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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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Results for criminal careers
29 results foundAuthor: Cusick, Gretchen Ruth Title: Crime During the Transition to Adulthood: How Youth Fare as They Leave Out-of-Home Care Summary: This study examines criminal behavior and criminal justice system involvement among youth making the transition from out-of-home care to independent adulthood. It considers the importance of earlier experiences with maltreatment and within the child welfare system on criminal behavior during the transition to adulthood. In addition, it examines whether social bonds predict criminal behavior and the risk for criminal justice involvement among former foster youth. Details: Unpublished report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2010. 83p. Source: Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118076 Keywords: Child MaltreatmentChild Welfare AgenciesCriminal CareersFoster CareJuvenile Offenders |
Author: Great Britain. Home Office. Title: Prolific and Other Priority Offenders: Results from the 2008 Cohort for England and Wales Summary: This report provides a summary of 2008/09 performance data from the Prolific and other Priority Offenders (PPO) program. The PPO program was introduced to provide end-to-end multi-agency management of the most active elements of the offender population. Details: London: Home Office, 2010. 21p. Source: Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 117673 Keywords: Criminal CareersRepeat Offenders |
Author: Skardhamar, Torbjorn Title: Modelling 'Crime-Proneness': A Comparison of Models for Repeated Count Outcomes Summary: In the criminal career literature, the individual-level age-crime relationship is commonly modelled using generalized linear mixed models, where between-individual heterogeneity is then handled through specifying random effect(s) with some distribution. It is common to specify either a normal or discrete distribution for the random effects. However, there are also other options, and the choice of specification might have substantial effect on the results. In this article, we compare how various methods perform on Norwegian longitudinal data on registered crimes. We also present an approach that might be new to criminologists: the Poisson-gamma regression model. This model is interpretable, parsimonious, and quick to compute. For our data, the distributional assumptions have not dramatic effect on substantive interpretation. In criminology, the mixture distribution is also of theoretical interest by its own right, and we conclude that a gamma distribution is reasonable. We emphasize the importance of comparing multiple methods in any setting where the distributional assumptions are uncertain. Details: Oslo, Norway: Statistics Norway, Research Department, 2010. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Papers No. 611: Accessed October 21, 2010 at: http://www.ssb.no/publikasjoner/DP/pdf/dp611.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Norway URL: http://www.ssb.no/publikasjoner/DP/pdf/dp611.pdf Shelf Number: 120037 Keywords: Criminal CareersLongitudinal Studies |
Author: Goodwin, Vanessa Title: Crime Families: Gender and the Intergenerational Transfer of Criminal Tendencies Summary: While it has been established that there is an intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour (ie crime can run through generations in families), the role of gender in the intergenerational transfer of criminality has not been fully explored. The impact of a father’s criminality on the subsequent offending of his sons and grandsons has been established, but the impact of a father’s criminality on the offending of his daughter and the impact of a mother’s criminal history on the offending of her sons and/or daughters is less clear. This Tasmanian study of six known criminal families identifies clear differences in the intergenerational transfer of criminality from mothers to their sons and daughters. The influence of paternal (a father’s) criminality on children of both genders is strong, but is particularly strong for male children. The more severe the criminal offending history, the greater likelihood of intergenerational transmission. To prevent the cycle of crime, policymakers should focus their attention on reducing environmental risk through intervention programs targeting children known to be at increased risk of involvement in crime due to the criminality of their parents. Such interventions should incorporate attempts to address the children’s perceptions of themselves as ‘criminals’ in order to reduce the risk of ‘self fulfilling prophecy’. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2011. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 414: Accessed May 9, 2011 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/F/7/A/%7BF7A6308F-5486-4A53-9331-80371A373179%7Dtandi414.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/F/7/A/%7BF7A6308F-5486-4A53-9331-80371A373179%7Dtandi414.pdf Shelf Number: 121658 Keywords: Criminal CareersCycle of CrimeFamilies and CrimeGender and Crime |
Author: Van de Rakt, M.G.A. Title: Two Generations of Crime: The Intergenerational Transmission of Criminal Convictions over the Life Course Summary: Does criminal behavior of fathers lead to criminal behavior of their children? Do the children of offenders commit more crimes in the years after their fathers were convicted of a criminal act? What happens to the criminality of children when fathers are imprisoned? This study investigates one of the most important plausible causes of criminal behavior: the criminal behavior of the father. Previous research has shown the importance of fathers in predicting the criminal behavior of children. However, studies of the influence of fathers on children’s criminal behavior tend to focus on the parents as a preventative factor, mostly using the perspective of social control theory. This theory expects individuals to refrain from committing crimes so as not to jeopardize their relationship with their parents. Children’s strong attachment with their parents combined with the supervision parents provide explains the lack of delinquent behavior among children. In some cases, however, having a strong bond with one’s father could in fact lead to a higher chance of committing a criminal act. Research shows that the children of criminal fathers are much more likely to commit a crime themselves. Empirically the relationship between a father’s criminal behavior and criminal behavior of his children is well established. The larger part of this research, however, remains descriptive and focuses on cross-sectional relations between the criminal acts of fathers and those of their children. Rowe & Farrington (1997), for instance, reveal a correlation of 0.43 between the criminal convictions of children and their fathers. According to Thornberry et al. (2003), delinquent behavior of parents directly influences the delinquent behavior of children. Other studies show similar results. Nonetheless, the empirical studies done so far face substantial shortcomings. First, most studies use small samples and retrospective designs. Second, the studies do not analyze the influence of paternal criminal behavior after adolescence. Third, most studies focus on sons and neglect the influence of paternal criminality on daughters. Fourth, most studies lack a comparable control group. Finally, although explanations for the transmission of criminal behavior are suggested, the studies neglect to consistently test criminological theories. In this study, we investigate the intergenerational transmission of convictions. We improve on the drawbacks of previous studies in five ways. First, we use a large and prospective sample. Second, we investigate the influence of paternal offending on complete criminal life courses, from childhood until adulthood. This allows us to establish the intergenerational transmission of convictions well into maturity. Third, we investigate daughters as well as sons. Fourth, we analyze both criminal fathers and non-criminal fathers, as well as criminal children and non-criminal children. Finally, we explicitly deduce and test hypotheses from criminological theories. We first analyze the extent of the intergenerational transmission of criminal behavior by focusing on the relationship between the criminal convictions of fathers and the criminal convictions of their sons and daughters. Using a longitudinal, life-course perspective, we investigate development of the complete criminal careers of both parents and children. In doing so, we adopt a broad interpretation of intergenerational transmission, focusing on various aspects of paternal criminality. Specifically, we explore four aspects of intergenerational transmission: (1) the influence of the timing of criminal convictions of fathers, (2) the influence of parental divorce, (3) the influence of paternal imprisonment and (4) the influence of criminal convictions of mothers and siblings. Our data contains information on all recorded offences committed from age 12 onwards. We use only those cases that were followed by a conviction. Crime debates dominate public and political agendas, and societies are demanding better understanding of the causes and correlates of crime. Yet in order to make crime prevention programs more effective, knowledge is needed about the influences of paternal criminal behavior. The study presented in this thesis contributes to knowledge about the influences of the nuclear family on the development of criminal behavior. Our focus on the development of criminal careers over time provides insights into the causal order and the timing of influences of paternal criminal behavior. These insights could be helpful for policymakers in designing crime prevention programs. Details: Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Radboud University, 2011. 207p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands: Accessed July 14, 2011 at: http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/83192/1/dissertatie_marieke_14nov%20(2).pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/83192/1/dissertatie_marieke_14nov%20(2).pdf Shelf Number: 122059 Keywords: Criminal Behavior, Longitudinal StudiesCriminal CareersFamiliesLife Course |
Author: Yessine, Annie K. Title: The Offending Trajectories of Youth Probationers from Early Adolescence to Middle Adulthood: Relation to Dual Taxonomies Summary: This study sought to identify the distinctive criminal pathways, and specify the early characteristics that predict offending trajectories for a Canadian sample comprised of 514 male and female juvenile probationers followed into middle adulthood. Using latent growth curve mixture modeling, the results revealed the existence of two main types of offenders who differed in composition, offending activity, and desistance throughout the life-course. One group represented approximately 13% of the offenders, and showed a chronic high level of offending behaviour throughout the life-course. The offending frequency/ severity of this group increased steadily from adolescence onwards. The remainder of the sample (87%) was characterized by sporadic and/or less serious involvement in criminal behaviour over the years. The offending pattern of this latter group remained stable although it tended to show a slight decline in frequency/severity from age 26 onwards. The offenders classified in the chronic high trajectory group disproportionally engaged in a wider variety of offences as well as more of the violent crimes. Of the criminogenic risk/needs domains studied, the youths’ patterns of associations were the most robust and reliable predictor of group membership. Not surprisingly, the chronic high trajectory group comprised more offenders who had negative and unconstructive ties with their peers than the stable low group. Overall, the findings are consistent with the original dual taxonomies proposed by Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber (1996), Moffitt (1993) and Patterson, Reid and Dishion (1992). The paper concludes with a discussion of policy and practical implications and directions for future research. Details: Ottawa, Canada: National Crime Prevention Centre, Public Safety Canada, 2012. 29p. Source: Research Report: 2012-4: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2012 at http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cp/res/_fl/otyp-eng.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/res/cp/res/_fl/otyp-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 125941 Keywords: Adult OffendersCriminal CareersJuvenile ProbationLongitudinal Stuides |
Author: Cahill, Joanne Clare Title: Testing Two Theories of Criminal Careers: A Criminal Career Profile Approach Summary: Criminal career research has emerged as a field interested in determining the factors related to the onset, frequency, duration, maintenance, and desistance of criminal behaviour (Blumstein & Cohen, 1987; Blumstein, Cohen, & Farrington, 1988). Various theories have been developed to account for these components of the criminal career, and the present research aims to examine the desistance components of two such theories in a sample of high risk adult offenders. Looking first at Moffitt’s (1993) adolescencelimited/ life-course persistent perspective, and then at Laub and Sampson’s (1993; Sampson & Laub, 2005) theory of informal social controls, there is limited evidence that either frequency of conviction or criminal career seriousness in high risk adult offenders can be explained well by reference to either of these theories alone. Although components of each theory appear to have some support within this sample, it is important to note that the prediction of future seriousness appears to be particularly difficult. Implications of these findings are discussed, with particular reference to policy concerns and areas for additional research. Details: Wellington, NZ: Victoria University of Wellington, 2010. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Master's Thesis: Accessed September 12, 2012 at: http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/1737/thesis.pdf?sequence=2 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/1737/thesis.pdf?sequence=2 Shelf Number: 126316 Keywords: Criminal CareersDesistanceJuvenile to Adult Criminal Careers |
Author: Gately, Natalie Title: Amphetamine Use Among Detainees at the East Perth Watch House: What is the Impact on Crime? Summary: Amphetamines have been increasingly available on the Australian drug markets since the early 1990s with a recent increase in clandestine laboratory detections as well as seizures by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) and Customs. Amphetamine use has been associated with psychological, physical and social harm, criminal behaviour and violence; however, much of the current research is descriptive. The present study was designed to utilise existing datasets from two major sources: the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) project and statistics on reported crime in Western Australia (WA). This enabled drug and crime data taken from several sources to be consolidated for the purpose of investigating the relationships between key variables of interest and trends in these variables over time. While no statistical relationship was identified, there was a trend towards reduced amphetamine use indicators together with a trend in increasing weights of amphetamines seized in the final two years of available data. This study highlights two particularly important factors related to age. Firstly, it is apparent that amphetamine users commence using various illicit and licit (for non-medical purposes) drugs at earlier ages on average than amphetamine non-users. Secondly, amphetamine users commence criminal careers at an earlier age than non-users on average. These findings emphasise both the importance of tackling alcohol and drug issues early and of youth diversion strategies for amphetamine drug offences. Given the generally lower socioeconomic status observed in the amphetamine using group in this study (compared to amphetamine non-users), assistance in acquiring stable housing and provision of education and training opportunities to improve employment prospects may reduce their likelihood of either using drugs and/or committing offences. This study revealed the relationships between important indicators such as drug use, crime and interventions that can be used to provide support for the provision or cessation of specific intervention activities. Details: Griffth, ACT Australia: Criminology Research Council, 2011. 59p. Source: Report to the Criminology Research Council: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2012 at http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/0910-50.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/0910-50.pdf Shelf Number: 126741 Keywords: Amphetamines (Australia)Crime Prevention StrategiesCrime StatisticsCriminal CareersDrug Abuse and Crime (Australia)Intervention Programs |
