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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 11:37 am
Time: 11:37 am
Results for drunk and disorderly
29 results foundAuthor: Costello, D. Title: Drink or Drunk: Why Do Staff at Licensed Premises Continut to Serve Patrons to Intoxication Despirte Current Laws and Interventions? Final Report Summary: Addressing drinking behaviours, intoxication and the resultant behaviours from intoxication in Australia is influenced by several issues—the social acceptability of intoxication, the acceptance of licensed venues as places where intoxication happens and a general belief that violence and aggression at licensed venues is inevitable. Over the past 20 years, Australia has made significant moves to address issues of alcohol-related harm and violence through server regulations such as RSA training, State and Territory liquor controls, security legislation and through localised liquor management plans and accords. Despite such interventions and media attention around the risks associated with unsafe drinking habits, intoxicated people continue to be able to easily access alcohol and be served in licensed venues. The aim of the current study was to gain an understanding of why staff at licensed premises continue to serve patrons to intoxication and the factors that increase this, despite current laws and interventions. Motivating factors for continuing alcohol service and the different perspectives of both bar staff and venue owners and managers are investigated in this project. Details: Canberra: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Monography Series No. 38: Accessed January 17, 2012 at: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/pub/Monograph_38.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/pub/Monograph_38.pdf Shelf Number: 123646 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse (Australia)Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol-Related Crime, AggressionDrunk and DisorderlyIntoxication |
Author: Crowe, Ann H. Title: Underage Drinking: Intervention Principles and Practice Guidelines for Community Correction Summary: For more than two decades, the people of the United States have benefited from a uniform minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21. This has been one of the most successful public health regulations ever implemented (Voas, 2006). Many thousands of lives have been saved and tragedies averted. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the MLDA law has saved almost 24,000 lives in traffic crashes alone since 1975, when states began raising the drinking age. This figure does not include the many thousands of other types of injury and death that can result from alcohol use and that have been prevented since the law was changed (Jones, Pieper, & Robertson, 1992). These laws are highly effective, but they do require continued commitment and effort for enforcement. Underage drinking is both a public safety and a public health challenge in the United States. More notably, however, as is brought forth in the Surgeon General’s Call to Action To Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2007), underage drinking is an issue that our society continues to grapple with and work to overcome for the betterment of our nation’s youth. Many of the strategies to reduce underage drinking have focused on decreasing the availability of alcohol to underage drinkers, reducing opportunities and occasions for underage drinking, and diminishing the demand for alcohol among youth. These strategies have proved to be successful, but young people do continue to engage in illegal alcohol consumption and to be exposed to the many risks it entails. A thoughtful and comprehensive approach to dealing with underage drinkers is clearly needed. Only in recent years has our society begun to truly grapple with this issue, particularly at the federal level. One of the most prominent agencies within the federal government that has taken action to address underage drinking is the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Since its inception in 1974, OJJDP has supported local and state efforts to prevent delinquency and improve the juvenile justice system. In 1998, Congress gave OJJDP the authority to administer the Enforcement of Underage Drinking Laws (EUDL) program. The EUDL program supports and enhances efforts by states and local jurisdictions to reduce the availability of alcohol to minors and to prevent underage drinking by minors. Close partnerships between law enforcement agencies and communitybased groups involved in preventing and intervening in underage drinking are strongly encouraged by the program. As the only federal program devoted exclusively to preventing alcohol consumption by minors, OJJDP offers states and local jurisdictions funding, comprehensive training, and technical assistance to guide them in their efforts (see OJJDP, 2009). The community corrections field, specifically probation and diversion, performs an important role in the EUDL program in both prevention and intervention when dealing with underage drinking offenders.1 Community corrections professionals can work closely with judges, attorneys, and other justice professionals to handle each underage drinking case in the most effective and appropriate fashion. Community corrections professionals can also work with community-based groups in efforts to prevent underage drinking through community-wide initiatives that reach both parents and youth. Appendix A provides some examples of local and state EUDL coalitions in which community corrections agencies have partnered. Details: Lexington, KY: American Probation and Parole Association, 2011. 111p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 6, 2012 at: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/appa/pubs/UDIPPGCC.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/appa/pubs/UDIPPGCC.pdf Shelf Number: 123996 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseCommunity CorrectionsDrunk and DisorderlyDrunk DrivingUnderage Drinking |
Author: Victoria. Auditor-General Title: Effectiveness of Justice Strategies in Preventing and Reducing Alcohol-Related Harm Summary: The audit assessed the effectiveness of the Department of Justice, Victoria Police and the Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation in preventing and reducing the impact of alcohol-related harm on the community. Alcohol-related harm costs Victoria an estimated $4.3 billion per year. Despite the implementation of various strategies and initiatives, the level of reported alcohol-related harm has increased significantly over the past 10 years. Harm minimisation efforts have been hampered by the lack of a whole-of-government policy position on the role of alcohol in society, by poorly chosen, implemented and evaluated initiatives, by inconsistent and cumbersome liquor licensing processes and legislation, and by a lack of coordinated, intelligence-led and targeted enforcement. The Department of Justice's initiatives to prevent and reduce alcohol-related harm were fragmented, superficial and reactive instead of targeted, evidence-based, complementary and well coordinated. The liquor licensing regime is not effectively minimising alcohol-related harm. This is due to a lack of transparency in decision-making, insufficient guidance on regulatory processes, administrative errors, poor quality data and a lack of engagement from councils. There is no overarching whole-of-government enforcement strategy to comprehensively address unlawful supply, particularly service to intoxicated patrons and minors, which is the cause of much alcohol-related harm. Inaccurate and incomplete data is further hampering enforcement efforts. A fundamental change in approach to strategy development, licensing and enforcement is required before any noticeable impact on reducing harm is likely. Details: Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer, 2012. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2012 at: http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_and_publications/latest_reports/2011-12/20120620-alcohol.aspx Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/reports_and_publications/latest_reports/2011-12/20120620-alcohol.aspx Shelf Number: 125546 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Australia)Drunk and Disorderly |
Author: Ipsos MORI Title: Anti-Social Behaviour: People, Place and Perceptions Summary: By definition, the scale and impact of anti-social behaviour can only be measured by gauging the perceptions of those whose lives are affected by such behaviour. These survey measures continually show anti-social behaviour issues to be at the forefront of local concerns, surpassing the more traditional responsibilities attached to relevant local public service providers. The 7-strand anti-social behaviour index aggregates the extent to which residents classify different local issues as being problematic in their local areas. These range from environmental-related concerns of rubbish and litter lying around and abandoned or burnt out cars, through to vandalism, graffiti and other deliberate damage, people being drunk or rowdy, people using or dealing drugs, teenagers hanging around on the streets and noisy neighbours or loud parties. It is this 7-strand index measure that we use as the key perceptual indicator in our analysis. Details: London: Ipsos Mori,2007. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 28, 2012 at: http://www.ipsos.com/public-affairs/sites/www.ipsos.com.public-affairs/files/documents/anti-social_behaviour.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ipsos.com/public-affairs/sites/www.ipsos.com.public-affairs/files/documents/anti-social_behaviour.pdf Shelf Number: 126162 Keywords: Antisocial Behaviour (U.K.)Disorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyJuvenilesNuisance Behaviors and DisordersPublic Spaces |
Author: Shakeshaft, Anthony Title: Alcohol Related Crime in City of Sydney Local Government Area: An Analysis for the Council of the City of Sydney Summary: There has been considerable recent concern about escalating rates of alcohol-related harm in inner Sydney from both the City of Sydney Council and residents. NDARC was approached to provide an empirical description of whether rates of alcohol-related crime in the inner city areas of Kings Cross and Darlinghurst have been increasing over time. The aim of this project is to apply a surrogate measure of alcohol-related crime to Sydney LGA to determine whether rates of crime have increased over time. This report has three broad aims: 1. To identify evidence-based strategies in the literature that local governments might reasonably implement to reduce the impact of alcohol-related harm on their communities. 2. To quantify the cumulative impacts of alcohol-related crime on Kings Cross and Darlinghurst areas in Sydney. 3. To examine whether a saturation, or tipping point, has been reached. Details: Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 2011. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: NDARC Monograph No. 63: Accessed September 10, 2012 at: http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/ndarc.cms.med.unsw.edu.au/files/ndarc/resources/NDARC%20monograph%2063.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/ndarc.cms.med.unsw.edu.au/files/ndarc/resources/NDARC%20monograph%2063.pdf Shelf Number: 126291 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Sydney, AustraliaDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: Streker, Peter Title: Under the Influence: What local governments can do to reduce drug and alcohol related harms in their communities Summary: Local governments generally have played a limited role with illicit drug-related issues, as they are typically addressed by the federal and state governments’ law enforcement or health service providers. Local governments’ role in alcohol management is more pronounced, however, as alcohol is consumed by thousands of their residents each week in their municipalities’ businesses, sports clubs and other facilities. Local governments recognise that, on the one hand, alcohol can offer a number of benefits to a local community and, on the other hand, it increases a number of serious risks to the health, wellbeing and safety of residents and visitors. Alcohol plays a central role in vibrant social gatherings each week and is one of the nation’s most popular drugs, with 72.6 per cent of Australian adults consuming alcohol at moderate levels. The entertainment and hospitality industries that serve alcohol provide local jobs and stimulate a vibrant night time economy that extends beyond petrol stations and fast food outlets. Indeed, most local governments are themselves sponsors or hosts of functions, events and festivals where alcohol is served. While the overall consumption of alcohol has remained relatively stable over the last decade, some Australians —particularly young people—continue to consume at levels that put them at risk of long and short term harm. One out of every 10 Victorians drink at risky levels at least once per week4 and approximately 700 Victorians die from the effects of alcohol each year. The National Preventative Health Taskforce (NPHT) has calculated that more than 42 million incidents of binge drinking occur in Australian communities each year—most of which would have occurred within the nation’s 565 local government areas. In addition to the long-term health risks of alcohol-related diseases to residents, local governments are also confronted by the repercussions of alcohol-related assaults, injuries, property damage and other forms of anti-social or illegal behaviour. The NPHT1 has reported that 84 per cent of Australians were concerned about alcohol-related impacts in their community and other research found that nearly threequarters of adults had been negatively affected by another person’s drinking in the previous 12 months. Australian local governments have an important role in preventing acute and long-term harms from illicit drugs and alcohol in their neighbourhoods. This paper discusses some practical steps being trialled to reduce harms in communities, and provides an overview of local governments’ most promising future directions. It may be used by local governments to coordinate effective action across departments, with local partners and other tiers of government. Victorian legislation (e.g. Local Government Act 1989 and Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008) has been used to populate many of the paper’s examples. These details will vary across other states and territories. Details: Melbourne: Australian Drug Foundation, 2012. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Prevention Research Quarterly, No. 19: Accessed March 8, 2013 at: http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/attachments/747_PRQ_localgov_2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.druginfo.adf.org.au/attachments/747_PRQ_localgov_2012.pdf Shelf Number: 127868 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Australia)AlcoholismBinge DrinkingDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: Corman, Hope Title: Alcohol Consumption, Deterrence and Crime in New York City Summary: This paper investigates the relationship between alcohol consumption, deterrence, and crime for New York City. We examine high-frequency time-series data from 1983 to 2001 for one specific location to examine the impacts of variations in both alcohol consumption and deterrence on seven “index” crimes. We tackle the endogeneity of arrests and the police force by exploiting the temporal independence of crime and deterrence in these high-frequency data, and we address the endogeneity of alcohol by using instrumental variables where alcohol sales are instrumented with city and state alcohol taxes and minimum drinking age. We find that alcohol consumption is positively related to assault, rape, and larceny crimes but not murder, robbery, burglary, or motor vehicle theft. We find strong deterrence for all crimes except assault and rape. Generally, deterrence effects are stronger than alcohol effects. Details: New York: American Association of Wine Economists, Economics Dept, New York University, 2013. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: AAWE WORKING PAPER No. 135 Economics: Accessed May 20, 2013 at: http://www.wine-economics.org/aawe/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/AAWE_WP135.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.wine-economics.org/aawe/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/AAWE_WP135.pdf Shelf Number: 128752 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder (New York City, U.AssaultsDrunk and DisorderlyRape |
Author: Freel, R. Title: The Night-Time Economy: Findings from the 2009/10 and 2010/11 Northern Ireland Crime Surveys Summary: Respondents to the Northern Ireland Crime Survey (NICS) were asked about their perceptions and experiences of visiting their local high street or town centre in the evening to socialise. This might include going to pubs, clubs, restaurants, cinemas, theatres or concerts, meeting up with friends or attending community events and, within the context of the NICS, is referred to as the "night-time economy" (NTE). Over half of both NICS 2009/10 (53%) and 2010/11 (55%) respondents stated that they had not visited the night-time economy in the month preceding interview, with the most commonly cited reason being that they didn't really need or want to go (NICS 2009/10; 77% and NICS 2010/11; 84%). Findings from NICS 2010/11 suggest a relationship between frequency of visits to the night-time economy and age of the respondent, with younger age groups more likely than older age groups to socialise at least once per week (aged 16-24; 40% aged 75 plus; 3%). When age and gender are considered jointly, it is apparent that young men aged between 16 and 24 (50%) were most likely to frequent the NTE displaying a rate almost four times that of the NICS 2010/11 average (13%). NICS 2010/11 results also show a statistically significant increase since 2009/10 in the proportion of respondents who felt "very safe" (from 26% to 30%) and a subsequent decrease in those who felt a bit unsafe(15% to 11%) when socialising in their town centres in the evening. Over a third of respondents (38% in 2009/10; 37% in 2010/11) claimed that the presence of CCTV in the night-time economy made them feel safer whilst 16% of NICS 2009/10 respondents and 14% of NICS 2010/11 respondents were not aware of any CCTV cameras in their town centre. The most common method of transportation usually made for getting home from the NTE was public transport (43% in NICS 2009/10 and 45% in NICS 2010/11) which includes taxis, buses and trains. Findings show a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of NICS respondents who felt a bit unsafe whilst waiting for public transport in the NTE, falling from 23% in 2009/10 to 19% in 2010/11. Around two-fifths of NICS respondents considered people drinking or being drunk in public as the single most serious problem within the night-time economy (40% in 2009/10 and 38% in 2010/11). Over two-thirds of respondents felt that alcohol-related anti-social behaviour (ASB) is a very or fairly big problem in the NTE (69% in NICS 2009/10 and 67% in NICS 2010/11). Results from both sweeps of the survey show that around a third of respondents felt alcohol-related ASB had increased during the previous 12 months (33% in NICS 2009/10 and 31% in NICS 2010/11), with less than a tenth (7% and 8% respectively) of the opinion that the problem had decreased. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Department of Justice, Statistics and Research Branch, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Statistical Bulletin 3/2012: Accessed July 11, 2013 at: http://www.dojni.gov.uk/index/statistics-research/stats-research-publications/northern-ireland-crime-survey-s-r/nics-2009-10-2010-11-night-time-economy-bulletin.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.dojni.gov.uk/index/statistics-research/stats-research-publications/northern-ireland-crime-survey-s-r/nics-2009-10-2010-11-night-time-economy-bulletin.pdf Shelf Number: 129364 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Northern Ireland, U.K.)Drunk and DisorderlyFear of CrimeNight-time EconomyPublic Safety |
Author: de Mello, Joao M. P. Title: The Pharmacological Channel Revisited: Alcohol Sales Restrictions and Crime in Bogota Summary: Our goal in this paper is twofold: First, evaluate the impact on crime of the restriction of late-night alcohol sales in Bogota; and second, quantify the causal effect of problematic alcohol consumption on different crime categories. Using a control group strategy, we explore time-series and cross-block variation in the restriction to measure its causal effects on several crime categories. We find that the restriction reduced deaths and injuries in car accidents and batteries, compatible with the pharmacological impact of alcohol consumption on crime (Goldstein, 1985). Our results are stronger in areas where the restriction was actually binding (e.g., in blocks with presence of liquor stores) and are highly heterogeneous depending on the number of liquor stores that were restricted at the block level. Finally, we measure the impact of the restriction on alcohol consumption (the first-stage, or mechanism), and quantify the causal pharmacological impact of alcohol consumption on crime using the restriction as an instrument for problematic alcohol consumption (the second stage). We find that alcohol consumption causes deaths and injuries in car accidents and batteries. More precisely, our results indicate that a one standard deviation (s.d.) increase in problematic alcohol consumption increases deaths in car accidents by 0.51 s.d., injuries in car accidents by 0.82 s.d., and batteries by 1.27 s.d. Details: Bogota, Colombia: Universidad de los Andes-Facultad de Economia-CEDE, 2013. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Documentos CEDE No. 20: Accessed October 30, 2013 at: http://economia.uniandes.edu.co/investigaciones_y_publicaciones/CEDE/Publicaciones/documentos_cede/2013/The_Pharmacological_Channel_Revisited_Alcohol_Sales_Restrictions_and_Crime_in_Bogota Year: 2013 Country: Colombia URL: http://economia.uniandes.edu.co/investigaciones_y_publicaciones/CEDE/Publicaciones/documentos_cede/2013/The_Pharmacological_Channel_Revisited_Alcohol_Sales_Restrictions_and_Crime_in_Bogota Shelf Number: 131510 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Bogota, Colombia)Drunk and Disorderly |
