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Date: April 24, 2024 Wed
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Results for crime
19 results foundAuthor: Priks, Mikael Title: Do Surveillance Cameras Affect Unruly Behavior? A Close Look at Grandstands Summary: This paper studies how surveillance cameras affect unruly spectator behavior in the highest Swedish soccer league. Swedish stadiums introduced surveillance cameras at different points in time during the years 2000 to 2001. This natural experiment provides a unique possibility to address problems regarding endogeneity, simultaneous policy interventions and displacement effects. Details: Munich, Germany: CESifo, 2008 Source: CESifo Working Paper No. 2289 Year: 2008 Country: Sweden URL: Shelf Number: 115390 Keywords: CrimeCrowd ControlSurveillance |
Author: Lee, Seungmug Title: The Impact of Home Burglar Alarm Systems on Residential Burglaries Summary: This study examined the impact of home burglar alarms on residential burglaries in Newark, New Jersey during 2001 to 2005. Specifically, it examined: 1) the overall relationship between burglar alarms and residential burglaries over these years; 2) the relationships of burglar alarms and residential burglaries to demographic, socio-economic, and housing character indicators; 3) the spatial relationship between burglar alarms and residential burglaries using autocorrelation and clustering methods; and 4) the possible consequences of burglar alarms in terms of displacement of residential burglaries or diffusion of benefits. Details: Newark, NJ: Graduate Program in Criminal Justice, Rutgers, The State ofUniversity, 2008. 339p. Source: Dissertation Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 114904 Keywords: Burglar AlarmsBurglarsCrimeDisplacementPreventionResidential BurglarySecurity |
Author: Gasparini Alves, Pericles Title: Illicit Trafficking in Firearms: Prevention and Combat in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A National, Regional and Global Issue Summary: Since the 1980s, Brazil has faced one of the worst small arms problems in the world. Drug and arms trafficking have lead to increasing levels of violence in Brazilian society, notably in large cities such as Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. This publication offers and account of the arms trafficking situation in Rio de Janeiro and the Brazilian Government's response to it. Details: Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2001. 66p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2001 Country: Brazil URL: Shelf Number: 119478 Keywords: CrimeIllegal Arms TransferSmugglingTransnationalViolence |
Author: Bodenhorn, Howard Title: Short Criminals: Stature and Crime in Early America Summary: This paper considers the extent to which crime in early America was conditioned on height. With data on inmates incarcerated in Pennsylvania state penitentiaries between 1826 and 1876, we estimate the parameters of Wiebull proportional hazard specifications of the individual crime hazard. Our results reveal that, consistent with a theory in which height can be a source of labor market disadvantage, criminals in early America were shorter than the average American, and individual crime hazards decreased in height. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2010. Source: Internet Resource; NBER Working Paper 15945 (Accessed April, 2010 at http://www.nber.org/papers/w15945) 34p. Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15945) 34p. Shelf Number: 118565 Keywords: CrimeCriminalityCriminalsHistorical Studies |
Author: Fontaine, Jocelyn Title: Promising Practices of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department Summary: In recent years, Washington, DC has experienced sizable declines in violent crime. These declines have outpaced national trends across most violent crime categories. To explore the role of the Metropolitan Police Department in the violent crime decline, researchers conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with department leadership and staff to understand the critical components within the department's violent crime strategy. Approximately fifty initiatives were discussed. Using extant literature on policing best practices to categorize the initiatives, the study concludes that MPD places significant emphasis on community policing, among other strategies. Implications for the department’s strategic planning process are discussed. Details: Washington, DC: District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute, Urban Institute, 2010. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2011 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001491-DC-Police-Dept.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001491-DC-Police-Dept.pdf Shelf Number: 121124 Keywords: CrimeInter-Agency CoordinationPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Washington, DC)Violent Crime |
