During the 1990s, New York City achieved stunning drops in crime from the “broken windows” community policing strategy adopted by Police Commissioner William Bratton. In two years, murder declined by 39 percent, robberies by about 33 percent and burglaries by 25 percent. New York’s approach completed the evolution of community policing from a reactive model into a proactive one, focusing on aggressive, effective crime-reduction that maintains order and holds police officers accountable. Aspects of this approach have been successfully adopted by a number of cities, including some in Arizona. Sustaining these gains requires embedding high-performance policing throughout a department to shield police agencies from the potentially corrupting influence of drug cartels - especially as the chaos in the border areas of Mexico threatens to spill over. Expanding on recommendations in “A New Charter for American Cities,” this report takes the broken windows approach to the next level by showing how to institute high-performance policing. This report consolidates the best practices adopted by the nation’s most innovative police departments and provides a framework for policing that is consistent with community values and priorities; makes a commitment to the ultimate objective of keeping people safe; and produces more measurable outcomes. We recommend private sector concepts of benchmarks to track the use of best practices and to report quantifiable outcomes for comparison against other departments, and the balanced scorecard, which counts outcomes such as reducing crime and victimization and also assesses police relationships with community members, partners, and other groups. These recommendations should be institutionalized through appropriate statutes, ordinances or management directives governing policing agencies throughout America. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Goldwater Institute, 2011. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Goldwater Institute Policy Report: Accessed February 28, 2011 at: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/5722 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/5722 Shelf Number: 120885 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingPolice Reform |
Author: Eby, David Title: Small Town Justice: A Report on the RCMP in Northern and Rural British Columbia Summary: The Association has been aware of issues arising in British Columbia’s north involving the RCMP for years. From concerns about repeated deaths in custody in New Hazleton three years ago, to the deaths of Ian Bush, Kevin St. Arnaud, Clayton Wiley, and other incidents of both high and low profile, the north has continually been seen by the BCCLA as being home to a disproportionate number of extremely concerning incidents given the relatively low population density, the relatively low violent crime rates, and the cooperation that one would otherwise expect between smaller detachments and the communities they serve. With what can fairly be described as a year that has challenged the ideas that the RCMP appropriately involves itself in provincial policing in British Columbia, and that they are succeeding or even meeting expectations in this role, very few British Columbians are aware that the provincial government is planning to sign a contract with the RCMP for another 20 years of policing. Given our organizational concerns about high profile incidents of misconduct, a lengthy public record indicating provincial dissatisfaction with the status quo, and indications that the province was proceeding with little fanfare to sign on with the RCMP for another 20 years, the Association decided to conduct a series of workshops across the province on the issue of policing in British Columbia, starting in the province’s north. These consultative workshops were designed to deliver education on how policing is delivered in B.C., police accountability and rights issues, and to consult with marginalized northern communities on what they like about the RCMP, what they dislike about the RCMP, and how they feel about the RCMP contract and what the province should do about it. This report is the product of those workshops. As we suspected going into this process, we have identified many issues that should be included in this contract negotiation that are documented in the subject matter of this report, not the least of which is the complete exclusion of aboriginal communities from the negotiating process. We urge the Provincial government and the RCMP to consider these matters as they move forward. Details: Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, 2011. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2011 at: http://www.theprovince.com/pdf/rcmpnortherntourreport.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.theprovince.com/pdf/rcmpnortherntourreport.pdf Shelf Number: 120996 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice AdministrationPolice MisconductRoyal Canadian Mounted Police (Canada) |
Author: Willis, James J. Title: The Co-Implementation of Compstat and Community Policing: A National Assessment Summary: In the last quarter century or so, Compstat (CS) and community policing (CP) have emerged as powerful engines of police reform in the United States. CS is a strategic management system focused on reducing serious crime by decentralizing decision-making to middle managers operating out of districts or precincts, by holding these managers accountable for performance, and by increasing the police organization’s capacity to identify, understand, and monitor responses to crime problems. Community policing can be characterized as a philosophy and an organizational strategy designed to reduce crime and disorder through community partnerships, problem solving, and the delegation of greater decision-making authority to patrol officers and their sergeants at the beat level. It varies more than Compstat from place to place in response to local problems and community resources. To date, researchers have focused their energy on identifying the individual merits and weaknesses of each, but have given much less attention to how well these reforms operate when implemented in the same police agency. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (the COPS Office) asked us to do research on this coimplementation issue: Do CS and CP work together, mutually supporting each other, or are there points of conflict, where pursuing one makes it hard to pursue the other successfully? Moreover, do they work independently, that is each having little consequence for the other? This report presents findings from the first national assessment of CS and CP as co-implemented reforms. Given that systematic research on the co-implementation of CS and CP is scarce, the first purpose of this project was to illuminate the current state of implementation of each reform in the United States and the nature and extent of compatibility problems. Thus, we begin by drawing on data from our national survey to provide a profile of CS and CP in large police agencies. The purpose of the profile is to show what local police departments were doing with each reform, why they decided to adopt them, what some of the differences were between co-implementing and CP-only departments, and what some of the benefits and challenges were that arose from operating both reforms simultaneously. In the next section, we draw upon observations from site visits to seven police agencies that reported fully implementing both CP and CS. The second purpose of this project was to learn how CS and CP operated “on the ground.” To this end, we identify seven core elements that the full implementation of CS and CP would seem to demand and present in-depth knowledge on how each of these elements was implemented. More specifically, we describe how CS and CP functioned in relation to one another, and we assess their level of integration (not at all integrated, low, moderate, or high). Because of the popularity of CS and CP, our hope is that this comprehensive description of our findings and our assessment of CS/CP integration will deepen understanding among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers about the current relationship between these two reforms and provide a framework for decision-makers to envision alternative possibilities for co-implementation within local police organizations. A list of recommendations for integrating CS and CP based on our findings can be found in our report, Maximizing the Benefits of Reform: Integrating Compstat and Community Policing in America (2010). Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2011 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e091016308_Compstat+CommPol-web_FIN.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e091016308_Compstat+CommPol-web_FIN.pdf Shelf Number: 121002 Keywords: Community PolicingCompstatPolice Problem-SolvingPolice ReformPolice-Community Partnerships |
Author: Sklansky, David Alan Title: The Persistent Pull of Police Professionalism Summary: This paper suggests that the past model of police professionalism has been updated as a result of technology and federal funding. Skalansky explains that 1960s police professionalism was not about tactics, such as random patrol, but rather about the governing mindset behind policies. By the early 1980s, this professional policing model was discredited, giving birth to community policing, which also focused more on ideas and policy and less on tactics. Community policing was seen to have shortcomings, such as being vague and not reducing serious crime. Today, professional policing is mounting a comeback. Community policing, however, is still valuable. Although the community policing model is incomplete, a model of "advanced community policing" could address unanswered specifics about the nature of community policing that would help law enforcement agencies, police researchers, and the public resist the persistent pull of police professionalism. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232676.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232676.pdf Shelf Number: 121047 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Professionalism |
Author: Stone, Christopher Title: Toward a New Professionalism in Policing Summary: In the 1980s, community policing replaced the traditional crime-fighting model of policing, often referred to as "professional policing." Community policing was an improvement over the previous policing paradigm (one that the authors argue was more truly professional than the command-and-control model that it replaced) and represented a great change in how police officers did their jobs. The authors argue that it is now time for a new model for the 21st century, one that they call a "New Professionalism." Their framework rests on increased accountability for police in both their effectiveness and their conduct; greater legitimacy in the eyes of the citizenry; continuous innovation in tactics and strategies for interacting with offenders, victims, and the general public; and national coherence through the development of national norms and protocols for policing. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, 2011. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232359.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232359.pdf Shelf Number: 121048 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice ProfessionalismPolice Reform |
Author: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), Title: Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya Summary: This report describes the experience and lessons learned from implementing an innovative and democratic style of policing in Kenya called community-based policing which brings together the police, civil society and communities to find local solutions to community safety concerns. By improving relations between the police and local communities, community-based policing is helping to reduce crime and make communities in Kenya safer. This report is designed to deepen understanding of the community-based policing approach and to provide guidance as to how it can be undertaken. The context in Kenya has changed significantly following the elections in late December and the writing of this report. The performance of the Kenya police has been in the spotlight with reports of excessive use of force and human rights abuses alongside other cases where police promoted dialogue and a conciliatory approach. Since then, Saferworld has redoubled its efforts to promote community safety, and has been active in supporting the development and implementation of peace-building initiatives that bring together community members, the police and local administration. Details: London: Saferworld, 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Report.pdf Shelf Number: 121364 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Kenya) |
Author: Bull, Melissa Title: Building Trust: Working with Muslim Communities in Australia: A Review of the Community Policing Partnership Project Summary: The Community Policing Partnerships Project (CPPP) was one of eight projects implemented under the Australian Human Rights Commission’s Community Partnerships for Human Rights (CPHR) program. The CPHR’s central goal was to increase social inclusion and to counter discrimination and intolerance towards Australia’s Muslim and culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Under the CPPP, police and communities worked together to plan and administer 38 projects across Australia. This report provides a review of the outcomes of these projects and provides some key findings and learnings for future community policing initiatives. Evidence from the CPPP projects suggests that the individual experiences of many police and community participants were positive and beneficial. Establishing trust and building relationships between Muslim young people and local police officers was a key focus of many of the projects under the CPPP. Often this was achieved by providing opportunities for positive interaction between police and young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and by providing information regarding the support available to young people (Office of Multicultural Interests, 2009, p. 26). Many of the CPPP projects broke down stereotypes, improving previously tense relationships. However, projects such as those under the CPPP will need to reach deep into police organisations and communities involved to bring about significant and lasting change in the nature of police–community relationships. This report discusses some of the key learnings from the CPPP and other community policing initiatives. This report finds that in addressing social inclusion, countering discrimination and intolerance, and building mutual trust and respect, community policing initiatives need to address the: •complex underlying social conditions when tackling core issues such as social inclusion, to optimise relationships between police and communities •adversity faced by young people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds by increasing the factors that mitigate risks they face, and so facilitate their ability to contribute to the local economy in the future •danger of defining problems in terms of communication and awareness, which can at times gloss over real, deep-seated, underlying conflicts and sources of tension •potentially adverse practical consequences that may flow from using the concept of ‘community’ in the context of community policing initiatives. There is a risk that community policing initiatives may perpetuate or exacerbate the very problem they are attempting to defuse by the manner in which they define or name the problem. The most effective approaches will focus more directly on the dynamics of police–youth relationships rather than on overemphasising ethnic or religious background. Community policing initiatives must also: •avoid overemphasising the formal education of minority community members about their rights and responsibilities. For community members, these may be articulated as concerns about informal belonging, respect, recognition, fair treatment and dignity •acknowledge that the concept of ‘community’ is often not inclusive of those most affected by policing. The consensual overtones of community can hide the fact that a few select voices and interests—often those of the most respectable and powerful—can often come to represent the whole community •be realistic about the possibilities, limitations, challenges and pitfalls of community policing programs, which can be affected by the priority, resources and planning they receive. It is important that projects such as those implemented under the CPPP are integrated into other ongoing police and community activities and are guided by a long-term view of the issues. This necessarily involves evidence-based planning, policy and research that takes a long-term view and is informed by how immigration shapes the dynamics of social and community change and the implications of such change for social cohesion and policing issues. This report finds that in the absence of a broad, long-term view police services and other criminal justice agencies may be left to deal, reactively, with failings in other areas of public policy; that, if ignored, complex social problems may translate into problems of law and order; and that simplistic causal explanations may prove ineffective and counterproductive. This report demonstrates the need for a more concerted government response and a strategic research, policy and planning framework if maximum benefit is to be derived from community policing initiatives such as the CPPP. Details: Sydney: Australian Human Rights Commission, 2010. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 29, 2011 at: http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/publications/police/2010building_trust.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/publications/police/2010building_trust.pdf Shelf Number: 122234 Keywords: Community PolicingHuman RightsMinoritiesMuslimsPolice-Community Relations (Australia) |
Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Title: Trafficking in Human Beings: Identification of Potential and Presumed Victims: A Community Policing Approach Summary: The timely and proper identification of presumed victims of human trafficking is of paramount importance to ensuring that victims receive the assistance to which they are entitled. It is also crucial to the effective prosecution of the crime. The identification of potential victims can disrupt the trafficking process before it even starts and thus prevent the exploitation of vulnerable individuals. Authorities, including police officers, are usually familiar with the basic characteristics of victims of transborder trafficking in human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation. However, they tend to have limited experience with the identification of trafficking victims who have been exposed to other forms of exploitation, such as domestic servitude or forced labour in the construction, agriculture or garment industries. As a rule, identifying a trafficked person is a complex and timeconsuming process. Sometimes it takes weeks or months for a trafficked person to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder and develop enough trust in the authorities to be able to speak out. However, because identifying trafficked persons grants them access to necessary assistance, it should be carried out quickly and accurately, irrespective of the criminal prosecution process. Various manuals, lists of indicators and checklists27 for victim identification have been prepared by State institutions and international and non-governmental organizations for use by professionals in different spheres. Nevertheless, practical experience shows that the mere existence of indicators and checklists does not lead to effective victim identification. The relevant authorities often need additional guidance on how to apply these tools. And in many cases, policy documents containing such indicators are not distributed beyond the central offices that have the unique mandate to identify victims while local law enforcement agencies, whose officers are on the front lines, are not familiar with them. There are pros and cons with respect to the use of checklists and indicators. Indicators can provide greatly sought-after guidance, but if they are applied rigidly, they can be rather limiting. To fulfil their role— to provide guidance that is relevant but not too rigid—indicators need to be reassessed and revised on a regular basis to take into account new information and trends. Profiling potential and presumed victims should not lead to unsubstantiated generalizations and discriminatory policing approaches and attitudes. It can be challenging to avoid discrimination and maintain the integrity of guidelines and other measures for victim identification used by law enforcement authorities. Even guidelines that are designed with the best of intentions may eventually be implemented without due consideration for integrity when they are interpreted and used by police officers in their daily work. It is possible to improve identification of victims of human trafficking by introducing common indicators acceptable to all relevant actors, including the police. Police officers are confronted every day with a variety of offences, but they must be able to detect suspected cases of human trafficking among all other crimes. Even though they do not specialize in human trafficking, they must be able to recognize the most important indicators of the crime, identify victims and refer them to relevant authorities. When a front-line officer has doubts about a trafficking case, he or she should immediately contact specialized police units, specialized public prosecution offices or specialized NGOs. The challenge for all actors involved in identification of presumed victims of human trafficking is where to set the threshold. When performing initial identification, the threshold must be lower than that set out in the criminal code. The police in various OSCE participating States have been criticized for interpreting the definition of presumed victims too narrowly and not treating persons in situations where there were slight indications of trafficking as presumed victims.28 The community policing tools provided in this guidebook should help to address the challenges of preliminary identification of presumed and potential trafficking victims. The guidebook is divided into eight chapters. Chapter One underlines the necessity of developing a common list of indicators to provide a basis for multi-agency co-operation in victim identification. Chapter Two establishes a link between victim identification and the legal definition of human trafficking and focuses on the main principles that have to be taken into consideration when approaching the problem. Chapter Three addresses different aspects of the community policing approach to victim identification. Chapter Four focuses on characteristics of victims and difficulties faced by those who deal with identification of potential and presumed victims. Chapters Five and Six divide the trafficking process into pre-exploitation and exploitation phases and provide lists of certain indicators that refer to victims in these respective phases. These two chapters also provide guidance for community police officers on how to identify signs of trafficking situations and how to respond to these situations. Chapter Seven provides recommendations for law enforcement capacity development in the area of victim identification. Chapter Eight emphasizes that community policing can provide a more nuanced and comprehensive approach to victim identification than those used separately by the police and their partners. As a result, they will be able to identify, reach out to and assist more victims and potential victims of trafficking in persons. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2011. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: SPMU Publication Series Vol. 10, 2011: Accessed August 24, 2011 at: http://www.osce.org/node/78849 Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.osce.org/node/78849 Shelf Number: 122478 Keywords: Community PolicingHuman Trafficking |
Author: Rosenbaum, Dennis P. Title: Salt Lake City's Comprehensive Communities Program: A Case Study Summary: Salt Lake City’s Comprehensive Communities Program (CCP), which began April 1, 1995, with a $2.2 million grant from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, sought to create “a neighborhood-based model for the prevention, intervention, and suppression of crime” (CCP program brochure, 1995). The main mission of the Salt Lake City project was to “restructure our law enforcement and social services systems so they can effectively reduce violent youth crime in today’s environment in a comprehensive way.” At the core of the CCP initiative in practice were five innovative units called Community Action Teams (CAT). A CAT is a neighborhood-based problem-solving team comprised of representatives from relevant government and not-for-profit agencies which has responsibility for addressing crime-related community problems in a specific geographic area. In addition to these efforts to “reinvent” government and social service activity at the neighborhood level, Salt Lake City’s CCP included a variety of programs directed at early intervention, treatment, community mobilization, and alternatives to traditional criminal justice approaches to processing offenders. This case study of Salt Lake City’s CCP program was written as a result of site visits made to various CCP programs and interviews with CCP participants between November, 1995 and January, 1997. It also incorporates data from BOTEC’s CCP Coalition Survey and Community Policing Survey, as well as information contained in federal and local documents and reports. Follow-up phone calls were made during December, 1997 and January, 1998, to key participants in order to write the epilogue. Details: Cambridge, MA: BOTEC Analysis Corporation, 2004. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 24, 2011 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/204628.pdf Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/204628.pdf Shelf Number: 122481 Keywords: Community Crime Prevention (Salt Lake City, Utah)Community ParticipationCommunity Policing |
Author: Stewart, James K. Title: Tampa Bay Manhunt After Action Report: Lessons Learned in Community Police Partnerships & Incident Command System Summary: On June 29, 2010, at 2:15 a.m., the Tampa Police Department (TPD) suffered a tragic loss when two officers were shot and killed during a traffic stop. The suspect fled the scene on foot and evaded immediate arrest. The subsequent law enforcement response and multijurisdictional manhunt involved 22 law enforcement agencies and over 1,000 personnel during a 96-hour deployment that culminated in the arrest of the suspect. TPD established a multi-agency, Unified Command using the Incident Command System (ICS) to plan, coordinate, and manage the complex response, which included volunteers and donations from the community. TPD reported that few complaints were received, despite frequent special weapons and tactics (SWAT) deployments, numerous residential searches, significant police presence in local neighborhoods, traffic disruptions, staging operations, and extensive media activities. This report demonstrates how building relations before a crisis impacts local community acceptance of extraordinary police presence or measures for extended periods of time. Tampa’s unexpected incident provides a rare opportunity to analyze an actual law enforcement response and capture the lessons learned. This analysis can be of significant use to all local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies that need to be capable of coordinating an extended, multi-jurisdictional law enforcement response within their communities. TPD asked CNA to analyze this event, with a focus on implementing ICS and incorporating community policing. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) supported this analysis with specific interest in the role community partnerships played. Conducting afteraction analyses by independent observers and making results widely available to other law enforcement agencies also allows for a reassessment of strategies, policies, and procedures, which can further lead to enhanced officer safety and the prevention of lives lost. Details: Alexandria, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2011. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 19, 2011 at: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Tampa%20Bay%20Manhunt%20After%20Action%20Report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Tampa%20Bay%20Manhunt%20After%20Action%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 122786 Keywords: Community PolicingIncident Command SystemsLaw Enforcement CollaborationLaw Enforcement PartnershipsPolice ManhuntsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Tampa Bay, Florida) |
Author: Gambetta, Ricardo Title: Public Safety Programs in the Immigrant Community Summary: Police departments across the U.S. function using a framework of community policing and rely on trust and partnership between police and local residents, including those from the immigrant communities. Police need to remain aware of problems within the community, knowledge dependent on resident crime reporting and witness testifying. All residents, including immigrant populations, who are often more vulnerable to crime, need to feel secure in interacting with the police and coming to the department for help. Unfortunately, several barriers separate immigrant communities from local police departments, hindering relationship building and effective community policing. Miscommunication occurs due to language barriers and cultural differences over police customs, cultural norms or gender roles. Many immigrants also fear the police, either due to imported expectations from their home country or from deportation concerns and the confusion surrounding local law enforcements’ role in federal immigration enforcement. To overcome these barriers, several police departments across the country are implementing innovative programs to reach out and expand public safety to their local immigrant populations. Increased communication between police and immigrant communities improves policing and public safety for the entire community. To highlight these programs, NLC’s Municipal Action for Immigrant Integration program released its third report in the Municipal Innovations in Immigrant Integration Series: Public Safety Programs for the Immigrant Community. This new publication addresses cities’ role in immigrant public safety and is designed to give cities and towns a starting place to plan and improve their public safety outreach programs toward their local immigrant population. The report highlights good practices from 17 U.S police departments and includes recommendations for developing immigrant public safety programs in other communities. The 17 cities profiled in the report are: Brooklyn Center, Minn; Chelsea, Mass.; Dallas; Des Moines, Iowa; Fort Wayne, Ind.; Garden Grove, Calif.; New York; Norfolk, Va.; Portland, Ore.; Storm Lake, Iowa; Las Vegas; Lowell, Mass.; New Haven, Conn.; Newport News, Va.; St. Paul, Minn.; Washington, D.C.;. and Winston Salem, N.C. The report also features a more comprehensive case study of public safety activities in Indianapolis. Details: Washington, DC: National League of Cities, 2011. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: www.nlc.org Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 122887 Keywords: Community PolicingImmigrant CommunitiesImmigrants (U.S.) |
Author: O'Connell, John P. Title: Evaluation of Price's Run Weed and Seed Summary: The Weed and Seed Law Enforcement Subcommittee, made up of representatives from the U.S. Attorney and state Attorney General’s offices, Wilmington PD, U.S. Marshals, FBI, DEA, ATF, state and federal probation offices, was responsible for developing crime reduction strategies in the Price’s Run Weed and Seed area. Weed and Seed grant funds were used to pay police overtime for safety checkpoints and enforcement of quality of life crimes. In anticipation of the Weed and Seed grant, the Wilmington Police Department assigned 2 additional police officers to the Price’s Run neighborhood starting in October 2005, months before the initial Weed and Seed grant was awarded. From October 2005 to May 2006, officers assigned to the Weed and Seed area made 101 drug related arrests, 45 arrests for quality of life crimes, 10 arrested for weapon offenses, and 18 guns seizures. From March to May 2006, police handled 390 complaints, made 132 community contacts, made 90 pedestrian stops, and handled 470 special attention assignments. Starting in 2006, a Weed and Seed law enforcement grant was used to pay for police overtime operations that resulted in 98 vehicle stops, 8 traffic summons, 2 capias arrests, 49 warrant attempts, and 6 executed warrants. In 2009, a dedicated probation officer from the Delaware Department of Correction was hired part-time with Weed and Seed funds to conduct curfew checks and warrant attempts for probationers residing in Census Tract 6.02. Weed and Seed officers also held educational seminars to inform the public about the police department and distributed informational literature to resident of Census Tract 6.02. Fugitive Safe Surrender, a successful and well publicized weeding operation in Price’s Run, took place at New Destiny Fellowship Church from April 29 to May 2, 2009. Led by the U.S. Marshals Service and Delaware courts, this 4-day operation allowed persons with outstanding warrants to surrender to law enforcement in a non-threatening environment. Participants were able to meet with an attorney, be seen by a judge, and have their cases adjudicated on-site. While the program did not provide amnesty, participants were offered favorable consideration for turning themselves in voluntarily. A total of 1,073 fugitives surrendered to law enforcement (including 101 felons) and 4,131 warrants were cleared as a result of Fugitive Safe Surrender. Details: Dover, DE: Delaware Statistical Analysis Center, 2010. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2011 at: http://sac.omb.delaware.gov/publications/documents/weed_and_seed_evaluation_110810.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://sac.omb.delaware.gov/publications/documents/weed_and_seed_evaluation_110810.pdf Shelf Number: 122960 Keywords: CollaborationCommunity Crime PreventionCommunity PolicingProbationersWeed and Seed Programs (Delaware) |
Author: LaVigne, Nancy Title: Evaluating the Use of Public Surveillance Cameras for Crime Control and Prevention Summary: Municipalities across the country are in a constant search for effective public safety interventions that will curb crime and improve the livability and economic well-being of their communities. This is particularly true among law enforcement agencies that embrace a community policing philosophy, which has become a key component of policing efforts in most mid- and large-sized law enforcement agencies across the United States. While many believe that the adoption of community policing has led to more efficient and effective policing strategies, law enforcement agencies continue to grapple with limited resources and are therefore interested in employing new tools that can enhance their community policing efforts. Among the latest waves of public safety tools is the use of public surveillance cameras, often referred to as Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). While surveillance cameras are widely employed in the business sector to improve security, until recently their use to monitor public spaces has been much less common in the United States, in part due to concerns about privacy and civil liberties. Community policing, which embodies a combination of proactive crime prevention and community engagement with more traditional policing functions, may benefit from this technology because public surveillance cameras could enhance problem-solving strategies, aid in arrests and investigations, and ultimately increase potential offenders’ perceptions that they will be both caught and prosecuted. Public surveillance systems may also have a secondary impact, serving to increase law abiding citizens’ perceptions of safety and thus their presence in public spaces, which in turn may increase guardianship, improve police-community partnerships, and reduce crime. The potential contributions to policing and public safety that public surveillance cameras may yield perhaps explain why the technology’s use has expanded in recent years. Unfortunately, these investments of scarce public safety resources are being made despite the fact that very few rigorous outcome evaluations of public surveillance cameras have been conducted in the United States. Scant research exists documenting the decisions behind public surveillance technology investment and use, and the lessons learned by cities that have employed this technology. Further, only one publication exists describing the use of public surveillance cameras in investigations and prosecutions. This evaluation aims to fill these research gaps by detailing: (1) the results of an in-depth qualitative data collection effort to examine and synthesize the experiences of cities—Baltimore, MD; Chicago, IL; and Washington, D.C.— that have invested heavily in public surveillance technology in recent years; (2) a rigorous analysis of crime data to determine the degree to which cameras significantly reduce and/or displace crime; and (3) the degree to which the camera investment is cost-beneficial. Designed primarily for law enforcement agencies and their municipal partners, this report begins with a review of previous findings of published public surveillance studies and describes the research methodology employed for the present study. We then present case studies from each of the three research sites, detailing the decisions behind camera investment, implementation, and use, and highlighting the role that public surveillance cameras play in supporting arrests, investigations, and prosecutions. Findings from the impact, spatial, and cost-benefit analysis pieces are discussed within the chapters for each of the three sites. The report concludes with a section devoted to the lessons learned by these jurisdictions, followed by recommendations to help inform both agencies that are currently investing in public surveillance systems for public safety purposes, as well as those that are contemplating doing so. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2011. 152p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2011 at: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412403-Evaluating-the-Use-of-Public-Surveillance-Cameras-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412403-Evaluating-the-Use-of-Public-Surveillance-Cameras-for-Crime-Control-and-Prevention.pdf Shelf Number: 123056 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionVideo Surveillance |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Title: The Impact of the Economic Downturn on American Police Agencies Summary: The economic downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II. The impact of this downturn will result in a change of how law enforcement services are delivered. As has been discussed by the COPS Office Director, Bernard Melekian, in a series of recent articles published in the Community Policing Dispatch, expectations will not be lowered just because an agency now has fewer officers, or because the budget is limited. Simply doing less while waiting for local budgets to recover to pre-2008 levels is not a viable option. Faced with a dramatic budget contraction, law enforcement leaders need to start identifying different ways to deliver police services and, perhaps more importantly, articulate what the new public safety models will look like to their communities. The effects of the economic downturn on law enforcement agencies may be felt for the next 5–10 years, or worse, permanently. The permanence of this change will be driven not just by the economy, but by the local government officials determining that allocating 30–50 percent of their general fund budgets for public safety costs is no longer a fiscal possibility. While some people see signs that the economy is beginning to recover on the national level, most economists agree that local jurisdictions are still in decline and will continue to be so, at least in the short term. County and municipal budgets tend to lag behind the general economy and continuing foreclosures are slowing the recovery of property tax revenues, which are the backbone of local agency funding. Faced with these budget realities, the current model for service delivery — which has been with us for the last 50 years — is already starting to change, and will be forced to continue to change dramatically and rapidly in the next 3–5 years. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2011 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e101113406_Economic%20Impact.pdf Shelf Number: 123204 Keywords: Community PolicingEconomics and CrimeExpendituresPolice AdministrationPolice Budgets |
Author: Wilson, Jeremy M. Title: Police Recruitment and Retention for the New Millennium: The State of Knowledge Summary: The supply of and demand for qualified police officers are changing in a time of increasing attrition, expanding law-enforcement responsibilities, and decreasing resources. These contribute to the difficulties that many agencies report in creating a workforce that represents community demographics, is committed to providing its employees the opportunity for long-term police careers, and effectively implements community policing. This report summarizes lessons on recruiting and retaining effective workforces. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2010. 150p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 26, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG959.html Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG959.html Shelf Number: 123458 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice PersonnelPolice Recruitment and Selection (U.S.)Police Training |
Author: Doty, Steven Title: Maryvale Weed & Seed Site Evaluation Report Summary: Operation Weed and Seed was developed by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1991 for the purpose of reducing crime (particularly violent and drug-related offenses) in high-crime neighborhoods through a mixture of focused policing techniques and community organization. Weed and Seed procedures are administered by the Community Capacity Development Office (CCDO) under the jurisdiction of the DOJ Office of Justice Programs. In the two decades since Operation Weed and Seed‟s inception, over 300 officially recognized sites have been established (CCDO, 2010). The key element of the program‟s crime reduction strategy is the development and maintenance of a dedicated working relationship between the community and the police department. While this is a difficult goal to master, it is also the greatest strength of the Weed and Seed program, due to the efficacy of pooling community and police resources to achieve a common goal based on quality of life. The purpose of this study was to conduct an evaluation of the Maryvale Weed and Seed Coalition. First, a process evaluation was conducted to examine the implementation of policies, goals, and planned activities by Maryvale Weed and Seed. Afterwards, an impact evaluation was conducted to assess the efficacy of Maryvale Weed and Seed in combating crime and disorder in the designated program area. The sections within outline both the characteristics of the affected site and the methodology used to conduct the process and impact evaluations. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2010. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2011 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/Maryvale_Weed_Seed_Report_FINAL.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/Maryvale_Weed_Seed_Report_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 123492 Keywords: Community ParticipationCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionOperation Weed and Seed |
Author: Winesburg, Melissa Title: Perceptions Of Neighborhood Problems: Agreement Between Police and Citizens and Impact on Citizen Attitudes Toward Police Summary: Research comparing police and citizen perceptions of neighborhood problems and the impact their agreement or disagreement has on attitudes toward the police is limited. While researchers have examined citizen attitudes toward the police since the 1960s, there have been few studies focusing on police and citizen priorities. This research examined these issues together to determine whether or not differences in perceptions impact citizen attitudes toward the police. This research explored data collected from two sources, including a survey of citizens in Cincinnati neighborhoods and a survey of Cincinnati police beat and community officers assigned to separate neighborhoods. It examined police and citizen alignment of 13 neighborhood problems focusing on crime and disorder, and the impact these have on attitudes toward the police. Logistic regression models were used to examine the influence police-citizen agreement on neighborhood problems had on citizen perceptions of attitudes toward the police in general, citizen attitudes toward the job police were doing to prevent crime in their neighborhood, and citizen attitudes toward the job police were doing working with citizens in their neighborhood to solve crime. Findings revealed that when citizens viewed disorder as less of a problem than officers, citizen satisfaction toward the police increased across all dependent variables in the study. Findings also revealed that the mere presence of a difference in perceptions impacted attitudes toward the police, regardless of the magnitude of the difference in perceptions. When police and citizens differed in their perceptions of neighborhood crime problems, citizens were more likely to have positive attitudes toward the job police were doing to prevent crime when they perceived crime as less of a problem than officers. Details: Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati, Division of Criminal Justice, 2010. 186p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed January 13, 2012 at: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1299178960 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1299178960 Shelf Number: 123609 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime and DisorderNeighborhoods and CrimePolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPublic Attitudes |
Author: Wallace, Wendell C. Title: Introduction of a Community Involvement Component in Policing in Trinidad and Tobago: Reality or Rhetoric? Summary: In 2002, Trinidad and Tobago embarked on a developmental program for the transformation of society by 2020 as formulated in its National Strategic Plan. Part of its 2007 – 2010 plan included the creation of “a society free from the scourge of rampant crime in all its manifestations and where the justice system is transparent, swift and incorruptible and anchored in the Rule of Law”. However, community residents were excluded from the plan. The study examined the merits and demerits of involving community residents in policing in a manner which reflects the „wide blue line‟ rather than the „thin blue line‟ of policing. Details: International Police Executive Symposium (IPES) and the Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) and Coginta, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 37: Accessed February 6, 2012 at: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_37.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Trinidad and Tobago URL: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_37.pdf Shelf Number: 123997 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice and the CommunityPolice ReformPolicing (Trinidad and Tobago) |
Author: Erp, Michael Title: Nampa Police crime and criminal justice sysrvey: Report to the Manpa Police Department: Results of the Citizen Survey and Field Interviews Carried Out in 2007 Summary: Experts typically agree that community policing is a journey, not a destination; it represents an overarching philosophy for the delivery of police services, not just a collection of programs. As has been the case in many American police agencies over the course of the past two decade and more, the Nampa (Idaho) police began their efforts towards implementation of community policing in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. Unlike many organizations, the Nampa police have undertaken significant steps to plan their actions carefully and have sought outside assistance to implement their community policing philosophy. Among those important steps taken was an intensive and comprehensive on-site organizational and community assessment process conducted in 1999 by the Western Regional Institute for Community Oriented Public Safety (WRICOPS), and now this community-wide survey of citizen attitudes and perceptions conducted by Washington State University’s Division of Governmental Studies and Services (DGSS). OVERVIEW OF PRINCIPAL SURVEY FINDINGS • Nampa respondents express a high level of regard for their police department and officers 93% trust rating for Nampa Police Department and Nampa officers, compared to 79% for city officials and 83% for local schoolteachers High level of support for community oriented policing exists in Nampa • 94% feel that community policing is the right direction police should take to police Nampa • Top Problems Identified by Citizens to be “Community-wide Problems” Youth gangs, using illegal drugs, vandalism, traffic, home break-ins, domestic or intimate partner violence, being victimized by violent crimes, and child abuse • Top Problems Identified by Citizens to be “Neighborhood Problems” Dogs running at large, vandalism, traffic, noise, home break-ins, youth gangs, garbage/litter, drunk driving • High level of volunteerism and cooperation with community policing expressed by the citizens of Nampa 94% of respondents agree citizens must take more responsibility for safety in neighborhoods; police alone can not do it; 87% are likely or possibly likely to volunteer for block watch or neighborhood watch activities; 59% indicate that are “likely” or “possibly likely” to participate in future community policing efforts • Low proportion of citizens feel that police services are improving While 62% of respondents feel that service has stayed the same over the past couple of years, 9% of survey respondents feel that law enforcement services have gotten worse over the same time period • Relatively high levels of satisfaction among those citizens who have been crime victims and among those arrested for crimes 62% of Nampa crime victims were satisfied with the Nampa Police response compared to 57% in the WRICOPS region; Quality of service was rated as good/excellent by 60% of traffic violators, 71% of those arrested or interrogated, nearly 59% of those reporting a crime and 73% of those requesting police service • Nampa Minority and non-Minority residents are remarkably alike in their willingness to help the police and in support for community policing; Minorities are slightly more likely to become involved in community policing efforts that are non-Minorities • Remarkably, Nampa Minority residents have higher trust levels of governmental officials than do non-Minority residents. Minority and non-Minority trust of Nampa police are nearly identical • Major themes commented upon by the citizens of Nampa o Community and Individual support and resolve for the difficult job of policing Nampa o Importance and appreciation of positive community engagement o Quality of life issues o Opportunities to correct undesired impressions o Growth and growing pains in Nampa o Assorted individual level concerns Details: Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Division of Governmental STudies and Services, 2007. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2012 at: http://dgss.wsu.edu/Final%20Reports/Nampa2007CrimeCJSurvey.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://dgss.wsu.edu/Final%20Reports/Nampa2007CrimeCJSurvey.pdf Shelf Number: 124298 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice- Citizen InteractionPolice-Community Relations (Washington State)Public Opinion |
Author: Porter, Rachel Title: Choosing Performance Indicators for Your Community Prosecution Initiative Summary: This report was developed to aid prosecutors in their selection of performance indicators to monitor the effectiveness of community prosecution initiatives. Community prosecution is a broad term used to describe strategies other than traditional prosecution to address problems in the community, to improve interagency coordination, to make prosecution more efficient, and to expand the presence of prosecutors in the community. The report includes a table listing five potential goals of community prosecution program: community engagement, problem-solving, effective case administration, public safety, and interagency partnerships. Each goal is linked to a set of objectives that can be measured using performance indicators showing progress in achieving the desired goals. Performance indicators for community prosecution that have been identified in previous research include: 1) target problems, 2) geographic target area (which may, but is not always confined to specific neighborhoods), 3) role of community, 4) content of response to community problems, 5) organizational changes within prosecutor’s office, 6) case processing adaptations, and 7) interagency collaboration and partnerships. Performance indicators are quantitative in nature and should be able to answer a relatively straightforward yes or no question. The final section of the report briefly explains each of the five goals and its associated objectives. Details: Washington, DC: Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, 2011. 23p. Source: Prosecutor's Report II: Internet Resource: Accessed February 28, 2012 at http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Choosing_Performance_Indicators.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/Choosing_Performance_Indicators.pdf Shelf Number: 124317 Keywords: Community CourtsCommunity PolicingPolice-Community Relations (New York)Prosecution |
Author: Association of Police Authorities (UK) Title: Safe and Confident Neighbourhoods Strategy: Next Steps in Neighbourhood Policing Summary: On Monday, March 1 2010 the Government published its Safe and Confident Neighbourhood Strategy, showing how neighbourhood policing has transformed the way communities are policed and setting out what is needed to sustain a policing style that is truly focused around the citizen. Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive of the National Policing Improvement Agency, said: “Neighbourhood policing continues to be a success in every community in England and Wales. Today, every area has its own neighbourhood policing team (NPT), tackling the issues that matter most to people in that area. The sight of police officers and police community support officers patrolling the streets has become the accepted and expected local policing style of recent years. “Through its recent research entitled ‘Public Confidence in the Police’ (2009), the NPIA has found that providing a high quality service to citizens across all aspects of policing is crucially important in improving public confidence locally. Any unsatisfactory service of any kind has the potential to have a significant negative impact on public confidence more widely. “That is why, using neighbourhood policing as the model, other policing teams and units should continue to support NPTs to deliver a truly responsive policing style that helps to improve the confidence of the public. On 2 March 2010, the NPIA with the Association of Chief Police Officers, will publish the National Contact Management Strategy, Principles and Guidance, to help forces improve how they treat people during the first contact they have with them – whether via contact centre, police station reception or on the street. It is vital that all members of the police family – not just those officers and staff on NPTs - realise the part they play in shaping public confidence. “Our research has shown that keeping people informed about what is happening in their area and how it is being policed can help improve public confidence. The national Crime Map, which has just had its one millionth visitor to the site, is just one way in which the NPIA is helping the service to keep people informed. We intend to further enhance the national crime map, adding more content that the public wants to see. “It seemed an ambitious prospect seven years ago to introduce a neighbourhood policing team in every neighbourhood in the country. Today, there are over 3,000 in existence, tackling local issues and crime. Now our challenge is to go even further, by forging stronger links with partners and by strengthening our neighbourhood policing principles so they extend to the whole service. Our pay-off? A public that is confident in the service it receives from all officers and staff in their area. There can be On Monday, March 1 2010 the Government published its Safe and Confident Neighbourhood Strategy, showing how neighbourhood policing has transformed the way communities are policed and setting out what is needed to sustain a policing style that is truly focused around the citizen. Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive of the National Policing Improvement Agency, said: “Neighbourhood policing continues to be a success in every community in England and Wales. Today, every area has its own neighbourhood policing team (NPT), tackling the issues that matter most to people in that area. The sight of police officers and police community support officers patrolling the streets has become the accepted and expected local policing style of recent years. “Through its recent research entitled ‘Public Confidence in the Police’ (2009), the NPIA has found that providing a high quality service to citizens across all aspects of policing is crucially important in improving public confidence locally. Any unsatisfactory service of any kind has the potential to have a significant negative impact on public confidence more widely. “That is why, using neighbourhood policing as the model, other policing teams and units should continue to support NPTs to deliver a truly responsive policing style that helps to improve the confidence of the public. On 2 March 2010, the NPIA with the Association of Chief Police Officers, will publish the National Contact Management Strategy, Principles and Guidance, to help forces improve how they treat people during the first contact they have with them – whether via contact centre, police station reception or on the street. It is vital that all members of the police family – not just those officers and staff on NPTs - realise the part they play in shaping public confidence. “Our research has shown that keeping people informed about what is happening in their area and how it is being policed can help improve public confidence. The national Crime Map, which has just had its one millionth visitor to the site, is just one way in which the NPIA is helping the service to keep people informed. We intend to further enhance the national crime map, adding more content that the public wants to see. “It seemed an ambitious prospect seven years ago to introduce a neighbourhood policing team in every neighbourhood in the country. Today, there are over 3,000 in existence, tackling local issues and crime. Now our challenge is to go even further, by forging stronger links with partners and by strengthening our neighbourhood policing principles so they extend to the whole service. Our pay-off? A public that is confident in the service it receives from all officers and staff in their area. There can be On Monday, March 1 2010 the Government published its Safe and Confident Neighbourhood Strategy, showing how neighbourhood policing has transformed the way communities are policed and setting out what is needed to sustain a policing style that is truly focused around the citizen. Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive of the National Policing Improvement Agency, said: “Neighbourhood policing continues to be a success in every community in England and Wales. Today, every area has its own neighbourhood policing team (NPT), tackling the issues that matter most to people in that area. The sight of police officers and police community support officers patrolling the streets has become the accepted and expected local policing style of recent years. “Through its recent research entitled ‘Public Confidence in the Police’ (2009), the NPIA has found that providing a high quality service to citizens across all aspects of policing is crucially important in improving public confidence locally. Any unsatisfactory service of any kind has the potential to have a significant negative impact on public confidence more widely. “That is why, using neighbourhood policing as the model, other policing teams and units should continue to support NPTs to deliver a truly responsive policing style that helps to improve the confidence of the public. On 2 March 2010, the NPIA with the Association of Chief Police Officers, will publish the National Contact Management Strategy, Principles and Guidance, to help forces improve how they treat people during the first contact they have with them – whether via contact centre, police station reception or on the street. It is vital that all members of the police family – not just those officers and staff on NPTs - realise the part they play in shaping public confidence. “Our research has shown that keeping people informed about what is happening in their area and how it is being policed can help improve public confidence. The national Crime Map, which has just had its one millionth visitor to the site, is just one way in which the NPIA is helping the service to keep people informed. We intend to further enhance the national crime map, adding more content that the public wants to see. “It seemed an ambitious prospect seven years ago to introduce a neighbourhood policing team in every neighbourhood in the country. Today, there are over 3,000 in existence, tackling local issues and crime. Now our challenge is to go even further, by forging stronger links with partners and by strengthening our neighbourhood policing principles so they extend to the whole service. Our pay-off? A public that is confident in the service it receives from all officers and staff in their area. There can be On Monday, March 1 2010 the Government published its Safe and Confident Neighbourhood Strategy, showing how neighbourhood policing has transformed the way communities are policed and setting out what is needed to sustain a policing style that is truly focused around the citizen. Chief Constable Peter Neyroud, Chief Executive of the National Policing Improvement Agency, said: “Neighbourhood policing continues to be a success in every community in England and Wales. Today, every area has its own neighbourhood policing team (NPT), tackling the issues that matter most to people in that area. The sight of police officers and police community support officers patrolling the streets has become the accepted and expected local policing style of recent years. “Through its recent research entitled ‘Public Confidence in the Police’ (2009), the NPIA has found that providing a high quality service to citizens across all aspects of policing is crucially important in improving public confidence locally. Any unsatisfactory service of any kind has the potential to have a significant negative impact on public confidence more widely. “That is why, using neighbourhood policing as the model, other policing teams and units should continue to support NPTs to deliver a truly responsive policing style that helps to improve the confidence of the public. On 2 March 2010, the NPIA with the Association of Chief Police Officers, will publish the National Contact Management Strategy, Principles and Guidance, to help forces improve how they treat people during the first contact they have with them – whether via contact centre, police station reception or on the street. It is vital that all members of the police family – not just those officers and staff on NPTs - realise the part they play in shaping public confidence. “Our research has shown that keeping people informed about what is happening in their area and how it is being policed can help improve public confidence. The national Crime Map, which has just had its one millionth visitor to the site, is just one way in which the NPIA is helping the service to keep people informed. We intend to further enhance the national crime map, adding more content that the public wants to see. “It seemed an ambitious prospect seven years ago to introduce a neighbourhood policing team in every neighbourhood in the country. Today, there are over 3,000 in existence, tackling local issues and crime. Now our challenge is to go even further, by forging stronger links with partners and by strengthening our neighbourhood policing principles so they extend to the whole service. Our pay-off? A public that is confident in the service it receives from all officers and staff in their area. There can be no bigger measure of success." Details: London: Association of Police Authorities, 2010. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 5, 2012 at: http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/LPpartnerships/2010/201003LPPSCN01.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/LPpartnerships/2010/201003LPPSCN01.pdf Shelf Number: 124850 Keywords: Community PolicingNeighourhood PolilcingTeam Policing |
Author: Rix, Andrew Title: Improving Public Confidence in the Police: A Review of the Evidence Summary: It is important that the public feel confident in the police and other crime-fighting agencies. We know that crime has fallen considerably in the last ten years but the public are not feeling the impact of this and believe crime is rising. In 2008 the Government published the Green Paper From the neighbourhood to the national: policing our communities together which proposed a single top-down target to replace the multiple targets previously used to monitor police performance. The single target is to improve levels of public confidence that the police and local councils are dealing with the crime and anti-social behaviour issues that matter locally, as measured by the British Crime Survey. Individual targets were set for each police force and published in March 2009. To inform evidence-based guidance to forces on how to improve performance, a literature review was commissioned to summarise the best available evidence on ‘what works’ in terms of improving public confidence in the police and to identify what other interventions look promising and merit further exploration. Details: London: Home Office, 2009. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 28: Accessed April 11, 2012 at http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs09/horr28c.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs09/horr28c.pdf Shelf Number: 124929 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community Relations (U.K.)Restorative Justice |
Author: Dinnen, Sinclair Title: Evaluation of the Community Officer Project in Solomon Islands Summary: This Evaluation assesses the performance of the Solomon Islands’ Community Officer project, a trial community policing mechanism initiated by the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force with assistance from the Participating Police Force of the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands. The Community Officer project sought to establish a link between police and existing local leadership structures, and serve as a mechanism for addressing disputation and grievance at the local level that was not being reported or investigated. The Evaluation finds that the Community Officer project holds considerable potential for improving access to justice in rural communities and presents recommendations for the future possible expansion of the project, drawing on fieldwork conducted by a team of J4P researchers in the second-half of 2011. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2012. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 10, 2012 at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/05/11/000386194_20120511024415/Rendered/PDF/687150WP0tf0970jectEvaluation0Final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Solomon Islands URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/05/11/000386194_20120511024415/Rendered/PDF/687150WP0tf0970jectEvaluation0Final.pdf Shelf Number: 125529 Keywords: Community PolicingPolicing (Solomon Islands) |
Author: Travis, Jeremy Title: Exploring the Role of the Police in Prisoner Reentry Summary: One thing is certain for nearly all prisoners who are in state and federal custody: they will come back. Traditionally, the police have played little part in facilitating the reentry of prisoners into the community, both because the police have seen their role as limited to the surveillance of probationers and parolees for the violation of the terms of their release or the commission of new crimes and because of a historical lack of trust between organizations that work with returning offenders and law enforcement agencies. In this paper, the authors argue that police, particularly urban police departments, have a major role to play in prisoner reentry, in part because of high recidivism rates among returning offenders and because of their concentration in some of the poorest, highest crime neighborhoods. Greater involvement of the police in prisoner reentry can promote public safety through more focused problem-oriented policing efforts and increase police legitimacy, particularly in minority communities, through enhanced community policing efforts. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, 2012. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed July 17, 2012 at: Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 125659 Keywords: Community PolicingPrisoner Reentry, Police Role |
Author: Justice Policy Institute' Ashton, Paul Title: Rethinking the Blues: How We Police in the U.S. and At What Cost Summary: Despite crime rates being at their lowest levels in more than 30 years, the U.S. continues to maintain large and increasingly militarized police units, spending more than $100 billion every year, according to a report released today by the Justice Policy Institute. Police forces have grown from locally-funded public safety initiatives into a federally subsidized jobs program, with a decreasing focus on community policing and growing concerns about racial profiling and “cuffs for cash,” with success measured not by increased safety and well-being but by more arrests. Rethinking the Blues: How we police in the U.S. and at what cost, highlights the negative effects of over-policing by detailing how law enforcement efforts contribute to a criminal justice system that disconnects people from their communities, fills prisons and jails, and costs taxpayers billions. The report also highlights both alternatives to improve public safety and examples of effective community policing efforts. Details: Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute, 2012. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 30, 2012 at: Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 125801 Keywords: Community PolicingCosts of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice ExpendituresPolicing (U.S.) |
Author: Parlow, Matthew J. Title: The Great Recession and Its Implications for Community Policing Summary: During the last twenty years, community policing has been the dominant approach to local law enforcement. Community policing is based, in part, on the broken windows theory of public safety. The broken windows theory suggests a link between low-level crime and violent crime — that is, if minor offenses are allowed to pervade a community, they will lead to a proliferation of crime and, ultimately, a community plagued by violent crime. To maintain a perception of community orderliness, many local governments adopted “order maintenance” laws — such as panhandling ordinances and anti-homeless statutes. This emphasis on cracking down on such low-level offenses brought with it an increase in the needs and costs of policing, prosecutions, jails, social services, and other related resources. When the economy was flourishing, local governments were able to pay for the time- and resource-intensive broken windows approach to community policing. The Great Recession, however, has forced localities to think critically about whether they can sustain these practices given budget cuts. This Article analyzes the effects that the downturn in the economy has had on public safety budgets and the changes that many local governments have made, and are continuing to make, to adjust to decreasing revenue and resources. This Article will also explore proposed changes to the current criminal justice and social service systems that seek cost-effective approaches to deliver the same level of public safety to which communities are accustomed. In particular, this Article will assess and evaluate evidence-based decision-making — an emerging trend in some criminal justice systems — as part of an evolving trend driven by the effects of the Great Recession, but also stemming out of community policing. Finally, this Article will use Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as an example of an evidence-based decision-making approach and explain how it can fulfill the public safety goals of the broken windows theory of community policing while creating a framework that provides for “smart” decision-making that accounts for the financial realities that most cities face. Details: Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Law School, 2012. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Marquette Law School Legal Studies Paper No. 12-12: Accessed August 3, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2083754 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2083754 Shelf Number: 125851 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingBroken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingCosts of Criminal JusticeEconomics and CrimeMunicipal Budgets |
Author: Hunter, Janine Title: Police and Community Perceptions of the Operation and Impact of the Community Engagement Model in Fife Summary: In 2008 Fife Constabulary introduced the Community Engagement Model (CEM), a new community policing model based broadly on the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) and its core elements of community engagement meetings, decentralization of responsibility, and the adoption of a problem‐solving approach. A dedicated Community Policing Division and specific community policing teams were established across the force area, each area having one or two dedicated community officers who hold regular community engagement meetings at which local priorities are determined, and actions to resolve problems are reviewed. This report combines the findings of two phases of research into the CEM. Phase one, an examination of police officers’ perceptions of the operation and impact of the community engagement model, was carried out between January and April 2011. Based on interviews with officers in two adjacent but contrasting case study areas (North East Fife and Levenmouth), this qualitative study provides an insight into officers’ perceptions of where and why the CEM is working well and identifies areas where they have concerns. Phase two, carried out between June and December 2011, sought to examine community perceptions of the operation and impact of their Community Engagement Model, again using Levenmouth and North East Fife as case study areas. The part of the report is based on largely qualitative data drawn from observations at 18 CEM meetings, semi‐structured interviews with 11 community participants, a self‐completion questionnaire for CEM meeting attendees (completed by 130 attendees) and analysis of attendance sheets for seven meetings in eight locations (56 meetings in total) and other Fife Constabulary data. Details: Dundee, Scotland: Scottish Institute for Policing, 2012. 70p. Research, 2012. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2012 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/FifeCEM.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/FifeCEM.pdf Shelf Number: 125870 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Scotland)Problem-Solving Approach |
Author: Homeland Security Advisory Council. U.S. Department of Homeland Security Title: Task Force on Secure Communities: Findings and Recommendations Summary: The Task Force on Secure Communities is a subcommittee of the Homeland Security Advisory Council (HSAC) and was created in June 2011 at the request of DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano. HSAC, which is comprised of leaders from state and local government, first responder agencies, the private sector, and academia, provides advice and recommendations to the Secretary on matters related to homeland security. The Task Force was asked to consider how Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) may improve the Secure Communities Program, including how to address some of the concerns about the program that “relate to [its] impact on community policing and the possibility of racial profiling,” and “how to best focus on individuals who pose a true public safety or national security threat.” In addition, the Task Force was specifically charged with making recommendations “on how ICE can adjust the Secure Communities program to mitigate potential impacts on community policing practices, including whether and how to implement policy regarding the removals of individuals charged with, but not convicted of, minor traffic offenses who have no other criminal history.” Under Secure Communities, fingerprints of persons arrested by state and local law enforcement agencies, which those agencies routinely submit to the FBI for criminal justice database checks, are automatically shared with DHS. ICE then checks the local arrestee information against the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) immigration databases. If ICE determines that it has an interest in an individual arrestee, the agency then determines what enforcement action to take. In most cases, the people determined to be of interest to ICE are subject to ICE enforcement action for reasons independent of the arrest or conviction. That is, the check of databases may indicate, for example, that the person is removable because he or she entered the country without inspection or overstayed a visa. Specific findings and recommendations are offered within. There is a strong consensus view, within the Task Force and in communities across the nation, that it is appropriate for ICE to continue to take enforcement action against serious criminal offenders who are subject to deportation. But because there are circumstances in which Secure Communities results in the removal of persons who are minor offenders or who have never been convicted of a crime, and because statements by ICE have left much confusion about the full reach of its enforcement priorities, many jurisdictions are concerned about the impact of Secure Communities on community policing. We recommend specific steps on which there is Task Force consensus that would help build trust in the program. Many Task Force members would go further, including recommending suspension of the program until major changes are made, or even recommending termination of what they believe is a fundamentally flawed program. Other members believe that reforms are necessary but the program nonetheless must continue to function. Those differences of view are reflected in the discussion below. ICE must recognize that it does not work in a vacuum and that its enforcement actions impact other agencies and the relationships with their communities in what some may conclude is a negative way. The following pages contain recommendations for ICE to revise the program while working with state and local police, elected officials, and other stakeholders, taking their concerns seriously and working in partnership to find appropriate solutions. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2011. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2012 at http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hsac-task-force-on-secure-communities-findings-and-recommendations-report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/hsac-task-force-on-secure-communities-findings-and-recommendations-report.pdf Shelf Number: 126264 Keywords: Background ChecksCommunity PolicingCriminal Aliens (U.S.)Customs EnforcementDeportation |
Author: Saint-Fort, Pradine Title: Engaging Police in Immigrant Communities: Promising Practices from the Field Summary: Law enforcement faces many barriers to policing new immigrant communities and cultivating partnerships with these groups. Language barriers, immigrants’ reluctance to report crime for fear of deportation, fear of police, federal immigration enforcement, and cultural differences, can lead to misunderstandings between law enforcement and community members. The Engaging Police in Immigrant Communities (EPIC) project highlights promising practices that law enforcement agencies nationwide are using to build effective police-immigrant relations. This guidebook is accompanied by podcasts on the same topic, as well as a website with additional materials and resources available through www.vera.org/epic. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services; New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2012. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 9, 2012 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e071218496_Engaging-Police-in-Immigrant-Comm_v5_19OCT12.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e071218496_Engaging-Police-in-Immigrant-Comm_v5_19OCT12.pdf Shelf Number: 126910 Keywords: Community PolicingImmigrant CommunitiesImmigrants (U.S.)Minority Groups |
