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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri

Time: 12:08 pm

Results for design against crime

53 results found

Author: Pease, Ken

Title: The Carbon Cost of Crime and Its Implications

Summary: The report documents the failure to assess the carbon footprint of crime and responses to crime, both nationally and globally and speculates on reasons for this omission. It reviews relevant literatures and notes the absence of recognition of the nexus between crime and carbon-profligate lifestyles. The writers contend that such recognition would profoundly influence social and criminal justice policy. The precise quantification of the carbon costs of crime is beyond the scope of this report, to say nothing of the competence of its writers. While precision is not a realistic aim given the previous apparent neglect of the topic, and revision of the preliminary estimates contained herein inevitable and welcome, nonetheless it seems clear that the direct carbon costs of crime are substantial and the consequential costs more so, to the point where it is difficult to envisage a high crime society being a low carbon society. Recognition of this would lead to a major shift in policy favouring primary crime prevention through the design, implementation and maintenance of products and services less prone to crime. The report tentatively and conservatively estimates the carbon cost of crime in England and Wales at an annual minimum of 6000000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Estimates up to six times that amount could be justified if the carbon cost of moving home were factored in, given that crime is cited as the primary reason for moving home. The costs of crime, both fiscal and carbon, would be a matter for regret rather than action were it not for the demonstrable success of schemes to design out crime, for example from residential environments. At current domestic burglary rates (expected to rise in response to economic recession) the marginal carbon cost of building a home to Secured By Design standards would be recovered within four years, given the observed reduction in a mix of offences associated with the implementation of such standards, and recent evidence about the long duration and increased magnitude of the crime reduction gains afforded by SBD. General implementation of such standards alongside other developments in predictive patrolling could serve to reduce carbon costs further, through a variety of routes from the greater longevity of police vehicles by diminished instant response demands through to reduced court and criminal justice costs. The scope for further improvement in designing out crime from environments seems considerable, and an intensive programme of research to explore avenues for advance is advocated. This is not merely justified in itself, but is important for crime reduction to take its place in the greening of social policy generally. Ecological economics seeks to maximise the use of raw materials, and crime prevention through environmental design provides one means of giving effect to that principle whose promise has already been identified and partially realised.

Details: London: Secured by Design, 2009. 25p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2011 at: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/The-Carbon-Cost-of-Crime.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/The-Carbon-Cost-of-Crime.pdf

Shelf Number: 122647

Keywords:
Costs of Crime
Design Against Crime
Situational Crime Prevention

Author: Cozens, Paul

Title: The Relevance and Importance of Designing Out Crime to Design Schools and Design Companies in Australia

Summary: This research was an enquiry into ‘the state of play’ concerning the knowledge and use of product design in Australia to reduce crime via Designing Out Crime approaches. The objectives of the research were to: · evaluate current knowledge and awareness of Designing Out Crime ideas in the product design arena in Australian product design companies and design schools to establish background information on which future work could be based, and; · organise a national design competition in which participants designed products to reduce crime using Designing Out Crime principles to gain understanding of the cutting edge of Designing Out Crime activity, and to promote Designing Out Crime and the work of the WA Office of Crime Prevention in reducing crime via product design. The research involved four stages: 1. A literature review involving the collection and analysis of published information about the status of Designing Out Crime policies, projects and programs in Australia and the UK. This provides a resource and basis for comparative assessment of DOC understanding and skills in Australia using the UK as a reference. 2. A survey questionnaire was developed and distributed to design companies identified by their web presence, the Yellow Pages and the Design Institute of Australia. The survey was also distributed to University design schools across Australia. The questionnaire was used to investigate the level of awareness, practice and enthusiasm for DOC in Australia. 3. A brief analysis of products vulnerable to theft and vandalism. 4. A design competition (the Design Out Crime Awards’08) and website (www.docawards.org) were created to gather some examples of the current ‘state of play’ in DOC, to manage the entry process and to promote Designing Out Crime approaches across Australia. The research adds to the body of knowledge by investigating whether Designing Out Crime is known, understood, practiced and taught to any meaningful extent in Australia. The findings are significant because they provide the Office of Crime Prevention with an overview of the current state of play to guide crime prevention strategies, policy and practice and future research. They help target the best opportunities for funding research to reduce crime, for example, for reducing the opportunities for crime for specific products.

Details: Perth: Western Australia Office of Crime Prevention, 2009. 31p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 8, 2011 at: http://www.designoutcrime.org/publications/DOC-Product%20DesignReport.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.designoutcrime.org/publications/DOC-Product%20DesignReport.pdf

Shelf Number: 122678

Keywords:
Crime Prevention (Australia)
Design Against Crime
School Crime
School Security

Author: ECR Europe

Title: Packaging Design for Shrinkage Prevention

Summary: The purpose of this report is to provide guidance on how retailers and their suppliers can work together to identify and minimise the risk of shrinkage through the better design of product packaging. The fundamental role of packaging is to deliver every product to the consumer in perfect condition at minimum cost and environmental impact. However, in order to achieve this goal, retailers and manufacturers often face competing challenges and tensions concerning the way in which products should be packaged, not least relating to the growing needs for sustainability, the differing and frequently competing demands of various parts of the supply chain as well as the need to apply product protection devices. It is estimated that shrinkage costs the industry globally as much as €174 billion1, with a further €34.8 billion being spent on trying to respond to it. In addition, the knock-on effect on out of stocks and defensive merchandising could be costing another €17 billion a year. Taken together, if the average retailer could reduce their shrinkage by just 25 per cent they could see their profits grow through reduced costs and increased sales by as much as 18 per cent.

Details: Brussels: ECR Europe, 2010. 50p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://ecr-all.org

Year: 2010

Country: International

URL: http://ecr-all.org

Shelf Number: 122883

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Employee Theft
Retail Theft
Shoplifting

Author: ECR Europe Shrinkage Group

Title: The Impact and Control of Shrinkage at Self-Scan Checkouts

Summary: This study aimed to contribute to the debate concerning the potential impact self-scan checkouts may have on retail shrinkage. It adopted a multi-method approach: retailer case studies, a survey of self-scan supervisors, and interviews with self-scan technology companies, loss prevention practitioners and product protection providers. Key findings are: • Limited evidence from the retail case studies suggested that the introduction of self-scan technologies had little or no impact on levels of shrinkage. One retailer found that manned checkouts operators are three times more likely to not scan an item than a customer using self scan. • A survey of 955 self-scan supervisors did not identify widespread concerns about customers abusing this system, with the majority not having caught anybody stealing through this method nor suggesting that the non-scanning of items was widespread. • The research identified the need for retailers to create ‘zones of control’ within which self-scan checkouts operate to ensure that potential thieves perceive it to be both difficult to steal and that it was highly likely that if they did offend, they would be caught. • These zones of control should be created through careful design (where possible creating a separate self-scan space, controlling the movement of customers and limiting means of entrance and exit) and generating overt forms of surveillance (supervisors and other staff constantly being highly visible and near to customers; the use of CCTV and public view monitors and technological monitoring through till-based alerts and alarms). • Where possible one supervisor should be responsible for a maximum of four self-scan checkouts – this maximises their ability to be vigilant and to effectively respond to customer queries and system alarms and alerts. • Certain elements of self-scan systems should be reviewed, including: o the number of alerts generated compared with the ability of staff to act as ‘guardians of control’; identification of products that persistently create scanning problems for customers (barcode not reading) and ameliorative action taken (either by the retailer or through negotiation with the product manufacturer); review of location of the receipt function; improved customer notification of change, including location of scoop; review of loose item description interface; and how discount vouchers are handled and verified. • Training of self-scan supervisors is critical – they need to be aware of the importance of maintaining vigilance and keeping in close proximity to customers. They also need to be aware of all the well-known self-scan scams. • The providers of product protection equipment need to work much more closely with the manufacturers of self-scan technologies to ensure that the current problems being experienced with devices such as EAS tags (false alarms because customers are not deactivating tags consistently) can be addressed. • There is a need for further research to understand the level of losses being experienced through traditional checkouts to better understand whether the levels of loss are similar or indeed higher than those occurring through self-scan checkouts. • The emerging nature of self-scan technology and the growing public acceptance of, and familiarity with, suggests that this subject should be reviewed in years to come to see if levels of abuse are the same level.

Details: Brussels: ECR Europe, 2011. 64p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://ecr-all.org

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://ecr-all.org

Shelf Number: 122884

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Retail Theft
Shoplifting

Author: Clarke, L., Gilbertson, A., eds.

Title: Addressing Crime and Disorder in Public Places Through Planning and Design

Summary: Dealing with crime (including terrorism) and disorder in public places is high on the public’s agenda. However, consideration of the complex issues involved may only start when construction is complete and operation starts. At that point many issues will be considered by operators and facility managers/maintainers. If these issues are considered in the early design stage they can be incorporated into the design. This guide considers how the issues may be considered at the planning and design stages to assist a successful outcome in operation. The guide also provides easily accessed information about parties to be consulted and notes the complexity and interplay of the issues. Detailed information is provided about the issues and case study examples are included to demonstrate decision making in action.

Details: London: CIRIA, 2011. 82p.

Source: Internet Resource: CIRIA C710: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://www.ciria.org/service/Web_Site/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?Section=Web_Site&ContentID=20843 (summary only): full report: http://www.bcsc.org.uk/media/downloads/CIRIAC710-AddressingCrimeAndDisorder.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://www.ciria.org/service/Web_Site/AM/ContentManagerNet/ContentDisplay.aspx?Section=Web_Site&ContentID=20843 (summary only): full report: http://www.bcsc.org.uk/media/downloads/CIRIAC710-AddressingCrimeAndDisorder.pdf

Shelf Number: 122885

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Public Space

Author: Ekblom, Paul

Title: Final report WPA2 of ‘Bike Off 2 – Catalysing Anti Theft Bike, Bike Parking and Information Design for the 21st Century

Summary: This is the report on one of the Work Packages of the Bikeoff 2 project, funded by AHRC/EPSRC Design for the 21st Century. WPA2 is about „Standard generation through application of CCO framework‟. The standards in question apply to secure bicycle parking facilities. CCO – the Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity – is a conceptual framework for providing a unified theoretical map of immediate causes of criminal events, and an equivalent map of preventive interventions intended to block, weaken or divert those causes. The interventions can be created and implemented through products, places and communications which are deliberately designed to influence the causes of crime. In the present case the events and the interventions relate to bicycle parking, but the framework is generic. The output of WPA2 is intended to complement guidance obtained from a compilation of existing secure cycle parking experience, under WPA1, as modified by public contributions from a user Wiki. In fact, the wider aim, of which WPA2 is a preparation, is to compare design recommendations obtained from the two sources, the one theoretical, the other experiential. More details are in the introduction. The relevant section of the project application (April 2006) states: This project aims to generate a ‘Secured By Design” standard for bicycle parking and in so doing test Ekblom’s model of the ‘Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity’ as an appropriate framework for standard generation. To deliver this research the work packages will identify and generate standards, using different methodologies, in order to evaluate the efficacy of the standards, and the ‘fitness for task’ of the methodologies that generated them. The standards we generate will be combined to provide a definitive ‘Secured By Design’ standard for cycle parking. The definitive standard will be evaluated and ‘evolved’ by potential users, such as engineers, designers, cycle parking specifiers and providers and cyclists (users of that the facilities the standard seek to inform). The present report describes the process of adapting the CCO framework – quite significantly as it transpired – to fit in with the demands of the design process (and designers‟ ways of thinking). The purpose of the adapted framework was twofold: first, to develop a systematic method of crime risk analysis that was suited to the design field; and second, to translate the identified risks into the design recommendations which constitute the output of this work package. Part 1 introduces the approach to crime prevention evolving within the Design Against Crime Research Centre at Central Saint Martin‟s College of Art & Design, University of the Arts, London; and in particular, how this approach involves activity at a number of different levels, from preventive operations aimed at tackling crime at specific sites to developing innovative capacity to transfer to designers. It then describes the Bikeoff project within this context, sets the scene for the current Work Package, discusses the concept of standards and guidelines, and reviews sources of knowledge for developing designers‟ capacity, including CCO (as a „digest‟ of theory) and experience (as from reviews of existing designs). Part 2 sets out the CCO approach to crime prevention and design as it was at the start of the current project – CCO Classic. It first shows how CCO originated as a means of unifying crime prevention theories and classifying diverse practice, and ended up as a dual conceptual framework for mapping out the immediate causes of criminal events and the corresponding intervention principles that serve to prevent them. Key ideas are introduced covering Situational Crime Prevention, causal mechanisms (how crimes happen and how interventions work) and the importance of context. This is followed by an account of how in principle CCO can guide Design Against Crime and why it seems well-suited to the task; and how it came to be used, and tested, in the Bikeoff project. That process of bringing a theoretical criminological framework together with design and designers in fact caused CCO to evolve in several significant ways, documented next. These modifications included combining CCO with additional concepts such as crime „scripts‟ and moving from the consideration of crime in general to that of different kinds of crime risk, handled by the Misdeeds & Security framework. (These developments have more general implications for some of the traditional tenets and assumptions of Situational Crime Prevention.) To distinguish this new version from CCO Classic, this became known as CCO Dynamic. During the development process it also became clear that the scope of the Work Package, originally aimed at producing CCO standards, in fact would only meaningfully deliver CCO-based guidance. Part 3 describes how CCO Dynamic was applied to the task of generating guidance for securing bike parking furniture and facilities. It covers the overall procedure for generating design guidance using CCO Dynamic; the development of the underlying framework for analysing the risks; the development of the framework for the response to that risk, namely for design guidance; and finally the complete prescriptive design guidance output. Part 4 supplies a brief conclusion. How CCO performed in generating guidance for bike parking security, in comparison with the designers‟ experience (so-called „Best of Breed compilation), is reported in a subsequent document (WP4).