Author: Decker, Scott H. Title: Leaving the Gang: Logging Off and Moving On Summary: Why do people leave a group that they have been a member of? What do they do to leave their group? What role, if any, do the use of social media and the Internet play in this process? These questions and more are addressed in this paper, which is a follow-on to the Summit Against Violent Extremism (SAVE) held by Google Ideas and CFR in Dublin in June 2011. In criminology the focus on desistance has been a part of the life course study of crime. This approach examines involvement in crime across the life span, and pays particular attention to initial involvement in crime during adolescence as well as declines in crime that tend to occur beginning in the early twenties. This latter process is referred to as desistance from crime and tends to occur rather rapidly, usually starting in the late teens. This is typically a period of considerable maturation, marked by the movement from adolescence into adulthood and the increasing involvement in family and the labor market. Social media play an increasingly important role in the lives of adolescents as they transition to adulthood. We examine the results from 177 in-person interviews conducted in Fresno, California; Los Angeles, California; and St. Louis, Missouri. These interviews focus on embeddedness in the gang, use of the Internet, and involvement in offending and victimization. The interviews document why and how individuals leave their gang, and also examine the consequences of leaving the gang. We hope through this research to shed additional light on these important issues. Details: New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 2011. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2012 at http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SAVE_paper_Decker_Pyrooz.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/SAVE_paper_Decker_Pyrooz.pdf Shelf Number: 126745 Keywords: AdolescentsCriminal CareersDesistance from GangsGangs |
Author: Telesca, Donatello Title: Modeling Criminal Careers as Departures from a Unimodal Population Age-Crime Curve: The Case of Marijuana Use Summary: A major aim of longitudinal analyses of life course data is to describe the within- and between individual variability in a behavioral outcome, such as crime. Statistical analyses of such data typically draw on mixture and mixed-effects growth models. In this work, we present a functional analytic point of view and develop an alternative method that models individual crime trajectories as departures from a population age-crime curve. Drawing on empirical and theoretical claims in criminology, we assume a unimodal population age-crime curve and allow individual expected crime trajectories to differ by their levels of offending and patterns of temporal misalignment. We extend Bayesian hierarchical curve registration methods to accommodate count data and to incorporate influence of baseline covariates on individual behavioral trajectories. Analyzing self-reported counts of yearly marijuana use from the Denver Youth Survey, we examine the influence of race and gender categories on differences in levels and timing of marijuana smoking. We find that our approach offers a flexible and realistic model for longitudinal crime trajectories that fits individual observations well and allows for a rich array of inferences of interest to criminologists and drug abuse researchers. Details: Seattle, WA: Department of Statistics, University of Washington, 2011. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Technical Report no. 5882: Accessed January 22, 2013 at: http://www.stat.washington.edu/research/reports/2011/tr588.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.stat.washington.edu/research/reports/2011/tr588.pdf Shelf Number: 127347 Keywords: Criminal CareersCriminal TrajectoriesDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug OffendersLongitudinal StudiesMarijuana |
Author: Salagaev, Alexander Title: After-Effects of the Transition: Youth Criminal Careers in Russia Summary: The process of transition in Russia is characterized by contradictory values of different social groups. From one side the values of democracy and market economy are popularized, especially among youth, but from another, a lot of young people have been choosing alternative ‘criminal careers’. The proposed paper focuses on criminal life trajectories of young people, discusses norms, values, power resources, and behavioural patterns of members of juvenile delinquent gangs in the Volga area of Russia. The main conclusions drawn in the article are based on multi-method research study that includes 53 qualitative in-depth interviews with active gang members, expert interviews, and analysis of two criminal cases on gangs in Kazan city. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, (2003?). 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 22, 2013 at: http://graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ccdp/shared/5039/Salagaev-Criminal-Careers.pdf Year: 2003 Country: Russia URL: http://graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/ccdp/shared/5039/Salagaev-Criminal-Careers.pdf Shelf Number: 129129 Keywords: Criminal CareersJuvenile DelinquencyYouth Gangs (Russia) |
Author: Soothill, Keith Title: Exploring Paradigms of Crime Reduction: An Empirical Longitudinal Study Summary: Using Danish registers for a 1980 birth cohort of 29,944 males with parental information and following up these cases for 24 years, the study considers four paradigms of crime reduction (parental child-rearing, structural factors around adolescence, locality and individual resources). Focusing on offenders with first-time convictions for shoplifting (n=1,778), for violence (n=1,585) and for burglary (n=1,208), all four paradigms made a contribution to risk of first time offending for all three crimes. The counter factual analysis indicated that a focus on structural issues within a society may have more widespread benefits, but the assumed causal links need to be further explored. The use of population registers, under controlled conditions, provides an important window on criminal careers. Details: Copenhagen: Danish National Centre for Social Research, 2008. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: 03:2008 WORKING PAPER: Accessed July 11, 2013 at: http://www.sfi.dk/publications-4844.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=90&PID=10056 Year: 2008 Country: Denmark URL: http://www.sfi.dk/publications-4844.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=90&PID=10056 Shelf Number: 129365 Keywords: Cohort StudiesCriminal CareersDelinquency PreventionJuvenile OffendersParenting (Denmark) |
Author: Francis, Brian Title: Understanding Criminal Careers in Organised Crime Summary: Organised crime is a dangerous and constantly evolving global phenomenon (Europol, 2011). In recent years the Home Office has made considerable efforts to combat this threat under the auspices of its national strategy Local to Global: Reducing the Risk from Organised Crime (HM Government, 2011). A significant gap in the UK evidence base on organised crime is around the offending careers of serious and organised criminals. - provide a profile of the characteristics of offenders involved in organised crime in England and Wales; The aim of this study is to increase understanding of the criminal careers of organised offenders and, in doing so, inform the development of policy and law enforcement responses. The research aims to: - chart the criminal careers of organised crime offenders; and - establish whether offence-based risk factors can be identified that may support early identification of organised crime offenders. Details: London: Home Office, 2013. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Home Office Research Report 74: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246392/horr74.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246392/horr74.pdf Shelf Number: 131656 Keywords: Career CriminalsCriminal CareersCriminal HistoriesCriminal TrajectoriesOrganized Crime (U.K.)Risk Analysis |
