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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 12:14 pm
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Results for employment and crime
13 results foundAuthor: Whitworth, Adam Title: Crimes Occurring and Prevented in New Deal for Communities Areas: An Approach to Estimating the Economic Costs and Benefits Summary: This report examines the economic cost of crime potentially presented by the new deal for communities program between 2000/01 and 2004/05. It also examines evidence showing that the new deal for communities program resulted in reducing crime, and therefore reduced costs of crime. Details: London: Communities and Local Government, 2010. 77p. Source: Social Disadvantage Research Centre, University of Oxford Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 117570 Keywords: Economics and CrimeEmployment and Crime |
Author: Walton, Oliver Title: Youth, Armed Violence and Job Creation Programmes: A Rapid Mapping Study Summary: In response to growing evidence from the social science literature about the links between youth unemployment and armed conflict, donors have increasingly used youth job creation programmes as a tool with which to address armed violence. Many donors now identify addressing youth unemployment as an urgent priority, both in the field of peacebuilding and in efforts to foster economic development. The link between job creation and peacebuilding has been affirmed by the UN Secretary General’s approval of the ‘UN Policy For Post-Conflict Employment Creation, Income Generation And Reintegration’ in 2008 and more recently by the ILO’s 2010 Guidelines on Local Economic Recovery in Post-Conflict. A new sub-target for the first Millennium Development Goal which focused on youth unemployment was agreed in 2007. Donor armed violence reduction (AVR) strategies have begun to deploy a range of multi-sectoral interventions, including job creation, although AVR integration into donor strategies ‘remains relatively rare’. This rapid mapping study reviews donor approaches to addressing armed violence through youth job creation programmes. It covers a range of programmes including reintegration programmes, early recovery and cash for work programmes; as well as integrated AVR programmes that involve youth job creation components. Section two assesses the theoretical and empirical case for using job creation as a means of reducing armed violence. Section three provides an overview of key donor strategies for addressing armed violence and conflict through youth employment generation. Section four assesses the impact of these interventions; section five identifies some gaps in the current literature. Section six highlights some specific examples of successful programmes and section seven draws out some lessons and best practice based on donor experience. The study finds that both the theoretical and the empirical cases for using youth employment programmes as a stand-alone tool for reducing violent conflict are extremely weak. Donor interventions have been poorly evaluated and evidence of success is usually limited to demonstrating increases in employment levels, with little effort made to assess the impact on conflict. The evidence on using job creation as part of an integrated or comprehensive armed conflict or AVR strategy is stronger: some government-led initiatives in countries that experience high levels of armed violence (such as Brazil and South Africa) have shown clear positive results in reducing levels of armed violence. The study finds that donor approaches to reduce armed violence through job creation schemes have become more nuanced and sophisticated. There has been a growing emphasis on ‘holistic’, ‘comprehensive’ and ‘integrated’ approaches that go beyond simply addressing a lack of economic opportunities and seek to address the more complex array of factors that cause social exclusion for young people. These initiatives combine and integrate job-creation schemes with a range of other forms of intervention, such as capacity-building and training in conflict resolution. In a similar way AVR strategies have moved beyond a narrow focus on controlling arms and reducing the demand for weapons, towards more comprehensive strategies that address a range of risk factors associated with armed violence. Donors have also sought to make job creation schemes more effective by conducting more rigorous contextual analysis. They have also looked to improve the effectiveness and relevance of these schemes by working more closely with the private sector and tackling the demand-side of youth unemployment. Despite this progress, there is a still a significant gap between donor rhetoric and practice in this area. Details: Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Peacebuilding Centre, 2010. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2011 at: http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/EIRS11.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/EIRS11.pdf Shelf Number: 120717 Keywords: Armed ViolenceEconomics and CrimeEmployment and CrimeUnemployment |
Author: Mocan, Naci H. Title: Skill-biased Technological Change, Earnings of Unskilled Workers, and Crime Summary: This paper investigates the impact of unskilled (non-college educated) workers’ earnings on crime. Following the literature on wage inequality and skill-biased technological change, we employ CPS data to create state-year as well as state-year-and (broad) industry specific measures of skill-biased technological change, which are then used as instruments for unskilled workers’ earnings in crime regressions. Regressions that employ state panels reveal that technology-induced variations in unskilled workers’ earnings impact property crime with an elasticity of -1.0, but that wages have no impact on violent crime. Estimating structural crime equations using micro panel data from NLSY97 and instrumenting real wages of young workers with state-year-industry specific technology shocks yields elasticities that are in the neighborhood of -1.7 for most types of property crime. In both data sets there is evidence for asymmetric impact of unskilled workers’ earnings on crime. A decline in earnings has a larger effect on crime in comparison to an increase in earnings by the same absolute value. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series; Working Paper 17605: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17605 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17605 Shelf Number: 123442 Keywords: Economics and CrimeEducation and CrimeEmployment and Crime |
Author: Mennella, Antonella Title: Informal Social Networks, Organised Crime and Local Labour Market Summary: This paper’s purpose is to show a new informal social networks interpretation, according to which social networks change their nature if they are located in social contexts where organised crime is relevant. Here the perusal of a social network is just a necessary condition to enter the labour market rather than a deliberate choice. Moreover this labour market is the ground where favouritisms and social and electoral consensus policies take place. The paper is organised as follows. Section 2 presents a short review of the literature on informal social networks in labour market, Section 3 focuses on Italian economic literature on organised crime. The subsequent section highlights the new concept of informal social networks and explains the introduction of organised crime in the relationship between informal channels and labour market. The theoretical model, with the new three hypothesis, is developed in Section 5. Section 6 presents the econometric estimates and Section 7 closes the paper. Details: Rome: Dipartimento di Economia Università degli Studi Roma Tre Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 126: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://dipeco.uniroma3.it/public/WP%20126%20Mennella%202011.pdf Year: 0 Country: Italy URL: http://dipeco.uniroma3.it/public/WP%20126%20Mennella%202011.pdf Shelf Number: 123551 Keywords: Economics of CrimeEmployment and CrimeOrganized Crime (Italy)Social Networks |
Author: Fallesen, Peter Title: The Effect of Workfare Policy on Crime Summary: In this paper, we estimate the effect of Danish workfare policy on crime by exploiting two exogenous welfare policy changes. First, we use a unique policy experiment that began in 1987 by an innovative mayor of the Danish city of Farum, where he imposed a 100 % work or training requirement for all welfare recipients immediately from the date of enrollment. By comparing the changes in crime rates among the unemployment uninsured workers, who are potential welfare recipients, in Farum before and after 1987 with that of the rest of Denmark, we identify the effect of workfare on the crime rate. Second, we examine the effect of a series of national welfare reforms introduced during the 1990s. Those reforms strengthened the work requirement for the welfare recipients younger than 30 and were introduced gradually, starting with younger people rst. We exploit the di erential introduction of workfare across different age groups and the difference in municipality level enforcement as the exogenous variation. Our results show a dramatic decline in the arrest rate among unemployment uninsured after the introduction of the stronger workfare requirements, both in Farum and at the national level. But we found no policy effect on the unemployment insured, who do not receive welfare when unemployed. Those results imply a strong and signi cant crime reducing effect of the workfare policy. Details: Kingston, ONT: Department of Economics, Queen's University, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/imai/papers/Farum2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Denmark URL: http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/imai/papers/Farum2.pdf Shelf Number: 123769 Keywords: Economics and CrimeEmployment and CrimePublic Welfare and Economic Assistance (Denmark)Unemployment |
Author: Freedman, Matthew Title: Immigration, Employment Opportunities, and Criminal Behavior Summary: There is little consensus on the effects of immigration on crime. One potential explanation for the conflicting evidence is heterogeneity across space and time in policies toward immigrants that affect their status in the community. In this paper, we take advantage of provisions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which granted legal resident status to long-time illegal residents but created new obstacles to employment for others, to explore how employment opportunities affect criminal behavior. Exploiting unique administrative data on the criminal justice involvement of individuals in San Antonio, Texas and using a difference-in-differences methodology, we find evidence of an increase in felony charges filed against Hispanic residents of San Antonio after the expiration of the IRCA amnesty deadline. This was concentrated in neighborhoods where recent immigrants are most likely to locate, suggesting a strong relationship between access to legal jobs and criminal behavior. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 26, 2013 at: http://www.human.cornell.edu/pam/people/upload/IRCA_20130206.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.human.cornell.edu/pam/people/upload/IRCA_20130206.pdf Shelf Number: 127722 Keywords: Employment and CrimeImmigrants and CrimeImmigration (U.S.)Neighborhoods and Crime |
Author: Barranco, Raymond E. Title: Latinos, Immigration Policy, and Geographic Diversification: Examining the Effects of Concentrated Poverty, Segregation, and Low-skill Employment on Homicide Summary: This study consists of three separate, yet interrelated analyses - all three examine the effects of Latino immigration. Since the mid-1980s, the pattern of settlement by Latino migrants has changed dramatically. These migrants are now settling in parts of the United States that have never before had significant Latino populations. This has led many to fear an increase in crime. Unfortunately, early explanations of immigration and crime focused on the experience of Eastern European immigrants. Therefore, it has not been clear whether the experience of Latino immigrants could be explained in the same way – especially with some researchers finding that immigrants now lower crime rates. However, most recent research on immigration has failed to analyze any of the new areas of settlement. The first study examines immigration‟s effect on Latino homicide victimization by grouping migrants according to their period of entry into the United States. Results show that immigration has no effect in traditional areas, while only recent immigrant arrivals have an effect in new destinations. Preliminary results from an additional analysis suggest this could be due to changing emigration patterns in Mexico. Since 1990, more Mexican migrants have been coming from states with high levels of violence. The second study attempts to explain the effects of immigration on Latino homicide with various measures of segregation. Given the beneficial nature of ethnic enclaves, it is assumed that contact between Latinos will lower homicide victimization. Results support this hypothesis, showing that Latino-Latino contact has a greater effect on homicide than Latino-White contact. However, the effect of recent immigrants in new destinations cannot be explained away by any of the segregation measures. As noted in the first analysis, a possible explanation is the changing emigration patterns of Mexico. The third and final analysis examines how Latino immigration affects black homicide rates through competition for low-skill employment. Results show that when Latinos gain ground in low-skill employment relative to blacks, black homicide victimization increases. However, the findings apply only to metropolitan and new destination areas. Further analysis reveals that among the low-skill industries, the strongest effects are for Manufacturing/Construction and Services. Details: Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2011. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 17, 2013 at: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-03112011-110131/unrestricted/RBarranco_Dissertation.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-03112011-110131/unrestricted/RBarranco_Dissertation.pdf Shelf Number: 129430 Keywords: Employment and CrimeHomicidesImmigrationLatino MigrantsLatinos and CrimeSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeViolent Crime |
Author: Blattman, Christopher Title: Can Employment Reduce Lawlessness and Rebellion? A Field Experiment with High-Risk Youth in a Fragile State Summary: We evaluate an agricultural training and inputs program for high-risk Liberian men, mainly ex-fighters engaged in illegal resource extraction with opportunities for mercenary work. We show that economic incentives, including increased farm productivity, raised the opportunity cost of illicit work. After 14 months, treated men shifted hours of illicit resource extraction to agriculture by 20%. When a war erupted nearby, they were also less likely to engage in mercenary recruitment. Finally, exogenous variation in expected future capital transfers appears to be a further deterrent to mercenary work. We see no evidence the program affected occupational choice through peers or preferences. Details: New York: Columbia University, School of International and Public Affairs, 2014. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2431293 Year: 2014 Country: Liberia URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2431293 Shelf Number: 132317 Keywords: At-Risk YouthEmployment and CrimeNatural Resources |
Author: Landerso, Rasmus Title: Does Incarceration Length Affect Labor Market Outcomes for Violent Offenders? Summary: This paper uses a reform of the Danish Penal Code concerning violent crimes to study the effects of an exogenous increase in incarceration length on labor market outcomes during the first three years after release, meassured by unemployment rates, dependency on other public transfers, and earnings. Using a panel of monthly observations constructed from detailed Danish administrative-level data, I track a sample of violent offenders from four years prior to incarceration to conclude that the reform provided an exogenous increase in incarceration length and that the outcomes for the two groups exhibited equal trends. I find lower unemployment rates and a higher level of earnings for those employed as an effect of the longer incarceration spells induced by the reform. In addition, the effects of the reform increase with passage of time after release. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit and University Press of Southern Denmark, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Study Paper No. 39: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: http://www.rff.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Incarceration%20length_39.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Denmark URL: http://www.rff.dk/files/RFF-site/Publikations%20upload/Arbejdspapirer/Incarceration%20length_39.pdf Shelf Number: 124695 Keywords: Employment and CrimeEx-offender Employment Violent Crime |
Author: Yang, Crystal S. Title: Local Labor Markets and Criminal Recidivism Summary: This paper estimates the impact of local labor market conditions on criminal recidivism using rich administrative prison records on over four million offenders released from 43 states between 2000 and 2013. Exploiting each offender's exact date of release, I find that being released to a county with higher low-skilled employment and higher average low-skilled wages significantly decreases the risk of recidivism. The impact of higher wages on recidivism is larger for both black offenders and first-time offenders, and in sectors that report being more willing to hire ex-offenders. These results are robust to individual and county-level controls, policing and corrections activity, and do not appear to be driven by changes in the composition of released offenders during good or bad economic times. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, John M. Olin Center for law, Economics, and Business, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Paper no. 861: Accessed August 30, 2016 at: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/papers/pdf/Yang_861.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/papers/pdf/Yang_861.pdf Shelf Number: 140104 Keywords: Economics and CrimeEmployment and CrimeEx-Offenders and EmploymentRecidivism |
Author: Dix-Carneiro, Rafael Title: Local Labor Market Conditions and Crime: Evidence from the Brazilian Trade Liberalization Summary: This paper estimates the effect of local labor market conditions on crime in a developing country with high crime rates. Contrary to the previous literature, which has focused exclusively on developed countries with relatively low crime rates, we find that labor market conditions have a strong effect on homicides. We exploit the 1990s trade liberalization in Brazil as a natural experiment generating exogenous shocks to local labor demand. Regions facing more negative shocks experience large relative increases in crime rates in the medium term, but these effects virtually disappear in the long term. This pattern mirrors the labor market responses to the trade shocks. Using the trade liberalization episode to design an instrumental variables strategy, we find that a 10% reduction in expected labor market earnings (employment rate earnings) leads to a 39% increase in homicide rates. Our results highlight an additional dimension of adjustment costs following trade shocks that has so far been overlooked in the literature. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), 2016. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper no. 9638: Accessed August 31, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2716579 Year: 2016 Country: Brazil URL: Shelf Number: 140255 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics and CrimeEmployment and CrimeLabor markets |
Author: Alzua, Maria Laura Title: Workfare and Crime: Evidence for Argentina Summary: This paper investigates the effect of introducing a massive workfare program on property crimes. In order to circumvent the endogeneity problem common to joint factors determining crime and demand for workfare we make use of instrumental variables. We exploit two special features. First, the program was assigned according to political criteria which were trying to attract provinces and/or counties who were aligned with the national government. Second, the program was grant in mid-2002 and closed afterwards, so there were no new-comers to the program. We use political affiliation of different level of governments as instrument for the number of workfare programs per capita and find that the program reduced property crime but had no effect on other kinds of crime. The paper represents a contribution to the crime literature, since this issue has not been explored. If workfare programs have an effect on crime, then the welfare effect is different from the one often calculated in the literature. Details: Caracas, Venezuela: CAF DOCUMENTOS DE TRABAJO CAF WORKING PAPERS, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: CAF WORKING PAPERS N° 2011/05 : Accessed September 8, 2016 at: https://www.caf.com/media/3894/201105Alzua.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Argentina URL: https://www.caf.com/media/3894/201105Alzua.pdf Shelf Number: 140253 Keywords: Economics and CrimeEmployment and CrimeProperty CrimePublic Welfare and Economic AssistanceUnemployment |
Author: Dix-Carneiro, Rafael Title: Economic Shocks and Crime: Evidence from the Brazilian Trade Liberalization Summary: This paper studies the effect of changes in economic conditions on crime. We exploit the 1990s trade liberalization in Brazil as a natural experiment generating exogenous shocks to local economies. We document that regions exposed to larger tariff reductions experienced a temporary increase in crime following liberalization. Next, we investigate through what channels the trade-induced economic shocks may have affected crime. We show that the shocks had significant effects on potential determinants of crime, such as labor market conditions, public goods provision, and income inequality. We propose a novel framework exploiting the distinct dynamic responses of these variables to obtain bounds on the effect of labor market conditions on crime. Our results indicate that this channel accounts for 75 to 93 percent of the effect of the trade-induced shocks on crime. Details: Durham, NC: Duke University, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Economic Research Initiatives at Duke (ERID) Working Paper No. 242 : Accessed February 13, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2895107 Year: 2016 Country: Brazil URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2895107 Shelf Number: 145121 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics and CrimeEmployment and CrimeLabor MarketsSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |