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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:20 pm
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Results for developing countries
9 results foundAuthor: den Heyer, Garth Title: The Role of Civilian Police in Peacekeeping: 1999–2007 Summary: The role of police officers in peacekeeping missions has expanded considerably since their inclusion in the first United Nations mission to the Congo in July 1960. The role of the police in that deployment was to assist the Congo government in maintaining law and order while the Belgian military withdrew from the country. Since that mission, the role of police has evolved— in unison with the evolution of peacekeeping—from one of monitoring the democratic election process to one of providing law enforcement services and of assisting with reform and reorganization of police services in post-conflict countries. Two of the biggest changes for police in peacekeeping occurred in the late 1990s with the advent of executive policing, which involved international police being responsible for local policing and for undertaking capacity development of indigenous police services. Coinciding with those changes, academics and practitioners have confirmed that the post-conflict role of police is of great importance and that police are necessary to provide the fundamentals for nation building. In parallel, the complexity of peacekeeping missions has changed the role that police play from one of mentoring the postconflict nation’s police service to one of (a) developing institutional police capacity, (b) supporting reform, and (c) restructuring and rebuilding local police (Hills, 2009; Murtaugh, 2010). The United Nations and the European Union have had to ensure that they had the administrative, strategic, and political structures in place to plan, deploy, support, and manage large comprehensive missions that comprise both police and military goals and objectives that address such changes. The United Nations recognized the change in the police peacekeeping environment when it created a police adviser position in the mid-1990s. The position included responsibility for advising the Department of Peacekeeping Operations about police-related matters. The significance of the police adviser was increased further on May 15, 2000, with the establishment of the Civilian Police Unit within the Department’s Military and Civilian Police Division. The Civilian Police Unit’s core functions included the following: • Prepare plans for the police components of field missions, monitor their implementation, and revise them as necessary. • Develop civilian police guidelines and standing operating procedures for field missions. • Establish a liaison with member states in regard to (a) the identification and deployment of civilian police officers to field missions, (b) the operational requirements of the mission, and (c) the related personnel and administrative issues. As a result of the change in emphasis and the complexity of missions, the existing institutional framework is now being tested. More than 12,500 United Nations police now exist who are from more than 90 countries and are deployed on 17 different field missions. New ways of thinking about how police are deployed, what their role is during deployment, how they undertake their duties, and how their performance is measured is needed because of the scale and comprehensiveness of modern missions. The first step in understanding how to best assist postconflict nations in the rule of law context is to understand the role of police in peacekeeping. The second step is to ensure that the service the police are delivering is meeting the requirements of the local government. The final step is identifying police officers who have the appropriate level of skill for the mission and then ensuring that they understand what their role in the mission is, how the mission is to be achieved, and how their performance will be measured. The findings from this study may assist police planners, practitioners, and researchers who are part of a widening audience that has an interest in the role of police in post-conflict or underdeveloped nations. The study fills a vacuum in previous research about how peacekeeping missions were planned, managed, and evaluated from the police perspective, and it takes the findings from 23 peacekeeping missions and develops a dynamic new police peacekeeping model that may be used in such situations. The proposed model is comprehensive but simple and easily understood. It is hoped that this research and the subsequent model provide mission leaders with the tools to implement policies and programs that will effectively reform police agencies in post-conflict nations. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundations, 2012. 228p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2013 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/pftest1.drupalgardens.com/files/201304/Den%20Heyer%20(2012)-%20Civilian%20Police%20in%20Peacekeping.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/pftest1.drupalgardens.com/files/201304/Den%20Heyer%20(2012)-%20Civilian%20Police%20in%20Peacekeping.pdf Shelf Number: 129574 Keywords: Civilian PoliceDeveloping CountriesPeacekeepingPolicing (International)Post-Conflict Nations |
Author: Kavanagh, Camino Title: Getting Smart and Scaling Up: Responding to the Impact of Organized Crime on Governance in Developing Countries Summary: Tackling organized crime is listed as a priority for the UK Government under its National Security Council and Strategic Defense and Security Review. It is, first, a clear domestic threat to the UK, causing economic and social costs of between L20 and L40 billion per year. It also impacts the UK's development assistance as many sources suggest that organized crime has a significantly detrimental impact on governance in many developing countries. In some states, circumstantial evidence suggests deep interdependent links between organized crime, politics, and the public sector, fostering, in some cases, a form of symbiosis between the state and criminal organizations, and in more extreme cases, both deep or transitory links between crime, terror, and militant groups. Despite these disconcerting signs, investment in academic research on the effects of organized crime on governance remains limited. There is a wide range of criminological literature, and some relevant work on the fringes of the governance and conflict field, but few, policy-oriented studies specifically examining the impact of organized crime on governance exist. The World Bank's World Development Report 2011 cited organized crime as one factor linked to post-conflict violence in fragile states and hinted at the role weak institutions and corruption play in this regard, but did not provide any detailed analysis of these links. This report presents an overview of the research team's findings and is divided into four parts: Section I presents the main Policy Summary. Section II presents the main findings and lays out five areas for targeted action as the basis of an 'organized crime-sensitive' programming framework. Section III provides donors with options for assessing when to engage on organized crime-related issues and, depending on the nature of relations between organized crime and political and governance institutions, an analysis framework to help determine what specifically within the five areas of action to focus on. The final section provides concluding remarks and a suggested programming framework, combining elements of sections II and III. Details: New York: New York University, Center on International Cooperation, 2013, 242p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2015 at: http://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/kavanagh_crime_developing_countries_report_w_annexes.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://cic.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/kavanagh_crime_developing_countries_report_w_annexes.pdf Shelf Number: 131146 Keywords: Developing CountriesOrganized CrimePolitical CorruptionTerrorism |