Author: Mulford, Carrie Title: Criminal Career Patterns Summary: This bulletin discusses the criminal careers of offenders, specifically the links between offending patterns in adolescence and in adulthood. Many empirical studies have documented the prevalence (proportion of individuals who participate in crime at any given time) of offending in criminal careers. Most studies indicate that prevalence peaks in the teenage years (around ages 15-19) and then declines in the early 20s. Although most individuals self-report involvement in some form of delinquent or criminal behavior by early adulthood, official records from police contacts, arrests and convictions yield a much smaller prevalence estimate (about 20-40 percent depending on data source, follow-up period, and so forth). In self-reported crime, prevalence peaks in the early teens; according to official records, the peak occurs in later adolescence. These figures also vary by crime type, with minor crimes peaking earlier and serious crimes peaking later. In studies that provide information on offending across race and gender, the evidence tends to show that males and minorities (especially African-Americans) show an earlier and higher prevalence peak than females and whites. This publication summarizes Bulletin 2: Criminal Career Patterns by Alex R. Piquero, J. David Hawkins, Lila Kazemian, and David Petechuk, NCJ 242932, available at NCJRS.gov. Bulletin 2 is one in a series of bulletins prepared for Transitions From Juvenile to Adult: Papers From the Study Group on Transitions From Juvenile Delinquency to Adult Crime. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2014. 2p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 9, 2014 at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/242545.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/242545.pdf Shelf Number: 132430 Keywords: Criminal Careers |
Author: Crank, Beverly Title: The Role of Subjective and Social Factors in the Desistance Process: A Within-Individual Examination Summary: Many scholars examining desistance from crime have emphasized the importance of social factors in triggering the desistance process. Most notably, the work of Sampson and Laub (1993) focuses on the role of social bonds (e.g., marriage and employment), which serve as turning points in offenders' lives, while other scholars have emphasized other important social factors, such as antisocial peer influence (Stouthamer-Loeber, Wei, Loeber, Masten, 2004; Warr, 1998, 2002). However, missing from such works is the role of subjective factors (e.g., thinking patterns, expectations, self-identity) in the desistance process, despite evidence that changes in identity and other cognitive transformations promote desistance from criminal offending (Giordano, Cernkovich, & Rudolph, 2002; Maruna, 2001). Examining the combined role of subjective and social factors is important, because it may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the desistance process. Desistance researchers typically focus on one set of factors, while downplaying the other set of factors. Rarely have researchers examined the effects of social and subjective factors simultaneously (for exceptions, see Healy, 2010; Laub & Sampson, 2003; Morizot & Le Blanc, 2007). And even fewer attempts have been made to examine the interplay between social and subjective factors (for exceptions, see LeBel, Burnett, Maruna, & Bushway, 2008; Simons & Barr, 2012). Further, there is a special need to examine the impact of change in subjective and social factors on the desistance process using withinindividual analyses (Farrington, 2007; Horney, Osgood, & Marshall, 1995; Kazemian, 2007). Thus, research on desistance is advanced in the current study in the following three ways. First, the influence of both subjective and social factors on desistance are considered, within the same statistical model. Second, this study is based on within individual analyses. Third, the interplay between subjective and social factors is explored in this study, including mediation and moderation (interaction) effects. Data used in the current study are drawn from the Pathways to Desistance study (see Mulvey, 2004), following serious adolescent offenders for seven years - from mid-adolescence through early adulthood. The theoretical, policy, and research implications of the findings are discussed Details: Atlanta: Georgia State University, 2014. 180p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=cj_diss Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=cj_diss Shelf Number: 133903 Keywords: Criminal CareersDesistance from CrimeSocial BondsSocial ConditionsSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Smith, Russell G. Title: Responding to organised crime through intervention in recruitment pathways Summary: A multifaceted strategy is required to effectively combat organised crime. A key element of preventing and responding to organised criminal activity is to target how individuals become involved in illicit activities and to develop effective methods of preventing their recruitment. Using prior research into the methods used by organised crime groups to identify potential targets or confederates, and individuals' motivations to seek or agree to participate in criminal activity, a framework is presented that identified key recruitment pathways together with some strategies that would make recruitment and engagement less effective. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 473: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/tandi473.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/tandi473.pdf Shelf Number: 133961 Keywords: Criminal CareersOrganized Crime (Australia) |
Author: Long, Iain W. Title: Recruitment to Organised Crime Summary: Organised crime is unique within the underground economy. Unlike individual criminals, criminal organisations can substitute between a variety of inputs; chiefly labour and effort. This paper considers the effect of several popular anti-crime policies in such an environment. Using a profit maximisation framework, I find that certain policies may cause the organisation to reduce its membership in favour of more intensive activity. Others may lead to increases in membership. Consequently, policies designed to reduce the social loss suffered as a result of criminal activities may actually increase it. Results prove robust to differences in hiring practices on the part of the criminal organisation. Details: Cardiff: Cardiff Business School, 2013. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. E2013/10: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://business.cardiff.ac.uk/sites/default/files/E2013_10.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://business.cardiff.ac.uk/sites/default/files/E2013_10.pdf Shelf Number: 133960 Keywords: Criminal CareersGangsOrganized Crime (U.K.) |
Author: Long, Iain W. Title: The Storm Before the Calm? Adverse Effects of Tackling Organised Crime Summary: Policies targeted at high-crime neighbourhoods may have unintended consequences in the presence of organised crime. Whilst they reduce the incentive to commit crime at the margin, those who still choose to join the criminal organization are hardened criminals. Large organisations take advantage of this, substituting away from membership size towards increased individual criminal activity. Aggregate crime may rise. However, as more would-be recruits move into the formal labour market, falling revenue causes a reversal of this effect. Thereafter, the policy reduces both size and individual activity simultaneously. Details: Cardiff: Cardiff Business School, 2014. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. E2014/8: Accessed October 16, 2014 at: http://business.cardiff.ac.uk/sites/default/files/working-papers/E2014_8.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://business.cardiff.ac.uk/sites/default/files/working-papers/E2014_8.pdf Shelf Number: 133957 Keywords: Criminal CareersNeighborhoods and CrimeOrganized Crime (U.K.) |