Author: New South Wales. Audit Office Title: Cost of Alcohol Abuse to the NSW Government: Performance Audit Summary: While most people consume alcohol responsibly, there is a large group that consumes it at levels that present a risk of harm. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause physical, emotional and social problems. These include violence, liver disease, brain injury, and family and relationship problems. Government agencies devote much time and effort to reduce the harm caused by alcohol abuse. This ranges from proactive policing of alcohol hotspots to alcohol treatment services. The government has recently introduced specific initiatives to reduce the impact of alcohol abuse on the community. These include: - a new intoxicated and disorderly offence - 'three-strikes' laws for licensees or managers of licensed premises convicted of serious offences under the Liquor Act 2007 - management plans for problem areas like Kings Cross - a trial of sobering up centres. These activities and initiatives come at a considerable cost to the State. This audit assessed whether the NSW Government knows the costs incurred by State agencies as a result of alcohol abuse. We asked whether: - the NSW Government effectively monitors the cost of alcohol abuse so it can resource public services to address it - the NSW Government publicly reports the cost of alcohol abuse to inform the community of its impact on public services. For the purposes of this audit, 'alcohol abuse' means: - drinking at levels that are likely to cause significant injury or ill health, and - where drinking has led to a government intervention or response. A range of key performance indicators show that, in general, alcohol-related incidents are declining. For example, alcohol-related assaults have decreased 23 per cent since 2008. This is a good result which may be due to proactive policing, changes to licensing laws, public education campaigns, and a range of other government initiatives. Nevertheless, alcohol abuse remains a significant burden to both society and government. To design an effective response the government must know the extent of the problem and what it is costing to limit its harm. Therefore it is important for government to have good data on alcohol abuse including the cost to its services and to society. The community also has a right to know this information so it can inform public debate on drunkenness and the best ways to combat it. Details: Sydney: Audit Office of New South Wales, 2013. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2013 at: https://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/281/01_Cost_of_alcohol_abuse_NSW_Government_Full_Report.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: https://www.audit.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/281/01_Cost_of_alcohol_abuse_NSW_Government_Full_Report.pdf.aspx?Embed=Y Shelf Number: 131630 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcohol Treatment ProgramsCosts of CrimeDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: Reid, Mike Title: Drinking-related lifestyles: exploring the role of alcohol in Victorians' lives. Qualitative research report Summary: Australian culture has a high tolerance for alcohol consumption and an acceptance for heavy drinking across an extensive range of social contexts. Drinking is embedded in Australian culture; it is multifaceted and entrenched in many aspects of our lives, with rituals and habits providing structure, comfort and generating a sense of belonging. Our drinking culture is even manifest in established drinking language, in which those who drink to excess are celebrated and moderate or non-drinkers are negatively labelled. Our drinking behaviour is continually reinforced by our culture and, in turn, our culture is reinforced by our drinking behaviour. Whether we're celebrating, socialising, networking, relaxing, commiserating or rewarding ourselves, alcohol plays an integral role. Drinking is expected to be part of almost all social events, but more concerning is the acceptance of excessive drinking at many of these occasions. Both family and friends influence our drinking behaviour. It is when socialising with others that our drinking is most likely to become excessive. The encouragement and pressure (both subtle and overt) from others to 'join in the drinking' is powerful. To join in is to join the group, join the fun, join the ritual and join the tribe. The power of this pressure is extraordinary. While the risks of heavy drinking are readily recognised, few people are willing to accept that this drinking behaviour is problematic. There are few effective incentives to encourage a more moderate approach and even fewer socially acceptable 'excuses' to drink less. Social benefits of drinking (to excess) far outweigh any perceived likely negative outcomes. Given the highly positive, habitual and social nature of our attitudes, changing behaviours will be particularly challenging. Details: Melbourne: Victoria Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth), 2013. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 28, 2014 at: http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/ResourceCentre/PublicationsandResources/alcohol%20misuse/Drinking-Related-Lifestyles/RMIT-DRL_Qualitative%20Report.ashx Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/ResourceCentre/PublicationsandResources/alcohol%20misuse/Drinking-Related-Lifestyles/RMIT-DRL_Qualitative%20Report.ashx Shelf Number: 131792 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: Rabinovich, Lila Title: Reducing Alcohol Harm: International Benchmark Summary: The National Audit Office (NAO) of the United Kingdom commissioned RAND Europe to examine the structure and effectiveness of healthcare interventions aimed at preventing and reducing alcohol harm in a selected number of countries. The countries selected were Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States. The objective of the research is to inform the work of the NAO in the area of the prevention and reduction of alcohol harm in healthcare interventions in England. Through this research, the NAO aims to understand the effectiveness of the interventions used in England and identify interesting and effective practices in other countries that could be transferable to the English context and inform the country's alcohol strategy. This report contains four main sections. In Chapter 2, this report sets out the main international statistics on alcohol harm, including comparative data on alcohol consumption, the prevalence of heavy and binge drinking, and data on alcohol-related mortality and morbidity. In Chapter 3, the study describes the main features of the healthcare systems and strategies of the selected countries. In Chapters 4 and 5, the report describes international evidence of the effectiveness of healthcare and non-healthcare interventions aimed at alcohol harm, respectively. In order to come to the conclusions in this report, we used a document review of the available information on the organization of the healthcare system and interventions aimed at alcohol harm in the selected countries; analysed the data on alcohol harm; and reviewed the international evidence on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at preventing alcohol harm. We also undertook telephone interviews and e-mail exchanges with a variety of experts in the area of alcohol harm in the selected countries. This report is likely to be of interest to other Supreme Audit Institutions (SAI), public health officials, and officials and academics involved in alcohol policy and strategy. Details: Cambridge, MA: RAND Europe, 2008. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2014 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR592.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2008/RAND_TR592.pdf Shelf Number: 131941 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcohol Treatment ProgramsDrunk and DisorderlyHealth CareInterventions |
Author: Calafat, Amador Title: Tourism, Nightlife and Violence: A Cross Cultural Analysis and Preventive Recommendations Summary: At first glance, violence and tourism do not seem closely related. Holidays are that time in which we get away from our daily routines in search of fun and rest, somewhere different, spending leisure time with family and friends, or even alone. So peoples spirits and expectations should be high in anticipation of their trip. But why do we frequently hear news about young people dying in tourist resorts after falling from the balconies of their hotels? Why do we read about fights in discotheques, in which somebody can end up having a bottle smashed over their head? Why are the emergency services saturated in some resorts, especially in summer, attending to hundreds of cases of young people poisoned by alcohol or other substances? It would seem, indeed, that the panorama is not the idyllic one we might expect. A first response, simple and somewhat conjectural, is that the kinds of problems described above are caused by the typical behaviour of young tourists from central and northern Europe who visit Mediterranean resorts. But this cannot be the case: neither is it the majority who behave violently, nor do they normally behave like that in their countries of origin. What is it, then, that triggers such inappropriate, sometimes vandalistic, aggressive and frenzied behaviour? This is the question to which we try and respond in this report. Over a period of four years (2007-2010) we have collected data from young tourists visiting the Balearic Islands (Spain), as well as other destinations, such as Algarve (Portugal), Venice (Italy), Crete (Greece) or Cyprus. In these studies and in others there is a constant factor, which is the abusive consumption of alcohol. We know that alcohol is a powerful disinhibitor of executive control. This control is exercised in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, telling us what it is appropriate to do and what it is not, and helping us to weigh up the consequences and make decisions accordingly. In states of intoxication this control disappears. Thus, a large part of such inappropriate behaviours could be attributed to the abuse of alcohol and drunkenness. But this is only the first part of the explanation. The next step is to ask ourselves how these contexts facilitate such behaviours. In many tourist destinations alcoholic drinks are offered at giveaway prices. Indeed, it is sometimes as cheap (or as expensive) to buy a beer as it is to buy a bottle of water. The nightlife scene is frequently livened up with images and promotions with recreational-sexual content, creating an atmosphere of anything goes. This strategy can often be seen in offers from tour operators and local businesses targeting young holidaymakers in particular. It is hardly surprising, then, that tourists arrive with pre-programmed expectations of wild parties and a culture of excess, which act as facilitators of these inappropriate behaviours. But the health-risk behaviours associated with the abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs extend beyond violence to cover, for example, sex-related behaviours promiscuity, sex without condom, sexual harassment; moreover, being under the effects of alcohol or other substances makes it more likely for one to be the victim of theft, road accidents and accidents of other types (e.g., falls). We can see, then, a whole range of problems deriving from this holidaymaking style revolving around the nightlife context, though naturally it also involves positive aspects of socialization. Why do we not create