Author: Treptow, Reinhold Title: The Aspirations and Life Goals of Youth Offenders at Lindelani Place of Safety Summary: Rising crime rates among the youth in South Africa is a major problem. In the Western Cape this concern is particularly urgent and is compounded by issues relating to gangsterism and drugs. This study analyses why youth offenders, based at Lindelani become involved in crime and how they subsequently see their future. The first part of the study reviews theories of crime and deviance, such as the classical school of criminology, psychological, biological and sociological explanations of crime. The usefulness of the criminological developmentalist approach toward identifying risk factors statistically correlated to the perpetration of crime is discussed. Common factors associated with crime in the South African context are identified including family, peers, gang, drug, school, media and neighbourhood related factors as well as the absence of spirituality. Thereafter the literature associated with the development of aspirations, life goals and the concept of possible selves is explained. The relationship between possible selves, aspirations and life goals are discussed and details regarding how possible selves influence delinquency are presented. Following the theoretical analysis, the problem of crime in South Africa with reference to the youths interviewed is outlined. The strategies pursued by government to combat crime are discussed and the effective potential of these approaches are evaluated. An overview of government’s policy toward youth in South Africa is given followed by specific reference to the issues surrounding youth and crime in the Western Cape, with explicit reference to the Cape Flats and gangs. This provides the background to the Lindelani case study. An overview of the operations and challenges facing Lindelani Place of Safety and the profile of offences typically committed by youth are given. Hereafter the findings are presented. The findings are divided into two sections; the first explores the life world of youth at Lindelani by discussing why youth in the Western Cape perpetrate crime and identifies factors that are associated with their involvement. The findings report on the influence of family and household structure, peers, neighbourhood environment, gangs, drugs, school, media, perceived aptitude of youth offenders, role models and spirituality. Section two presents the findings regarding the possible selves, life goals and aspirations of the youth. The general aspirations, possible selves, family aspirations, friendship, neighbourhood, spiritual, educational and occupational aspirations are explored. The study thereby presents the voices of these young offenders. Details: Stellenbosch, South Africa: Stellenbosch University, 2008. 101p. Source: Internet Resource: Master's Thesis: Accessed April 27, 2012 at: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/44139332_The_aspirations_and_life_goals_of_youth_offenders_at_Lindelani_Place_of_Safety Year: 2008 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/44139332_The_aspirations_and_life_goals_of_youth_offenders_at_Lindelani_Place_of_Safety Shelf Number: 125072 Keywords: CrimeJuvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Offenders (South Africa) |
Author: Farah, Douglas Title: Back to the Future: Argentina Unravels Summary: Argentina's flamboyant president, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, was indignant when, during a U.S. tour last year, a student at Harvard asked her how her personal wealth had grown more than 900 percent in less than a decade. "I don't know where you get those figures, but that is not how it is," the president responded. Such is Argentina in the time of Fernandez de Kirchner, where official obfuscation and denial of facts are routine, unexplained acquisition of wealth is the norm, official accountability is rapidly disappearing, the rule of law is eroding, and political enemies are publicly attacked as traitors. During her time in office, Fernandez de Kirchner has built a massive patronage system, consistently rewarding close political allies with lucrative business opportunities, often at the expense of foreign investors whose properties have been expropriated in violation of international agreements. Details: Alexandria, VA: International Assessment and Strategy Center, 2013. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.303/pub_detail.asp Year: 2013 Country: Argentina URL: http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.303/pub_detail.asp Shelf Number: 129927 Keywords: CrimePolitical Corruption (Argentina)Violence |
Author: Borraz, Fernando Title: Vigilante Justice and Police Protocols in the Latin American South Cone Summary: There is a wide debate worldwide, and particularly in Latin America with respect to citizen insecurity and the proliferation of more punitive claims from the society itself. In this article we analyze the attitude of the citizens belonging to the countries of the Latin American South Cone towards maintaining the law regarding persecuting and punishing criminals. In particular, we tackle the approval of vigilante justice in some circumstances and the justification of police procedures outside the law as a form of guaranteeing the capture of criminals. For this, we use the LAPOP (Latin American Public Opinion Project, Vanderbilt University) database from the year 2008. Analyzing the data using probit estimations, we observe that the approval of vigilante justice is related to the experience and particular situation of the respondent. In this sense, having been victimized in the last months and feeling unsafe in his or her own neighborhood increase the probability of taking that position regarding vigilantism. On the other side, sticking to police procedures is more strongly related to the general political beliefs and the level of concern for the respondents' insecurity. These findings indicate that the formation of these beliefs has a differential dynamic and that when actions outside the law have to be justified, this is distinguished based on the type of involved action and the actor who carries it forward. Details: Montevideo, Uruguay: Universidad de la República, 2013. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Documento No. 09/13: Accessed October 8, 2014 at: http://www.fcs.edu.uy/archivos/0913.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Latin America URL: http://www.fcs.edu.uy/archivos/0913.pdf Shelf Number: 134224 Keywords: CrimePolice ProceduresVigilantism (Latin America)Violence |