Author: Sim, Susan, ed. Title: Building Resilient Societies. Forging Global Partnerships Summary: The theme for the International Crime Prevention Conference 2011 - “Building Resilient Societies. Forging Global Partnerships” - succinctly captures the central tenets that underpin our policing strategy – community and global partnerships. Singapore is one of the safest cities in the world with a low crime rate of 653 per 100,000 of population in 2010. The Police Force was able to achieve this commendable result with a lean police to population ratio of 259 per 100,000 of population. This did not happen by chance. It is the result of the strong partnerships forged over the years with the local population and overseas counterparts. The close trust and understanding built up has translated into enhanced crime-fighting capabilities. Last year, 4 out of 10 crime cases in Singapore were solved with the assistance of members of the public. We must seek ways to consolidate and build upon these outcomes. The Singapore Police Force is currently developing its Next-Generation Frontline Policing Model. The new model will enhance the way in which the Police Force works in, with and through the community. These changes will allow the Police to better fight complex crimes, and raise its crime-fighting abilities to the next level. Policing strategies must evolve in tandem with changes in the community in order to remain relevant. Crime prevention is core to our policing strategy. Policing is not just about reacting to, and solving crime. We want to fight crime upstream - to prevent and deter crime before it occurs. The NCPC is a key in this strategy. Working through NCPC’s dedicated volunteers, the Police is better able to reach out to the community, and encourage every individual to do his or her part to reduce the possibility of crime occurring. Besides engaging the public, the Police also works with the business sector through the Safety and Security Watch Groups to formulate initiatives and strategies that can better help industries and the public prevent and fight crime. For example, information on crime trends and the description of suspects, if any, are shared within business groups to prevent others from falling prey. Such Police-community partnerships are crucial to the efficacy of our policing efforts. Forging Global Partnerships The Police also values the strong partnership and cooperation it has with the international community. With economies becoming more closely linked, crime has taken on a transnational character. Many activities such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundering, cybercrime and terrorism-related activities are no longer confined within national boundaries. It is, therefore, important for countries to respond in unison, with purpose and conviction, to effectively curb the growth of transnational criminal groups. Exchanging intelligence, establishing a comprehensive legal system, forging bilateral agreements and forming networks to create effective solutions are indispensable to fighting crime today. Singapore is no stranger to international collaborations. We work closely with our foreign counterparts to deal swiftly and resolutely with threats. For example, Singapore is the lead shepherd for cybercrime amongst the ASEAN countries, and has been active in various programmes to develop cybercrime investigation capabilities in member countries. As criminals take advantage of new technology and the anonymity that the virtual world affords, it is crucial for Police to stay one step ahead by having real-time access to information beyond their borders. A key focus of the IGCI will be on cutting-edge research to identify crimes and criminals especially in cybercrime and digital security. This Complex will also enhance our ability to tap on international law enforcement networks, and enable us to share intelligence and professional knowledge with our foreign counterparts. Conclusion Crime prevention is an important strategy that can only be sustained if there is strong support from the community. In this regard, NCPC will continue to play a key role to enhance police-community partnership to combat crime. International collaboration is equally important to this effort, given the transnational nature of crime in the globalised economy. During ICPC 2011, a distinguished group of industry leaders and experienced law enforcement practitioners spoke on a wide range of topics, from trends in transnational crime, to the changing nature of community policing, and to the use of new media to fight crime. The conference served as a useful opportunity for the exchange of valuable insights and best practices in the fight against crime. Details: Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Council, 2012. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2013 at: http://www.ncpc.gov.sg/pdf/ICPC_ebook_3_aug.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Singapore URL: http://www.ncpc.gov.sg/pdf/ICPC_ebook_3_aug.pdf Shelf Number: 128388 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime Prevention (Singapore)PartnershipsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Hipple, Natalie Kroovand Title: Project Safe Neighborhoods Case Study Report: Southern District of Alabama Summary: In 2001 the Bush Administration made the reduction of gun crime one of the two major priorities of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), along with defeating terrorism and enhancing homeland security. The vehicle tor translating this goal into action is Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). PSN represents a commitment to gun crime reduction through a network of local partnerships coordinated through the nation's 94 United States Attorneys Offices. These local partnerships are supported by a strategy to provide them with the resources that they need to be successful. The PSN initiative integrates five essential elements from successful gun crime reduction programs such as Richmond's Project Exile, the Boston Ceasefire Program and DOJ's Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSJ). Those elements are: partnerships, strategic problem solving, outreach, training and accountability.' The strategic problem-solving component of PSN was enhanced through grants to local researchers to work in partnership with the PSN task force to analyze local gun crime patterns, to inform strategic interventions, and to provide feedback to the task force about program implementation and impact. At the national level, PSN included a grant to a research team at the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University (MSU) to provide support to the strategic problem-solving component as well as to conduct research on PSN implementation and impact. As part of its research role, MSU has produced a series of strategic case studies ofPSN interventions that have emerged in a number of jurisdictions across the country." The current report is part of a second series of studies focused on implementation of PSN in particular districts. The current study, focused on the Southern District of Alabama, is similar to the situation in the Middle District of Alabama. The PSN effort was initially focused on the major city within the district and relied on a strong partnership between the local police department and the U.S. Attorney's Oftice. The task force implemented a strategy that drew heavily on Project Exile and the core principles ofPSN. Once sites were identified, the MSU research team conducted site visits to learn more about PSN structure, implementation, and impact. Cooperative relationships between the local research partners and the MSU research team were established for the purpose of generating the case studies. This provided the benefit of the "deep knowledge" of the local research partners with the "independent eyes" of the national research team. This approach will continue to be employed through an ongoing series of case studies in additional PSN sites. Given this strategy, in effect a purposive sampling approach, the case studies cannot be considered representative of PSN in all 94 judicial districts. Rather, these are studies of PSN within specific sites. Through these studies, particularly as more and more case studies arc completed, complemented by evaluations conducted by local research partners, we hope to generate new knowledge about the adaptation of the national PSN program to local contexts as well as about the impact ofPSN on levels of gun crime in specific jurisdictions. Details: East Lansing, MI: School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 2007. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: PSN Case Study Report #10: Accessed April 18, 2013 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/241728.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/241728.pdf Shelf Number: 128418 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionGang ViolenceGun ViolenceNeighborhoods and Crime (U.S.)Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Atha, Roberto J. Title: Transitions to Peace: Effects on Internal Security Forces in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala Summary: This thesis examines the effect of transitions to peace in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala on internal security forces. It reveals how the influence of the military affected the implementation of internal security reforms, influencing the professionalism and effectiveness of police forces in the fight against violence and gangs today. The research shows Sandinista influence allowed Nicaragua to maintain an experienced core of security personnel that has confronted the present challenges more effectively. Reforms in El Salvador yielded a new, highly restructured and reduced security force of which only one-fifth some policing experience, reducing the short-term effectiveness of the force in the fight against insecurity, but increasing the probability for long term consolidation of a professional and effective police institution. In Guatemala, the transitions resulted in the creation of a new police force mostly manned by former security personnel, perpetuating the corruption that permeated the force prior to the transitions--a fact reflected in the high levels of crime in the country today. The thesis proposes that the effect of the transitions on the current forces is a pivotal factor on their effectiveness, and must be addressed in order to improve security for citizens and democracy. Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 22, 2013 at: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA493659 Year: 2008 Country: Central America URL: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA493659 Shelf Number: 129139 Keywords: Community PolicingCorruptionGangsViolence (Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala) |
Author: Carapic, Jovana Title: Understanding the Tipping Point of Urban Conflict: The Case of Dili, Timor-Leste Summary: This Working Paper seeks to analyse the 2006-07 Crisis in Dili through the lens of the urban tipping process of violent conflict. The conceptual framework of this project furthers our understanding of how different aspects of the urban environment are interrelated, and acts as a guide to the organised complexity of the city. In the case study of Dili, the notion of the “tipping point” is used to generate new insights about the Crisis and to question popular narratives, both domestically and internationally, about the role of the security sector and organised youths in the collective violence that marked it. The participatory research conducted in 2011 uncovered a number of common themes that interlocutors identified as underlying recent events in Dili: these include the discrepancy between traditional forms of authority and the values of liberal democracy, the discursive role of the “east-west” divide, the presence of martial arts, ritual arts and other youth groups on both the city and sub-city levels, the importance of past conflicts and disputes among the political elite in shaping conflict in present-day Timor-Leste, and the on-going stand-off and competition in the formal security sector. Along these themes, the Working Paper offers a synthetic account of the environment in which the petitioner issue within the armed forces came to tip into collective urban violence in 2006. According to the findings, and as elaborated in the adjoining Policy Brief, it may be worthwhile to consider Dili as a genuinely urban space with its own particular security dynamics, competing political and ritual authorities, acute land insecurity, and specific planning needs. Details: Manchester, UK: Urban Tipping Point, University of Manchester, 2012. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper #4: Accessed July 10, 2013 at: http://www.urbantippingpoint.org/documents/Working%20Papers/WP4_Dili.pdf Year: 2012 Country: East Timor URL: http://www.urbantippingpoint.org/documents/Working%20Papers/WP4_Dili.pdf Shelf Number: 129349 Keywords: Community PolicingUrban AreasViolence (Timor-Leste)Youth Gangs |
Author: Smith, Bec Title: ‘Boys, You Wanna Give Me Some Action?’ Interventions into Policing of Racialised Communities in Melbourne Summary: This report examines African young people’s experiences of policing practices across three regions of Melbourne: the City of Greater Dandenong, Flemington and Braybrook. The report particularly examines African young people’s experience of ‘community policing’ activities in these areas. Policing has been consistently identified as one of the biggest issues confronting African young people across Australia. Despite this fact, this report highlights a vast gap between what African young people have to say about these issues and public discourse about these issues. This report brings to the fore the stories and analyses of African young people whose lives are heavily affected by policing. Policing renders visible broader social tensions to do with race and poverty. As such, an examination of policing can help us understand the nature of complex, broader issues. Details: Melbourne, AUS: Fitzroy Legal Service, Inc., 2012.40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2013 at: http://www.fitzroy-legal.org.au/cb_pages/files/LegalAid_RacialAdol_FA2.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.fitzroy-legal.org.au/cb_pages/files/LegalAid_RacialAdol_FA2.pdf Shelf Number: 129611 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community Relations (Melbourne, Australia)Police-Minority Relations |
Author: Montolio, Daniel Title: When Police Patrols Matter. The Effect of Police Proximity on Citizens' Crime Risk Perception Summary: Crime risk perception is known to be an important determinant of individual well-being. It is therefore crucial that we understand the factors affecting this perception so that governments can identify the (public) policies that might reduce it. Among such policies, public resources devoted to policing emerge as a key instrument not only for tackling criminal activity but also for impacting on citizens' crime risk perception. In this framework, the aim of this study is to analyze both the individual and neighbourhood determinants of citizens' crime risk perception in the City of Barcelona (Spain) focusing on the effect of police proximity and taking into account the spatial aspects of neighbourhood characteristics. After controlling for the possible problems of the endogeneity of police forces and crime risk perception and the potential sorting of individuals across neighbourhoods, the results indicate that crime risk perception is reduced when non-victims exogenously interact with police forces. Moreover, neighbourhood variables, such as proxies of social capital and the level of incivilities, together with individual characteristics have an impact on citizens' crime risk perception. Details: Barcelona: University of Barcelona, 2014. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: IEB Working Paper N. 2014/1: Accessed May 8, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2410365 Year: 2014 Country: Spain URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2410365 Shelf Number: 132302 Keywords: Community PolicingNeighborhoods and Crime (Spain)Police PatrolRisk Assessment |
Author: Giblin, Matthew J. Title: Understanding Influence Across Justice Agencies: The Spread of "Community Reforms" from Law Enforcement to Prosecutor Summary: Within the last few decades, police departments and prosecutors' offices innovated with new policies and practices, particularly those stressing the community (i.e., community policing, community prosecution). Although organizational innovation has been empirically researched within the discipline of criminal justice, most of these studies focused on the police in isolation from the other components of the criminal justice system. These valuable studies have identified several factors that are associated with innovation including those both internal and external to organizations, but researchers have rarely considered the influence of the policies and practices of other criminal justice agencies. Police and prosecutors, even though interconnected and part of the same system, are studied individually and the cross-component effects of other agencies within the criminal justice system have not received much attention in the literature. This study explores the innovation of community prosecution using organizational predictors typically associated with innovation while also including measures of community policing within the jurisdiction of the prosecutors' offices. Community policing practices of the agencies within the jurisdiction are potentially powerful influences on community prosecution. Using data from the 2001 and 2005 waves of the National Prosecutors Survey and the 2000 and 2003 waves of the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey, analyses show that community reforms are not connected across system components. Several possible explanations are offered to account for these findings. Details: Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2014. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/245945.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/245945.pdf Shelf Number: 132523 Keywords: Community JusticeCommunity PolicingCommunity ProsecutionCourt ReformPartnershipsProsecutors |
Author: Green, Alice P. Title: Pathway to Change: African Americans and Community Policing in Albany Summary: Steven Krokoff has been the Chief of Police in Albany, New York for three years. His selection was the first police chief appointment in history to require the approval of the city's governing body, the Albany Common Council. Krokoff's predecessor, James Tuffey, had retired abruptly after allegations that he had uttered a racial epithet; Tuffey's departure capped decades of racial tensions between the police department and the community it serves. An extensive search process that relied heavily on community input culminated in the recommendation that Krokoff, the acting chief of the department who had proclaimed his complete commitment to community policing during the selection process, be appointed to the position. This report examines the extent to which the community's expectations have been met thus far. This document follows three reports published by the Center for Law and Justice (CFLJ) in 2012, documenting the disparate effects of the criminal justice system on people of color in the Capital Region. Two of those reports describe the manner in which local minorities are arrested, detained, convicted and incarcerated in proportions far greater than their representation in the general population. The third report depicts the impact of the "war on drugs" in Albany, resulting in the sentencing of scores of Albany's young African-American men to more than 600 years in prison for non-violent offenses. This report examines the current relationship between the police department and African Americans in Albany. Though racial tensions between the police department and African Americans date back to World War II, most observers point to the 1984 police killing of Jesse Davis in his Arbor Hill home as the catalyst for calls for change in the department. Davis, an unarmed, mentally ill black man was shot several times by police, including once in the back and once in the top of the head. The police officers claimed they had to shoot Davis because he came at them with a knife in one hand and a fork in the other. Though a grand jury cleared the police of any wrongdoing, a police department photograph uncovered years later showed Davis' lifeless body clutching only a key case in one hand and a toy truck in the other. Despite the public outrage that followed this disclosure, racial incidents involving the police and citizens persisted throughout the 1990's and into the twenty-first century. Given their first opportunity to provide input into the selection of a police chief in 2010, community members demanded a chief dedicated to "true" community policing; the department had made a few false starts down the community policing road in previous years. This report examines the performance of the Albany Police Department under the leadership of Steven Krokoff in six key areas: community policing; transparency; public protection and law enforcement; cultural competency; leadership and communication; and political independence. CFLJ concludes that although much progress has been made and there is now a palpable path to a mutually-respectful police/community partnership in Albany, there remains much work ahead before community policing is an everyday reality for African Americans in the city. Recommendations are made for action by the police department, by the Albany Common Council, and by members of the community. Details: Albany, NY: Center for Law & Justice, 2013. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2014 at: http://www.cflj.org/cflj/PathwaytoChange.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.cflj.org/cflj/PathwaytoChange.pdf Shelf Number: 132669 Keywords: African-AmericansCommunity PolicingMinority GroupsPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsRacial Disparities |
Author: Switzer, Merlin E. Title: Grass Valley Police Department Organizational Assessment of Recruitment and Retention Practices Summary: The Grass Valley Police Department provides law enforcement and community policing services to the City of Grass Valley. The department also administers animal control responsibilities for the City of Grass Valley and extending service to nearby Nevada City on a contractual basis. The department has thirty sworn personnel consisting of the Chief, two Captains, four Sergeants, and twenty one officers. The department has eleven and one-half non-sworn employees. Included are one dispatch supervisor, six dispatchers, one administrative aide, one administrative clerk, one community services officer, one parking enforcement officer, one police records clerk and one part-time clerical position. Animal Control has three full-time personnel consisting of one animal control supervisor and two animal control officers. Each year the department provides annual goal statements in their Grass Valley Police Department Goals and Action Plan document. In the Fiscal Year 2006-07 statement, a goal was set by the department to "Conduct Team Building Workshop with police management team to refine organizational strategies that will improve our service delivery to the public." A second goal was to "Enhance recruitment and testing processes to fill personnel vacancies." Switzer Associates...Leadership Solutions was retained to facilitate a Team Building Workshop (TBW) and conduct an organizational assessment of the recruitment and retention practices of the department to determine what steps could be taken to improve recruitment and retention. The Team Building Workshop (TBW) was held in August. In preparation for the workshop, the leadership team participated in a Team Building Assessment. This assessment identified a number of organizational areas that needed to be addressed by the team. At the TBW, the team worked hard to develop a team vision, principles and guiding behaviors. As part of the organizational assessment a Recruitment and Retention Assessment (survey) was developed and made available to all employees and volunteers. The focus of the assessment was to explore employee perceptions regarding employment factors associated with retention and recruitment. It is important to note that sworn employees are currently in the negotiation process and are without a contract. This can impact survey responses, as well as the mood and perspective of employees within an organization. Preliminary results from the Recruitment and Retention Assessment were provided to the leadership team at the TBW. The leadership team developed action plans to address issues raised by employees. Interviews were also conducted with employees who have left the department in the past two years, as well as interviews with current employees who are anticipated to leave in the near future. Along with interviews and surveys, contact was made with comparable police agencies in the region and relevant department documents/reports were analyzed. This remainder of this report is divided into the following sections: Section Two will focus on recruitment and retention planning. Increasingly, recruitment and retention must have executive involvement and sponsorship. Section Three will review the department's recruitment strategies. Strategies must be carefully selected and evaluated to ensure they are delivering optimal results. Section Four will assess the selection process. Maintaining a current and competitive process is important. Section Five will focus on retention issues in the department. The results of the organizational assessment will be reviewed. Section Six will summarize the department comparison survey. Seven other departments were surveyed. The comparison agencies include: Truckee, Auburn, Placerville, Marysville, and Lincoln Police Departments, the Placer County Sheriffs Office and Nevada County Sheriff's Offices. At the end of each of Sections Two - Six recommendations are included. Details: Grass Valley, CA: Grass Valley Police Department, 2006. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 1, 2015 at: http://www.cityofgrassvalley.com/files-archived/agendas/staff_reports/92006AGENDA/GVPDSWITRPT.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.cityofgrassvalley.com/files-archived/agendas/staff_reports/92006AGENDA/GVPDSWITRPT.pdf Shelf Number: 135126 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice PersonnelPolice Policies and PracticesPolice Recruitment and Selection |
Author: New South Wales Police Force Title: NSW Police Force Priorities for Working in a Culturally, Linguistically and Religiously Diverse Society and Multicultural Policies and Services Forward Plan 2011-2014 Summary: This document follows NSW Police Priorities for Working in a Culturally, Linguistically and Religiously Diverse Society 2006-2009, which set a vision for delivering policing services in a multicultural community. This plan continues to inform future directions for an organisation that is at the forefront of the justice system and maintains its focus on enhancing the capacity, confidence and capabilities of the entire NSW Police Force to operate effectively in a diverse cultural, linguistic and religious environment. Understanding diversity in the Australian context must start with acknowledging the diversity and rich history of Aboriginal people as the original inhabitants and custodians of the land. Rich, diverse and long, Aboriginal cultures set the scene for any discussion of diversity and the benefits it offers. Many Aboriginal Australians, however, continue to suffer the effects of policies and practices that have impacted on their welfare, identity, culture and language over time. This ongoing struggle must be addressed in recognising the challenges that new Australians from diverse cultural and language backgrounds experience in contributing to society and giving expression to their cultural identities. Any effort on the part of government agencies to embrace cultural, linguistic and religious diversity must therefore also acknowledge the need for reconciliation and healing between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians as a starting point. In this spirit, the NSW Police Force Multicultural Policies and Services Program grounds its commitment to working with diverse cultural, religious and linguistic communities in its equal commitment to strengthening its relationship with Aboriginal communities. It is only through this that an authentic commitment to multiculturalism and culturally capable policing practice is possible. While the Multicultural Policies and Services Program celebrates cultural, linguistic and religious diversity, the NSW Police Force acknowledges that diversity and culturally capable policing draws on all aspects of everyday policing and the complex life events that affect individuals. This document is built on the premise that people and their diversity (in all of its dimensions including age, gender, culture, language, religion, sexuality, education, employment, ability, values, opinions and experiences) are the greatest asset available to any group, organisation or community. This includes the diversity amongst police officers themselves in terms of an individuals background, role and opinion and life experience. Details: Sydney: NSW Police Force, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 1, 2015 at: http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/73156/Internet_-_MPSP_Plan_2011-14.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/73156/Internet_-_MPSP_Plan_2011-14.pdf Shelf Number: 135127 Keywords: AboriginalsCommunity PolicingDiversityMinority GroupsPolice LegitimacyPolice Recruitment and SelectionPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Bryant, Kevin M. Title: Shawnee, Kansas, Smart Policing Initiative Reducing Crime and Automobile Collisions through Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) Summary: From 2008 to 2010, the city of Shawnee, Kansas, experienced a 22 percent increase in violent crime. At the same time, the Shawnee Police Department (SPD) was acutely aware of persistent traffic accident hot spots. Moreover, budgetary constraints resulted in nearly a 5-percent decrease in the department's sworn staff in one year (2009). The SPD leadership became increasingly concerned about their ability to maintain a sufficient level of service, and to effectively respond to changing crime trends in the city. In response to these emerging concerns, the SPD implemented the Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) model beginning in July 2010. DDACTS identifies locations where crime and traffic problems disproportionately co-occur, and then deploys increased police presence and high-visibility traffic enforcement (HVTE) in those areas. The DDACTS model is grounded in seven guiding principles that highlight collaboration, data-driven decision-making, hot spots policing, and ongoing program assessment and dissemination of findings. In 2011, the Department received funding from the Bureau of Justice Assistance's Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) to support the implementation of DDACTS and conduct a rigorous evaluation of the impact of the DDACTS model on crime and automobile crashes in the city of Shawnee. The Shawnee SPI team employed a three-pronged evaluation to examine the implementation and impact of the DDACTS model. First, the SPI team conducted two waves of focus groups with officers from units throughout the department. Results from the focus groups showed evidence of a shift in culture and officer "buy-in," especially with the divisions of the department most closely associated with the model. Participants agreed that DDACTS is an effective and sustainable initiative. The first wave of focus groups identified several areas in need of improvement, most notably with providing training, addressing concerns over resource depletion, and delivery of a clear message about the foundations and goals of the program. Second, the Shawnee SPI team administered surveys to businesses and residents in the DDACTS target area, well after program implementation. Results indicated that a majority of respondents perceived a greater police presence and more traffic stops in the area, and they expressed support for high-visibility, targeted traffic enforcement. Moreover, most respondents stated that DDACTS has improved the quality of life in Shawnee, and the majority rated the relationship between SPD and residents and businesses as very good to excellent. Third, the Shawnee SPI team employed a quantitative impact evaluation of DDACTS by comparing trends in crime over a six-year period (three years pre-implementation and three years post) in the target area and a comparison area. Using both bivariate and interrupted time series analysis, the SPI team demonstrated that the DDACTS model produced statistically significant decreases in robberies (88 percent), commercial burglaries (84 percent), and vehicle crashes (24 percent). The Shawnee SPI experience highlighted several important lessons for police managers and line officers, including recognition of the fundamental connection between crime and traffic problems, the importance of program fidelity through careful implementation, and the need to overcome the tendency to view DDACTS through a "zero tolerance" lens that minimizes the collaborative, data-driven, and problem-solving aspects of the model. - Details: Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2015. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2015 at: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Shawnee-Site-Spotlight.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Shawnee-Site-Spotlight.pdf Shelf Number: 135171 Keywords: Community PolicingHot-Spots PolicingProblem-Solving PolicingTraffic SafetyViolent Crime |