the global conditions for this type of tourism to give way to a more high-quality kind of tourism, without involving financial losses for the sector? In the countries of origin of these young tourists, many companies in the nightlife leisure sector have opted to promote a high-quality type of nightlife recreational context, based on the latest criteria developed in the field. However, it is not common for such measures to be applied in holiday resorts. On the contrary, there seems to be a certain reluctance to adopt new measures for fear of losing markets; there is a view that some of the changes mooted would increase costs and lead to a loss of competitiveness; permissiveness has become a selling point. The tourist industry itself will not take the matter seriously until there is a global and synergic initiative that forces the different groups involved to seek consensus-based solutions. Such efforts should be supported by a law or by local regulations providing the conditions for achieving standards of quality in our tourism, and by the application of prevention programs of proven efficacy. Equally essential is the cooperation of the consulates and tourist ministries from the tourists country of origin. Without an awareness of the need for change at an international level and common goals in the medium and long term with benefits for all the parties involved, it will be difficult to produce a robust response to this problem. This report sets out, on the one hand, to offer a detailed analysis of the situation, but at the same time to serve as a resource of concrete and viable ideas and proposals for better practice in all those sectors involved in the tourist industry. Details: Palma de Mallorca: IREFREA, 2010. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2014 at: http://www.irefrea.org/uploads/PDF/Calafatetal_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.irefrea.org/uploads/PDF/Calafatetal_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 131950 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol-Related Crime, DisorderDisorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyTourismVandalism |
Author: Cussen, Tracy Title: Policing Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Matropolitan Environments Summary: Policing affords many opportunities for individual officers and police services to improve outcomes for community members and reduce the burden of substance misuse on the community. Key points highlighted concerning metropolitan areas include: ◾A broad spectrum of services is available (albeit acknowledged to often be under-resourced), providing police with a range of referral points for and information sources about local area issues. ◾Service providers and other agencies may also be variously accountable for public safety. Police may develop partnerships with these agencies, ensuring that tight resources can be appropriately directed to meet community needs. Service providers can help police to better understand the complex life circumstances of individuals affected by alcohol and other drugs. Benefits of information exchanges can be twofold i.e. improved police confidence in handling complex situations; and increased awareness within the service sector of the range of tasks and behaviours police are expected to perform and manage. Details: Canberra: National Drug Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF), 2014. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph Series No. 48: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/monographs/monograph48.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/monographs/monograph48.pdf Shelf Number: 132015 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcoholismDrunk and DisorderlyIllicit Drugs |
Author: Calafat, Amador Title: Lifestyles and Drugs: Prevention Interventions in Recreational Settings Summary: The publication seeks to explore a range of possible drug misuse prevention activities that could be delivered to young people and families during their holidays as well as in the recreational settings, and provide examples of innovative drug misuse prevention activities in holiday and leisure time settings. There are many economic, social and cultural advantages of national and international tourism and the problems addressed in this publication are far outweighed by the benefits. Nevertheless, there is a need to pool together successful experience from different localities in order to tackle problems related to misuse of drugs during holidays and in leisure settings. Certainly, big differences exist in the possibilities for responses available to different localities and settings - depending on resources available, extent of control (for example, licensing of premises for serving alcohol), local laws and traditions (e.g. laws and customs relating to cannabis possession and consumption) and the national contexts. The present publication will attempt to provide the readers with detailed examples of practice to illustrate the general principles which could be applied in most settings including: - understanding the issue through research, data collection and analysis, - involving the local community in developing solutions, - intelligent policing, - creating safer environments through planning and design, - working with local businesses to discuss issues and find solutions, - transport development, - providing alternatives to substance misuse, - working with and by the country of tourists' origin. Details: Strasbourg: Pompidou Group, Council of Europe, 2010. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: P-PG/Prev (2010) 7: Accessed March 28, 2014 at: http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/pompidou/Source/Files/minconf/P-PG-PREV-2010-7-en.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/pompidou/Source/Files/minconf/P-PG-PREV-2010-7-en.pdf Shelf Number: 132016 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderDrug AbuseDrug Abuse PreventionDrunk and DisorderlyNuisance Behaviors and DisordersTourists |
Author: Cherpitel, Cheryl J. Title: Prevention of Alcohol-Related Injuries in the Americas: From Evidence to Police Action Summary: This edited volume on alcohol and injuries provides an overview of the burden of alcohol in injuries in the Americas plus research and policy perspectives of the current state of knowledge on alcohols association with injuries, based on emergency room (ER) studies in the region. These include studies conducted in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and the United States, over a number of years, using the same methodology and protocol (including probability sampling of injured patients). Therefore, the samples drawn from individual ERs can be considered representative of that ER. While alcohol is known to be highly associated with injury, studies in the Americas are relatively few and the magnitude and diversity of the association across country contexts has not been explored. This book focuses on epidemiologic evidence from ER studies in the region, including those recently supported by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in five countries, and addresses issues related to ongoing surveillance, intervention, prevention, and policy strategies aimed at reducing alcohol-related injury. This book is the first to focus on alcohol and injuries in the Americas, and draws on contributions from multiple researchers in the region with broad and long-term experience in this field of study. The terms emergency room (ER) and emergency department (ED) are used interchangeably throughout the book to refer to facilities that treat injuries of all levels of severity, as opposed to trauma centers, which are based within emergency service departments in the United States, and only treat the most severe injuries. The first section of the book provides an overview of alcohol consumption in the region and the role of fatal and nonfatal injuries in the burden of alcohol-related diseases. Alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking resulting in harmful outcomes, including injury, are discussed, as well as the most recent World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of the burden of injuries attributable to alcohol (from the 2010 Comparative Risk Assessment) compared to those for 1990, by gender. Alcohols role in violence-related injuries and those resulting from traffic crashes, which together are the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in the region, is also highlighted. The second section of the book addresses the epidemiological evidence of alcohols association with injury in the region, based on ER studies. Following a review of the literature on ER studies conducted in the Americas, a description is provided of the methodology used in these studies, and a recent study is highlighted as one example of the diverse political and health services contexts across these studies. Prevalence of alcohol-related injury is reported across countries by cause of injury, along with differences in alcohol-related injury by country-level contextual variables, including income, societal drinking patterns, and alcohol control policies. Relative risk of injury is estimated by cause of injury and amount of alcohol consumed prior to the injury event, and the alcohol-attributable fraction (AAF) is calculated, taking into account country-level drinking pattern and alcohol policy. Differences in the context of drinking and injury are examined across countries in relation to the number and type of alcoholic beverages consumed, and demographic predictors of alcohol-related injury are analyzed by country income level. Drinking pattern as a predictor of alcohol-related injury is also examined, taking into account individual usual volume of consumption and aggregate-level volume, pattern, and alcohol policy measures. The third section of the book focuses on identification of alcohol-related injury in the ER and intervention and policy strategies. Surveillance of alcohol-related injuries is discussed, along with assessment of alcohol intoxication based on blood alcohol concentration (BAC), using the ICD-101 Y90 codes, compared to clinical assessment, using the ICD-10 Y91 codes. Strategies to prevent alcohol- related injury targeted to high-risk products, settings, and populations are also discussed, along with implementation of screening and brief intervention (BI) in the ER setting. The volume concludes with a discussion of implementation and enforcement of various alcohol policies aimed at reducing the public health impact of alcohol-related injuries in the Americas, including their prevention and management, in concordance with WHO global strategy for reducing the harmful use of alcohol. Details: Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; World Health Organization, National Office for the Americas, 2013. 200p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2014 at: www.paho.org Year: 2013 Country: South America URL: www.paho.org Shelf Number: 132025 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderDrunk and DisorderlyInjuries |