Author: Myrstol, Brad A. Title: Recidivism in Alaska: A Longitudinal Perspective Summary: Study Objectives The primary objective of this study was to examine patterns of delinquent and criminal offending among youth who were admitted to, and subsequently released from, McLaughlin Youth Center's Transitional Service Unit (TSU), located in Anchorage, Alaska, between January 2003 and May 2013. More specifically, the study sought to assess variability in the frequency and intensity of offending among youth released from TSU, including patterns of offending following release from institutional custody, of those youth who: Had completed their treatment program while in residence at McLaughlin Youth Center; Had completed the transitional services program while in residence at McLaughlin Youth Center; and, Were released from institutional custody and had begun the process of reentry into their communities. Group-based trajectory models (GTM) were used to test for previously unrecognized developmental patterns in youth offending prior to institutional release, as well as patterns of reoffending following institutional release. Underlying the developmental approach adopted were two fundamental assumptions. First, it was assumed that youth offending, like other behavioral processes, evolves over time and follows a developmental trajectory. Second, it was also assumed that as with other behavioral phenomena, it was likely that there would be meaningful subgroups within the population, groups that followed distinct developmental trajectories. More precisely, the project's specific empirical aims were to: 1. Determine whether or not TSU youth exhibited distinct offending trajectories; 2. Identify such number of distinct trajectories if multiple trajectories were found to exist; 3. Specify the shape (functional form) of such trajectories; 4. Estimate the probability of membership in the distinct trajectory groups identified; 5. Determine the specific demographic composition and offending characteristics of each trajectory group; 6. Estimate the influence of demographic characteristics on trajectory group membership; and, 7. Assess the effect of participation in TSU on the offending trajectories of youth released from TSU. Details: Anchorage: Alaska Justice Statistical Analysis Center, University of Alaska Anchorage, 2014. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2015 at: http://www.jrsa.org/pubs/sac-digest/documents/ak_ajsac_tsu_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.jrsa.org/pubs/sac-digest/documents/ak_ajsac_tsu_report.pdf Shelf Number: 134620 Keywords: Criminal CareersJuvenile OffendersJuvenile to Adult Criminal CareersRecidivism |
Author: Aase, Kjersti N. Title: Desistance from crime. How much can be explained by life course transition? Summary: Objectives: Previous studies have argued that marriage, parenthood and employment are important factors that lead to desistance from crime. However, the effects of these events only apply to those experiencing them and do not necessarily explain why the majority of desisters stop offending. In this research note, we discuss how large a proportion of desisters experience these transitions. Methods: We describe changes in the lives of those who have stopped offending. We use data from a total population sample of all registered male offenders in Norway who committed at least five crimes in the past five years, and none thereafter (N=4963 persons). We report relevant life events from five years before until five years after the last recorded crime. Results: Of those who terminated their criminal career, 10 percent got married, 22 percent had a child, and 31 percent increased the number of months they were employed. In total, 47 percent experienced at least one of these events. Conclusions: While marriage, parenthood and employment are central to life course criminology, the majority of those who terminate a criminal career do so for other reasons. Details: Oslo: Statistics Norway, Research Department, 2014. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper, No. 791: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/204709?_ts=14984a7ecb0 Year: 2014 Country: Norway URL: http://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/204709?_ts=14984a7ecb0 Shelf Number: 135552 Keywords: Criminal CareersDesistance Employment Life Course Criminology Marriage Parenting |
Author: Mastrobuoni, Giovanni Title: Criminal Careers and Criminal Firms Summary: This study presents new evidence on that nature of criminal careers. Criminologists have studied and described "criminal careers" for over 80 years, beginning with 500 Criminal Careers, the landmark 1930 Glueck and Glueck study documenting the lives of the residents of a Massachusetts juvenile reform school. Our view of criminal careers differs from this long standing and esteemed research, much of which builds on Blumstein et al. (1986) and is recently reviewed in Piquero et al. (2013), in the sense that we will use the framework of labor economics to provide structure to our description of men who engage in robbery in Milan during the early 2000s. Our approach builds on the field of the "Economics of Crime" (Becker, 1968), where criminal behavior is assumed to respond to incentives, much like the behavior of workers and firms. This does not imply that only incentives matter; sociological and psychological factors are likely to matter as well but are not going to be discussed in this study. The contribution of this chapter follows from the comparative advantage that economists have in the quantitative analysis of large data sets derived from administrative records, as well as a clear understanding of concepts like endogeneity, causality, efficiency, incentives, opportunity cost, and general equilibrium. The questions we shed light on are also classics in economics: what is the relationship between age, nationality, or education and labor market entry, job mobility, or retirement? How do periods of unemployment affect future labor market activity? Does experience increase human capital, or are their simply high and low quality workers? We will use economic and econometric reasoning to think about recidivism and victim selection, and will also compare the distribution and productivity of "firms" in the robbery industry with basic facts about "legal firms" in the United States. The ultimate goal of our efforts is to derive sound policy implications that might improve the social wellbeing. There are four social "goods" that are derived from arrest, conviction, and incarceration. First, punishment deters potential criminals by increases the cost associated with criminal behavior. Second, incarceration in particular can physically prevent crime by removing offenders from society. Third, the experience of punishment can have a specific deterrent effect on established criminals, causes them to update their beliefs about the disutility associated with future punishments. Finally, knowing that a criminal has been punished provides non-criminal members of society with a sense of justice or, less diplomatically, vengeance for the committed offenses. In addition to describing the anatomy of criminal careers in Milan, we will also evaluate the extent to which governments in Milan are allocating their scarce resources in a way that achieves these goals. We address these old questions in economics and criminology in a new way, using two sources of administrative data from criminal justice agencies in Milan - the Questura di Milano and records of Dipartimento di Amministrazione Penitenziaria. Both data sources are used to highlight observed characteristics of robbers, and their robberies, that are associated with particularly destructive and socially harmful offenses, and also what characteristics are associated with harsher punishments. If judges assigned sentences in such a way that, in equilibrium, equated the marginal benefit of crime to its marginal cost, we would expect that characteristics that are associated with costly robberies are also associated with harsher punishments. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/Report%202.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Italy URL: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/Report%202.pdf Shelf Number: 135619 Keywords: Criminal CareersEconomics of CrimePunishmentRobberiesRobbers |