Author: Tabib, Rafaa Title: Stealing the revolution: violence and predation in Libya Summary: The success of Libya's 2011 revolution has given way to political disarray, an institutional vacuum, and an extraordinary proliferation of non-state and quasi-state armed groups operating across the country. However, rather than pursuing political or ideological objectives, these groups increasingly focus on resource predation. Through an empirical study of various axes of violence in contemporary Libya, this report highlights the critical role played by criminal accumulation, land grabs, and protection rackets in the actions of tribal militias and jihadist groups, and in the fighting that has blighted one major urban hub. Whereas conventional representations of Libya's post-revolutionary period dwell on the political battle between Islamists and secular forces, the report suggests that the cause of the country’s increasing levels of armed violence can be found in the absence of a functional state and the fragmentation of local, tribal, ethnic and ideological forces, which together make the violent acquisition of material resources essential to group survival. Details: Oslo: Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, 2014. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2015 at: http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/Tabib_Clingendael_NOREF_Stealing%20the%20revoulution_Violence%20and%20predation%20in%20Libya_October%202014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Libya URL: http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/Tabib_Clingendael_NOREF_Stealing%20the%20revoulution_Violence%20and%20predation%20in%20Libya_October%202014.pdf Shelf Number: 135869 Keywords: CrimeCriminal ViolenceNatural ResourceOffenses Against the EnvironmentRadical Groups |
Author: Peirce, Jennifer Title: Gap Analysis Report: Citizen Security in Belize Summary: In the face of rising crime rates and increasingly complex transnational and local criminal dynamics, Belize's limited institutional resources are overstretched. Youth violence and gangs are of particular concern in urban areas, where lack of education and employment options converge with the prevalence of guns and trafficking networks. Despite some promising smaller-scale crime prevention initiatives, a comprehensive crime prevention strategy requires more significant institutional reforms. This Technical Note reviews the current trends in crime and violence in Belize and the government's existing policies and programs in the sector. It then proposes several short and medium-term actions to strengthen the government's ability to prevent and reduce crime and violence, such as consolidating strategic planning and information management efforts, designing prevention programs more tailored to specific at-risk groups, bolstering criminal investigation and community policing resources, and adapting the corrections system to the specific needs of juveniles and gang-involved youth. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Technical Note No. IDB -TN-572: Accessed March 21, 2016 at: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/news/102313.AB-Belize-IADB.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Belize URL: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/news/102313.AB-Belize-IADB.pdf Shelf Number: 138354 Keywords: CrimeCrime PreventionCrime RatesPublic SafetyUrban CrimeYouth GangsYouth Violence |
Author: Corporacion Andina de Fomento Title: Towards a Safer Latin America: A new perspective to prevent and control crime Summary: Public safety is an important determinant of the welfare of families and communities. The blistering growth of crime and violence in many countries of Latin America in recent years has not only entailed high economic and social costs but also, by undermining trust among citizens and public authorities, compromised democratic governance and state legitimacy. This year's Report on Economics and Development (RED) proposes an approach for the analysis of insecurity in which crime results from decisions made by individuals in a particular situation. While it is true that beliefs, perceptions, self-control, and other personality traits (in turn shaped by family experiences, education level, job opportunities, and other experiences throughout the life cycle) can tip an individual into crime, his physical and social environment, the incentives provided by illegal markets (e.g., drugs), and the credibility and efficiency of the criminal justice system are also important. From this perspective, crime-fighting actions involve a wide range of dimensions: family, school, neighbodhood, community, urban infrastructure, economic regulations, police, justice, and prisons. The available evidence (mostly for developed countries) shows that investing in the nutrition and early