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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for offenders
31 results foundAuthor: Japan. Ministry of Justice Title: White Paper on Crime: 2007: The Circumstances and Attributes of Repeat Offenders and Countermeasures to Recidivism Summary: This report reveals the importance of countermeasures against repeat offenders and the recent trends in repeat offenses mainly through analysis of criminal records/statistical data and takes an overview of the actual circumstances of repeat offenders from various points of view, such as the offense, age, sentencing and attributes. Details: Tokyo: 2007 Source: Year: 2007 Country: Japan URL: Shelf Number: 117045 Keywords: OffendersRecidivism |
Author: McDougall, Cynthia Title: Evaluation of HM Prison Service Enhanced Thinking Skills Programme: Report on the Outcomes from a Randomised Controlled Trial Summary: The Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) program was designed to change thinking and attitudes associated with offending. This report presents the findings from a randomized controlled trial with a sample of 408 offenders carried out in ten United Kingdom prisons to evaluate the ETS program. The evaluation found a statistically significant reduction in self-report of impulsivity as measured by the Eysenek Impulsivity Scale in offenders who had completed the ETS program when compared with a waiting list control group who had not started the program. In addition to improvement in impulsivity, incidence of prison security reports, general attitudes to offending and locus of control were statistically significantly improved following ETS. Details: London: Ministry of Justice, 2009 Source: Ministry of Justice Research Series 3/09 Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115660 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsOffenders |
Author: Northern Ireland. Criminal Justice Inspectorate Title: A Review of Transition to Community Arrangement for Life Sentence Prisoners in Northern Ireland Summary: This review considers how well life sentence prisoners are risk assessed and managed in preparation for their release by the Northern Ireland Prison Service (NIPS), Probation Board for Northern Ireland (PBNI) and the Parole Commissioners for Northern Ireland. This report compares practice in Northern Ireland with other jurisdictions (England and Wales, mostly) to identify learning opportunities for the future. Details: Belfast: Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115349 Keywords: CommunitiesLife SentenceOffenders |
Author: Scotland. Social Work Inspection Agency Title: Multi-Agency Inspection: Assessing and Managing Offenders Who Present a High Risk of Serious Harm 2009 Summary: This report presents the findings of an inspection of the management of high risk of serious harm offenders. The inspection team comprised inspectors from the Social Work Inspection Agency, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons, and Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary for Scotland. This report identifies where practice and procedures to minimize and manage risk can become better, and adds to the body of knowledge about the management of high-risk offenders in Scotland. Details: Edinburgh: Social Work Inspection Agency, 2009 Source: A joint report by the Social Work Inspection Agency, HM Inspectorate of Constabulary for Scotland and HM Inspectorate of Prisons Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115399 Keywords: OffendersRecidivismRepeat Offenders |
Author: McManus, Rob, ed. Title: Gangs and Crime in South Carolina: How Much, How Bad? Summary: From the report: "this report is designed to provide information about criminal activity attributed to gangs, victims of gang activity, gang offenders, and to provide estimates of gang membership in South Carolina's prison population and among offenders under supervision in the community. The purpose of this report is to provide reliable and objective information regarding a serious societal problem about which little information is readily available." Details: Blythewood, SC: South Carolina Department of Public Safety, Office of Justice Programs, Statistical Analysis Center, 2009. 145p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117579 Keywords: Criminal ActivityGangsOffendersPrisoners |
Author: Great Britain. Ministry of Justice Title: Conviction Histories of Offenders Between the Ages of 10 and 52: England and Wales Summary: "This statistical bulletin provides estimates of the proportion of the population in England and Wales who have had a conviction. It covers convictions received between 1963 and 2006." Details: London: Ministry of Justice, 2010. 16p. Source: Internet Resource; Ministry of Justice Statistics Bulletin Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119377 Keywords: Crime StatisticsOffenders |
Author: Meek, Rosie Title: The Role of the Third Sector in Work With Offenders: The Perceptions of Criminal Justice and Third Sector Stakeholders Summary: This paper examines the views of national criminal justice and third sector stakeholders on the strategic position of the sector, and its role in the resettlement of offenders. The interview data suggests that although the involvement of the third sector in the criminal justice system is promoted in national policy, considerable gaps have been identified. These include the quality and availability of regional commissioning, implementation strategies and the long-term plans for the re-specification of the criminal justice system. The findings also indicate that increasing emphasis on competitive policy may put a strain on future inter-sector partnerships. The implications of the findings are discussed and areas of further research are highlighted in relation to both the prison and probation services. Details: Birmingham, UK: Third Sector Research Centre, 2010. 18p. Source: Internet Resource; Working Paper 34 Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119536 Keywords: Criminal Justice, Administration of (U.K.)OffendersPartnershipsPrisonsProbation |
