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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
Time: 9:11 pm
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Results for crime measurement
9 results foundAuthor: Rubin, Jennifer Title: Development of a European Crime Report: Improving safety and justice with existing crime and criminal justice data Summary: Understanding crime in the European Union (EU) is a complex endeavour. National differences in how crime data are collected and reported are important, albeit partial, explanations for the complexity. To improve cross-national comparisons and benchmarking in crime and criminal justice policy, the European Commission Directorate-General for Home Affairs commissioned RAND Europe to create a framework for developing a European Crime Report (ECR). In particular, RAND Europe scoped data availability issues and current projects and information that could feed into an ECR. Furthermore, a variety of stakeholders were interviewed to provide a more comprehensive, reliable assessment of opportunities and challenges to developing an ECR. Research uncovered it is not necessary to collect new data to begin developing an ECR. What is essential, however, is to use available data through "Smart Aggregation", a term we introduce referring to the provision of contextual information highlighting definitional differences in a more intelligent way. Smart Aggregation brings together existing CCJ data and reporting in a manner that facilitates informed comparisons and discourages less useful comparisons and analysis. Three decision areas identified as noteworthy for enhancing sustainability of an ECR are: funding streams, model of implementation, and dissemination and communication strategy. The report develops recommendations on how to address each of these key decisions areas with a possible timeline for implementation over the course of three years. The report also provides an indicative table of contents for a report, a website snapshot to disseminate the report and a method for generating bespoke reports for users. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 25, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR936.html Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR936.html Shelf Number: 123121 Keywords: Crime MeasurementCrime RatesCrime StatisticsCriminal Justice Systems (Europe) |
Author: United Nations Economic and Social Council. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Title: World Crime Trends and Emerging Issues and Responses in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Summary: The present document was prepared in accordance with the practice established by Economic and Social Council resolution 1990/18. The document provides information on preliminary results from the United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems covering the year 2010, on statistics on trends and patterns in intentional homicide and on the prominent theme of the twenty-first session of the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice: Violence against migrants, migrant workers and their families. The document also includes an overview of some of the methodological challenges in obtaining crime and criminal justice data and improving their quality. Details: Vienna: United National Economic and Social Council, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 2, 2012 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/V1250994.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/V1250994.pdf Shelf Number: 125844 Keywords: Crime MeasurementCrime PreventionCrime RatesCrime StatisticsCrime Trends (International)HomicidesImmigrants |
Author: Andersen, Synove N. Title: Pick a Number: Mapping recidivism measures and their consequences Summary: Recidivism studies differ with respect to samples, definitions and follow-up periods. While it is recognized that such differences hamper comparability, there is little systematic knowledge about how recidivism figures are affected. We explore how deliberate changes in the following three parameters affect the reported recidivism levels: 1) sample definition, 2) measure of recidivism, and 3) length of follow up. We use administrative records from Norway which allow using total offender populations and combining information from several sources. Our results show that the proportion of reoffenders varies from 9 to 53 percent, depending on how, among whom and for how long recidivism is measured. Details: Oslo: Statistics Norway, Research Department, 2014. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Papers, No. 722: Accessed March 31, 2014 at: http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/166596?_ts=14496f98d88 Year: 2014 Country: Norway URL: http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/166596?_ts=14496f98d88 Shelf Number: 132036 Keywords: Crime MeasurementRecidivism |
