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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:18 pm
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Results for cost benefit analysis
8 results foundAuthor: Heaton, Paul Title: Hidden in Plain Sight: What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police Summary: "This paper summarizes the existing high-quality academic research on the cost of crime and the effectiveness of police in preventing crime. It serves as a bridge to familiarizes policymakers and practitioners with current research on these issues and demonstrates how this research can be used to better understand the returns to investments in police. It demonstrates a method for comparing the costs of police personnel with the expected benefits generated by those police in terms of reduced crime. Applying the method to several real-world scenarios shows that these investments generate net social benefits. Returns on investments in police personnel are likely to be substantial." Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource; Issues in Policing: Occasional Paper Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118563 Keywords: Cost Benefit AnalysisCosts of CrimePolicing |
Author: Page, Anna Title: Counting the Cost: The Financial Impact of Supporting Women with Multiple Needs in the Criminal Justice System Summary: This report focuses on the financial impact of supporting women with multiple needs in the criminal justice system. Funded by the Corston Independent Funders’ Coalition, the report focuses on findings from our women-specific Financial Analysis Model, and shows that an investment of £18 million per year in women’s centres could save the public purse almost £1 billion over five years. The women-specific Financial Analysis Model is based on the idea that individuals in contact with the criminal justice system go through different distinct stages or situations, which are characterised by different patterns of service use. The model identifies nine different stages typically experienced by women with multiple needs in contact with the criminal justice system. The cost of each stage is calculated by establishing the cost and likelihood of each service contact. Patterns of service use are based on analysis of client data and interviews with service users and staff at three women’s centres: Anawim in Birmingham, Women Outside Walls in Newcastle (a Cyrenians project) and ISIS Women’s Centre, Gloucester (run by the Nelson Trust). Workshops were also held at Alana House, Reading (a PACT project) and Women Ahead at Jagonari, London to test findings. The model considers 14 different types of service contact, including arrest, court, prison, probation, ambulance, methadone prescribing, housing support, benefits and children being taken into local authority care. It shows that the likely total cost of contact with these services is dramatically higher when women are living chaotic lives characterised by substance misuse and crime. The costs to the criminal justice system are particularly high. The model shows that when women do not receive support to address the underlying causes of this chaos and crime, they are likely to continue costly patterns of service use resulting in a quickly escalating bill to the public purse. However, when women successfully move away from these patterns of chaos, crime and repeat prison sentences, the cost to public purse can fall dramatically. The model estimates that an investment of £18 million per year would provide gender-specific support to more than 13,000 women across the country. Without support, these women would be likely to cost public services more than £2 billion over five years. However with investment in women’s services, this cost could be almost halved. Details: London: Revolving Doors Agency, 2011. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2011 at: http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/news--blog/news/counting-the-cost/ Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.revolving-doors.org.uk/news--blog/news/counting-the-cost/ Shelf Number: 121752 Keywords: Cost Benefit AnalysisCosts of Criminal JusticeFemale Offenders, Services for (U.K.)Financial SupportHealth ServicesHousing, Ex-Offenders |
Author: Abrams, David S. Title: The Imprisoner's Dilemma: A Cost Benefit Approach to Incarceration Summary: Depriving an individual of life or liberty is one of the most intrusive powers that governments wield. Decisions about imprisonment capture the public imagination. The stories are told daily in newspapers and on TV, dramatized in literature and on film, and debated by scholars. The United States has created an ever-increasing amount of material for discussion as the state incarceration rate quadrupled between 1980 and 2000. While the decision to incarcerate an individual is given focused attention by a judge, prosecutor, and (occasionally) a jury, the overall incarceration rate is not. In this article, I apply a cost-benefit approach to incarceration with the goal of informing public policy. An excessive rate of incarceration not only deprives individuals of freedom, but also costs the taxpayers large amounts of money. Too little imprisonment harms society in a different way – through costs to victims and even non-victims who must increase precautions to avoid crime. Striking the right balance of costs and benefits is what good law and public policy strive for. Changes to the inmate population may be made in several different ways. One insight that I stress in this article is that the precise form of a proposed incarceration policy change is crucial to properly evaluating the impact of the change. Therefore, I analyze several potential policy changes and their implications for sentencing and imprisonment. The calculations are informed by recent empirical work on the various ways in which imprisonment impacts overall welfare. I find that the benefits of limited one-time prisoner releases, as well as the reclassification of some crimes exceed the costs. Details: Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Law School, 2012. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2012 at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2109703 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2109703 Shelf Number: 127227 Keywords: Correctional AdministrationCorrectionsCost Benefit AnalysisCosts of Criminal JusticeImprisonment |