Author: Denney, Lisa Title: Securing communities? Redefining community policing to achieve results Summary: Community policing is a popular donor strategy within wider police reforms in many developing countries - with programmes in places as diverse as Bangladesh, Jamaica and Sierra Leone. It takes a variety of forms, but often includes alternative dispute resolution, police-community forums, joint police-community patrols, community outreach, the establishment of community policing as a police-wide philosophy and/or specific police units tasked with responsibility for community policing. In addition to these multiple forms, community policing is ascribed a diverse set of objectives by the different actors involved (governments, police, communities and donors), including reduced crime, improved police-community relations, increased police accountability and strengthened state-society relations. As a result of the conceptual confusion surrounding community policing, the 'Securing communities' project at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) attempted to map the diversity of practices that fall within its remit, to examine how community policing is shaped in different contexts and to probe the plausibility of many of the objectives ascribed to community policing. This synthesis paper draws together the findings of a background paper and four case studies (in Ethiopia, Jamaica, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste), as well as wider reviews of the literature and country examples. Key findings include: -Despite the popularity of community policing within wider police reforms, there is little consensus on its definitions, objectives and models; -Communities, police, governments and donors ascribe a range of competing objectives to community policing, many of which are overambitious; -Community policing is shaped by a number of features of the context, which we must understand in order to develop realistic expectations of what kinds of change are possible; -There is a need to be more realistic about what community policing can achieve, focusing on specific safety and security problems are dependent on what the context allows. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2015. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2015 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9582.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9582.pdf Shelf Number: 135213 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Reform |
Author: Police Reform Taskforce Title: Policing for the People: Interim report of the Police Reform Taskforce Summary: The central premise of this report is that, in spite of record spending on law and order, crime remains far too high. A more effective criminal justice system and social action will be important components of a new approach to fighting crime. But the police are a vital link in the chain of justice, consuming two-thirds of law and order spending. Their performance over the next decade will be essential in improving the quality of life of millions of citizens. The Government's approach to the police has been a familiar one: higher public spending combined with an ever tighter central grip. Like other public services, the police are bedeviled with national targets, interference and the bureaucracy created by central intervention. The result has been that even as resources for the police have reached record levels, officers feel unable to deliver the service they and the public want - and the gulf between the police and public is growing. The hundreds of meetings we have had with police officers over the past months have reinforced our belief that the service is full of officers with a real commitment to delivering effective policing for the public. Nevertheless, neither politicians nor the police can afford to ignore an undercurrent of public dissatisfaction about the level of policing which they are receiving. Focus groups which we conducted for the Taskforce indicated sympathy for the difficulty of the task which the police face. A general feeling, expressed by one participant, was that "their hands are totally tied - by red tape and political correctness". But there were also harsh words, reflecting an alienation from the service: "Your local bobby used to be known by everyone. He was an authority on the area and a friend. They are now obsolete". A familiar grievance was that the police appeared to pursue motorists with particular zeal: "You get pulled over for a driving offence and get treated like a complete criminal". This qualitative research is supported by quantitative evidence that trust in the police has declined and attitudes towards them are negatively related to personal experiences of the service. The most recent survey, conducted by ICM for the TaxPayers' Alliance, found that while the overwhelming majority of the public respects the police, less than a quarter think that policing in their area has improved, and less than half think that increases in council tax to pay for improvements to local policing in the last ten years have been good value for money. Large majorities of the public agree that the police spend too much time in police stations and not enough time on the beat; their hands are tied by red tape and political correctness, and they prefer to focus on easy targets like speeding motorists rather than deal with antisocial behaviour and local crime. The closure of police stations is emblematic of the withdrawal of the police from the public. On paper, police officer numbers have increased - the police workforce has grown by almost 25 per cent in the last five years. In practice, the public simply do not see it. ICM's survey found that most people think that there are fewer police on the beat than there used to be, and that nearly three quarters of the public know none of the police officers in their neighbourhood. As we demonstrate, vast amounts of police time are spent tied up in stations; the police spend more time on paperwork than on patrol, and less than a tenth of England and Wales' police officers are dedicated to neighbourhood policing. If the amount of time a police officer spends on the beat could be increased from one fifth to two fifths, this would effectively double the police presence on the streets of England and Wales without recruiting a single additional officer. For decades, an expert wisdom prevailed that high crime was inevitable and that policing could do little to prevent it. There was no point in putting police officers on the streets, the argument ran, because it would do little to reduce crime. Today such fatalism, which was never accepted by the public, has been debunked. When more police were put on the streets of central London after 7/7, crime fell. The success of New York City's reductions in crime in the 1990s - recently described by one leading academic as "by far the biggest crime prevention achievement in the recorded history of metropolitan policing" - demonstrates that good policing, which accounted for half of the 75 per cent reduction in crime in a decade, can make our streets safer. The lessons of New York are important ones. Better police performance was achieved by a combination of factors: a significant increase in police numbers on the streets, robust community policing, and powerful reforms which enhanced the accountability of managers. The changes were driven by an elected Mayor who was accountable to the people, and an inspirational police chief who innovated and led his force. Today the British police face the twin challenges of rebuilding community policing to tackle low level crime and antisocial behaviour, while at the same time strengthening the fight against serious crime and terrorism. To meet these challenges it will be vital to ensure that the police are properly resourced in the future. But they have never had so much money, so many officers or such access to technology. Furthermore, the growth of spending on public services is now slowing; indeed the Home Office budget is to be frozen from next year. The police face a new imperative to deliver value for money. Details: London: Policy Review, 2007. 241p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://conservativehome.blogs.com/torydiary/files/policing_for_the_people.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://conservativehome.blogs.com/torydiary/files/policing_for_the_people.pdf Shelf Number: 135321 Keywords: Community PolicingCosts of Criminal JusticePolice AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice EffectivenessPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Hughes, Michelle Title: The Afghan National Police in 2015 and Beyond Summary: Summary - The Afghan National Police (ANP) has made remarkable progress, but the challenges are urgent, and critical capabilities remain underdeveloped. Within the framework of the minister of interior's own Strategic Vision, opportunities will arise to close some of the capacity gaps in the coming years. - Helping the ANP shift from a wartime footing to a contextually appropriate community policing model, and advancing professionalism within the ministry and the operating forces, is critical to sustainability. If a national police force is going to succeed, the linkage between policing and governance must be recognized and strengthened. - Managing the expanding array of ANP donors and their activities poses a unique challenge that has yet to be addressed. It is an executive challenge for the Ministry of Interior and a coordination challenge for the international community. For both, it will require a long-term approach. - To facilitate effective evidence-based operations (EvBO) and strengthen the relationship between the ANP and the communities it serves, U.S.-funded activities that build capacity for justice and governance need to be more closely aligned with ANP development. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2014. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report 346: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR346_The_Afghan_National_Police_in_2015_and_Beyond.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR346_The_Afghan_National_Police_in_2015_and_Beyond.pdf Shelf Number: 135498 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice (Afghanistan) |
Author: University of Washington. Jackson School of International Studies Title: 2013 Task Force Report: Violent Crime Reduction in Rio de Janeiro Summary: Rio de Janeiro is infamous for violence. In many of the city's large, informal settlements known as favelas, violent drug gangs have ruled with impunity while corrupt police officers contribute to distrust of formal government. The introduction of new Pacifying Police Units (UPP) in 2008 has resulted in impressive progress, but much still remains to be done. The focus of this Task Force is to provide recommendations to ensure that the UPP program continues to be successful. Our recommendations are geared toward furthering UPP integration into communities in a way that 1) preserves the progress that has already been made and 2) ensures permanent change, both within Rio's troubled police force and in "pacified" communities. While much has been accomplished already, the task is far from complete. Each of the policy recommendations presented in the following chapters was prepared for the Public Security Secretary of Rio de Janeiro Jose Beltrame, and is tailored to his position and responsibilities. However, we recognize that a systemic problem cannot be solved by one actor, and real change must come from a combination of efforts on the part of government, NGOs, and community members themselves. The project is loosely divided into two broad sections. The first five chapters address ways internal police policies can be improved to strengthen the ability of UPPs to carry out their community policing mission. Topics include strengthening respect for community policing objectives within the police force, improving working conditions for officers, enhancing community control and involvement with local UPP units, coordinating with other governmental institutions to break the cycle of violence for convicted criminals, and including NGOs and community members in devising training curriculum for officers. The second half involves improving the means by which community upgrading projects and the provision of public services takes place after the UPPs are installed in communities. Topics include instituting a new system for coordinating public service works with ground-level community interests, improving access to healthcare within favelas by involving UPP officers in first-response systems, easing the process of land title formalization, and instituting programs to dissipate tensions between police and youth. Details: Seattle: Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, 2013. 270p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2015 at: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/22749/TF%20I%202013%20text.pdf?sequence=2 Year: 2013 Country: Brazil URL: https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/bitstream/handle/1773/22749/TF%20I%202013%20text.pdf?sequence=2 Shelf Number: 129789 Keywords: Community PolicingDrug TraffickingDrug-Related CrimeFavelasGang-Related ViolenceGangsViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Ikerd, Trent Title: Making Police Reforms Endure: The Keys For Success Summary: Making Police Reforms Endure: The Keys for Success presents a framework that other police departments can use and test in their efforts to institutionalize police reforms. The points put forth are based on findings in the authors' 2007 study of problem-oriented policing in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg (North Carolina) Police Department, but have general applicability to various police reforms such as problem-oriented policing, community policing, and accountability measures. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p176-pub.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p176-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 135853 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Reform Policing Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Rahr, Sue Title: From Warriors to Guardians: Recommitting American Police Culture to Democratic Ideals Summary: Despite two decades of aspiring to effective community policing, American law enforcement seems to have drifted off the course of building close community ties toward creating a safe distance from community members, in some cases substituting equipment and technology as the preferred means of gathering information about crime and addressing threats to public safety. In some communities, the friendly neighborhood beat cop - community guardian - has been replaced with the urban warrior, trained for battle and equipped with the accouterments and weaponry of modern warfare. Armed with sophisticated technology to mine data about crime trends, officers can lose sight of the value of building close community ties. Largely stripped of a nuanced understanding of how communities operate, crime tracking and crime prediction software minimizes the utility of hard-earned intelligence provided by line officers who know their beats. After all, one's ability to glean meaning from algorithms is only as good as its sourcing: the accumulated body of knowledge of officers who have come to understand that there are few "straight lines" in policing - that (sometimes visceral) person-to- person contact is typically not well-suited to statistical models. Most law enforcement leaders recognize that creating stronger human connections and community engagement will lead to improved public safety and more effective crime fighting. So how do we build the foundation of trust necessary to form a true partnership between the police and the people we serve? The research tells us that, despite three decades of falling crime rates - and improved training, technology and tactics - public trust in the police has not improved. Instead, empirical assessments of trust and confidence in the police have remained generally unchanged in recent years. It turns out that people don't care as much about crime rates as they do about how they are treated by the police. This phenomenon, known in academic circles as procedural justice, is regularly practiced and understood by effective and respected beat officers. The public knows it when they see it. But neither has likely heard of or used the term. Both beat officers and members of the public would describe procedural justice in action as being a good cop and doing the right thing. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed June 3, 3015 at: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/76023/1708385/version/1/file/WarriorstoGuardians.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/76023/1708385/version/1/file/WarriorstoGuardians.pdf Shelf Number: 135859 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsProcedural Justice |
Author: Edwards, Charlie Title: Out of Reach? The Role of Community Policing in Preventing Terrorism in Canada Summary: When the Kanishka project was being designed in 2010, there was a widespread perception both within Canada and internationally that the country had largely managed to avoid the threat from Al-Qa'ida-inspired terrorism. While there had been one or two isolated cases, these were rare exceptions. Canadian government officials rightly described the threat picture in Canada as 'limited' in comparison with European states and the country's next door neighbour, the US, where attacks directed by Al-Qa'ida had been successful or had reached a mature stage in planning. In contrast, the domestic threat picture in Canada was relatively benign. During the fieldwork phase the authors found this view to be largely still accepted by politicians, law-enforcement practitioners and the public at large. What was interesting to the authors, however, was that this view - influenced by events in Canada and overseas - was changing. A few cases of predominantly Islamist terrorism with links to Canada had appeared over the years. These cases involved, for example, Ahmed Ressam and Momin Khawaja, two individuals with Canadian passports (indeed, Khawaja is Canadian-born). They had connected with elements close to Al-Qaiida and had been involved in planning attacks at the international level, but neither had planned to launch terrorist attacks within Canada itself. A more 'home-grown' threat appeared to emerge in 2006, when Canada's security and intelligence agencies uncovered the so-called 'Toronto 18' cell; their ambitious plans were the first expression of a maturing and purely domestic threat, seeking connections through a network of young radicals across Europe and North America. The plot was successfully disrupted before it reached fruition. Shortly before the publication of this report, the situation changed dramatically as Canada experienced two significant incidents of domestic lone-actor terrorism. On 22 October 2014, Michael Zehaf-Bibeau shot and killed a soldier at the Canadian National War Memorial in Ottawa; police exchanged fire and eventually shot dead the gunman inside the parliament building. Two days earlier, Martin Couture-Rouleau had deliberately driven a car into a group of Canadian soldiers in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, killing one and injuring others. Both individuals are thought to have been recent converts to Islam who had become radicalised. Prior to these events, the last major attack that had directly involved Canadian citizens with links to the homeland was the bombing on 23 June 1985 of Air India Flight 182 when Sikh extremists killed 329 people - the majority of whom were Canadian citizens flying from Toronto. Details: London: Royal United Services Institute, 2015. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Occasional Paper: Accessed August 8, 2015 at: https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201502_op_out_of_reach.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/201502https://rusi.org/sites/default/files/201502_op_out_of_reach.pdf Shelf Number: 136369 Keywords: Community PolicingDomestic TerrorismExtremist GroupsHomeland SecurityRadical GroupsRadicalization |
Author: Martin, Gerard Title: Community Policing in Central America: The Way Forward Summary: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Central America in general face complex security problems, including the proliferation of violent gangs, drug-trafficking organizations, and organized crime, as expressed in homicide rates that are among the highest in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Police reform that incorporates a community policing (CP) approach could contribute significantly to solutions, but it faces significant hurdles, including entrenched opposition to police reform, poor leadership and management capacity within police and other law enforcement entities, corruption as well as a challenging security environment. This report focuses on the status of USAID and U.S. State Department support for CP in El Salvador and Guatemala, and the road ahead, addressing five questions: - What key elements are leading to successful CP in El Salvador and Guatemala? - What factors keep CP programs from succeeding? - How can programs achieve quick successes in target communities, become sustainable, and be replicated? - What are we missing - and what else can we do? - Which innovative aspects of current practices can be used as best practices in the challenging security situation in these countries? This report presents an assessment of each country's current CP situation and the ongoing support from USAID and the State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL). The assessment offers country-specific conclusions, next steps, and observations about key elements for successful replication in the region. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2015 at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JBQ7.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Central America URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JBQ7.pdf Shelf Number: 136878 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of Community Policing Summary: The last year and a half have been the most challenging for policing in recent memory. The events in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked a wave of protests across the country, and subsequent uses of police force in other cities kept policing practices at the forefront of the national consciousness. This challenge has also been an opportunity for law enforcement - an opportunity to both effect positive change within the profession and find new ways to strengthen relationships between police departments and the communities that they serve. On December 11, 2014, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), in partnership with the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), convened a conference in Washington, D.C., entitled "Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of Community Policing." Police executives, federal officials, academics, and civil rights leaders came together at this one-day conference to develop strategies for promoting constitutional policing as part of the day-to-day work of policing. At its most fundamental, constitutional policing is legal policing - that is, policing that operates within the parameters set by the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, the body of court decisions that have interpreted and spelled out in greater detail what the text of the Constitution means in terms of the everyday practices of policing. Which constitutional issues are most important for policing today? One way of answering that question is to identify the policies and practices that most frequently are called into question from a constitutional standpoint. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p324-pub.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p324-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 137415 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice Policies and PracticesPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Schanzer, David Title: The Challenge and Promise of Using Community Policing Strategies to Prevent Violent Extremism: A Call for Community Partnerships with Law Enforcement to Enhance Public Safety Summary: More than four years ago, the White House issued a national strategy calling for the development of partnerships between police and communities to counter violent extremism. This report contains the results of a comprehensive assessment of the challenges and promise of this strategic approach to preventing violent extremism. It is based on a nationwide survey of law enforcement agencies and hundreds of hours of interviews and site visits with police departments and community members around the country. Based on this research, we reached two fundamental conclusions. First, policing agencies face multiple obstacles to creating community partnerships focused on preventing acts of violent extremism. But, second, some policing agencies are following a set of promising practices which, if applied effectively, can result in increasing trust between the police and the communities they serve. These trusting relationships can serve as a platform for addressing many public safety threats, including, but not limited to, violent extremism. Policing agencies are unlikely to be successful in creating partnerships to address violent extremism until they establish trusting relationships with the communities they serve. This is especially true with respect to Muslim American communities, which have experienced significant trauma since 9/11 and have deep concerns about how they are treated by the government. Police outreach and engagement efforts are viewed with some suspicion by Muslim Americans for a number of reasons. First, Muslim Americans perceive they are being unfairly assigned a collective responsibility to attempt to curb violent extremism inspired by al Qaeda, ISIS, and other likeminded groups, but other communities are not being asked to address anti-government, racist, and other forms of extremism. Our research confirmed that while many policing agencies have robust efforts to conduct outreach with Muslim Americans, they do not have organized, overt efforts to reach out to non-Muslim communities that may be targeted for recruitment by anti-government, racist, or other extremist movements. Second, some Muslim Americans believe that policing outreach and engagement initiatives may be linked with efforts to conduct surveillance on Muslim American individuals and organizations. Third, even though most Muslim Americans have favorable impressions of local law enforcement, they see outreach and engagement efforts as part of a federal counter-terrorism program. Their unpleasant experiences with federal agencies, especially with respect to airport security and immigration control, taint their support for partnerships with policing agencies. We also found that willingness to develop partnerships with the police depends on how effectively the police address other, non-terrorism related, public safety concerns of the community. Some Muslim American communities believe that their public safety concerns are not being fully addressed by the police and therefore are not interested in engaging on other issues. Finally, developing effective community outreach and engagement programs is also difficult for the police because the programs absorb significant resources and may detract from other police priorities. Community policing programs require staffing, specialized training, and interpreters or intensive language classes for officers - all at a time when many police departments around the country are experiencing budgetary stress. Furthermore, we found that preventing violent extremism, while a pressing national issue, is not a top priority for local police that must address violent crime, drugs, gangs, and a host of other public safety concerns. Details: Durham, NC: Triangle Center on Terrorism and Homeland Security, Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, 2016. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 27, 2016 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249674.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/249674.pdf Shelf Number: 137690 Keywords: Community ParticipationCommunity PolicingExtremist GroupsMuslimsPolice-Community PartnershipsRadical GroupsTerrorismViolent Extremism |