Author: Lipsey, Mark W. Title: Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Programs for Criminal Offenders Summary: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is among the more promising rehabilitative treatments for criminal offenders. Reviews of the comparative effectiveness of different treatment approaches have generally ranked it in the top tier with regard to effects on recidivism (e.g., Andrews et al., 1990; Lipsey & Wilson, 1998). It has a well-developed theoretical basis that explicitly targets “criminal thinking” as a contributing factor to deviant behavior (Beck, 1999; Walters, 1990; Yochelson & Samenow, 1976). And, it can be adapted to a range of juvenile and adult offenders, delivered in institutional or community settings by mental health specialists or paraprofessionals, and administered as part of a multifaceted program or as a stand-alone intervention. Meta-analysis has consistently indicated that CBT, on average, has significant positive effects on recidivism. However, there is also significant variation across studies in the size of those treatment effects. Identification of the moderator variables that describe the study characteristics associated with larger and smaller effects can further develop our understanding of the effectiveness of CBT with offenders. Of particular importance is the role such moderator analysis can play in ascertaining which variants of CBT are most effective. The objective of this systematic review is to examine the relationships of selected moderator variables to the effects of CBT on the recidivism of general offender populations. Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2007. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Review, 2007:6: Accessed September 16, 2010 at: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/143/ Year: 2007 Country: International URL: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/143/ Shelf Number: 119821 Keywords: OffendersRecidivismRehabilitationTreatment Programs |
Author: Dekker, Sonja Title: Aging and Violent Crime in New Zealand Summary: This report documents trends in age-sex-specific offence and apprehension rates for violent crime in New Zealand, and estimate the impact of population change on offence rates and justice sector expenditure for violent crime. The main data source is New Zealand Police data on recorded offences and apprehensions for violent crime between 1994 and 2008. These data are combined with Statistics New Zealand population data, and published estimates of government expenditure per offence. The impact of population change is assessed using demographic decompositions. Complex visualisations of the data allow trends and impact to be examined. The age-sex profile of violent offending in New Zealand has been changing, with the largest growth rates occurring at age 30 years and over, and among women. Changes in population age-sex structure have moderated increases in violent offence rates since 1994. Prospective changes in age-sex structure should moderate future growth in offence rates and justice sector expenditure. Details: Wellington, NZ: Statistics New Zealand, 2010. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Statistics New Zealand Working Paper No. 10-01: Accessed October 22, 2010 at: http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/research-papers/working-papers/ageing-violent-crime-nz-workingpaper-10-01.aspx Year: 2010 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.stats.govt.nz/surveys_and_methods/methods/research-papers/working-papers/ageing-violent-crime-nz-workingpaper-10-01.aspx Shelf Number: 120055 Keywords: AgeOffendersOffense StatisticsViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Ipsos MORI Title: Improving Financial Capability Among Offenders: An Assessment of Three Programmes Delivering Financial Capabilitiy Trining to Offenders Summary: The Financial Services Authority (FSA) together with the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) funded three pilot projects designed to increase financial capability among offenders. Project 1: Correctional staff training delivered by the crime reduction charity, Nacro. A nationwide training programme for correctional staff working with offenders in prison or the community. It provides training on the financial capability needs of offenders, and how staff can support offenders by delivering one to one guidance sessions and workshops to offenders with these needs. Project 2: Prison setting training for offenders and staff delivered by the Vale of Glamorgan Citizens Advice Bureau (CAB) in conjunction with NOMS Cymru. Delivered in two prisons in South Wales, this programme provides financial capability guidance directly to offenders through one to one 'surgery' sessions and group workshops. Along with this the CAB also provide training to staff and peer information advisors1 in ord er to raise awareness of the programme for offenders running in the prisons, and encourage them to refer offenders with financial capability needs to it. Project 3: Probation setting training delivered by the Portsmouth CAB in conjunction with Hampshire Probation. Delivered in the Hampshire probation area this programme provided financial capability guidance directly to offenders through CAB Gateway Assessments and one to one training sessions in the community, along with workshops delivered in Approved Premises. The project also contained training for Offender Managers to raise awareness of the programme running for offenders in the Hampshire probation area, and encourage them to identify financial capability needs among offenders and refer them to this programme. This report brings together previous assessments of two of these schemes3 with new research by Ipsos MORI to assess the effectiveness of each project and comparative lessons learned. Each project is judged by its reach to offenders and staff, content of the training, effectiveness of its process and outcomes for offenders. Details: London: Ipsos MORI, 2010. 80p., app. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.cfebuk.org.uk/pdfs/20101012_ifcao_report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cfebuk.org.uk/pdfs/20101012_ifcao_report.pdf Shelf Number: 120091 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsFinancial GuidanceFinancial TrainingOffenders |
Author: Great Britain. Ministry of Justice Title: Compendium of Reoffending Statistics and Analysis Summary: The Compendium of reoffending statistics and analysis is a new publication designed to answer an array of statistical questions that are not covered in existing statistical publications on reoffending. The focus of the Compendium is to address commonly asked questions by the media and practitioners; it shows the relative effectiveness of different disposals given prior to or in court, reoffending figures by individual prisons, detailed breakdowns of published material, long-term time series on reoffending, and international comparisons. It also presents, for the first time, analysis of reconviction of prisoners from the Surveying Prisoner Crime Reduction. This survey allows detailed analysis of an offenders’ reconviction behaviour according to their early life experiences, pre-prison accommodation, education and employment, substance use and mental health needs. The key findings from this Compendium are outlined in the following seven sections: long-term trends in reconviction rates; effectiveness of different disposals and interventions; reoffending rates not previously reported; reconviction and prisoners’ lives and needs; adult and juvenile comparisons; international comparisons; and other reoffending analyses. Details: London: Ministry of Justice, 2010. 158p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 5, 2010 at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/compendium-of-reoffending-statistics-and-analysis.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justice.gov.uk/compendium-of-reoffending-statistics-and-analysis.pdf Shelf Number: 120195 Keywords: Crime StatisticsOffendersRecidivism (England and Wales)Reoffending |