Author: Uchida, Craig D. Title: Evaluating A Presumptive Drug Testing Technology in Community Corrections Settings Summary: Justice & Security Strategies, Inc. (JSS) conducted a multi-site evaluation of a presumptive drug detection technology developed by Mistral Security Incorporated (MSI). Funded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) the evaluation used multiple social scientific methods to determine whether the technology could be used in community corrections settings and whether the technology was cost-effective. The evaluation was conducted in a work release program, with probation and parole, and in a drug court in three states -- Wyoming, Alabama, and Florida. The presumptive drug detection technology (PDDT) involved the use of aerosol sprays which were used with specialized paper that react with trace elements of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, and marijuana. Basically, the specialized paper is swiped onto a surface (desk, chair, or any item) or a person (hands, arms, etc.) and then the paper is sprayed with the aerosol. If the paper changes color then it indicates trace elements of a specific drug. Unlike urinalysis, Mistral's products are not meant to determine whether a person has ingested drugs, only that the person has touched, handled, or come into contact with an illegal substance. JSS staff worked with corrections staff to test the technology on clients within community corrections settings. JSS collected data on 562 tests, interviewed clients, correctional officers, and staff, and observed the use of the spray and specialized paper. The major goal of the evaluation was to determine whether the PDDT has a place in the field of community corrections. This evaluation asked: 1. Will this technology increase agencies' success in identifying offenders and/or settings that have been exposed to drugs? 2. Does the technology help to decrease the overall cost of drug testing (i.e., less use of urine analysis)? and 3. What is the overall cost/effectiveness of using this product? Details: Silver Spring, MD: Justice & Security Strategies, Inc., 2012. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240599.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240599.pdf Shelf Number: 127338 Keywords: Community Based CorrectionsCost Benefit AnalysisDrug DetectionDrug Testing |
Author: Cheesman, Fred L. Title: Virginia Adult Drug Treatment Courts: Cost Benefit Analysis Summary: To date, Virginia has formally implemented 16 adult drug treatment courts. In addition, there are eight planning courts that gained approval for implementation following the 2012 Virginia General Assembly as a result of changes to the 2012-2014 budget language and an additional adult drug court that was approved in October 2012 by the Virginia Drug Treatment Court Statewide Advisory Board. Data from 12 of Virginia’s adult drug treatment courts are included in this report. The 12 adult drug court sites included in this study are: • Charlottesville/Albemarle Adult Drug Court • Chesterfield/Colonial Heights Adult Drug Court • Hampton Adult Drug Court • Henrico Adult Drug Court • Loudoun Adult Drug Court • Newport News Adult Drug Court • Norfolk Adult Drug Court • Portsmouth Adult Drug Court • Rappahannock Regional Adult Drug Court • Roanoke Adult Drug Court • Richmond Adult Drug Court • Staunton Adult Drug Court The other four operational adult drug treatment courts – Tazewell Adult Drug Court, Hopewell/Prince George Adult Drug Court, Bristol Adult Drug Court and Chesapeake Adult Drug Court – were excluded from the study due to limited available data. The following report is the second produced as a result of the National Center for State Courts’ study of Virginia’s adult drug courts. The critical finding from the first report was that drug court participants in the sample were significantly less likely to recidivate than the carefully matched “business-as-usual” comparison group and that this reduction in recidivism was a robust and sustained effect. In this, the second report, the following research questions were answered: Key Question 1: What defendant characteristics and program characteristics are associated with the graduation rates and recidivism rates of drug court participants? Key Question 2: Controlling for differences in demographics and criminal history, do drug court participants demonstrate better recidivism outcomes than defendants processed through the traditional criminal justice system? Key Question 3: How much does an adult drug court in Virginia cost per participant? Key Question 4: What is the impact on the criminal justice system of processing defendants through a drug court compared to traditional case processing? Details: Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, 2012. 139p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2013 at: http://ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/spcts/id/245/rec/54 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/spcts/id/245/rec/54 Shelf Number: 128407 Keywords: Cost Benefit AnalysisDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug Courts (Virginia)Drug OffendersProblem-Solving Courts (Virginia)Recidivism |