Author: Cross, Charlotte Title: Community Policing through Local Collective Action in Tanzania: Sungusungu to Ulinzi Shirikishi Summary: Community policing (polisi jamii) was officially introduced in Tanzania in 2006 as part of an ongoing police reform programme. In addition to attempting to improve communication between police and the public, the police have promoted ulinzi shirikishi (participatory security), whereby citizens are encouraged to form neighbourhood policing institutions to prevent and detect crime. This thesis presents the findings of research conducted in the city of Mwanza that explored the extent to which community policing has improved residents' perceptions of local security and constitutes a form of policing which is responsive, accountable and sustainable. Whilst ulinzi shirikishi is widely credited with having improved local safety, it has proved difficult to sustain collective action through community policing and the costs and benefits of participation have been unequally distributed across 'communities'. These outcomes should be understood in terms of the context of how local development is organised and understood in Tanzania. Firstly, existing local governance institutions lack transparency and meaningful accountability mechanisms and are highly dependent upon personal preferences and capacity. Secondly, local development is politicised and liable to become subject to inter-party competition. Thirdly, historical understandings of 'participation' in Tanzania tend to emphasise obligation and material contributions rather than popular influence over initiatives, however this is increasingly being contested in today's multiparty context. The apparent shortcomings of community policing are not necessarily inconsistent with police objectives for the reform, which often prioritise cost-effective crime prevention rather than the reorientation and 'democratisation' of policing envisaged by advocates of community policing. Details: Brighton, UK: University of Sussex, 2013. 267p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 2, 2016 at: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/47166/1/Cross._Charlotte.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Tanzania URL: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/47166/1/Cross._Charlotte.pdf Shelf Number: 137737 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizens Interactions |
Author: Human Impact Partners Title: Stress on the Streets (SOS): Race, Policing, Health, and Increasing Trust not Trauma Summary: Violence in the urban core is a disease - a social disease - that is a top public health crisis of the 21st century. As a trauma physician, it is a disease that I treat daily; I have seen a 300% increase over a 10-year period in children coming into our Cincinnati Children's Hospital Trauma Center with gunshot wounds. But violence is not immutable; we can prevent it. Like other initiatives public health is credited with improving or eradicating - deaths from motor vehicle crashes, polio, and smallpox - inner city violence lends itself to a cure. However, this cure must not cause additional harms. That's why policing practices used to reduce violence and mitigate trauma can and should be more community-oriented. Michael Davis, Chief of the Brooklyn Park Police Department has said, "the future of community policing is community building." The affected community has a role in this cure, as do the police charged with the safety of the community. But with current practices under question for causing more violence, not less, we need communities and police to engage collaboratively, acknowledge complex key drivers of violence, and seek systems-based approaches to better partner in resolving it. This revealing report is a first step in that journey. It documents profound impacts of policing practices on the health of individuals and the community, describing impacts to physical, mental, and emotional health. Importantly, it describes how stress has major, short- and long-term health impacts not just for the public, but for police as well. In its recommendations, this report offers important concrete measures for how policing can rebuild community trust through problem-solving and community-oriented models. It highlights promising practices in four actions - civilian review boards; body-worn cameras; ongoing training of officers about issues like implicit bias and use of force as well as better supervision and evaluation of officers; and department-wide performance measures - that when fully implemented can lay the groundwork for police to be part of the community as opposed to policing the community. Just as health professionals and police have partnered together on past issues, together we can jointly address the root causes of violence in concentrated disadvantage. Policing practices that build trust - through transparency, community dialogue, and accountability - and solve community problems are a key component for keeping more children off my surgical table. Details: Oakland, CA: Human Impact Partners, 2015. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: http://www.humanimpact.org/projects/past-projects/ Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.humanimpact.org/projects/past-projects/ Shelf Number: 137828 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice AccountabilityPolice LegitimacyPolice Problem-SolvingPolice StressPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Stuart, Hannah Title: Community Policing and Preventing Extremism: Lessons from Bradford Summary: Since the 7/7 terrorist attacks in London, police forces nationally have implemented successive counter-radicalisation policies. Community Policing and Preventing Extremism, based on a series of interviews with senior police officers from the West Yorkshire Police and the North East Counter-Terrorism Unit, provides a practical perspective on the challenges of delivering preventative work at grassroots level as well as on policy debates about the remit of counter-extremism in a free society. Key findings include: ◾The police advocate building sustainable relationships with communities based on mutual trust and confidence; and recognise the need to be representative and to respond to changing community dynamics; ◾A focus on successful community policing and "quality of life issues" allows the police to proactively create resilient partnerships rather than attempting to force a relationship in response to a counter-radicalisation-related issue; ◾A strategic mechanism for supporting the ideological challenge against extremism is promoting critical thinking skills and credible voices, which builds resilience against extremism; helps isolate extremists; and promotes dialogue around other controversial issues, such as grooming; ◾Promoting safe giving is a key response to the religious injunction for charity within Muslim communities, which can increase vulnerability to fundraising for criminal or terrorist intent and to intimidating styles of fundraising that take advantage of a generous and permissive cultural attitude towards giving; ◾Police forces are well-placed to identify grievances and negative perceptions within communities. Successful work around education, internet safety and grooming demonstrates the value of promoting counter-radicalisation as a safeguarding issue rather than simply as a counter-terrorism tool; ◾Among the biggest challenges anticipated for 2015 is ensuring consistency in relation to freedom of speech and the thresholds used to measure extremism, particularly as it manifests either online or in public situations, for example at universities and during political protests. Details: London: Henry Jackson Society, 2015. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Paper No. 4: Accessed February 12, 2016 at: http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Community-Policing-and-Preventing-Extremism.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Community-Policing-and-Preventing-Extremism.pdf Shelf Number: 137850 Keywords: Community PolicingCounter-ExtremismCounter-TerrorismExtremismExtremist GroupsRadical GroupsRadicalizationTerrorism |
Author: Vagle, Jeffrey L. Title: Tightening the OODA Loop: Police Militarization, Race, and Algorithmic Surveillance Summary: This Article examines the role military automated surveillance and intelligence systems and techniques have supported a self-reinforcing racial bias when used by civilian police departments to enhance predictive policing programs. I will focus on two facets of this problem. First, my research will take an inside-out perspective, studying the role played by advanced military technologies and methods within civilian police departments, and how they have enabled a new focus on deterrence and crime prevention by creating a system of structural surveillance where decision support relies increasingly upon algorithms and automated data analysis tools, and which automates de facto penalization and containment based on race. Second, I will explore these systems - and their effects - from an outside-in perspective, paying particular attention to racial, societal, economic, and geographic factors that play into the public perception of these policing regimes. I will conclude by proposing potential solutions to this problem, which incorporate tests for racial bias to create an alternative system that follows a true community policing model. Details: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2016. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 16-9 : Accessed March 14, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737451 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737451 Shelf Number: 138214 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice MilitarizationPredictive PolicingRacial BiasRacial Profiling in Law Enforcement |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Title: Social Media and Tactical Considerations for Law Enforcement Summary: This report is part of a COPS Office series titled "Emerging Issues in Policing," which is a very appropriate heading for a discussion of social media. The use of social media is a relatively new phenomenon in policing. Many police departments are experimenting with social media-and we emphasize the word "experimenting." Some departments are using social media far more extensively than others, and development of formal policy on social media is generally lagging behind practice. A variety of legal, civil rights, and privacy-related issues regarding social media have been raised, but these issues are nowhere near the point of resolution in the courts yet. Many departments' initial efforts to use social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have been for the purpose of disseminating information to the public about crime issues, crime prevention programs, and police department activities. Chapter 1 of this report describes the social media strategy of the Toronto Police Service, which has one of the most advanced social media programs in existence for disseminating information to the public. There has been much less discussion of police use of social media for other purposes, such as preventing and investigating crimes, in which the police are gathering information rather than disseminating information. That is the subject of the bulk of this report. We brought together some of the police officials who have been taking the lead in exploring these issues and developing social media programs, and asked them to tell us what they have learned from the successes they have achieved as well as the challenges they have overcome. The last decade has been a time of rapid change in policing. Major forces have been buffeting police departments for some time. On one hand, the economic crisis has shrunk police budgets and forced police executives to reevaluate all of their operations and even their fundamental missions. At the same time, police departments across the nation and abroad are developing many new technologies that have the potential to make policing more efficient and effective. Social media can be counted as one of these important new technologies. Because of all the changes going on in the field, it is an interesting and challenging time to be a police leader. PERF and the COPS Office see our roles as helping law enforcement executives share information with each other about what they are learning as they work through the new issues they are encountering. This report is part of that effort. We hope you will find it interesting and informative. Details: Washington, DC: COPS Office, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Technology/social%20media%20and%20tactical%20considerations%20for%20law%20enforcement%202013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Technology/social%20media%20and%20tactical%20considerations%20for%20law%20enforcement%202013.pdf Shelf Number: 139126 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice TechnologiesPolice-Community RelationsSocial Media |
Author: Sinclair, Georgina Title: Identifying the Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Good Practices for Effective Policing with Communities in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States Summary: This briefing paper summarises discussions and syndicate exercise presentation material developed by police practitioners during a five-day course entitled 'Policing with Communities in Fragile and Conflict Affected States' (FCAS), delivered by Strategic Expertise International (SEI) in association with SIPR, Police Scotland and the Stabilisation Unit in January 2016. This course formed part of a European Union Police Services Training (EUPST II) programme designed to support police officers working in EU and other international operations. The overall objective of the exercise was to increase practitioner knowledge of the connected issues, build their capabilities, understanding and skills as well as the development of key guiding principles for policing communities within FCAS as observed within this briefing paper. The outcomes were limited due to time constraints but provide initial considerations from which a framework of guiding principles could be envisaged. Details: Dundee, UK: Scottish Institute for Policing Research, 2016. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: SIPR Briefings, No. 17: Accessed June 28, 2016 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Briefing17.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Briefing17.pdf Shelf Number: 139438 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Rafolatsane, Api Title: The Role of Police and Civil Society in Combatting Cross-Border Stock Theft Summary: Stock theft is a national crisis in, across and throughout Lesotho. This fact has led the Lesotho Mounted Police Service to place stock theft management under the serious crimes unit. In the mid-1990s stock theft reached epidemic proportions in the southern district adjoining the Eastern Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. This problem still persists and has lately turned very violent and deadly in the Qachas'nek District. However, the Quthing district has seen a relative decrease in the rate of stock theft in the mid-2000s. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors and strategies used in both Quthing and Qachas'nek districts to curb cross border stock theft. These factors and strategies are then compared to establish why cross-border stock theft is decreasing in Quthing while it escalates in Qachas'nek. The main finding of the research is that the Quthing community adopted the strategy of community policing and were trained on crime prevention while the opposite is true in the Qachas'nek district. A community policing strategy has not been adopted in Qachas'nek. It has also been established that training in community policing and crime prevention has to be offered to police officers and the members of crime prevention committee members. Lastly, the study revealed that laws governing stock theft have to be amended and the crime prevention committees should be better empowered. Details: Witwatersrand: University of the Witwatersrand, 2013. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: https://core.ac.uk/download/files/979/39671842.pdf Year: 2013 Country: South Africa URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/files/979/39671842.pdf Shelf Number: 139575 Keywords: Cattle StealingCattle TheftCommunity Policing |
Author: Erdogan, Aygun Title: Exploring Crime in a Spatial and Temporal Context: Suitable Response Strategies for Urban Planning and Policing by the Case of Etlik Police Station Zone Summary: This study explores incidents in a spatial and temporal context to achieve suitable strategies for urban planning and policing in crime prevention/reduction. For this purpose, " space " and " time " related incidents are analyzed through " new crime ecology " theories within the designed "loose-coupled" GIS-based system at "mezo"-"micro" ecological levels in a case area within Ankara Metropolis, in 2000. Its main argument is that incidents display differences in the spatial and/or temporal distribution among planned , squatter , and in-transition settlements. In exploring distribution of incidents at global and local scales , it also searches the validity and critical adaptability of the new theories developed/practiced in North American and European countries. In line with new theories , incidents at global scale displayed clustering in space and time. Generally, incidents in aggregate, concentrated mostly in planned ; less in in-transition ; least in squatter areas; and particularly during spring-summer months. However, inc idents against people and against property predominated respectively in squatter and planned areas, and between 18:00-00:00, and 00:00-08:00. As for local scale , incidents in aggregate, displayed spatial interaction ( clustering ), but no space-time interaction . Spatial distribution in time suggested that incidents persistently occur mainly in planned areas. Incidents against property displayed highest level of spatial , and also temporal clustering at global scale ; and particularly spatial clustering (particularly for commercial burglaries/thefts) and space-time clustering (for residential burglaries) at local scale. Complementarily, relatively homogenous global scale spatial distribution of incidents against people is accompanied by their non local scale spatial clustering or space-time clustering , whereby space-time dispersion was observed for simple batteries. Details: Ankara, Turkey: Middle East Technical University, 2007. 321p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608961/index.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Turkey URL: https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608961/index.pdf Shelf Number: 139607 Keywords: Community PolicingCPTEDCrime PreventionPlace-Based PolicingSpatial Analysis of CrimeUrban Crime |
Author: McCullough, Debra R. Cohen Title: American Policing in 2022: Essays on the Future of a Profession Summary: American Policing in 2022 - Essays on the Future of a Profession is a collection of essays by law enforcement leaders across the country on their perspectives on what policing might/could/should look like 10 years from now. Included are contributions from several current and former CEOs from CALEA Accredited law enforcement agencies. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139638 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Matrix Consulting Group Title: Final Report on Community Policing: City of Austin, Texas Summary: Summary of Austin Community Policing Report Key Findings 1 "Community Policing" is not the coherent philosophy and strategy in the Department that it needs to be. 2. Steps need to be taken to ensure that internal support for community policing in the Department is consistent with these strategies. 3. The Police Department's performance delivering proactive services and responding to calls needs to be measurable and transparent. 4. Patrol resources have limited opportunities to be more proactive - proactivity levels are at an overall level of approximately 22%, which is less than the typical 35% - 45% considered an effective level of patrol service. Note APD has been reporting a lower percentage (17% - 19%) due to methodological differences. 5. District Representatives (DRs) provide a valuable link in addressing problems in each Region. Summary of Recommendations The report makes a total of 61 specific recommendations categorized as follows (pp. 5 ‐ 9): Community Policing and Management (13 recommendations) Support for Community Policing in the Department (27 recommendations) Patrol Operations and Staffing (4 recommendations); this includes: o Adding 12 civilian Community Services Officers (CSO) to function in a field role handling certain types of low priority/non ‐ emergency calls. o Adding 66 officers and 8 corporals beyond what has already been authorized and an average of 17 officers in the next four years. This is independent of the addition of CSOs. District Representatives and Other Community Support Units (17 recommendations); this includes: o Adding 12 civilian CSOs to replace 3 of the 4 District Representatives in each of the four Regions, thereby returning 12 officers to patrol duties. o Adding 4 officers to the Motorcycle Units. Matrix recommends a collaborative process with the community to determine specific targets and metrics for use in evaluating community engagement and proactive/problem oriented policing efforts. The report identifies processes and potential measures to evaluate (1) how time is being spent in support of community policing and (2) evaluating the effectiveness of community policing. Details: Austin, TX: City of Austin, Texas: 2016. 239p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 6, 2016 at: http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/pio/document.cfm?id=260144 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.austintexas.gov/edims/pio/document.cfm?id=260144 Shelf Number: 140218 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice EffectivenessPolice Patrol |
Author: Diamond, Drew Title: Advancing Community Policing Through Community Governance: A Framework Document Summary: About 25 years ago, a number of progressive police departments began experimenting with a new approach to policing that focused on improving relations between police officers and the communities they serve. This approach to policing, called community policing, focused on developing partnerships between the police and the community, addressing community problems through systematic problem-solving efforts, and finding ways to ensure that officers' efforts in these areas receive support from the police department. Today, community policing is widely accepted in police departments across the county, and the vast majority of community members and local politicians want their police department to be a community policing agency. As police departments implemented the community policing philosophy, they developed a deeper understanding of what it means to partner with the community. The community is not merely the people living or working within a city, but also the city's nonprofit and community-based organizations, local businesses, and, also important, government agencies. As police departments strengthen and advance their community policing efforts, they call on their colleagues in other departments of their own city government to assist with problem-solving efforts in the community. At this same time, many city administrators are seeking ways to increase community involvement in local government matters. These same managers are also trying to create a more transparent government structure that stresses accountability and responsiveness to the community. Cities that pursue these efforts are beginning to adopt a new approach to local governance - one that is service-oriented. We refer to this philosophical approach to local governance as "community governance." At its most basic level, community governance takes the philosophy and elements of community policing to the citywide level. It stresses collaboration among city agencies and with the community, systematic problem-solving efforts, and organizational changes to support this new orientation. Advancing Community Policing through Community Governance: A Framework Document serves as a basis for defining the community governance approach and what it looks like in practice by taking the first step of starting the discussion about community governance. We hope that additional projects and research in the future will expand the community governance knowledge base. This document will be of particular interest to police chiefs, city managers, mayors, and other municipal agency executives who are interested in developing a more collaborative approach to local governance in responding to community problems and issues. Details: U.S. Department of Justice, Department of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2016 at: https://www.masc.sc/SiteCollectionDocuments/Public%20Safety/advancing%20community%20policing.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: https://www.masc.sc/SiteCollectionDocuments/Public%20Safety/advancing%20community%20policing.pdf Shelf Number: 144874 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Fundacion Ideas para la paz Title: Impact evaluation of the national plan for community policing in quadrants: Metropolitan areas of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Pereira and Cartagena Summary: The monitoring and evaluation of the National Plan for Community Policing in Quadrants (PNVCC) by the Ideas for Peace Foundation (FIP) responded to the National Police’s interest in involving an independent institution in the observation of the strategy’s progress and the identification of ways to improve the plan. Similarly, the Police requested an objective evaluation of the strategy’s impact on crime and misdemeanor rates, and on citizen perceptions of security in the eight metropolitan areas in which the first phase of the PNVCC was implemented: Bogotá, Cali, Barranquilla, Medellín, Cúcuta, Cartagena, Bucaramanga and Pereira. The purpose of this document is to delineate this process and present the results of the monitoring and impact evaluation of the PNVCC in the eight metropolitan police departments that initiated implementation of the strategy in the period from July 2011 to July 2012. The National Police provided crime and misdemeanor information for 25 crimes and 25 misdemeanors over the period 2007 to 2012. The information related to perception and victimization was provided by the Bogotá Chamber of Commerce, which was involved in the evaluation in its entirety, in particular with respect to the evaluation of the city of Bogotá. The framework in which the evaluation was developed is presented in the first section of this report, taking into account the objectives and goals of the PNVCC as illustrated in institutional documents and revisions. The evaluation examines the adoption of the PNVCC in the technical, operational, and organizational conditions established by the police, and whether or not this implementation impacts crime and misdemeanor rates. Secondly, this report describes the evaluation methodology used to analyze the implementation, impact, and results of the PNVCC. As will be demonstrated, the Police is adopting the PNVCC gradually, as was stipulated in the implementation methodology, resulting in improvements in organizational and criminal indicators during the first year of execution. Finally, the document presents conclusions about the implementation and the impact of the PNVCC, put forth by FIP after the application of the evaluation methodology. It is worth noting that this document does not constitute a definitive evaluation of the police strategy, given that the methodology has not been applied to the full extent planned and should therefore be considered only as a progress update in the development of the methodology and its application. Details: Bogota: The Fundacion, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Reports Series No. 18: Accessed October 26, 2016 at: s550ee9e7fd146a90.jimcontent.com Year: 2012 Country: Colombia URL: s550ee9e7fd146a90.jimcontent.com Shelf Number: 140857 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice EffectivenessPolice Reform |