Author: Global Financial Integrity Title: Illicit Financial Flows: The Most Damaging Economic Condition Facing the Developing World Summary: The book features five condensed and updated quantitative country studies on illicit financial flows (IFFs) from India, Mexico, Russia, the Philippines, and Brazil by GFI Chief Economist Dr. Dev Kar, as well as chapters written by GFI President Raymond Baker and Managing Director Tom Cardamone. Dr. Thomas Pogge, Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University, writes on the human rights impact of illicit financial flows. The relationship between illicit flows and development is considered by Erik Solheim, the chair of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee. Details: Washington, DC: Global Financial Integrity, 2015. 192p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed October 28, 2015 at: http://www.gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Ford-Book-Final.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://www.gfintegrity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Ford-Book-Final.pdf Shelf Number: 137168 Keywords: BriberyDeveloping CountriesFinancial CrimesMoney LaunderingTax Evasion |
Author: Grote, Ulrike Title: Rural Crime in Developing Countries: Theoretical Framework, Empirical Findings, Research Needs Summary: Anecdotal evidence and selected information from the International Crime Victims Survey suggest that crime is higher in developing countries than in developed countries and that there are regionally big differences. Explanations and solutions to the persistence and prevalence of rural crime in many developing countries are needed as rural crime undermines sustainable development to a large extent and may even affect social cohesiveness in rural communities. This discussion paper therefore calls for research which helps to shed light on this phenomenon in support of improved policies. For this, representative and good-quality data is needed. It is suggested to disentangle the complex research topic and allow for a more systematic approach by focusing on a certain type of crime. Research on most of these types is very selective and scarce. As mentioned, data is almost nonexistent and evidence on individual types is largely missing. The routine activity approach is suggested as a conceptual framework for further analysis. The paper concludes that research and policy design should focus on how to reduce opportunities to commit a crime in rural areas in developing countries in order to reduce environmental and social costs of crime, promote sustainable development and improve rural livelihoods of the often deprived and poor in rural areas in developing countries. Details: Bonn, Germany: University of Bonn - Center for Development Research (ZEF); 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 148: Accessed April 11, 2016 at: http://www.zef.de/uploads/tx_zefnews/zef_wp_148.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.zef.de/uploads/tx_zefnews/zef_wp_148.pdf Shelf Number: 138633 Keywords: Developing CountriesRural Areas Rural Crime Victimization |
Author: Idris, Iffat Title: Youth unemployment and violence: Rapid Literature Review Summary: This literature review looks at the evidence for a causal link between youth unemployment and violence in stable developing countries, focusing on crime, gang violence and domestic violence. It also looks at the effectiveness of donor programming to address this issue, and identifies areas where further research is needed. Perceived link between youth unemployment and violence The literature shows a strong acceptance of the assumption that youth unemployment is a factor leading to violence - both criminality and youth participation in political violence and armed groups. The hypothesis is that, without jobs, young people are prone to violence and pose a threat to society. This is thought to be particularly the case in countries with a high proportion of young people - 'youth bulges'. A search for empirical evidence to back up this hypothesis reveals two critical points: 1) a lack of consistency about terminology and definitions; and 2) a lack of data. Youth is defined differently in different countries/regions and by different agencies: whereas the UN defines youth as the age group from 15 to 24 years old, it can include someone as young as 12 or as old as 35. There also tends to be an assumption that youth in the context of unemployment and violence refers only to young males, not females. Moreover, there is ambiguity about whether it is unemployment or under-employment and the quality of work young people have that is relevant. Finding accurate, up-to-date, comprehensive, gender and age-disaggregated data on youth in developing countries is a major challenge. This is arguably even more the case in relation to unemployment and violence than in 'traditional' development sectors such as education and health. Details: Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham, 2016. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2017 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/58c8019640f0b67ec500018c/YouthUnemployment_Violence.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/58c8019640f0b67ec500018c/YouthUnemployment_Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 145147 Keywords: Developing CountriesDomestic ViolenceEconomics of CrimeGang ViolenceUnemployment and CrimeYouthful Offenders |