Author: International Labour Office Title: Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labour Summary: The global integration of economies, including labour markets, has brought many opportunities for workers and businesses. Despite the past years of economic crisis, it has generally spurred economic growth. However, the growth in the global economy has not been beneficial for all. Today, about 21 million men, women and children are in forced labour, trafficked, held in debt bondage or work in slave-like conditions. The publication of this new ILO report on the economics of forced labour takes the understanding of forced labour, human trafficking, and modern forms of slavery to a new level. It builds on earlier ILO studies on the extent, cost and profits from forced labour. For the first time, it looks at both the supply and demand sides of forced labour, and presents solid evidence for a correlation between forced labour and poverty. What's more, it provides startling new estimates of the illegal profits generated through the use of forced labour, as well as new evidence of the key socio-economic factors that increase the risk of falling victim to coercion and abuse. These new findings come as progress is being made in the struggle against forced labour. State-imposed forced labour is declining in importance when compared to the extent of forced labour in the private economy. Of course, vigilance is needed to prevent state-imposed forced labour from resurging. But attention must now be focused on understanding what continues to drive forced labour and trafficking in the private sector. Chapter 1 lays the groundwork for an understanding of forced labour and what it is, and examines the importance of defining forced labour and related practices, such as human trafficking and slavery. It reviews the global forced labour estimates published by the ILO in 2012, which were significantly higher than the ILO's earlier estimate. Chapter 2 examines the profits from forced labour. Using a new and expanded methodology and based on the 2012 Global Estimate, the report provides updated estimates of the global profits generated by forced labour. Chapter 3 provides a new analysis of the socio-economic factors that make people vulnerable to forced labour. Based on a series of ground-breaking country surveys that consider a range of different cohorts and factors, it highlights where forced labour is most likely to occur and provides a striking correlation between household vulnerability to sudden income shocks and the likelihood of ending up in forced labour. It also elucidates risk factors that can increase vulnerability to forced labour, such as poverty, lack of education, illiteracy, gender and migration. The results of this study serve to highlight the critical need for standardized data collection methods across countries that enable the ILO and other international organisations to generate more reliable global figures, measure trends and better understand risk factors. What's more, it also shows how understanding the socio-economic factors that increase a person's vulnerability to forced labour can help drive the development of new, more robust and concrete strategies that augment existing programmes. In addition, it calls for a strengthening of laws and policies based on normative responses and an expansion of preventive measures that can keep people out of forced labour. The report concludes that there is an urgent need to address the socio-economic root causes of this hugely profitable illegal practice if it is to be overcome. Comprehensive measures are required that involve governments, workers, employers and other stakeholders working together to end forced labour. It shows how the continued existence of forced labour is not only bad for its victims, it's bad for business and development as well. And it aptly illustrates that forced labour is a practice that has no place in modern society and should be eradicated as a matter of priority. Details: Geneva, ILO, 2014. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2014 at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf Shelf Number: 132678 Keywords: Cost Benefit AnalysisForced LaborHuman TraffickingPovertySocioeconomic Conditions |
Author: Scott, Sara Title: Wigan and Rochdale Child Sexual Exploitation Innovation Project: Evaluation report Summary: The Wigan and Rochdale Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) Innovations Project is a partnership between Wigan and Rochdale local authorities, Greater Manchester Phoenix CSE Project, the Children's Society and Research in Practice, on behalf of the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities. It has aimed to address the problem of too many young people affected by sexual exploitation being placed in high cost or secure accommodation that was not always meeting their needs. The project was designed in three phases: 1) a programme of action research to understand more about the problem identified, especially the journeys of young people affected; 2) co-design of a new pilot service, involving young people, parents-or-carers, social workers and key agencies; and 3) implementation of the pilot service to work across Wigan and Rochdale, and a cost-benefit analysis of its impact. Learning from the pilot was intended to lead to the adoption of more effective ways of working in each authority, with the longer-term goal of replicating best practice across Greater Manchester. Details: Feethams, Darlington: UK Department of Education, 2017. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Children's Social Care Innovation Programme Evaluation Report 26: Accessed May 19, 2017 at: http://cdn.basw.co.uk/upload/basw_54623-8.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://cdn.basw.co.uk/upload/basw_54623-8.pdf Shelf Number: 145642 Keywords: Child ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationCost Benefit AnalysisFoster Care |
Author: Scott, Sara Title: Aycliffe CSE innovation project: evaluation report: July 2016 Summary: The rise in concern about sexual exploitation and the difficulties of keeping exploited young people safe in the community has resulted in more referrals of sexually exploited young women to secure accommodation. However, depriving young people of their liberty on welfare grounds is a contentious issue, particularly given a lack of evidence of its effectiveness in improving outcomes. Within this context, the central question being tested by this pilot was: can secure accommodation provide a therapeutic environment, engage sexually exploited young people with appropriate therapeutic support and support their transitions into a safer life in the community? Key Findings Development of the pilot: - The pilot project was efficiently established and, by June 2015, staff for the specialist house were appointed and trained and the first young women were admitted. - A strong core team was created which included Barnardo's and Odysseus staff working alongside residential workers. A shared ethos was developed, although in the first few months, consistency of approach was sometimes impeded by under-staffing and reliance on cover staff. - Over the course of its implementation the planned model of working has evolved with a number of changes made to its original design: - The step-down facility was not pursued; - Individual trauma-focused therapy was not provided for most young women; - After a brief period of education being provided in the house, almost all young women attended Aycliffe's main provision. However, the biggest difference between what was planned and what occurred related to the source of referrals. Rather than coming mainly from the north east, referrals came from much further afield and this has a major impact on the sustainability of the transitional and throughcare support that has been provided. Outcomes for young people: - Over the course of the pilot period, eleven young women have been resident in the specialist house, mainly referred on 3 month orders (with some extended to 6 months). Ages have ranged from 13 to 17 years. - Most of these young women had extremely troubled backgrounds, often including major experiences of violence and abuse. In most cases, the precipitating factor for seeking a secure order was frequency of missing episodes, placement breakdowns and serious concerns for the young women's safety. - The development of positive relationships with staff was a key objective of the pilot and staff succeeded in developing some very postive relationships. However, the attachment difficulties of the young women have presented major challenges. These have been compounded by the time-limited and brief nature of the secure placements as well as the mix of young people in terms of age and need. - There is some evidence for an increase in the young women's understanding of the impact of child sexual explanation (CSE), although this has varied between individuals. - There is also some evidence of improvements in the mental and emotional well-being of some young people during their time at Aycliffe. However, the project has been unable to address the complex underlying difficulties affecting many of the young women referred in the short time available to do so. - Some young people have engaged well with education while at Aycliffe although there has been uncertainty about how best to accommodate education alongside therapeutic needs. Planning for future education or training has been limited by the difficulties of achieving well planned transitions to suitable placements. - In most cases, positive transitions into suitable placements have not been achieved. Local Authority planning has been poor and placements difficult to find. Placements have often been identified only very shortly before young women have been due to move. However, the project has involved families well wherever possible and, despite many placements being far-flung, workers have provided considerable support to young people during and following transitions. Outcomes for Aycliffe - Staff report increased knowledge and confidence in relation to working with CSE affected young people. 100% of staff have completed a 5 day training course on trauma, attachment and CSE which was very positively received. - There is some early evidence that a more therapeutic culture is emerging across Aycliffe and this can partly be attributed to the Innovations project. The introduction of clinical supervision has been welcomed by most staff and is making a difference. - There is evidence that sustaining relationships across transitions from secure accomodation into the community is appreciated by young people, parents and social workers. Details: Feethams, Darlington: UK: Department of Education, 2016. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Children's Social Care Innovation Programme Evaluation Report 03: Accessed August 28, 2017 at: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/26762/1/Aycliffe_CSE_Project_report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/26762/1/Aycliffe_CSE_Project_report.pdf Shelf Number: 146924 Keywords: Child ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationCost Benefit AnalysisFoster CareYoung Adults |