Details: London: University of Arts London, 2009. 135p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 8, 2011 at: http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/2174/1/WPA2_Ekblom_Jan_09_CCO.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL: http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/2174/1/WPA2_Ekblom_Jan_09_CCO.pdf

Shelf Number: 123267

Keywords:
Bicycle Theft
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime

Author: Armitage, Rachel

Title: The Impact of Connectivity and Through-Movement within Residential Developments on Levels of Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour

Summary: This briefing note focuses upon the impact of levels of connectivity and through-movement (within residential housing developments) on levels of crime and anti-social behaviour (ASB). The note is one of a series of themed papers which reports the findings from a collaborative project funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of residential design on a range of crime types – with a specific focus on housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. It should be highlighted that although this briefing note is designed as a summary document, the findings and recommendations are based upon a seven month project conducted by a consortium of universities including experts within the field of designing out crime, statistical modelling, urban design and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The project was overseen by an expert Steering Group who ensured that the research was conducted to the required standards in terms of independence and methodological rigour. The main aim of the research was to establish which features of residential design impact upon crime (either positively or negatively) and whether these design features are those being promoted as good practice within planning policy and guidance. In terms of connectivity and through-movement, this includes questions such as:  Are culs-de-sac safer than through roads?  Are some cul-de-sac designs safer than others?  Can footpaths be included within a development without increasing crime risks?  How safe are gated developments? Recent and imminent changes in both planning policy and policing provision, increase the importance of ensuring that research findings are conveyed in a clear and comprehensible format. Practitioners (with increased workloads and reduced numbers) and newly formed community and locally based bodies need to be able to extract the relevant implications and apply these to proposed developments within their area. For this reason, this series of briefing notes will not dwell on the complex research methodology or detailed analysis; rather it will focus upon the key recommendations for policy and practice.

Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2011. 12p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20The%20Impact%20of%20Connectivity.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20The%20Impact%20of%20Connectivity.pdf

Shelf Number: 123660

Keywords:
Anti-Social Behavior
Design Against Crime
Geographical Information Systems
Situational Crime Prevention (U.K.)
Urban Design

Author: Armitage, Rachel

Title: The Impact of the Design and Layout of Car Parking on Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour

Summary: This briefing note is one of a series of themed papers which reports the findings from a collaborative project funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). This note focuses upon the impact of the design and layout of car parking on crime and anti-social behaviour (ASB) within residential housing. The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of residential design on a range of crime types – with a specific focus on housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. It should be highlighted that although this briefing note is designed as a summary document, the findings and recommendations are based upon a seven month project conducted by a consortium of universities including experts within the field of designing out crime, statistical modelling, urban design and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The project was overseen by an expert Steering Group who ensured that the research was conducted to the required standards in terms of independence and methodological rigour. The main aim of the research was to establish which features of residential design impact upon crime (either positively or negatively) and whether these design features are those being promoted as good practice within planning policy and guidance. In terms of car parking, this includes questions such as:  Are properties with garages safer than those without?  Where garages cannot be provided, what is the safest form of parking?  How safe is underground parking?  What impact are planning policies designed to remove the car from the street scene having upon crime and ASB? Recent and imminent changes in both planning policy and policing provision, increase the importance of ensuring that research findings are conveyed in a clear and comprehensible format. Practitioners (with increased workloads and reduced numbers) and newly formed community and locally based bodies need to be able to extract the relevant implications and apply these to proposed developments within their area. For this reason, this series of briefing notes will not dwell on the complex methodology or detailed analysis; rather it will focus upon the key recommendations for policy and practice.

Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2011. 7p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20Car%20Parking%20on%20Crime%20and%20Anti-Social%20Behaviour.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20Car%20Parking%20on%20Crime%20and%20Anti-Social%20Behaviour.pdf

Shelf Number: 123661

Keywords:
Anti-Social Behavior
Automobile Theft
Design Against Crime
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Parking Facilities
Residential Homes
Situational Crime Prevention (U.K.)
Urban Design

Author: Armitage, Rachel

Title: Assessing the Impact of Residential Design on Crime: A Guide to Conducting Case Studies

Summary: This briefing note aims to guide the reader through the task of conducting a case study to assess the impact of residential design on crime. It is part of a series of themed papers which report the findings from a collaborative project funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of residential design on a range of crime types – with a specific focus on housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. This research was commissioned by two agencies (Home Office and CABE) who were interested in updating the evidence base on the impact of residential design on crime and to ensure that future policy and guidance reflected the findings of a comprehensive and up to date study. The research itself was conducted by an independent consortium of academics with expertise in conducting research yet with no vested interest in the outcome of the study. Although this is an ideal scenario, recent budget cuts have limited the likelihood of agencies such as police, local authorities or Registered Social Landlords (RSLs) being in a position to outsource research. For this reason, this briefing note is designed to guide the reader through the task of conducting a case study. It looks at issues such as sample selection, data collection and analysis as well as problems and issues which may arise. It is hoped that practitioners can use this as a guide to conduct their own research and to inform the planning and development of residential areas to minimise crime risks.

Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2011. 7p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20Conducting%20a%20Case%20Study.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20Conducting%20a%20Case%20Study.pdf

Shelf Number: 123662

Keywords:
Case Studies
Design Against Crime
Residential Areas
Situational Crime Prevention (U.K.)

Author: Sahoo, Smita

Title: Exploring "Transparent Security": A Case Study of the Alachua County Courthouse Entrance Lobby in Gainesville, Florida

Summary: This study explores the how courthouse lobby design affects end users’ behavior, perception and cognitive judgments about personal security, as well as their impressions about the effectiveness of the lobby’s security systems. This study’s hypothesis contends that transparent security can actually make users feel less secure and less safe than conventional, or “visible,” security measures such as physical barriers, visible cameras [CCTVs], or security guards. It is based on two crimerelated theories— Routine Activity and Rational Choice —which tell us that when low risk of detection or apprehension accompanies a suitable crime target, offenders are more likely to commit a crime. But does transparent security also affect the perceptions of legitimate users? This study aims to answer that question by examining how legitimate users perceive personal safety and security within environments that employ transparent security strategies. An additional aim was to assess how well the courthouse designers’ intentions—that is, the creation of a lobby that is both secure and friendly—were relayed to the public. The study was conducted in three parts—first, determining the designers’ intentions in planning the courthouse lobby, second, conducting a pre-study that analyzed the reality of the courthouse lobby design, and finally, surveying 100 lobby users to assess user perceptions and cognitive judgments about built environments that employ transparent security strategies. After analyzing the study’s data with a series of the paired sample t-tests, results support the study’s hypothesis that areas with invisible security (transparent security) can actually make users feel less secure and less safe than areas with visible security. Henceforth, we are likely to believe that the original design intent of creating a lobby that is both secure and friendly was not entirely achieved. While most users perceived the space as open and friendly, several areas were seen as unsecured. This pilot study filled a knowledge gap by providing evidence about how transparent security strategies affect end users’ cognitive judgments, and also contributed to the body of crime prevention literature as a whole.

Details: Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 2006. 144p.

Source: Master's Thesis. Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013391/sahoo_s.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013391/sahoo_s.pdf

Shelf Number: 123744

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Rational Choice Theory
Routine Activities

Author: Great Britain. Home Office

Title: Protecting Crowded Places: Design and Technical Issues

Summary: The UK faces a significant threat from international terrorism. The current assessed threat level to the UK can be found on the MI5 website1 where more information can also be found on what threat levels mean, who decides the level of threat and how the threat level system is used. Whilst there have been attacks against well protected targets around the world, experience shows that crowded places remain an attractive target for terrorists who have demonstrated that they are likely to target places which are easily accessible, regularly available and which offer the prospect for an impact beyond the loss of life alone (for example, serious disruption or a particular economic/political impact). The purpose of this guide is to give advice about counter-terrorism protective security design to anyone involved in the planning, design and development of the built environment from the preparation of local planning policy to the commissioning, planning, design and management of new development schemes through to detailed building design. Whilst it draws largely on good practice examples from England and refers to legislation that applies to England, this guide will be of interest to the Devolved Administrations. This guide will also be of interest to designers/architects, town planners, engineers, highway engineers and police Counter-Terrorism Security Advisers (CTSAs) and Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs). It will also be of interest to those who have responsibility for ongoing management and maintenance of public spaces and streetscapes and to conservation officers in the context of development in Conservation Areas. The guide gives practical advice on how best to incorporate counter-terrorism protective security measures into proposed new development schemes whilst ensuring that they are of high design quality. The advice that is set out is generic and cannot address the plethora of varying circumstances and degrees of risk which apply to different facilities. Consideration should first be given to the relevance of such measures and whether or not they can be appropriately achieved through the planning system in any particular case. If so, the measures should be appropriate, proportionate and balanced with other relevant material considerations. The aim of the guide is to equip the reader with a better understanding of the links between the counter-terrorism dimension of crime prevention and the built environment, so that reducing the vulnerability of crowded places to terrorist attack can be tackled in an imaginative and considered way. The guide is not a manual to be applied by rote or a substitute for using skilled designers.

Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/counter-terrorism/crowded-places/design-tech-issues?view=Binary

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/counter-terrorism/crowded-places/design-tech-issues?view=Binary

Shelf Number: 124283

Keywords:
Counter-Terrorism
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Terrorism (U.K.)

Author: Liedl, Claudia

Title: Top-down vs. Bottom-up: Does a top-down approach bear more advantages than a bottom-up approach within the implementation process of housing security projects?

Summary: In March 2004 the European Commission enacted a legal act in order to manifest crime prevention within the European Union. This act aimed at the prevention of domestic burglary, violent crime and high-volume crime. The Council Decision of May 2001 stated that crime prevention covers all measures that are intended to reduce or otherwise contribute to reducing crime and citizens' feeling of insecurity, both quantitatively and qualitatively, either through directly deterring criminal activities or through policies and interventions designed to reduce the potential for crime and the causes of crime. It includes work by government, competent authorities, criminal justice agencies, local authorities, specialist associations, the private and voluntary sectors, researchers and the public, supported by the media (Europea - Summaries of EU legislation, 2006). This is a very broad definition of crime prevention; this study does only focus on a small part of it. The case study carried out in this thesis comprises two projects based on the crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) theory. In the study two CPTED projects (a German and a Dutch one) which deal with housing security are investigated. As they are already evaluated by other scholars this will not be the purpose of the study. This thesis compares the two ways of implementing a project 􀍴 bottom-up and top-down 􀍴 and therefore deals with the research question whether a top-down approach bears more advantages than a bottom-up approach within the implementation process of housing security projects.

Details: Twente: University of Twente, Centre for European Studies, 2011. 94p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed July 27, 2012 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/61106/1/BSc_B_Liedl.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Europe

URL: http://essay.utwente.nl/61106/1/BSc_B_Liedl.pdf

Shelf Number: 125792

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Domestic Burglary
Housing Security (Germany, Netherlands)

Author: Armitage, Rachel

Title: Re‐evaluating Secured by Design (SBD) Housing In West Yorkshire

Summary: The report presents the findings of a re‐evaluation of SBD housing within West Yorkshire conducted between January and March 2009. The research builds upon the original evaluation of SBD housing in West Yorkshire, which was conducted in 1999. The project utilised a variety of methods to collect the data presented within the report. These were:  A review of the literature relating to SBD and the principles upon which it is based;  An analysis of police recorded crime on three separate samples. The aim of this section of the report was to establish whether SBD estates experience less crime than their non‐SBD counterparts. 1) SBD Versus West Yorkshire (16 SBD developments compared with West Yorkshire as a whole); 2) Same Street Analysis (11 developments which contained both SBD and non‐SBD properties) and 3) Matched Pairs Analysis (16 SBD and 16 non‐SBD matched pairs located as close as possible to each other.  An analysis of self‐reported crime, disorder and fear of crime on 16 SBD and 16 non‐SBD matched pairs in an attempt to establish whether SBD residents experience less self reported experiences, fears and perceptions of crime and disorder than their non‐SBD counterparts.  Visual audits at 16 SBD and 16 non‐SBD sites in an attempt to establish whether SBD estates experience less visual signs of disorder than their non‐ SBD counterparts.  Re‐visiting a sample of two developments from the original (1999) evaluation to establish whether the performance of SBD has improved, deteriorated or remained the same. The results were extremely positive with the findings from each strand of the analysis suggesting that SBD developments outperform their non‐SBD counterparts in terms of the reduction of crime, fear of crime and visual signs of disorder.

Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2009. 101p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2012 at: http://www.fldoca.com/meeting/Re-evaluating-SBD-Housing-in-West-Yorks.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.fldoca.com/meeting/Re-evaluating-SBD-Housing-in-West-Yorks.pdf

Shelf Number: 125950

Keywords:
Design Against Crime
Disorder and Crime
Housing
Neighborhoods and Crime
Secured by Design (U.K.)
Situational Crime Prevention
Urban Areas

Author: Nottingham City Homes

Title: The ‘Secure Warm Modern’ Programme in Nottingham: Decent Homes Impact Study: Crime Report

Summary: The Broxtowe and Bells Lane estates were some of the first areas to have all their single glazed windows replaced with double glazed 'secured by design' windows in 2008/09. This was done as part of the Secure, Warm, Modern programme. The first part of the Decent Homes Impact Study has been to look at how this has affected the level of burglary on these estates, and found: • Burglaries have reduced by 41% since the Secure work was completed, compared to a 21% reduction across the city as a whole • There are now 62 fewer burglaries per year to NCH properties, compared to 33 fewer burglaries to non-NCH properties within the estates • There is less burglary via a window to NCH properties where the new windows have been fitted. The level of burglaries that occur by forcing a window has halved since the windows were fitted • Residents report that they feel safer in their homes since the windows were replaced. They also find that their home is warmer, has less condensation and is quieter • Residents and officers working in the area have noticed a difference on the estates- it looks cleaner, better and makes the area feel like it is valued.

Details: Nottingham, UK: Nottingham City Homes, 2010. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2012 at: http://www.nottinghamcityhomes.org.uk/documents/modern_warm_secure/impact_studies/ntu_crime_report.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.nottinghamcityhomes.org.uk/documents/modern_warm_secure/impact_studies/ntu_crime_report.pdf

Shelf Number: 125976

Keywords:
Burglary
Design Against Crime
Housing and Crime
Situational Crime Prevention (U.K.)

