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Date: April 24, 2024 Wed
Time: 7:53 pm
Time: 7:53 pm
Results for displacement
7 results foundAuthor: Cook, David Title: An Analysis of the Situational Crime Prevention Techniques Used by Operation Kensington on a Selected Co-op Store Summary: It is apparent that shoplifting within England and Wales is a significant problem that seemingly needs more attention when it is estimated that seventy five per cent of shoplifting incidents go undetected (British Retail Consortium [BRC], 2007b, p. 1). The city of Portsmouth is an area that experiences a significant shoplifting problem. As a result Operation Kensington was set up by Hampshire Constabulary to try and tackle the problem. The scheme redesigned three Co-op stores in a pilot area with the purpose of making them more resistant to crime by using a series of situational crime prevention (SCP) techniques. It has been established that these SCP techniques can be successful in preventing crime and therefore the focus of this study was to assess whether the SCP techniques used by Operation Kensington have been successful in one of the three Co-op stores. The research study sought the views of two police officers who regularly deal with the selected Co-op store and two of the Co-op store workers in order to gain a varied perspective on the techniques. Crime data provided by Hampshire Constabulary was also analysed. On the available evidence the study has been unable to conclusively establish that the techniques used within the Co-op store have been effective. It does however appear that they may have been successful to some degree. The study is however able to say with some certainty that Operation Kensington as a whole as had some positive effects, most notably making the reporting of crime more efficient and leading to an increase in both reported and detected crime within the pilot area. Details: Portsmouth, UK: University of Portsmouth, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, 2008. 99p. Source: Dissertation: Available at the Rutgers Criminal Justice Library Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://library.port.ac.uk/dissert/view.php?dis_id=10396&rtn=1 Shelf Number: 117095 Keywords: Business CrimeDisplacementShopliftingSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: Berk, Richard Title: Policing the Homeless: An Evaluation of Efforts to Reduce Homeless-Related Crime Summary: Police officials across the United Sates are increasingly relying on place-based approaches for crime prevention. This article examines the Safer Cities Initiative, a widely publicized place-based policing intervention implemented in Los Angeles's Skid Row and focused on crime and disorder associated with homeless encampments. Crime reduction was the goal. The police division in which the program was undertaken provides 8 years of times series data serving as the observations for the treatment condition. Four adjacent police divisions in which the program was not undertaken provide 8 years time series data serving as the observations for the comparison condition. The data are analyzed using a generalized additive model. On balance, the study found that this place-based intervention is associated with meaningful reductions in violent, property, and nuisance street crimes. There is no evidence of crime displacement. Details: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Statistics & Department of Criminology, 2009. 32p. Source: Working Paper Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118399 Keywords: Crime PreventionDisplacementHomeless EncampmentsHomelessnessPlace-Based PolicingStreet Crimes |
Author: Vollaard, Ben Title: Does Regulation of Built-in Security Reduce Crime? Evidence from a Natural Experiment Summary: As of 1999, all new-built homes in the Netherlands have to have burglary-proof windows and doors. This study provides evidence that this large-scale government intervention in the use of self-protective measures lowers crime and improves social welfare. The study found that the regulatory change reduced burglary in new-built homes from 1.1 to 0.8 percent annually, a reduction of 26 percent. The evidence on displacement of burglary to older homes is inconclusive. The findings suggest that burglars avoid old, less-protected homes that are located in the direct vicinity of the new, better-protected homes. The study found no evidence of displacement to other property crimes including theft from cars and bicycle theft. The direct cost of installing burglary proof windows and doors are relatively small. Even though the regulation of built-in security does not target preventative measures at homes that are most at risk, the social benefits of the regulation are likely to exceed the social costs. Details: Tilburg, The Netherlands: Tilburg University, Department of Economics; Parkville, Australia: University of Melbourne, Department of Economics, 2010. 31p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118412 Keywords: Burglary (Netherlands)Crime PreventionDisplacementSecurity |
Author: Lee, Seungmug Title: The Impact of Home Burglar Alarm Systems on Residential Burglaries Summary: This study examined the impact of home burglar alarms on residential burglaries in Newark, New Jersey during 2001 to 2005. Specifically, it examined: 1) the overall relationship between burglar alarms and residential burglaries over these years; 2) the relationships of burglar alarms and residential burglaries to demographic, socio-economic, and housing character indicators; 3) the spatial relationship between burglar alarms and residential burglaries using autocorrelation and clustering methods; and 4) the possible consequences of burglar alarms in terms of displacement of residential burglaries or diffusion of benefits. Details: Newark, NJ: Graduate Program in Criminal Justice, Rutgers, The State ofUniversity, 2008. 339p. Source: Dissertation Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 114904 Keywords: Burglar AlarmsBurglarsCrimeDisplacementPreventionResidential BurglarySecurity |
Author: Dandurand, Yvon Title: Confident Policing in a Troubled Community: Evaluation of the Vancouver Police Department's City-wide Enforcement Team Initiative: A Report prepared for the City of VAncouver and the Vancouver Agreement Coordination Unit Summary: This evaluation, sponsored by the Vancouver Agreement Coordination Unit, was designed to assess the impact of the Vancouver Police Department’s City-Wide Enforcement Team (CET) initiative implemented in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) area of the city during the during the months of April-September, 2003. The CET followed a number of previous police interventions in the area that targeted the drug trade and was initiated after a planning process that included an unsuccessful attempt to secure additional fiscal support from the City Council. The CET had three primary objectives: 1) to bring order to a disordered community; 2) to disrupt the open drug market; and, 3) to disrupt the flow of stolen property into the DTES. These objectives were to be achieved by providing an enhanced police presence in the area in an attempt to disperse drug dealers and their user-clients and, in doing so, reduce the levels of disorder and increase safety and security in the area. The CET represented a dramatic departure from the previous “containment” approach wherein policing services were provided to the DTES on a primarily reactive basis. Senior police personnel viewed the initiative as a long-delayed fulfillment of their legislated mandate to provide full policing services to the residents of the DTES. To assess the effectiveness of the CET, in-depth interviews were conducted community residents, business owners, incarcerated offenders, health care professionals, the police officers who were assigned to the DTES at the time the CET was implemented, and IV drug users. In addition, systematic field observations were conducted in the DTES during a three month period and focus group sessions were conducted with community residents, persons involved in the delivery of social services, sex trade workers, and members of NGOs in the DTES. Statistical information from the Vancouver Police Department Computer Aided Dispatch system (CAD), the PRIME record system, the pawnshop data base, as well as from other agencies, including Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services, B.C. Ambulance Service, the Coroner’s Office, and hospital admission data were retrieved and analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that the CET was successful in disrupting the open drug market, reducing the general levels of social disorder, and enhancing the general feelings of safety and security among persons who live and work in the DTES. The CET was less successful in pursuing drug dealers and the associated criminal activity that was displaced into other areas in District 2 and into adjacent police districts. There is some evidence that the drug market in the DTES adapted to the increased police presence, becoming more orderly, dispersed and moving out of the public realm into private locations. The price and availability of drugs in the area were not significantly impacted. Drug dealers and their clients who were displaced to other areas created localized crime “hot spots” of drug dealing and associated disorder, although this occurred in the context of overall declines in drug and public disorder offences in all police districts in the city during the last nine months of 2003 as compared with the same time period in 2002. With respect to potential detrimental effects of the initiative, there is no evidence that the CET had a measurable impact on the number of fatal drug overdoses in the DTES or adversely affected IV drug users with respect to their access to HIV prevention, needle exchange and other services. Nor is there evidence that the risk behaviour of IV drug users was influenced by the CET initiative in a way that noticeably increased public health risks. The data that were gathered for the evaluation did not allow a determination of whether the CET was successful in interfering with the flow of stolen property into the DTES, although the stolen property market was forced to become more discrete and more of the stolen property may have been fenced out of the immediate DTES area. Police officers, community residents, IV drug users, and others who offered an opinion on the subject shared the view that the stolen property market had not been significantly reduced. Senior police personnel, based on their observations, believed that the flow of stolen property as it existed prior to the CET had been impacted and cited the Extract data to support their view that the quality and value of stolen goods flowing into the DTES had declined. The attempt by the project team to assess the impact of the CET on the stolen property market in the DTES was hindered by methodological difficulties. There was general support among community residents, business owners, sex trade workers, and IV drug users for the increased police presence in the area and with the performance of the police. There was also an expressed desire that the police enhance their relations with the community through expanded foot patrols and increased training to better equip officers to effectively police the area. Some concern was expressed about the policing styles