Author: Great Britain. Ministry of Justice Title: Breaking the Cycle: Effective Punishment, Rehabilitation and Sentencing of Offenders Summary: The Ministry of Justice Structural Reform Plan published in July 2010 set out a commitment to introduce a 'rehabilitation revolution' and conduct a review of sentencing policy. This consultation sets out the resulting proposals which aim to break the destructive cycle of crime and protect the public, through more effectively punishing and rehabilitating offenders and reforming the sentencing framework. Details: London: The Stationery Officer, 2010. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/consultations/docs/breaking-the-cycle.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justice.gov.uk/consultations/docs/breaking-the-cycle.pdf Shelf Number: 120654 Keywords: Criminal Justice Policy (U.K.)OffendersPunishmentRehabilitationSentencing |
Author: Allard, Troy Title: Understanding and Preventing Indigenous Offending Summary: Indigenous over-representation is the most significant social justice and public policy issue for the Australian and New Zealand criminal justice systems. Closing the gap on Indigenous overrepresentation has been identified as a priority and promoted through the National Indigenous Law and Justice Framework and Reducing Offending by Māori Projec. This research brief reports on the data available regarding Indigenous offending patterns, and finds that over- representation is particularly acute with regard to acts intended to cause injury, public order offences, offences against justice and unlawful entry. Like other offenders, Indigenous offenders are very likely to be male, substance abusers, unemployed and poor. The legacies of colonisation, dispossession and child removal policies, such as psychological distress and social disorganisation, also appear to be risk factors. The implications of these findings for crime prevention are examined. Details: Canberra: Indigenous Justice Clearinghouse, 2010. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Brief 9: Accessed February 2, 2011 at: http://www.indigenousjustice.gov.au/briefs/brief009.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.indigenousjustice.gov.au/briefs/brief009.pdf Shelf Number: 120666 Keywords: Indigenous PeoplesMinoritiesOffenders |
Author: Loughran, Thomas Title: 'A Good Man Always Knows His Limitations': Overconfidence in Criminal Offending Summary: Traditional criminological research in the area of rational choice and crime decisions places a strong emphasis on offenders’ perceptions of risk associated with various crimes. Yet, this literature has thus far generally neglected the role of individual overconfidence in both the formation of subjective risk perceptions and the association between risk and crime. In other types of high risk behaviors which serve as analogs to crime, including stock trading and uncertain business and investment decisions, overconfidence is shown to have a stimulating effect on an individuals’ willingness to engage in these behaviors. Using data from two separate samples, this paper explores the prevalence of overconfidence in offending risk perceptions for a variety of crime types, and, in one sample serious offending juveniles, attempts to link overconfidence to a higher likelihood of offending. Our results show that overconfidence is both highly prevalent in risk perceptions across samples, and it is highly associated with higher rates of offending, even when controlling for risk. We also outline several theoretical issues for future research on this topic, including its relationship to self-serving bias and Bayesian updating. Details: New York: Columbia Law School, 2011. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 11-264; Accessed March 11, 2011 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1772185 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1772185 Shelf Number: 120972 Keywords: DeterrenceOffendersRisk Perceptions |
Author: Holmes, Jessie Title: Re-offending in NSW Summary: Aim: To provide an overview of adult and juvenile re-offending over the longer term in NSW. Method: Descriptive analysis of data from the NSW Re-offending Database (ROD). Results and conclusion: Most offenders convicted in the NSW criminal courts were reconvicted of a further offence within 15 years of their index offence, and this was especially so for juveniles. Those reconvicted tended to be reconvicted for a variety of offences. Details: Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2011. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue Paper No. 56: Accessed May 5, 2011 at: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/bb56.pdf/$file/bb56.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/bb56.pdf/$file/bb56.pdf Shelf Number: 121620 Keywords: Juvenile Offenders (Australia)OffendersRecidivismReoffending |
Author: Great Britain. HM Inspectorate of Probation and HM Inspectorate of Prisons Title: A Joined-Up Sentence? Offender Management in Prisons in 2009/2010 Summary: The National Offender Management Service (NOMS) aims to provide a structure to manage certain more serious or prolific offenders through their custodial sentence with probation staff in the community acting as offender managers. An offender manager’s role is to assess the risk of harm to others each offender poses and the likelihood of them reoffending, and then to produce a sentence plan accordingly. By the end of 2006, offender management units had been created in prisons to manage those arrangements in custody. This report, A Joined-Up Sentence?, reflects findings from the first 13 prison establishments inspected. Inspectors found that, even taking account of the different nature of the 13 establishments, some common themes emerged: despite considerable progress, there is still too much variation in the way in which prisoners are managed by the Prison and Probation Services; NOMS envisaged that offender managers in the community (probation officers) would be responsible for assessing the prisoner and for driving the management of the case, but this was rarely happening, and some offender supervisors (prison officers) were expected to take on this role, often without appropriate training or guidance, and sometimes with competing operational duties; some prisons had worked hard to ensure that all