Author: Alcohol Concern Title: One on every corner: The relationship between off-licence density and alcohol harms in young people Summary: England is a country that increasingly chooses to drink at home. This is due, at least in part, to the difference in price between alcohol bought from on and off-licensed premises. Over the past 30 years there has been more than a 25% increase in the number of off-licensed premises, such as convenience stores and supermarkets that sell alcohol for consumption elsewhere. Off-licensed sales are the predominant direct and indirect source of access to alcohol for young people under-18- years-old and growing international evidence links off-licence density with various negative alcohol-related consequences. Alcohol Concern's Youth Policy project commissioned Dr Nikki Coghill, Senior Research Fellow at the University of the West of England, to conduct some statistical analysis into the density of off-licensed premises and alcohol harms in young people in selected areas of England. As far as we are aware, this is the first study of its kind in this country to focus on the links between off-licence density and harms in under-18s. The analysis uncovered a moderate but statistically significant relationship between the density of off-licensed premises and alcohol specific hospital admissions in young people under-18- years-old per 100,000 of population. Our findings suggest that the greater the availability of alcohol, the greater the risk of young people suffering alcohol harm. Therefore, the changing nature of where we buy and consume alcohol may have an impact on the risk of harms to young people. Limitations in the recording of alcohol-related conditions in hospitals and A&E departments means that the results from this study are likely to be an under-representation of the true picture of harms impacting on young people. Effective harm prevention therefore not only requires targeting education, information and support at an individual level among young people, but control of the concentration of alcohol outlets at a community level. Details: London: Alcohol Concern, 2011. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2015 at: http://www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2014/12/one-on-every-corner.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.alcoholconcern.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2014/12/one-on-every-corner.pdf Shelf Number: 134607 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder (U.K.)Drunk and DisorderlyUnderage Drinking |
Author: Hadfield, Phil Title: Night-Time Economy Management: International Research and Practice. A Review for the City of Sydney, September 2011 Summary: Details the most effective approaches in night time economies according to the international literature. This includes areas such as public health, responding to heavy episodic drinking, public realm profiling, licensing approaches, design and service interventions and developing sustainable and service based policies. - Young adults are both core consumers of nightlife and the most likely to engage in heavy sessional drinking to an extent which places themselves and others at risk of harm. English street surveys suggest that NTE participants drink more than the national average and at levels above average for their age group. Drinking to intoxication is a major mechanism through which alcohol causes harm. In terms of NTE management, it is the large numbers of people who are brought together and provided with opportunities - and sometimes inducements - to drink to intoxication which generates the main risks of crime, incivility, injury, and ill-health. - Drinking patterns can vary between nightlife areas within the same city, as well as by region. This may include the extent of pre-loading prior to arrival. One explanation for this feature is the variability of social scenes within the NTE, which is linked to different attractions, audiences (especially by age) and substance use choices. - In the UK research literature, those visitors surveyed later in the evening had consumed more alcohol, as had those with earlier onset times for their drinking. Thus, increasing the availability of alcohol through extended licensing hours for clubs and bars appears to correlate with increasing levels of alcohol consumption and therefore drunkenness and related harms. This factor may be one issue for the City to consider in its decision-making. - Drinking at home in preparation for a night out (pre-loading) has been associated with higher levels of intoxication, and greater risk of crime and victimisation when out 'on the town', as well as greater control and duty of care burdens for licensed premises, the police, and emergency health-care services. In several research studies conducted across North West England around a half, or more, of all respondents reported having consumed alcohol prior to entering the nightlife environment (preloading; e.g. at home, a friend's house, or in a hotel room). Preloading was significantly more common among younger respondents. One policy response to pre-loading may be to introduce levers reducing the price differential between alcohol purchased in the bottle shop, bar/hotel, and nightclub sectors. - Levels of drunkenness found within local NTE social scenes have a direct influence upon criminal justice and public health outcomes. As an illustration of this: "premises that produce the most assault-related injuries are also those that produce the greatest proportion of severely intoxicated patrons, suggesting that underlying premises-specific risks may contribute to both forms of alcohol-related harm" (Moore et al., 2011: 363). This has important implications for local enforcement, prevention and research activity as, aggregated at the premises level, venues that accommodate the highest proportions of severely intoxicated customers can be identified using police data and surveyor ratings of intoxication. - In relation to poly-drug use, it is difficult to draw generalisable lessons from what remains a small literature in terms of policy relevance. This is because the range of substances being consumed and mixed by nightlife patrons is now extensive and varies considerably between social scenes at the city and regional level, as well as internationally. For example, within one city, substance choices are likely to vary between the users of bars and nightclubs, and between different music scenes, including across different events hosted within the same licensed premises. This suggests the need to improve our understanding of the subtle patterns of drug taking in order to inform policy and shape education and harm reduction strategies. Given the diversity and fragmentation of drug use trends the central message of the evidence points to the need for in-depth local level research in order to identify use patterns and associated harms for which appropriate local level responses might then be devised. - Some of the most consistent evidence in poly-drug studies surrounds cocaine use and its mixing with alcohol. This has been linked to greater levels of social and physiological harm than the use of either substance individually; including propensities to violence. This is a significant issue in some areas due to the high prevalance of cocaine use in licensed premises. - Policy responses to poly-drug use face conflicting concerns regarding effective law enforcement in relation to the possession and use of illegal substances and the need to communicate harm miminisation messages to nightlife audiences and venue operators without appearing to condone illegal activity. One reason for the relative inactivity of city authorities around the world in responding to illegal drug use in comparison to alcohol is that there has been comparatively little evidence of a link with general public disorder in nightlife, nor is there any legitimate source of supply toward which action to improve standards might be applied. This can mean that recreational drug users face a vacuum in service provision precisely because they are not seen as a threat to wider society. - Evidence suggests that enforcement activity to prevent drunkenness and sales to intoxicated individuals can be effective, especially when targeted at 'high risk' venues. As Stockwell et al., (1997:1) argue, there are important practical advantages in 'sharpening the focus' of alcohol policy away from aggregate levels of consumption towards: "(i) the ability to distinguish between low risk and harmful consumption of alcohol; (ii) the ability to predict which drinkers are most likely to experience harmful consequences of drinking; (iii) the acceptability of policy objectives to government and industry; and (iv) the acceptability of prevention strategies to the general public." Details: Leeds: www.philhadfield.co.uk / City of Sydney: 2011. 271p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/131740/InternationalEvidenceLiteratureReview.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/131740/InternationalEvidenceLiteratureReview.pdf Shelf Number: 134771 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderDisorderly ConductDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: Miller, Peter Title: Interventions for reducing alcohol supply, alcohol demand and alcohol-related harm Summary: This project synthesises existing evidence and knowledge to improve our understanding of good practice in minimising the range of harms associated with alcohol misuse, especially supply and demand reduction strategies. It builds on the literature by using a Delphi study to answer many of the existing questions for which no research literature yet exists. All interventions that aim to reduce the supply of alcohol discussed in this report have received substantial evidence for their effectiveness. Specifically, reducing alcohol outlet opening hours, increasing minimum legal purchase age, reducing alcohol outlet density and controlling alcohol sales times have each undergone a vast number of evaluations and have been found to be effective in reducing the supply of alcohol and reducing the harms associated with its consumption. The most promising supply-reduction interventions identified were reducing trading hours for packaged liquor and reductions in the types and size of liquor that can be sold, the public listing of 'violent venues&rsquo' and serving only mid-strength beverages after midnight in late night venues. Demand reduction strategies appear to be effective; however, there is a lack of research or evaluations in the area. Increasing alcohol excise and taxation has been found to be very cost-effective, as well as being effective in reducing the consumption of alcohol and often results in overall social benefit. However, research for other demand reduction strategies, such as family-based alcohol misuse prevention and developmental prevention interventions is still in its infancy. Although such interventions have received some support for their effectiveness, further research needs to be undertaken. The most effective harm reduction interventions were the Safer Bars program, targeted policing interventions (including 'consequence policing') and the introduction of plastic glassware. The most promising harm-reduction interventions identified were alcohol management plans in the Northern Territory, the introduction of mandatory security plans for venues, RSA marshals and mandatory high-visibility clothing. The study has identified a large number of interventions for the reduction of alcohol-related harm, but the majority of these have minimal evidence bases. A further concern is that the bulk of interventions have been developed to reduce alcohol-related harm and as a result, there exists few supply and demand reduction strategies. While the most effective solutions have been found to act at the societal level, there is a clear demand for more interventions that focus at community, social, family, or individual levels, even if they are not going to have the same level of impact. Details: Canberra: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF), 2015. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed April 8, 2015 at: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/monographs/monograph-57.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/monographs/monograph-57.pdf Shelf Number: 135187 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Australia)Disorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyHarm ReductionNuisance Behaviors |