Author: Valdovinos, Maria Title: Community Policing & Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Guidelines to Enhance Community Trust Summary: There is no question that technology is rapidly changing the face of policing today. Most police forces now have computers in patrol cars and communicate with their officers via cell phone. They actively use new technologies to gather license plate data and pinpoint hot spots of crime. New DNA testing capabilities are reopening thousands of old cases, offering the chance to complete an investigation or, in some cases, reverse a wrongful conviction. A driving force among cutting-edge businesses is the search for "disruptive technologies" a product that will completely transform a market and potentially make former products obsolete. Technology has been a "disruptive" force for law enforcement in many ways. For example, the use of cellphone cameras and the explosive growth of body-worn cameras have irreversibly changed the nature of policing. Like these other technological breakthroughs, the development of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) has the potential to revolutionize policing. These systems are portable, relatively easy to learn and use, and are becoming increasingly affordable as more manufacturers enter the growing market. The agencies that have pioneered the use of this technology have discovered that a sUAS can increase operational efficiency and improve officer and community safety. They can, among other benefits, help find lost persons, protect police officers during searches for armed suspects, decrease time needed to process crime and accident scenes, and aid in disaster relief and recovery. But this is just the start. Developers have already produced prototype miniature unmanned systems that can be carried in a pocket. They are perfecting the ability of sUAS to fly through a building using their own GPS systems. They are increasing battery power to enable them to fly longer distances or hover in place for an hour or more. And we can only imagine that the use of this technology could one day be the “Airborne Partner” to every public safety officer regardless of their location or the situation they are confronted with. The potential for these systems has caused a number of policing agencies to take note. However, early adopters of this new technology have discovered a painful truth: Where law enforcement leaders see a wonderful new tool for controlling crime and increasing public safety, a portion of the public sees the potential for a massive invasion of privacy. In the public mind the type specimen of unmanned aircraft systems is the military drone, able to hover for days, spying indiscriminately and conducting missile strikes without warning. Furthermore, the regulatory environment in the past allowed hobbyists to buy and fly sUAS the same day, while law enforcement leaders faced a number of challenges to using this relatively new technology. Chief among those were restrictions placed on sUAS use by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). As a result, few police and sheriff’s departments completed the rigorous authorization process and received approval for use. However, in August 2016 the FAA completed an eight-year rulemaking process and established regulations to allow the use of sUAS in the National Airspace System (NAS). With the regulatory framework in place, the use of sUAS will undoubtedly grow at a much greater pace. In addition, numerous privacy advocates and concerned citizens, as well as state legislatures across the country, have strong and valid concerns regarding privacy and safety. For example, at least 17 states have placed some level of restriction on police use of sUAS, and many others have legislation under consideration. The concerns and questions are many, and the answers thus far, are few. The President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing (2015) notes that technology can indeed, be a double-edged sword for law enforcement. While it can provide immeasurable benefits, it can also cause police officers to spend less time interacting with citizens. The resulting alienation can cause communities to see law enforcement as an occupying force, completely divorced from the concerns of the public. To avoid this alienation, the task force recommended increased engagement with the community during the acquisition phase of any new technology. As task force co-chair and former Philadelphia Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey noted: "Just having the conversation can increase trust and legitimacy and help departments make better decisions." Law enforcement agencies considering adopting a sUAS must consider ways to include and engage their community in the decision-making process. Beyond official restrictions, law enforcement agencies across the country have encountered strong public opposition when purchasing a sUAS. Protests over potential police surveillance of citizens have led some departments to shelve their sUAS before they ever used them. The public outcry has made it clear that if law enforcement is to benefit from sUAS use, they must involve the community in the process, being transparent on the benefits and risks and on the safeguards that will be put in place to protect public privacy and safety. Strong community relationships and communication can ensure that sUAS become community assets used to solve community problems. Understanding the challenges these public perceptions of sUAS bring, the Police Foundation, in partnership with the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), has developed this guidebook to help public safety agencies successfully assess the appropriateness of acquiring a sUAS in their jurisdiction, all the while ensuring public support, avoiding public-relations pitfalls, and enhancing community trust along the way. As this guidebook outlines, the acquisition of a sUAS provides police with another opportunity to increase outreach and engagement with their communities. The agencies that have succeeded in acquiring a sUAS for their departments have undertaken community-focused outreach such as meeting with skeptics, and have provided repeated public demonstrations of the capabilities of their sUAS. The recommendations laid out in this guidebook— maximizing transparency, engaging the community, and proactively developing privacyprotection protocols— have the potential to become a positive "disruptive" force in police practices: a force that transforms former practices. Following this successful formula could be the first step toward making community policing practices the watchword in the policing of the future Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 311p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 17, 2016 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UAS-Report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/UAS-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 144851 Keywords: Community PolicingDronesPolice Technology |
Author: Lauderdale, Michael L. Title: Police Force Strength Analysis and Assessment Summary: Austin is one of the nation’s safest large cities, but rapid growth strains public safety resources. New metro resident estimates range from 110–158 net arrivals daily. That’s as many as sixty new families moving here each day that need a safe place to live and work. While the violent crime rate is lower than cities of comparable size, property crime is 8 percent higher and theft is 28 percent higher. Traditional police staffing formulas based on a population ratio are outdated. Police force strength should be based on community engagement time. That's the time patrol officers have for community policing when not responding to calls for service. During the past five years, the Austin Police Department's total community engagement (or uncommitted) time for patrol officers citywide declined from 33 to 19 percent. Studies of best practices show community engagement time goals ranging from 25–50 percent. Hiring eighty-two additional officers per year between FY 2016–2020 will make it possible for the Austin Police Department to reach a goal of 30 percent community engagement time over five years. Details: Austin, TX: Greater Austin Crime Commission, 2015. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 19, 2016 at: http://www.austincrime.org/wp-content/uploads/Force_Strength_0815_REV1.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.austincrime.org/wp-content/uploads/Force_Strength_0815_REV1.pdf Shelf Number: 147753 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice OfficersPolice PatrolPolice Staffing |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: A New Element of Police Leadership Summary: The job of leading a local law enforcement agency has always been a complex one, requiring skills in mastering complex policy issues, developing organizational structures and systems, managing employees, and addressing the various and sometimes conflicting expectations of the community, political leaders, agency employees, and the news media. Many experienced police chiefs are saying that the 21st Century has brought a trend toward even greater complexity in their jobs. New types of technology are revolutionizing how police departments operate, and often the challenge is to make sound decisions about how to integrate multiple forms of technology. The widespread adoption of community policing has resulted in community members having higher expectations of accountability and efficiency in their police departments. National and international economic conditions have strained local police budgets. The workforce is changing in ways that affect police recruiting and retention. These are just a few of the challenges that must be understood and constructively managed by today’s chief executives in policing. In fact, perhaps the greatest job qualification for today’s police executives is the ability to recognize and respond to the swiftly changing issues and opportunities facing them. Police chiefs often speak of their role as being “agents of change.” Never before has managing change been a larger element of their jobs. Today’s police departments appear to be succeeding, at least by the measure of crime rates. Violent crime rates nationwide are half what they were two decades ago, and many jurisdictions are experiencing record low crime rates not seen since the 1960s. In addition, there are indications that a variety of types of wrongful police behaviors, ranging from corruption to unlawful shootings, are at lower levels today than in the past. As today’s police executives strive to maintain the progress in reducing crime while serving as effective agents of change, many are taking on a new challenge: applying the concepts of “legitimacy” and “procedural justice” as they apply to policing. These concepts are defined in detail later in this report (see page 9). In essence, legitimacy and procedural justice are measurements of the extent to which members of the public trust and have confidence in the police, believe that the police are honest and competent, think that the police treat people fairly and with respect, and are willing to defer to the law and to police authority. Because the effectiveness of police operations often depends at least in part on the public’s willingness to provide information to and otherwise help the police, police leaders increasingly are seeing legitimacy and procedural justice as necessary conditions of success, and as worthy goals in themselves. This paper discusses the concepts of legitimacy and procedural justice in the context of police leadership. In any given community, residents will have opinions about whether their local police act “legitimately.” These opinions may be based on a particular encounter a resident had with the police, such as a traffic stop, or on larger policy issues. And these opinions often vary from one subgroup of the community to another. For a police leader, the key challenge is to think about the ways in which the public’s perceptions of legitimacy and procedural justice can affect a police agency's efforts to achieve its goals. For example, the goals of building community cohesion and trust in the police clearly depend on the extent to which the public believes that police actions are legitimate and procedurally just. And other goals—such as high success rates for investigating crimes and preventing crime—depend on the willingness of the public to cooperate with police, to provide information to the police, and to willingly obey the law, all of which can be affected by the department’s reputation for legitimacy. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2014. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20a%20new%20element%20of%20police%20leadership.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20a%20new%20element%20of%20police%20leadership.pdf Shelf Number: 147766 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsProcedural Justice |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Recommendations on Advancing Community Policing in the Pasco Police Department Summary: Faced with a recent officer-involved shooting and wanting to rebuild trust with the community, the Pasco Police Department (PPD) reached out to the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) for help through its Critical Response Technical Assistance program. The COPS Office led this effort and commissioned the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) to facilitate training and technical assistance for the PPD. This report summarizes those efforts and provides guidance to the PPD regarding community policing initiatives, officer training, and other approaches needed to rebuild trust with the community. Findings and recommendations are presented in five key areas: community policing, cultural awareness, diversity, training (especially related to use of force), and outreach (with a particular focus on Pasco's large and growing Hispanic community). The report also presents a social media strategy designed to help the PPD advance its efforts to engage with residents online. The report will help the PPD advance community policing, enhance police-community relations, and improve public safety. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2016 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0809-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0809-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 147776 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Education and TrainingPolice LegitimacyPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Bright Research Group Title: Measure Y Community Policing: 2014 Annual Evaluation Report Summary: Measure Y is a voter-approved initiative that provides funding to violence prevention programs and community policing in the City of Oakland. Passed in 2004 as a 10-year parcel and parking tax, the initiative was renewed in November 2014 as Measure Z. Measure Y funding to the Oakland Police Department (OPD) supports the personnel costs of Problem Solving Officers and Crime Reduction Team Officers, as well as related training and equipment costs. Measure Y also mandates an external evaluation of funded services, which the present document provides for the funded community policing activities. Since 2008, the evaluation team has provided recommendations to OPD to strengthen the alignment and integration of its Measure Y investments with research and best practices in community policing. The evaluation focuses on the deployment of resources and quality of implementation in three major areas of best practice in community policing: Organizational Transformation, Problem Solving, and Community Partnerships. Evaluations in prior years examined Organizational Transformation and Problem Solving. This year's evaluation focuses on Community Partnerships, examining the quality of relationships between OPD and Oakland residents, particularly those in flatland neighborhoods. The evaluation also provides an update on progress toward developing accountability measures for the Problem Solving Officer (PSO) Program, and documenting the activities and approaches of Crime Reduction Teams (CRTs). Community Partnership: A core tenet of community policing is developing effective and collaborative relationships between residents and police. Police departments in diverse, urban cities like Oakland have struggled to attain legitimacy in the eyes of the community. For African American and Latino communities in particular, racial profiling, corruption, and abuse have eroded trust that police will treat them fairly and humanely. More broadly, when police departments fail to keep down crime, the public begins to doubt their effectiveness. Conversely, from a law enforcement perspective, officers interact with the most criminal and deviant elements of society. If officers do not receive recognition for their efforts to protect public safety, acknowledgement of the risks they take, or cooperation from residents in solving crimes, they develop a cynical perspective towards the community. In light of such challenges, a core goal of community policing approaches like Measure Y is to repair and strengthen community-police partnerships and police legitimacy. Measure Y's current investments reflect two primary strategies drawn from the research on community policing: first, to strengthen police-resident relationships through problem solving and community engagement; second, to restore community trust by bringing order to violence-plagued neighborhoods through violence suppression activities. 2As Oakland moves into the next phase of the initiative, it is critical to ensure that OPD strategies reflect prevention and intervention approaches - through community engagement on the one hand and violence prevention on the other. Details: Oakland, CA: Bright Research Group, 2014.62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2017 at: http://resourcedevelopment.net/_documents/Measure_Y_Community_Policing-2014_Annual_Evaluation_Report_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://resourcedevelopment.net/_documents/Measure_Y_Community_Policing-2014_Annual_Evaluation_Report_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 144745 Keywords: Community PartnershipsCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionPolice Problem SolvingPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsViolence PreventionViolence Suppression |
Author: Stepick, Alex Title: False Promises: The Failure of Secure Communities in Miami-Dade County Summary: This report addresses the impact on Miami-Dade County of the Secure Communities program, currently one of the primary federal immigration enforcement programs administered by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) through Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). DHS claims that the program prioritizes the removal of convicted criminal aliens who pose a danger to national security or public safety, repeat violators who game the immigration system, those who fail to appear at immigration hearings, and fugitives who have already been ordered removed by an immigration judge. Contrary to these policy goals, we found that 61% of individuals ordered for removal from Miami-Dade County are either low level offenders or not guilty of the crime for which they were arrested. By ICE's standards only 18% of the individuals ordered for removal represent high priority public safety risks, and that number drops to a mere 6% when we apply local standards suggested by Miami-Dade County's Public Defender. Interviews with detainees also reveal that often residents are stopped by police for no apparent reason and subjected to detention and deportation. Secure Communities in Miami-Dade County also has a disproportionately negative impact on Mexicans and Central Americans who constitute a relatively low percentage of the local population but a high percentage of those whom Secure Communities detained and removed. For this report, the Research Institute on Social and Economic Policy (RISEP) of the Center for Labor Research and Studies at Florida International University analyzed twelve months of arrest records, and the detentions and subsequent dispositions of all 1,790 individuals held in Miami-Dade County Corrections' jails for the Secure Communities program. RISEP complemented this analysis with interviews of individual Miami-Dade County residents who were directly affected by Secure Communities and interviews with local government officials in the City of Miami and Miami-Dade County. We also conducted a thorough analysis of DHS and ICE documents that guide Secure Communities. Our analysis of these documents demonstrates that the program is based on internally ambiguous priorities and directives that result in contradictory guidelines. Accordingly, Secure Communities has become a program that in essence removes virtually all undocumented migrants who are identified through Secure Communities, in spite of DHS Secretary Napolitano calling for ICE to use prosecutorial discretion. The program's guidelines bear the signs of a centrally devised policy created without consideration for the complex criminal justice landscapes of the thousands of jurisdictions where the program is implemented. The implications and effects of enforcing Secure Communities are far reaching. It disrupts and tears apart honest and hardworking families and makes Miami-Dade less secure for everyone as it discourages immigrants from cooperating with law enforcement. ICE's detention and deportation of immigrants for minor crimes, ordinary misdemeanors, and non-offense incidents reduces trust of law enforcement. This is especially dangerous in Miami-Dade County where the majority of the population is immigrants and approximately three-fourths are either immigrants themselves or children of immigrants. Miami's Mayor and Police Chief both expressed their belief that the reduced trust that Secure Communities produces will make protecting all communities more difficult - the opposite of what DHS and ICE claim is their goal. When community trust in law enforcement decreases, residents are less likely to report crimes and cooperate with police in the investigation of crimes. When serious crimes do occur, the reduced trust engendered by ICE's Secure Communities program makes it more difficult for local law enforcement to do its job, undermining the security of all county residents. We strongly recommend that Miami-Dade leaders form a broad-based task force to review the impact of Secure Communities. We urge Miami-Dade County residents, elected officials, law enforcement leadership, and representatives of the criminal justice system to carefully and conscientiously evaluate and determine which aspects of this federal program are in the best interests of Miami-Dade County and adjust their cooperation accordingly. The task force should be charged with carefully defining those aspects of Secure Communities that, in fact, help protect public safety and the parts of the program that contradict local law and enforcement policy. This evaluation should include a meticulous cost analysis. Without this knowledge, Secure Communities has the potential for creating long-term damage and problems that will persist long after reform of the country's current federal immigration law. We suggest that Miami-Dade County and its municipalities follow the lead of numerous other state and local governments and not honor ICE detainer requests unless an immigrant has been convicted of a serious crime. Details: Miami, FL; Research Institute on Social & Economic Policy, Center for Labor Research & Studies. Florida International University' Miami: Americans for Immigrant Justice, 2013. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2017 at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=soc_fac Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=soc_fac Shelf Number: 145258 Keywords: Community PolicingIllegal ImmigrantsImmigrant DeportationImmigrant DetentionImmigration EnforcementImmigration PolicyRacial Profiling in Law Enforcement Sanctuary CitiesUndocumented Migrants |
Author: Radicalisation Awareness Network Title: Preventing Radicalisation to Terrorism and Violent Extremism: Community engagement and empowerment Summary: Although governments and public authorities must do all they can, the prevention of extremism and radicalisation is most effectively addressed by communities. Extremism is able to thrive when communities themselves do not challenge those who seek to radicalise others. In some communities, particularly minority communities, there is a profound lack trust and confidence in the government, police and public authorities. This can make it harder for them to achieve success. It is therefore important to invest in community engagement and community empowerment. Community engagement should be in place routinely and not just implemented after a problem arises. Communities can play an essential role in preventing radicalisation and providing support to affected community members. They can also be a wealth of knowledge when it comes to people at risk of radicalisation. This approach can take different forms, such as community policing, but can also include empowering key people within the community to stand up against violent extremism. Engaging with communities in many cases will also go hand in hand with family engagement. Therefore the community's chapter closely mirrors that of engaging with families and the two should be read in tandem. Details: Brussels: European Commission, 2017. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2017 at: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/ran-best-practices/docs/community_engagement_and_empowerment_en.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/ran-best-practices/docs/community_engagement_and_empowerment_en.pdf Shelf Number: 145565 Keywords: Community Engagement Community PolicingDe-radicalization Extremism Radical Groups Radicalization Terrorism Violent Extremism |
Author: Westervelt, Carline Title: The Insecurity of Security: A study on the effects of community policing initiatives in Cape Town's townships Summary: South Africa has always been known for its violent society. Even after the Apartheid era ended, violence remained very visible in everyday life of an ordinary South African. Even though the country is moving forward and is often seen as one of the most prosperous countries in the whole continent - demonstrated by the fact it is part of the BRICS2 countries - , it does not seem to get rid of its violent past. The South African Police Service (SAPS) has made some significant changes but is struggling with the sudden change from oppressing the political opposition to fighting crime. The SAPS does not seem to cope with the ever growing demand for their services; they arrive hours late or not at all, are ill equipped and have received too little training (Shaw 2002). Even though they are trying to improve their service constantly, they just do not deliver what is asked from them. Mainly because of this malfunctioning of the police service, a lot of different providers of safety and security have arisen: private security guards and companies, neighbourhood watches, street patrols and many more. Most of these initiatives are still monitored by the government, but there are also policing organisations/groups that are the initiative of the community itself. Details: Utrecht, NETH: Utrecht University, 2012. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 18, 2017 at; https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/254170 Year: 2012 Country: South Africa URL: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/254170 Shelf Number: 131366 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Community RelationsVigilantism |