Author: Smith, Chloe

Title: Grippa Evaluation Trial Strategy: Iteration One Report

Summary: The relationships between disorder, crime and alcohol have been widely researched and represent a complex and multifaceted set of interactions (Richardson & Budd, 2003). Several themes have emerged demonstrating associations between alcohol and assault (Mattinson, 2001); alcohol and burglary (Bennett & Wright, 1984); and, alcohol and domestic violence (Leonard, 2004). The current research deviates from this and examines associated problems in venues that sell alcohol. In particular, it considers the problem of licensed premises as what Clarke and Eck (2003) refer to as ‘risky facilities’ and what contributes to this status. In the United Kingdom, perhaps more so than other European countries, ‘public house culture’ is an ever increasing phenomena in terms of both popularity and business (Jackson et al. 2000). In terms of criminogenic characteristics, licensed premises have the clear potential to both generate crime, as large numbers of people congregate within them, and attract crime as offenders will quickly learn about venues which offer good opportunities for crime with acceptable risks of detection. In contrast to other types of locations at which people congregate, alcohol can play a contributory role in enhancing victimisation risk, lowering victims awareness of security, and potentially reducing offender’s perceptions of risk or their consideration of it. The aim of the current research was to examine the impact on crime of a crime prevention intervention implemented in a licensed environment. Before discussing the intervention, a brief review of the research literature concerned with those factors that contribute to the risk of victimisation will be presented with a particular focus on crime in bars.

Details: London: Jill Dando Institute of Crime and Science University College London, 2005. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2012 at: http://www.grippaclip.com/wp-content/uploads/Grippa-Phase-1-Report.pdf

Year: 2005

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.grippaclip.com/wp-content/uploads/Grippa-Phase-1-Report.pdf

Shelf Number: 125993

Keywords:
Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder (U.K.)
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Risky Facilities
Taverns, Bars, Pubs

Author: Fischman, Allison

Title: Reconciling Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and Walkability Factors for Safe, Active Trips to School: The Role of School Site Size, Placement and Design

Summary: Obesity is a growing threat to child health, and active transportation through walking and biking to school is one way to reduce its prevalence. As school districts and local governments begin to coordinate planning for the location of new schools, the ability of children to walk and bike to school is receiving greater attention. With increased media focus on school shootings and terrorist attacks, child safety at and around schools is also receiving greater attention than ever before. More and more school districts and local governments are employing the theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in development regulations and school facilities plans. This research analyzes the largely unexplored effects of the implementation of CPTED mechanisms on public health, specifically its effects on walkability and the potential for children's active transport to school. In this study, a methodology set forth by Steiner et al. (2008) is used to determine the potential for children to walk and bicycle to school in a sample of sixteen elementary schools in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Results from the walkability analysis are then compared to the results of a CPTED survey to identify and explore any relationship(s) between walkability and the presence of CPTED-related elements. The study has three research components: (1) analysis of the potential for children to walk to school based on a variety of measures for a sample of elementary schools; (2) analysis of the presence and location of CPTED-related elements at and around the sample school sites; and (3) comparison of the potential for walkability to the presence of CPTED-related elements and identifying any relationship(s) or interaction. There is considerable variation, but results generally do not support a clear answer to the question of how CPTED and walkability interact at school sites and in surrounding neighborhoods, this study presents an initial methodology for exploring the issue. A more refined methodology may help researchers and practitioners better understand facilitators and impediments to active transportation among children. With this information, planners will be more knowledgeable about the effects of CPTED on walkability and will be able to make informed recommendations to improve CTPED-influenced policies. Also, school facilities planners and officials will be better informed about these effects and can use the information to help maximize the potential for safe, active trips to school.

Details: Gainesville, FL: Department of Urban and Regional Planning; College of Design, Construction, and Planning; University of Florida, 2009. 115p.

Source: Dissertation: Library Resource, Available at Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Acc. # 126075.

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 126075

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Evaluative Studies
School Safety

Author: Monchuk, Leanne

Title: Re-evaluating the Secured by Design (SBD) scheme 10 years on

Summary: Secured by Design (SBD) is an award scheme which aims to encourage housing developers to design out crime at the planning stage. The scheme is managed by the Association of Chief Police Officers Crime Reduction Initiatives Limited (ACPO CPI Ltd.) whilst the day-to-day delivery of the scheme is conducted by Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) or Crime Prevention Design Advisors (CPDAs) working for individual police forces throughout the United Kingdom. The scheme sets standards for compliance which developments must meet to be awarded SBD status. This paper presents the findings of research conducted over a ten-year period (1999 to 2009) into the effectiveness of the SBD scheme as a crime reduction measure. Utilising a variety of methods, the research aims to establish whether residents living within SBD developments experience less crime and fear of crime than their non-SBD counterparts. Whether SBD developments show less visual signs of crime and disorder than their non-SBD counterparts, and finally, whether properties built to the SBD standard are able to sustain any crime reduction benefits over a ten-year period.

Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield.

Source: Presentation: Available at Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Acc. # 126076.

Year: 0

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 126076

Keywords:
Design Against Crime
Disorder and Crime
Housing
Neighborhoods and Crime
Secured by Design (U.K.)
Situational Crime Prevention
Urban Areas

Author: Apps, Joel

Title: Residential Burglary in Guelph: Looking at the Physical and Social Predictors of Break and Enters

Summary: The rate of residential break and enters in Canada has been declining according to official statistics, but has increased according to self reports of victims. Since the 1970s, considerable attention has been given to preventing break and enters by altering the physical environment. However, studies that assess the effects of physical design have produced mixed results. The data for this study were drawn from Guelph Police Service break and enter records, and property site assessments were performed using Google Earth and Street View. Drawing from rational choice and routine activities perspectives, physical and social features of burgled and non-burgled single detached dwellings were assessed to determine which features predicted break and enter victimization. Results suggest little empirical support for place-based crime prevention strategies such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.

Details: Guelph, ONT: University of Guelph, 2012. 133p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed September 21, 2012 at: http://dspace.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/3866/ETD%20submission%20Apps,%20Joel.pdf?sequence=1

Year: 2012

Country: Canada

URL: http://dspace.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/3866/ETD%20submission%20Apps,%20Joel.pdf?sequence=1

Shelf Number: 126393

Keywords:
Breaking and Entering
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Design Against Crime
Residential Burglary (Canada)

Author: MIT Senseable City Lab

Title: New Energy for Urban Security: Improving Urban Security Through Green Environment Design

Summary: UNICRI, in collaboration with the SENSEable City Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has implemented a research project aimed at helping policymakers to design and implement effective urban security, crime prevention and criminal justice policies based on sustainable urban design. The project includes assessing the impact of sustainable urban design on the security and rule of law in contemporary cities. Within the framework of the project, the Institute published the report New Energy for Urban Security: Improving Urban Security through Green Environmental Design.

Details: Turin, IT: UNICRI; Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. 67p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2012 at: http://www.unicri.it/news/2011/1104-2_urban_security/110414_CRA_Urban_Security_sm.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://www.unicri.it/news/2011/1104-2_urban_security/110414_CRA_Urban_Security_sm.pdf

Shelf Number: 126886

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Urban Areas
Urban Security

Author: Mora, Pilar

Title: Towards a Strategy of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in the City of Masaya, Nicaragua

Summary: This research project studies the influence of the built environment on criminal behaviour, and on people's behaviour because of their fear of crime, in a commercial corridor of the city of Masaya, Nicaragua. The report presents an analysis of the area under study from the perspective of safety. The goal of this project is to explore to what extent a specific strategy on crime prevention which is Crime Prevention Through Environmental Desiang - CPTED - can be applied in that context.

Details: Montreal: McGill University, School of Urban Planning, 2008. 124p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2012 at: http://gim.ucs.inrs.ca/fran/PDF/Mora-2008.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: Nicaragua

URL: http://gim.ucs.inrs.ca/fran/PDF/Mora-2008.pdf

Shelf Number: 126888

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Nic
Design Against Crime
Fear of Crime
Urban Areas
Urban Crime

Author: Jusiewicz, David Joseph

Title: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Crime Free Multi Housing In Arlington, Texas

Summary: The purpose of this study is to measure and compare calls for service at the apartment communities participating in the Crime Free Multi-Housing Program in the belief that a reduction in calls for service should translate to a reduction in crime. The review of the existing data is a cross-sectional, pre/post study of secondary data using calls for service. This method is preferred as it will represent the actual number of calls handled at each surveyed apartment community. Therefore, the conclusions provided with this data are not based on a complex statistical manipulation rather it provides a snap shot and serves as an early indicator to the body of knowledge of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) so that others may follow and continue the research. It is evident from the data that the implementation of the CPTED principles and the apartment community participation in the Crime Free Multi-Housing Program is correlated with the decline in calls for service.

Details: Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington, 2011. 71p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 20, 2012 at: https://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/9582/Jusiewicz_uta_2502M_11349.pdf?sequence=1

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: https://dspace.uta.edu/bitstream/handle/10106/9582/Jusiewicz_uta_2502M_11349.pdf?sequence=1

Shelf Number: 126934

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Housing

Author: Alvarado, Camila

Title: Crime in College Park: Understanding Crime Levels, Perceptions, and Environmental Design in an Off-Campus Student-Occupied Neighborhood

Summary: Despite recently decreasing crime rates in College Park, fear of crime remains high. Additionally, while the crime rate on the University of Maryland campus is relatively low compared to the national average, crime in off-campus areas continues to be a problem. Crime mapping using spatial analysis techniques allowed the researchers to identify Old Town College Park as a student-occupied, off-campus residential area with a relatively high rate of larcenies, burglaries, and robberies. Through a longitudinal case study, quantitative and qualitative data about crime and students' perceptions of crime in the target were collected. These data were used to identify trends in how the rate of crime and perception changed in response to the implementation of CCTV cameras in Old Town. These data were also used to identify the correlation between crime level and the existing environmental design of the neighborhood's housing properties.

Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2011. 181p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis, Gemstone Team Crime Prevention and Perception: Accessed November 24, 2012 at: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/11391

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/11391

Shelf Number: 126984

Keywords:
Camera Surveillance
Closed-Circuit Television
Colleges and Universities
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Fear of Crime
Neighborhoods and Crime
Off-Campus Housing

Author: Pease, Ken

Title: Home Security and Place Design: Some Evidence and Its Policy Implications

Summary: In August 2011 the National Housing Federation stated that ‘rises in private rental sector costs, increased social housing waiting lists, price booms and a 'chronic under-supply' of new homes that has seen 105,000 built in England in 2011, threaten to plunge the market into an 'unprecedented crisis', Housing Minister Grant Shapps promised ‘… despite the need to tackle the deficit we inherited, this government is putting £4.5 billion towards an affordable homes programme which is set to exceed our original expectations and deliver up to 170,000 new homes over the next four years. 'The Government aims to reduce the regulatory burden and where possible the cost of development for house builders. This commitment takes a number of forms, including a ‘one in one out policy’ where any increase in regulation in one area must be matched by a decrease in another, with an explicit approach of ‘regulation as a last resort’. In 2013 additional regulatory burdens are to fall on house builders. These will have to be offset somehow. The Home Office has already signalled its unwillingness to offer offsetting deregulation. Complementing the aspiration to reduce nationally imposed regulation is the localism agenda. The core policy aspiration to create a ‘Big Society’ focuses attention on the generation of local structures and associations. Policy almost always involves a trade-off between, on the one hand, personal and organisational freedom and on the other, longer-term social objectives; between the freedom of mothers to dispense bags of chips through school railings at lunchtime and the long-term health costs of the obesity epidemic; between freedom from security checks and possible terrorist action. The trade-off between freedom in place design and consequent crime represents such a dilemma. Security has a cost at the point of build or refurbishment. Such benefits as it may confer come later. The means by which such benefits may best be conferred require discussion. This report attempts to discuss the benefits (direct and indirect) against the costs, and (given that security is concluded to have benefits), to decide how these benefits may be realised.

Details: Leicester, UK: Perpetuity Research & Consultancy International (PRCI) Ltd, 2011. 49p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2013 at: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/Home-Security-and-Place-Design.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.securedbydesign.com/professionals/pdfs/Home-Security-and-Place-Design.pdf

Shelf Number: 127917

Keywords:
Burglary
Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Home Security (U.K.)

Author: Yang, Xiaowen

Title: Exploring the Influence of Environmental Features on Residential Burglary Using Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis

Summary: With the help of Geographic Information Systems and statistical tools, this dissertation intends to (a) explore the spatial and temporal patterns of burglary, (b) examine the correlation between burglary and environmental variables, and (c) identify specific features of the physical environment that contribute to burglary in general and to repeat burglary and “near repeat burglary” in particular. We hypothesize that some environmental variables such as accessibility, house location on the block, and adjacent land uses have strong contributions to burglary, repeat burglary, and “near repeat” burglary propensity, despite sociodemographic neighborhood differences. To test this hypothesis, this empirical research uses a case study approach and analyzes data from the Gainesville, Florida, Police Department for residential burglaries from January 2000 to December 2003.

Details: Gainesville, FL, University of Florida, 2006. 210p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf

Shelf Number: 129665

Keywords:
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPT
Design Against Crime
Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
Neighborhoods and Crime
Repeat Victimization
Residential Burglary (U.S.)