Author: Lind, Jeremy Title: Understanding and Tackling Violence Outside of Armed Conflict Settings Summary: Understanding and tackling violence that occurs outside of armed conflict settings is essential to improving the well-being of some of the world's poorest communities. Whilst advances have been made in terms of designing policies that address violence in fragile or conflict-affected countries, progress has been slower in relation to dealing with violence happening outside of these settings. New forms of violence, such as organised crime and political instability, often arise in states which have undergone rapid economic growth and social transformation. These forms of violence are difficult to address because they are part of the very structures and processes that drive and shape development. Fresh approaches are required. They need to be driven by communities, civil society and young people, as well as the state and international donors. They must also be underpinned by a better understanding of how violence affects the poor and what works in terms of interventions. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2013. 4p. Source: Policy Briefing Issue 37: Accessed June 16, 2017 at: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/2653/PB%2337_TacklingViolence_Web.pdf?sequence=1&utm_source=idswebsite&utm_medium=download&utm_campaign=opendocs Year: 2013 Country: International URL: https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/2653/PB%2337_TacklingViolence_Web.pdf?sequence=1&utm_source=idswebsite&utm_medium=download&utm_campaign=opendocs Shelf Number: 146199 Keywords: Developing CountriesOrganized Crime Violence Violent Crime |
Author: Wallace, Wendell C. Title: An Exploratory Study on the Impact of Organized Crime on Societies in Small Island Developing States: Evidence from Five (5) Caribbean Countries Summary: Circumstantial evidence suggests that organized crime has witnessed a global explosion. Despite this disconcerting sign, investment in academic research on the impact of organized crime on societies in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) remains limited. As a result, this study was conducted to assess the impact of organized crime on SIDS in the Caribbean. The study utilized archival research, secondary data and self-administered questionnaires to forty (40) top level security and defense professionals in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Jamaica, St. Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago to better understand the impact of organized crime on societies in the region. The results indicate that there are negative social, political, communal, economic and governance and governability impacts on Caribbean societies as a result of organized crime. Details: Washington, DC: William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, National Defense University, 2017. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Perspectivas, March 2017: Accessed September 19, 2017 at: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=800405 Year: 2017 Country: Caribbean URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=800405 Shelf Number: 147390 Keywords: Crime and Development Developing CountriesOrganized Crime |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: Crime and Development in Africa Summary: Our knowledge on the state of crime in Africa is limited. Given the many development challenges facing the continent, it is not surprising that little attention has been given to crime. But Africa's development challenges are precisely the social factors found to be associated with high crime situations internationally. For example: - Income inequality is one of the most robust quantitative correlates of official crime rates, and Africa hosts some of the most unequal countries in the world: on average, the richest 10% earn 31 times more than the poorest 10%. - Throughout the world, teenaged and young adult males commit most of the crime, and Africa's youthful population (43% under the age of 15) means that a greater part of the society falls into this pool of potential offenders. Many of these young people are not enrolled in educational programmes and cannot find employment. - Rapid rates of urbanisation, a factor that combines elements of population density, cultural clash, and population instability, is also a strong correlate of crime rates. Africa is urbanising at about 4% a year, about twice the global average. - Poor countries have poorly-resourced criminal justice systems, and Africa suffers from the world's least favourable police- and judge-to-population ratios. This ultimately impacts on conviction rates; even if the police perform optimally, offenders in Africa are much less likely to be punished for their wrongdoings than those in the rest of the world. Such a system cannot effectively deter, incapacitate, or rehabilitate criminals. - The proliferation of firearms, related in part to the recurrence of conflict in all regions of the continent and in part to a growing sense of public insecurity, enables and aggravates violent crime. While none of these factors alone causes crime, their presence together does make it more probable that crime will occur, all other things being equal. This does not mean that the continent is doomed to criminality. Rather, it means that crime needs to be anticipated and that development planning should proceed with these dynamics in mind. Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2005. 160p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2018 at: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/African_report.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Africa URL: http://www.unodc.org/pdf/African_report.pdf Shelf Number: 149797 Keywords: Developing CountriesGun-Related ViolencePovertySocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: International Expert Group on Drug Policy Metrics Title: Aligning Agendas: Drugs, Sustainable Development, and the Drive for Policy Coherence Summary: Current drug policy too often has a negative impact on communities and runs counter to efforts to ameliorate poverty through sustainable development. However, this is often not captured by the metrics used to measure the impact of drug policy. One way to improve these metrics is to align them with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This would not only help overcome many of the limitations of drug policies resulting from suboptimal metrics but also make sure these policies enhance, rather than hinder, efforts to achieve the SDGs. This report analyzes how more precise, more complete, and better conceived metrics can help us to understand the impact of drug policy on sustainable development and the prospects of achieving the SDGs. The report is the result of over a year of work by the International Expert Group on Drug Policy Metrics, convened by the Conflict Prevention and Peace Forum and the International Peace Institute. This group puts forward the following recommendations for the UN, member states, and the drug policy community: Develop a framework for policy coherence between drug policy and sustainable development. Create an external advisory committee bringing together experts on drug policy and sustainable development. Add SDG indicators related to drug policy. Put in place mechanisms to gather data on the effects of drug policies. Use the SDG indicators as a model for improving drug policy indicators. Prioritize outcome - rather than process-oriented metrics. Details: New York: International Peace Institute, 2018. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2018 at: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1802_Aligning-Agendas.pdf Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/1802_Aligning-Agendas.pdf Shelf Number: 149982 Keywords: Developing CountriesDrug ControlDrug EradicationDrug PolicyDrug Policy Reform |