Author: Wang, Wei Title: Conventional capital, criminal capital, and criminal careers in drug trafficking Summary: Although the criminal career paradigm has explored various crime types, little effort has been conducted to systematically examine the pattern of drug trafficking careers. Ethnographic studies on drug trafficking have proposed that different forms of capital have an impact on the patterns of drug trafficking careers. The effects of conventional and criminal capital, however, have been the subject of much less empirical attention. Drawing from information on the criminal careers of 182 incarcerated drug traffickers, this study examines the role of conventional and criminal social capital on three dimensions of the criminal career perspective: the timing of entry into the illicit drug trade, the entry positions as a type of criminal achievement that traffickers first obtain in the drug distribution chain, and the progression of trafficking careers. Results suggest that weak conventional capital (e.g. legitimate employment) is associated with the early onset into trafficking careers. An offer coming from a friend or family member to enter the trade and self-initiation trigger the early onset. High levels of both criminal human (skills) and criminal social (contacts) capital are linked to starting at the most prestigious positions in the trade. In addition, criminal social capital is the most important factor to predict the progression of trafficking careers, while legitimate employment negatively affects the progression. Limitations and policy implications are discussed. Details: Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, 2013. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 5, 2015 at: http://summit.sfu.ca/item/13633 Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://summit.sfu.ca/item/13633 Shelf Number: 136343 Keywords: Criminal CareersDrug Trafficking |
Author: Durose, Matthew R. Title: Multistate Criminal History Patterns of Prisoners Released in 30 States Summary: Examines the multistate criminal history patterns of persons released from prisons in 30 states in 2005 and the characteristics of released prisoners whose criminal careers are in one or multiple states. This report also discusses the differences between prisoner recidivism rates based on national criminal history records and those rates based only on criminal history records from within the state that released the prisoner. In addition, the report looks at factors affecting the likelihood of prisoners being arrested in another state following release. Findings are based on prisoner records from BJS's National Corrections Reporting Program and on criminal history records from the FBI and state repositories. Highlights: A quarter (25%) of the released prisoners had at least one prior out-of-state-arrest. For the majority of prisoners (75%), pre-release criminal records did not include arrests outside the state where they served time.„„ The percentage of released prisoners who had prior arrests in multiple states varied widely across each of the study's 30 states.„„ The average age of multistate offenders prior to release was 39, while the average age of the pre-release single-state offenders was 34.„„ Within 5 years of release, 1 in 9 (11%) released prisoners were arrested at least once outside of the state that released them.„„ The likelihood of the prisoners being arrested out of state following release increased with the volume of out-of-state arrests in their prior criminal history, Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report: Accessed September 25, 2015 at: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mschpprts05.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mschpprts05.pdf Shelf Number: 136885 Keywords: Career Criminals Criminal CareersCriminal History Records Re-arrest |
Author: Gould, Chandre Title: Beaten Bad: The life stories of violent offenders Summary: In this monograph, readers will meet some of the men who are responsible for violent crime in South Africa. The narratives presented here are based on interviews with men who have been incarcerated for murder, robbery and rape. These accounts show that the foundation for their criminal careers was laid early in their lives and compounded by their experiences of loss, abuse and alienation. Readers are taken on a journey through their lives to understand why crime in South Africa is so violent, and what needs to be done to prevent it. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: ISS, 2015. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Monograph Number 192: Accessed January 13, 2016 at: https://www.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono192.pdf Year: 2015 Country: South Africa URL: https://www.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono192.pdf Shelf Number: 137575 Keywords: Criminal Background Criminal CareersViolent Offenders |
Author: Mungan, Murat C. Title: Gateway Crimes Summary: Many who argue against the legalization of marijuana suggest that while its consumption may not be very harmful, marijuana indirectly causes significant social harm by acting as a "gateway drug," a drug whose consumption facilitates the use of other, more harmful, drugs. This article presents a theory of "gateway crimes", which, perhaps counter-intuitively, implies that there are social gains to decriminalizing offenses that cause minor harms, including marijuana-related offenses. A typical gateway crime is an act which is punished lightly, but, because it is designated as a crime, being convicted for committing it leads one to be severely stigmatized. People who are stigmatized have less to lose by committing more serious crimes, and, therefore, the criminalization of these acts increases recidivism. Thus, punishing "gateway crimes" may generate greater costs than benefits, and this possibility must be kept in mind when discussing potential criminal justice reforms. This "gateway effect" does not require that, but, is strongest when, people underestimate, or ignore, either the likelihood or magnitude of the consequences associated with being convicted for a minor crime. Therefore, - if potential offenders in fact underestimate expected conviction costs - this theory not only implies previously unidentified benefits associated with decriminalizing acts that cause questionable or minor harms, but also benefits associated with making the costs associated with convictions more transparent. Details: Arlington, VA: George Mason University, Antonin Scalia Law School, 2016. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 16-36 : Accessed September 2, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2827880 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2827880 Shelf Number: 140113 Keywords: Criminal CareersDrug AbuseGateway EffectsMarijuanarecidivism |