Author: Design Council

Title: Reducing Violence and Aggression in A&E through a Better Experience

Summary: Working with designers and the NHS, the Reducing violence and aggression in A&E: Through a better experience Design Challenge sought to address non-physical aggression and hostility towards staff by improving the A&E experience. A multi-diciplinary design team led by PearsonLloyd produced three design solutions: The People solution, The Guidance solution and a design toolkit. The Guidance and People solutions were installed and piloted at two A&E departments: Southampton General Hospital and St George's Hospital, London. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out by Frontier Economics and ESRO to test their impact which found: - 75% of patients said the improved signage reduced their frustration during waiting times - Threatening body language and aggressive behaviour fell by 50% post-implementation - For every $1 spent on the design solutions, $3 was generated in benefits

Details: London: Design Council, 2011. 153p., 9p. summary

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2014 at: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/AE_evaluation_summary_1.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/AE_evaluation_summary_1.pdf

Shelf Number: 131851

Keywords:
Aggression
Design Against Crime
Hospitals

Author: Townsley, Michael

Title: Crime in High-Rise Buildings: Planning for Vertical Community Safety

Summary: The aim of this research is to inform housing and planning policy development by exploring the variation in types and volumes of crime in a range of existing high-density communities. By analysing actual rates and types of crime, building management styles and perceptions of fear of crime, the research will reveal how policing and high-rise building management styles can coalesce to create safer vertical communities. The methodological approach was multi-method, comprising quantitative analysis, in depth interviews, a systematic observational instrument and resident surveys. The research was partitioned into three separate studies, each differentiated by the corresponding data sources and methodological approach. Qualitative analyses of police recorded crime incidents (Study 1) showed a high degree of concentration of crimes in a small proportion of high-rise buildings. This pattern was observed regardless of crime type or time of year. Building characteristics were examined and it was found that residential tenure appeared to have a relationship with the amount of crime recorded at the building level. Buildings with long-term residents recorded the lowest levels of crime, on average. Buildings with short-term tenancies (holiday apartments, hotels) had the next highest, and buildings with mixed tenure (both long and short term tenancies) recording the highest levels of crime. The second study took a subsample of high-rise buildings and used an observational protocol to make ratings about place management, guardianship, and physical security. The most notable finding was that unlike findings internationally, place management and active guardianship did not appear to be positively correlated. That is, theory would suggest that locations with high levels of active guardianship should also have high levels of place management, but we did not observe this at the buildings in our sample. Strong positive correlations between place management and territoriality, image and physical security were observed. The third study involved interviewing residents, police officers, and building managers with a focus on the relationship between perceptions of safety and high-rise living. The findings indicated that the tenure and design aspects of the buildings had a significant influence upon perceived safety and security. Buildings of mixed tenures (short term or holiday letting and longer term residential) were most vocal in discussing the challenges of security and safety. Importantly, design and building management alone are not the sole panacea and individuals also had to take responsibility for considering their safety and security within high density environments.

Details: Canberra: Criminology Research Advisory Council, 2013. 142p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2014 at: http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/1314/29-1112-FinalReport.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.criminologyresearchcouncil.gov.au/reports/1314/29-1112-FinalReport.pdf

Shelf Number: 132492

Keywords:
Building Security
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Physical Security

Author: Gibbs, Stephen

Title: Applying the Theory and Techniques of Situational Criminology to Counterinsurgency Operations: Reducing Insurgency through Situational Prevention

Summary: This research introduces and adapts the 25 techniques of Situational Crime Prevention for use in counterinsurgency operations. These techniques are based on a set of powerful theories within the fields of Environmental and Situational Criminology. Situational Prevention is a strategy that addresses specific crimes, or insurgent activity, by managing, designing, and manipulating the environment in a manner that seeks to increase the risk to the insurgent, while reducing the insurgent's potential reward for committing the act. The 25 techniques offer a practical means to apply these theories to the reality of counterinsurgency operations. Use of the 25 techniques would expand the repertoire of preventive countermeasures, and enable a security force to intervene in the causal chain events to prevent or reduce the occurrence of insurgent violence and crime. These techniques originate from five core principles: increasing effort, increasing risk, reducing rewards, removing excuses, and reducing provocations.

Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. 77p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=21247

Year: 2010

Country: International

URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=21247

Shelf Number: 133612

Keywords:
Counter-terrorism
Counterinsurgency
Design Against Crime
Situational Crime Prevention

Author: Brown, Radhika

Title: Getting Safety on Track. Expanding Edmonton's LRT Design Guidelines to Improve Women's Perceptions of Safety at Transit Stations

Summary: People base their travel choices on their perceptions of personal safety in environments such as transit stations. Women are more likely to perceive public spaces as threatening and they use public transit more than men, to access fundamental needs such as employment, childcare, education and healthcare. Effective design can reduce crime and fear by creating defensible spaces that assert ownership, and offer opportunities for natural surveillance. This is the underlying concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). Creating transit stations that make users feel safe could potentially increase use of public transit among women, particularly at off-peak hours. Identifying elements that affect women's feelings of safety in suburban (non-central) surface LRT stations in Edmonton can guide future station development, and reduce experiences of fear in existing stations for a safer and more inclusive transit system. The aim of this study is to determine how the City of Edmonton can better address women's safety in suburban (non-central) surface LRT stations through expanding their existing design guidelines to incorporate both CPTED guidelines as well as additional elements addressed by the safety audit checklist provided in the City of Edmonton's Safety Audit Guide for Crime Prevention (2000). The main questions guiding research are: 1. In what ways do the City of Edmonton's existing LRT Design Guidelines for Edmonton Transit System (ETS) incorporate CPTED guidelines, if at all? 2. What are the similarities and differences between the CPTED guidelines and the criteria that enhance safety in public spaces as noted in the Safety Audit Guide for Crime Prevention developed by the City of Edmonton, which is based on the Metropolitan Action Committee on Violence Against Women and Children (METRAC) Women's Safety Audit Guide? 3. How can the City of Edmonton's LRT Design Guidelines be expanded to enhance women's safety at above-ground suburban light-rail transit stations? The research involved a review of the published literature on gendered fear of crime in public spaces, the relationship of the built environment to perceptions of safety, and situational crime prevention. This was followed by a document review of the City of Edmonton's LRT Design Guidelines for Edmonton Transit System (ETS) (2011), as well as CPTED guidelines from the existing literature. A safety audit was undertaken using the a slightly modified version of the Checklist of Safety Audit for Crime Prevention in the City of Edmonton's Safety Audit Guide for Crime Prevention (2000). The key CPTED principles of natural surveillance, territorial definition, compatible building placement, and building form formed the broad framework under which the specific concerns addressed by the safety audit were classified. The findings of the safety audits conducted at Clareview and Century Park stations showed that there had been some, but not full, integration of CPTED principles in the design and upkeep of these stations. The newer Century Park station benefitted from the transparency resulting from the extensive use of glass in the building, and offered better natural surveillance opportunities than the older Clareview station which used concrete and had no windows on the lower level. Century Park was also noticeably better-maintained than Clareview, where signs of vandalism, disrepair, and poor maintenance contributed to feelings of insecurity. Both stations were fairly isolated at night, due to lack of activity-generating land uses in the immediate area of the station. The findings of the safety audit emphasize the importance of natural surveillance and territorial definition (maintenance and defensibility of space) in creating feelings of safety in transit users. Recommendations were formulated based on the findings of the safety audits: Conduct safety audits at all LRT stations. The results of these safety audits could then inform the design of future LRT stations in the expanding network, and provide a CPTED framework that is better tailored to the specific opportunities and challenges of the Edmonton transit system.

Details: Kingston, ONT: School of Urban and Regional Planning, Queen's University, 2013. 77p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 13, 2014 at: http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/8328/1/Brown_Radhika_201309_MPL.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Canada

URL: http://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/8328/1/Brown_Radhika_201309_MPL.pdf

Shelf Number: 134081

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Design Against Crime
Fear of Crime
Transit Crime (Canada)
Transit Safety
Transportation Security

Author: Dennis, Stephen

Title: Evaluation and Crime Prevention: An Investigation of Evaluation and Monitoring of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Initiatives in New Zealand

Summary: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) has become an increasingly popular tool for local authorities to adopt in their effort to reduce and prevent crime. Scholars have drawn attention to the shortcomings of crime prevention approaches including the proliferation of negative side-effects, its adoption for political reasons, and its role in causing social exclusion, all of which undermine the credibility of such approaches. However, the effectiveness of CPTED is rarely questioned by practitioners who commonly consider that it is guaranteed to produce positive results. As such, the practice of evaluation is largely a forgotten process whereby its value to a more informed, ethical, and effective delivery of CPTED remains untapped. The purpose of this research was to investigate the evaluation and monitoring process of CPTED projects and initiatives by local authorities in New Zealand. This was achieved by adopting an interpretive-qualitative research approach in order to gain the views and opinions of those experienced with the use of CPTED. The findings of the research suggest that issues which undermine the effectiveness of CPTED exist in the New Zealand context including examples of negative side effects and the common perception among practitioners that results will always produce positive results. Unsurprisingly, the research found that evaluation remains a neglected element of CPTED delivery in New Zealand, however, practitioners illustrated that they were aware of the benefits that evaluation can provide. Importantly, the findings suggest that there is a growing interest in undertaking evaluation among New Zealand practitioners however a number of barriers and limitations restrict opportunities to do so. These barriers included reliability and availability of crime statistics, lack of knowledge, loss of knowledge, fear of failure, limited resources, and the importance of service delivery. This research has identified several ways in which CPTED evaluation can be facilitated and encouraged throughout New Zealand. This includes providing training for evaluation and including evaluation as a prerequisite of funding provision. Additionally, evaluation can be encouraged through the promotion of methods and measures which are sympathetic to the realities and restrictions that practitioners face in their daily routines. Finally, greater central guidance is required which could be facilitated through the establishment of a professional CPTED body and a centre for information providing access to research findings and information allowing practitioners to learn from past, and each other�s, experiences. Through these means a better indication of CPTEDs effectiveness can be gained. By facilitating the adoption of CPTED evaluation practitioners can work towards a more informed, effective, ethical, and sustainable delivery of CPTED throughout New Zealand.

Details: Dunedin, NZ: University of Otago, 2012. 158p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 18, 2014 at: http://otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/3971/DennisStephen2013MPlan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Year: 2012

Country: New Zealand

URL: http://otago.ourarchive.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/3971/DennisStephen2013MPlan.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Shelf Number: 134140

Keywords:
Built Environment
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Secured by Design

Author: Rosales, Agustin

Title: Design Practices and Products for Deterring Copper Wire Theft

Summary: Recent copper wire thefts throughout the state have had a serious impact on the operations of Caltrans� electrical infrastructure, including roadway lighting, changeable message signs, ramp meters and vehicle detection systems. District maintenance forces have not been able to keep up with the wire theft and other damages, and the damage to the infrastructure has negatively impacted the safety, operational and management capabilities of the districts. Caltrans has allocated approximately $50 million to wire theft repairs since the department began tracking this effort. When repairs are made, Caltrans tries to employ methods that will deter future wire theft at that site, such as burying pull boxes, installing theft-deterrent pull box covers, and using aluminum conductors (which have less value to thieves). Caltrans is interested in investigating new methods for deterring wire theft. To aid in this effort, this Preliminary Investigation aims to identify strategies used by other state DOTs to deter wire theft, as well as methods used by other industries (power utilities, railroads) that may be applicable to Caltrans� infrastructure. Deterring copper wire theft is a multifaceted initiative. While this Preliminary Investigation focuses on design practices and products that DOTs can implement directly, a November 2011 Preliminary Investigation, �Laws to Prevent Metal Theft and Recycling of Stolen Metals,� summarized key provisions of state statutes regarding metal theft across the country (see ttp://www.dot.ca.gov/newtech/researchreports/preliminary_investigations/docs/recycling_of_stolen_met als_pi_11-1-11.pdf).

Details: San Francisco: Caltrans Division of Research and Innovation, 2013. 34p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2015 at: http://www.dot.ca.gov/research/researchreports/preliminary_investigations/docs/copper_theft_pi.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: United States

URL: http://www.dot.ca.gov/research/researchreports/preliminary_investigations/docs/copper_theft_pi.pdf

Shelf Number: 129995

Keywords:
Copper Theft
Design Against Crime
Stealing
Stolen Metals

Author: Chaudhry, Peggy

Title: The Impact of Plain Packaging on the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