Author: LaValle, Christina R. Title: Improving State Capacity for Crime Reporting: An Exploratory Analysis of Data Quality and Imputation Methods Using NIBRS Data Summary: Crime reporting in the United States originates from two major sources of data, the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The incident-based reporting (IBR) structure of NIBRS is an enhancement to the traditional summary reporting of UCR used to track crime in the U.S. While the law enforcement community initiated IBR to address the expanding complexity of crime, reporting crime using NIBRS, like UCR, is voluntary and susceptible to issues of data quality, missing data, and noncompliance. Data collected using UCR and NIBRS are used for research and to document the status of crime at the national, state, and county levels. Data quality regarding accuracy and completeness are critical to reliable results and information. Further, reporting data "as is" without considering data quality and estimating for missing values may not be the most accurate depiction of the process and can result in criticism. As funding and resources lessen, coupled with the multitude of data fields involved with IBR, issues of data quality and missingness are areas of concern for analysts and researchers. In assessing data quality and handling missing data, appropriate and effective methods for resolving issues are necessary. Currently, elaborate methods established by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are used to evaluate UCR data quality in terms of outlier detection (see Akiyama & Propheter, 2005). The FBI also imputes, or estimates, missing UCR data using methods that were developed in 1958 (Maltz, 1999). These methods are not timely, accurate, or easy for state programs to administer since they often use data from regions involving multiple states rather than the individual state. Moreover, methods have not yet been applied to aggregate crime count totals using NIBRS data and often reports using NIBRS data are criticized for being incomplete or non-representative. Details: Charleston, WV: West Virginia Division of Justice and Community Services, 2013. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2014 at: http://www.djcs.wv.gov/sac/documents/imputereport_rev4.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.djcs.wv.gov/sac/documents/imputereport_rev4.pdf Shelf Number: 129924 Keywords: Crime MeasurementCrime ReportingCrime Statistics (West Virginia)National Incident-Based Reporting SystemUniversity Crime Reports |
Author: LaValle, Christina R. Title: Testing the Validity of Demonstrated Imputation Methods on Longitudinal NIBRS Data Summary: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) are the two major sources of crime data in the United States. The UCR is a summary reporting system while NIBRS is an incident-based reporting system which was established to modernize crime reporting. The data collected by NIBRS is much more detailed. Given that law enforcement agencies across the nation voluntarily submit data to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) using either UCR or NIBRS, the presence of irregular reporting, missing data, and noncompliance are likely to compromise data quality. For many states, crime data collected using UCR or NIBRS are used to generate state and local crime reports and statistics. These data are most often reported "as is" and are thereby assumed correct. Since victimization data are typically not collected at the state or local levels to corroborate crime reports, there is an increased need for crime data to be as reliable as possible. Given the voluntary nature and inherent limitations of crime data collection systems, however, these data come with the caveat of being incomplete, or dubbed non-representative. Previous research on state incident-based reporting (IBR) data revealed issues with completeness, resulting from partial and non- reporting agencies, and accuracy, due to irregular reporting (LaValle, Haas, Turley, & Nolan, 2013). The previous work found that imputation, particularly alternative imputation methods developed by the West Virginia Statistical Analysis Center (WVSAC), can be used to reliably estimate for missing data. In conclusion of applying imputation methods to IBR data, the study also revealed that reporting data "as is" may not be the most accurate representation of IBR data. Additional studies have been conducted on national UCR data which found similar concerns with data quality, particularly issues related to missing data (see Maltz, Roberts, & Stasny, 2006; Targonski, 2011). Tools to detect and adjust for issues that are known to exist in crime data can improve data that are used as a basis for information and research. This research seeks to test and validate data quality techniques and imputation methods which will provide evidence that reliable and stable estimates of crime data can be attained with consistency over time. The study examines the performance of alternative imputation methods in comparison to FBI methods and provides a framework for the use of techniques on state-level IBR data. We apply and simultaneously test partial and non-reporting imputation methods using longitudinal data with the goal of improving the accuracy of state NIBRS data, especially when used for state and county trend analyses over time/ Details: Charleston, WV: West Virginia Division of Justice and Community Services, 2014. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 1, 2014 at: http://www.djcs.wv.gov/SAC/Documents/WV_Impute2ReportJan2014_Final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.djcs.wv.gov/SAC/Documents/WV_Impute2ReportJan2014_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 133518 Keywords: Crime MeasurementCrime ReportingCrime Statistics (West Virginia)National Incident-Based Reporting SystemUniform Crime Reports |