Author: Seattle Community Police Commission Title: An Assessment of the Seattle Police Department's Community Engagement: Through Recruitment, Hiring, and Training Summary: In the July 27, 2012, MOU between DOJ and the City of Seattle, the CPC was charged with conducting an assessment of the community's "experiences with and perceptions of SPD's community outreach, engagement, and problem-oriented policing." Community engagement is a complex topic that means different things to different people. After collecting feedback across Seattle to gain direction (see Appendix I, Parts A-C), the CPC distilled the comments into 10 topics for potential analysis within the larger theme of community engagement (see Appendix I, Part D). We then prioritized three of the topics based on our understanding of the interests and concerns of the constituencies we represent. This report documents our findings from one of those topics, namely, whether SPD's policies and practices in recruitment, hiring, and training of officers promote positive engagement with people from racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities. The CPC prioritized the study of recruitment, hiring, and training because it emerged as a central community concern across all demographics. In addition, SPD is in the middle of a hiring surge, and we hoped our assessment would ultimately inform the department's practices. Specifically, we are studying SPD's policies and practices as they may affect its relations with racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities. Certainly, the CPC recognizes the importance of studying other historically underrepresented communities. Provided that we have the resources necessary, we plan to carry out future assessments along these lines. The other two topics that were prioritized and flagged for immediate study regard communications and the formal channels available to racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities to provide input to SPD, and the communication structures employed by SPD to provide output to those communities. Findings on those topics will be released in the spring of 2016. This report, meanwhile, broadly addresses the question of whether SPD's policies and practices for recruitment, hiring, and training are sufficient to assure that its personnel reflect, understand, and engage with the many racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities it serves. This is a very expansive area to cover, and our report does not have all the answers. Nevertheless, it attempts to shed light on strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement. This report does not offer any recommendations; rather, those will be formulated in the coming months in collaboration with the community and SPD. We have pursued information about the racial makeup of SPD and how it compares to the City of Seattle's population, how SPD's congruity in racial composition compares to that of other cities, the department's current goals for increasing diversity in new hires in the midst of a hiring surge, and how SPD handles recruitment and hiring with regard to racial/ethnic candidates. We have also considered whether there are unnecessary barriers for such candidates moving through the multiple hurdles of the application and selection process and whether there is identifiable attrition. In addition, we have recounted many of the expressed concerns within the communities where we conducted interviews and listening sessions. Finally, we have examined SPD's training of new officers to evaluate the level of focus placed on developing community engagement and cultural competency skills. Details: Seattle: The Commission, 2016. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/CommunityPoliceCommission/CPC_Report_on_SPD_Community_Engagement.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/CommunityPoliceCommission/CPC_Report_on_SPD_Community_Engagement.pdf Shelf Number: 146061 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Education and TrainingPolice Policies and PracticesPolice RecruitmentPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Helfgott, Jacqueline B. Title: Seattle Police Department's Micro-Community Policing Plans Implementation Evaluation: Final Report Summary: This report summarizes the results from a two-year implementation evaluation of the Seattle Police Department's Micro-Community Policing Plans (MCPP). The evaluation employed a mixed-method research design including participant observation, community focus groups, and the development and administration of the Seattle Public Safety survey. The results tell the story of the evolution of the Seattle Police Department's MCPP initiative and show how the collection of data on community perceptions of crime at the micro-community level provide a comprehensive assessment of the nature of crime in Seattle communities that can be used in conjunction with crime data to address public safety in Seattle. Implications for public safety and police-community engagement in Seattle and recommendations for further development of the SPD MCPP initiative are discussed. Details: Seattle: Seattle University Center for the Study of Crime and Justice, 2017. 158p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Police/Reports/SPD-MCPP-Implementation-Evauation-Final-Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Police/Reports/SPD-MCPP-Implementation-Evauation-Final-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 146068 Keywords: Community PolicingNeighborhoods and CrimePolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPublic Safety |
Author: McCombs, Jonathan W. Title: Problem based learning in law enforcement in-service training: A study of use of force Summary: The use of force by the police has been a topic of interest among academics and among American society. Police training has long been a factor that has been considered when administrators, policymakers, or society at-large considers the acts of force utilized by the police. The amount of training has been studied with a negative correlation between the number of training hours and the number of use of force incidents. Problem-based learning (PBL) has been utilized in the health professions and to some degree in law enforcement pre-service academies. This study measured the use of force incidents and different types of in-service training provided. This test of constructivist learning theory posits that the type of training utilized can have an effect on the number of use of force incidents. The results showed that for every hour of PBL, the number of use of force incidents decreased by 17 incidents in the Columbus, OH Division of Police. The ordinary least squares regression model accounted for the unemployment rate and crime rate as community factors and the hours of problem-based learning training and the mean officer experience as organizational factors in the analysis. Details: Capella University, 2015. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1695261727?pq-origsite=gscholar Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1695261727?pq-origsite=gscholar Shelf Number: 146174 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Education and TrainingPolice Use of ForceProblem-Oriented policing |
Author: Vander Kooi, Gergory P. Title: Problem-Based Learning: an Attitudinal Study of Police Academy Students Summary: Policing strategies have gravitated toward a consensus paradigm model, commonly referred to as "community policing." This is a significant paradigm shift, yet most police academies continue to use traditional lecture-based pedagogical methods to train police officers. One possible alternative to passive lecture-based teaching is a more active problem-based learning. Problem-based methodologies consist of presenting ill-structured problems whereby an instructor facilitates and directs the students in active inquiry toward possible solutions for a specific problem. Details: Kalamazoo, MI: Western Michigan University, 2006. 195p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 17, 2017 at; http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&context=dissertations Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1961&context=dissertations Shelf Number: 146233 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Academy Police Education and Training Police Recruits |
Author: Ward, Kristin Title: Measuring Excellence: Planning and Managing Evaluations of Law Enforcement Initiatives Summary: The primary purpose of this guide is to provide you with information for conducting and managing program evaluations in your law enforcement agency. However, during the needs assessment conducted to develop this guide, during which input was solicited from law enforcement personnel nationwide through focus groups and telephone interviews, it became clear that many police administrators and managers would benefit from an enhanced understanding of evaluation. From the needs assessment, five key factors arose that shaped the development of this guide: Many of you would benefit from exploring the value, importance, and potential uses of evaluation information - Chapter I: Why Evaluate? Many of you also would benefit from learning more about evaluation basics, so you could better manage and conduct a program evaluation - Chapter II: Key Concepts in Evaluation. In many law enforcement agencies, the person responsible for managing evaluation activities also conducts them - Chapter III: Conducting an Internal Evaluation. Law enforcement agencies around the country are conducting their own program evaluations of program processes, outcomes, and impacts. In addition, for large or complex community initiatives, law enforcement agencies are conducting external evaluations with the help of evaluation experts outside their department. Many of you could use tips on managing both types of evaluative endeavors - Chapter IV: Managing Evaluations. Law enforcement agencies are increasingly engaging in new types of evaluation methodologies, including participatory evaluations, collaborative evaluations, and performance measurement activities (i.e., monitoring and reporting program accomplishments) - Chapter V: Emerging Topics in Evaluation Management. This guide presents the basic concepts and guidance for planning, implementing, and managing an evaluation, including understanding evaluation concepts and activities. Where more information might be needed or desired, an appendix is provided with references to other, more detailed, sources. This guide is designed to help law enforcement agencies that plan to begin conducting evaluations as well as those that want to refine and improve their evaluation management techniques Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Community Oriented policing Services, 2007. 170p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p129-pub.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p129-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 107797 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Effectiveness Police Performance Policing Program Evaluation |
Author: Costello, William A., Jr. Title: The New Walking Beat: A Model Assessment Tool for Using Social Media to Enhance Community Policing Summary: Purpose: In recent years, social media has become a primary method and forum of interaction within communities. The theory and common practice of community policing requires law enforcement agencies to be engaged with all segments of the community in their efforts to preserve the peace and maintain public safety. The purpose of this applied research project is threefold. First, it describes the ideal components of an effective social media campaign in the context of community policing. Second, it assesses the Austin Police Department's (APD) social media outreach using these ideal type components. Third, based on the assessment, it provides recommendations for improving the APD's social media outreach so that the department's emphasis on community policing is maximized. A review of the literature identified three key components of an effective social media campaign in the context of community policing. These components include building community partnerships through social media, integrating social media with problem solving and integrating social media policies and procedures. Methodology: The literature identified the components of an effective social media campaign in the context of community policing. These components are used to construct a model assessment tool. This tool is used to assess the Austin Police Department's social media campaign in the context of community policing in conjunction with document analysis and semi-structured interviews to form a case study. Findings: The Austin Police Department's social media outreach adequately uses social media to enhance its community policing mission. The implementation of more formalized policies and procedures and adequately equipping the department with more trained personnel, dedicated finances and current technology to maintain an up to date and 24/7 social media presence is necessary as the department continues to grow. Details: San Marcos, TX: Texas State University, 2015. 151p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 26, 2017 at: https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/5868/CostelloWilliam.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/5868/CostelloWilliam.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 146378 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice and the MediaPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPublicity CampaignsSocial Media |
Author: Kringen, Anne Li Title: Outside the Academy: Learning Community Policing through Community Engagement Summary: Recent events highlight the need for many law enforcement agencies to focus on transparency, re-establish legitimacy, and continue to improve strained community relations. Community policing, long lauded as a potential solution to improve community-police relations, may be an important component. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) conceptually defines community policing as a "philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problemsolving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime." The organizational components of community policing include: (1) agency management, (2) organizational structure, (3) personnel, and (4) information systems. Together, these components are envisioned as aligning to support community partnerships, proactive problem solving, and better relationships between the community and the police. Despite the conceptual definition, confusion over the practical meaning of community policing has long impacted implementation. Departments identify themselves as engaged in community policing when implementing activities such as foot patrol, opening neighborhood offices, soliciting community feedback, and reporting efforts to the community . Similarly, other specific projects, programs, and tactics such as agency-community plans, bicycle patrol, geographic assignment, citizen input and feedback, and community outreach have, at times, been classified as community policing (see e.g., Hickman & Reaves, 2001). However, community policing is better understood as an organizational strategy emphasizing citizen involvement, problem solving, and decentralization. While each of the four components forming the conceptual definition of community policing (i.e., agency management, organizational structure, personnel, and information systems) play important roles related to citizen involvement, problem solving, and decentralization, the personnel component resides at the core. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2017. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Ideas in American Policing, no. 20: Accessed November 20, 2017 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/IAP_Outside-the-Academy-Learning-Community-Policing-through-Community-Engagement.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/IAP_Outside-the-Academy-Learning-Community-Policing-through-Community-Engagement.pdf Shelf Number: 148277 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Education and TrainingPolice LegitimacyPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Steinberg, Jonny Title: Sector Policing on the West Rand: Three Case Studies Summary: In December 2003 SAPS National Commissioner Jackie Selebi issued a Draft National Instruction on sector policing. This monograph examines how sector policing has been interpreted and implemented on the West Rand. Sectors in the three station precincts are studied - Randfontein, Roodepoort and Kagiso. Sector policing - international and domestic context Sector policing emerged in the early 1970s as one among a host of experiments to address a crisis in American policing. Police leaders and scholars had gone right back to basics and asked what it is that the police do to reduce crime. The endeavour to answer this question has produced a host of policing innovations in the last 30 years. These innovations can be divided into four categories: 1) hotspot or targeted patrolling, 2) controlling risk factors, 3) problem-oriented policing (POP), and 4) community policing (COP). Sector policing is an eclectic composite. It includes COP and POP as its core, definitional components, but it usually includes targeted patrolling and risk factor identification as well. COP is a form of policing that mobilises civilians into crime prevention projects. It has been successful when trained on specific problems. POP borrows from the philosophy of public health interventions and applies it to policing. It 'vaccinates' an area against micro-crime patterns by identifying and managing their causes. The form sector policing takes is shaped in no small part by the host policing culture that receives it. In recent years, South African policing has been characterised by a strong, active national centre, and uneven policing on the ground. The SAPS has come increasingly to rely on high density, high visibility paramilitary policing operations - precisely the sort of policing that a force with a strong centre and weak personnel can execute with accomplishment. Sector policing has been billed as a project to transcend these limitations - to restore grassroots policing. Details: Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2004. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Monograph No. 110: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono110.pdf Year: 2004 Country: South Africa URL: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono110.pdf Shelf Number: 149685 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime AnalysisCrime and PlaceCrime HotspotsPolicingProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: United States Conference of Mayors Title: Community Conversations and Other Efforts to Strengthen Police-Community Relations In 49 Cities Summary: Following tragic shootings in Baton Rouge, Falcon Heights, and Dallas that rocked the nation, on July 13 in the White House, President Obama had a four-hour conversation with mayors, law enforcement officials, the faith community, civil rights leaders and activists about ways to keep people safe, build community trust, and ensure justice for all Americans. For nearly four hours they discussed: - Ways that all sides of our communities - activists, police, local officials - can work together to protect both the peace and first amendment rights at protests. - How we can effectively police neighborhoods ravaged by violence, improve law enforcement hiring practices, and make sure we're not asking our police to do too much. - How, when tragedies do occur, we can act in a way that honors all members of our communities. President Obama is encouraging all Americans - no matter who they are or where they live - to do whatever they can to foster these conversations and find solutions for their communities. He asked The U.S. Conference of Mayors and the National League of Cities to help make these conversations occur - in 100 cities in 30 days. Our organizations agreed to do this and have been working with the White House to encourage mayors and other local officials to convene community conversations on race relations, justice, policing and equality. The response has been overwhelming. One hundred and five cities have told our two organizations that community conversations and other activities have occurred and/or are planned. This report is a compilation of the information on these activities that mayors in 49 cities in 30 states have sent to the Conference. It demonstrates that mayors took the President's challenge seriously and that many important efforts are underway in our cities. Details: Washington, DC: United States Conference of Mayors, 2016. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2018 at: https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/nwitimes.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/5/2c/52c4ddd2-39d8-5605-b2a7-b0d0db50f98c/57ab5c69b6ad2.pdf.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/nwitimes.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/5/2c/52c4ddd2-39d8-5605-b2a7-b0d0db50f98c/57ab5c69b6ad2.pdf.pdf Shelf Number: 150029 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Eagly, Ingrid Title: Lexipol: The Privatization of Police Policymaking Summary: This Article is the first to identify and analyze the growing practice of privatized police policymaking. In it, we present our findings from public records requests that reveal the central role played by a limited liability corporation - Lexipol LLC - in the creation of internal regulations for law enforcement agencies across the United States. Lexipol was founded in 2003 to provide standardized policies and training for law enforcement. Today, more than 3,000 public safety agencies in thirty-five states contract with Lexipol to author the policies that guide their officers on crucial topics such as when to use deadly force, how to avoid engaging in racial profiling, and whether to enforce federal immigration laws. In California, where Lexipol was founded, as many as 95% of law enforcement agencies now rely on Lexipol's policy manual. Lexipol offers a valuable service, particularly for smaller law enforcement agencies that are without the resources to draft and update policies on their own. However, reliance on this private entity to establish standards for public policing also raises several concerns arising from its for-profit business model, focus on liability risk management, and lack of transparency or democratic participation. We therefore offer several recommendations that address these concerns while also recognizing and building upon Lexipol's successes. Details: Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, 2018. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-09; Criminal Justice, Borders and Citizenship Research Paper No. 3142035: Accessed May 8, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3142035 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3142035 Shelf Number: 150099 Keywords: Community PolicingCriminal Justice ReformImmigration PolicingPolice TrainingPolicingPrivatization |
Author: Higgins, Andy Title: The Future of Neighbourhood Policing Summary: Neighbourhood policing is widely regarded as the 'bedrock' of British policing. However, as forces have adapted their operating models to new funding and demand challenges, the form in which it is delivered has diversified, and in some places diminished. Concerns have been raised that the ability of the police to prevent crime may be undermined if neighbourhood teams are eroded. 'Hybrid' roles (for example, combining neighbourhood functions with response or investigation work) have been introduced and some officers are no longer attached to specific localities. The meaning of neighbourhood policing is becoming more ambiguous and agreement on what it is and how it should function risks breaking down. At the same time, many neighbourhoods are themselves changing, becoming more diverse and dissimilar. Arguably, their policing needs are becoming more difficult to identify and understand. The focus of policing has also changed, with new emphases on 'hidden' harm and vulnerability. These have been added to or superseded previous local policing objectives such as promoting public confidence, providing visible reassurance and tackling crime and antisocial behaviour in public spaces. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2018. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2018 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TPFJ6112-Neighbourhood-Policing-Report-WEB.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TPFJ6112-Neighbourhood-Policing-Report-WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 150430 Keywords: Community PolicingNeighborhood PolicingPolice AccountabilityPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Title: New Era of Public Safety: A Guide to Fair, Safe, and Effective Community Policing Summary: The Leadership Conference Education Fund today launched a new campaign, "New Era of Public Safety" featuring groundbreaking tools to increase trust, fairness, justice, and mutual respect between police departments and the communities they serve. The campaign guidebook and toolkit offer community-centered policy solutions to equip U.S. communities and police departments with best practices and recommendations for adopting 21st century policing models, including tools for advocacy. The campaign launch will include a Washington, D.C. kickoff event, featuring leading voices in activism, law enforcement, and journalism. "Repeated instances of police brutality and misconduct have shaken our nation," said Vanita Gupta, president and CEO of The Education Fund. "These incidents have deepened our distrust in law enforcement and reinforced the belief that all people are not policed equally. With this comprehensive guide and toolkit, we hope to renew trust in our nation's law enforcement by providing tools to put communities first as they work to keep everyone safe." True public safety requires that communities and police departments work together, and solutions should be driven by each community, working with the departments that serve them. The Education Fund's "New Era of Public Safety" campaign, report, and toolkit provide more than 100 recommendations to reform policing. These recommendations outline a road map for 21st century policing that equips law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve with the knowledge and tools they need to keep communities safe. Report recommendations include: End "broken windows policing" and other models that emphasize quantity over quality. Maintain and optimize a range of community partnerships. Tailor policing strategies to meet the needs of specific neighborhoods. Encourage communities to participate in the development and delivery of community policing training. Ensure officers inform community members of their rights to refuse or revoke consent and to document it. Develop stand-alone policies for fair and objective interactions with specific groups. Collect, analyze, and publicly report data relating to bias-based policing. The Education Fund also named Dallas, Texas and Minneapolis, Minnesota as inaugural jurisdictions to implement "New Era" recommendations. These pilot projects will provide local advocacy and strategic partnerships for organizations and activists to implement best policing practices through issue-centered campaigns. The Education Fund will launch the campaign at an event on March 28 at 5:00 p.m. ET at the Eaton Hotel in Washington, D.C. The event will feature remarks from Education Fund President & CEO Vanita Gupta, and a panel discussion moderated by the Washington Post's Wesley Lowery, and featuring Camden County Police Chief Scott Thomson; Center for Policing Equity Co-Founder and President Phillip Atiba Goff; and Judith Browne Dianis, executive director of Advancement Project. The event will be live-streamed here, with a chance for online viewers to submit their questions. A collaborative assembly of community advocates and law enforcement served as contributing authors throughout the process. They include: Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP; the Policing Project at NYU School of Law; Ron Davis, partner, 21CP Solutions, LLC, and former director of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ); Scott Thomson, chief of the Camden County Police Department, and president of the Police Executive Research Forum; and Sue Rahr, executive director, Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. These experts provided key insights into the development of the report. Andrea Ritchie and Wesley Ware contributed to the concept and content for the toolkit. Julio A. Thompson also provided significant and invaluable contributions to the report. Details: Washington, DC: Author, 2019. 416p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2019 at: https://policing.civilrights.org/ Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://policing.civilrights.org/ Shelf Number: 155431 Keywords: Civil RightsCommunity PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPublic Safety |