Author: Centre for Social Justice Title: A Woman-Centred Approach: Freeing vulnerable women from the revolving door of crime Summary: Much of our female prison population can be traced to state failure and social breakdown. Successive governments have failed to firmly grip the issue of female offending. It is the sort of social problem that a government committed to reform can and should tackle. As many other report authors - including Baroness Corston - have concluded: there is a way forward. However, it will take a clear commitment from the current Government, future governments, and Parliament if real progress is to be made. The remedies and proposals that we set out do not need huge new funding commitments, nor significant new legislation. They are, rather, a question of political will. An exclusive survey of Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) conducted by the CSJ for this report establishes that there is real appetite for taking a new approach to female offenders among this group of locally elected criminal justice leaders: - 81 per cent of PCCs recognise there is clear evidence in favour of trauma-informed and gender-specific programmes in criminal justice; - 89 per cent of PCCs believe they have a pivotal role to play in transforming the approaches to female offenders and reducing recidivism; - 74 per cent of PCCs believe that the Government's Female Offender Strategy should allow for PCCs to take greater ownership of the female offender cohort; - 74 per cent of PCCs believe that they could commission better services for female offenders and those at risk of offending than the centre; and - 93 per cent of PCCs believe they could help leverage other funding sources and convene partners to help improve outcomes for the female offender cohort. Building on the results of the survey, we call on Government to adopt ten key recommendations to help transform the approach to women offenders, to improve outcomes, reduce crime and improve community safety. - Recommendation 1: Government should create a new Criminal Justice Transformation Fund for Women, recognising the need to develop a funding pool against which Police and Crime Commissioners can seek capital and revenue funding to support the provision of high quality community-based services for women at risk of offending. - Recommendation 2: Government should suspend plans for Community Prisons for Women and allocate the $50 million capital expenditure to the Criminal Justice Transformation Fund, to support the development of capacity and infrastructure for women in the community - Recommendation 3: Government should redirect a sum equivalent to the Core Allowance of Universal Credit into the Transformation Fund for Women, creating almost $15 million of additional annual funding. This should be used to support high quality community based-programmes, helping move women offenders and women at risk of offending away from crime and dependency towards employment and independence. - Recommendation 4: Government should commit to ensure that as the women's prison population declines and cost-savings are realised, 50 per cent of those savings should be allocated to the Justice Reinvestment component of the Criminal Justice Transformation Fund for Women. - Recommendation 5: Government should encourage PCCs and the philanthropic sector to leverage other funds at a local level. Government should implement an evaluation of the Fund and conduct a Feasibility Study to consider the potential for the Fund to be outcome-based, helping leverage additional social funding and promoting the more effective use of limited resources. - Recommendation 6: Police and Crime Commissioners, working with local Women's Centres and other partners, should develop a package of accommodation, monitoring, supervision and rehabilitation measures that can be attached to Community and Suspended Sentence Orders. This would provide sentencers with a credible and evidenced alternative option for offenders, helping prevent unnecessary imprisonment of female offenders and achieving better outcomes. - Recommendation 7: Government should ensure that the National Probation Service is placed under a positive obligation to understand the range of services available locally for women offenders and ensure that, in relation to female offenders, reasons why referral to such services would or would not be appropriate should be provided to sentencers. - Recommendation 8: Government should build on our proposals with pilots for problem-solving courts - making use of judicial monitoring - to focus and drive improved outcomes in relation to drug-addicted female offenders. Government should also welcome applications from PCCs to pilot services for female offenders that could replace the current CRC provision for female offenders. - Recommendation 9: Government should ensure that every woman with an identified financial need should leave prison with access to a minimum of the Core Allowance of Universal Credit, helping reduce crime and reinforcing the pro-social expectation of resettlement into the community. Details: London: Centre for Social Justice, 2018. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2018 at: https://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/core/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/A_Woman-Centred_Approach_CSJ_web.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/core/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/A_Woman-Centred_Approach_CSJ_web.pdf Shelf Number: 149733 Keywords: Criminal CareersFemale InmatesFemale OffendersFemale PrisonersWomen Offenders |
Author: Matthews, Ben Title: Criminal careers and the crime drop in Scotland, 1989-2011: an exploration of conviction trends across age and sex Summary: Rates of recorded crime have been falling in many countries in Western Europe, including Scotland, since the early 1990s. This marks the reversal of a trend of increasing levels of crime seen since the 1950s. Despite this important recent change, most analyses of the 'crime drop' have focused on recorded crime or victimisation rates aggregated to national or regional level. It is little known how patterns of offending or conviction have changed at the individual level. As a result it is not known how the crime drop is manifest in changing offending or conviction rates, or how patterns of criminal careers have changed over this period. The aim of this thesis is to explore trends in convictions across a number of criminal careers parameters - the age-crime curve, prevalence and frequency, polarisation and conviction pathways - over the course of the crime drop in Scotland. The results presented here are based on a secondary analysis of the Scottish Offenders Index, a census of convictions in Scottish courts, between 1989 and 2011. Analysis is conducted using a range of descriptive statistical techniques to examine change across age, sex and time. Change in the age-crime curve is analysed using data visualisation techniques and descriptive statistics. Standardisation and decomposition analysis is used to analyse the effects of prevalence, frequency and population change. Trends in conviction are also examined between groups identified statistically using Latent Class Analysis to assess the polarisation of convictions, and trends in the movement between these groups over time provides an indication of changing pathways of conviction. This thesis finds a sharp contrast between falling rates of conviction for young people, particularly young men, and increases in conviction rates for those between their mid-twenties and mid-forties, with distinct periods of change between 1989- 2000, 2000-2007 and 2007-2011. These trends are driven primarily by changes in the prevalence of conviction, and result in an increasingly even distribution of convictions over age. Analysis across latent classes shows some evidence of convictions becoming less polarised for younger men and women but increasingly polarised for older men and women. Similarities in trends analysed across latent classes between men and women of the same age suggest that the process driving these trends is broadly similar within age groups. Increases in conviction rates for those over 21 are explained by both greater onset of conviction and higher persistence in conviction, particularly between 1998 and 2004. The results of this thesis suggest that explanations of the crime drop must have a greater engagement with contrasting trends across age and sex to be able to properly explain falling conviction rates. These results also reinforce the need for criminal careers research to better understand the impact of recent changes social context on patterns of convictions over people's lives. The distinct periods identified in these results suggest a potential effect of changes in operation of the justice system in Scotland leading to high rates of convictions in the early 2000s. However, the descriptive focus of this analysis and its reliance upon administrative data from a single country mean this thesis cannot claim to definitively explain these trends. As a result, replication of this research in another jurisdiction is encouraged to assess whether trends identified are particular to Scotland. Details: Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2017. 364p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 25, 2018 at: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/25810 Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/25810 Shelf Number: 150375 Keywords: Crime StatisticsCrime TrendsCriminal CareersCriminal Convictions |
Author: Blokland, Arjan Title: Profielen van Nederlandse outlawbikers en Nederlandse outlawbikerclubs Summary: The criminal careers of members of Dutch outlaw motorcycle clubs and their supportclubs: a study using conviction data Decisive action against criminal outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMG's) ranks high on the Dutch criminal justice agenda since 2012. Nevertheless, the number of OMG-chapters in the Netherlands, and presumably therefore the number of Dutch OMG-members, has rapidly increased over the last couple of years. This rise was accompanied by an increase in the number of official support clubs or puppet clubs as well. There are reasons to believe that these support clubs are not only used as incubators for new OMG-members, but also to lend a hand in criminal activities and to provide leverage in intergang conflict. The current study aims to describe the (officially registered) criminal behavior of OMG- and support club-members. This research builds on previous research into the criminal careers of Dutch OMG-members by using official data on the conviction histories of 1.617 police-identified OMG-members, and 473 members of support clubs. Results show that the vast majority of OMG- and support club-members is convicted at least once. Convictions often also pertain to serious crimes. Several criminal trajectories can be distinguished, of which some are characterized by a rather high level of convictions during the adult years. Profiles of Dutch outlaw bikers: a latent class analysis The Netherlands are confronted with a rapid growth of the outlaw biker subculture. On theoretical grounds it is expected that such a steep increase is accompanied by radicalization of the outlaw biker milieu, and an increasing number of OMG members involved in organized crime. Expansion also leads to increased rivalry between OMG's, further contributing to radicalization by making membership attainable to those motivated by other sentiments than a love for motorcycles. In a partial test of these explanations the current study examines the nature of the crimes committed by OMG- and support club-members, and whether, based on combinations of different types of offenses, meaningful criminal career types can be distinguished. Results show that in OMG's and support clubs different criminal career types can be distinguished, but that these criminal career types are not the same in OMG and support clubs. Over one third of Dutch OMG-members exhibits a criminal career type that is indicative of radical sentiments. Among support club-members a criminal career type is found that is characterized by violence. Crime amongst Dutch outlaw motorcycle gangs Crimes by outlaw motorcycle gangs are a source of concern for the Dutch police and local authorities. Since 2012, OMG's have therefore been subjected to a whole-of-government approach, targeting in principle every Dutch OMG. Spokesmen of OMG's have opposed to this approach on the grounds that it indiscriminately and unjustly puts all OMG's on the same level. Based on a sample of 1617 police-identified members of Dutch OMG's, the current study paints a quantitative picture of the extent to which Dutch OMG's are involved in various types of crime. By distinguishing between common club-members and club leaders, Dutch OMG's can be placed along the club/gang-continuum proposed by Barker (2007; 2015). Results show that Dutch OMG's differ in both the percentage of ever convicted members, as well as the average extent of these members' criminal records Details: Apeldoorn;: University of Leiden, Law School, 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b324baabe80ePW101.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands URL: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b324baabe80ePW101.pdf Shelf Number: 150701 Keywords: BikersCriminal CareersGangsMotorcycle GangsOrganized CrimeRadicalization |
Author: van Koppen, M.S. Title: Doorgroeiers in de misdaad: De criminele carrieres en achtergrondkenmerken van jonge daders van een zwaar delict Summary: Young perpetrators of a serious crime often face serious and diverse problems in the family and at school. Nevertheless, the combination of problems among these young people is not by definition a precursor to a growth in serious crime. Only a small part of this group actually grows into the serious crime. This is shown by research by the VU University Amsterdam among more than 1,000 young perpetrators. The research was carried out in collaboration with the Police Unit Amsterdam and Youth Protection Region Amsterdam on behalf of the Research Program Police and Science. There appears to be only a limited number of distinguishing characteristics between stoppers and career groups. The later growers have more debt and use more soft drugs than stoppers. The contact with Youth Protection is also difficult and involves a negative prognosis at the end of their treatment process. The reason for the research was the often-heard hypothesis that a new generation of young criminals in Amsterdam has grown into serious crime. They have been known for years by emergency services and police, but have nevertheless become serious criminals. In this study, the criminal careers of more than 1000 young perpetrators of a serious offense were studied, who were first suspected in 2000 of a serious violent crime or an offense for which a prison sentence of at least 9 years can be imposed. They are young people who were between 12 and 30 years old in 2000 and who lived in Amsterdam. Subsequently, all antecedents up to and including 2013 that preceded the serious offense were identified. The research shows that only a small part of this group actually grows into the serious crime. Which young perpetrators of a serious offense grow into serious crime and which do not? Some of the young people were accompanied by Youth Protection at a young age, because there were serious concerns about their development. Based on the Youth Protection Files, an exploratory analysis has been carried out into the distinguishing characteristics of 50 career groups and 49 stoppers. This shows that both groups are characterized by serious problems in the family and at school. Many of them grew up in families with financial problems in which little structure was offered and in which young people could not always count on loving involvement of their mother or father. At school, behavioral problems were often signaled and there was a lot of absenteeism. Relatively many of these young people left school prematurely. Although these problems do not in themselves predict whether a young perpetrator stops or continues to grow in crime, the combination of problems can. Early school leaving, soft drug use and having bad friends are together predictive of growing into serious crime. Young people in whom the supervision by Youth Protection Region Amsterdam was less flexible, could, as it were, be flagged as risky and had a greater chance of growing into serious crime. (Google Translation) Details: Apfeldoorn: Politie & Wetenschap, 2017. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2018 at: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b32816483e81PW100.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Netherlands URL: https://www.politieenwetenschap.nl/cache/files/5b32816483e81PW100.pdf Shelf Number: 150709 Keywords: Criminal CareersJuvenile OffendersYoung Adult OffendersYouth Violence |