stimulation of children and promoting family environments with non-conflicting and proactive parenting have positive effects on people's crime propensity, decreasing the incidence of crime. The same goes for interventions at school and in the peer group during adolescence to reduce youth criminogenic exposure. Despite their importance, these are medium- and long-term investments. In the short term, interventions affecting the environment and the opportunities for committing crimes (such as, for example, improvements in public spaces, schedule limits on the sale of alcohol and targeted policing strategies, by type of crime or territory) could be very rewarding as well. However, to plan, design, and implement these various interventions the available information has to improve. A basic first step is to obtain reliable measurements of the incidence of crime, both from administrative records and victimization surveys. Yet, despite the increased importance of crime and violence for public opinion in the region, there is still much to be done to achieve statistics with methodological rigor and adequate frequency that make it possible to assess the phenomena quantitatively. Of course, reliable statistics are not enough. It is also important for public policy initiatives to be monitored and evaluated to learn about their quantitative and qualitative effects and understand the channels through which these effects play out. This learning is essential when it comes to phenomena with multiple determinants, regarding which the outcomes of any actions can be very specific to the context in which these actions are implemented. Critically, the process of generating statistics and designing, implementing, and evaluating policies requires hefty government institutional capabilities. These capabilities do not appear in a vacuum, but are rather the result of political will to prioritize crime control, which, in turn, depends on citizens' disposition to, through advocacy and vote, demand just this from their representatives. And besides political will, it is necessary for public bureaucracies to be properly trained and have the right incentives and resources for action. Details: s.l.: Corporacion Andina de Fomento, 2015. 268p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed September 3, 2016 at: http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/708/RED2014-english-towards-a-safer-latin-america.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: Latin America URL: http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/708/RED2014-english-towards-a-safer-latin-america.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 140142 Keywords: CrimeCrime PreventionPublic SecuritySocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeViolent Crime |
Author: van Loon, A.J. Title: Law and Order in Ancient Egypt: The Development of Criminal Justice from the Pharaonic New Kingdom until the Roman Dominate Summary: In one way or another, the civilizations who ruled over Egypt in antiquity could all boast a close connection to the concepts of 'law' and 'justice'. Balance, justice, and order - all personified by the goddess Ma'at - were the cornerstones of Ancient Egyptian religion and society. The Greek Ptolemies, who ruled over Egypt between 323 and 30 BC, would become famous for their advanced and intricate bureaucracy, which also featured a highly effective law enforcement system. The Romans, more than any, prided themselves on their laws, which remain influential in modern societies to this day. This thesis sets out to discover the manner in which criminal justice in Egypt developed from the times of the New Kingdom, through the Ptolemaic era, and under Roman rule. Not only for the above-mentioned anecdotal reasons, but also because the capability to deal with crime and to maintain order can serve as an indicator for a successful administration in general. Because criminal law forms an integral part of a legal system as a whole, which, in turn, is inseparable from the general administrative system of a country, all of these will be taken into account. The following questions will be answered in this thesis: how were the various legal and administrative systems organized?; which actions were considered to be crimes by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans?; who possessed the legal authority to deal with these matters?; and in what manner were criminal transgressions dealt with in practice? In the end, the aim is to not only find out how criminal justice developed in the course of nearly two millennia, but also to offer an explanation as to why these developments took their specific course. Details: Leiden, NETH: Leiden University, 2014. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed September 27, 2016 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/30196/Law%20and%20Order%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2014 Country: Egypt URL: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/30196/Law%20and%20Order%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 146152 Keywords: CrimeCriminal Justice SystemsCriminal LawHistorical StudyLaw EnforcementPunishment |