Summary: The illicit trade in consumer products is a dynamic problem with a global reach. Measuring the scale of this trade and the worldwide value of illicitly-traded products is inherently difficult given the illegal nature of this activity, but most accept that it has grown significantly over the last few decades. While the loss of tax revenue is the most measurable impact of illicit trade, other negative consequences center on: harm to consumers; damage suffered by intellectual property owners and legitimate supply chain members; and profits to organized criminal groups. Packaging is a critical deterrent to the counterfeiting of consumer products. Reflecting the challenges of measuring the scale of all global illicit trade, there are no reliable statistics for calculating precisely the size of the worldwide illicit tobacco problem. Some estimates suggest that around 10 to 11% of the global cigarette market is illicit, representing over 600 billion cigarettes a year. Cigarettes can be thought of as the 'ideal smuggled product' since the product is light, extremely valuable for its size and weight, and easy to transport and conceal in shipments of other products. There are various types of illicit tobacco products and the nature of this trade varies between markets. Some markets are mainly a source of illicit products, others are transit routes, and still others are destination markets for consumption. In this report, the serious illicit trade issues affecting the UK are used as a case study. Factors spurring the growth of illicit tobacco trade include: affordability of unlawful cigarettes compared to lawful ones; huge profit incentives for illicit traders; low criminal penalties disproportionate to these profit incentives; and widespread consumer complicity. This trade is assisted by the geographic characteristics of some markets (e.g., destination countries with borders more conducive to receiving illicit product). Currently packaging that is complex or innovative acts as a deterrent to counterfeiters of tobacco products since keeping up with the evolving packaging of genuine product is an expensive and time-consuming process. Packaging is also one of the few ways smokers and law enforcement agencies can use to assess whether a product is genuine or counterfeit. Illicit traders are often nimble, adapting to changing consumer demands and the regulatory environment. They enjoy the business benefits of product diversification without the regulatory constraints faced by manufacturers of legitimate product. The organized criminal gangs often behind the illicit tobacco trade also have the ability to exploit global networks of contacts and to work closely with other criminal enterprises. Tackling the illicit trade in tobacco products requires a multi-level response including national and international collaboration between regulators, enforcement agencies, and those who operate within the legitimate product supply chain. A careful review of the relationship between plain packaging for tobacco products and illicit tobacco trade is required given the pre-existing, serious societal impacts of this illegitimate trade. In our expert opinion, plain packaging for tobacco products will worsen the illicit trade in tobacco products as it would open a number of new opportunities for illicit traders. Notably, plain packaging will allow the illicit traders to provide counterfeit cigarettes using the mandated plain packaging specified by national legislation. The advent of plain packaging may also encourage new entrants to the lucrative business of counterfeiting cigarette packs since the costs and barriers of getting into this business will be reduced; reductions in start-up costs may encourage those without the resources to manufacture an authentic-looking copy of currently available sophisticated pack designs to begin counterfeiting plain packs. The recent Australian plain packaging legislation shows why this is the case: - Plain packs will be easier to counterfeit. In Australia, each cigarette pack can be covered only in a shade of "drab brown" specified by the regulator. In addition, the law forces the use of the most commonly counterfeited pack shape - a flip top box. - Illicit traders are effectively given a blueprint of 'how to make the pack.' Pack specifications will be made available online in contrast to the current practice where design specifications and colors are deliberately kept confidential in order to deter counterfeiters. - Static packaging reduces future cost burdens for illicit traders. A uniform pack design, like the one mandated in Australia, removes the need to keep up with the manufacturers' evolving pack innovations and developments, therefore, reducing the cost burden on counterfeiters since there will be no additional investment necessary until there is a further change in the law. - Plain packaging creates economies of scale in production. Once one plain pack brand is faked, the counterfeiter can reproduce packaging of each brand on the market with minimum effort since the only difference on each pack is the 'brand and variant names' that appear only in a specified font/size. Ironically, while plain packaging makes life easier and cheaper for counterfeiters, it may make life more difficult for consumers, retailers, and law enforcement agencies to differentiate between genuine and fake packs. Those who conduct forensic investigative analysis of packs may have to resort to more resource-intensive and time-consuming tools of verification in a plain packaging environment. Complex health warnings, tax stamps, or holograms will not be an effective deterrent to counterfeiting these much simpler packs. Such 'anti-counterfeiting' markings are already easily faked and counterfeiters generally only replicate enough to 'fool the consumer.' Track and trace requirements are also not the answer as these apply only to manufacturers of genuine product (and, even then, not all of them). In addition, these requirements cannot provide the information smokers need to tell if they have bought a fake pack. Plain packaging would also provide illicit traders with new opportunities to: - Offer counterfeit branded packaging that predates the introduction of the plain packaging measure. While brand owners will be prevented from using their iconic branding, criminals will not. Smokers who want to use familiar branded packs may continue to - wrongly - assume that the branded illicit product being offered is genuine but produced in another market when it is, in fact, fake. - Maintain or increase sales other types of branded packs: 'illicit whites' and contraband genuine product. In our expert opinion, plain packaging is highly likely to aggravate the existing negative impacts of the already serious and socially damaging trade in illicit tobacco. Since illicit products are often more accessible to those underage and those from low-income groups, plain pack laws risk undermining a key objective of plain packaging: to reduce smoking by these groups. We foresee that creating a plain packaging environment will also intensify the following serious societal impacts of the illegitimate trade: - Negative impacts on governments and taxpayers. The loss of tax revenues as more smokers shift from licit to illicit product has a multiplier effect since governments have less funding for healthcare, education, and other public services. 'Cross border shopping' is also likely to increase with the search for familiar branded packs providing an added incentive to the price benefits of buying packs abroad, further reducing government tax revenue in the smoker's 'home market.' - Detrimental influences on communities and society. An array of problems arises from illicit trade that range from cultivating consumers of illicit product who disrespect the law to fostering organized crime groups. These groups often penetrate low-income communities with their cheap products and enlist vulnerable people to perform perceived 'soft crimes,' such as 'ant smuggling.' In the long run, this illicit trade may 'normalize' criminal behavior and lead the individuals involved towards other acts of criminality. - Costs to legitimate manufacturers and retailers. Increased sales of fake products shift revenues from legitimate manufacturers and jobs from the highly-skilled legitimate workforce employed at all levels of the supply chain. Legitimate retailers already lose business to those involved in illicit tobacco trade. - Additional harmful effects to smokers. Regulators and public health officials have repeatedly expressed the concern that smokers are exposed to greater health risks by consuming illicit product. - Profits made by serious criminal organizations. The profits stemming from illicit tobacco trade are often used to finance other serious criminal or terrorist activity including prostitution, human trafficking, and trading of lethal weapons. In summary, we recommend a careful appraisal be given to these unintended negative consequences before plain packaging regulations are developed. Policy makers should be aware that plain packaging will, in our expert opinion, make the illicit trade in tobacco worse and these policy makers should therefore be exceptionally careful to ensure that such regulations do not inadvertently undermine anti-illicit trade programs and initiatives.

Details: Villanova, PA: The Authors, 2012. 187p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2015 at: http://www.peggychaudhry.com/publications/Impact_on_illicit_trade.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: International

URL: http://www.peggychaudhry.com/publications/Impact_on_illicit_trade.pdf

Shelf Number: 136921

Keywords:
Cigarettes
Counterfeit Goods
Design Against Crime
Illegal Tobacco
Illicit Trade
Organized Crime

Author: Aghdam, Sasan Y.

Title: Application of creativity tools to enhance the design of inherently safer urban infrastructure

Summary: The purpose of this research is to explore the construction of a guideline for professionals who make decisions that affect the urban environmental security. The use of creativity tools has become widespread within design sectors but has not yet reached the domain of security design. The strategy here is to find and engage suitable creative idea generation methods that can be use to develop guideline for experts who ultimately used them in the process of designing secure urban infrastructure. In pursuing this goal, this thesis provides a guideline of the fundamental principles of using the application of creativity tools in the development of plausible ideas for crime prevention interventions. The advantage of using such a method or schema is the systematic sorting of potential design solutions. Depending on the criteria required, a design tool (creativity tools) will prompt an urban security engineer to consider potential security weaknesses within an urban design project and offer a wide range of potential solutions for problems. Crime is a social problem in our society that affects people's lives. The challenge is how to generate more creative ideas to combat crime or how to engage creativity tools within security design to minimise the opportunities for crime to be committed. Existing research demonstrates that creative design in urban infrastructure can minimize the potential for crime in many cases (especially opportunistic crime). Our related research has generated a further host of solutions for potential crime-related problems extending to many areas of urban infrastructure design. The intention here is to demonstrate the implications of using this research within a context of devising creativity tools adequate to implement the results of these findings. Security auditing of urban environment threats and visual mapping of some current security weaknesses is the right approach advocated here to trace the factors behind each crime case. This thesis demonstrates that the use of visual mapping application (issue based information system (IBIS)) can effectively address the problem of data overloading and decision making in the crime prevention domain. The process of collecting data in crime prevention method can be challenging. The experts are usually able to trace one direction of crime cases at a time. The method conducted in this thesis can assist experts to see the full extent of a crime case at the same time. Therefore, they are more likely to be capable of finding the right reason behind a criminal activity. This thesis also further implements a specific approach which is developed for use on large complex security design problems. Visual mapping techniques can be a beneficial tool for security experts as argued in this thesis. It can help experts to understand and concentrate on causes of crime, as most cases of crime are interconnected puzzles and experts need to pay attention to details synergistically. For the development of creative ideas against crime, this thesis explores the outcome of a visual mapping model, and then describes the development of creative solutions for particular examples. The specific creativity tools (selected according to the nature of each crime) should be used in order to develop and generate a variety of solutions that can eliminate the opportunities for crime. The process ends when an appropriate form of creativity tool is decided upon for each crime case. A set of creative and innovative ideas was developed to deal with the diversity of potential crime generated by adaptive offenders. This thesis also indicates that a synthesis of creative idea generation methods within security design can represent a meaningful contribution towards effective design of secure urban infrastructure. Depending on the type of threat identified (again with the use of our methods), engineers can then use the particular creativity tools described, to generate several appropriate solutions for these threats. A web-based software program intended to help security engineers to understand and adapt these concepts in their design has also been developed.

Details: London: Imperial College London, 2013. 123p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 5, 2015 at: https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/24764/1/Final%20Thesis%202014.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/24764/1/Final%20Thesis%202014.pdf

Shelf Number: 136955

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Urban Infrastructure
Urban Securitiy

Author: Monchuk, Leanne

Title: Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED): Investigating Its Application and Delivery in England and Wales

Summary: This thesis has two aims. First, it examines how the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) are practically applied by a representative sample of 28 Architectural Liaison Officers (ALOs) across England and Wales. Second, it investigates how CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester by Greater Manchester Police Design for Security Consultancy (DFSC). The research demonstrates that when presented with a set of residential plans ALOs are, to varying extents, able to identify locations which time shows have higher levels of crime and disorder. Whilst there is a skill exhibited by ALOs, there is a wide range of performance with some ALOs tending to overstate the risks posed. The skill therefore requires finessing to ensure that ALO input is maximally useful. It is argued that those responsible for the application of CPTED should be afforded more training and resources to allow them to develop this skill. Research underpinning ALO advice also needs to be developed. The way in which CPTED is delivered across Greater Manchester is atypical when compared to other forces across England and Wales. CPTED in Manchester is applied by former built environment professionals and a fee is charged for the production of a Crime Impact Statement (CIS). The aim of the CIS is to ensure that CPTED is considered early in the design and planning process. The thesis reports on how the CIS process was delivered during a period of austerity and examines how DFSC liaise with key stakeholders in compiling the CIS. The associated police recorded crime data for four residential CIS developments is reviewed as a means of measuring the extent to which the developments experienced crime and disorder compared to the immediate surrounding area. During the period of analysis no burglary offences were recorded. Analysis reveals that the involvement of DFSC is dependent upon a client being aware of the policy requirement for a CIS to accompany major planning applications. Some clients request a CIS late in the design and planning process, which limits the time DFSC can appraise the scheme and provide a consultative service. The content and structure of the CIS' varies depending upon when and by whom the CIS is written. Whilst CPTED is an important consideration for LPAs across Manchester, it is only one consideration, amongst others, for planning officers.

Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2016. 343p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 28, 2016 at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/27933/

Year: 2016

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/27933/

Shelf Number: 139512

Keywords:
Built Environment
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Secured by Design

Author: Walmsley, Edward J.L.

Title: Situational crime prevention: the public's engagement with, support for, and their opinions on the effectiveness of SCP techniques and measures within a residential setting

Summary: There was little previous literature assessing public opinions of specific crime prevention strategies. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate whether or not the public engage with situational crime prevention (SCP) techniques and measures, whether they support it, and whether or not they believe it to be effective. These main three opinions were then tested against four factors: area of residence; socio-demographic features; victimisation; and fear of crime. The study used a quantitative methodology and collected survey data from 196 participants from two separate locations of opposing crime rates within Kirklees, West Yorkshire. The study found that in general the sample strongly engaged with, supported, and felt SCP techniques and measures within their area of residence to be effective, although the latter measure was unconvincing. A key finding was that all three factors had positive correlations indicating that engagement can increase support and opinions on effectiveness and vice versa. Evidence was found to show that the four factors effected opinions on the effectiveness of SCP, however, no conclusive evidence was found to show that area of residence, socio-demographic features, victimisation, and fear of crime significantly affect engagement and support of SCP. Further results did indicate though, that the public were in favour of a number of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design features, especially improved community cohesion. As a result of the findings, the study suggests a number of policy implications, such as increased community cohesion and educating the public on the positive effects and success of SCP implementation. As well as this, future research should concentrate on exploring fear of crime: in particular do security measures increase it and if so can preventative initiatives such as Designing out Crime and Secured by Design be effective in reducing it

Details: Huddersfield, University of Huddersfield, 2014. 133p.

Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 29, 2016 at: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/23528/1/ewalmsleyfinalthesis.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/23528/1/ewalmsleyfinalthesis.pdf

Shelf Number: 139537

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Public Opinion
Secured by Design
Situational Crime Prevention

Author: Deniz, Deniz

Title: Secure Urban Environments by Design: Analysis of Konak Square Design through "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)" Principles

Summary: Better design can play a crucial role for reducing crime and creating secure urban environments. In this regard, planners and designers have begun to acknowledge the importance of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). However, unlike foreign countries, crime prevention through planning and design context has not been considered and integrated with the planning and design studies in Turkey. This study is aimed to fill this vital gap. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between crime (as well as fear of crime) and the spatial built environment. To do that, as one of the recently redesigned public space of zmir, Konak Square Design has been analysed through CPTED principles. In that case, a comparison of recent design of Konak Square and CPTED principles are carried out. Then, if design features of the square complies with CPTED principles or not, found out. Finally, additional recommendations are made that have not been covered by existing CPTED principles to improve security considerations of public places. For this purpose, interviews have been conducted with the zmir Police Department and also the official crime records of the area have been obtained from them. Besides using cross-correlation technique, systematic observations and questionnaires have been used as research methods of this study. Consequently, this particular study did find support for the causal relationships between the occurrence of crime or feelings of insecurity and characteristics of the spatial built environments. Therefore, the study has emphasized that, planning and design issues should be considered carefully in order to create safer and livable public spaces

Details: Izmir: Izmir Institute of Technology, 2007. 198p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 11, 2016 at: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/doktora/sehirplanlama/T000615.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: Turkey

URL: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/doktora/sehirplanlama/T000615.pdf

Shelf Number: 139506

Keywords:
Built Environment
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Urban Areas and Crime

Author: Metropolican Police Authority

Title: Under Lock and Quay: Reducing Criminal Opportunity by Design

Summary: Under Lock and Quay Foreword Londons Waterways are an accessible cult ural and environmental asset which also act as a catalyst for regeneration and inward investment. They are playing an increasingly important role in the capital's tourism industry as well as becoming popular for residential, commercial and leisure development, all of which impact substantially on the patterns of movement along the waterways and the growing number of different users. There is a growing national awareness of the added value and commercial betterment of development alongside water, and recent major schemes have demonstrated the success and potential for future development. There is a real opportunity to capitalise on this resource and British Waterways are striving to improve access to, and enhance the vitality of, the waterway network. It is important therefore that issues relating to crime and the fear of crime are tackled using positive and long-term solutions which are in keeping with the built and natural heritage of this historic transport network to encourage greater and safer use of waterside facilities. Inland waterways are an integral part of London's natural and industrial heritage as well as having a vital social role to play through the provision of publicly accessible areas for informal recreation and educational purposes. However, British Waterways and the Metropolitan Police recognise that the linear nature of the waterways, particularly canals which have a limited number of crossing points, often result in segregation of waterside areas from their surroundings and increased opportunity for criminal activities to occur. It is often the fear of crime rather than actual danger itself which discourages peop le from venturing along the towing path. Safety and security issues are inextricably bound up with enhancement, conservation and development, yet addressing the problem is often done on an ad-hoc basis once development is complete. This leads to ineffective and inappropriate treatment which can have two negative impacts upon the waterway environment: - creates an environment which can be inad vertently perceived as being unsafe; or - changes the historic charac ter of the waterway irrevocably as to make it less desirable to visit. Therefore, British Waterways and the Metropolitan Police are of the view that design measures to improve security should ideally be included at the planning stage as part of an integral approach to new development, regeneration, and environmental improvement schemes in order to design out crime.

Details: London: Canal River Trust, 2000. 90p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 13, 2016 at: https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/media/library/309.pdf

Year: 2000

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/media/library/309.pdf

Shelf Number: 139626

Keywords:
Built Environment
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Maritime Crime
Maritime Security

Author: Hillier, Bill

Title: An evidence based approach to crime and urban design: Or, can we have vitality, sustainability and security all at once?

Summary: It is generally agreed that a key priority in the design of cities is, insofar as it is possible, to make life difficult for the criminal. But is that really possible? Different crimes, after all, are facilitated by very different kinds of spaces: picking pockets is easier in crowded high streets, street robbery is easier when victims come one at a time, burglary is helped by secluded access, and so on. In inhibiting one crime, it seems, we might be in danger of facilitating another. Even so, the sense that some environments are safe and others dangerous is persistent, and inspection of crime maps will, as often as not, confirm that people's fears are not misplaced. So is it possible to make environments generally safer? Strangely, although it is now widely believed that it is, there are two quite different schools of thought about how it should be done. The first is traceable to Jane Jacobs book 'The Death and Life of the Great American Cities' in 1962, and advocates open and permeable mixed use environments, in which strangers passing through spaces, as well as inhabitants occupying them, form part of an 'eyes on the street' natural policing mechanism which inhibits crime. The second, traceable to Oscar Newman's book Defensible Space in 1972, argues that having too many people in spaces creates exactly the anonymity that criminals need to access their victims, and so dilutes the ability of residents to police their own environment. Crime can then be expected to be less in low density, single use environments with restricted access to strangers, where inhabitants can recognise strangers as intruders and challenge them. We could call these the 'open' and 'closed' solutions, and note that each in its way seems to be based on one kind of commonsense intuition, and each proposes a quite precise mechanism for maximizing the social control of crime through design. Yet each seems to imply design and planning solutions which are in many ways the opposite of each other. The problem is further complicated by sustainability. To minimise energy consumption, we are said to need denser environments, which are easier to move about in under personal power, and with more mixing of uses to make facilities more easily accessible. This implies permeable environments in which you can easily go in any direction without too long a detour. From this point of view, the way we expanded towns in the later part of the twentieth century, with large areas of hierarchically ordered cul de sacs in relatively closed-off areas, made trips longer and so more car dependent. So if it were criminogenically neutral, the open solution would be preferable. But its critics say it is not. The open solution, they argue, will facilitate crime and so create a new dimension of unsustainability. So what does the evidence say? The fact is that on the major strategic design and planning questions it says precious little. The points at issue were recently summarised by Stephen Town and Randall O'Toole (Town & O'Toole 2005) in a table of six points where the 'open' position, which they say is preferred by Zelinka & Brennan in their book 'new urbanist' book 'Safescape' (Zelimka & Brennan 2001), is contrasted to the closed 'defensible space' position, which has dominated most thinking until quite recently.

Details: London: Bartlett School of Graduate Studies, University College London, 2008. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 13, 2016 at: http://spacesyntax.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Hillier-Sahbaz_An-evidence-based-approach_010408.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: International

URL: http://spacesyntax.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Hillier-Sahbaz_An-evidence-based-approach_010408.pdf

Shelf Number: 145537

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Neighborhoods and Crime
Urban Design

Author: di Bella, Enrico

Title: A multivariate analysis of the space syntax output for the definition of strata in street security surveys

Summary: Although the connection between crime and urban layout is generally evident, surveys inquiring that relationship are often facing two different problems: areas with high criminality are often inhabited by partially elusive populations (being stowaways) and the urban structure (e.g. length and width of streets) quickly changes even after a few corners. In this work a combination of two techniques well known in their specific field is proposed to define a simple two-stages sampling design. Space Syntax is a set of measurements which are done on the topographic maps of a town with the division of all the roads into segments, called axes. Using multivariate techniques, these axes can be classified on the basis of a homogeneity criterion obtaining the strata for a two-stages sampling design.

Details: Genova, Italy: Universit� degli Studi di Genova , 2013. 40p.

Source: Internet Resource: DEP Series of Economic Working Papers no. 5: Accessed October 14, 2016 at: http://www.dep.unige.it/RePEc/gea/wpaper/dwpo-5-sep2011.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: International

URL: http://www.dep.unige.it/RePEc/gea/wpaper/dwpo-5-sep2011.pdf

Shelf Number: 144801

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Street Layouts
Urban Areas
Urban Crime

Author: di Bella, Enrico

Title: Introducing Spatial Configuration in Crime Count Models

Summary: The main techniques used for quantitative analyses of urban crime can generally be divided into three categories: descriptive studies of crime dispersion over a specific urban area without any substantial statistical modeling, traditional statistical spatial models whose normality assumptions do not hold and count models which do not take into account the spatial configuration of the urban layouts. In this work we discuss how configurational components can be introduced in the count data modeling of crime illustrating our point with a case study centered on a highly populated area of the City of Genoa on three crime typologies. The statistical modeling of crime at street level is performed using count models which include the usual economic and socio-demographic variables, complemented with a set of configurational variables, built using the techniques of Space Syntax Analysis, in order to include, among the regressors, the graph complexity of the urban structure. The configurational variables included in this model are statistically significant, consistently with the criminological theories stating that the urban layout has a role in crime dispersion over a city and their use among the set of regressors, substantially improves the overall goodness of fit of the models. The configurational variables herein introduced add an implicit spatial correlation structure of crime to the models and give new and useful information to Municipalities to interpret how crime patterns relate to the urban layout and how to intervene through the means of urban planning to reduce or prevent crime.

Details: Genoa: Universit� degli Studi di Genova, 2013. 53p.

Source: Internet Resource: DEP Working Papers Series no.2 : Accessed October 14, 2016 at: http://www.dep.unige.it/RePEc/gea/wpaper/dwpo-2-jun2013.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Italy

URL: http://www.dep.unige.it/RePEc/gea/wpaper/dwpo-2-jun2013.pdf

Shelf Number: 144800

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Analysis
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Spatial Analysis
Urban Areas

Author: Warwick, Elanor Joan Petra

Title: Defensible space as a mobile concept: The role of transfer mechanisms and evidence in housing research, policy and practice

Summary: Defensible space is a contested yet influential approach to designing-out-crime on social housing estates. This thesis uses defensible space as the vehicle to explore how movement changes concepts; to extend the learning on policy mobility mechanisms; to investigate the varied cross-disciplinary nature of evidence use; and to explore the interaction of policy, the housing sector and the state. Deepening the international policy mobilities narrative, the study traces the dispersal/embedding of the concept in Britain since the 1980s by revisiting the operational and theoretical account of defensible space proposed by Alice Coleman in the Design Improvement Controlled Experiment (DICE). Drawing on interviews with planning and architecture practitioners, housing managers and elite policymakers, the thesis explores the multiple ways the concept was interpreted and implemented as it circulated from national to local level and within three London housing estates, illustrating how the transfer mechanisms worked at both a policy and practical level. Despite being a concept whose principles continue to underpin design guidance (such as Secured by Design), defensible space failed to coalesce into a single formal policy, remaining a cluster of associated disputed elements. How these conceptual elements aided or hindered transfer and take up is noted by tracking routes to acceptance, the roles of formal transfer mechanisms, informal information sharing by transfer agents traversing networks, or practitionersʼ local contextualization of generic guidance. The research demonstrates the ongoing resilience and acceptance of defensible space, despite biased evaluation, the mismatch of DICE to the politics of the time and the uncertain nature of the concept. By questioning whether positivist scientific theoretical unity is achievable in practice, it argues for greater trust in practitioner experience, and proposes a looser middle-range approach to theory building for ambiguous concepts such as defensible space.

Details: London: King's College London, 2015. 347p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 14, 2016 at: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/files/45224699/2015_Warwick_Elanor_0641131_ethesis.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 144809

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Defensible Space
Design Against Crime
Housing Design

Author: Prairie Sky Consulting

Title: North Central Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Final Report

Summary: The North Central Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) project is a partnership with the City of Regina, the North Central Community Society, the Public School Board, Regina Police Service, and North Central residents. The project funding is provided by the City, with volunteer services and in-kind services from the partners, and overseen by a steering committee. Prairie Sky Consulting coordinated the safety audits with volunteers, entered and analyzed the data, and compiled this report. CPTED - pronounced sep-ted - is a tool that deals with the design, planning and structure of cities and neighbourhoods. CPTED brings together local residents to examine how an area's physical features, such as lighting, trees and roadways, can influence crime and the opportunities for committing crime. It has been successfully applied in a number of Canadian cities and contexts. North Central, located northwest of the city's downtown, is home to 6% of Regina's population. Overall, the population tends to be younger than the rest of Regina. It is ethnically diverse, with 35% aboriginal. The housing consists of older homes, most built in the first half of the 20th century. Property values are the lowest in the city. About half the residents are renters. Although the area is sometimes singled for crime and social problems, some residents feel it is unfairly stigmatized. Many speak with pride about the neighbourhood they call home. The project collected data in two ways. Safety audits, designed much like surveys, provided quantitative data for streets, parks and alleys. These were completed by about 40 residents - a thorough mix by age, gender and ethnicity - who volunteered for the CPTED process. Additional data was included from focus group discussions with the auditors, data on service calls to the City, and Regina Police Service statistics on "hot spots" in the area. The audits are a snapshot of people's impressions, at a specific date and time, of a certain street, alley or park. What they see and record can vary between auditors and may differ from the experiences of residents who live on a street or next to a particular park.

Details: Calgary: Prairie Sky Consulting, 2004. 86p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2016 at: http://www.regina.ca/opencms/export/sites/regina.ca/residents/social-grants-programs/.media/pdf/north_central_cpted_project_report.pdf

Year: 2004

Country: Canada

URL: http://www.regina.ca/opencms/export/sites/regina.ca/residents/social-grants-programs/.media/pdf/north_central_cpted_project_report.pdf

Shelf Number: 140761

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Hotspots
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
High Crime Areas
Neighborhoods and Crime

Author: Butler, Chris

Title: Maraenui Shopping Centre: CPTED Assessment

Summary: Harrison Grierson have been commissioned by Napier City Council to undertake a Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) assessment of the Maraenui Shopping Centre. The CPTED assessment provides recommendations that aim to improve actual and perceived safety around the shopping centre, and have been developed to help inform a future urban design framework for Maraenui. Napier City Council has commissioned this CPTED assessment as part of its contribution to the Maraenui Urban Renewal Plan. The shopping centre and its surrounds currently exhibit a number of qualities that help cultivate unsafe environments, including: poor lighting; inactive building edges; low levels of definition between public and private space; limited surveillance across the car park; and, the ready supply of alcohol. As a result of these findings detailed CPTED recommendations were developed to provide retailers and the Council with some 'quick wins' - ways shop owners and Napier City Council can make a small yet immediate difference, that can cumulatively improve the quality and safety of the public realm. Secondly, a set of Strategic CPTED recommendations have been included that provide an opportunity to integrate community safety and well being within an overarching urban design framework. Through consultation, and our review of background information pertaining to Maraenui, it became clear that the community is anxious to see progress and to witness Council actively funding improvements of the shopping centre and park. Council funded upgrades of the park and shops have been piece meal over the past few years. This has lead to a feeling of neglect and alienation by some residents. It was apparent during site visits and analysis of the area that there are a number of positive aspects to the Maraenui Shopping Centre. The centre has good bones, in other words all of the elements of a successful local centre are present; the layout of the houses around it enables passive surveillance over the area, public transport and public facilities, playground, skatebowl, etc. Furthermore, there is a strong feeling of community presence in the area and it is evident the community has a vested interest in it; it is immediately noticed by locals if outsiders come into the area, as experienced by Harrison Grierson during site visits. Once you are known, you are warmly welcomed. These and the other elements that make up Maraenui, such as the number of people that walk and cycle rather than drive, are desirable qualities for a strong community. However, in contrast, it is documented that improvements to the area have not been looked after or cared for. Statistics indicate the most prevalent crime type is wilful damage, followed by shoplifting. Traditional CPTED criteria only work when mutual interests already exist. In some neighbourhoods, these mechanisms need incentives before CPTED design criteria can become effective. We believe that significant investment tied to an urban design-led concept plan for the area is required. However, this would be subject to the involvement of local people in the planning of activity space as both a condition of, and a contribution to, this process of community building. The community must be actively involved and willing to take responsibility and ownership of any improvements.

Details: Napier, NZ: Napier City Council, 2011. 60p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2016 at: http://www.napier.govt.nz/assets/Documents/maraenui-cpted-assessment.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: New Zealand

URL: http://www.napier.govt.nz/assets/Documents/maraenui-cpted-assessment.pdf

Shelf Number: 144870

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design against Crime
Shopping Centers

Author: Dario, Lisa M.

Title: Crime at Convenience Stores: Assessing an In-Depth Problem-Oriented Policing Initiative

Summary: Problem-oriented policing (POP) dynamically addresses unique community issues in a way that allows police departments to be cost-effective and efficient. POP draws upon routine activities and rational choice theories, at times incorporating elements of crime prevention through environmental design. A recent systematic review found POP to be hugely popular, but not rigorously assessed or implemented. In 2009, the Glendale, Arizona Police Department and researchers from Arizona State University received funding through the Bureau of Justice Assistance's (BJA) Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) to target crime at convenience stores through a problem-oriented policing approach. The Glendale SPI team devised an approach that mirrored the ideals put forth by Goldstein (1990), and provided a thorough undertaking of the SARA model. A comprehensive response plan was developed with several proposed responses, including: intervention with Circle K leadership, suppression, and prevention at the six highest-activity stores. Despite a thorough POP implementation, the initial descriptive evaluation of the Glendale SPI reported positive effects on crime, but left questions about the intervention's long-term impact on convenience store crime in Glendale, Arizona. The policy and theoretical influence of the initiative warrants a more rigorous evaluation. Supplanting the original assessment, a difference in difference model, negative binomial regression, and relative effect size are calculated to ascertain the SPI's long-term effects on target and comparison stores. Phi and weighted displacement quotient are calculated to determine the existence of displacement of crime or diffusion of benefits. Overall, results indicate support for the project's effectiveness on crime reduction. Further, none of the six intervention stores experienced crime displacement. Five of the six stores, however, experienced a diffusion of benefits in the surrounding 500-yard area; that is, a crime reduction was observed at the intervention stores and in the surrounding areas of five of these stores. Disorder and property crimes at the targeted stores were most affected by the intervention. One of the intervention stores did experience an increase in violent crime, however. Future studies should strengthen the methodological design when evaluating POP projects and seek to flesh out more precisely the crime control effects of unique problem-oriented strategies.

Details: Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 2016. 158p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 1, 2016 at: https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/170676/content/Dario_asu_0010E_16050.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: United States

URL: https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/170676/content/Dario_asu_0010E_16050.pdf

Shelf Number: 145774

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Problem-Oriented Policing
Retail Theft
Shoplifting

Author: Levald, Andres

Title: CPTED Manual for police officers

Summary: The main purpose of the CPTED manual is to compose a practical CPTED handbook specifically for police officers who are taking part in the planning processes, and also for other officials who are responsible for ensuring a safe living environment. The main target group is police officers, and the aim is to write a handbook that helps police officers to understand the main principles of CPTED and which gives them practical knowledge of how to be involved in planning processes. For other officials and key stakeholders the manual will provide an insight of how and when police officers should be involved in planning processes and what expertise knowledge police officers can give when it comes to planning.

Details: Tallinn, Estonia: Politsei- ja Piirivalveamet, 2016. 77p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 14, 2016 at: http://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/cpted_manual_for_police_officers.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: International

URL: http://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/cpted_manual_for_police_officers.pdf

Shelf Number: 145390

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Police Education and Training

Author: Davey, Caroline L.

Title: Design Against Crime European Exchange Tool: Guidance for Designing Against Crime Across Europe

Summary: This guidance - a key output of the European Commission's AGIS 2006 project led by the University of Salford - aims to help local authorities, planners, police, academics, design professionals and developers identify methods of addressing crime prevention through design and planning, tailoring the approach to the European context. Guidance on addressing fear of crime and insecurity is also provided. The guidance is divided into the following sections: - Design-led Crime Prevention Approaches - Advice for European countries - Further information and references

Details: Salford, UK: University of Salford, Design Against Crime Solution Centre, 2008. 57p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 14, 2016 at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/11481/1/DAC_European_Exchange_Tools.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: Europe

URL: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/11481/1/DAC_European_Exchange_Tools.pdf

Shelf Number: 146644

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime

Author: Mackay, Lesley

Title: Evaluation of the Regeneration of Hulme, Manchester

Summary: Hulme has a disheartening past in terms of housing and development with a number of attempts to clear and re-develop it over the 20th century. This development culminated in the building in the 1960s of the now infamous yet architectural-award winning Crescents, deck-access blocks of dwellings and 13 tower blocks. By the 1980s and early 1990s major problems were becoming evident: "from heating inadequacies to pest infestation and from child safety to symptoms of depression, isolation and ill-health." (Hulme Regeneration Limited 1994) Foreword). The deck access dwellings "are inhuman in scale, forbidding in presence, unsafe and wholly unsuitable for families with children(Manchester City Council 1992 p.4 para. 4.2) and "crime rates are high" (Manchester City Council 1992 p.4 para. 5.1). In the early 1990s Hulme continued to be an area of Greater Manchester which suffered from particularly high levels of deprivation, unemployment and poor housing. The demolition of the deck access blocks (but not the tower blocks) was the start of a programme in 1992 to regenerate Hulme which continues up to the present time. But what impact have these most recent transformation had on Hulme and its residents? Has Hulme become a safer place? Is it sustainable? This case study examines the changes in crime rates and other sustainability objectives identified by the Hulme Guide to Development. Case studies of residential area will be conducted within Manchester, London and Sheffield. While case studies generally focus on city centre environments and Hulme is located approximately one mile from the centre of Manchester, this residential area is of particular interest. Using a New Urbanist approach, attempts were made to integrate the area with the city centre and create a safer environment. In this sense, the Hulme redevelopment aimed to create the type of open and permeable residential environments required for sustainability, without incurring actual or perceived increases in crime. The Hulme redevelopment is also widely quoted as an example of good practice and potentially influences government policy

Details: Salford, UK: University of Salford, 2006. 51p.

Source: Internet Resource: VIVACITY 2020: Work Package 3: Secure Urban Environments by Design, Case Study 2: Housing: Accessed November 15, 2016 at: www.vivacity2020.co.uk

Year: 2006

Country: United Kingdom

URL: www.vivacity2020.co.uk

Shelf Number: 145895

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Housing Design
Urban Areas and Crime

Author: Iqbal, Asifa

Title: Assessment of crime and safety issues in parks

Summary: The aim of the thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the importance of parks for urban quality, particularly for safety. This is achieved in two ways; first, by assessing parks' impact on the perceived quality of the urban environment (whether it is incorporated into housing prices or not) in Stockholm. Second, the study investigates whether safety in parks may be assessed using principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) using a high-crime park in Stockholm's inner city. The thesis starts with an introduction to the theme, with a brief discussion of background theory, literature review, the study area and the methods. Then, it reports the results of the articles included in the thesis and discusses their main contributions to the field of research. A mixed methods approach utilizes both quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Regression models and a Geographic Information System (GIS) were used in Paper I, which aims to clarify how park proximity affects housing prices and, when considering residential properties and park type, how crime rates in parks affect housing prices. Findings show that the further away an apartment is located from a park, the higher the discount on its price effect, but this effect (dependent on the park type), as an accumulated measure of parks, lowers prices or is negligible. Paper II assesses the use and adequacy of CPTED principles to guide the assessment of safety conditions of an urban park. The historical development of CPTED is presented followed by an analysis of a case study, Tantolunden, in Stockholm. Site observations, crime mapping, people count and interviews were conducted. Results show many entrances in this particular park defy the principles of access control and in turn impose limitations on park maintenance. Findings also show that interrupted sight lines create limited surveillance. The paper concludes by identifying the potentialities and challenges of CPTED principles when applied to safety in parks. Findings presented in this thesis are relevant for many stakeholders in society as results show the variation in crime and safety in urban parks, and the way they can be assessed and tackled.

Details: Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, 2015. 35p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2017 at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:861815/FULLTEXT04

Year: 2015

Country: Sweden

URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:861815/FULLTEXT04

Shelf Number: 146422

Keywords:
Crime Mapping
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
Design Against Crime
Geographic Information System (GIS)
High Crime Areas
Parks
Urban Areas

Author: United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI)

Title: New Energy for Urban Security: Improving Urban Security Through Green Environmental Design

Summary: The joint UNICRI-MIT Senseable City Lab Report is a manual for a green and digitally enhanced environmental design that addresses issues related to cities. It provides an index of strategies, which have a direct or indirect impact on a city's image making it appear as a safer and more secure environment. Each section of the report identifies a particular urban challenge that needs to be addressed through environmental design, providing a set of guidelines that are both green and digitally enhanced to provide solutions to these challenges, and concludes with a list of actual or potential projects that deploy, in part, the proposed guidelines, demonstrating their prospective effectiveness. The Report analyses the inter-dependencies that exist between ecology, green urban design and security of both the citizen and the urban environment in general. The analysis commences by setting out CPTED theory, which, although currently adopted by municipalities, is not geared toward taking into account advances in technology and the ecological and the environmental impacts on urban life. The Report proposes a third generation of CPTED, designed to take into account the rapid development resulting from new technologies and the digital age - all of which signal revolutionising how we approach urban safety and security. Third-generation CPTED, as presented in the Report, envisages a green and sustainable approach to enhance the living standards of urbanites, as well as to improve the image of cities as user-friendly, safe, and secure. It focuses on a particular sort of spatial democracy and transparency, characterized by the use of solid infrastructures and solutions, along with situated technologies. Moreover, building on the potential of online social networks, third-generation CPTED aims to create a sense of belonging and membership to a greater community by soliciting citizen engagement and participation in improving urban living conditions. The revision of existing CPTED theory, i.e. the third generation CPTED - as set out in the report - proposes that the physical make-up of a city is designed according to the following recommendations: Integrating a sufficient amount of public spaces into the fabric of the city to provide appropriate settings for collective activities and gatherings; Integrating sufficient green spaces of various scales, including street vegetation, vertical green facades, green roofs, public gardens, and neighbourhood and city-scale parks; Fostering new developments that target mixed and balanced communities in terms of income level, social status, ethnicity, demographics, and tenure; Supporting new developments and revitalization projects that aim to create new spaces, or re-structure existing neighbourhoods as mixed-use instead of single-use; Optimizing the urban removal chain in terms of sewage management and garbage collection, taking into account technologies and cultural practices regarding recycling and grey water treatment; Enhancing natural surveillance by providing sufficient street lighting at night, securing the required level of occupation and usage at all times; Ensuring that no place in the city is a terrain-vague, i.e. a place with no institutional supervision; Promoting revitalization and redevelopment projects that focus on grey or brown sites - sites previously accommodating hazardous industries, or sites that are devastated by natural disasters or violent conflicts, or sites that have been previously occupied and are currently vacant due to economic or socio-cultural reasons; Providing sufficient and effective public transportation infrastructure that not only contributes to the well-being of citizens, but also traffic reduction, which has a direct impact on the psychological well-being of citizens; Allocating sufficient financial resources to the regular maintenance of civic spaces, including streetscapes and urban facades; Allocating sufficient financial and human resources for providing public education, particularly for the young urban population; Providing efficient regulations for the construction sector in terms of monitoring the structural integrity, energy efficiency, and quality of building proposals; Providing financial support and the macro and microeconomic infrastructure to assist the low-income urban population in home-ownership. The Report concludes by exploring the potential application of the proposed programme to crime prevention and the enhancement of the perception of safety in urban areas, which is identified as the third-generation of CPTED.

Details: Torin, Italy: UNICRI, 2011. 67p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2017 at: http://www.unicri.it/news/files/2011-04-01_110414_CRA_Urban_Security_sm.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: International

URL: http://www.unicri.it/news/files/2011-04-01_110414_CRA_Urban_Security_sm.pdf

Shelf Number: 145325

Keywords:
CPTED
Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Design against Crime
Neighborhoods and Crime
Urban Areas

Author: Parkin, William S.

Title: Yesler Terrace Public Safety Assessment

Summary: This document details the development of a public safety assessment and pamphlet for the Yesler Terrace neighborhood. The data collection efforts culminate in the Informing Public Safety Issues in Yesler Terrace section, which outlines the top public safety issues in the neighborhood identified by the community and supported by official data. In addition to identifying the top public safety issues for the community, it also identifies the next steps in what members of the community should take ownership of the problem and work collaboratively to begin addressing these issues. In addition, we identify key community stakeholders and detail possible solutions to theses issues. Although this document goes into detail about the data collection methodologies and presenting the results of the analyses, this section is most important as it lists the public safety issues that are important to both the Yesler Terrace community and the Seattle Housing Authority. Yesler Terrace is a diverse, public housing complex located in Seattle, Washington. It borders the neighborhoods of First Hill to its north, the Central District to its east, the International District to its south and west, and Pioneer Square to its west. Yesler Terrace is part of the Choice Neighborhoods program sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. As part of Choice Neighborhoods, Yesler Terrace is currently being redeveloped. Single-family townhomes will be replaced by low and midrise housing complexes that will be managed by the Seattle Housing Authority. Additional, market value housing will be built and managed by private companies, increasing the population of the neighborhood and transitioning it from solely low income to mixed income residents. During the redevelopment, a new city park will be completed, additional public transportation will be routed through the neighborhood, and a redesign of several major thoroughfares within the neighborhood will take place. The research team was cognizant of the changes occurring, and which will continue to occur, in Yesler Terrace as we assessed public safety in the community. Due to these changes, some of the public safety issues identified by the Yesler Terrace residents in the fall of 2014 may not be the same public safety issues of concern next year. It is important for the Seattle Housing Authority and the Yesler Terrace community to continue their relationship with Seattle University and other community partners to update the plan. An additional purpose of this document is to provide enough detail so that the methodology can be replicated in the future. As stated, the changes in the neighborhood could bring with them new public safety issues and it is important for the community to stay aware of potential problems and make efforts to address them. To make this possible, this document presents detailed information about each key source of data, as well as each related research method (e.g. focus groups, observational data collection, crime data, etc.). Research designs for each data source are provided, including how data were collected, and finally, how the data were analyzed. In addition, we conducted literature reviews of practical criminological research studies and methods, such as crime prevention through environmental design and situational crime prevention. How these methodologies can be utilized for addressing public safety issues in the Yesler Terrace community are also discussed. As Yesler Terrace and the surrounding neighborhood change, so will the best ways to assess public safety, however this and future iterations of this document are an excellent starting point for beginning these assessments. This assessment begins with the presentation of the methodology and results from the focus groups of community members and interviews of key stakeholders. The next section outlines the community survey, which we administered to residents of Yesler Terrace, asking for feedback on topics such as victimization experiences, attitudes toward law enforcement, and community cohesion. The final data collection effort was the collection of 9-1-1 incident response data. An analysis of the frequency and nature of these calls allowed for the identification of temporal and geographic patterns within the community and a comparison of these patterns to areas outside of Yesler Terrace. In addition to the data collection and analysis, we also summarized pertinent research, such as crime prevention through environmental design techniques, which are relevant for addressing public safety concerns. The section on informing public safety issues in Yesler Terrace is the culmination of the rest of the report. Future assessments should focus on the replication of the data collection efforts to fully understand the public safety concerns of the Yesler Terrace residents, before completing this section and disseminating the pamphlet to the community. It is also important for the Seattle Housing Authority and the Yesler Terrace community to view the Yesler Terrace Public Safety Pamphlet as a dynamic document in need of updating. There are multiple appendices included with this document, including public safety and emergency contact information, possible avenues for future public safety funding, and the completed public safety pamphlet. All of these sections can be utilized and updated for future public safety assessments. Although some portions of the document may be too expensive to replicate annually, emergency contact information, public safety resource lists, and a basic analysis of incident response data are not cost prohibitive. With minimal effort, the Seattle Housing Authority and its partners can make sure that the Yesler Terrace residents have access to the most up-to-date and relevant information needed to assist them in positively impacting the safety of their neighborhood. As the redevelopment continues, and the neighborhood is restructured, a collaborative effort to assess and address community public safety concerns will help make sure the changes at Yesler Terrace do not negatively impact the safety and well-being of those living there. The main data collection efforts for the identification of the top public safety issues at Yesler Terrace were community focus groups, a community survey, and an analysis of the 9-1-1 incident response data that are publicly accessible from the city of Seattle. Through the analysis of the data collected, the research group was able to identify the primary issues of concern to Yesler Terrace residents. Prior research on crime reduction and safety improvement techniques were then utilized, along with input from the residents and other community stakeholders, to identify potential methods for addressing these concerns. Importantly, we do not prescribe definitive solutions to each issue, as it is important for the community to consider the pros and cons of various approaches and have a say in how to address the public safety issues they identified. We also discuss how the community and the Seattle Housing Authority can determine whether there have been positive changes in the safety issues discussed. This public safety plan also presents the results of the research effort, starting with the methodology and data collection and ending with the outline of the public safety pamphlet. The public safety pamphlet is the main conduit for communicating the public safety issues to the community, providing them with an overview of the concerns they identified in focus groups and surveys, and possible solutions continuing to guarantee that Yesler Terrace is a safe community.

