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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for neighborhoods
16 results foundAuthor: Taylor, Ralph B. Title: Potential Models for Understanding Crime Impacts of High or Increasing Unoccupied Housing Rates in Unexpected Places, and How to Prevent Them. Summary: This work considers how spatial and temporal variations in the rates at which residential housing becomes unoccupied are likely to affect community crime rates. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, Department of Criminal Justice, 2009. 39p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118157 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomic InfluencesHousingNeighborhoods |
Author: New York ACORN Title: The Impact of Foreclosures on Neighborhood Crime in New York Summary: This report examines the impact of foreclosures on neighborhood crime in four New York counties: three with exceptionally high foreclosure rates, and one with a more moderate rate. Queens, Brooklyn, and Nassau Counties have seen some of the highest rates of foreclosure in the State -- Queens Supreme Court schedules roughly 100 foreclosure auctions every week. Albany County has seen a more moderate level of foreclosures, with a large spike in the summer of 2008. In summary, as crime was on a general decline in New York State, neighborhoods with the highest rates of foreclosure commonly saw increases in crime over the past two years. The resulting impact in all four counties was a growing crime disparity between high and low-foreclosure neighborhoods. Details: Brooklyn, NY: New York ACORN, 2009. 23p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 113909 Keywords: Crime Rates (New York City)Housing Foreclosures (New York City)Neighborhoods |
Author: Jargowsky, Paul A. Title: Cause or Consequence? Suburbanization and Crime in U.S. Metropolitan Areas Summary: Inner-city crime is a motivating factor for middle-class flight, and therefore crime is a cause of suburbanization. Movement of the middle- and upper-classes to the suburbs, in turn, isolates the poor in central city ghettos and barrios. Sociologists and criminologists have argued that the concentration of poverty creates an environment within which criminal behavior becomes normative, leading impressionable youth to adopt criminal lifestyles. Moreover, from the perspective of routine activity theory, the deterioration of social capital in high-poverty areas reduces the capacity for guardianship. Therefor, suburbanization may also cause crime. This study argues that prior research has not distinguished between the causal and compositional effects of suburbanization on crime. The study shows that the causal component can be identified by linking metropolitan-level crime rates, rather than central-city crime rates, to measures of suburbanization. Using UCR and Census data from 2000, the study finds a positive relationship betwen suburbanization and metropolitan crime. Details: Ann Arbor, MI: National Poverty Center, 2008. 30p. Source: Internet Resource; National Poverty Center Working Paper Series #8-12 Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119141 Keywords: Metropolitan AreasNeighborhoodsPovertySuburban CrimeSuburbanization |
Author: Yan, Jiahui Title: A Multidisciplinary Study on Juvenile Recidivism and Multilevel Impacts - Risk Factors, Neighborhood Features, and Juvenile Justice Intervention Summary: This study incorporates the economic theories of crime, human capital investment, reasoned action, extended theory of subjective expected utility, as well as developmental criminological theories in a life-course perspective to develop a conceptual model to explore factors related to juvenile recidivism. The study aims to provide information for practitioners to help identify potential chronic and serious offenders, to explore evidence to validate risk and needs assessment tools, and to probe the significant factors to be used as the basis for evidence-based programs. Recidivism is measured as count data in both frequency and severity level of subsequent offenses. Count data are data in which the observations can take only nonnegative integer values and the integers arise from counting. A unique combination of data from five public sources is obtained to examine the influence of individual-level risk factors, neighborhood dharacteristics, and juvenile justice intervention on juvenile recidivism. Exploratory factor analysis and principle component analysis are applied to solve issues related to assessment and census data. Four different regression models for count data are compared to propose the one with the best fit and the most predictive power for each response variable. Results indicate that the most consistent and influential indicators for identifying potential chronic and serious offenders are being older, being male, having a more serious first offense, showing a tendency towards violence, scoring high on the overall factor that represents problematic attitude, behavior, and social relations, and the existence of harmful parental impact. Race is not identified as a significant indicator after controlling other risk factors and socioeconomic differences between youth of different racial groups. Results indicate that where the youth lives matters. As compared with juveniles located in neighborhoods with positive socio-economic characteristics, those from the most disadvantaged areas are found to recidivate more frequently and more seriously. Findings also suggest that available community services might play a role in youth behavior. Cognitive-behavioral and supervisory programs are shown to have great potential in reducing recidivism. However, only when juveniles successfully complete the assigned programs, are they involved in fewer subsequent delinquent behaviors. Details: Columbia, MO: University of Missouri, 2009. 163p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation, University of Missouri: Accessed August 28, 2010 at: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/6128/research.pdf?sequence=3 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/6128/research.pdf?sequence=3 Shelf Number: 119702 Keywords: Juvenile OffendersNeighborhoodsRaceRecidivismSocioeconomic Status |
Author: Keown, Leslie-Anne Title: Precautions Taken to Avoid Victimization: A Gender Perspective Summary: This article uses the 2004 General Social Survey on criminal victimization to explore how men and women of the core working age population (25 to 54 years) living in Census Metropolitan Areas differ in the precautions taken to avoid victimization. The results indicate that though men and women do not differ substantially in the amount of crime they perceive around them - they do differ in the precautions taken to avoid victimization. This difference remains unchanged even when other factors like fear of crime, income, age, and victimization experiences are taken into account. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2010. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2010 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2010001/article/11123-eng.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2010001/article/11123-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 119752 Keywords: Fear of CrimeNeighborhoodsVictimizationVictims of Crime |
Author: Perreault, Samuel Title: Neighbourhood Characteristics and the Distribution of Crime on the Island of Montreal: Additional Analysis on Youth Crime Summary: This study explores the geographic distribution of youth crime on the Island of Montréal. The analysis is based on police-reported crime data from the Incident- based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, 2001 Census data, land-use data from the Communauté métropolitaine de Montréal and 2002-2003 school attendance data from the ministère de l’Éducation, du Loisir et du Sport du Québec. A previous study on the geographic distribution of crime on the Island of Montréal (Savoie, Bédard, Collins; 2006) found that crime was not evenly distributed on the island, but somewhat concentrated in a limited number of hot spots. The results of this analysis show that, when youth crime is considered separately, crime is distributed over many small hot spots across the entire island. The multivariate analysis showed that neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics alone could predict only a small proportion of youth crime in Montréal. However, factors such as the presence of a secondary school, commercial zoning and education have a minor impact on both violent crime and property crime. These findings are consistent with those of other studies on youth crime (Jacob, 2006; LaGrange, 1999). Some recent studies (Dupéré et al., 2007; Hay et al., 2006; Simons et al., 2005) suggest that for young people, the influence of some neighbourhood characteristics have an influence primarily through their interaction with family or individual factors. In a survey of self-reported youth delinquency in Toronto, Savoie (2007) noted that some individual and family characteristics were significant risk factors for delinquency among young people. Collecting data on victimization and self-reported delinquency at the neighbourhood-level might be particularly useful for the analysis of youth crime. Details: Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, Statistics Canada, 2008. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2010 at: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/85-561-MIE/85-561-MIE2006007.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Statcan/85-561-MIE/85-561-MIE2006007.pdf Shelf Number: 119799 Keywords: Crime StatisticsJuvenile Delinquency (Montreal)Juvenile OffendersNeighborhoods |
Author: Cadora, Eric Title: Travis Community Impact Supervision. Thinking About Location: Orienting Probation to Neighborhood Based Supervision Summary: The Travis County Community Supervision and Corrections Department (CSCD) in Austin, Texas (the county’s adult probation department) has teamed up with The JFA Institute in a two-year effort to reengineer the operations of the department to support more effective supervision strategies. The goal is to strengthen probation by using an evidence-based practices (EBP) model. The Travis County CSCD, the Community Justice Assistance Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, and the Open Society Institute have provided funds to support the reengineering effort and use the department as an “incubator” site to develop, test and document organization-wide changes directed at improving assessment, supervision, sanctioning, personnel training and quality control policies. The Travis County CSCD is the fifth largest probation system in the state and, as such, has tremendous impact on the state probation system. The total number of offenders under some form of probation supervision in Travis County in FY 2005 was 22,827. This report presents an analysis of the geographical location of the Travis County probation population using mapping technology. The analysis was conducted by Eric Cadora and his team at the JFA Mapping Center in New York City. A great number of the persons entering and exiting the Texas prison system and persons on probation tend to concentrate in specific neighborhoods in our large metropolitan areas. Mapping analysis identifies these concentrations in specific geographical locations. The goal is to provide a visual depiction of the geographical distribution of the probation population to identify high density neighborhoods that can be targeted for a neighborhood based supervision approach. The neighborhood based approach consolidates caseloads with fewer officers specifically assigned to supervising probationers in those locations. This can be done in Travis County in at least three neighborhoods. The research also shows that neighborhoods receiving the most offenders released from prison are also neighborhoods with a high concentration of probationers. Present supervision practices between the probation and parole agencies in these neighborhoods are not coordinated. Collaboration between these agencies may lead to more effective supervision that leverages resources between the agencies and between the agencies and neighborhood partners. The visualization of concentrated parole and probation populations in what we call “high stakes” communities is critical for more effective policy. The notion is that, although we need policies that address the overall issue of criminality and the supervision of justice populations regardless of where persons are committing crimes or where they live, we also need to consider the location of concentrated justice populations. Details: Washington, DC: JFA Institute, 2006. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 18, 2011 at: http://caction.org/research_reports/reports/TravisCommunityImpactSupervision2006.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://caction.org/research_reports/reports/TravisCommunityImpactSupervision2006.pdf Shelf Number: 122085 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationCommunity CorrectionsGeographic StudiesMappingNeighborhoodsParoleesProbation (Texas)Probationers |
Author: Cornaglia, Francesca Title: Crime and Mental Wellbeing Summary: Most estimates of the cost of crime focus on victims. Yet it is plausible that an even larger cost of crime occurs via its indirect impact on the mental wellbeing of non-victims. To test how crime affects individuals’ mental outcomes, we exploit detailed panel data on mental wellbeing, allowing us to observe the relationship between changes in crime in a local area and changes in the mental wellbeing of resident non-victims in that area (controlling for changes in local economic conditions). Our results suggest that increases in crime rates have a negative impact on the mental wellbeing of residents, with the biggest impacts arising from violent crime. We also find that local press coverage of criminal activity enhances the effect of crime on mental well-being. Details: London: London School of Economics and Political Science, Centre for Economic Performance, 2011. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: CEP Discussion Paper No 1049: Accessed July 27, 2011 at: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1049.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1049.pdf Shelf Number: 122175 Keywords: Costs of Crime (U.K.)Fear of CrimeMental HealthNeighborhoods |
Author: Brennan, Shannon Title: Canadians' perceptions of personal safety and crime, 2009 Summary: The effects of crime are vast and varied, and may result in many physical, financial, and emotional consequences for those directly involved. Moreover, the effects of crime can extend beyond victims (Jackson 2006, Gardner 2008). Previous research has shown that indirect exposure to crime can impact feelings of security within entire communities, and may create a fear of crime. Fear of crime refers to the fear, rather than the probability, of being a victim of crime, and may not be reflective of the actual prevalence of crime (Fitzgerald 2008). Self-reported victimization data have shown that, in Canada, rates of victimization have remained stable over the past decade (Perreault and Brennan 2010). In the same vein, police-reported data has shown decreases in both the amount and severity of crime, with the crime rate reaching its lowest point since 1973 (Brennan and Dauvergne 2011). Despite these findings, crime continues to remain an issue of concern for many Canadians. Using data from the 2009 General Social Survey (GSS) on Victimization, this Juristat article examines the perceptions of personal safety and crime of Canadians 15 years and older living in the 10 provinces. More specifically, it looks at their overall level of satisfaction with their personal safety from crime over time at the national, provincial and census metropolitan area levels. In addition, this article examines Canadians’ feelings of safety when performing various activities in their communities, and their use of crime prevention techniques in the previous 12 months. Finally, Canadians’ perceptions of the prevalence of crime and social disorder in their neighbourhoods are explored. Details: Canada: Statistics Canada, Minister of Industry, 2011. 21p. Source: Juristat article: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2012 at http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11577-eng.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2011001/article/11577-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 124159 Keywords: Fear of Crime (Canada)NeighborhoodsPublic SafetyVictimizationVictimization Surveys |
Author: Kielasinska, Ewa Title: The Geography of Urban Arson in Toronto Summary: Arson has economic, structural and psychological repercussions. As a crime with such wideranging consequences, it has received little academic attention. Our goal in this research is to highlight how arson can be understood from two perspectives: the anthropogenic environment and the physical environment. Study one employs a generalized linear mixed regression model to explore the relationship between street network permeability and the incidence of deliberatelyset fire events in the City of Toronto. This research aims to highlight the important influence that navigation of the built environment has on crime, specifically arson, in addition to the social characteristics of place that support criminal behaviour. We hypothesize that neighbourhoods with more permeable (less complex) street networks are more likely to be affected by deliberately-set fire events in the case of Toronto. Also using a multivariate regression model, study two aims to highlight the role of heat aggression on the incidence of fire-setting behaviour in the same study region. We consider fire events occurring between the months of May through September, and particularly those occurring during extended heat-wave conditions. We hypothesize that prolonged episodes of high temperatures will have a positive relationship with arson events. This research highlights that two conceivably different forms of geography (anthropogenic and physical) can impact that same phenomena: criminal fire-setting behaviour. Details: Open Access Dissertation and Theses, McMaster University, 2012. Source: Paper 6563, Master's Thesis: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2012 at http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7574&context=opendissertations&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dthe%2520geography%2520of%2520urban%2520arson%2520in%2520toronto%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D1%26ved%3D0CCEQFjAA%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.mcmaster.ca%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D7574%2526context%253Dopendissertations%26ei%3DTSZAT7b0LKS30QH0jqG7Bw%26usg%3DAFQjCNGqJvrHJLuMWp6m7nSiYMxKQFK1eQ#search=%22geography%20urban%20arson%20toronto%22 Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7574&context=opendissertations&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dthe%2520geography%2520of%2520urban%2520arson%2520in%2 Shelf Number: 124179 Keywords: Arson (Canada)NeighborhoodsUrban Areas |
Author: Morenoff, Jeffrey D. Title: Final Technincal Report: Neighborhoods, Recidivism, and Employment Among Returning Prisoners Summary: The rising number of individuals being released from prison has prompted renewed interest among researchers, policy makers, and practitioners in reintegrating former prisoners. Yet relatively little is known about the communities into which former prisoners return and how they affect the likelihood that former prisoners will secure stable employment or return to prison. This research fills an important gap in the literature on prisoner reentry by focusing on the role that community context plays in the labor market outcomes and recidivism of former prisoners. A rich set of longitudinal administrative records were assembled on individuals paroled in Michigan during 2003, including records from corrections, police, and unemployment insurance databases. This report describes the data collected and presents results indicating that neighborhood context predicted both the recidivism and labor market outcomes of former prisoners. The analysis considered the association between baseline neighborhood characteristics (first post-prison neighborhood) and cumulative exposure to neighborhood conditions during one’s time on parole. The analysis of baseline neighborhood characteristics was based on the full population of 11,064 people released on parole in Michigan in 2003, whereas the analysis of time-varying neighborhood characteristics was based on a 1/6 sample (n=1,848). Returning to a more disadvantaged baseline neighborhood was associated with higher risks of absconding and returning to prison for a technical violation, a lower risk of being arrested, and more adverse labor market outcomes, including less employment and lower wages. Cumulative exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods was associated with lower employment and wages but not related to recidivism. Returning to a more affluent baseline neighborhood was associated with a lower risk of being arrested, absconding, and returning to prison on a technical violation, and more positive labor market outcomes, including greater employment and wages. However, cumulative exposure to affluent neighborhoods was not significantly related to any of the recidivism or labor market outcomes when the full set of controls were added to models. Returning to a more residentially stable baseline neighborhood was associated with a lower risk of absconding and returning to prison for a new conviction, but not with any labor market outcomes; nor was cumulative exposure to residentially stable neighborhoods associated with any recidivism or labor market outcomes. Returning to a baseline neighborhood with a younger age structure was negatively related to the odds of returning to prison on a technical violation, but when measured as cumulative exposure it was associated with an increased risk of being arrested, absconding, and being returned to prison for either a new commitment or technical violation. Being employed substantially reduced the risk of all recidivism outcomes, but there was no evidence that employment mediated the association between neighborhoods and recidivism. Together, these results suggest that the neighborhoods parolees experience during parole were strong predictors of recidivism and labor market outcomes, but there is not a simple answer to the question of what neighborhood characteristics constitute “risky” environments for parolees. Neighborhood socioeconomic composition was a strong predictor of labor market outcomes, as parolees residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods had difficulty securing employment and escaping poverty. For recidivism, the protective effect of living in a residentially stabile neighborhood and the risks posed by spending more time in neighborhoods with higher densities of young people were the most robust predictors. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that parole outcomes might be improved through more careful evaluation of a parolee’s neighborhood context when approving new residences, placement of institutional housing for former prisoners in more advantaged neighborhoods, inclusion of neighborhood context in risk assessments to better target services to former prisoners in high risk neighborhoods, and place-based parole strategies involving geographically based agent caseloads. Details: Ann Arbor, MI: Population Studies Center and Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2011. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2012 at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236436.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/236436.pdf Shelf Number: 125825 Keywords: Ex-Offenders, EmploymentNeighborhoodsPrisoner ReentryRecidivismReintegration, Offenders |
Author: Liberman, Akiva Title: Variation in 2010-11 Truancy Rates Among District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) High Schools and Middle Schools Summary: This report provides a snapshot of truancy in District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS) high schools and middle schools in 2010-11. School data on student absenteeism was combined with Census and crime data on school neighborhoods and students' residential neighborhoods. Key findings include: The average truancy rates vary so much between schools that the average across all students in all schools represents neither a typical nor representative school, nor a typical student. Informative analysis of truancy must focus on the variation among schools, and the truancy rates of particular schools. Across schools, about 2,500 high schools students were chronically truant. Truancy rates are very high at several high schools, with four schools showing chronic truancy for the majority of their students, and another three showing over 40 percent chronic truancy. These numbers mean it is simply not feasible for the primary response to be based in the Family Court. Actually referring all of these chronic truants to Family Court would swamp the Court's resources. For high schools: Overall absences and truancy are so highly correlated with each other that either measure produces equivalent findings in comparing high schools. As a result, any of these measures can be used to explore why schools vary and the findings will be equivalent. High school (HS) absenteeism rates are strongly predicted by their students' 8th grade truancy. Therefore, most of the differences in truancy among high schools are not due to differential success among HSs in preventing truancy. Put another way, the continuation and escalation of truancy behavior from middle school to high school seems equivalent across schools. This suggests that lowering middle school absenteeism may be the most efficient and effective approach to lowering high school truancy rates. The high school's immediate neighborhood is a weaker predictor of truancy than the residential neighborhoods of its students, although violence surrounding the school is moderately related to truancy. HS truancy rates are moderately related to student poverty and poverty in students' residential neighborhoods. Crime in high school students' residential neighborhoods is moderately related to truancy. For middle schools: Middle school overall absences and truancy are somewhat distinct. The immediate neighborhood of middle schools has little relationship to its truancy. Neighborhood relationships for middle school truancy are weaker than for HS truancy. Middle school students' poverty, residential neighborhood poverty, and residential neighborhood crime are moderately related to truancy, but at one-third to one-half the strength of HS truancy. Residential neighborhood features are more strongly associated with truancy in HS than MS. This is consistent with a general developmental pattern: The family context and parents are the most important influences for younger children; with age, broader social contexts, including peers and neighborhoods, exert more direct effects on children's behavior. Truancy interventions that are primarily family-based are more likely to prove effective at earlier ages, while truancy interventions at older ages need to also involve broader social contexts. Exploring community-level risk variables is an important addition to analysis of truancy data alone, but it only begins to explore the important risk factors for truancy. For example, family factors are widely believed to be important risk factors for truancy, and are central to two pilot interventions launched by the Interagency Truancy Task Force in 2011-12. The current report does not explore such family risk factors, although some "family factors" such as single parenthood are explored at the neighborhood level. Similarly, school factors such as teacher relationships are undoubtedly important factors for truancy, but were beyond the scope of the current study. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute, 2012. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2013 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412712-Variation-in-2010-11-Truancy-Rates-Among-District-of-Columbia-Public-Schools.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412712-Variation-in-2010-11-Truancy-Rates-Among-District-of-Columbia-Public-Schools.pdf Shelf Number: 127397 Keywords: EducationNeighborhoodsSchool AttendanceTruancy (Washington, DC) |
Author: Ruprah, Inder J. Title: An Impact Evaluation of a Neighbourhood Crime Prevention Program: Does Safer Commune Make Chileans Safer? Summary: Safer Commune is a neighbourhood crime prevention program in Chile. It has failed according to some critics who cite as evidence the rising crime rates and fear of crime in municipalities with the program. This is incorrect. Valid empirical evidence would be the crime rates that would have been observed without the program. Such an impact evaluation - using double difference propensity score method- reveals that the program has reduced high crimes particularly of two types of crimes namely battery and theft. Thus, high crimes would have been 19% higher in the communes without the program; the program has made Chileans safer. Active participation in the program by local residents has reduced insecurity and increased security; it reduced the fear of crime. However, with very low active participation in the program the scale of the effect is low. These positive evaluative findings suggest that an expansion of the program but simultaneously enhancing co-production of order through mechanisms to encourage local resident participation would have high returns. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank Office of Evaluation and Oversight. 2008. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2013 at: Working Paper: OVE/WP-09/08 Year: 2008 Country: Chile URL: Working Paper: OVE/WP-09/08 Shelf Number: 131587 Keywords: Community Crime PreventionCrime Prevention (Chile)Fear of CrimeNeighborhoods |
Author: Richardson, Elizabeth A. Title: Alcohol-related illness and death in Scottish neighbourhoods: is there a relationship with the number of alcohol outlets? Summary: KEY MESSAGES - There are large variations in numbers of alcohol outlets within neighbourhoods across Scotland. - Across the whole of Scotland, neighbourhoods with higher numbers of alcohol outlets had significantly higher alcohol-related death rates. Alcohol-related death rates in neighbourhoods with the most alcohol outlets were more than double the rates in those with the fewest outlets. There were 34 alcohol-related deaths per 100,000 people in neighbourhoods with the most off-sales outlets, compared with 13 per 100,000 in neighbourhoods with the fewest. - Across the whole of Scotland, alcohol-related hospitalisation rates were significantly higher in neighbourhoods with the most alcohol outlets. Details: Edinburgh: Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health (CRESH), School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, 2014. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2015 at: http://www.alcohol-focus-scotland.org.uk/media/89684/cresh-research-alcohol-outlets-and-health.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.alcohol-focus-scotland.org.uk/media/89684/cresh-research-alcohol-outlets-and-health.pdf Shelf Number: 135392 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse (Scotland)Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderNeighborhoods |
Author: Perreault, Samuel Title: Canadians' perceptions of personal safety and crime, 2014 Summary: A sense of personal safety has been intrinsically linked to a sense of well-being. Measures of safety are routinely included in key wellness indicators such as the Canadian Index of Wellbeing (University of Waterloo) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's (OECD) Better Life Index. Several studies have also shown that a perceived lack of safety could have various adverse effects on individuals and communities. In particular, fear of crime can lead to withdrawal from community life and reduces social cohesion (Cobbina et al. 2008). It can also lead some people to adopt restrictive behaviours, such as avoiding certain places or not going out after a certain time. A sense of insecurity can also lead to increased spending to protect against crime or even be the reason that some people move away (Hale 1996). Finally, insecurity can have negative effects on physical and mental health and general well-being (Foster et al. 2014; Lorenc 2012; Adams and Serpe 2000). Research on sense of safety-or on the fear of crime-has also shown personal safety to be associated with far more than just fear of being a victim of crime. A sense of insecurity is generally a wide-ranging fear or anxiety linked to many personal and environmental factors (Farrall et al. 2009). Thus, a sense of safety is thought to be influenced by factors related to vulnerability: people whose risk of victimization is higher, or those who feel less able to defend themselves against or recover from the consequences of victimization (particularly women and the elderly) would have higher levels of fear (Sacco 1995; Covington and Taylor 1991; Killias 1990). The community in which a person lives can also have a significant impact on their sense of safety. There is general agreement that people who live in a place where neighbours know each other, help each other and trust each other have a greater sense of personal safety (Yuan and McNeeley 2017; Gibson et al. 2002; Sampson et al. 1997). Finally, the presence of social disorder and antisocial behaviours also seems to have an unsettling effect because these are indicators that more serious crimes might be committed or that the community or the police have been unable to adequately control deviant behaviour (Intravia et al. 2016; Fitzgerald 2008; Sampson et al. 1997).Note Since a sense of safety is only partly associated with actual levels of crime, it is important to measure it accurately and to understand factors that may contribute to a sense of safety. Research on the subject has shown that a sense of safety is a concept that can be expressed in different ways, and it is usually best to use more than one measure to better understand its nature, scope and key trends. This Juristat article outlines the main measures related to sense of safety included in the 2014 General Social Survey (GSS) on Canadians' Safety (Victimization) at the national, provincial, territorial, census metropolitan area and census agglomeration levels. It also presents the main characteristics associated with Canadians' sense of safety. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2017. 35o, Source: Internet Resource: Juristat 37, no. 1: Accessed March 20, 2018 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/54889-eng.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Canada URL: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2017001/article/54889-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 0 Keywords: Fear of Crime (Canada)NeighborhoodsPublic SafetyVictimizationVictimization Surveys |
Author: New York State. Office of the State Comptroller Title: Noise in New York City Neighborhoods: Assessing Risk in Urban Noise Management Summary: Every day, New York City's eight million residents face a mix of urban noise-street traffic, construction, emergency vehicles, buses, subways and air traffic are just a few examples-which, at best, poses an annoyance and, at worst, impacts quality of life. Leading authorities such as the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency have documented the harmful effects of noise exposure on health and well-being. Despite an overhaul of New York City's Noise Code-which took effect in 2007, and established more stringent regulations for construction sites, nightclubs, and other sources of noise disturbances-noise complaints made to the City's 311 Customer Service Center (311) are on the rise. In 2010, New Yorkers made 200,018 complaints about noise. In 2015, that number had risen to 384,118. In total, during those six years, New York City residents made 1.6 million noise complaints via 311, in expectation that their government would help address a problem that significantly impacts their quality of life. In February 2016, the Office of the New York State Comptroller (OSC) launched a public opinion survey to solicit information on noise in New York City neighborhoods to gain insight on the issue at the grassroots level and to serve as a risk assessment tool to inform our audit process. To disseminate the survey to New York City residents, OSC conducted outreach to New York City's 59 Community Districts - through emails, letters, phone calls, and presentations at public meetings-and to community media. The online Noise Survey, available in English as well as Spanish, Chinese, and Russian, drew responses from more than 4,000 people. The survey results in this report are a simple summary of the raw data and are not generalizable as presented here, but they do reflect the depth of concern and the range of issues associated with urban noise in New York City. To develop the survey questionnaire, we analyzed trends in six years of 311 noise complaint data, and interviewed New York City agency officials regarding noise management. We also reviewed available New York City agency data, regulations and statutes on noise management. We looked at other questionnaires and results of noise surveys conducted by other entities, and reviewed studies conducted by academic and policy researchers seeking to identify the effects of noise as well as potential mitigating solutions. See Appendix A for a discussion of the methods used in this report. Details: Albany: Office of the New York State Comptroller, 2018. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 5, 2018 at: https://www.osc.state.ny.us/reports/health/noise-in-nyc.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.osc.state.ny.us/reports/health/noise-in-nyc.pdf Shelf Number: 150477 Keywords: NeighborhoodsNoise ComplaintsNoise ManagementNuisance Behaviors and Disorders |