Author: Fox, Anne Title: Understanding behaviour in the Australian and New Zealand night-time economies. An anthropological study Summary: Drinking and drunkenness are nothing new. The world's oldest written recipe is for beer. Both praise and admonishment for drunkenness can be found in the world's most ancient texts. In one ancient Egyptian text, a teacher at a school for scribes chastises his young student for his night-time carousing: "I have heard that you abandoned writing and that you whirl around in pleasures, that you go from street to street and it reeks of beer. Beer makes him cease being a man. It causes your soul to wander . . . Now you stumble and fall upon your belly, being anointed with dirt." Today, despite all we now know about the science of alcohol and its effects, each generation of young people seems doomed to repeat this ancient pattern of destructive and excessive consumption. In Australia and New Zealand, there is heightened concern that, once again, young people are falling prey to a culture of drink, depravity and violence. There is no escaping the fact that recent deaths recorded in the night-time economy (NTE) in New South Wales, Australia have been horrific. The names and photographs of the victims are etched in our memories and we owe it to them and their families to investigate the underlying drivers of this violence. Yet the public debate about alcohol-related anti-social behaviour in both countries has tended to look only at what has happened and where, rather than why. There is a notable absence of significant studies of the cultural drivers of misuse and anti-social behaviour or of the backgrounds, motives or characteristics of the perpetrators of such violence. It is unlikely that we will achieve real and positive change in the drinking culture until we have a better understanding of what is driving it. Most reports treat this phenomenon as if it were driven by exclusively modern social forces: television, advertising, 'youth culture' etc., or merely by the inevitable side-effect of the ingestion of ethanol. This paper will look at the influence of these factors in Australia and New Zealand, but also at the intersection of these modern influences with very ancient but ever-present human behaviours and needs. This paper will address the key question of what drives and influences drinking patterns, anti-social misbehaviour and violence in the night-time economy (NTE), by presenting an overview of the drinking culture in both countries and an anthropological perspective on the problem areas and potential solutions. Details: Silverwater, NSW: Lion, 2015. 99p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2015 at: http://www.lionco.com/content/u12/Dr%20Anne%20Fox%20report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://www.lionco.com/content/u12/Dr%20Anne%20Fox%20report.pdf Shelf Number: 135189 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAntisocial BehaviorDisorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyMasculinitiesNight-Time Economies |
Author: Turner, Alina Title: Alternatives to Criminalizing Public Intoxication: Case Study of a Sobering Centre in Calgary, AB Summary: Western society has for centuries treated public intoxication as a crime, based on the idea that those found drunk in public can be harmful - to themselves, to the people around them, and to the social values of the community. To this day, public intoxication is in many places still a criminal offence, including in Canada. But what happens when, instead of approaching public drunkenness as a crime, we think of it as a symptom of larger problems? And what if, instead of routinely arresting those found drunk in public, we gave them a place to sober up, where they also have the opportunity to get help for other issues that may be contributing to the situation that put them there in the first place? As it turns out, this approach may provide a greater reduction in possible harm to the individual, others around him or her, and the broader community. In Calgary, Alpha House's sobering centre facility takes this approach, welcoming clients who are not eligible for shelter in other, 'dry' facilities. Through its Downtown Outreach Addiction Partnership (DOAP), Alpha House actively works to divert publicly intoxicated people from law-enforcement responses by bringing them into the shelter, or finding other alternatives to incarceration. Once clients have been taken into Alpha House, workers are available and motivated to help clients address any addiction or mental-health issues they might be struggling with and, if appropriate, to assist them in finding secure housing. During a twelve-month assessment period, the results of Alpha House's approach appears to be having a dramatic effect in helping those who have turned up publicly intoxicated, with apparent benefits for the community. During the period measured, there was a 50.1 per cent annualized decrease in the average number of days that clients were hospitalized, compared to the 12-month average prior to their intake into facility programs. There was a 62.6 per cent decrease in the number of times clients were hospitalized, a 50 per cent decrease in the use of emergency medical services, and a 42.4 per cent decrease in the number of times using an emergency room. Most dramatically the study observed a 92.7 per cent decrease in the average number of days clients spent in jail compared to the year prior, and a 70.8 per cent decrease in the number of interactions with police. The number of times clients went to jail actually increased by 26.6 per cent, but that may have to do with Alpha House's staff encouraging clients to address outstanding warrants and charges during their program participation. Calgary Police Services, meanwhile, reports notable decreases in people being processed for public intoxication in its downtown unit facilitated by partnership with community-based organizations, such as Alpha House. This is the crux of the harm-reduction approach: that holding cells should be a last resort for those publicly intoxicated people who cannot safely or effectively be helped through a sobering centre. But for those who are suitable for Alpha House's program, the effects appear to be highly encouraging, providing an option to divert people facing the difficult personal circumstances that might cause them to be publicly intoxicated, into a program where they can access medical support, addiction and recovery programs. We may never eliminate public intoxication, but if our goal in criminalizing it has been to reduce harm to the individual and those around him or her, the sobering-centre approach appears to provide a much more effective response. Sobering centres will not and should not replace the need for medical intervention in some cases. They cannot replace the need for police custody as some clients cannot be safely assisted in such facilities. This means that the triage into sobering centres, health system and police custody will continue to be needed. Ultimately, a comprehensive approach to intoxication is necessary, one including sobering facilities along with a continuum of housing, health, and corrections responses that challenges the criminalization of addiction. Details: Calgary, AB: School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, 2015. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: SPP Research Papers: Accessed July 23, 2015 at: http://www.policyschool.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/research/public-intoxication-turner.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policyschool.ucalgary.ca/sites/default/files/research/public-intoxication-turner.pdf Shelf Number: 136145 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDrunk and DisorderlyIncivilities, Disorderly Conduct |
Author: Lennox, Jemma C. Title: Assessing the role that entertainers play in alcohol marketing and the maintenance of good order within on-trade licensed premises Summary: Key findings Most study participants felt that without licensed venues it would be hard to get gigs and that many venues would cease trading if they could not offer live entertainment. Interviewees felt the co-existence of live entertainment and alcohol consumption was for good reason, with each enhancing the pleasurable mood alteration produced by the other. Live entertainment is used by venues to attract specific clienteles, increase attendance, raise drinking rates and promote spending on expensive beverages. Rather than overt marketing (e.g. advertising, pricing, sponsorship etc.), entertainers more often influenced purchasing behaviours through breaks and intermissions, selected beats and tempos, and leading by example to create a party atmosphere. Work as an entertainer in licensed premises, often several nights per week, can be a risky business, financially, artistically, in terms of personal safety, and in terms of own alcohol consumption. Some interviewees felt unprepared for dealing with drunken audiences and the various financial arrangements which nightlife entertainers faced. Training better tailored to the practical needs of live entertainers could benefit them and help foster safer bars. Details: London: Alcohol Research UK, 2015. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2015 at: http://alcoholresearchuk.org/downloads/finalReports/FinalReport_0124.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://alcoholresearchuk.org/downloads/finalReports/FinalReport_0124.pdf Shelf Number: 136417 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder Drunk and Disorderly |
Author: Snowdon, Christopher Title: Drinking, Fast and Slow: Ten years of the Licensing Act Summary: - Introduced in 2005, the Licensing Act allowed more flexibility in pub, bar and nightclub opening times and allowed for the possibility of '24 - It was widely predicted that the relaxation of licensing laws would lead to higher rates of alcohol consumption, more binge-drinking, more violent crime and more alcohol-related attendances to Accident and Emergency departments. In the event, none of this occurred. - Per capita alcohol consumption had been rising for many years, but peaked in 2004 and has fallen by 17 per cent since the Licensing Act was introduced. This is the largest reduction in UK drinking rates since the 1930s. - Rates of 'binge-drinking' have declined amongst all age groups since 2005, with the biggest fall occurring amongst the 16-24 age group. - Violent crime declined in the first year of the new licensing regime and has fallen in most years since. Since 2004/05, the rate of violent crime has fallen by 40 per cent, public order offences have fallen by 9 per cent, homicide has fallen by 44 per cent, domestic violence has fallen by 28 per cent and the number of incidents of criminal damage has fallen by 48 per cent. There has been a rise in violent crime between 3am and 6am, but this has been offset by a larger decline at the old closing times (11pm-midnight and 2am to 3am). - The weight of evidence from Accident and Emergency departments suggests that there was either no change or a slight decline in alcohol-related admissions after the Licensing Act was introduced. Alcohol-related hospital admissions have continued to rise, albeit at a slower pace than before the Act was introduced, but there has been no rise in the rate of alcohol-related mortality. There was also a statistically significant decline in late-night traffic accidents following the enactment of the Act. - The evidence from England and Wales contradicts the 'availability theory' of alcohol, which dictates that longer opening hours lead to more drinking, more drunkenness and more alcohol-related harm. The British experience since 2005 shows that longer opening hours do not necessarily create greater demand. - There is little evidence that the Licensing Act led to the creation of a continental cafe culture, as some proponents of liberalisation had hoped, but the primary objectives of diversifying the night-time economy, allowing greater freedom of choice and improving public order have largely been met. By relaxing the licensing laws, the government allowed consumers to pursue their preferences more effectively. In practice, this resulted in relatively modest extensions in opening hours, not '24 hour drinking'. By allowing a greater degree of self-regulation, the Licensing Act benefited consumers without creating the disastrous consequences that were widely predicted. Details: London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing 15:05: Accessed May 5, 2016 at: http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Briefing_1505_Drinking%20fast%20and%20slow_web.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Briefing_1505_Drinking%20fast%20and%20slow_web.pdf Shelf Number: 138950 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAnti-social BehaviorBinge DrinkingDisorderly ConductDrunk and Disorderly |
Author: Fuller, Georgina Title: Managing intoxicated offenders Best practice in responding to individuals affected by drugs and alcohol Summary: A considerable proportion of a police officer's time involves interactions with persons who are intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. The risks associated with intoxication are not limited to the affected individual as their behaviour may also present risks to the police and other frontline service personnel or to the public in general. This research explored the range of strategies that have been adopted by the police in four jurisdictions across Australia to manage those risks. The primary aim was to develop a best practice framework to help guide the development of police policies and practices in identifying, responding to and managing intoxication and withdrawal. The C.A.L.M framework comprises four, non-sequential phases (Control, Assess, Liaise and Manage). It is designed to assist the police in identifying risks and considerations related to intoxication and withdrawal during each stage of offender management. The C.A.L.M framework is not intended to replace existing police procedures, but rather to provide a consistent framework from which policies and practices can be built, reviewed and collaborated on across jurisdictions. Regular engagement across police jurisdictions was identified as important in the development and maintenance of best practice. The C.A.L.M framework provides an evidence-based foundation that promotes consistency and knowledge sharing across Australian police jurisdictions to aid the police in the management of intoxicated offenders. Details: Canberra: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (NDLERF), 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph Series No. 65: Accessed September 29, 2017 at: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/monographs/monograph-65.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ndlerf.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/monographs/monograph-65.pdf Shelf Number: 147491 Keywords: Alcohol-Related Crime, Disorder Disorderly Conduct Drunk and DisorderlyIllicit Drugs |
Author: Butler, Nadia Title: Liverpool's Drink Less Enjoy More Intervention: Progress monitoring report Summary: In the UK it is an offence to knowingly sell alcohol to, or purchase alcohol for, intoxicated individuals and flouting these laws can result in fines being imposed on the person (e.g. bar staff) selling the alcohol, the holder of the premises license, the premises supervisor or the person who purchases alcohol on behalf of an intoxicated individual (CPS, 2005). Despite this, public awareness, bar server compliance and police enforcement of this legislation is typically low (HC Deb, 2014; Hughes & Anderson, 2008; Hughes et al., 2014). Nightlife settings across the UK are characterised by high levels of intoxication and alcohol-related harms (Bellis et al., 2011; Quigg et al., 2015). Further, research suggests that many nightlife users arrive in nightlife environments already intoxicated, having consumed a substantial amount of alcohol at home before going on a night out (i.e. preloading; Anderson et al., 2007; Quigg et al., 2015; Quigg et al., 2016a; Quigg et al., 2016b). Excessive alcohol consumption not only damages the public's health, but also places a large burden on police, local authorities and health services who must manage nightlife drunkenness and associated problems such as anti-social behaviour, violence and alcohol-related injuries (Anderson et al., 2007; Drummond et al., 2005). To reduce such harms an extensive range of policies and interventions have been implemented at both local and national level including high profile policing, changes to licensing laws and environmental measures to improve safety (Bellis et al., 2011; HM Government, 2012). Whilst there is some evidence to indicate that such measures can contain and manage alcohol-related harms, they do little to reduce levels of intoxication or address harmful and pervasive cultures of nightlife drunkenness (Bellis et al., 2011; Quigg et al., 2015; Quigg et al., 2016b). In 2013, the first UK study of bar servers' propensity to serve alcohol to drunks was undertaken in Liverpool City Centre and found that 84% of purchase attempts by pseudointoxicated actors resulted in the sale of alcohol (Hughes et al., 2014). Studies conducted elsewhere have suggested that reductions in the service of alcohol to drunks can be achieved through multi-agency interventions that incorporate community mobilisation, enforcement of the law around the service of alcohol to drunks and responsible bar server training (Andreasson et al., 2000; Lenk et al., 2006; Wallin et al., 2005). Following the presentation of these findings to local partners across Liverpool, the multi-component Say No to Drunks pilot intervention was developed and implemented. The intervention aimed to: increase awareness of the legislation preventing sales of alcohol to drunks; support bar staff compliance with the law; provide a strong deterrence to selling alcohol to drunks; and promote responsible drinking amongst nightlife users. Findings from the evaluation of this first pilot study were positive and suggested improved public awareness of the legislation on sales of alcohol to drunks and increased bar server confidence in refusing such sales. While wider impacts were not observed, it represented the first step in a continued body of work to address sales of alcohol to drunks and creating safer nightlife environments in Liverpool (Quigg et al., 2015; Quigg et al., 2016b). Thus, in 2015 the intervention was further refined and rebranded as Drink Less Enjoy More (DLEM) and was subsequently implemented as a second phase. Phase two built on key elements of the pilot intervention and was comprised f: a social marketing and public awareness campaign; bar staff training; and police enforcement. Further, it covered a wider geographical area and also targeted nightlife users prior to entering the night-time economy. Findings from the evaluation of DLEM were positive, crucially showing that the service of alcohol to pseudo-intoxicated actors had reduced substantially from 84% in 2013 to 26% in 2015 (Hughes et al., 2014; Quigg et al., 2016b). The evaluation suggested that learning from the pilot phase and subsequent amendments to the intervention, and a greater commitment to implementing all aspects of the intervention, served to strengthen the intervention's impact (Quigg et al., 2016b). Although wider impacts on addressing the culture of drunkenness in Liverpool's nightlife were not observed, local partners recognise that the intervention is a crucial step in preventing the sales of alcohol to intoxicated patrons in Liverpool. Subsequently, the DLEM intervention continues to be a key work stream to prevent alcohol-related harms in the city's nightlife during peak periods (e.g. UEFA European Championship; Student Fresher's week; Halloween). As part of an ongoing monitoring and development process of DLEM, the Public Health Institute (PHI), Liverpool John Moores University was commissioned to implement a research study to monitor progress of key elements of the intervention. Specifically the study aimed to: - Explore bar server awareness of legislation around the sale of alcohol to drunks; perceptions of the intervention; and their propensity to serve alcohol to drunks (i.e. pseudo-intoxicated actors); and, - Assess nightlife user: knowledge of the laws around the sale of alcohol to, and purchasing of alcohol for intoxicated individuals; perceptions and attitudes relating to drunkenness in nightlife; patterns of alcohol consumption and use of the night-time economy; and awareness and perceptions of the intervention. Details: Liverpool: Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2017 at: http://www.cph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Liverpools-Drink-Less-Enjoy-More-intervention-progress-monitoring-report-FINAL.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Liverpools-Drink-Less-Enjoy-More-intervention-progress-monitoring-report-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 147609 Keywords: Alcohol InterventionsAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderAlcoholismDisorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyNight-Time Economy |
Author: Quigg, Zara Title: Evaluation of the Liverpool Drink Less Enjoy More Intervention Summary: In the UK it is an offence to knowingly sell alcohol to, or purchase alcohol for, a drunk person (Regulated under Section 141 and 142 of the Licensing Act 2003). However, until recent times public awareness, bar server compliance and police enforcement of this legislation has appeared to be low. Critically, UK nightlife environments are often characterised by high levels of intoxication and alcohol-related harms. Excessive alcohol use damages the public's health, while managing nightlife drunkenness and associated problems such as anti-social behaviour and violence places huge demands on police, local authorities and health services. To reduce such harms an extensive range of policies and interventions have been implemented at local and national levels including high profile policing, changes to licensing laws and environmental measures to improve safety. Whilst there is some evidence to indicate that these measures may contain and manage alcohol-related harms, they do little to reduce levels of intoxication or address harmful and pervasive cultures of nightlife drunkenness. A study conducted in Liverpool in 2013 found that 84% of alcohol purchase attempts by pseudo-intoxicated actors in pubs, bars and nightclubs were successful (i.e. alcohol was sold to the actor; Hughes et al., 2014). Studies conducted elsewhere have suggested that reductions in the service of alcohol to drunks, and associated harms, in nightlife settings can be achieved through the implementation of multi-component interventions that incorporate community mobilisation, enforcement of the laws around the service of alcohol to drunks and responsible bar server training. Thus to address the sale of alcohol to drunks in the city's nightlife, local partners developed and implemented the multi-component Say No To Drunks pilot intervention. The intervention aimed to: increase awareness of legislation preventing sales of alcohol to drunks; support bar staff compliance with the law; provide a strong deterrence to selling alcohol to drunks; and promote responsible drinking amongst nightlife users. Following an evaluation of Say No To Drunks, the intervention was further refined, broadened and implemented as a second phase in 2015 - rebranded to Drink Less Enjoy More. To inform the continued development of the intervention, the Centre for Public Health at Liverpool John Moores University was commissioned to evaluate the intervention, comparing the results to previous work. Details: Liverpool: Centre for Public health, Liverpool John Moores University, 2016. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2017 at: http://www.cph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Liverpool-Drink-Less-Enjoy-More-intervention-evaluation-report-March-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Liverpool-Drink-Less-Enjoy-More-intervention-evaluation-report-March-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 147610 Keywords: Alcohol InterventionsAlcohol Related Crime, Disorder Alcoholism Antisocial BehaviorDrunk and DisorderlyNight-Time Economy |
Author: Quigg, Zara Title: Evaluation of the South Wales Know the Score Intervention Summary: Excessive alcohol consumption, drunkenness and associated harms are a common feature of nightlife settings in the UK (Bellis and Hughes, 2011; Graham et al., 2013). Whilst the sale of alcohol to people who are drunk is illegal under UK law, public awareness of this legislation and bar server compliance with it appears to be low (Hughes and Anderson, 2008; Hughes et al., 2014). While this law is often broken and few convictions for the service of alcohol to drunks are successful (HM Government, 2012), licensed premises have a clear legal and social responsibility to prevent such sales. Previous studies have shown that reductions in the service of alcohol to drunks, and associated harms, can be achieved through the implementation of multi‐agency interventions which promote awareness and increase enforcement of the legislation. Thus, to address the sale of alcohol to drunks, the Police and Crime Commissioner for South Wales and South Wales Police developed and implemented the Know the Score #drinklessenjoymore pilot intervention. The intervention aimed to increase bar staff and public awareness of the law and promote responsible drinking behaviours in nightlife environments. It included: a social marketing campaign; radio broadcasts; intervention materials promoting the campaign (e.g. posters, bar server t‐ shirts); enhanced police enforcement; and promotion of the intervention materials by the Welsh Rugby Union and other partner agencies. To inform the development of the pilot intervention and provide a baseline for monitoring progress of future work, an evaluation was undertaken which comprised of pre‐ and post‐intervention surveys with nightlife patrons in Cardiff and Swansea City Centres. Details: Liverpool: Centre for Public health, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2017 at: http://www.cph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Know-the-Score-pilot-evaluation-FINAL-REPORT-July-2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Know-the-Score-pilot-evaluation-FINAL-REPORT-July-2015.pdf Shelf Number: 147629 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder Alcoholism Drunk and Disorderly Nightime EconomyPublicity Campaigns |
Author: Davidson, Neil Title: Space, place and policing in Scotland's night-time economy Summary: There is a growing political discourse in Scotland acknowledging alcohol to be a significant contributor to crime. A significant portion of this is directly related to the evening and night-time drinking based leisure industry i.e. the night-time economy (NTE). The NTE is often characterised by violent and disorderly behaviour concentrated in and around pubs and nightclubs ('hotspots') on weekend nights presenting considerable public health, criminal justice and urban management issues. Recently the political rhetoric has been backed up by new legislation in an attempt to counterbalance what was previously a market-driven economy. There now exists various crime reduction partnerships and situational crime prevention technologies to restrict and control certain behaviours and the presence and movements of persons and groups. This research project has specifically focused on the role of police in this rapidly changing regulatory NTE context. Combining data gathered from participant observation sessions with front-line police and in-depth interviews with multiple NTE stakeholders in a multi-site comparison study across Scotland, this research project provides a robust evidential base from which to analyses and interpret policing of the NTE at the national and local scales using various conceptual frameworks of contemporary policing in western societies. What my findings have shown is that front-line officers have adapted their police work in order to suit the specific context within which they are operating. I have termed this specific variation on traditional understandings of 'cop culture' as being the 'street craft of policing the NTE'. Furthermore, while this street craft was evident across all three case study areas, the extremely tangled and convoluted nature of local security provision at the local scale necessitates that front-line officers adapt this street craft to meet the local specificities of their respective NTEs. Details: Dundee, UK: University of Dundee, 2011. 338p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 23, 2018 at: https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/space-place-and-policing-in-scotlands-night-time-economy Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/space-place-and-policing-in-scotlands-night-time-economy Shelf Number: 150344 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol Related Crime, DisorderCrime and PlaceCrime HotspotsDisorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyNight-time Economy |
Author: Quigg, Zara Title: Evaluation of the Cheshire and Merseyside Drink Less Enjoy More Intervention Summary: DLEM is a community-based intervention designed to prevent alcohol-related harms in nightlife settings through preventing sales of alcohol to intoxicated nightlife patrons in on-licensed premises (illegal in the UK); and discouraging, and reducing the acceptability of excessive drunkenness amongst nightlife patrons. DLEM is modelled on the evidence-based STAD programme, and involves the collective and coordinated implementation of three core components: community mobilisation, responsible bar staff training and strengthened police engagement. Nightlife settings can have major benefits for individuals' well-being, and for communities' economic prosperity. However, studies consistently suggest that UK nightlife settings are often characterised by high levels of drunkenness and associated harms (e.g. injury, violence. Across England and Wales, in 2015/16, 67% of all violent incidents occurring at the weekend were alcohol-related; a quarter of all violent incidents occurred around a pub or club and 91% of these were alcohol-related. Further, preloading (drinking at home prior to entering the night-time economy [NTE]), is a common drinking behaviour that has been associated with excessive alcohol consumption during a night out and experience of violence. Alcohol-related harms in nightlife have an impact on both individuals and wider communities, and efforts to prevent or minimise harms places heavy demands on public services. A study of attendances at Arrowe Park Accident and Emergency department (Wirral Local Authority) found that 47% of patients presenting with violent injury reported having consumed alcohol, while the majority (64%) attended the department at night and at weekends. Interventions targeting drunkenness in nightlife therefore have the potential to reduce harms to the drinker and to others affected by drunkenness, including surrounding communities and public services. Whilst the evidence base is limited, research suggests that multi-component community action programmes can be effective in reducing alcohol-related harms in nightlife settings. One of the most successful of these approaches is the STAD (Stockholm Prevents Alcohol and Drug Problems) programme. STAD combines responsible bar server (RBS) training with multi-agency planning, community mobilisation and strengthened law enforcement. Evaluation of STAD has shown significant reductions in the sale of alcohol to pseudo-intoxicated patrons and related harms in nightlife settings. Positive impacts were also observed across communities surrounding the nightlife setting (e.g. crime reduction). Further, through reductions in violent crime, estimates suggest that STAD saved L39 for every L1 invested [15]. In England and Wales, it is mandatory for statutory partners to collaborate locally to address crime and disorder. Through these partnerships, a broad range of strategies have been implemented to promote safer nightlife settings. Further, tackling drunkenness and sales to drunk individuals is increasingly being prioritised. In England and Wales it is illegal (Licensing Act 2003) to knowingly sell alcohol to, or purchase alcohol for, a person who is drunk. However, public awareness of the legislation is often lacking, there are few prosecutions for breaching the legislation, and bar staff do not always adhere to it. Ensuring the legislation is adhered to is essential; providing alcohol to already intoxicated people supports cultures of excessive nightlife alcohol intoxication. Details: Liverpool: Faculty of Education, Health and Community, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2019 at: http://www.champspublichealth.com/sites/default/files/media_library/Cheshire%20and%20Merseyside%20DLEM%20evaluation%20report%20Oct%202018%20final.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.champspublichealth.com/sites/default/files/media_library/Cheshire%20and%20Merseyside%20DLEM%20evaluation%20report%20Oct%202018%20final.pdf Shelf Number: 155171 Keywords: Alcohol InterventionsAlcohol-Related ViolenceAntisocial BehaviorDisorderly ConductDrunk and DisorderlyDrunkennessIntoxicated PatronsNight-Time Economy |