relevant prisoners had an OASys assessment, even where these should have been prepared by the offender manager, but the quality of these assessments varied, and they were rarely seen as a key document within the establishment; sentence planning was often driven more by the availability of activities than by the assessment; few establishments made strategic use of the OASys database to identify and provide for key areas of need in the prisoner population, which was disappointing; and information about prisoners was held in different locations within the establishment and, worryingly, public protection information was sometimes kept separate from offender management, which impeded the safe and effective management of prisoners. Despite these criticisms, the inspection found some Offender Management Units which were well integrated into the establishment and where core custodial functions sat effectively alongside offender management. However, there needs to be considerable progress across the custodial estate before the NOMS vision of a ‘joined up sentence’ is realised and Offender Management Units operate as a hub within the establishment. Details: London: HM Inspectorate of Probation and HM Inspectorate of Prisons, 2011. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Prison Offender Management Inspection 2: Accessed May 5, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-probation/docs/A_Joined_Up_Sentence-rps.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-probation/docs/A_Joined_Up_Sentence-rps.pdf Shelf Number: 121653 Keywords: Offender SupervisionOffendersPrisoners (U.K.)ProbationSentencing |
Author: Gojkovic, Dina Title: Scoping the Involvement of Third Sector Organisations in the Seven Resettlement Pathways for Offenders Summary: The role of the third sector in the resettlement of offenders has become a prominent issue in recent years, and is increasingly recognised as being essential to efforts to reduce re-offending. A reasonable amount of knowledge already exists about public sector organisations which engage in work with offenders through the seven ‘pathways’ of resettlement: accommodation; education, employment and training; health; drugs and alcohol; finance, benefit and debt; children and families; and attitudes, thinking and behaviour. Determining the number and nature of third sector organisations involved in work with offenders is more complex. This paper aims to map out the landscape and extent of third sector involvement in the resettlement of offenders, with a specific focus on the seven pathways. Using existing datasets, it looks at the properties of third sector organisations working with offenders, more specifically their size, number, geographic area of operation and total income. It is estimated that nearly 20,000 third sector organisations work with offenders in England and Wales, and that they rely predominantly on public sector funding for survival. Compared to the figures for all third sector organisations there is over representation of organisations providing accommodation services, health care and family-support services to offenders. The implications of these and other findings are also discussed. Details: Birmingham, UK: Third Sector Research Centre, University of Birmingham, 2011. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 57: Accessed August 23, 2011 at: http://www.tsrc.ac.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JnJy2cVtYx0%3d&tabid=500 Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.tsrc.ac.uk/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JnJy2cVtYx0%3d&tabid=500 Shelf Number: 122468 Keywords: CollaborationOffendersPartnershipsPrisoner Reentry (U.K.)Rehabilitation |
Author: Arnold, John Thomas Title: Characteristics of Wildlife Law Violators in Mississippi and Their Attitudes Toward Conservation Officers Summary: With little research available addressing violator attitudes, two important research questions arise. First, does the type of violation (i.e., no hunter orange, trespassing, baiting, and hunting from a public road) committed affect violator attitudes? Second, does motivation for committing the violation influence violator attitudes? This study examined these questions by investigating violator attitudes toward Conservation Officers. I collected information from a sample of licensed violators in 2002 and 2003 using self-administered mail questionnaires. Most (90%) of the violators studied had been cited while hunting white-tailed deer. I did not detect any differences in attitudes toward Conservation Officers among the four violation types investigated. Reasons for violating also did not influence attitudes toward Conservation Officers. Thus, I conclude that Mississippi wildlife law violators can be treated as a homogenous group when looking at attitudes toward Conservation Officers. Details: Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University, 2005. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at http://hdclel.org/PDFs/thesis/ArnoldThesis.pdf Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: http://hdclel.org/PDFs/thesis/ArnoldThesis.pdf Shelf Number: 123741 Keywords: Environmental CrimeLaw Enforcement OfficersOffendersWildlife ConservationWildlife Crimes (Mississippi) |
Author: Ringland, Clare Title: Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of the Risk/Needs Assessment Process for Community-Based Offenders Summary: The objectives of this study were (1) to explore the effects of applying a screening tool to determine who is administered the Level of Service Inventory – Revised (LSI-R); and (2) to examine the predictive utility of including LSI-R subscale scores along with standard risk factors in a model of recidivism. Method: Aim (1) was addressed by developing a screening tool using routinely collected data. Predicted probabilities of re-offending were obtained from this tool. Alternative thresholds of predicted probabilities required for an LSI-R assessment were then applied. The effect of screening was examined in terms of whether those who went on to re-offend were predicted to do so, having met the applied screening tool and LSI-R risk category criteria. Aim (2) was addressed by constructing and comparing logistic regression models with and without LSI-R subscale scores to assess whether models which included LSI-R subscale scores in addition to routinely collected data were better at discriminating those who re-offended within 12 months from those who did not. Analyses were conducted separately for males and females. Results: Aim (1): By administering the LSI-R to those with a predicted probability of re-offending of at least .15, 80 per cent of male and 71 per cent of female recidivists would have been identified as being likely to re-offend, using LSI-R risk level criteria of at least low-medium. Aim (2): For males and females, after controlling for standard risk factors, the LSI-R subscales education/employment and attitudes/orientation were associated with re-offending. Further, criminal history, alcohol/drugs and accommodation subscales were associated with re-offending in males, and the companions subscale was associated with re-offending in females. Conclusion: More efficient identification of those at higher risk of re-offending could be achieved by using a screening tool based on routinely collected data to determine who the LSI-R is administered to. Further, the inclusion of LSI-R subscale scores in models of recidivism could improve the predictive accuracy of models developed for evaluation purposes. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, No. 154: Accessed February 13, 2012 at: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/Lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB154.pdf/$file/CJB154.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/Lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/CJB154.pdf/$file/CJB154.pdf Shelf Number: 124112 Keywords: OffendersRe-OffendingRecidivismRisk Assessment (Australia) |
Author: Nobles, Matt R. Title: Understanding How Some Victims Become Perpetrators: Self-Control as Moderator Summary: Although much of the criminology literature conceptualizes the overlap in victims and offenders as originating with perpetration behaviors that result in increased risk of victimization, some evidence suggests that the reverse order also may be predictive. Socio-psychological literature, for example, offers alternative explanations demonstrating that perpetration in adolescence and adulthood may be driven by a lifetime history of traumatic victimization (e.g. child abuse or neglect, peer conflicts). Research on individual-level personality and experiential factors, including a history of certain types of victimization, is significantly associated with different forms of future perpetration, including adolescent weapon carrying, intimate partner physical abuse, child molestation, and adult sexual abuse. Smith and Ecob’s review of theoretical explanations of the victimization-perpetration link, highlight the roles environmental contextual factors and individual beliefs may play post-victimization. Sub-cultural explanations also may be valuable to address the phenomenon. For example, both personal value systems in gangs and learned aggression via victimization may offer clear pathways to future perpetration. In this case, there would be the intersection of the effects of individual traits, such as personality and self-control, and structural effects. Further, the interaction of individual and structural characteristics may provide additional predictive value to this relationship. Gottfredson and Hirschi posit in their general theory of crime that low levels of self-control are associated with criminal behavior throughout the life course, an idea that has generated wide empirical support. The theory also has been extended to account for different forms of victimization. Research from different areas of the psychology literature suggests that a history of certain types of victimization predicts later perpetration through various mechanisms. To date no research has explicitly tested low self-control as a moderating influence in the relationship between various forms of victimization and perpetration. The present study hypothesizes that low self-control affects the direction and strength of this relationship and that the relative influence of the moderation varies across crime types. Details: Huntsville, TX: Crime Victims' Institute, Criminal Justice Center, Sam Houston State University, 2012. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2012 at http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/8793%20Self%20Control%20Report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/8793%20Self%20Control%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 124401 Keywords: OffendersRe-OffendingSelf-ControlVictimization |
Author: Northern Ireland. Criminal Justice Inspection Title: The Use of Early Guilty Pleas in the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland Summary: Facilitating an offender who fully admits their guilt to be fast tracked through the criminal justice process should be relatively straightforward. Unfortunately, that is not always the case with significant numbers of pleas being entered late in the process as this inspection clearly shows. Entering an early guilty plea and getting the case to court for hearing and disposal has become a complex and protracted process. While we fully appreciate the right of an accused person to plead as they wish, more needs to be done to ensure that those who want to plead guilty are encouraged and facilitated to do so. The Department of Justice (DoJ), the police, prosecution and court service realise the benefits that can be achieved for victims, witnesses and offenders and have taken significant steps to try to move this issue in the right direction. Getting this right has the potential to lessen the impact on victims, deal with the offending behaviour sooner, save money and reduce the pressures on the courts and the judiciary. We accept that it will take a joint approach to improve the current situation and it is clear that the Minister of Justice and the Department are focussed on the critical issues of: • changes to criminal legal aid payments; • the development and delivery of a co-ordinated criminal justice wide early guilty plea scheme; and • other legislative reform including committals and statutory case management (which we have recommended on previous occasions). This report makes two strategic recommendations for the DoJ and a number of operational recommendations for criminal justice agencies to facilitate the progress of this important issue. Details: Belfast: Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland, 2013. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 15, 2013 at: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/6b/6bf65923-3cab-4dee-a2a3-717cee809e80.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/6b/6bf65923-3cab-4dee-a2a3-717cee809e80.pdf Shelf Number: 127626 Keywords: CourtsGuilty Pleas (Northern Ireland)Offenders |