Author: Bobea, Lilian Title: Democratizing Violence: The Case of the Dominican Republic Summary: The state of democracy in the Dominican Republic cannot be analyzed exclusively according to how closely its institutional functions and procedures conform to classic ideals of representative democracy. Instead, the Dominican Republic can perhaps best be described as a "contested democracy" in acknowledgement of certain of its characteristics: informal forms of citizenship, conflicting governability, and precarious institutionalization. The quality of its democracy must be viewed in the context of its ability to offer basic civil guarantees, such as access to security and social justice. This paper focuses primarily on these factors, which determine actual governability in the Dominican Republic. An understanding of the challenges facing Dominican democracy requires an examination at the structural and policy levels. The issues to be considered include mechanisms for the resolution of conflicting interests among actors with asymmetrical access to power, as well as the resilience of nondemocratic institutional cultures within the police, political parties and other key institutions. Such conditions typically inhibit democracy but could be redirected to reach the "positive equilibrium" that John Bailey discusses elsewhere. Security and judicial policies tend to be directed from the top down, but an official attitude that recognizes and nurtures local initiatives and reforms that involve a variety of strategic stakeholders could be more effective. Similarly, the Dominican state must take greater efforts to identify positive role models at the local and national levels, starting by establishing a more responsible law enforcement system that guarantees fair sanctions against predators and compensation to the victims of criminal acts. These steps could have a dramatic impact on curbing violence, crime and injustice. The greatest challenge for the Dominican state, however, is to disrupt the growing nexus between criminal elements and political, economic and governmental actors. Details: Miami: Florida International University, Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center, 2011. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center. Paper 34. Accessed October 6, 2016 at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=whemsac Year: 2011 Country: Dominican Republic URL: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1033&context=whemsac Shelf Number: 140537 Keywords: CrimePoliticsViolence |
Author: Kane-Berman, John Title: Going Off the Rails: The Slide Towards the Lawless South African State Summary: South Africa is widely recognised as a lawless country. It is also a country run by a government which has itself become increasingly lawless. This is so despite all the commitments to legality set out in the Constitution. Not only is the post-apartheid South Africa founded upon the principle of legality, but courts whose independence is guaranteed are vested with the power to ensure that these principles are upheld. Prosecuting authorities are enjoined to exercise their functions "without fear, favour, or prejudice". The same duty is laid upon other institutions established by the Constitution, among them the public protector and the auditor general. Everyone is endowed with the right to "equal protection and benefit of the law". We are all also entitled to "administrative action that is lawful, reasonable, and procedurally fair". Unlike the old South Africa – no doubt because of it – the new Rechtsstaat was one where the rule of law would be supreme, power would be limited, and the courts would have the final say. This edifice, and these ideals, are under threat. Lawlessness on the part of the state and those who run it is on the increase. The culprits run from the president down to clerks of the court, from directors general to immigration officials, from municipal managers to prison warders, from police generals to police constables, from cabinet ministers to petty bureaucrats. Lawlessness ranges from protecting the criminal, to hounding the innocent, to crushing the poor. It runs from the unconstitutional to the outright criminal, from the brazen and defiant to the negligent or ignorant. It embraces slamming down the telephone on judges as well as victimising traffic policemen who flag down celebrities. It ranges from violations of parliamentary procedure, to breaches of the Public Finance Management Act, to outright skulduggery and corruption. Its victims include taxpayers who get fleeced, mining companies whose licence applications are unlawfully denied, suppliers who do not get paid for their services, and motorists who are forced off the road by reckless government drivers. The victims also include prisoners denied medical treatment, refugees forced to pay bribes, hawkers whose goods are unlawfully confiscated, and poor people unlawfully evicted from shacks which are then unlawfully demolished. Some people are unlawfully appointed, some unlawfully dismissed, some both. Others are unlawfully denied appointment or promotion. A criminal record is no bar to appointment or promotion, even in agencies designed to combat crime. Physical torture seems to be pervasive. Perpetrators of crime often get away with it. Some victims are able to seek redress in the courts, others suffer in silence. Many cases of lawlessness are reported in the newspapers, but they are probably the tip of quite a large iceberg. The courts are the ultimate guarantors of our rights and of legality but they are insulted, their orders are sometimes ignored, and their decisions are frequently taken on endless appeals. Sometimes instead of bowing to the courts and the law, the government seeks – unlawfully – to change the law. Statutory organisations designed to apply the law are deliberately undermined, while watchdogs and whistle-blowers seeking to uphold the law are subjected to intimidation. Lawlessness predates President Jacob Zuma's assumption of power in 2009, but it has intensified during his rule as more and more people and institutions follow his example and the examples of those who condone his behaviour. Details: Johannesburg: IRR (South African Institute of Race Relations), 2016. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2016 at: http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/65454_going_off_the_rails_02.11.2016_.pdf Year: 2016 Country: South Africa URL: http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/65454_going_off_the_rails_02.11.2016_.pdf Shelf Number: 144997 Keywords: Administration of JusticeCorruptionCrimeCriminal Justice AdministrationCriminal Justice SystemsLawlessness |
Author: Ngugi, Rose W. Title: Security Risk and Private Sector Growth in Kenya: A Survey Report Summary: Crime is one of the major factors that define the investment climate or the enabling environment for private businesses to thrive. A favorable investment climate is crucial for private sector growth, as it reduces the cost of doing business. A good investment climate attracts private investment by assuring "business security". Security of both property and individuals influences the investment climate. Crime and insecurity in Nairobi and in Kenya as a whole has been on the increase over the years. Indeed, the recent upsurge in crime has been reported in the Economic Survey 2004. Furthermore, concerns about crime and insecurity have been widely broadcasted in the media and have been a subject for discussion in various fora, including parliament. In the 1990s, Nairobi was rated by the United Nations (UN) as one of the most dangerous capital cities and was downgraded from class B to C in the UN security classification. The perceived insecurity in Kenya has also created a negative image of the country within the international community. The Government of Kenya has recognized the problem of crime and insecurity as a major hindrance to rapid economic recovery; as a result, the need for enhancing law and order was identified as one of the priority areas in the Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation. Security risk affects performance of firms through various channels. Firms for example loose sales or face low turnover due to reduced demand/market scope, which is partly attributed to limited hours of doing business. Firms also loose sales due to inability to distribute products. However, a few firms, especially those providing security-related services benefit from a high level of insecurity, especially when the government machinery fails to provide adequate security. The competitiveness of firms is also lost due to either high prices of products in an effort to cover the costs of providing individual security or the disincentive to invest in technology that would see the products attain a competitive quality. Security risk also affects investment decisions. Firms may for example be reluctant to undertake heavy and new investments especially if the investment decision is irreversible. Firms may also opt to postpone making investment decisions due to the feeling of insecurity. Insecurity also increases the cost of capital because it raises the risk-premium tagged on financial capital. New entrants into the market may also be discouraged. Therefore, insecurity slows down business growth and deters employment creation and poverty reduction. The aim of this study is to establish the scope, threats and dynamics of crime and insecurity in Kenya. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to examine issues related to insecurity and crime in Nairobi, including the scope, trends and dynamics of insecurity and crime in Kenya; and to review the implications of crime and insecurity on the business environment especially in terms of private sector business operations and investment. The study was conducted in Nairobi City in Kenya. The study mainly utilized a survey design covering households, businesses, individuals and security workers. Additional information was collected from private security firms, community-based organizations and key informants from the public and private sectors. In selection of study respondents, mapping of Nairobi City was carried out to establish spatial and socio-economic characteristics. The city was stratified into 22 clusters to ensure appropriate representation. Respondents were then selected based on predetermined quotas along the different aspects of the study. Details: Nairobi: Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), 2004. 135p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report No. 6: Accessed February 15, 2017 at: http://kippra.or.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=219&Itemid= Year: 2004 Country: Kenya URL: http://kippra.or.ke/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=219&Itemid= Shelf Number: 145330 Keywords: CrimeEconomics of CrimePrivate SecuritySecuritySocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Aguirre, Katherine Title: Disentangling violence after conflict: The case of Guatemala in a sub national analysis Summary: This article conceptualizes violence after the conflict, develop its definition, explanatory factors and typology. A central consideration of this analysis is that there are different levels of relationship between conflict and post-conflict violence, with some forms of violence completely related, other partially related and other completely independent of the conflict. While general aspects of the conditions of peace (i.e. political and economic instability) defines post-conflict violence in a weak sense, direct legacies of the war define post-conflict violence in a strong sense. The case analysis of Guatemala allows to identify patterns and factors related to each form of violence, in a sub national analysis. Details: Bogota, Colombia: Conflict Analysis Resource Center (CERAC), 2014. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Documentos de CERAC, no. 22: Accessed June 20, 2017 at: http://www.cerac.org.co/assets/pdf/Other%20publications/WP22_KatherineAguirre.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Guatemala URL: http://www.cerac.org.co/assets/pdf/Other%20publications/WP22_KatherineAguirre.pdf Shelf Number: 146306 Keywords: Conflict-Crime Nexus CrimePost-Conflict Violence Violence |
Author: Gronqvist, Hans Title: Childhood Lead Exposure and Criminal Behavior: Lessons from the Swedish Phase-Out of Leaded Gasoline Summary: This paper examines the effect of childhood lead exposure on crime using population based register data. We follow all children in Sweden for more than twenty years and observe criminal behavior both before and after the peak of the age-crime profile. By exploiting the variation in childhood lead exposure induced by the phase-out of leaded gasoline, we show that the sharp drop in lead exposure reduced crime by between 7 and 14 percent on average. At the relatively low levels of exposure considered, the analysis reveals a nonlinear relationship, indicating the existence of a threshold below which further reductions early childhood lead exposure no longer affect crime. The impact is moreover largest among children in low-income families Details: Stockholm: Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University, 2014. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 9/2014: Accessed August 23, 2017 at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:756781/FULLTEXT01.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:756781/FULLTEXT01.pdf Shelf Number: 146880 Keywords: Aggressive Behavior Antisocial Behavior CrimeLead Exposure |
Author: Collazos, Daniela Title: Hot Spots Policing in a High Crime Environment: An Experimental Evaluation in Medellin Summary: Abstract Test direct, spillover and aggregate effects of hot spots policing on crime in a high crime environment. Methods: We identified 967 hot spot street segments and randomly assigned 384 to a six-months increase in police patrols. To account for the complications resulting from a large experimental sample in a dense network of streets, we use randomization inference for hypothesis testing. We also use non-experimental streets to test for spillovers onto non-hot spots, and examine aggregate effects citywide. Results: Our results show an improvement in short term security perceptions and a reduction in car thefts, but no direct effects on other crimes or satisfaction with policing services. We see larger effects in the least secure places, especially for short term security perceptions, car thefts and assaults. We find no evidence of crime displacement but rather a decrease in car thefts in nearby hot spots and a decrease in assaults in nearby non-hot spots. We estimate that car thefts decreased citywide by about 11 percent. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of context when implementing hot spots policing. What seems to work in the U.S. or even in Bogota is not as responsive in Medellin (and vice versa). Further research -especially outside the U.S. - is needed to understand the role of local crime patterns and police capacity on the effectiveness of hot spots policing. Details: S.L.: 2019. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3316968 Year: 2019 Country: Colombia URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3334076 Shelf Number: 155241 Keywords: AssaultsCar TheftsColombiaCrimeCrime DisplacementField Experiment Hot Spots PolicingPolicePolice PatrolsSpillover Effects |
Author: Hjalmarsson, Randi Title: The Impact of Abortion on Crime and Crime-Related Behavior Summary: The 1966 abolition and 1989 legalization of abortion in Romania immediately doubled and decreased by about a third the number of births per month, respectively. To isolate the link between abortion access and crime while abstracting from cohort and general equilibrium effects, we compare birth month cohorts on either side of the abortion regime. For both the abolition and legalization of abortion, we find large and significant effects on the level of crime and risky-behavior related hospitalization, but an insignificant effect on crime and hospitalization rates (i.e. when normalizing by the size of the birth month cohort). In other words, the Romanian abortion reforms did affect crime, but all of the effect appears to be driven by cohort size effects rather than selection or unwantedness effects. Details: Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 12, 2019 at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26024.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Romania URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w26024 Shelf Number: 156968 Keywords: Abortion Crime |