Details: Seattle, WA: Seattle University, College of Arts and Sciences, 2014. 112p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 20, 2017 at: https://www.seattleu.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/departments/criminaljustice/documents/Public-Safety-Assessment.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United States

URL: https://www.seattleu.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/departments/criminaljustice/documents/Public-Safety-Assessment.pdf

Shelf Number: 146302

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Design Against Crime
Neighborhoods and Crime
Police-Community Partnerships
Public Housing
Public Safety
Situational Crime Prevention

Author: Designing Out Crime Research Centre

Title: Service Station Design Review

Summary: WHAT WAS THE PROBLEM? As part of the Preventing Stealing from Vehicles in NSW Action Plan, DOC was approached by the NSW Department of Attorney General and Justice to develop a design assessment and recommendation for a service station that would effectively reduce petrol drive-off offences. Police intelligence has shown links between petrol drive-offs (theft of petrol by filling up and failing to pay) and numberplate theft, which has links to other crime types. HOW DID WE REFRAME IT? An initial literature review and survey of best practice and police data showed us that a) this problem was not isolated to NSW, and b) that things could be done to help solve the problem, such as improved reporting to police. However, our research indicated that the main factor confounding problem-solving attempts was an unacknowledged conflict of priorities between the core stakeholders. Service stations are more than a petrol pump and a checkout: the business model of service stations depends heavily on revenue from retail sales, while the sale of petrol accounts for a relatively minor component of overall revenue. As we saw in the department store project, retail businesses typically allocate more resources to increasing sales than they do loss prevention. This is naturally not the case for Police or government agencies dealing with crime. Furthermore, our research uncovered additional, competing priorities in the service station industry, such as issues of staff safety, that service station businesses are tackling alongside problems with drive-off offences. As such, Police and government's concern with drive-offs were of lesser concern to service station owners, in spite of the fact that service stations would appear to be the primary victims of this crime. Unravelling this misalignment helped us come up with designs that would satisfy competing stakeholder priorities. THE PROCESS As part of our research, we sought to clarify uncertainty about the circumstances of drive off offences; data indicates that some drive-offs are inadvertent while others are part of a more elaborate crime spree. We then visited service stations identified by Police data as regular targets of petrol theft and observed the site layout and customer demographic to build hypotheses of the level of risk for opportunistic crime at each site. Co-design is a core component of DOC's design methodology; both the research and design phases of our projects rely equally on the expertise of stakeholders and our own staff. The first workshop we held was a Design Assessment Workshop where representatives of NSW Police Policy & Programs unit, Department of Attorney General & Justice and UTS academic staff worked together to identify areas of crime risk and opportunity at the service stations. In the next workshop, concepts generated by our designers were shown to participants from the workshop and participants were invited and encouraged to contribute to or modify concepts. A suite of hypothetical solutions were incorporated into a report which was given to stakeholders at the end of the process. THE CONCEPTS Some of the design concepts included putting the 'service' back into service stations, with a 'concierge' or valet to help direct traffic; electronic signage and changes to physical layout and amenity that would improve safety, reduce waiting times, inform customers about waiting times and reduce customer frustration; pre-pay or pay-at-the-pump options to eliminate inadvertent drive-offs or 'crimes of frustration'; a loyalty card system that would speed up filling times and reduce anonymity, and others.

Details: Broadway NSW: The Centre, 2013. 21p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2018 at: http://designingoutcrime.com/project/petrol-theft/

Year: 2013

Country: Australia

URL: http://designingoutcrime.com/project/petrol-theft/

Shelf Number: 150147

Keywords:
Design Against Crime
Fuel Theft
Gasoline Stations
Gasoline Theft
Petrol Theft

Author: Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence

Title: Securing a Safer Future: How Incentives for Gun Safety Technology Can Stop Shootings

Summary: Every year, 125,000 Americans are victims of gun violence. Too many kids-about 4.6 million of them -live in homes where firearms are kept unlocked and loaded. Too often, poorly secured guns lead to unintentional deaths, teen suicides, homicides with stolen guns, and even mass shootings. Yet despite the gravity of America's gun violence epidemic, technological innovation has largely focused on making guns more lethal, not safer. In our new report, Securing a Safer Future: How Incentives for Gun Safety Technology Can Stop Shootings, we explore how technological innovation can-and should-be used to improve firearm security and save lives. This report represents an entire year of research and analysis by Giffords Law Center's legal and policy experts. What we found gave us cause for hope. Legislative incentives targeting both companies and consumers can help bring a wide range of gun safety products to market. The benefits of allowing gun owners to secure their firearms using safety technology, also called "smart gun" or "personalized gun" technology, include: Protecting children from unintentional shootings: American toddlers are involved in unintentional shootings about once a week. Safety technology, including personalized guns, safes, and trigger locks, can help prevent these tragedies by ensuring children can't access and fire guns. Stopping teen suicides: Guns are used in nearly half of all teen suicides. Gun safety technology could save many of these lives by preventing teens from using firearms to take their own lives in moments of crisis. Research shows that 90% of people who survive a suicide attempt don�t attempt suicide again. Preventing assaults with stolen guns: Around half a million guns are stolen each year, and 10-15% of these guns are later used in crimes. Firearms that could only be fired by their owners or other authorized users could not be used in an immediate assault or other crime by the thief. Eventually, this technology could lead to reductions in gun theft and trafficking. Start-ups have already designed guns and locking devices that use technology like fingerprint scanners to prevent unauthorized users from accessing weapons. The potential to save lives is enormous, and consumer interest in personalized guns is high-despite bullying and boycotting on the behalf of gun manufacturers. In Securing a Safer Future, we present an overview of what gun safety technology is, how it can save lives, and what it will take for us to realize its full potential. Our report explores: The current state of gun safety technology: Reliable technology to secure firearms from unauthorized access already exists. One biometric trigger lock is already being sold, and other developers are making progress toward incorporating cutting-edge versions of this technology into handguns, safes, holsters, and trigger guards. Where gun safety technology is heading: Despite a funding gap created by gun lobby opposition and a lack of private and government funding, many innovators are seeking to improve on existing technology and guide industry-transforming ideas for safer firearms from the drawing board to the marketplace. Consumer preferences: Demand for gun safety technology is strong: up to 7 in 10 American gun owners are open to buying a "childproof" personalized gun as their next handgun purchase. Incentives to create access to safer firearms: The right incentives will encourage the development and sale of personalized guns and accessories by leveraging market forces and responding to developers' needs. The incentives outlined in this report are designed to guide the way for lawmakers who have the courage to fight for the technological advancements that can prevent tragedies and save thousands of lives. We hope this report will provide a roadmap for lawmakers, activists, and others interested in exploring the lifesaving potential of gun safety technology.

Details: San Francisco: The Center, 2018. 113p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2018 at: https://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Securing-a-Safer-Future-Giffords-Law-Center-6.13.18.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Securing-a-Safer-Future-Giffords-Law-Center-6.13.18.pdf

Shelf Number: 153521

Keywords:
Design Against Crime
Firearms
Gun Control
Gun Safety Technology
Gun Violence
Gun-Related Violence
Technological Innovation

Author: Giannini, Renata Avelar

Title: Urban Security Exchange: Data, Design and Innovation for Urban Security

Summary: The Urban Security Exchange: Data, Design and Innovation for Urban Security was held on January 22 and 23, 2018 in San Salvador, at a critical time for Central American countries. On one hand, in early 2018, the capitals of the Northern Triangle countries - Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador - reported significant reductions in their high homicide rates; while on the other, these positive results highlighted the complex efforts necessary to maintain this downward trend amidst the struggle against violence. Effectively, El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras present some of the highest homicide rates in the world. In 2018, El Salvador leads the ranking and its capital, San Salvador, is one of the most violent cities on the planet. Nevertheless, such cities were able to reduce their homicide rates between 2016 and 2017. In El Salvador, the rate dropped by 34%, in Honduras, 22% and in Guatemala, 4%. This context of persistently high homicide rates in spite of reductions was a key element throughout the discussion endorsed by the Urban Security Exchange.

Details: Rio de Janeiro: Igarape Institute, 2018. 32p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2019 at: https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018-06-04-AE-USEx-dialogos-seguranca-EN-1.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: Central America

URL: https://igarape.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018-06-04-AE-USEx-dialogos-seguranca-EN-1.pdf

Shelf Number: 155033

Keywords:
Crime Prevention
Design Against Crime
Homicides
Urban Areas and Crime
Urban Security
Violent Crime

Author: University of Gloucestershire

Title: Gloucester City Safe in 2018: Research conducted by students....

Summary: Executive Summary -- This report presents the findings from an examination of the Business Crime Reduction Partnership (BCRP) 'Gloucester City Safe' conducted by students from the University of Gloucestershire in October 2018. Gloucester City Safe was designed to tackle crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour in Gloucester, Stroud and the surrounding areas. Its 150+ business members work in partnership with the Police, Local Authorities and other stakeholders to tackle issues such as shoplifting, theft, alcohol related disorder, street drinking and begging through the application of a two-tiered sanction-based exclusion system. Since 2014, the University of Gloucestershire has worked with Gloucester City Safe (hereafter 'the Scheme') on collaborative research projects designed to consider the Scheme's operation and effectiveness and to generate insight in to public views on crime and safety. In October 2018, student researchers conducted public surveys in Gloucester City Centre (gaining 662 responses) and interviewed some of the Scheme's members (26 members interviewed). This report presents the findings from this activity, and can be used by the Scheme's management and the police to enhance understanding of crime and disorder in Gloucester and its surrounding areas and to help inform efforts to tackle these issues. The main findings from the report are summarised here. Public perceptions of crime, safety, policing and the Scheme -- A majority (36%) of the sample stated that 'shoplifting and theft' was the biggest problem in Gloucester, and that 'drugs' was the biggest cause of crime in Gloucester (selected by 24%). Feelings of safety were high among the sample, with 72% describing their perceived level of safety in Gloucester city centre as between six and 10 out of 10 (with 10 indicating feeling completely safe). Respondents were asked to provide their view on the effectiveness of police efforts to tackle crime in Gloucester city centre, with 60% of respondents stating that the police were 'very effective' or 'effective' in this regard. Just under half of the sample (47%, 314/662) had heard of the Scheme, and 76% (237/312) of this sub-sample stated that the Scheme was 'very effective' or 'effective' at tackling crime in Gloucester city centre. Those that had heard of the Scheme were asked whether knowing that it is in operation makes them feel safer in Gloucester city centre; 80% (250/314) responded 'Yes'. Member feedback on the Scheme -- Members were highly positive about the effectiveness of the Scheme, and about the communications and information sharing procedures employed by the Scheme. Members reported feeling safer in their place of work because of presence of the City Protection Officers (CPOs) and due to increased awareness concerning risks arising from effective information sharing among members. Some members stated that the Scheme is an effective deterrent for offenders and that its activity has eased the burden on the police. Members were positive about the incident reporting process, about the ease with which they could communicate information to the Scheme, and about the assistance that they receive from the Scheme manager and the CPOs with the reporting process. The DISC web platform and mobile application was described by members as very useful and user-friendly. The recent revisions to the offender gallery organisation was reported to have improved usability, and the speed with which incidents are uploaded and made viewable by the Scheme's manager was greatly appreciated and noted as highly useful. Members noted that most offenders are deterred by the receipt of a yellow card and the threat of a City Safe ban. However, many of the members noted a serious problem with a minority of offenders that ignore the sanctions and continue offending. For these repeat offenders, members noted that the card system is not effective. There were members who expressed a need for more severe consequences for repeat offenders, for increased police enforcement of exclusions and for increased use of Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) for this group. Members were highly positive concerning the work of the City Protection Officer (CPOs), stating that they had made a significant difference since their introduction. There were many examples provided of incidents where the CPOs had helped tackle or prevent an issue or diffused a situation, and members spoke positively about the personal relationships they had developed with the CPOs. Some members also noted that more CPOs, and CPO shift patterns that meant they were present in the city centre for longer periods of the day, would be beneficial.

Details: Cheltenham, UK: Author, 2019. 23p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2019 at: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6553/7/Gloucester%20City%20Safe%20in%202018.pdf

Year: 2019

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6553/7/Gloucester%20City%20Safe%20in%202018.pdf

Shelf Number: 155820

Keywords:
Antisocial Behavior
Business Crime Prevention
Cities and Crime
Communities and Crime
Crimes Against Businesses
Design Against Crime
Disorderly Conduct
Public Safety
Shoplifting
Theft

Rutgers - School of Law, Newark

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