Author: Schoenberger, Nicole Ann Title: The Effect of Marriage and Employment on Criminal Desistance: The Influence of Race Summary: Life course theorists argue that key transitions such as marriage and employment heavily influence criminal desistance in adulthood among those who committed delinquent acts during their adolescence. Laub and Sampson (1993), authors of the dominant life course theory in criminology, adhere to the general principle of social bonding: if an individual has weak bonds to society, he or she will have an increased chance of committing crime. Consequentially, the prosocial bonds formed in adulthood through marriage and employment will increase the likelihood of criminal desistance. Although much research supports this notion, race has generally been left out of the discourse. Laub and Sampson (1993), in fact, note that their life course theory is race-neutral. For this and other reasons, very few researchers have examined whether and how race plays a role within life course theory. This is surprising insofar as race is an important correlate of crime, marriage, employment, and other life course transitions that are associated with criminal desistance. Because of this potentially serious omission in the research literature, the current study uses data from Waves 1, 2 and 4 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine differences in the effect of marriage and employment on desistance among 3,479 Black, Hispanic, and White men. Results show that classic life theory applies to Whites, but less so to Blacks and Hispanics. For Black men, having a job for five years or longer is the strongest predictor of criminal desistance, while the most salient factor for desistance among Hispanic men is being in a cohabiting union. For White men, being in a high quality marriage and being employed full time are both strong predictors of desistance. This research also examines several factors that are not adequately addressed in the existing literature on life course theory such as the effect of cohabitation, marital timing, and job loss. The data show that cohabiting unions increase the likelihood of adult criminality among Hispanic men. Furthermore, cohabiting prior to marriage and marrying at earlier ages increases the likelihood of adult criminality among married men. In regard to employment, the loss of a job through either being fired or being laid off increases the likelihood of adult criminality for White men, those aged 30 or older, and among higher SES respondents. The results also show that age and social class influence the effect that several life course factors have on desistance. For instance, cohabitation is a significant predictor of adult criminality among lower SES respondents, while a high quality marriage is an important predictor among higher SES respondents. Similarly, the analyses showed that having a job was a strong predictor of desistance among 24-26 year olds, while job loss was most salient among those aged 30 or older. Overall, the results from this study show that the specific mechanisms of desistance are somewhat different for each race, and that they vary by both age and social class. The implication of these findings is that life course theory is not entirely race neutral, and that it must be sensitive to how the influence of life course factors on desistance are conditioned by these important demographic variables. Details: Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University, 2012. 153p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 5, 2013 at: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=bgsu1339560808 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=bgsu1339560808 Shelf Number: 127849 Keywords: AgeDesistanceEmploymentEthnicityLife CourseMarriageOffendersRaceSocial Class |
Author: Ringland, Clare Title: Measuring Recidivism: Police Versus Court Data Summary: Aim: To compare estimates of re-offending obtained from two sources, police data on persons of interest proceeded against and court finalisation data. Method: Offenders who were convicted in a NSW Local or Higher Court in 2009 and received a non-custodial penalty were identified. For these offenders, rates of re-offending at 12 and 24 months were estimated using police and court data. Differences between the estimates obtained from these data sources, and the effect of offender and offence characteristics on these estimates, were investigated. In addition, the time taken for a re-offence to be proceeded against by police or finalised in court was examined and the impact of allowing shorter versus longer periods of time for re-offences to be captured in the data sources was explored. Results: As at 30 June 2011, the proportion of offenders estimated to have re-offended within 12 months was 20.1 per cent using proven offences in court, 21.7 per cent using court finalisations (regardless of outcome), 21.9 per cent using police data where persons of interest were proceeded against to court, and 23.1 per cent where persons of interest were proceeded against more generally (i.e., to court, criminal infringement notice, cannabis caution). Most, but not all, offenders (94%) identified as having re-offended using court data were identified as having re-offended using police data. Estimates of re-offending by offender and offence characteristics were similar across data sources. The median time between a re-offence occurring and police commencing court proceedings against the person of interest was 1 day, while the median time between a re-offence occurring and being finalised in court as a proven re-offence was 86 days. Conclusion: Data on persons of interest proceeded against by police may provide a more timely measure of re-offending than court finalisations data, potentially enabling program evaluations to be conducted 6 months earlier than current practice. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2013. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice Number 175: Accessed July 14, 2014 at: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/bocsar/m716854l2/cjb175.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/bocsar/m716854l2/cjb175.pdf Shelf Number: 132674 Keywords: Crime Statistics OffendersRe-Offending Recidivism (Australia) |
Author: White, Michael D. Title: Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network: 2013 Maricopa County Attorney's Office Report: The Prevalence and Problem of Military Veterans in the Maricopa County Arrestee Population. Summary: This report seeks to address the knowledge gap in understanding the relationship between combat-related conditions such as PTSD and TBI and involvement in the criminal justice system, through an examination of 1,370 recently booked arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona. Using interview data from the Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN), the report characterizes the problems and prior experiences of military veterans, and compares veteran and nonveteran arrestees along a range of demographic, background and criminal behavior measures. The overall objectives of the report are to provide an ongoing estimate of the prevalence of military veterans in the Maricopa County arrestee population and to assess the extent to which the arrested veterans differ from the larger arrestee population. Details: Phoenix AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2013. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2014 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/AARIN%20County%20Attorney%202013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/AARIN%20County%20Attorney%202013.pdf Shelf Number: 133136 Keywords: Arrestees (Arizona)Mental Health ServicesMilitary VeteransOffendersSubstance Abuse |
Author: Payne, Jason Title: Homelessness and housing stress among police detainees: Results from the DUMA program Summary: It is generally accepted that a person's living situation, in particular their experience of homelessness and housing stress, can have both long-lasting and wide-ranging consequences. For criminal justice practitioners, the task of limiting homelessness and preventing crime remain key policy priorities in need of ongoing and integrated research. This paper provides a much needed examination of homelessness and housing stress among Australia's criminal justice population. Using data from the AIC's Drug Use Monitoring in Australia program, this study examines the prevalence and nature of homelessness among a sample of police detainees. It is the first of its kind to examine a broader range of homelessness experiences and the reasons why some offenders have few choices but to 'sleep rough' or seek accommodation support. Importantly, the authors estimate that 22 percent of the detainee population is homeless or experiencing housing stress in some form; much higher than has been previously estimated. This research reaffirms the need for intensive accommodation support services to complement criminal justice responses to crime and those who have contact with the criminal justice system. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 492: Accessed February 18, 2015 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/481-500/tandi492.html Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/481-500/tandi492.html Shelf Number: 134640 Keywords: Homeless PersonsHomelessness (Australia)HousingOffenders |
Author: Moore, Robin, ed. Title: A compendium of research and analysis on the Offender Assessment System (OASys): 2009-2013 Summary: The compendium presents the OASys studies completed between 2009 and 2013, including a systematic review of the underlying evidence base, a survey of assessors' views and experiences, and analyses of various aspects of reliability and validity. Updated versions of the operational risk of reoffending predictors are presented. The findings support the continuing development of offender assessment. Details: London: National Offender Management Service, 2015. 367p. Source: Internet Resource: Analytical Series: Accessed July 30, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/449357/research-analysis-offender-assessment-system.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/449357/research-analysis-offender-assessment-system.pdf Shelf Number: 136266 Keywords: OffendersPredictionRecidivismReoffendingRisk Assessment |
Author: Irish Penal Reform Trust Title: The Vicious Circle of Social Exclusion and Crime: Ireland's Disproportionate Punishment of the Poor Summary: The purpose of this Position Paper is to emphasise the complex matrix between social exclusion and crime, in order to impress on policy makers that an effective response to crime must, at the front end, involve investment in early intervention to combat social and educational disadvantage to prevent vulnerable young people embarking on criminality in the first instance. At the back end - i.e. post imprisonment - appropriate measures should be put in place to reintegrate ex-prisoners back into society, including comprehensive assistance with housing and work or training, for the benefit of the individuals themselves, as well as the communities to which they are returning. Details: Dublin: IPRT, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: http://www.iprt.ie/files/Position_Paper_FINAL.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.iprt.ie/files/Position_Paper_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 137835 Keywords: At-Risk YouthOffendersPovertyPrisoner ReentryPrisonersReintegrationSocial ExclusionSocio-economic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Hunt, Kim Steven Title: Recidivism Among Federal Offenders: A Comprehensive Overview Summary: This report provides a broad overview of key findings from the United States Sentencing Commission's study of recidivism of federal offenders. The Commission studied offenders who were either released from federal prison after serving a sentence of imprisonment or placed on a term of probation in 2005. Nearly half (49.3%) of such offenders were rearrested within eight years for either a new crime or for some other violation of the condition of their probation or release conditions. This report discusses the Commission's recidivism research project and provides many additional findings from that project. In the future, the Commission will release additional publications discussing specific topics concerning recidivism of federal offenders. (March 2016) The offenders studied in this project are 25,431 federal offenders who: are citizens; re-entered the community during 2005 after discharging their sentence of incarceration or by commencing a term of probation in 2005; have valid FBI numbers which could be located in criminal history repositories (in at least one state, the District of Columbia, or federal records); are not reported dead, escaped, or detained, and have a pre-sentence investigation report that was submitted to the Commission with a federal sentence that was not vacated. The key findings of the Commission's study are: - Over an eight year follow-up period, almost one-half of federal offenders released in 2005 (49.3%) were rearrested for a new crime or rearrested for a violation of supervision conditions. - Almost one-third (31.7%) of the offenders were also reconvicted, and one-quarter (24.6%) of the offenders were reincarcerated over the same study period. - Offenders released from incarceration in 2005 had a rearrest rate of 52.5 percent, while offenders released directly to a probationary sentence had a rearrest rate of 35.1 percent. - Of those offenders who recidivated, most did so within the first two years of the eight year follow-up period. The median time to rearrest was 21 months. - About one-fourth of those rearrested had an assault rearrest as their most serious charge over the study period. Other common most serious offenses were drug trafficking, larceny, and public order offenses. - A federal offender's criminal history was closely correlated with recidivism rates. Rearrest rates range from 30.2 percent for offenders with zero total criminal history points to 80.1 percent of offenders in the highest Criminal History Category, VI. Each additional criminal history point was generally associated with a greater likelihood of recidivism. - A federal offender's age at time of release into the community was also closely associated with differences in recidivism rates. Offenders released prior to age 21 had the highest rearrest rate, 67.6 percent, while offenders over sixty years old at the time of release had a recidivism rate of 16.0 percent - Other factors, including offense type and educational level, were associated with differing rates of recidivism but less so than age and criminal history. Details: Washington, DC: United States Sentencing Commission, 2016. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2016 at: http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2016/recidivism_overview.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-publications/2016/recidivism_overview.pdf Shelf Number: 138162 Keywords: Federal OffendersOffendersRe-offendingRecidivismRepeat Offenders |
Author: Northern Ireland Criminal Justice Inspection Title: Police Custody: The detention of persons in police custody in Northern Ireland Summary: A new report by Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland (CJI) and the Regulation and Quality Improvement Authority (RQIA) has examined the standards and conditions of police custody arrangements in Northern Ireland. The inspection reviewed current practice within the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) against its legal requirements under the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 (PACE) and expectations designed to meet the UN OPCAT principles and human rights standards. Police custody suites are an area of significant risk for the Police Service of Northern Ireland, both at a corporate and individual level. Managing and caring for detained persons, many of whom will be drunk, drugged, aggressive, in crisis, out of control and in need of protection, often from themselves, is the constant challenge for those working within the custody environment. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Criminal Justice Inspection, 2016. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2016 at: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/33/338df4a1-68d6-4bb8-9403-9888bed9ebd9.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/33/338df4a1-68d6-4bb8-9403-9888bed9ebd9.pdf Shelf Number: 138166 Keywords: Detention FacilitiesOffendersPolice Stations |
Author: Kirby, Amy Title: Evaluation of the Pre-Sentence RJ Pathfinder: February 2014 to May 2015 Summary: This report presents the findings of an evaluation by the Institute for Criminal Policy Research of a pre-sentence restorative justice pathfinder programme which was developed by Restorative Solutions and implemented by Restorative Solutions in partnership with Victim Support. Restorative Justice (RJ) is intended to help those who have been harmed by the behaviour of others to describe the harm and how it has affected them; and to help those who caused the harm to understand and take responsibility for their actions. RJ can take place at different points in the criminal justice system and is often associated with the reintegration of offenders at the post-sentence stage or as a diversionary option at the pre-charge stage. Recently, there has been an emerging policy interest in implementing RJ at the pre-sentence stage; that is, after the point at which an offender is convicted (having pleaded guilty) but prior to sentencing. A statutory basis for pre-sentence RJ was established by the 2013 Crime and Courts Act which allows deferral of sentencing for the purposes of an RJ intervention. Restorative Solutions received funding from the Underwood Trust and the Ministry of Justice to develop a 12 to 15-month programme offering pre-sentence restorative justice to victims and offenders in ten Crown Courts in England and Wales. The main features of this model of pre-sentence RJ were that it adopted a 'victim-focused' approach; it focused on serious acquisitive and violent cases which were due to be sentenced in the Crown Court; it situated RJ within the prosecution process; and it recruited volunteers to act as the facilitators of RJ activities. The pathfinder was implemented in ten Crown Courts in England and Wales. Eight of the ten sites went live in February and March 2014; while the ninth site launched in November 2014 and the tenth in April 2015. (Data from the tenth site were not included in the evaluation.) Many RJ schemes have been initiated in England and Wales over the past two decades, but these have frequently underperformed in terms of take-up and numbers of activities completed. A key question addressed by this pathfinder is whether locating RJ at the post-conviction, pre-sentence stage could help to embed RJ principles and practice in the criminal justice system and thereby ensure that RJ becomes a mainstream and routine activity. Details: London: Restorative Solutions, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 17, 2017 at: http://www.icpr.org.uk/media/41234/pre-sentence_rj_evaluation_report_nov15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.icpr.org.uk/media/41234/pre-sentence_rj_evaluation_report_nov15.pdf Shelf Number: 144476 Keywords: OffendersRestorative Justice |
Author: Walker, Samantha Title: Characteristics of Chronic Offenders in Victoria Summary: Previous Crime Statistics Agency analysis of reoffending has focused on youth. This fact sheet examined the offending frequency of alleged offenders of all ages recorded in the 10 years to 30 June 2017, and explored the characteristics of those who were chronic offenders during the study period (more than 10 alleged offender incidents) compared with those who offended less frequently. Key findings include: - Of all alleged offenders, 6.3% were chronic offenders and were responsible for 43.9% of the recorded offender incidents during the 10-year period. - People aged under 25 years (at the time their first offender incident was recorded during the 10-year period) made up more than half (54.2%) of all chronic offenders. - The majority of chronic offenders were male (83.3%) and were born in Australia (84.3%). - The most commonly recorded offence type for chronic offenders was non-aggravated burglary, followed by stealing from a retail store. - The most commonly recorded police outcome for chronic offenders was arrest. Details: Melbourne, Australia: Crime Statistics Agency, 2018. 3p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2019 at: https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/embridge_cache/emshare/original/public/2018/04/69/f9d1461ef/Crime%20Statistics%20Agency%20-%20In%20Fact%207%20-%20Characteristics%20of%20chronic%20offenders.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/research-and-evaluation/publications/reoffending/characteristics-of-chronic-offenders-in-victoria Shelf Number: 154357 Keywords: AustraliaBurglaryCareer CriminalsChronic OffendersMale CriminalsOffenders |