of some officers assigned to the area. Residents were divided as to whether the overall quality of life in the community had improved, although their overall feelings of safety and security had increased. The effectiveness of the CET was compromised to some extent by insufficient coordination and joint planning with other agencies and organizations in the DTES, a lack of departmental resources, and by some inconsistency in the policing strategies used by officers in the DTES. The results of the study also indicated that the CET would have benefited from a comprehensive communication strategy to increase the awareness of community residents and business owners and others involved in the delivery of services in the area. A major limitation of this evaluation is that the survey interview data were gathered six months after the CET initiative was implemented and it can be expected that this short time frame is sufficient only to capture certain facets of any changes in community life in the DTES. It is difficult to determine the extent to which medium and long-term changes are occurring and whether these changes are permanent or ephemeral. It is also unrealistic to expect that the dynamics of life in a community, where crime and disorder had become deeply entrenched, would be significantly and measurably altered in six months as a consequence of one initiative such as the CET. It can be expected that the dynamics of life in the DTES will continue to evolve and that specific initiatives, such as the CET, will evolve as well. The special initiative did serve a number of purposes, one of which was for the VPD, as an organization, to accept and acknowledge its responsibility to challenge its own long-standing policy of “containment” and to move proactively to provide effective policing services to the DTES community and to attempt to improve the overall quality of life for all of its residents. Details: Abbotsford, BC: University College of the Fraser Valley, 2004. 251p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://www.vancouveragreement.ca/wp-content/uploads/ConfidentPolicing2004sm.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Canada URL: http://www.vancouveragreement.ca/wp-content/uploads/ConfidentPolicing2004sm.pdf Shelf Number: 120152 Keywords: DisplacementDrug DealersDrug EnforcementOpen-Air Drug MarketsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Vancouver, Canada)Public DisorderStolen Goods |
Author: Verga, Simona Title: Closed-Circuit TV Surveillance Evaluation: Statistical Analysis of the Effects on Rates of Crime Summary: This paper reports on the statistical analysis conducted on crime data provided by the Toronto Police Services in order to assess the impact on crime after implementing the Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) pilot initiative. Over the period May 2007 to October 2008, the Toronto Police Services installed CCTV cameras in a number of selected areas for periods of time between six months and one year. This report documents the results of the application of standard statistical techniques to determine the effectiveness of surveillance cameras in reducing crime, and compares them with findings from previous research studies. The analysis is based on data derived from the Toronto Police Services call-for-service ACCESS database, a comprehensive, geo-coded database that includes all records of demands for policing services involving events of a violent nature from 1995. This report addresses questions related to crime reduction in the targeted areas and diffusion of benefits beyond the targeted areas, and makes some general considerations about displacement and dispersion. Details: Ottawa: Defence Research and Development Canada, Centre for Security Science, 2010. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: DRDC CSS TR 2010-09: Accessed August 31, 2011: http://pubs.drdc.gc.ca/inbasket/mmgreene.110105_1359.DRDC%20CSS%20TR%202010-09_A1b.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://pubs.drdc.gc.ca/inbasket/mmgreene.110105_1359.DRDC%20CSS%20TR%202010-09_A1b.pdf Shelf Number: 122574 Keywords: Closed-Circuit Television (Toronto)DisplacementSituational Crime PreventionSurveillance |
Author: Vollaard, Ben Title: Temporal displacement of environmental crime. Evidence from marine oil pollution Summary: The probability of conviction commonly varies across different circumstances due to imperfect monitoring. Evidence of whether and how offenders exploit gaps in monitoring provides insight into the process by which deterrence is produced. We present an empirical test of temporal displacement of illegal discharges of oil from shipping, a major source of ocean pollution, in response to a monitoring technology that features variation in the probability of conviction by time of day. After sunset and before sunrise, evidence collected using airborne radar day-round becomes contestable in court because the nature of an identified spot cannot be verified visually. Using data from surveillance flights above the Dutch part of the North Sea during 1992-2011, we only find evidence for temporal displacement after 1999, with further tightening of the regulations. By that time, the overall level of discharges had been reduced considerably, making the observed temporal displacement relatively small in absolute levels. Details: Tilburg, NETH: TILEC, 29p. Source: Internet Resource: CentER Discussion Paper; Vol. 2015-037; Accessed August 31, 2015 at: https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/files/7366060/2015_037.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/files/7366060/2015_037.pdf Shelf Number: 136621 Keywords: DisplacementOffenses Against the Environment Pollution |