Author: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Public Administration Select Committee (PASC) Title: Caught red-handed: Why we can't count on Police Recorded Crime statistics. Thirteenth Report of Session 2013-14 Summary: Crime statistics published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) are central to our understanding of the nature and prevalence of crime in England and Wales. They provide crucial information for the police which helps them to decide how to deploy their manpower resources. Lax supervision of recorded crime data risks reducing the police's effectiveness in their core role of protecting the public and preventing crime. Measurement of crime is based on two main statistical sources: (i) the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW, formerly the British Crime Survey) and (ii) Police Recorded Crime (PRC). The CSEW and PRC provide strong evidence that the overall volume of crime has been falling. However, there is an accumulation of substantial and credible evidence indicating that the PRC data do not represent a full and accurate account of crime in England and Wales. Of most importance, we have strong evidence that PRC under-records crime, and therefore the rate of decrease in crime may be exaggerated, and this is due to lax police compliance with the agreed national standard of victim-focussed crime recording. As a result of PASC's inquiry and the evidence we have exposed, the UK Statistics Authority (UKSA) decided in January 2014 to strip PRC data of its designation as National Statistics. We conclude that the Home Office, ONS and UKSA have been far too passive in the face of concerns raised about PRC; they have repeatedly missed opportunities to ensure the integrity and quality of PRC data. The cessation of regular external audit of police force crime recording in 2007 was a mistake. We recommend the re-instatement of annual audits of crime recording practices. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary's inspection in 2013 into the Kent Police found clear evidence that targets are detrimental to the integrity of crime data. Numerical targets for individual police officers and police forces as a whole, based on PRC data, and set by senior police officers or Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs), drive perverse incentives to misrecord crime, tend to affect attitudes and erode data quality. Some PCCs consider the perverse incentives created by targets to be so serious that they have dropped all targets. We applaud them. The attitudes and behaviour which lead to the misrecording of crime have become ingrained, including within senior leadership. This leads to the subordination of data integrity to target-chasing. This can present officers with a conflict between achievement of targets and core policing values. We deprecate the use of targets in the strongest possible terms. The Home Office, which claims credit for abolishing national numerical targets, should also be discouraging the use of such targets. The Home Office must also take responsibility and accept accountability for the quality of PRC statistics. Senior police leaders must ensure that emphasis is placed on data integrity and accuracy, not on the achievement of targets. We regard such practice as a flawed leadership model, contrary to the policing Code of Ethics. The quality of leadership within the police, and its compliance with the core values of policing, including accountability, honesty and integrity, will determine whether the proper quality of PRC data can be restored. We are convinced that this requires leadership in many police forces to place new emphasis on values and ethics, especially in the Metropolitan Police Service. We recommend that the Committee on Standards in Public Life conducts a wide-ranging inquiry into the police's compliance with the new Code of Ethics; in particular the role of leadership in promoting and sustaining these values in the face of all the other pressures on the force. Details: London: The Stationery Office Limited, 2014. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2015 at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmpubadm/760/760.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmpubadm/760/760.pdf Shelf Number: 135840 Keywords: Crime MeasurementCrime StatisticsPolice AccountabilityPolice BehaviorPolice EthicsPolice IntegrityPolice Performance |
Author: Lauritsen, Janel L. Title: Modernizing Crime Statistics. Report 2: New Systems for Measuring Crime Summary: To derive statistics about crime - to estimate its levels and trends, assess its costs to and impacts on society, and inform law enforcement approaches to prevent it - a conceptual framework for defining and thinking about crime is virtually a prerequisite. Developing and maintaining such a framework is no easy task, because the mechanics of crime are ever evolving and shifting: tied to shifts and development in technology, society, and legislation. Interest in understanding crime surged in the 1920s, which proved to be a pivotal decade for the collection of nationwide crime statistics. Now established as a permanent agency, the Census Bureau commissioned the drafting of a manual for preparing crime statistics-intended for use by the police, corrections departments, and courts alike. The new manual sought to solve a perennial problem by suggesting a standard taxonomy of crime. Shortly after the Census Bureau issued its manual, the International Association of Chiefs of Police in convention adopted a resolution to create a Committee on Uniform Crime Records - to begin the process of describing what a national system of data on crimes known to the police might look like. Report 1 performed a comprehensive reassessment of what is meant by crime in U.S. crime statistics and recommends a new classification of crime to organize measurement efforts. This second report examines methodological and implementation issues and presents a conceptual blueprint for modernizing crime statistics.- Details: Washington, DC: National Academies press, 2018. 257p. Prepublication copy. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2018 at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25035/modernizing-crime-statistics-report-2-new-systems-for-measuring-crime Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25035/modernizing-crime-statistics-report-2-new-systems-for-measuring-crime Shelf Number: 149558 Keywords: Crime ClassificationCrime MeasurementCrime StatisticsCrime Surveys |
Author: Lauritsen, Janel L. Title: Modernizing Crime Statistics Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime Summary: To derive statistics about crime - to estimate its levels and trends, assess its costs to and impacts on society, and inform law enforcement approaches to prevent it - a conceptual framework for defining and thinking about crime is virtually a prerequisite. Developing and maintaining such a framework is no easy task, because the mechanics of crime are ever evolving and shifting: tied to shifts and development in technology, society, and legislation. Interest in understanding crime surged in the 1920s, which proved to be a pivotal decade for the collection of nationwide crime statistics. Now established as a permanent agency, the Census Bureau commissioned the drafting of a manual for preparing crime statistics-intended for use by the police, corrections departments, and courts alike. The new manual sought to solve a perennial problem by suggesting a standard taxonomy of crime. Shortly after the Census Bureau issued its manual, the International Association of Chiefs of Police in convention adopted a resolution to create a Committee on Uniform Crime Records - to begin the process of describing what a national system of data on crimes known to the police might look like. The key distinction between the rigorous classification proposed in this report and the "classifications" that have come before in U.S. crime statistics is that it is intended to partition the entirety of behaviors that could be considered criminal offenses into mutually exclusive categories. Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 1: Defining and Classifying Crime assesses and makes recommendations for the development of a modern set of crime measures in the United States and the best means for obtaining them. This first report develops a new classification of crime by weighing various perspectives on how crime should be defined and organized with the needs and demands of the full array of crime data users and stakeholders. Details: Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. 286p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2018 at: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23492/modernizing-crime-statistics-report-1-defining-and-classifying-crime Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/23492/modernizing-crime-statistics-report-1-defining-and-classifying-crime Shelf Number: 149559 Keywords: Crime ClassificationCrime MeasurementCrime StatisticsCrime Surveys |
Author: Gutierrez, Mauro Title: Socio-economic and geographic profiling of crime in Chile Summary: Many empirical studies of crime assume that victims and perpetrators live in a single geographical unit, the implication being that the socio-economic characteristics of victims places of residence can be treated as determinants of crime. This study offers an alternative approach which consists in measuring crime by the proportion of alleged offenders in the whole population and treating the characteristics of their home communes as socio-economic causes of criminal behaviour. The conclusion is that those charged with crimes present a high degree of geographic mobility. In the case of economically motivated crimes, the evidence partly supports Becker's propositions. Lastly, we show that the number of people charged with crimes tends to be greater in communes that have low incomes, a larger police presence, a predominance of urban areas with higher levels of education and a geographical location in the north of the country, which to some degree bears out the findings of other studies on Chile. Details: Santiago: Department of Economics, University of Chile, 2009. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Cepal Review 98: Accessed March 26, 2018 at: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/11484/1/98159174I_en.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Chile URL: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/11484/1/98159174I_en.pdf Shelf Number: 149562 Keywords: Crime MeasurementGeographical Analysis Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime |