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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
Time: 11:41 am
Time: 11:41 am
Results for police reform
177 results foundAuthor: Mallon, Ray Title: A Force to Be Reckoned With: A Policy Report by the Policing Reform Working Group Summary: From the executive summary: "The Policing Reform Working Group was convened to address this challenge and point a direction forward for policing in England and Wales. The Working Group brought together independent experts from the world of policing, politics, research, criminology and the wider criminal justice system to do so. The recommendations in this report have been designed to give officers the time, the skills and the discretion they need to get on with the job. The proposed "Interventionist Neighbourhood Policing" model insists on keeping police on the streets, with a commitment always to intervene against crime and antisocial behaviour. To allow this to happen, and to put local priorities back at the head of local policing, a Crime and Justice Commissioner will be elected in every Force area." Details: London: Centre for Social Justice, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 113928 Keywords: Police Reform |
Author: Sin, Chih Hoong Title: Disabled People's Experiences of Targeted Violence and Hostility Summary: This report draws on an extensive literature review, qualitative interviews with disabled people and stakeholder interviews to examine disabled people's experiences of targeted violence and hostility. The report examines the risk, prevalence and nature of targeted violence in the U.K. and hostility experienced by disabled people; the experiences of individuals; the impact on disabled people, family, carers and wider society, and issues of reporting, recording and redress. The wider policy implications are also outlined. Details: London: Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2009. 155p. Source: Research Report; 21 Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 118294 Keywords: Developmentally DisabledDisabilityHate CrimesPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Colombia)Policing TrainingViolence |
Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Title: Implementaion of Police-Related Programmes: Lessons Learned in South-Eastern Europe Summary: OSCE's police-related activities in South-Eastern Europe have taken place in a challenging environment. In post-conflict societies, police forces had often been discredited by participating in fighting and engaging in serious violations of human rights against their people, or at least against certain segments of society. These police forces had to be reformed in order to gain public confidence in the police. The OSCE was forced to plan and implement its police training and reform projects in this challenging environment, often on short notice and without any templates or an organizational memory to rely upon. This lessons learned report describes and compares the challenges the Law Enforcement Departments (LEDs) of the OSCE field operations faced when they implemented their mandates. Furthermore, the report compiles and compares the strategies and practices the LEDs applied to cope with the challenges. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2008. 72p. Source: Internet Resource; SPMU Publication Series Vol. 7 Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 118668 Keywords: Police ReformPolice Training |
Author: Maguire, Edward R. Title: Problem-Oriented Policing in Colorado Springs: A Content Analysis of 753 Cases Summary: Problem-oriented policing(POP) has generated substantial attention from practitioners, scholars, and policymakers. A growing body of research is beginning to cast doubt on the extent to which this reform has been implmented in police agencies as prescribed by reformers. This study presents findings from an analysis of problem-oriented policing in the Colorado Springs Police Department, one of the national leaders of problem-oriented policing in the United States. The principal form of evidence is a systematic content analysis of case summaries and reports completed by police officers in 753 POP cases in Colorado Springs. The results point to a set of common roadblocks in the implemention of POP, as well as more general patterns that seem to influence the implementation of police reform. Details: Unpublished: 2009. 31p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118363 Keywords: Police ReformProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Prasad, Devika Title: Complaints Authority: Police Accountability in Action Summary: In late 2006, the Supreme Court of India ordered the creation of Police Complaints Authorities, along with other directions towards systemic police reform, across the country. This report provides an assessment of the first year of operation of India's newly created Police Complaints Authorities, for the year 2008. Primarily, this report offers a broad analysis of legislative provisions, background information on the Authorities which are functioning on the ground, and highlights weaknesses in legislation and practice. It ends by presenting specific recommendations for the improved functioning of these bodies. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2009. 80p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: India URL: Shelf Number: 118725 Keywords: Police EthicsPolice MisconductPolice Reform |
Author: Kagari, Michelle Title: The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Kenya Summary: This report examines the Kenyan police, looking particularly at illegitimate political control, and impact of that control on policing, and the reform answers that will provide a more democratic and accountable police service to the Kenyan people. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative; Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Human Rights Commission, 2006. 86p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Kenya URL: Shelf Number: 118772 Keywords: 129781Police AccountabilityPolice ReformPolicing (Kenya) |
Author: Stone, Christopher Title: Policing Los Angeles Under a Consent Decree: The Dynamics of Change at the LAPD Summary: After a decade of policing crises that began with the beating of Rodney King in 1991 and culminated in the Rampart police corruption scandal in 1999, the U.S. Department of Justice announced in May 2000 that it had accumulated enough evidence to sue the City of Los Angeles over a pattern-and-practice of police misconduct. Later that year, the city government entered a "consent decree" promising to adopt scores of reform measures under the supervision of the Federal Court. This study concludes that the the LAPD has significantly redeemed itself in the eyes of the public. A full 83 percent of city residents say the LAPD is doing a good or excellent job - up from 71 percent two years ago. The study found that the quality and quantity of law enforcement has improved since 2002 even as police used less serious force each year since 2004. Details: Cambridge, MA: Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School, 2009. 68p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118799 Keywords: 129782Police AccountabilityPolice CorruptionPolice EthicsPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolice Use of Force (Los Angeles) |
Author: Mehta, Swati Title: Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations. Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia Summary: Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka make up Commonwealth South Asia. Across the region, issues around police, police reform and police accountability are key human rights concerns and governance priorities. Policing in the region contends with heterogeneous societies, violent crime, protracted conflict, poverty and political unrest. The police must be equipped to meet all these challenges, in support of democratic standards and human rights. This report looks at policing in the Commonwealth South Asia and seeks ways to strengthen democratic policing in the region. It outlines legal frameworks, instituions and processes already in place to hol the police accountable - a key element of democratic policing. Through analysis of the existing accountability systems, this report examines how entrenched democratic policing is in the region and highlights strategies to strengthen it by exploring some of the bet practices in other Commonwealth jurisdictions. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2007. 95p. Source: Intenet Resource Year: 2007 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 117604 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice ReformPolicing (South Asia) |
Author: Patil, Sanjay Title: Feudal Forces: Reform Delayed. Moving from Force to Service in South Asian Policing Summary: This report provides details on the current state and pace of police reforms in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka and the concrete steps that can be undertaken to transition policing in the region from a force to a service. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2008. 102p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 117605 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice ReformPolicing (South Asia) |
Author: Amnesty International Title: Ending Domestic Violence in Albania: The Next Steps Summary: This report analyses the progress made in addressing domestic violence in Albania over that last three years after the adoption of the Law on Measures against Violence in Family Relations. It concludes that more women now have confidence to report domestic violence to the authorities. Yet, despite the growing number of petitions made for protection orders, the Albanian government needs to take further measures to implement the law and ensure the prevention of, protection from, and prosecution of domestic violence. Details: London: Amnesty International, 2010. 16p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119167 Keywords: Domestic Violence (Albania)FavelasGangsPolice ReformSlumsViolence (Brazil)Violence Against WomenViolent Crime |
Author: Barnes, Ian Title: Partners in Crime: Democratic Accountability and the Future of Local Policing Summary: There is now widespread recogniton that the structure of policing in England and Wales must be radically overhauled if it is to tackle crime and maintain public confidence through a period of diminishing public finances. In this report, Policy Exchange sets out a vision of democratic accountability driving efficiency and responsiveness in the police service, renewing the longstanding bonds between the police and the public. The report calls for the introduction of elected police heads, responsible for meeting the needs of local people and revitalising the relationship between the police and the public. Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2009. 46p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 117361 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (U.K.)Public Opinion |
Author: Edwards, Louise Title: Common Standards for POlicing in East Africa Summary: Policing that provides safety and security but also upholds and promotes human rights is vital for achieving development goals, including economic growth and democracy. At both an international and regional level, extensive efforts have been made to construct a framework for policing that promotes a rights-based approach to security to encourage and support democratic governance and development. This report reviews the framework as it applies to the five countries of the EAC (Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda) in order to understand and articulate the standards that are common to policing across these countries. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative; Cape Town, South Africa: African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum, 2010. 86p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Africa URL: Shelf Number: 119442 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (East Africa) |
Author: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Title: The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Uganda Summary: This report looks at the concepts of democratic and accountable policing in the Ugandan context. It looks at the development of the Uganda Police Force, examines the issues that are facing the police, and considers the legislative and political frameworks within which the police operate. Finally, it looks at the kinds of reforms that need to take place in Uganda, and provides a road map of accountability mechanisms and suggested laws that will deliver Uganda’s people the democratic and accountable police service they need and deserve. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2006. 59p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Uganda URL: Shelf Number: 119530 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice ReformPolicing (Uganda) |
Author: Cruz, Jose Miguel Title: Police Abuse in Latin America Summary: The AmericasBarometer survey provides an opportunity to assess police behavior in the Americas from the perspective of voting age citizens. This report in the AmericasBarometer Insights series seeks to answer these questions based in the 2008 database. The survey containing the question about police mistreatment was carried out in twenty Latin American and Caribbean countries, and it was answered by 32,853 respondents. The report concludes that although police reforms have taken place in several countries in the region, further work is needed with the police forces in Latin America. Details: Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University, Latin American Public Opinion Project, 2009. 8p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 14, 2010 at: http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/files/i3AQ5a/I0811%20Police%20Abuse%20in%20Latin%20America%20English.pdf; Americas Barometer Insights: 2009 (No. 11) Year: 2009 Country: Central America URL: http://sitemason.vanderbilt.edu/files/i3AQ5a/I0811%20Police%20Abuse%20in%20Latin%20America%20English.pdf; Americas Barometer Insights: 2009 (No. 11) Shelf Number: 119604 Keywords: Police BehaviorPolice ReformPolicing (Latin America)Public Opinion |
Author: International Center for Mongol Culture Title: Mongolia Survey: Community-Oriented Policing in Mongolia Summary: "This survey on “Community-Oriented Policing” was conducted in Mongolia between March and April 2008. The report consists of two main parts: one is an analysis of questionnaires administered to law enforcement officials, and the other to community and civil society representatives; the second is a narrative report based on information gathered from interviews, participant observation and general observation that enhanced the questionnaire data. The latter part of the report is a summation of the analysis and provides discussion related to the nature of the relationship between the police and the community in survey sites. The main objectives of the survey were to examine and assess the present relationship between the police and target communities, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses in these relationships. The survey aims to diagnose police-community relations, and to suggest possible ways of enhancing and strengthening relations in order to improve dialogue and the provision of policing services in urban and rural communities across Mongolia. This survey contributes directly to efforts initiated by the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs (MOJHA) to reform the enforcement and police services in Mongolia." Details: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: International Center for Mongol Culture and The Asia Foundation, 2008. 37p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 16, 2010 at: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/COPsurveyreportSept1608.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Mongolia URL: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/COPsurveyreportSept1608.pdf Shelf Number: 114902 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing (Mongolia)Police ReformPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Mongolia) |
Author: Sabet, Daniel Title: Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles Summary: At no time in Mexico’s history has there been a greater need for professional police forces. The current security crisis, which resulted in an estimated 6,587 organized crime related killings in 2009, has brought police reform to the top of the national agenda. While law enforcement should be the primary tool to address the country’s crime problems, the police are viewed as part of the problem rather than part of the solution. A brief review of the daily newspapers reveals problems such as (1) corruption and collusion with organized crime, (2) abuses of human rights in the form of torture, unwarranted search and seizure, violations to due process, and inversion of the presumption of innocence, and (3) ineffectiveness exemplified by the inability to stem the violence, poor investigation and intelligence gathering capabilities, and high rates of impunity. Evidence of these three problems has produced a deep seeded lack of confidence in the police, which ironically makes the police even less effective and further perpetuates corruption and abuse. Addressing Mexico’s security crisis will require creating an effective police force operating within the confines of the law. This chapter seeks to provide an overview of police reform in Mexico and elucidate the obstacles to institutional change. The chapter begins with an introduction to policing in Mexico and offers a brief exploration of the evidence of corruption, abuse, and ineffectiveness that plague Mexico’s various and numerous police departments. The analysis briefly considers the different approaches to reform, including a limited discretion approach, professionalization, and militarization. I then offer an overview of reform during the last three federal administrations: Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (1994-2000), Vicente Fox Quesada (2000-2006), and Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2006-2012). The analysis concludes that considerable advances have been made but is forced to recognize that the fundamental problems of corruption, abuse, and ineffectiveness remain. To understand why, I explore the considerable obstacles that continue to serve as a challenge to reform efforts. Details: Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute; San Diego, CA: University of San Diego, Trans-Border Institute, 2010. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Collaboration: Accessed August 30, 2010 at: http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Police%20Reform%20in%20Mexico.%20Sabet.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Mexico URL: http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Police%20Reform%20in%20Mexico.%20Sabet.pdf Shelf Number: 119706 Keywords: Organized CrimePolice CorruptionPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: International Crisis Group Title: Reforming Haiti's Security Sector Summary: Operations led by the UN peacekeeping mission (MINUSTAH) largely disbanded armed gangs in the slums of Haiti's cities, but progress has been undermined by persisting crime, political instability and natural disasters. Reforming Haiti's Security Sector , the latest report from the International Crisis Group, examines the difficulties in strengthening the justice sector and establishing an operational and sufficiently staffed police force - two crucial elements for the country's future stability and development. Making decisive and swift headway with security sector reform (SSR) is a vital part of any durable solution to Haiti's political and economic, as well as security problems", says Bernice Robertson, Crisis Group's Haiti Senior Analyst. "The process to create a 14,000-strong Haitian National Police (HNP) by 2011 must be speeded up". The fall of Prime Minister Jacques-Adouard Alexis during last April's protests, the drawn-out negotiations between President Rena Preval and parliament over his successor and new Prime Minister Michele Pierre-Louis' political difficulties have put Haiti's fragile governance once again under severe strain. Drug traffickers, organised criminals and corrupt politicians have mobilised the population for their own benefit and a procession of hurricanes in August and September has caused enormous damage to Haiti's physical infrastructure. HNP vetting needs to be concluded, the number of police cadets has to be increased and officers should receive further training in specific skills, including anti-kidnapping, riot control, counter-drug, border control, forensics and intelligence gathering and analysis. Special crime chambers ought to be created to try serious offenders, and the inhumane prison conditions have to be improved quickly. MINUSTAH should maintain its present military component but increase the number of international police, and deploy UN civil affairs and police personnel with special experience in border control to assist HNP units along the frontier with the Dominican Republic. "Haiti urgently needs a professional HNP as a prerequisite and bulwark if the new government is to move the country, with MINUSTAH and donor help, toward stability", says Markus Schultze-Kraft, Crisis Group's Latin America Program Director. "But it also needs a justice system capable of upholding the rule of law and programs that provide swift, visible relief to families enduring extremely harsh living conditions and natural disasters". Details: Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, 2008. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Latin America/Caribbean Report No. 28: Accessed August 30, 2010 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/28_reforming_haiti_s_security_sector.ashx Year: 2008 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/28_reforming_haiti_s_security_sector.ashx Shelf Number: 119709 Keywords: Drug TraffickingKidnappingOrganized CrimePolice CorruptionPolice ReformViolence |
Author: Keller, Dennis E. Title: U.S. Military Forces and Police Assistance in Stability Operations: The Least-Worst Option to Fill the U.S. Capacity Gap Summary: Establishing an effective local police force is one of the most critical elements of successful counterinsurgency (COIN) and stability operations, but it is a task for which the U.S. Government is the least prepared and capable. The establishment of an effective police force is critical to security sector reform, justice sector reform, and the successful transition to the host nation’s security forces. But the United States lacks the institutional capacity to provide an immediate and coordinated civilian police training and advisory effort, particularly in a failed or fragile state. Because hesitation in addressing such problems causes delays in forming and training new police forces, and, even worse, emboldens corrupt and abusive locals who enable insurgents, terrorist groups, and organized criminal networks, the U.S. military must be prepared to support stability operations at regional level and below by assessing, advising, and even training police units until such time as civilian police trainers and mentors arrive on the ground. Army doctrine emphasizes the importance of community-focused civilian police forces during stability operations and suggests that clear separation of police and military roles is essential to successful rebuilding. Doctrine also recognizes that military forces may have to perform police functions during the initial response. But history is replete with examples of local police becoming targets of opportunity for insurgencies; having trained, operationally ready police is always important and no more so than in current operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. At one time, the U.S. Government had a better institutional response than it does now. From 1954 to 1974, first the International Cooperation Administration (ICA), and then its successor organization, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), established in 1961, presented balanced programs providing technical advice, training, and equipment for civil and paramilitary police organizations. In 1963, USAID established the International Police Academy in Washington, DC, to train foreign police officers. At its peak, the USAID arm had 590 permanent employees, to include staff at the International Police Academy, and advisors in 52 countries at different times. This academy graduated over 5,000 students from 77 countries until it was closed because of congressional fears that the program approved, advocated, or taught torture techniques that had damaged the image of the United States. Thus, legislation was passed that prohibited foreign assistance funds for training and financial support of law enforcement forces within or outside the United States. The reluctance to be associated with local police continues to haunt U.S. Government efforts to train police of fragile and failed states to this day. As a result, the U.S. Government continues to lack the capacity for timely deployment of civilian police trainers in the early phases of stability operations. Using military personnel to train and advise civilian police is being justifiably criticized. Military personnel, even military police, are not prepared to train and advise civilian police in most tasks. Instead, their training is skewed toward the higher end stability policing tasks such as riot control, convoy security, motorized patrolling, establishing checkpoints, and weapons training. The emphasis on such tasks makes it more difficult to transition to community-based policing. A clear delineation needs to be established between stability policing and community-based policing, with phased transitions as appropriate. Focusing only on the technical skills must cease, while instruction in such normative principles as responsiveness to the community, accountability to the rule of law, defense of human rights, and transparency to scrutiny from the outside, must be institutionalized. Such an adjustment will result in an organizational culture that abjures abuse. Such success will require embedding of quality advisors for a significant period of time, though even then expectations must be kept realistic. Details: Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2010. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Paper: Accessed September 7, 2010: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=1013 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=1013 Shelf Number: 119757 Keywords: CorruptionMilitaryOrganized CrimePolice ReformPolice TrainingPolicing |
Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Context Driven Community Policing in Ukraine: Final Report Summary: This is the final report to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for the project on Introducing Context Specific Community Policing in Ukraine. This has been a three-year project focused on building a ‘model of best practice’ for improving the relationship between the police and the public in Ukraine and enhancing co-operation between them on crime prevention and community safety. With that purpose, the project introduced and evaluated a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas in the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. The project had four distinct objectives: To identify and understand the context within which community policing might take place within Ukraine; To introduce a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas; To evaluate the effect such schemes have on the relationship between the community and the police, and on the levels of reported and recorded crime; and To develop a new module to be taught at Kharkiv University of Internal Affairs on Understanding and Implementing Community Policing in Ukraine. Details: Leicester, UK: Scarman Centre, University of Leicester, 2003. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2010 at: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/ContextDrivenCommunityPolicinginUkrainepdf/view?searchterm=policing Year: 2003 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/ContextDrivenCommunityPolicinginUkrainepdf/view?searchterm=policing Shelf Number: 119774 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Title: Policing in Afghanistan: Still Searching for a Strategy Summary: Police reform in Afghanistan is receiving more attention and resources than ever before, but such increased efforts are still yet to be matched by significant improvements in police effectiveness and public confidence. Too much emphasis has continued to be placed on using the police to fight the insurgency rather than crime. Corruption and political appointments are derailing attempts to professionalise the force. The government and the international community need to reinforce the International Policing Coordination Board (IPCB) as the central forum for prioritising efforts and drive forward with much greater unity of effort. Tangible steps such as appointing a career police commissioner and establishing community liaison boards will build professionalism and wider outreach. A national police force able to uphold the rule of law is crucial to state-building and would help tackle the root causes of alienation that drive the insurgency. Details: Kabur/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2008. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Briefing No. 85: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ICG_Afghanistan_Policing_StillSearchingForStrategy.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ICG_Afghanistan_Policing_StillSearchingForStrategy.pdf Shelf Number: 119911 Keywords: CorruptionPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Jamaica. Ministry of National Security Title: A New Era of Policing in Jamaica: Transforming the JCF. The Report of the JCF Strategic Review Panel Summary: The pattern and high incidence of criminality in Jamaica over recent years has sparked profound concern at the local, national and international levels. Current trends in violent crime reflect deep-rooted social problems and a lack of social cohesion. General public distrust of the police and incidences of police corruption have created an uneasy distance between the police and citizens. This hinders investigative efforts as many persons are afraid or unwilling to come forward as witnesses and a majority of serious crimes remain unsolved or unreported. The security situation and ineffective security governance arrangements undermine Jamaica’s ability to establish and maintain a viable economy that can sustain acceptable levels of well-being for the majority of its citizens. Finally, it is widely believed that the security situation is deteriorating and that decisive action is required to turn the situation around quickly and fundamentally. It is against this backdrop that, in mid 2007, the Ministry of National Security (MNS) commissioned a strategic review of the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). A strategic review panel, comprising domestic and international experts, was established for this purpose. Our mandate was to create a new vision for security governance within Jamaica. As part of this, we were to review the governance, management structures, key infrastructure, standards and performance of the JCF and make appropriate recommendations for reform. The major objectives in accomplishing this included: • enhancement of accountability mechanisms governing the operations of the JCF; • the development of recommendations to ensure professionalism, efficiency and enhanced competence of the entire organisation; • establishment of appropriate standards in recruitment, training and professional development to ensure adherence to internationally accepted best practices; • improvement of public confidence in policing; • review of the legislative and administrative framework governing the JCF, including the Jamaica Constabulary Force Act. Our task was to develop a set of proposals that would enable the Government of Jamaica (GoJ) to meet its responsibilities towards ensuring a safe and secure Jamaica through a properly governed, professional and accountable police service working in partnership with other elements of government and civil society. Our approach involved reviewing available documentation and literature relating to JCF performance, together with a series of public consultations and discussions with stakeholders from the JCF, the Government and civil society. The consultations were intended to provide the perspectives and views of citizens and stakeholders with regards to their experience of the police and policing reform. These were supplemented by four targeted reviews commissioned to examine the legislation and policy framework supporting police governance, as well as the JCF management structure. We also reflected upon the six previous reviews of the JCF conducted over the last two decades and the efforts made by the JCF during that period to achieve a fundamental move towards becoming a modern police service. This report sets out an integrated suite of recommendations that if implemented in a coordinated fashion, will bring about this fundamental reform and enable the Government to meet is responsibility for a safe and secure Jamaica. Details: Kingston, Jamaica: Ministry of National Security, 2008. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2010 at: http://www.mns.org.jm/picture_library/pdfs/JCF%20Strategic%20Review%202008.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Jamaica URL: http://www.mns.org.jm/picture_library/pdfs/JCF%20Strategic%20Review%202008.pdf Shelf Number: 119923 Keywords: Community PolicingCorruptionPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Mclean, John Title: Jamaica - Community-Based Policing Assessment Summary: This assessment follows on from a stakeholders’ workshop convened by USAID and held on December 11 2007. This workshop was significant in making efforts to deal with the differences of opinion about Grants Pen in a way that was constructive, action-orientated and forward looking. This report seeks to continue to move this process forward by identifying lessons learned and making recommendations for progressing CBP in Grants Pen and throughout Jamaica. Personal safety is a primary concern for many Jamaicans and reducing the country’s high rates of violent crime has been and continues to be a challenge for the Government of Jamaica and the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). For the past ten years, community-based policing (CBP) has been an espoused policy of the JCF with several past attempts at implementation. Lessons from these previous programmes have been included in this assessment. While past CBP reforms have typically not been sustained, they do provide a platform for the country-wide CBP expansion that is now a major priority for the new JCF Commissioner of Police. Currently, the JCF is working to roll out CBP more widely throughout the country. USAID has supported community policing in Kingston, and specifically in Grants Pen, for the past five years: through the 2002-05 CBP pilot activity, the Community Policing Initiative (CPI), implemented by the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), and through the current Community Empowerment and Transformation Project (COMET), implemented by Management Systems International (MSI). The CBP model piloted in Grants Pen under the CPI was part of a larger strategy by USAID and its partners. The intent was to apply the lessons learned and best practices from the Grants Pen pilot to assist in the JCF’s roll out of community policing island-wide. Some basic elements of CBP were introduced in Grants Pen and the pilot succeeded in having an impact, albeit temporary, on the community-police relationship. The assessment team found that Grants Pen is not a “model” either in terms of success or replicability but that there are valuable lessons to be learned which can assist with the ongoing development of CBP throughout Jamaica. The invaluable work of the private sector in supporting CBP in Grants Pen is particularly note worthy although there are lessons to be learned regarding roles and responsibilities. While CBP has been attempted in various forms and at various times in the history of Jamaican policing there has never been a significant, sustained implementation programme. A number of factors have been identified to be addressed to make such an implementation of CBP more effective. These include leadership and accountability within the JCF; effective partnership working; clear policy support direction; enhanced corporate communications and increased organizational capacity. Nonetheless, while there are inhibitors to change various circumstances referenced in the report suggest that the time is opportune to progress the implementation of CBP in Jamaica. In this respect, the roles of the international donor community and the private sector are significant. This assessment recommends that USAID expands its work on community policing and supports the implementation of CBP within the JCF in several ways, including developing its organizational capacity. A consistent theme recognized by the team during field work was a shortage of resources that constrains the JCF in the most fundamental ways. We recognize that good policing can be expensive. However, good policing is essential to improving the livelihoods of all citizens. As a result, we wish to stress the need for consistently greater resource allocation and accountability on the part of the Government of Jamaica for the JCF. Good intentions and plans are important; resources are critical. The coordinated and focused support of the business community and international donor community in providing resources for the development of CBP has proved important in the past and will be even more so in the future. Any further community policing efforts by USAID or the JCF must be accompanied by effective monitoring and evaluation (Section V and Annex IV and V), which will serve as the foundation for increasing the effectiveness and the impact of any programme and by close coordination and collaboration, not only with donors but also the private sector, which has resources and skills to contribute to community policing, crime prevention, and community development. The assessment team recognizes the difficulty associated with measuring many of the aspects of programme performance in the police environment. However, if initial monitoring and evaluation is designed with focus and simplicity, the utility of the initial results will encourage follow up and further refinement. From a more general perspective, the assessment team believes that while there are likely those in Jamaica who would not support improving police performance, there are a number of factors currently present that do support reform. The new JCF Commissioner has publicly made CBP a top priority. In general, the public supports improved policing, as does the private sector. DFID is conducting a complementary modernization project in both the Ministry of National Security and the JCF, which the USG should encourage to continue beyond its scheduled summer 2008 end date. EU budget support can be used by the GoJ to support the implementation of GoJ policies related to security (including community policing). Lastly, the current USAID COMET project provides a ready mechanism for supporting reform in the JCF. The team agrees that the goals of reform are not in question. That the JCF knows the goals is also not in doubt. How change is to be implemented and accomplished is the primary obstacle. The state of the JCF as an institution presents the most significant challenge. In theory, control of the operational philosophy rests with management. In practice, however, if supervision, process, structure, policy, implementation, accountability, leadership, and all the other components of an effective organization are inadequate, effective management of even routine operations is a significant problem. These daily obstacles are even more daunting when sustained operational reform is the goal. When functioning properly, the foundation of institutional management provides sufficient leverage for change to be accomplished. The JCF foundation is in serious need of rebuilding which can best be accomplished from the inside while taking advantage of support from the outside. Part three of this report contains an analysis of CBP particularly in relation to Grants Pen. Part four of the report examines, in particular, the experience the JCF has had with CBP and looks at current organizational impediments to change and makes proposals for overcoming these. Part five highlight the importance of monitoring and evaluation. In addition, Annex I identifies the key roles for the international donor community and private sector in Jamaica; Annex II details the individuals and organizations consulted during the assessments and Annex III sets out the literature review. Annex IV and V are relevant to the monitoring and evaluation recommendations. The assessment team found there is significant experience to draw on in progressing CBP in Jamaica. While there are many hurdles and barriers to be overcome a significant momentum has been gathered which, with the support of USAID and other partners, should overcome these. For ease of reference, two matrices have been prepared which detail the lessons learned and the recommendations of the assessment team; these are attached as Annexes VI and VII. Details: Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development, 2008. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2010 at: http://usaid-comet.org/reports/FINAL%20CBP%20Assessment%20Report%20-%20April%20%209%202008.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Jamaica URL: http://usaid-comet.org/reports/FINAL%20CBP%20Assessment%20Report%20-%20April%20%209%202008.pdf Shelf Number: 119992 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice ReformViolent Crime |
Author: Willis, James J. Title: Maximizing the Benefits of Reform: Integrating Compstat and Community Policing in America Summary: Compstat and community policing are both powerful tools that have been quite effective in police reform in the United States. But just how well do they work together? This report takes a look at the impact of these reforms when implemented simultaneously in the same police organization. While some have speculated that Compstat complements and supports community policing and even improves it, there is very little systematic evidence to support these claims. This report uses fieldwork data from site visits to seven U.S. police agencies to address this issue. Our principal finding that these reforms operated largely independently suggested to us that there were opportunities for making them work more closely with one another in ways that promise greater benefits than having them operate separately. Our goal is to challenge policymakers, practitioners, and scholars to reconsider the current relationship between Compstat and community policing and conceive of more innovative approaches to their co-implementation. As a starting point, we make four key recommendations for integration of these two powerful reforms. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e021026259_reccompstat_fin.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e021026259_reccompstat_fin.pdf Shelf Number: 120104 Keywords: Community PolicingCompstatPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Crime and Policing in Ukraine: The Kharkiv Crime Survey 2000 Summary: This is the first report from the Introducing Context-Specific Community Policing into Ukraine project. The project seeks to utilise the experience of western countries on community policing and to work in close partnership with colleagues in Ukraine to develop a programme of reform for the police. The current project is part of a broad range of assistance being offered by a number European countries and the United States to the police forces of the former socialist states in recent years. This help has come in a number of different forms ranging from organising seminars on international topics such as organised crime to the provision of specific equipment such as forensic and investigative tools. This project attempts to assist/foster the process of democratic police reform in Ukraine by initiating the change ‘from within’, through experimental testing and identification of various forms of improved police practice and co-operation with the public in preventing and solving crime. Overall, the project is organised into three phases: understanding the context; implementing schemes; and evaluating the impact. It has four distinct aims: To identify and understand the context within which community policing might take place within Ukraine; To introduce a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas; To evaluate the effect such schemes have on the relationship between the community and the police, and on the levels of reported and recorded crime, and the fear of crime; and To develop a new module to be taught at Kharkiv University of Internal Affairs on Understanding and Implementing Community Policing in Ukraine, and to introduce a short course variant delivered as part of in-service training to existing police officers. This report presents the findings from the first phase of the project that was designed to identify some of the important prerequisites for the development of various forms of community policing. Without a complete grasp of the context within which any form of police reorganisation might take place, changes are likely to be misconstrued, mismanaged and ultimately meaningless. The context also provides the bedrock on which the implementation phase will be built. A cornerstone of community policing is the relationship between the police and the community. It was important therefore to first accurately measure what the public currently thought about crime and policing in their area – how do they view the problems of crime, what do they think about the police, would they be interested in becoming involved in ‘community policing’ style activities? Similarly, it was as important to ascertain what police officers thought – how do they view the public, do they see themselves as servants of the people or the state, what do they see as their own and the state’s priorities for the police in the future? Finally, collecting data on the levels of reported and recorded crime within the research areas was important in order to provide a benchmark for the later evaluation phase of the project. Detailed here are the findings from extensive surveys of the public in the two areas in the city of Kharkiv chosen to take part in the project. Over two thousand members of the public were interviewed as part of the research phase. In addition, all the available police officers in the two areas were interviewed as well. The report is organised into 11 sections. The first 5 sections map out the extent of victimisation and the levels of concern about a range of crime and nuisance problems in the two areas. It then goes on to look at what the public do to try and protect themselves and their possessions from crime. This is followed by a consideration of the relationship between the police and the public, focusing on the nature of contacts in the past and how the police and the public view each other. The report then considers attitudes towards police/public co-operation in the past and more importantly, in the future. It concludes by bringing the main findings together and makes a series of recommendations about the types of schemes that are most suitable for the next phase of the project. Details: Leicester, UK: Scarman Centre, University of Leicester, 2001. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2010 at: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/CrimeandPolicinginUkrainetheKharkivCrimesurvey2000pdf Year: 2001 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/CrimeandPolicinginUkrainetheKharkivCrimesurvey2000pdf Shelf Number: 120178 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime SurveyPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Ukraine)Public Opinion |
Author: Afghanistan Civil Society Forum Title: Baseline Study for Pilot Democratic Policing Across 8 Districts of Northern Kabul Province Summary: This Baseline Study was undertaken for the Pilot Democratic Policing [sic], being currently implemented by the Ministry of Interior and UNDP. The study documents existing experiences and expectations of the public from their local police; the public and police’s understanding of basic concepts of democratic policing; the role of shuras and other traditional justice system mechanisms; as well as both the public and police’s recommendations for improving police effectiveness and interface between the police and the community on a regular basis. The findings of the Study are based on 1,200 questionnaire responses by the public and police, and eight focus group discussions, undertaken across eight northern districts of Kabul province, including the. 17th police district of Kabul City , Mirbachakoot, Kalakaan, Guldara, Deh Sabz, Qarabagh, Shakar Dara, and Istalif. Very little variation was found among districts, so findings are not differentiated. Details: Kabul: Afghanistan Civil Society Forum, 2010. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 4, 2010 at: Year: 2010 Country: Afghanistan URL: Shelf Number: 120190 Keywords: Police ReformPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (Afghanistan) |
Author: Beale, Roger Title: New Realities: National Policing in the 21st Century. Federal Audit of Police Capabilities Summary: The world has changed dramatically over the last twenty years. For Australian policing, many of those changes were crystallised in six short years between 1999 and 2005. These remarkable years saw the United Nations (UN) INTERFET operation commence in East Timor, the terrible events of September 11 2001, the two Bali bombings, the Marriott and Jakarta Embassy bombings, the Afghanistan and Iraq interventions and the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands. Each had, or led to, an important Australian policing component. Since then Australia has seen massive and complex domestic terrorism investigations and trials – its first since those which flowed from the 1979 Hilton bombing which led to the establishment of the AFP. The growth in the importance of the internet for the economy, and society, was underscored by the Millenium Bug concern of the year 2000 and then underlined by the dot com share market crash of 2001. The first E-security National Agenda was introduced in 2001. The first AFP arrests under new Commonwealth law for child pornography conveyed over the internet took place in 2005. The UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime came into force in the year 2000. In 2003 the Australian government announced a major initiative on human trafficking and people smuggling. In 2004 Australia ratified these UN instruments aimed at criminalising offences committed by organised criminal groups, combating money laundering and facilitating international cooperation in the fight against transnational organised crime. Also in 2004 Australian, Fijian and New Zealand police combined in an operation that led to the identification and raiding of the biggest illegal drug factory ever discovered in the Southern Hemisphere. The bulk of its product was likely destined for Australian and New Zealand streets. The year 2001 saw the collapse of HIH, one of Australia’s largest corporate failures, at considerable cost to thousands of ordinary Australians. By 2005 concerns were being expressed about the legality of the behaviour of the Australian Wheat Board in relation to the payment of bribes to the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein. Both of these events would in time lead to extensive criminal inquiries. More importantly they symbolised the extent to which everyday Australians are now exposed through their share ownership and superannuation investments to corporate wrongdoing, and to the care that Australian companies must take to obey the law in their international dealings. These six remarkable years underlined for policing that the global changes accelerating over the previous two decades brought with them very significant local Australian consequences. These changes impacted all levels of policing – but particularly national policing. They demanded new approaches by the Commonwealth, and across the Federation, as Commonwealth, State and Territory law enforcement agencies responded. At the epicentre of these changes was the Australian Federal Police (AFP). It responded in a remarkably short time to develop highly effective abilities in counter terrorism, a capability to provide widely praised international deployments to support the restoration of law and order and bolster civil governance, to take a firm lead on the policing of Australia’s airports and protection of aviation, and integrate protection services for Australia’s leaders and key institutions, while growing its international network and maintaining its role in serious crime and community policing. The AFP is acknowledged to have made an important contribution to the strengthening of ties between Australia and Indonesia after the events in East Timor when traditional close diplomatic and military relationships were strained. There have been some controversies and criticisms, and it is clear that the pace of change has outstripped the capacity of some internal systems, but it has been an overwhelmingly successful transition from the fringe to the centre of government. For most of this period Commissioner Mick Keelty, APM, led the AFP. Details: Melbourne: Allen Consulting Group, 2009. 263p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 6, 2010 at: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(4CA02151F94FFB778ADAEC2E6EA8653D)~Federal+Audit+of+Police+Capabilities-dec09.pdf/$file/Federal+Audit+of+Police+Capabilities-dec09.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(4CA02151F94FFB778ADAEC2E6EA8653D)~Federal+Audit+of+Police+Capabilities-dec09.pdf/$file/Federal+Audit+of+Police+Capabilities-dec09.pdf Shelf Number: 120376 Keywords: Police PerformancePolice ReformPolicing (Australia) |
Author: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Title: The Police, The People, The Politics: Police Accountability in Tanzania Summary: This report on policing in Tanzania analyses the Tanzania police, looking mainly at illegitimate political control, the impact of that control on policing, and the reform answers that will provide a more democratic and more accountable police service to the Tanzanian people. The report examines the concepts of democratic policing and accountability in practice, in the Tanzanian context. It looks at the development of the Tanzanian Police Force, analyses the issues that the police are faced with, considers the legislative and political frameworks that the police operate within and critiques policing budgets in tanzania. Finally, it suggests the reforms that need to take place in tanzania and provides a roadmap for those reforms. Details: New Delhi, India: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2006. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 10, 2010 at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/tanzania_country_report_2006.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Tanzania URL: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/tanzania_country_report_2006.pdf Shelf Number: 120082 Keywords: Police Accountability (Tanzania)Police CorruptionPolice Reform |
Author: Kyed, Helene Maria Title: The Contested Role of Community Policing 'New' Non-State Actors in the Plural Legal Landscape of Mozambique Summary: Since the turn of the millennium ‘Community Policing’ has become a significant and widespread element of everyday policing in poor rural and urban areas of Mozambique. This development is not unique to Mozambique, but reflected globally. Community policing (CP) has since the 1990s enjoyed widespread popularity as a philosophy and strategy of ‘democratic policing’ that seeks to substitute centralised, paramilitary-style state policing with active citizen inclusion in policing. In Mozambique, councils of community policing members have been formed since 2001, with the purpose of reducing crime as well as making the state police more transparent and accountable to the public. This paper explores how community policing has been appropriated in practice in Mozambique. It asks what CP has meant for everyday policing practices, and what it has implied for the ways that public safety and justice provision is organised in different local arenas. A key focus is on the interaction of actors enrolled in CP with state officials as well as with other non-state institutions that engage in conflict resolution and assert some form of authority locally. The paper shows that everyday practices not only deviate from the original CP model launched by the Ministry of Interior, but also that CP has given way to new layers of collaboration, overlap and competition between different state and non-state policing and justice providers. This result, the paper argues, is only partly caused by the lack of a clear legal framework. It is equally informed by the fact that policing itself is an avenue to power, prestige and resources over which different actors compete. From a human rights and rule of law perspective, this poses key challenges: CP actors mimic problematic state police practices in their attempts to assert power, even as they help to reduce crime. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS, 2010. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: DIIS Working Paper 2010:26: Accessed December 21, 2010 at: http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/WP2010/WP2010-26-hmk-Community-policing-Mozambique.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Mozambique URL: http://www.diis.dk/graphics/Publications/WP2010/WP2010-26-hmk-Community-policing-Mozambique.pdf Shelf Number: 120556 Keywords: Community Policing (Mozambique)Police Reform |
Author: Jonsson, Anna Title: Russia's Police Reform - Medvedev's Test? Summary: President Dimitry Medvedev has made police reform in Russia one of his largest and most important reform projects. The police reform could be seen as a part of the larger anti-corruption program that he launched in 2008. These reforms are long overdue and badly needed; the Russian police force is one of the most notoriously corrupt state bodies in Russia. Details: Stockholm: Institute for Security & Development Policy, 2010. 3p. Source: Internet Resoruce: Policy Brief, No. 41: Accessed December 21, 2010 at: http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2010_jonsson_russias-police-reform.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Russia URL: http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2010_jonsson_russias-police-reform.pdf Shelf Number: 120563 Keywords: Police (Russia)Police CorruptionPolice Reform |
Author: Weisburd, David Title: Police Science: Toward a New Paradigm Summary: This paper urges the police to take ownership and make use of science in the policing task. The authors commend the police industry for embracing innovative management strategies and crime control and prevention policies over the last two decades, but argue that as a whole, the profession has been hesitant to adopt scientific, evidence-based policies and practices resulting in a fundamental disconnect between science and policing. The authors discuss existing research that supports their contention and lay out a proposal for a new, science-based policing paradigm. They describe the adoption this paradigm as necessary if the police industry is to "retain public support and legitimacy, cope with recessionary budget cuts, and...alleviate the problems that have become part of the policing task." Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management; Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2011. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed February 2, 2011 at: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/228922.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/228922.pdf Shelf Number: 120661 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing |
Author: Gompert, David C. Title: Oversight of the Liberian National Police Summary: The Liberian National Police (LNP) will become the chief provider of security in Liberia as the United Nations Mission in Liberia is reduced. Given the LNP's capabilities and complexity, its past manipulation by former President Charles Taylor, and a pattern of police misconduct in much of Africa, the question of oversight is critical. To examine how best to design the LNP oversight construct, the authors evaluate the likely effectiveness of different oversight options against three criteria — manageability, permanent professionalism, and public confidence — and study police oversight concepts used in other African countries. They conclude that Liberia needs a mixed (i.e., government-independent) LNP oversight system with a broad mandate for enhancing police professionalism and gaining the confidence of the public. Such a system should be clear, relatively simple, manageable, and comprehensible to the Liberian people, and it should complement and strengthen both the government's normal management of the LNP and the LNP's ability to operate. The authors recommend the creation of a government-chaired, mixed-membership, multi-tiered system with the authority and competence to evaluate police policy and performance and to make associated recommendations. Accordingly, the authors recommend the creation of a high-level policy body (the LNP Policy Council) and a subordinate body (the LNP Investigative Council) to investigate individual allegations of police abuse and look for patterns of such behavior within different parts of police agencies. They also recommend that the groundwork should be laid for the eventual creation of local police forums to promote local connectivity and confidence. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP230.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Liberia URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2009/RAND_OP230.pdf Shelf Number: 120840 Keywords: Police (Liberia)Police AdministrationPolice Reform |
Author: Kelling, George L. Title: Keeping Americans Safe: Best Practices to Improve Community Policing and to Protect the Public Summary: During the 1990s, New York City achieved stunning drops in crime from the “broken windows” community policing strategy adopted by Police Commissioner William Bratton. In two years, murder declined by 39 percent, robberies by about 33 percent and burglaries by 25 percent. New York’s approach completed the evolution of community policing from a reactive model into a proactive one, focusing on aggressive, effective crime-reduction that maintains order and holds police officers accountable. Aspects of this approach have been successfully adopted by a number of cities, including some in Arizona. Sustaining these gains requires embedding high-performance policing throughout a department to shield police agencies from the potentially corrupting influence of drug cartels - especially as the chaos in the border areas of Mexico threatens to spill over. Expanding on recommendations in “A New Charter for American Cities,” this report takes the broken windows approach to the next level by showing how to institute high-performance policing. This report consolidates the best practices adopted by the nation’s most innovative police departments and provides a framework for policing that is consistent with community values and priorities; makes a commitment to the ultimate objective of keeping people safe; and produces more measurable outcomes. We recommend private sector concepts of benchmarks to track the use of best practices and to report quantifiable outcomes for comparison against other departments, and the balanced scorecard, which counts outcomes such as reducing crime and victimization and also assesses police relationships with community members, partners, and other groups. These recommendations should be institutionalized through appropriate statutes, ordinances or management directives governing policing agencies throughout America. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Goldwater Institute, 2011. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Goldwater Institute Policy Report: Accessed February 28, 2011 at: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/5722 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/article/5722 Shelf Number: 120885 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingPolice Reform |
Author: Willis, James J. Title: The Co-Implementation of Compstat and Community Policing: A National Assessment Summary: In the last quarter century or so, Compstat (CS) and community policing (CP) have emerged as powerful engines of police reform in the United States. CS is a strategic management system focused on reducing serious crime by decentralizing decision-making to middle managers operating out of districts or precincts, by holding these managers accountable for performance, and by increasing the police organization’s capacity to identify, understand, and monitor responses to crime problems. Community policing can be characterized as a philosophy and an organizational strategy designed to reduce crime and disorder through community partnerships, problem solving, and the delegation of greater decision-making authority to patrol officers and their sergeants at the beat level. It varies more than Compstat from place to place in response to local problems and community resources. To date, researchers have focused their energy on identifying the individual merits and weaknesses of each, but have given much less attention to how well these reforms operate when implemented in the same police agency. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (the COPS Office) asked us to do research on this coimplementation issue: Do CS and CP work together, mutually supporting each other, or are there points of conflict, where pursuing one makes it hard to pursue the other successfully? Moreover, do they work independently, that is each having little consequence for the other? This report presents findings from the first national assessment of CS and CP as co-implemented reforms. Given that systematic research on the co-implementation of CS and CP is scarce, the first purpose of this project was to illuminate the current state of implementation of each reform in the United States and the nature and extent of compatibility problems. Thus, we begin by drawing on data from our national survey to provide a profile of CS and CP in large police agencies. The purpose of the profile is to show what local police departments were doing with each reform, why they decided to adopt them, what some of the differences were between co-implementing and CP-only departments, and what some of the benefits and challenges were that arose from operating both reforms simultaneously. In the next section, we draw upon observations from site visits to seven police agencies that reported fully implementing both CP and CS. The second purpose of this project was to learn how CS and CP operated “on the ground.” To this end, we identify seven core elements that the full implementation of CS and CP would seem to demand and present in-depth knowledge on how each of these elements was implemented. More specifically, we describe how CS and CP functioned in relation to one another, and we assess their level of integration (not at all integrated, low, moderate, or high). Because of the popularity of CS and CP, our hope is that this comprehensive description of our findings and our assessment of CS/CP integration will deepen understanding among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers about the current relationship between these two reforms and provide a framework for decision-makers to envision alternative possibilities for co-implementation within local police organizations. A list of recommendations for integrating CS and CP based on our findings can be found in our report, Maximizing the Benefits of Reform: Integrating Compstat and Community Policing in America (2010). Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2011 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e091016308_Compstat+CommPol-web_FIN.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e091016308_Compstat+CommPol-web_FIN.pdf Shelf Number: 121002 Keywords: Community PolicingCompstatPolice Problem-SolvingPolice ReformPolice-Community Partnerships |
Author: International Bar Association. Human Rights Institute Title: Partisan Policing: An Obstacle to Human Rights and Democracy in Zimbabwe Summary: This is the executive summary of the report of a fact-finding visit to the Republic of Zimbabwe by experts on behalf of the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) between 11-18 August 2007. The fact-finding visit was prompted by increasing international, regional and domestic concerns at the apparent erosion of the rule of law in Zimbabwe. These concerns related to unlawful police action in the country, police excesses and brutality and the intimidation of civilians, human rights activists, the organised legal profession, trade unions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The delegation was sent to investigate the status of the rule of law and administration of justice in that country and, in particular, the role of the police in the administration of justice. The issues were to be analysed within constitutional and relevant regional and international standards, and the administration of justice processes in Zimbabwe. The particular focus area was the role of the police in the administration of justice. Specifically, to evaluate the relationship between the police, lawyers and prosecutors, and to prepare a report on the situation in Zimbabwe for dissemination. The report contains recommendations for the immediate and long term measures necessary to protect and uphold the rule of law and administration of justice in Zimbabwe and prevent impunity for human rights violations. Details: London: International Bar Association, 2007. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 15, 2011 at: www.ibanet.org Year: 2007 Country: Zimbabwe URL: Shelf Number: 121006 Keywords: Human RightsPolice AdministrationPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolicing (Zimbabwe) |
Author: Rauch, Janine Title: Police Reform in Post-Conflict Africa: A Review Summary: The objectives of this Report are to describe and analyze trends in police transformation in selected post-conflict countries in Africa. The Report was intended inform a workshop to be held on the development of democratic policing in post-conflict countries in Africa. It was envisaged that the workshop would involve police practitioners, researchers and civil society representatives from a range of African and donor countries. More explicitly the aims of the workshop were to: Enable sharing of experiences of post-conflict police reforms in Africa Develop a shared analysis of post-conflict police reforms in Africa Identify good practices and lessons learned from various experiences of police reform Encourage restructuring and democratisation of police organisations in Africa Facilitate networking and co-ordination between role-players in police reform in Africa Identify - with the current research Report as a basis - future research needs and potential interventions in the field of police reform in Africa. Select case-studies: With the above-mentioned objectives in mind, the Report focuses on state police organisations1 in a number of post-conflict countries in Africa. The range of countries surveyed, and the depth of data-gathering, was shaped by both time and budget constraints. The research conducted for the Report comprised a desk-top study in which access to English-language, electronic-source material in particular, proved critical. The limitations associated with a desk-top review include the lack of complete up-to-date information, the absence of the personal intuitive grasp of issues that only an onthe- spot observer possesses, a problem in establishing the real priorities facing complex social and political processes, and a lack of corroborative evidence that comes from face-to-face interviews with key informants. This research needs to be augmented by other research strategies in future. In our view, targeted interviews with both security sector practitioners and development agencies involved in reform efforts during in-country field visits are likely to yield more substantive details about current efforts at police reform in Africa and their outcomes. We therefore propose future primary research in those directions. Research themes: In order to facilitate comparative analysis the discussions for each country are organised around the following main themes: Historical and political context of policing Imperatives for integration/amalgamation of police organisations Demilitarisation and civilianisation Political control and independence of the police organisation and leadership Oversight and accountability arrangements Mechanisms for transitional justice and their impact on police reforms The role and impact of donors on police reform processes The management and co-ordination of donors and technical assistance during the reform process. As will become clear from the country-specific case studies, lack of detail prohibited the formulation of definitive comments on some of the themes. However the identification of gaps in the information that has been made possible through this research does serve a useful purpose in defining a future research agenda. The choice of countries surveyed in the draft report has been influenced by the priorities of the contracting agencies on the one hand, and the researchers’ assessment of the feasibility of the research on the other. Category A contains an in-depth case study of the wide-ranging process of police reform which has been undertaken in South Africa over the past fifteen years. The details contained in this case study are much more comprehensive than in any of the other case studies. In part, this is a function of the fact that police reform in South Africa has been well-documented. Also, police studies, as an academic field in South Africa, is much more advanced than elsewhere on the continent. The South Africa case is furthermore enriched by an ‘insider’ perspective provided by a former senior SAPS police commissioner. Category B comprises brief descriptions of selected aspects of police reform in eight countries: Angola, DRC, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. The coverage of each of these countries varies according to the availability of information to the research team. The list of Category C countries includes Chad, Ethiopia, Liberia, Sudan and Tanzania. On these countries, significantly less research material was available. Although most of the states researched for this report can be described as undergoing some significant form of transition, not all of them emerge from overt conflict. Nigeria, for example, is emerging from a history of military dictatorship, while Kenya has changed from a one-party state to multi-party democracy. Even where there are recent histories of conflict, these case studies have shown a wide variation in the nature of those conflicts – from institutionalized racism in apartheid South Africa, to genocide in Rwanda, and various types of civil war in Liberia, Mozambique and Angola. In all the cases examined for this report, state policing is primarily organised at the national (federal) level, albeit with various forms of regional policing and regional political control and oversight. This is characteristic of police organisations in Africa, but differs markedly from police organisations in large democracies such as India and the US. The types of reforms that are canvassed in these case studies are generally those which are applied to large, national police organisations – working with national organisations can, for instance, facilitate standard-setting, training and donor co-ordination. It is worth noting that in many of the cases described in this report, the processes of police reform are currently under way, or about to commence. Although we have emphasised some of the increasing similarities in the processes of police reform in post-conflict African states, there is potential for varied trajectories in the near future. The cases of Liberia, DRC and South Sudan, for instance, are likely to differ from each other in many respects. Included in this report are eight of the largest (in terms of population size and/or land mass) countries on the African continent. In Africa, large states perform poorly. Stated differently, in Africa big states exhibit `varying conditions of dysfunctionality.’ Understanding the links between size and dysfunctionality is important for purposes of grasping the particular developmental challenges which big states in Africa confront. Such developmental challenges have a bearing on the prospects for state-building more generally. Such challenges will also impact on the prospects for building the coercive institutions of the state such as the public police - the very subject of this research enquiry. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Democracy in Africa (IDASA), 2006. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2011 at: http://www.idasa.org/media/uploads/outputs/files/Police%20Reform%20-%20Full%20report.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Africa URL: http://www.idasa.org/media/uploads/outputs/files/Police%20Reform%20-%20Full%20report.pdf Shelf Number: 121042 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Africa) |
Author: Stone, Christopher Title: Toward a New Professionalism in Policing Summary: In the 1980s, community policing replaced the traditional crime-fighting model of policing, often referred to as "professional policing." Community policing was an improvement over the previous policing paradigm (one that the authors argue was more truly professional than the command-and-control model that it replaced) and represented a great change in how police officers did their jobs. The authors argue that it is now time for a new model for the 21st century, one that they call a "New Professionalism." Their framework rests on increased accountability for police in both their effectiveness and their conduct; greater legitimacy in the eyes of the citizenry; continuous innovation in tactics and strategies for interacting with offenders, victims, and the general public; and national coherence through the development of national norms and protocols for policing. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, 2011. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232359.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232359.pdf Shelf Number: 121048 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice ProfessionalismPolice Reform |
Author: Raleigh, Christopher Title: Uganda Police Project Evaluation Summary: The Uganda Police Project ran, in two phases, from late 1990 to March 1998. Its main initial purpose was to help restore the capability of the Uganda Police Force (UPF) to maintain law and order and the confidence of the public. Later (1993) this was reformulated to cover the development of law and order in Uganda, thus creating an enabling environment for stability and sustained economic growth. The competence and reputation of the UPF had been badly damaged during the period between 1971 and 1986, when the National Resistance Movement (NRM) Government came to power. There was therefore an urgent need to enhance the capacity, increase the numbers, and improve the image of the UPF, but local resources to do this were severely constrained. UK support for the UPF had been provided on an ad hoc basis since 1986, mainly in the form of training and transport. The Uganda Police Project of 1990 represented an attempt to bring UK support together under one umbrella, and to promote wider institutional and management reforms. Detailed assessment of project impact is hampered by the indistinct nature of the project objectives, and the lack of assessable indicators of achievement. Nevertheless there appears to be a close correlation between the sustainability of different project components and their long-term recurrent cost to the UPF. The decision to structure the initial project around a Project Co-ordinator, resident in Kampala, enhanced not only the impact of advice from visiting consultants, but also the design of Phase II. The UPF and Ugandan Ministry of Finance were more optimistic about their ability to finance the local costs of the project than proved justified in the event. Their inability to fund even modest project support costs - local training materials, for example, or travel costs for trainees - although not fatal to the impact of the project as a whole, did have a more selective effect in those areas (notably the Police Workshop and, to an extent, local training) which depend on the availability of non-salary costs. Despite their occasionally differing perspectives, the British Development Division East Africa (BDDEA) and the British High Commission (BHC)combined well in managing the project. But arrangements for the provision of professional advice, particularly during Phase I, were less satisfactory. The project was instrumental in promoting a revised UPF statement of purpose and objectives, and in helping to re-organise the police command structure on a sounder basis. It had relatively little impact on financial planning. The training of police officers and support staff needs to be set in the context of a comprehensive human resource strategy if it is to focus on the strategic needs of the organisation and ensure that valuable skills gained in training are not wasted through unnecessary transfers. The latter has been a pervasive and wide-ranging problem for the UPF. The establishment of a fully staffed and equipped Training Planning Unit has however proved a significant achievement. The institutionalisation of community policing within the UPF, by means of a national system of Community Liaison Officers (CLOs), has helped to promote the advantages of a community approach in the minds of police and public alike. The obstacles, however, to a full realisation of the benefits of community policing remain formidable. The UPF tends to regard community policing primarily as a means of instructing local populations, rather than of listening to them. It thus learns less than it might, while doing little to mitigate its authoritarian image. It is important to recognise the distinctions between community policing in rural and in urban areas. A start has been made in creating a greater sense of gender awareness within the UPF, particularly since the gender awareness raising workshop conducted by BDDEA in Kampala in May 1996. But all too often gender issues are still seen exclusively as women’s issues. More needs to be done to institutionalise and strengthen the role of Family Protection Units (FPUs). Whether or not it appears to do so, aid support for the police involves issues of human rights. It also has potential political implications for the donor concerned. BDDEA was arguably slow to recognise the risks to the UK’s reputation if the UPF was to be found guilty of serious abuse of human rights while being supported by UK aid - although it is doubtful whether earlier recognition would in practice have affected this project’s design or implementation. Important issues of prioritisation and allocation can arise in the provision of police transport. Lack of local finance to maintain and improve the police workshops, and to procure spare parts, tools and materials, has proved seriously damaging to operational effectiveness. Had the maintenance position been clearer at the time it is questionable whether ODA should have proceeded with the provision of vehicles on the scale it did. The right kind of radio equipment can revolutionise communication between police stations and patrolling police officers, although by itself it may not lead to the introduction of more unarmed patrols. Comparing procurement arrangements for the two project phases there is little doubt that the use of competitive bidding, and of a specialist consultant with local knowledge, paid off handsomely in terms of improved technical performance. The value of training in specialist areas such as ballistics can be compromised if no specialist equipment is available locally. More generally, training can also be compromised by a personnel policy that does not specifically recognise its importance. A specialist contractor with local as well as UK representation will often be better placed than DFID to organise in-country training. The project’s impact has proved strongest in those areas where implementation has cost the UPF nothing, or where minimal costs have proved acceptable for wider reasons. Despite recognising the risk in theory, ODA in practice consistently over-estimated the Ugandan capacity to meet the project’s local costs, interpreting a condition of long-term chronic under-funding as one of short-term cash flow. The main lessons to emerge from this evaluation are: - i. local government agreement to meet local project costs does not exonerate DFID from considering whether such commitments are realistic; ii. DFID overseas offices need to think carefully about the provision of professional advice where this is not available locally. In some cases it may be possible to justify arrangements, if there are several interventions on-going or planned, that would not be possible to justify individually; iii. support for institutional strengthening needs to operate consciously within the orbit of the possible. This means, among other things, tailoring advice to what is likely to prove affordable; iv. replication of community policing from urban to rural areas needs to take account of differences in infrastructure, and transport, as well as local community needs and priorities. The importance of listening, as well as of telling, needs to be emphasised in police training on community policing; v. all too often gender issues are seen exclusively as women’s issues. If lasting progress is to be made in this area men (in particular) have to be persuaded otherwise. In the case of aid projects this means mainstreaming gender analysis and planning in project design; vi. whether or not it appears to do so, aid support for the police involves issues of human rights. These need to be recognised clearly in project design and documentation; vii. the value of specialist training may often depend on the availability of appropriate equipment. The two need to be thought about together; viii. there can be a marked difference between project indicators which look good (and may thus help project approval) and those which offer a realistic prospect of assessment. Those in DFID who approve projects, as well as those who design them, need to bear this in mind - and, when in doubt, to err in favour of the assessable; and ix. there is a difference between identifying risk and managing it. Both are important. Details: London: Evaluation Department, Department for International Development, 1998. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Evaluation Study EV591: Accessed April 4, 2011 at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/22/35097498.pdf Year: 1998 Country: Uganda URL: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/60/22/35097498.pdf Shelf Number: 121226 Keywords: Human RightsPolice ReformPolicing (Uganda) |
Author: African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum Title: An Audit of Police Oversight in Africa Summary: This audit is provided to give insight into the diversity of police oversight on the African continent and the challenges it faces. Through this publication APCOF also seeks to raise awareness on the importance of policing oversight in the ongoing efforts to promote reform or transform police agencies into organisations that are effective and efficient but also respectful of peoples’ and human rights. The field is dynamic and this audit should be seen as a work in progress. The audit was undertaken over a period of two years as four separate studies into police oversight in the Northern, Western, Eastern and Southern African regions. The report is structured to provide a brief background to the country and its political and legal system, an overview of the police and the oversight mechanisms over the police. Details: Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds, 2008. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 4, 2011 at: http://www.africanminds.co.za/books/An%20Audit%20of%20Police%20Oversight%20in%20Africa.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Africa URL: http://www.africanminds.co.za/books/An%20Audit%20of%20Police%20Oversight%20in%20Africa.pdf Shelf Number: 121227 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice CorruptionPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolicing (Africa) |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division Title: Investigation of the New Orleans Police Department Summary: The New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) has long been a troubled agency. Basic elements of effective policing — clear policies, training, accountability, and confidence of the citizenry —have been absent for years. Far too often, officers show a lack of respect for the civil rights and dignity of the people of New Orleans. While the majority of the force is hardworking and committed to public safety, too many officers of every rank either do not understand or choose to ignore the boundaries of constitutional policing. Some argue that, given the difficulty of police work, officers must at times police harshly and bend the rules when a community is confronted with seemingly intransigent high levels of crime. Policing is undeniably difficult; however, experience and study in the policing field have made it clear that bending the rules and ignoring the Constitution makes effective policing much more challenging. NOPD’s failure to ensure that its officers routinely respect the Constitution and the rule of law undermines trust within the very communities whose cooperation the Department most needs to enforce the law and prevent crime. As systematic violations of civil rights erode public confidence, policing becomes more difficult, less safe, and less effective, and crime increases. The deficiencies in the way NOPD polices the City are not simply individual, but structural as well. For too long, the Department has been largely indifferent to widespread violations of law and policy by its officers. NOPD does not have in place the basic systems known to improve public safety, ensure constitutional practices, and promote public confidence. We found that the deficiencies that lead to constitutional violations span the operation of the entire Department, from how officers are recruited, trained, supervised, and held accountable, to the operation of Paid Details. In the absence of mechanisms to protect and promote civil rights, officers too frequently use excessive force and conduct illegal stops, searches and arrests with impunity. In addition, the Department’s culture tolerates and encourages under-enforcement and under-investigation of violence against women. The Department has failed to take meaningful steps to counteract and eradicate bias based on race, ethnicity, and LGBT status in its policing practices, and has failed to provide critical policing services to language minority communities. The problems in NOPD developed over a long period of time and will take time to address and correct. The Department must develop and implement new policies and protocols, train its officers in effective and constitutional policing, and institutionalize systems to ensure accountability, foster police-community partnerships, improve the quality of policing to all parts of the City, and eliminate unlawful bias from all levels of NOPD policing decisions. Recommendations on achieving these changes are attached to this Report. We look forward to working with NOPD and the City of New Orleans to address the violations of constitutional and federal law that we identified, by developing and implementing a comprehensive blueprint for sustainable reform that will: (1) reduce crime; (2) ensure respect for the Constitution and the rule of law; and (3) restore public confidence in NOPD. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, 2011. 158p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/nopd_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/nopd_report.pdf Shelf Number: 121279 Keywords: DiscriminationGender BiasPolice BehaviorPolice MisconductPolice Recruitment and SelectionPolice ReformPolice Use of ForcePolice-Community RelationsPolicing (New Orleans) |
Author: Neyroud, Peter Title: Review of Police Leadership and Training Summary: This Review was commissioned by the Home Secretary in the light of the Coalition Governments reform agenda on policing. The Government’s consultation document, ‘Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting police and the people’, which was published in July 2010 set out ’the most radical change to policing in 50 years’. The first part of this reform agenda, specifically the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill, was set before parliament on 1 December 2010. The paper contained three key themes; the first is reconnecting the police with the public. There are two key step towards this: the ‘transference of power back to the people’, principally through the election of local Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs’); transferring power away from government by doing away with national targets and leaving PCCs’ instead to create local Crime and Disorder Plans. Both of these are the main subject of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill. Alongside this, the second theme is institutional change: the creation of the National Crime Agency (NCA) to provide a stronger national approach to serious and organised crime; the phasing out of the National Policing Improvement Agency. The third theme is severe fiscal constraint, with police forces facing ‘serious and difficult’ financial choices. Finally, running through the whole document is a recognition of the ‘golden thread’ needed to connect policing at all levels – local, national and international – if policing is to be effective in the 21st century. Alongside growing demand for policing at all levels, from neighbourhood action on anti-social behaviour to national efforts to tackle serious, organised crime and terrorism, these reforms provide immense challenges for police leaders. As the lead for the Review, I was, therefore, asked to carry out a ‘fundamental review of the current approach’, whilst examining in particular, how leadership and professional standards could be taken forward by a ‘repositioned Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO)’, how talent can be developed to meet the new challenges and how the national functions currently delivered by the NPIA could be transitioned into the future. The eight key points of the Terms of Reference are set out below: 1. How ACPO can own and develop a shared vision in the service which engages practitioners, with PCCs’ locally and nationally with Government and other organisations such as the new National Crime Agency, for the standards of leadership and the development of the profession, building on learning from the Leadership Strategy: 2. How to develop an ACPO capacity to deliver leadership development, and assessment/accreditation, supported by the Superintendents’ Association, the Police Federation and others, which brings a cohesive approach to the leadership landscape: 3. Areas of focus nationally and locally for the leadership and talent management challenges – for example to identify key transitions and talent pools, including to increase diversity and respond to the Value For Money and operational skills challenges of the service: 4. The legal framework for assessment, for example for the promotion processes. 5. How the NPIA leadership functions can be transitioned effectively, in the context of the need for very substantial budget reductions: 6. The need to respond to the Government’s priority of reducing the unsustainable national deficit, including alternative funding models for leadership that both reduce and recover cost: 7. The potential role of other providers in training delivery, including other public sector leadership academies, the private sector, and other institutions: 8. The implications of the strategic direction for the leadership estates and infrastructure.’ I begin the Review by identifying the principles that need to underpin the approach to policing and police leadership in the future mapped out by the consultation document: 1. Democratically accountable: This is more than simply about the introduction of PCCs. It is about the link between police and civil society, between local police officers and their neighbourhoods’. It is also about the way in which the standards that guide police practice are the product of democratic debate. 2. Legitimate: There is a growing body of evidence to support the importance of the police performing their duties in ways that develop and maintain public perceptions of fairness and ethical behaviour. The research for the review reinforced the importance of such an approach in providing authority to the police and supporting law keeping by the public 3. Evidence-based: A growing body of evidence has been built up around effective police practice over the last 30 years5, which means that policing, professionally applied, works. 4. Nationally (and internationally) coherent: The more that policing is localised for delivery, the more important it is to be clear on the areas where interoperability and national standards are vital to protect the public 5. Capable, Competent and cost-effective: building on the 1964 Police Act’s principle of ‘efficiency and effectiveness’, Policing needs both to deliver desired outcomes and do so in a progressively more cost-effective way. Details: London: Home Office, 2010. 196p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2011 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/consultations/rev-police-leadership-training/report?view=Binary Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/consultations/rev-police-leadership-training/report?view=Binary Shelf Number: 121314 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolice Selection and TrainingPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Lewis, David Title: Reassessing the Role of OSCE Police Assistance Programing in Central Asia Summary: This paper provides an overview of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) police-assistance programs in Central Asia, which the organization has been administering since 2001. The paper calls for a reappraisal of the framework within which OSCE police-assistance programs are implemented. In particular, it assesses the problems of conducting security-sector reform within a nondemocratic regime, and offers proposals for a more politically informed response to security challenges in the Central Asian region. Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2011. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Central Eurasia Project: Occasional Paper Series, No. 4: Accessed April 14, 2011 at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/cep/articles_publications/publications/occasional-paper-4-20110411/OPS-No-4-04-11-2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/cep/articles_publications/publications/occasional-paper-4-20110411/OPS-No-4-04-11-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121351 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Asia)Security (Asia) |
Author: Finnegan, L., Hickson, C. and Rai, S., (eds.), Title: Implementing Community-Based Policing in Kenya Summary: This report describes the experience and lessons learned from implementing an innovative and democratic style of policing in Kenya called community-based policing which brings together the police, civil society and communities to find local solutions to community safety concerns. By improving relations between the police and local communities, community-based policing is helping to reduce crime and make communities in Kenya safer. This report is designed to deepen understanding of the community-based policing approach and to provide guidance as to how it can be undertaken. The context in Kenya has changed significantly following the elections in late December and the writing of this report. The performance of the Kenya police has been in the spotlight with reports of excessive use of force and human rights abuses alongside other cases where police promoted dialogue and a conciliatory approach. Since then, Saferworld has redoubled its efforts to promote community safety, and has been active in supporting the development and implementation of peace-building initiatives that bring together community members, the police and local administration. Details: London: Saferworld, 2008. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/Report.pdf Shelf Number: 121364 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Kenya) |
Author: Wales. National Assembly for Wales. Communities and Culture Committee Title: The Potential Impact of the UK Government’s Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill for Community Safety in Wales Summary: The report explains that the "evidence provided raised a number of significant concerns as to whether the UK Government‘s proposals will, in Wales, deliver the democratic accountability it is seeking. Moreover, it raises significant questions about the wider financial implications and transparency of the UK Government‘s intended Commissioner model, issues which could have significant implications for community safety in Wales." The report recommends that the Welsh Government has a dialogue with the UK Government to persuade it to defer introducing those aspects of the bill related to the abolition of Police Authorities, and establishment of Police Commissioners and Police Crime Panels in Wales, at least until the effectiveness of their impact in England has been assessed. Details: Cardiff Bay: Communities and Culture Committee, National Assembly for Wales, 2011. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 27 2011 at: http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-guide-docs-pub/bus-business-documents/bus-business-documents-doc-laid/cr-ld8429-e.pdf?langoption=3&ttl=CR-LD8429%20-%20Communities%20and%20Culture%20Committee%20Report%20-The%20potential%20impact%20of%20the%20UK%20Government%26%238217%3Bs%20Police%20Reform%20and%20Social%20Responsibility%20Bill%20for%20Community%20Safety%20in%20Wales Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-guide-docs-pub/bus-business-documents/bus-business-documents-doc-laid/cr-ld8429-e.pdf?langoption=3&ttl=CR-LD8429%20-%20Communities%20and%20Culture%20Committee%20Report%20-The%20potent Shelf Number: 121232 Keywords: Criminal Justice Systems (Wales, U.K.)Police ReformPolicing |
Author: Bryan, Ruth Title: Research Support for a Consultation on the Future of Policing in Scotland Summary: This report presents an analysis of the responses to the consultation on the future of the police service in Scotland. The report also includes analysis of focus groups held to explore the views of the public on the consultation. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research, 2011. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 6, 2011 at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/06/20115001/0 Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/06/20115001/0 Shelf Number: 121977 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Scotland) |
Author: Baker, Bruce Title: Supporting Local Forms of Policing and Justice: Lessons from Africa and The Pacific Summary: The trend towards the pluralisation of policing concedes that state police no longer (nor should have) the monopoly in law enforcement, and that local institutions legitimately have a frontline role in the provision of security and policing services for citizens. In developed countries like Australia debate about plural policing is linked to outsourcing of policing responsibilities to the private security and corporate sectors. In Africa and the Pacific, as Baker points out, plural policing is not always a strategic policy decision to outsource policing and security, but rather is simply a reflection of local community initiative, borne of the limited capabilities of a poor and weak state. Localism, as the paper points out, brings many advantages including its complementarity with customary forms of justice and peace-building. It also has vulnerabilities (in common with public policing) to abuses of power and human rights violations. The paper applies a ‘lessons to be learnt’ format, through liberal use of boxed case-studies, with explicit articulation of the implications for international policing missions, as well as the priorities for AUSAID support for justice and law enforcement in the Pacific region. Details: Nathan, Qld: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, 2010. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing Paper: Accessed July 20, 2011 at: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Bruce%20Baker%20FINAL1_.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Bruce%20Baker%20FINAL1_.pdf Shelf Number: 122120 Keywords: Local PolicingPlural PolicingPolice ReformPolicingPrivate SecurityPrivatization |
Author: Tyler, Tom R. Title: Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy and Cooperation With the Police: A New Paradigm for Policing Summary: Policing involves potentially one of the most coercive interactions between the State and its citizens. Consequently, understanding the role of legitimacy is a vital issue for modern policing. But what does ‘legitimacy’ mean for policing and from where does it derive? This briefing paper examines these questions, providing an incisive and accessible summary of the key international research findings. Details: Nathan, Qld: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, 2011. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing Paper: Accessed July 20, 2011 at: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Tina%20Murphy%20Briefing%20Paper.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Tina%20Murphy%20Briefing%20Paper.pdf Shelf Number: 122121 Keywords: Police LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Salahub, Jennifer Erin, ed. Title: African Women on the Thin Blue Line: Gender-Sensitive Police Reform in Liberia and Southern Sudan Summary: African Women on the Thin Blue Line explores how women in civil society and their female counterparts in the police are experiencing police reform processes in two conflict-affected African contexts: Liberia and Southern Sudan. It highlights the challenges of fully integrating a gender perspective into police reform as well as the many opportunities and strengths of such an approach. Two case-study chapters focus on the perspectives of Liberian and Southern Sudanese women themselves based on interviews and focus group discussions. Targeted policy recommendations are featured at the end of the book and draw on the women's perspectives and analysis conducted by The North-South Institute and our research partners in these developing countries. Details: Ottawa: North-South Institute, 2011. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2011 at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-394234.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Africa URL: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-394234.pdf Shelf Number: 122357 Keywords: Female Police Officers (Liberia and Southern SudanPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Lokuji, Alfred Sebit Title: Police Reform in Southern Sudan Summary: This Working Paper shares the findings and considers the policy implications of the first evidence-based survey of community perceptions on policing in Southern Sudan. The survey data provide a snapshot of security issues across the still fragile social and political landscape of Southern Sudan. It is also a useful baseline for policy debates on police reform and for practical efforts to promote a more community-friendly approach to policing in Southern Sudan. The overall security situation has improved since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in 2005 between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). However, significant security challenges still remain in some parts of the South due primarily to the proliferation of illegal arms; cattle rustling; the presence of Lord’s Resistance Army rebels; and persistent inter-tribal conflicts over land and other resources. Against this background and in an effort to reform its security architecture, the Government of Southern Sudan (GoSS) recently launched an ambitious program that aims to transform the SPLA guerrilla fighters into a professional army. As well, plans are underway to carry out a massive multi-year Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) program targeting some 90,000 SPLA combatants. However, the rule of law sector – and particularly the police, a pivotal element of security sector reform – has been largely neglected. Four years after its establishment, the Southern Sudan Police Service (SSPS) has yet to become the primary agency that ensures civilian security across Southern Sudan. In much of Southern Sudan, particularly in remote areas, police presence is very limited or non-existent. As a result, SPLA soldiers who are not trained in civilian law enforcement and often lack discipline have taken over the role of managing day-to-day internal security matters. At the same time, survey data shows that many people see the security forces themselves – including the police, the SPLA, and other armed groups – as major sources of threats to their security, and as perpetrators of crime and human rights abuses. The majority of communities across Southern Sudan continue to view the Boma Chiefs (traditional leaders) as the main providers of security-related services. The SSPS faces significant challenges in becoming an effective, accountable and professional organization. The widespread proliferation of illegal arms in much of the community, combined with the lack of training and equipment for the police, means that often the police are unable to effectively disarm civilians. In many instances, in fact, civilians are better armed than the police. As a result, the SPLA reverts to its war-time role and steps in to do what would normally be considered police work, often leading to clashes between the SPLA and the police. The legal frameworks and jurisdictions in Southern Sudan are unclear or absent, making it difficult for institutions such as the police to know how, where and when to do their jobs. Coordination among security institutions is weak, and the police in particular are often sidelined when it comes to contributing to key decisions. For instance, the current SPLA transformation process has led to a steady stream of SPLA members being fed into the police service without proper consultation or training. As a result, the limited police budget is increasingly consumed by salaries, leaving inadequate funding for sorely-needed training, equipment and infrastructure. While demobilized SPLA soldiers remain the main source of recruitment for the police service, political will for better recruitment procedures such as vetting remains very low. Moreover, 90% of the police force is completely illiterate, making basic police tasks challenging. Most of the police are also approaching retirement age and need to be replaced by young officers. Meanwhile, little effort has been made to include women in the police force, despite their contribution to the liberation war effort. Both multilateral and bilateral donors have been involved in improving the professional standards of the SPLA as well as the police and prison services, particularly through training initiatives targeting some senior personnel. However, donor investment in infrastructure and organizational development has been limited in this sector in general and for the police in particular. As well, there are critical gaps in linking bilateral support with wider SSR reform initiatives. The establishment of an effective and professional police force is a pre-condition for the maintenance of public order and protection of civilians. Also, there are high expectations for the SSPS in delivering security at the community level. With its under-staffed, underequipped and under-trained personnel, the SSPS leadership is finding such hopes difficult to fulfill. In this context, an effective, democratic security structure may be a long way off, but there is significant room for national and international actors to support and sustain the political commitment for locally-led SSPS development. Only after reform is embraced at the highest levels – in terms of legislation, organizational structure and infrastructure investment – can we reasonably expect the SSPS to respond effectively to the critical security threats being identified by Southern Sudanese communities. Details: Ottawa: North-South Institute, 2010. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Document: Accessed August 11, 2011 at: http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/SSR%20Sudan.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Sudan URL: http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/pdf/SSR%20Sudan.pdf Shelf Number: 122359 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Southern Sudan) |
Author: Asch, Beth J. Title: Mitigating Corruption in Government Security Forces: The Role of Institutions, Incentives, and Personnel Management in Mexico Summary: Mexico has undertaken reforms in recent years to professionalize its police. This report draws on the literature on corruption and personnel incentives and analyzes information related to police reform in Mexico. It addresses questions about the roots of corruption and the tools that could be used to mitigate corruption, with a focus on compensation and personnel management policies. It also provides an initial assessment about the effects of Mexico’s attempts at reform. The results suggest progress on some fronts. Although police corruption has remained generally stable at a high level, compared with corruption levels in other organizations, it appears to have fallen. The types of reforms being introduced are consistent with the literature on incentive mechanisms for effective workforce management, though evidence is absent on their effectiveness. The authors argue that continuity in elected officials and their policies, coordination within and between levels of government, and transparency and accountability can contribute to reducing police corruption. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR906.html Year: 2011 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR906.html Shelf Number: 122671 Keywords: Police Corruption (Mexico)Police MisconductPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Title: Keeping Haiti Safe: Police Reform Summary: Haiti’s porous land and sea borders remain susceptible to drug trafficking, smuggling and other illegal activities that weaken the rule of law and deprive the state of vital revenue. Post-quake insecurity underscores continued vulnerability to violent crime and political instability. Overcrowded urban slums, plagued by deep poverty, limited economic opportunities and the weakness of government institutions, particularly the Haitian National Police (HNP), breed armed groups and remain a source of broader instability. If the Martelly administration is to guarantee citizen safety successfully, it must remove tainted officers and expand the HNP’s institutional and operational capacity across the country by completing a reform that incorporates community policing and violence reduction programs. The recent elections were only a first step toward determining the future of the country’s reconstruction and development. The real work now requires the political leadership – executive and legislative alike – to make meaningful efforts to address fundamental needs. Key to this is identification of common ground with the political opposition, grass roots communities and business elites, in order to reinforce a national consensus for transforming Haiti that prioritises jobs-based decentralisation, equal protection under the law and community security. President Michel Martelly declared Haiti open for business in his 14 May inaugural address, but a functioning, professional HNP is a prerequisite to move the country forward. Police reform has made significant strides but is far from complete after nearly five years. HNP deficiencies, along with the desire of Martelly supporters to restore the army and nationalistic opposition to the continued presence of the UN peacekeepers (MINUSTAH), contribute to proposals for creating a second armed force. Serious questions surround that problematic notion. If it is pursued, there must be wide consultation with civil society, including grassroots and community-based organisations, and particularly with victims of the old army’s abuses. But first it is paramount to continue strengthening the HNP, by: •completing recruitment, including of women, training and full deployment; •building police integrity by expediting the vetting process for all active duty officers and staff, including creating an appeals structure, so as to rid the force of those who do not meet standards because of human rights violations or criminal activity and to certify those who do, and by taking immediate action to suspend and if appropriate prosecute officers found to be involved in any serious crimes; •revising the reform plan to focus on clearly defined areas for improving the quality of security the HNP provides and building community confidence, such as the training and strengthening of specialised units, crime investigation, border patrol and community policing, while UN police (UNPOL) more actively mentor those efforts; •adopting an organic law for the state secretariat for public security that clarifies its role and those of the other executive branch bodies with responsibilities for the HNP; and •linking police reform with the reconstruction efforts currently coordinated by the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission (IHRC), by deploying better trained police to the provinces as economic decentralisation proceeds. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°26: Accessed September 10, 2011 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/B26%20Keeping%20Haiti%20Safe%20-%20Police%20Reform.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/B26%20Keeping%20Haiti%20Safe%20-%20Police%20Reform.pdf Shelf Number: 122681 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice (Haiti)Police ReformPolicingSecurity |
Author: Charley, Joseph P. Chris Title: Becoming and Remaining a ‘Force for Good’: Reforming the Police in Post-conflict Sierra Leone Summary: The Sierra Leone Police Force has its origins in the British colonial administration of the country. After Independence and with the consolidation of one-party rule the force slid into disrepute. The outbreak of civil conflict in 1991 largely decimated the force but the gradual restoration of peace provided an opportunity for police reform. This research report covers the aspects of the political and institutional environment that helped engender change, as well as constraints faced by the reform agenda. It considers how the officers actually carried out the task at hand, and shares lessons as to what reform tactics worked and which were less successful. While several challenges remain, the reform programme, centred around local needs policing has been largely successful, hinging on – among other factors – the appointment of a British Inspector General of Police, perceived to be neutral and above political machinations, supported by a core of reformminded officers; long-term external technical and financial assistance; and a conducive political environment for change. Details: London: Institute of Development Studies, 2011. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 70: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr70.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Sierra Leone URL: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr70.pdf Shelf Number: 123041 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Sierra Leone) |
Author: Treverton, Gregory F. Title: Moving Toward the Future of Policing Summary: Some police forces think that 20 years from now they will operate much as they do today, but advances in technology and operating concepts are driving significant changes in day-to-day police operations. This book explores potential visions of the future of policing, based on the drivers of jurisdiction, technology, and threat, and includes concrete steps for implementation. This analysis is based on a review of policing methods and theories from the 19th century to the present day. Recommendations include educating personnel and leaders to build internal support for change, transitioning to shared technical platforms, and leveraging winning technologies. Because criminals will also use new technology that becomes available, the key to the future of policing will not be the technology itself; it will be the ways in which police forces adapt the technology to their needs. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011. 184p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG1102.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG1102.pdf Shelf Number: 123051 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolice TechnologyPolicing |
Author: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies Title: Reforming the Afghan National Police Summary: Afghanistan represents one of the largest attempts by the international community at state-building since the end of the Cold War. Nobody doubts the good intentions of the Afghan authorities or the international community in aiming to ensure the stability and long-term sustainability of Afghanistan. Large resources have been devoted to the rehabilitation of the country and progress has undoubtedly been achieved. Afghanistan is unrecognisable from the Taliban-run state at the beginning of this decade. Nevertheless, even by the Afghan government’s own admission, much work remains to be done. This monograph explores one aspect of the massive reconstruction effort; reform of the Afghan National Police (ANP). Much progress has been accomplished, from infrastructure built to the numbers of officers trained. But even by the Afghan government’s own admission, problems remain. Institutional and individual competence to tackle crime remains low, while corruption, police criminality and abuses of power are pervasive. Failing to provide sufficient civil security, the police are unable to fulfil their potential role as a key appendage to the reconstruction effort. Moreover, the acute security and justice deficit confronting Afghan communities presents an existential threat to the current post-Taliban system. Lawlessness is frequently cited as a primary reason for citizen disillusionment with the central government and growing sympathy for insurgent forces. Details: London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies; Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, 2009. 190p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 21, 2011 at: http://www.fpri.org/research/nationalsecurity/afghanpolice/ReformingAfghanNationalPolice.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.fpri.org/research/nationalsecurity/afghanpolice/ReformingAfghanNationalPolice.pdf Shelf Number: 123076 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Afghanistan) |
Author: Perito, Robert M. Title: The Iraq Federal Police: U.S. Police Building under Fire Summary: This report chronicles U.S. efforts to train and equip an indigenous constabulary force to control insurgent and militia violence in Iraq. The United States does not have constabulary forces. In earlier conflicts, the United States called upon the United Nations or European allies to provide a gendarmerie. In Iraq, the UN police forces that were a feature of peace operations in the Balkans were not available, leaving the United States with only one option — to develop an Iraqi constabulary force under fire. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report: Accessed October 26, 2011 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR291_The_Iraq_Federal_Police.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Iraq URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR291_The_Iraq_Federal_Police.pdf Shelf Number: 123147 Keywords: Police ReformPolice TrainingPolicing (Iraq) |
Author: Kotwal, Navaz Title: State Security Commissions: Reform Derailed Summary: A major cause of poor policing lies in the blurring of lines between the political executive and the police establishment. The overstepping intrusions of elected politicians and bureaucrats into the everyday management and functioning of the police weakens its leadership, creates uncertainty of direction, breaks chains of command, obscures accountability, destroys discipline and divides loyalties all down the line. Fine policing – policing that is unbiased honest and capable of providing genuine safety and security to the population at large – requires the overall policy and performance parameters to be laid down by the political executive while operational responsibility to deliver good policing is left squarely in the hands of the police leadership. The State Security Commissions are designed to achieve this separation of power and function. They are intended to be an aid to political authority. Its presence neither derogates from the pre-eminence of the elected representative nor diminishes civilian control and supervision over police machinery. Instead its presence is meant to give definition to the relationship between police and political executive and establish transparent rules of engagement between the two. To be true to its functions security commissions must itself be authoritative, timely and disciplined in its approach; and composed of the constitutional supervisors of the police, complemented by diverse expertise and representation of the kind that will bring in thoughtful, impartial and balanced assistance and fulfil expectations of lawful policing. All this has long been understood by the rulers of this country. Committees and commissions from the 1979 National Police Commission through the Riberio and Padmanabhaiah and the Model Police Act of the Soli Sorabjee Committee have consistently recommended the creation of a body that insulates everyday policing from political overreach and unwarranted interference. Finally in 2006 the Supreme Court in the Prakash Singh case directed that such bodies be set up in each state and at the Centre within three months. Five years on, this report assesses the extent to which states have complied with the Court’s directives: whether the entities that have been created are fit for purpose and whether in fact they are active and diligent in performance. Sadly the evidence indicates that none of the commissions that have been set up have the design, composition, power and functioning for success. Nor have they proved to be of use to improving police functioning. This begs the question of intention: are the commissions one more cosmetic devise to overcome the Supreme Court’s directions or intended as a genuine effort to wean the police from the politics of the day? Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2011. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Better Policing Series - India: Accessed October 31, 2011 at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/sscrd.pdf Year: 2011 Country: India URL: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/sscrd.pdf Shelf Number: 123181 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (India) |
Author: Bayley, David Title: Police Corruption: What Past Scandals Teach about Current Challenges Summary: Police corruption is an international problem. Historically, police misconduct has been a factor in the development of police institutions worldwide, but it is a particular problem in counterinsurgency and peacekeeping operations, such as the U.S.-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization police training program in Afghanistan. There, police abuse and corruption appear endemic and have caused some Afghans to seek the assistance of the Taliban against their own government. The most reliable and extensive knowledge about police corruption in the world’s English-speaking countries is found in the reports of specially appointed blue-ribbon commissions, independent of government, created for the sole purpose of conducting investigations of police corruption. To reduce police corruption, the commissions recommend creating external oversight over the police with a special focus on integrity, improving recruitment and training, leadership from supervisors of all ranks about integrity, holding all commanders responsible for the misbehavior of subordinates, and changing the organization’s culture to tolerate misbehavior less. The remedies proposed by the commissions, however, rely on a set of contextual conditions not commonly found in countries emerging from conflict or facing serious threats to their security. This report suggests triage and bootstraps as strategies for reducing police corruption in countries with security threats. Triage involves targeting assistance in countries where there are solid prospects for tipping police practice in the desired direction. Bootstraps involves using reform within the police itself as a lever to encourage systemic social and political reform in countries in crisis or emerging from conflict. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 9, 2011 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR%20294.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR%20294.pdf Shelf Number: 123268 Keywords: Police CorruptionPolice MisconductPolice Reform |
Author: Nlandu, Thierry Mayamba Title: Mapping Police Services in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Institutional Interactions at Central, Provincial and Local Levels Summary: This paper examines the roles, responsibilities and interactions between the various formal and informal institutions and stakeholders involved in the management of police services in the DRC. It identifies informal networks that influence decision-making processes and policy implementation, and provides an analysis of interactions between the Congolese population and national and international actors. It also aims to highlight both horizontal and vertical accountability mechanisms within the existing legal framework, setting out to identify any legal gaps and contradictions, which could explain overlapping mandates. The study provides interesting geographical and administrative data on national security systems, and uses a multidimensional governance approach to understand the complexity of the security sector and the interconnectedness between the relevant actors. The study concludes that stakeholders of the security and police sectors of the DRC are linked together in a web of complex and dynamic systems, characterised by discrepancies between theory and practice. It is inaccurate to think of these systems and mechanisms as working either in opposition to one another or in parallel. In fact, these systems intertwine more than they conflict, and there are significant overlaps and confusion with regard to the mandates of the existing institutions, structures and actors involved. All security services in the DRC possess a legal framework within which they must operate. The legal contradictions and loopholes identified in this paper are often the result of dubious interpretations, or even deliberate misinterpretations of existing operational provisions underlying the functioning of security services. The research concludes that there is very poor coordination between the various actors and institutions involved in the management of security services in the DRC. This creates a dysfunctional structure characterised by a culture of impunity, with only a semblance of autonomy and independence among actors, but never with regard to senior civil servants in charge of coordination. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2012. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: IDS Research Report 71; Accessed January 17, 2012 at: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr71.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr71.pdf Shelf Number: 123648 Keywords: Police (Democratic Republic of Congo)Police ReformPolicingSecurity Sector |
Author: Wallace, Wendell C. Title: Introduction of a Community Involvement Component in Policing in Trinidad and Tobago: Reality or Rhetoric? Summary: In 2002, Trinidad and Tobago embarked on a developmental program for the transformation of society by 2020 as formulated in its National Strategic Plan. Part of its 2007 – 2010 plan included the creation of “a society free from the scourge of rampant crime in all its manifestations and where the justice system is transparent, swift and incorruptible and anchored in the Rule of Law”. However, community residents were excluded from the plan. The study examined the merits and demerits of involving community residents in policing in a manner which reflects the „wide blue line‟ rather than the „thin blue line‟ of policing. Details: International Police Executive Symposium (IPES) and the Geneva Center for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) and Coginta, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 37: Accessed February 6, 2012 at: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_37.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Trinidad and Tobago URL: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_37.pdf Shelf Number: 123997 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice and the CommunityPolice ReformPolicing (Trinidad and Tobago) |
Author: Downie, Richard Title: A More Strategic U.S. Approach to Police Reform in Africa Summary: U.S. strategic stakes in Africa have expanded in the last 15 years, with growing awareness among policymakers and the American public that developments in Africa can have direct and significant impact on U.S. economic, political, and security interests. The last decade has seen strong bipartisan support for initiatives that seek to accelerate African development, institution building, and security sector capacities. Within that period, however, few policymakers have chosen to emphasize the vital role that Africa’s police can play in delivering—or undermining—this agenda. Overseas police support is a component of both Security Sector Reform and democratic institution building, yet the U.S. security agenda has largely focused on bolstering militaries while democracy strengthening efforts have tended to favor nonsecurity institutions. Civilian policing has tended to fall through the cracks. CSIS convened a working group of experts from the U.S. Congress, government, universities, and the nonprofit sector to discuss the challenge of police reform in Africa and come up with recommendations for the U.S. administration to tackle it more effectively. This report details the working group’s exchanges and recommendations. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2011. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at: http://csis.org/files/publication/110414_Downie_PolicyReformAfrica_Web.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Africa URL: http://csis.org/files/publication/110414_Downie_PolicyReformAfrica_Web.pdf Shelf Number: 124340 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Africa) |
Author: Johnson, Stephen Title: Police Reform in Latin America: Implications for U.S. Policy Summary: Police reform is a growth industry in the Americas. First, security threats have largely shifted from external state-sponsored aggression to stateless crime that affects citizens more directly and undermines confidence in government. Once deployed for external defense as well as for guarding internal order, armies are not equipped to deal with public safety in a setting where combating crime requires special knowledge to protect the rights of victims and perpetrators, preserve evidence, and apply the right intelligence and patrolling tools to keep crimes from happening. Second, not all Latin American law enforcement institutions can protect citizens in this manner, given that in some cases they are tied to political parties or that they exist as a poorer, fourth branch of the army. As Latin American countries have consolidated democratic practices in a post–Cold War setting, the need for effective policing, specialized law enforcement agencies, and legal frameworks to help them coordinate actions will become only more urgent. At the same time, the need for capable defense will continue, perhaps with smaller or more specialized militaries. And, because these forces always have personnel in training, they will continue to be called on periodically to support civilian authority, as most police, even in the United States, have limited surge capacity. To the extent that the security and stability of close hemispheric neighbors impinge on the security and well-being of U.S. citizens, the United States will be obliged to promote regional law enforcement reforms. If not, other countries such as China and Iran may be willing to do that, perhaps in ways the United States might not like, potentially putting American interests and lives at risk. Police reform is a hugely complicated undertaking, in which there are no easily transferable formulas for success. The authors discuss a strategic approach—in which planning considers trends, the threat environment, available resources, institutional strengths and weaknesses, and leadership and applies common evaluation standards—that will permit U.S. assistance to be successful and less wasteful. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International STudies, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at: http://csis.org/publication/police-reform-latin-america Year: 2012 Country: Central America URL: http://csis.org/publication/police-reform-latin-america Shelf Number: 124341 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Latin America) |
Author: Soares, Rodrigo T. Title: Organization and Information in the Fight against Crime: An Evaluation of the Integration of Police Forces in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil Summary: This paper explores the experience of information sharing, coordination, and integration of actions of the Civil and Military Polices in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the context of the IGESP program. The IGESP is based on the introduction of information management systems and organizational changes akin to those associated with COMPSTAT. All the evidence presented points to a causal effect of the IGESP on crime. The most conservative estimates indicate a reduction of 24% in property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response, measured by apprehension of weapons and clearance rates. We present one of the first set of causal estimates – with a clear identification strategy – of the impact of COMPSTAT-like programs. The results suggest that the coordination and informational gains represented by the program may constitute a first-order factor in a successful policy for fighting crime. Details: Unpublished paper, 2010. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2012 at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp5270.html Year: 2010 Country: Brazil URL: http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp5270.html Shelf Number: 124621 Keywords: CompstatCrime RatesPolice (Brazil)Police ReformPolice TechnologyPolicing |
Author: Title: Police Reform in Guatemala: Obstacles and Opportunities Summary: The 25,000 members of the National Civil Police (PNC) are on the front lines of Guatemala’s battle against crime. But all too often citizens distrust and fear the police – widely dismissed as inefficient, corrupt and abusive – as much as the criminals. Underfunded, poorly trained and often outgunned, they are frequently incapable or unwilling to confront criminals and gain the public trust needed to build a state based on rule of law. Drug traffickers, including Mexican cartels, move at will across porous borders, while criminal gangs dominate many urban areas. The government of President Otto Pérez Molina must reboot and revitalise police reform, as part of an overall effort to strengthen justice and law enforcement, with financial support from the U.S. and other countries interested in preventing Guatemala from becoming a haven for organised crime. Progress has been made, but achievements are fragile and easily reversed. Since the 1996 peace accords that ended 36 years of armed conflict, donors have poured tens of millions of dollars into police and justice sector reform. But despite these efforts, Guatemala, with its neighbours in the Northern Triangle of Central America, remains one of the most violent countries in the world. Governments have repeatedly promised reform, including the Pérez administration that took office in January 2012. The new president, a retired general, campaigned on the promise that his government would combat crime with an “iron fist”. Since then, he has deployed troops to help patrol high-crime areas, reinforced the military in border regions to fight drug trafficking and declared a state of siege to quell a local protest. He has also promised to strengthen the police by adding thousands of recruits, while restarting stalled efforts to overhaul the institution. The question is whether his government will be able to muster the resources and will to bolster institutional reform or will rely primarily on militarised crime-fighting operations that provide short-term gains without solving long-term problems. Some projects may provide templates for broader institutional change. Certain investigative units have demonstrated that the police can – given the proper resources, training and supervision – solve complex crimes. The UN-sponsored Commission Against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG) is providing training to both police and prosecutors. There are also encouraging developments within the area of preventive or community-oriented policing. In two municipalities outside Guatemala City, Villa Nueva and Mixco, activist mayors are trying to combat gangs and create stronger ties between the local communities and law enforcement. Those cities are also the location of two “model precincts”, supported by the U.S. government, which finances the vetting and training of police and supports programs designed to strengthen police-community collaboration. But these efforts are dependent on the financial aid and political backing of donors. The initiatives in Villa Nueva and Mixco rely on local politicians whose successors may not share their commitment. It is unclear whether reform efforts have enough support within the PNC hierarchy to survive over the long term. Without strong and consistent backing from the national government, business, civil society and the international community, the lessons learned from these pilot projects may be lost before they can be perfected and replicated. Compounding the difficulties reformers face is that change must take place following a decade of rising violence, much of it fuelled by organised crime, including Mexican drug cartels. High crime rates tend to overwhelm incremental progress, making it harder to resist calls for tough solutions that rely on the superior strength and discipline of the army. Using the army to fight crime, however, further demoralises and weakens the police, especially when the military’s role is poorly defined. This makes it harder in the long run to build the competent civilian forces needed to enforce the law under stable, democratic regimes. There is no single, fail-safe formula for reshaping an institution as complex as the police. Nor do police exist in a vacuum; permanent change can only take place within broader efforts to battle corruption and favouritism within the justice system as a whole. Nonetheless, there are steps that the government, with international backing, should undertake to ensure that the PNC becomes a professional force capable of investigating and preventing the crime that threatens Guatemalan democracy. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Latin America Report N°43: Accessed July 25, 2012 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/43-police-reform-in-guatemala-obstacles-and-opportunities Year: 2012 Country: Grenada URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/43-police-reform-in-guatemala-obstacles-and-opportunities Shelf Number: 125764 Keywords: Drug TraffickingOrganized CrimePolice ReformPolicing (Guatemala)Violence |
Author: Boateng, Francis D. Title: Public Trust in the Police: Identifying Factors that Shape Trust in the Ghanaian Police Summary: Though much have been conducted to examine the influences on public trust in the police in developed countries, little or no such studies have been conducted in developing countries, limiting what we know in those countries thereby creating a gap in the academic literature. To fill this gap, the present study examined factors that influence Ghanaians’ trust in their police. Using a representative field survey data collected in Summer, 2011 in Accra, Ghana (N=493), I found that fear of crime and satisfaction with the police are significant predictors of public trust in the Ghanaian police. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. Details: International Police Executive Symposium, 2012. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 42: Accessed July 25, 2012 at: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_42.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Ghana URL: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_42.pdf Shelf Number: 125773 Keywords: Police (Ghana)Police ReformPolice-Community RelationsPublic Opinion |
Author: Abbas, Hassan, ed. Title: Stabilizing Pakistan Through Police Reform Summary: In the coming years, Pakistan will continue to face a range of challenges stemming from both internal and external factors. In addition to the transnational and regional threats of terrorism, Pakistan is also experiencing domestic security challenges posed by rising religious extremism and militancy, kidnappings, organized crime, insurgencies, and political assassinations. Increasingly fragile internal security and law enforcement systems will likely pose grave difficulties for the country. In light of the trends of increasing insecurity and instability, how the police and other law enforcement bodies are structured and how they coordinate efforts to combat security threats deserve greater attention. Despite frequent internal crises in Pakistan since the country was established in 1947—ranging from ethnic and sectarian conflicts to chronic political instability and underdevelopment—policy makers have neglected to prioritize police reform. High crime rates throughout the country, relatively low conviction rates of prisoners on trial, and heightened concerns about instability spilling over from Afghanistan indicate that there is an urgent and critical need to invest in and reform Pakistan’s law enforcement infrastructure. Against this backdrop, Asia Society convened an Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform composed of leading experts in Pakistan and the United States and under the direction of Dr. Hassan Abbas to think through ways to strengthen security sector reform efforts. The Commission’s culminating report, Stabilizing Pakistan through Police Reform, draws on extensive interviews conducted throughout Pakistan with experienced police officials, security analysts, and legal experts, in addition to essays contributed by experts in the field, to provide a much-needed framework for police and law enforcement reform throughout the country. Each chapter focuses on an area that is in need of reform and presents a set of policy recommendations aimed at developing systematic strategies to counter extremism, terrorism, and crime. Taken together, the findings and recommendations are broadly supported by the Commission. Details: Asia Society, Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform, 2012. 153p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 17, 2012 at: http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/as_pakistan_police_reform.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Pakistan URL: http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/as_pakistan_police_reform.pdf Shelf Number: 126062 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing (Pakistan) |
Author: Abbas, Hassan Title: Police & Law Enforcement Reform in Pakistan: Crucial for Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Success Summary: It is a globally recognized fact that a state’s police and law enforcement agencies play a critical role as the first line of defense against the threats of terrorism and insurgencies. An informative RAND study titled How Terrorist Groups End provides evidence that effective police and intelligence work, rather than the use of military force, deliver better counterterrorism results. Based on this conclusion, the report suggested to U.S. policymakers that they stop using the phrase “war on terrorism,” because there is no battlefield solution to defeating terrorists. Another valuable study analyzing the police role in counterinsurgency campaigns in Malaya and Cyprus concluded that nearly all major twentieth-century counterinsurgency campaigns relied heavily on indigenous police as well as military forces. Both studies are very relevant to the terrorism and insurgency crisis faced by Pakistan today. Many security experts rightfully contend that both Pakistan and Afghanistan are facing a growing Taliban insurgency in the Pak-Afghan tribal belt – some even call it a Pashtun insurgency. According to Kelev I. Sepp’s Best Practices in Counterinsurgency, which closely studied seventeen insurgencies, the role of the police is always central to any successful counterinsurgency measures. His recommended measures for insurgency hit areas emphasize “police in the lead” with the military providing backup support and strengthening the police with diversified training capabilities to help meet the security needs of the at-risk population. Since 9/11 and the consequent US/NATO military action in Afghanistan, Pakistan’s troubled northwestern frontier has come under increasing pressure from militant and terrorist organizations operating in the area. Pakistan’s deficient and flawed law enforcement capacity in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the adjacent North West Frontier Province (NWFP) have helped Pakistani Taliban and other terrorist groups expand their influence and strongly challenge the state’s writ. Outgunned and outfinanced, on average 400 police officers have been killed every year in terrorist attacks since 2005. Controversial and haphazard Pakistani military action in the area has led to more instability, and limited resistance in FATA has now become a growing ethnic insurgency. As is clear from the turmoil in the NWFP’s Swat district, any army action can provide no more than a breathing space to the state; only police and law enforcement actions can help the state reestablish its writ and stabilize the area. A timely police action can be more effective in quelling emergent insurgencies. My research into the 2007 Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) crisis in Islamabad, where a strong military operation led to hundreds of deaths and dozens of retaliatory suicide attacks, also indicates that: (a) an effective police action in time (2004-05) could have avoided the later bloody clash and (b) the police lacked authority and the permission of the state and its important institutions to legally pursue the rebel clerics in the mosque (during the 2004-07 timeframe). The police infrastructure is one of Pakistan’s most poorly managed organizations. It is aptly described as ill-equipped, poorly trained, deeply politicized, and chronically corrupt. It has performed well in certain operations; overall, however, that is a rare phenomenon. Arguably, the primary reason for this state of affairs is the government’s persistent failure to invest in law enforcement reform and modernization. It is ironic that despite frequent internal crises since its inception in 1947, ranging from ethnic confrontations and sectarian battles to a sharp rise in criminal activity and growing insurgencies, both political and military policymakers have never given this sector top priority. Hence, poor police performance in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency is not surprising. The fact that the police successfully challenged some militant religious groups in Punjab and tackled an insurgency-like situation in Karachi in the late 1990s shows that they do have the potential to deliver the desired results when political support is present and resources are provided. Clearly, better policing standards and performance will add to the government’s credibility and establish its writ more effectively in areas that are currently slipping out of its hands. Learning lessons from what transpired in the NWFP in recent years especially in order to plan for any preemptive law enforcement actions in South Punjab, where banned local militant groups like Sipah-e-Sahaba and Jaish-e-Mohammad are resurgent, is the need of the hour. This policy paper makes the case for international support for police reform in Pakistan to enhance its law enforcement and counterinsurgency capacities. The Obama administration's proposed $1.5 billion annual aid package for Pakistan for the next five years must also include sufficient resources for this sector. To build schools and hospitals, create jobs and spur economic development, security environment in Pakistan has to improve significantly. Police and civilian law enforcement agencies are the most appropriate institutions to spearhead that effort countrywide. Rule of law besides requiring requiring an effective criminal justice system and independent judiciary also needs a competent law enforcement infrastructure. If U.S. funds will make all that happen, it will correspondingly lead to its better image in Pakistan. Democratic institutions in turn will also benefit as their dependence on military for internal law and order duties will lesson. Details: Clinton, MI: Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2009. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2012 at: http://www.ispu.org/files/PDFs/ISPU%20-%20Police%20Reforms%20in%20Pakistan%20Report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.ispu.org/files/PDFs/ISPU%20-%20Police%20Reforms%20in%20Pakistan%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 126468 Keywords: CounterterrorismLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing (Pakistan)Terrorism |
Author: International Advisory Commission of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Title: Police Accountability: Too Important to Neglect, Too Urgent to Delay Summary: Some of the best policing in the world is found in the Commonwealth, and also some of the worst. But by and large, its 1.8 billion people do not have the policing they deserve. Police reform is too important to neglect and too urgent to delay. In too many countries, governments are failing in their primary duty to provide the public with an honest, efficient, effective police service that ensures the rule of law and an environment of safety and security. Today, membership to the Commonwealth is premised on countries practising democracy - and democratic governance requires democratic policing. The only legitimate policing is policing that helps create an environment free from fear and conducive to the realisation of people's human rights, particularly those that promote unfettered political activity, which is the hallmark of a democracy. Nevertheless, barring a few honourable exceptions, there is too much wrong with policing in the Commonwealth for the association and its member states to persist in closing their eyes to the fact that the continued presence of unreformed policing - powerful, unaccountable, coercive, biased, and corrupt - remains a badge of a long gone colonial subservience rather than a mark of confident sovereignty. Common colonial antecedents provide Commonwealth police structures a core resemblance but post-colonial histories have shaped present day policing in each country. The strengths and capabilities of police in the Commonwealth are now as diverse as the association itself. Sizes vary from less than 500 in tiny Dominica to more than a million in India. More importantly, population to police ratios vary: in South Africa for instance, there is one police officer per 404 people1; whereas in Bangladesh, it's one officer for every 1,200 people2. Some have huge financial and human resources to back them, while others must struggle to afford even basic stationery. Some - for example, Nigeria, Kenya and Canada - usually carry no lethal arms while others like South Africa, Jamaica, Sierra Leone and Northern Ireland routinely go armed. Some, like Malaysia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Fiji are strongly centralised while others are decentralised to state, provincial or local levels, such as Nigeria and the United Kingdom (UK). Some countries have a combination of national, state and local police forces. Canada and Australia, for instance, both have a federal police organisation, as well as state-level police organisations and Canada also has municipal police organisations. South Africa has one national police service and five separate municipal police services. India has 35 police forces and a proliferating number of paramilitaries and specialist forces, some directly under the control of the states while the ones at the centre fall under central government control. The evolution of policing values has also been influenced by individual national histories. In a few countries policing has benefited from relative affluence and long unbroken periods of peace and stability. Elsewhere policing has been negatively influenced by long periods of dictatorship, apartheid, one party rule, coups, internal conflicts, overweening executives, militarisation and politicisation and everywhere policing is now being shaped by the recent preoccupation with terrorism. But perhaps above all, poor policing in unreformed jurisdictions has been perpetuated and even fostered by the temptation of ruling regimes - elected or self-perpetuating - to retain a force wholly in its control and designed to suppress opponents and dissent with a heavy hand. Such police have proved especially valuable apparatus in retaining power at election time when rivalries and threat perceptions are heightened. The regime bias in policing has helped ruling elites topple governments as has happened in the Solomon Islands, retain them in the Maldives and assist in keeping them safe from challenge in many more. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2005. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/chogm/chogm_2005/chogm_2005_full_report.pdf Year: 2005 Country: International URL: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/chogm/chogm_2005/chogm_2005_full_report.pdf Shelf Number: 114626 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice CorruptionPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolicing (Commonwealth Nations) |
Author: Ball, Nicole Title: From Quick Wins to Long-Term Profits? Developing Better Approaches to Support Security and Justice Engagements in Fragile States: Burundi Case Study Summary: As part of its ongoing work on developing better approaches to support security and justice engagements in fragile states, INCAF commissioned a study of security and justice programming in Burundi. The overall program of work seeks to develop operational advice on how four key challenges can be addressed by incorporating key elements of process into programming: 1) getting to grips with the politics of ownership, 2) identifying results that matter, 3) establishing monitoring mechanisms that drive real-time program development and resource allocation and 4) ensuring that suitable management structures drive programs. The program also seeks to demonstrate to senior international decision makers how “domestic” imperatives (political and organizational) can be combined with the requirements for effective engagement in long and uncertain transformational security and justice change processes. Details: Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, 2012. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2012 at: http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/290312_Report_SJ_Burundi_final.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Burundi URL: http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/290312_Report_SJ_Burundi_final.pdf Shelf Number: 126735 Keywords: Criminal Justice ReformPolice ReformPolicing and Security (Burundi) |
Author: Boyd, Edward Title: Policing 2020: What Kind of Police Service Do We Want in 2020? Summary: Policing 2020 looks at the landscape of policing over the next ten years, calling for a return to Sir Robert Peel’s core principles of crime prevention. It proposes: The formation of Crime Prevention Officers (CPOs). CPOs would replace neighbourhood police officers who make up around 15% of total police force personnel. They would be more highly trained and equipped and be made directly responsible for crime prevention in their area and held to account through monthly meetings with their local Commander. Citizen Police Academies should be set up to train the public – using a mixture of police officers and voluntary groups with relevant expertise – on how to play their part in the fight against crime. They would be taught everything from how to perform citizen’s arrests safely to how to avoid danger when walking home alone. Polling for the report also found that the public support the police working with independent organisations, such as private businesses and social enterprises, to free up police officers’ time: •Three quarters of people supported the idea of independent organisations providing IT support and carrying out administrative functions •56% of people thought they should be able to answer calls from the public •47% backed them being able to police crime scenes compared to 38% who opposed the idea. Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2012. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 23, 2013 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/policing%202020.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/policing%202020.pdf Shelf Number: 127355 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Amnesty International Title: Police Reform in Kenya: "A Drop in the Ocean" Summary: Kenya is in the midst of an ambitious reform programme, including wholesale reform of its police force, and as the country approaches the March 2013 general elections, the sense of urgency around the implementation of police reform is palpable. Laws passed in 2011 contain an ambitious framework for police reform, which, if fully implemented would overhaul the structure of the police force to address shortcomings which permit and perpetuate impunity for police abuses, establish an independent police oversight authority for the first time and new standards of conduct for the police. However, while some measures have been undertaken, many of the most important reforms have yet to be carried forward raising concerns of a lack of political will to implement the reform agenda. The Acts guiding the police reform have not been put into practice in time for the general elections. As a result, the very same policing structures blamed by many for serious human rights violations during the 2007-2008 post-election violence remain in place for the 2013 elections. The lack of progress in implementing the reform agenda increases the risk of human rights abuses and limits the preparedness of the police to handle such abuses in a fair and effective manner. The police were incapable of preventing, containing and managing the 2007-2008 post-election violence and some police actively engaged in human rights violations. In this report, Amnesty International urges the Government of Kenya to fully commit to the police reform process. By taking immediate steps ahead of the March 2013 elections, and by prioritizing the implementation of reform immediately after the elections, the Government of Kenya can finally end the impunity which the police have enjoyed for far too long. It must not miss this opportunity. Details: London: Amnesty International, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 19, 2013 at: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR32/001/2013/en/9c3fb77e-16e2-49e0-94ec-d3c9f0e9f9e2/afr320012013en.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR32/001/2013/en/9c3fb77e-16e2-49e0-94ec-d3c9f0e9f9e2/afr320012013en.pdf Shelf Number: 127650 Keywords: PolicePolice AdministrationPolice CorruptionPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolicing (Kenya) |
Author: Chanin, Joshua M. Title: Negotiated Justice? The Legal, Administrative, and Policy Implications of ‘Pattern or Practice’ Police Misconduct Reform Summary: This study examined settlement reform efforts instituted between the DOJ and offending police departments in four jurisdictions: Pittsburgh, PA; Washington, DC; Cincinnati, OH; and Prince George’s County, MD. The study found that each department faced significant and varied challenges in implementing three settlement components: use-of-force policy change, creation of early warning systems, and the development of citizen complaint investigation protocols. Despite the delays and other complications associated with the implementation of the settlement components, each jurisdiction achieved “substantial compliance” with settlement mandates and was released from Federal oversight within 5 to 7 years of the original settlement date. Several factors were related to variations in the speed and comprehensiveness of the settlement reforms. These factors included the complexity of joint action, agency and jurisdictional resources, active and capable police leadership, and support from local political leaders. The research also identified the critical and unique role of independent monitors charged with overseeing the reform process. This analysis of the settlement implementation process did not address any departmental issues beyond the department’s implementation of the settlement mandates, such as the impacts of the reforms achieved. The study did examine factors related to the sustainability of the reform. After completing case studies of each jurisdiction, the author developed an analytical framework that described and evaluated the implementation of pattern or practice reform. Details: Washington, DC: American University, 2011. 444p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 22, 2013 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/237957.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/237957.pdf Shelf Number: 127707 Keywords: Police Misconduct (U.S.)Police Policies and PracticesPolice ReformViolent Crime Control and Enforcement Act |
Author: Planty, Donald J. Title: Police Transition in Afghanistan Summary: The forthcoming withdrawal of the NATO training mission in Afghanistan along with U.S. combat forces in 2014 has highlighted the failure to meet Afghanistan’s need for a national police service capable of enforcing the rule of law, controlling crime, and protecting Afghan citizens, despite a decade of effort. The Afghan National Police appears unlikely to be able to enforce the rule of law following the withdrawal because of its configuration as a militarized counterinsurgency force in the fight against the Taliban. Discussions are under way concerning the future of the ANP, but there is no consensus on the future size and mission of the police and no certainty about future sources of the funding, training, and equipment required. Because only two years remain before the deadline for withdrawal, it is imperative that the United States and the international community urgently address the challenge of transforming the ANP from a counterinsurgency force into a police service capable of enforcing the rule of law. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2013. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2013 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR322.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR322.pdf Shelf Number: 127726 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing (Afghanistan) |
Author: Civil Society Panel on Police Reform in Nigeria Title: Civil Society Panel on Police Reform in Nigeria: Final Report Summary: Official debates about police reform in Nigeria and committees established by successive governments to facilitate such discussions and recommendations of measures for implementation have mostly been dominated by people with a security background who view such assignments as their exclusive preserve. As a result, their reports have often focussed on increasing policing capacity in the areas of personnel strength, materials for work and welfare; as though once these are right, the NPF will be super effective and efficient. While not belittling the significant difference a properly resourced NPF can make in addressing the safety and security challenges currently. Details: Lagos, Nigeria: Civil Society Panel, 2012. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2013 at: http://noprin.org/CSO%20Panel%20Final%20Report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Nigeria URL: http://noprin.org/CSO%20Panel%20Final%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 127737 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Nigeria) |
Author: Marenin, Otwin Title: Policing Reforms and Economic Development in African States: Understanding the Linkages: Empowering Change Summary: The notion that economic development in African states requires minimal levels of security has become widely accepted in the international development community. Reforming nonfunctioning policing systems is an important step toward achieving security, yet the experience of changing policing systems in Africa is disappointing. Only South Africa and a few post-conflict states (Sierra Leone, Liberia) have achieved some measure of success. Many of the political, social, and economic contextual conditions that would support reforms of policing are absent. Recommendations on what policies could work, drawn from the general policing reform literature and African case studies, are suggested. Details: Helsinki, Finland: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), 2013. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: WIDER Working Paper No. 2013/013: Accessed March 5, 2013 at: www.wider.unu.edu Year: 2013 Country: Africa URL: Shelf Number: 127826 Keywords: Economic DevelopmentPolice ReformPolicing (Africa) |
Author: Hillard Heintze Title: A Key Platform for Transformation: Advancing the Lemont Police Department's Effectiveness and Efficiency Through Community-Focused Policing Summary: Strategic Context: At the center of every world-class policing agency’s reputation and success – regardless of size – is a strong, commendable and often collaborative relationship with the community at many different levels. This is the threshold that the Lemont Police Department stands upon today – the strategic opportunity to improve the integrity, operations and reputation of the Department and help shape it, now and over time, into a national example of a true community-focused policing agency committed to public service and professional excellence. Assignment: In January 2011, the Lemont Police Department requested that Hillard Heintze assess the Department’s current operations and make recommendations on the best opportunities to improve its performance and delivery of service to the Lemont community in a highly cost-efficient manner. Hillard Heintze was asked to give special attention to strategies that would help the Department meet its mission in financially challenging times and engage cost-effective methods to maximize and improve the services provided to Lemont residents through community-focused policing. A Key Definition: What exactly is community-focused policing? Hillard Heintze uses this term to describe a compelling blend of (1) traditional policing, (2) problem-oriented policing and (3) community-oriented policing (or community policing). This is a crucial concept. We believe, in effect, that by embracing community-focused policing, the Lemont Police Department can launch a full-scale, sustainable, long-term transformation. Actions Taken: In short, the Hillard Heintze team conducted a strategic and comprehensive evaluation of the Department to identify high performing functions as well as areas that could be improved to transform the Lemont Police Department into a best-in-class model of a modern, suburban police department. This involved a six-step process outlined in the Introduction. Scope of Assessment: The study examined critical elements of Department management and operations, including strategy, accountability, communications, community-oriented policing and problem solving, patrol staffing and deployment, investigations, administration and the Lemont Emergency Management Agency (LEMA). Key Findings: As a result of this assessment, we have drawn six key findings. 1. Current Staffing Levels: The Lemont Police Department is staffed adequately to ensure a professional response to calls for service and major incidents while providing a safe and productive work environment for their officers. 2. Availability of Officers to Focus on the Community: The Village of Lemont’s low rate of calls for service allows sufficient discretionary time for officers to respond to citizen-generated calls for service and engage in a robust community-policing program. 3. Deficiencies in the Department’s Structure: The Department’s current structure is not well suited to a community-based approach to service delivery. With such low levels of crime in Lemont, the Department’s structure should be patrol focused with a stronger alignment of supervision, investigations and specialty positions to the visible uniform functions. 4. The Need to Shift the Community Focus from Project-Based to Strategy-Driven: While the Department has adopted a community-focused approach and has several successful programs such as neighborhood watch, the citizens’ police academy and school resource officers, its implementation relies heavily on only a few members of the Department. The Department needs to transform this approach from merely project-based to strategy-driven. 5. The Crucial Importance of Developing a Strategic Plan: The Department does not have a strategic plan or a clearly defined strategy for policing in place. It needs to establish a longterm strategic plan and a more data-driven approach to resource deployment that is developed with substantial community input. 6. Internal Communications and Personnel Development: The Department is lacking in a consistent message on strategy, communications, accountability and goal setting, much of which can be solved through the creation of a strategic plan and performance measurement program and improved communications. Recommendations: Key findings have emerged from this endeavor and our collective experience in leading, assessing and advising police agencies across the U.S. and in select international locations. The Hillard Heintze team has compiled a list of 24 actionable recommendations for the Lemont Police Department which are organized into six categories, including Patrol, Investigations, Administration, Strategic Planning, Communications and Organizational Structure. Final Considerations and Next Steps: We view the Lemont Police Department as confronting three critical challenges: the need to improve communications, involve the community and plan strategically. We suggest that the first step be to invite employees, members of the public and the business community to come together and begin a dialogue on these recommendations. This dialogue should determine the pathway that will determine how the Department is to evolve into a high performing agency. In order for this to unfold, the Police Chief, along with the Village Manager must lead, mentor and champion both the immediate and long-term value of a community-focused strategic planning initiative and lead the organization into a transformation that embraces a strategy-driven approach to decision making and thinking at every level. Details: Chicago: Hillard Heintze, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/Lemont.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/Lemont.pdf Shelf Number: 128268 Keywords: Community Policing (Lemont, Illinois, U.S.)Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Danish Centre for Human Rights Title: The Police in Cambodia: Project Assessment Report - Cambodia Summary: As a result of a needs assessment conducted by DCHR in the spring of 1999 a pilot project was initiated. The purpose was two-fold: i) Starting up a series of sensitizing seminars, produce newsletters and invite a senior police consultant from the region to engage in police reform debates, and ii) creating a planning base in order to prepare for a coming strategic planning project aiming at police reform. The pilot project ran over a period of two years. The formal partnership was entered with Asia Human Rights Commission, Hong Kong, while informal cooperation with the local NGO, Cambodia Defenders Project, intensified during the same period. In addition to the scheduled project activities, DCHR arranged a democracy visit to Denmark in 1999 for participants from the Ministry of Interior, the police and NGOs in Cambodia. The visit programme centred around police institutions in a democratic context. A Danish Human Rights Officer initially stationed at the Cambodia Defenders Project was after the democracy visit invited to stay a the police training department in the Ministry of Interior. Furthermore, a number of NGO activists have participated in the biannually human rights training courses at DCHR. The two reports composing this publication are the results of the pilot project. The Police in Cambodia is written by Kristine Yigen, the Human Rights Officer stationed for nine months in Cambodia. The report forms along with other written and collected documents the planning base prepared during the project period. The report is rich on data and information about the police related legislation and police organisations in Cambodia and adds an analytic perspective by holding up the Constitution of Cambodia, 1993, and relevant international human rights standards to the present situation. The second report is written by the external consultant, Susanne Ringgaard Pedersen. On the basis of the conclusions of the pilot project, a review was conducted to evaluate the relevance of the pilot phase. In addition to this review, a set of recommendations for the coming engagement in police reform is suggested by the consultant. Furthermore, the report reviews the relevance of a second project phase in relation to the acute human rights needs in Cambodia. While the review/assessment report compliments the pilot phase and all those involved at various levels, a number of improvements and recommendations are suggested. Details: Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Centre for Human Rights, 2002. 178p. Source: Internet Resource: Evaluations and Reviews of Partnership Programmes – No 21: Accessed April 9, 2013 at: http://www.humanrights.dk/files/pdf/Publikationer/eandr21.pdf Year: 2002 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.humanrights.dk/files/pdf/Publikationer/eandr21.pdf Shelf Number: 128330 Keywords: Human RightsPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Cambodia) |
Author: Newman, Gareth Title: Policing in South Africa: 2010 and Beyond. Conference Report Summary: This conference report focuses on the links between civil society and the police. The authors argue that there is a need to reconsider policing and connect it more to society. Crime is seen as a societal problem which can only be effectively combated when different societal actors are mobilized and when the interests of citizens are taken seriously. Issues addressed included: Police corruption; Policing the FIFA World Cup; Use of deadly force by policing; Police reform; and Community policing and policing partnerships. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: Institute for Security Studies, 2011. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2013 at: http://www.issafrica.org/crimehub/uploads/PolicinginSA2010.pdf Year: 2011 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.issafrica.org/crimehub/uploads/PolicinginSA2010.pdf Shelf Number: 128337 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice CorruptionPolice ReformPolice Use of ForcePolicing (South Africa) |
Author: Brake, Tom Title: Upholding the Queen’s Peace: towards a new consensus on policing Summary: The Police Federation of England and Wales represents over 130,000 police officers up to and including the rank of chief inspector. We ensure that their views on all aspects of policing, including their welfare and efficiency, are accurately relayed to government, opinion formers and key stakeholders. In doing this, the Federation has evolved from being a voluntary, unfunded organisation in its early years, to a modern, professional staff association that covers all subjects and issues that affect the police service, including issues such as training, promotion, discipline and professional standards. These are challenging times for the police service. Regarded by many – including some of the contributors to this collection of essays – as an inherently conservative institution, the service is in fact no stranger to change. An organisation can adapt to the changes that occur around it, in the society it polices; it can adapt to increases in demand or greater constraints on its resources. It can even adapt to changes in policy and legislation implemented by the government of the day. The question, though, is whether, when an institution is faced with a combination of these challenges, it can continue to operate on the basis of the same principles which have guided it throughout its existence. As the Police Federation seeks to influence and negotiate on behalf police officers and the interests of the wider public to provide a police service which values diversity, respects work-life balance and is responsive to the needs of the communities it serves, we have asked a number of respected politicians, stakeholders and commentators for their perspective on the challenges facing the police service. The all-embracing question for many of us is whether the traditional consensus around policing in England and Wales stills holds, even against this backdrop of change, or whether we need to develop a new policing consensus. These essays do not necessarily provide all of the answers, but they do mark the beginning of that debate. Details: London: Police Federation, 2013. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2013 at: http://www.polfed.org/documents/Upholding_The_Queens_Peace_Essay_book.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.polfed.org/documents/Upholding_The_Queens_Peace_Essay_book.pdf Shelf Number: 128339 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: CLEEN Foundation Title: Operationalizing Intelligence-Led Policing in Nigeria Summary: Law enforcement agencies in various parts of the world are currently witnessing serious challenges from organized crimes, insurgencies and terrorism. In Nigeria, the crime situation is worrisome because every geo-political zone is witnessing various types of violent crimes and conflicts. In the South-South Zone, armed robbery, kidnapping, sabotage of petroleum production facilities by militant youths led by the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) are prevalent. The South East and South West are noted for organized crimes including drug and human trafficking, armed robbery/banditry, kidnapping/ hostage-taking, pipeline vandalism, arms trafficking etc. Cutting across the three northern geo-political zones are the destabilizing issues of indigene/ settler internecine conflicts, ethno-religious conflicts and religious insurgency led by a group known as Jamâ’atu Ahlis Sunnah Lâdda’awatih wal-Jihad (popularly referred to as Boko Haram). The phenomenon of crime is so prevalent that almost everyone in Nigeria knows somebody who has been robbed or even killed in the most gruesome circumstances, in spite of unceasing war on crime waged by the nation’s police and security agencies. These challenges indicate that security personnel are yet to meet the expectations for quality services delivery particularly in preventing terror attacks and the activities of extremists, as well as being more pragmatic and innovative in response to numerous challenges posed by this problem to public safety and security in Nigeria. The 6th edition of the Policing Executive Forum was driven by these identified gaps within the polity and hence the theme “Operationalizing Intelligence-led policing in Nigeria”. Its overriding aim was to initiate discourse aimed at operationalizing Intelligence led Policing in Nigeria. Intelligence-led Policing as a concept extends beyond the institution of the Nigeria Police Force and embraces all security agencies involved in general provision of public safety and security. It is a process for systematically collecting, organizing, analyzing, and utilizing intelligence to guide law enforcement operations. Details: Lagos, Nigeria: CLEEN Foundation, 2012. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph Series. No 17; Accessed April 18, 2013 at: http://www.cleen.org/Operationalizing%20Intelligence%20led-policing%20in%20Nigeria.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.cleen.org/Operationalizing%20Intelligence%20led-policing%20in%20Nigeria.pdf Shelf Number: 128403 Keywords: Intelligence-Led PolicingPolice ReformPolicing (Nigeria) |
Author: Civil Society Panel on Police Reform in Nigeria Title: Final Report Summary: Official debates about police reform in Nigeria and committees established by successive governments to facilitate such discussions and recommendations of measures for implementation have mostly been dominated by people with a security background who view such assignments as their exclusive preserve. As a result, their reports have often focussed on increasing policing capacity in the areas of personnel strength, materials for work and welfare; as though once these are right, the NPF will be super effective and efficient. While not belittling the significant difference a properly resourced NPF can make in addressing the safety and security challenges currently confronting Nigeria, experience from other jurisdictions has shown that it requires more than this for the police to win the confidence of the people and be effective in carrying out their functions. Community support and participation are critical to improving police performance, and if the people are not consulted and their priorities factored into the reform process, their support for reform programs can not be guaranteed. 1 It was with this in mind, that when the Federal Government inaugurated another Committee on reform of the NPF in February 2012 and appeared to be following the same procedure as in the past, civil society groups working on police reform in Nigeria felt they should do more than send another round of memoranda. They decided to set up a parallel but complementary Civil Society Panel on Police Reform in Nigeria (CSO Panel). The Panel used a variety of complementary methodological approaches in carrying out its functions. These were: review of extant literature, which helped it to properly situate its work and enrich its understanding of the issues at play; call for memoranda to enable members of the public who wanted to contribute to work of the Panel to send written presentations; organisation of public hearings in the six geo-political zones of Nigeria and the Federal Capital which provided an opportunity for members of the public to make presentations in person; bilateral interaction with key actors in the field; and a validation workshop where the key findings of the CSO Panel were presented to civil society representatives. The effective combination of these approaches enhanced the Panel’s appreciation of the issues involved in its work and placed it in a privileged position to offer the recommendations contained in this report. Details: Civil Society Panel on Police Reform in Nigeria, 2012. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2013 at: http://www.noprin.org/CSO%20Panel%20Final%20Report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.noprin.org/CSO%20Panel%20Final%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 128425 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Nigeria) |
Author: Innes, Martin Title: Rebooting the PC: Using innovation to drive smart policing Summary: When Neighbourhood Policing was first introduced in England and Wales, many senior police leaders and experts publicly dismissed the idea, arguing that providing reassurance and focusing on the public’s crime priorities would not cut crime or improve public confidence – with some adding that the policy was conceived by people who had no real knowledge about the front-line. Now that it has helped to sustain record reductions in crime and is held up as a beacon of best practice around the world, the Neighbourhood Policing model is fiercely protected and promoted by senior officers, ACPO, the Home Office and all major political parties. It is, perhaps, the best example of a successful innovation in British policing. The journey from conception to world-famous innovation (in policing circles, at least) was not an easy one, made harder by an institutional resistance to change and a cop culture that often sees promising ideas rejected because they were ‘not invented here’. This conservatism is understandable. The police often deal with situations and issues which can result in serious harm to victims, and so they can be understandably risk averse. And police officers are highly pragmatic, practical people who solve problems creatively every day – meaning that they are often happy to ‘satisfice’ with processes, kit or technology that are just good enough to do the job. This is best summed-up by the oft-repeated policing phrase, “we’re not trying to build a Rolls Royce, we only need a Mini”. Innovation involves risk. In fact, it often requires it. So we should expect a degree of resistance from an organisation like the police. But with the growing social and financial challenges facing the country’s forces, there is no part of policing that can be immune from a re-examination of what has hitherto simply been received wisdom or accepted practice. This report is all about how to hardwire innovation into the structures and cultures of policing. It examines why policing can be culturally and institutionally resistant to innovation, identifies the ‘engines of innovation’ which can sometimes break through this inertia, demonstrates why embedding processes of innovation should be a deliberate goal of policy, and calls for the creation of new collaborative networks specifically designed to foster innovation. Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 4, 2013 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/rebooting%20the%20pc.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/rebooting%20the%20pc.pdf Shelf Number: 128657 Keywords: Neighborhood PolicingPolice InnovationPolice ReformPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Sounders, Jessica Title: Effective Policing for 21st-Century Israel Summary: Israel has a single, national police force designed to serve all the country’s communities. The Israel Police provides the usual services expected of a domestic police force, including patrols and crime prevention, investigation, and prosecution, as well as a host of national services that in other countries, such as the United States, are the province of other agencies. Israel has changed dramatically over the last several decades, and the police, their governmental partners, and the public desire that policing services keep pace with these changes. To that end, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Finance, and the Israel Police enlisted the RAND Corporation’s Center for Quality Policing to aid in addressing some concerns that have been expressed both by and about the Israel Police. The formal project was overseen by a steering committee of those three bodies, chaired by the Ministry of Public Security. The central question for the effort as a whole was: “What must the police do to provide effective policing to 21st-century Israel?” The project included assessments of public sentiment about the police, analysis of police deterrence activities, international comparisons for benchmarking and assessment, and recommendations for implementation. Formal analytical activities were balanced with frequent extended visits to Israel, during which RAND staff received briefings on almost all aspects of policing; met with the staff of various specialized police units throughout the country; visited stations and district headquarters; rode patrol in both urban and rural regions; and met with police, Ministry of Public Security, and Ministry of Finance working groups. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2013. 113p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 6, 2013 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR287/RAND_RR287.sum.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Israel URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR200/RR287/RAND_RR287.sum.pdf Shelf Number: 129262 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Israel) |
Author: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: Leadership and Standards in the Police Summary: There are two sides to public perceptions of the police and to the image the police portray to us. Every day, thousands of officers show absolute commitment to their work and go beyond the call of duty to safeguard the public, prevent crime and catch criminals. The speedy and heroic response of officers to the brutal murder of Drummer Lee Rigby on 22 May is a spotlight on the kind of everyday excellence we have come to expect from the police service, attested to by many of our witnesses. This kind of crisis response underlines the deep-rooted faith accorded to the service by the public. Trust in the excellence of British policing is projected on the international stage—the desire to work with British police shown by our colleagues in Romania, on our recent visit to Bucharest, is just one example. We have no doubt that the British police service will continue to shine as one of the most impressive police forces in the world, while maintaining its civilian character and the principle of policing by consent. Behind the reputation, however, there are problems. There is a flip-side to public perceptions of the police prompted by examples of misconduct and criminality within their ranks, including a number of investigations which have come about as a result of historical police failings, such as Operations Yewtree and Elveden, and there is an undercurrent of discontent within the service itself, as reform and spending cuts affect the sense of worth of ordinary officers. The Government has begun a process of fundamental reform of the landscape of institutions that structure British policing. New institutions like the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency (NCA) will be crucial in cutting crime at reduced cost. As Keith Bristow, chief executive of the NCA, told us this is a chance to join up law enforcement, tackle threats more effectively and cut crime. We set out a simplified version of the new division of labour in policing in Annex I. At the same time, however, morale among many police officers has sunk to its lowest ebb in recent memory. A concatenation of crises risks damaging the quality of lawenforcement: public faith in policing has been tested by episodes such as the findings of the Hillsborough Panel Report, the “plebgate” incident, and the first dismissal of a chief constable in 30 years. At the same time, spending cuts have prompted a review of police pay and pensions and a freeze on recruitment which is slowing down efforts to promote diversity and renewal. In addition there has been the use of A19 to require the resignation of service officers with 30 or more years service. When we held our International Conference on Leadership and Standards in the Police on 14 January 2013, over a hundred ordinary officers travelled to London and others wrote to us, many with a message of warning about the future of policing. As many reminded us, policing is a vocation that can sustain officers through all kinds of trials, but there is a limit to what can be asked and waning police morale could have a direct effect on operational effectiveness. The visceral response of many officers to Tom Winsor’s Independent Review of Police Officers’ and Staff Remuneration and Conditions and the London march of more than 30,000 officers on 10 May 2012 were clear demonstrations of discontent. Nor can problems of integrity and morale be addressed easily in a “top-down” fashion. Although the police is a hierarchical organisation, chief constables do not issue orders to be followed to the letter by other officers. The independence of the office of constable means that “policy, law and other forms of direction are refracted through an enduring occupational culture”. Police actions derive from a mix of the professional instincts of officers, the directions of their superiors within a force, the directions of bodies such as the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and the culture of policing—“police commonsense”. This means that leadership is spread widely across the police service and its ranks and a high degree of independence and responsibility remains with officers at all levels. Team leaders—sergeants and inspectors—have a powerful influence over the effectiveness and integrity of large numbers of officers, but there is little leadership training at sergeant and inspector level. As Nigel Lloyd put it, “whilst people need a driving license to drive and regular training for taser, firearms and unarmed defensive tactics, you can be in charge of a shift of police officers without any formal training whatsoever”. The police officer is the bedrock of enforcement of English Law: a servant of the Crown, sworn into the Office of Constable. The office entails personal responsibility for the protection of life and property, the prevention and detection of crime, the maintenance of law and order and the detection and prosecution of offenders. While the Government has great vision for the new landscape of policing a number of pieces of the policing puzzle are still missing. It is not yet clear what is happening with the Police IT Procurement Company, what exactly the College of Policing is responsible for and where integrity registers, such as the Chief Constables’ register of interests, will be held. The landscape of policing is being redrawn with great potential to benefit the public. However, amidst this change, the Government risks leaving behind one critical element— police officers themselves. For policing to be effective, change must command the support of police officers and build the capabilities of all officers as independent professionals. It must win the backing of police staff (who are not warranted police constables), who are ever-more integral to policing operations. It must also command the support of the public, whose faith in the police is fundamental to their effectiveness. For these objectives to be fulfilled, the Government must match its reform of the institutional landscape of policing with a renewal of the police themselves: a new emphasis on professionalism, integrity and individual responsibility. The College of Policing will be at the heart of that change. There are three areas where the College will be key to developing an effective service: a) Renewing public confidence by setting out a new code of professional conduct, removing grey areas, with inescapable sanctions for misconduct. b) Rebuilding flagging police morale by elevating the craft of policing to a modern profession with an emphasis on the independence and responsibility of each officer. c) Refashioning the make-up of the police force so that it really represents the public, so that the contract of trust which underlies effective policing can be restored. The College of Policing must create a police service more confident in the professional judgement and discretion of individual officers. To do so, it must unify policing standards for the first time, setting out clear metrics of competency and clear principles of good conduct, at every level from constable to chief constable. New national benchmarks must be laid out for recruitment, so that the same level of performance applies across the land. Partnerships with universities must be regularised and rolled out, so their insights can be shared across the service. Grey areas of conduct must be eliminated and a list of those who are struck off must be established to restore faith in officer integrity. Not only will this help the public to have confidence in the police, it must also improve police professional independence. The lack of clarity in conduct cases has led to a quagmire of complaints, which we described in our Report on the IPCC, leaving officers bogged down in standards cases. Too often, officers go through the motions of policing, following standard procedures to cover their backs, where a commonsense approach would be better. With new clarity set out in a code of ethics, and new confidence and authority from professional training, we expect that the College will empower officers to get on with their jobs. Details: London: The Stationery Office Limited, 2013. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Third Report of Session 2013–14: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/home-affairs/HC%2067-I%20Leadership%20Report%20FINAL.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/home-affairs/HC%2067-I%20Leadership%20Report%20FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 129332 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolice TrainingPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Chambers, Max Title: The Pioneers: Police and Crime Commissioners, one year on. A collection of essays Summary: One year ago, the first Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) were elected across England and Wales. Charged with setting strategic policing priorities, holding Chief Constables and forces to account and improving public confidence in law enforcement, the 41 new PCCs form an integral part of the Government's wideranging police reform agenda. Policy Exchange has consistently argued that single, democratically-elected figures have the potential for renewing the police governance model and revitalising the relationship between the public and the police. As these important reforms continue to bed in and the pioneers get to grips with their new roles, we asked a cross-party group of PCCs to share their perspectives on their first year in office, highlight the key initiatives they are leading, outline the challenges and opportunities facing policing, and describe how their new leadership can help the service to succeed. Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2013. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2013 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/the%20pioneers.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/the%20pioneers.pdf Shelf Number: 131632 Keywords: Criminal Justice ReformPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Great Britain. National Audit Office Title: Police Accountability: Landscape Review Summary: This report from the National Audit Office has identified a number of gaps in the Home Office's policing oversight framework, which could limit the public's ability to hold elected police and crime commissioners to account. However, even though it has been in place for only a year, the new framework has the potential to be an improvement on the system it has replaced. The Home Office introduced police and crime commissioners in November 2012 as a major reform to how police forces are governed. The Home Office set out an accountability framework for policing with the aim of balancing an increase in local autonomy with the Home Office's own need to obtain assurance that police forces are securing value for money from the funding it gives them. The NAO finds that gaps in this framework - such as the limited effectiveness of police and crime panels, and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary's lack of authority to carry out routine inspections of commissioners or their offices - could limit the degree of assurance the Home Office can take from the new accountability structure. Because police and crime panels, who scrutinize commissioners, lack powers to act on the information they receive, there are few checks and balances on commissioners between elections. The NAO report finds that the introduction of both commissioners, who hold chief constables to account, and police and crime panels, who do the same for commissioners, has increased the potential for local tensions. Nationally, six commissioners share a chief financial officer with their force, raising a potential conflict of interest. Shared chief financial officers might struggle to provide unfettered advice to both the chief constable and commissioner when they disagree. Those in the sector to whom the NAO spoke to believe that elected commissioners are potentially better able to hold police forces to account and drive value for money than the unelected police authorities they replaced. According to elected commissioners, so far there has been a significant increase in engagement with the public compared to the previous situation under police authorities. The NAO also reports that commissioners are not publishing all the data that the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 requires, limiting the public's ability to hold commissioners to account. Furthermore, being able to take performance data at only face value limits the public's ability to hold commissioners to account. The Home Office and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary are now working together to agree how to provide better information to the public. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: HC 963, Session 2013-14: Accessed January 24, 2014 at: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Police-accountability-Landscape-review.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Police-accountability-Landscape-review.pdf Shelf Number: 131796 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: RSA Action and Research Centre Title: Police Federation Independent Review: Final Report Summary: This progress report is an initial analysis of the evidence that the Independent Review Panel has received since April. This evidence comes from Police Federation members, representatives, and a range of stakeholders throughout the policing world. An Ipsos-MORI survey with around 12,500 respondents from within the Police Federation was conducted in September. Some of the results from this survey are presented in the report. The clear message that has emerged is that there is a strong desire both within the Police Federation and amongst external audiences for significant change. The Panel will, consequently, recommend significant reform. The report indicates the Panel's conclusions on the key characteristics that this reform should encompass if the Federation is to serve its members effectively. A final report will follow in January detailing what precise form these changes should take. Details: London: RSA, 2014. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 31, 2014 at: http://www.thersa.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1534191/RSA_Police_Federation_progress_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.thersa.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1534191/RSA_Police_Federation_progress_report.pdf Shelf Number: 132027 Keywords: Police Reform Policing |
Author: Greenhalgh, Stephen Title: The Police Mission in the Twenty-first Century: Rebalancing the Role of the First Public Services Summary: In common with other public services, the policing landscape in Britain has undergone unprecedented structural reform in the last few years. The police reform agenda of the Coalition Government since 2010 has instituted major changes to police governance, training, pay, conditions and pensions, which the Home Secretary is right to describe as the most significant for over 50 years. The reforms have all been controversial but they were necessary to ensure British policing could become more professional, accountable, and locally-driven. Whole new institutions - like the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency - have been created, whilst others have been reshaped or abolished. The most important reform - the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) - was also the most contested, largely because both opponents and advocates could foresee how important it would be. Despite a rocky start, PCCs are now well established and forging important new relationships that will improve public safety. To this end it is hoped that PCCs will catalyse much wider changes to policing and other public services, with the opportunities for systemic improvements that strengthen collaboration and enhance customer service only just beginning. Policing is one public service reform programme that has been successfully landed, despite sustained opposition, when others have been scaled back or abandoned completely. But the new settlement we have now is the product of just the first phase of police reform that required new legislation, guidance and lengthy independent reviews. This first phase was all about form, not function. It created new structures; it did not change the culture. It reassigned some personnel; it did not redefine the mission. There was some rhetoric about the police role, but little new policy that actually rebalanced that role. The components of the new policing settlement are easy to identify, with PCCs the most visible part. What has been harder to gauge is what all the reforms mean for the job of policing itself, the mission that drives police officers, and the work that they do each day to deliver the first public service. Now we are entering a second phase of police reform which must be about function, not form. About what the public can realistically expect from the police, what the policing function is beyond fighting crime, and how the police can be equipped to deliver their core mission in an era of complex threats, high public demand, and shrinking budgets. The hardest question facing the police in the next decade is not whether the new settlement is the right form. That debate has ended, and none of the biggest challenges facing policing are addressed by the stale proposal of police force mergers. But rather, given the new settlement, how should the policing function adapt to the pressures of the modern world? A function - or mission - that is getting pulled and probed and tested every day by budget reductions, high public expectations, and new patterns of crime. The report's key recommendations are: - Greater clarity of the police mission which draws some boundaries and gives officers a clearer sense of their role and where they really add value. - A rebalancing of the time and effort of the police back towards crime prevention in line with public expectations, and aided by technology. - An active pursuit by the police of collaboration, to aid them in managing demand better and reducing it in the long-term. Details: London: Reform, 2014. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 7, 2014 at: http://reform.co.uk/resources/0000/1267/21st_Century_Policing_FINAL.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://reform.co.uk/resources/0000/1267/21st_Century_Policing_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 132267 Keywords: Police LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Leuprecht, Christian Title: The Blue Line or the Bottom Line of Police Services in Canada? Arresting runaway growth in costs Summary: Despite rapidly rising costs, Canadians are not getting all the police they pay for. Canada's police are pricing themselves out of business; police budgets have increased at a rate double that of GDP over the last decade, while calls from the public for service have remained stable. Police associations have been happy to stoke public fears about safety, but the correlation between numbers of officers, crime rates, and response times has long been shown to be spurious. In fact, a great deal of work now done by highly trained, well-paid, and experienced uniformed officers is only tangentially related to law enforcement and could be done as well or better and more cheaply by someone else, freeing police to do their core job. Consider the fact that almost 40 percent of the Toronto Police Service's workforce made Ontario's 2012 "Sunshine List" of employees making more than $100,000, including six parking enforcement officers and a cadet in training. Consider also that much of uniformed officers' time is spent waiting to give testimony in court, transcribing interviews, teaching CPR, transporting prisoners, or a hundred other duties that take them off the street. In some jurisdictions outside Canada, civilian investigators even handle burglaries, leaving full officers to take on more demanding cases. We can learn from such examples. Canada needs a new debate about how we provide police services. That debate would focus on three main areas. First is the changing nature of policing, public expectations of police, and myriad inefficiencies related to the role of police in Canada's justice system. These powerful cost drivers go well beyond the salaries and benefits police enjoy but do not get the same attention. Second is the economies of scale to be harnessed from overhead. This report points out many areas where savings can be generated beyond what agencies themselves have already identified. They include: having forces share or contract dispatch, tactical teams, forensics, and investigations; common provincial standards and processes for hiring, communication, and procurement; and using technology, including record management systems to gather evidence and share it with the court and defence, and using lapel cameras, licence plate readers, and more, to make the job easier. Third, even if we reduce overhead and find economies of scale the benefits are limited, since almost 90 percent of police budgets go to pay salaries. Police work is complex, difficult, and demanding and should be well compensated. The real question is why police who are making upwards of $100,000 a year are performing so many tasks that are not really core policing duties and that other jurisdictions are delivering as or more effectively, efficiently, and productively through alternative service delivery in the form of both civilianization and outsourcing. Examples include: administrative functions, such as finance and human resources; burglary investigations, lifting fingerprints, and collecting DNA evidence; prisoner transport and court security; transcription of interviews; professional development and training; and background checks. Finally, general recommendations in this study to curtail the overall growth of police service costs include: re-directing calls and call volume to allow police to spend more time on problem-focused and community-oriented policing; rewarding achievement rather than seniority; cross-training police, fire, and Emergency Medical Services; reforming the leadership and institutional culture (or brace for a crisis); spending less time reactively "fighting crime" and more time on proactive intervention, mitigation, and prevention; having police colleges spend more time on developing critical thinking and analytical skills so as to counter a paramilitary institutional culture; and shifting from command-and-control principles to more participative and dispersed leadership and management. In the end, the responsibility lies with legislators to provide legislative frameworks that constrain cost escalation on the one hand, and provide greater latitude in service delivery on the other. The balance struck by reform and legislative renewal in Quebec is instructive in this regard. Details: Ottawa: Macdonald-Laurier Institute, 2014. 40http://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/MLI_CostofPolicing_Final.pdf. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2014 at: http://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/MLI_CostofPolicing_Final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/MLI_CostofPolicing_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 132301 Keywords: Costs of Criminal JusticeCriminal Justice ExpendituresPolice ReformPolicing (Canada) |
Author: Meyer, Maureen Title: Mexico's Police: Many Reforms, Little Progress Summary: This report provides an overview of police reform efforts over the past two decades and examines why, in spite of multiple initiatives, Mexican police forces continue to be abusive and corrupt. In the context of the ongoing security crisis in parts of Mexico, the study argues that a failure to increase efforts to hold Mexico's police accountable for their actions will only perpetuate a vicious pattern of police abuse and a climate of mistrust between the police and the population. The study assesses the sweeping changes made to the criminal justice system in recent years and evaluates federal initiatives to support state and municipal police reform, vet all police forces through the confidence control (control de confianza) and evaluation system, and strengthen oversight mechanisms, such as Internal Affairs Units. Although Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto has promised a new security strategy in order to reduce violence and recover citizen trust in police forces, the report shows that his administration has largely maintained the initiatives and police model that were put into place during the Calderon administration. The report contends that while much has been done to reform Mexico's police, establishing strong internal and external controls has not been a priority for the Mexican government. This has meant that agents implicated in wrongdoing - from acts of corruption to grave human rights violations - have little incentive to change their actions, because the odds are slim that they will ever be investigated and sanctioned. Details: Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2014. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2014 at: http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/Mexicos%20Police.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.wola.org/sites/default/files/Mexicos%20Police.pdf Shelf Number: 132310 Keywords: Police BrutalityPolice CorruptionPolice ReformPolicing (Mexico) |
Author: Fachner, George Title: Collaborative Reform Model: Six-Month Assessment Report of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Summary: In January 2012, under growing community concern and scrutiny of its use of deadly force practices, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD) agreed to take part in an initiative by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), known as the "Collaborative Reform Model." As part of this initiative, LVMPD agreed to an in-depth assessment of its use of deadly force policies and practices. In support, the COPS Office and CNA would assist the LVMPD in adopting national standards and best practices as they relate to officer involved shootings, while insuring that LVMPD's implementation was comprehensive and integrated. CNA conducted the assessment, focusing on four issue areas: 1) policy and procedures; 2) training and tactics; 3) investigation and documentation; and 4) external review. CNA completed the assessment in November 2012, which resulted in a total of 75 reforms and recommendations. These included both new recommendations from the team and reforms that LVMPD initiated prior to and during the assessment process. CNA published and distributed the final report, Collaborative Reform Model: A Review of Officer-Involved Shootings in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (referred to as the "2012 report" in the remainder of this document), throughout LVMPD and the community. However, the publication of the 2012 report did not complete the process. The COPS Office, CNA, and LVMPD continue in their collaboration in order to ensure that LVMPD implements the recommended reforms as committed to by the sheriff. It has been 18 months since the beginning of the reform process, and seven months since the reforms have been recommended. Beginning in January 2013, the COPS Office and CNA have been assessing LVMPD's progress in implementing the remaining 41 recommendations. There are a total of 80 agency reforms: 89% (71) are complete or in progress; 11% (9) are incomplete or have not been assessed because the assessors were unable to make a judgment due to insufficient information available at the time of this report. This status report is the first of two that CNA will publish on LVMPD's progress. The purpose of this status report is to inform all stakeholders (i.e., LVMPD, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the Las Vegas community) of LVMPD's progress to date. Details: Washington, DC: CNA Analysis & Solutions; U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, 2013. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 16, 2014 at: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/LVMPD_6Months.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/LVMPD_6Months.pdf Shelf Number: 132469 Keywords: Police BrutalityPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolice Use of Force (U.S.) |
Author: Cosgrove, Faye Marie Title: An Appreciative Ethnography of PCSOs in a Northern City Summary: Previous research regarding the emergence of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) has either been impact oriented (Cooper et al, 2006, Chatterton and Rowland 2005, Crawford et al, 2004) or has been concerned with their capacity to improve equality and diversity within public policing (Johnston, 2006). Despite the recent civilianisation of the patrol function (Crawford and Lister, 2004a) and increasing recognition of multiple police subcultures within the police force (Reuss Ianni, 1983, Chan, 1997, Foster, 2003), there has been little attention directed towards understanding PCSO working practices and decision making, their capacity to deliver reassurance or to the potential emergence of a distinct PCSO occupational subculture within the police organisation as a result of their differential role, remit and limited authority. This study aims to critically examine the existence and characteristics of a PCSO occupational culture and its influence upon the delivery of neighbourhood policing within a northern police force. Underpinned by an appreciative ethnographic approach (Liebling and Price, 2001), it provides an original contribution to understanding the operation of PCSOs and to existing theoretical knowledge and understanding of police (sub)cultures within the context of civilianisation and police reform. The research involved three hundred hours of participant observation of PCSO working practices, individual interviews with twelve PCSOs and two focus groups with neighbourhood police officers across two police sectors of a northern police force. The study revealed two key findings. Firstly, whilst PCSOs are able to deliver reassurance to 'vulnerable' and 'respectable' residents within target communities, the pursuit of reassurance is secondary to the demands of crime control. The pull of the performance culture and high levels of public demand for service cause PCSOs to become increasingly utilised as a reactive resource and to be deployed in tasks falling outside their remit. Second, represented as a three-fold typology of PCSO culture, the study thus provides evidence of an emerging PCSO subculture within the police organisation. Widely held aspirations to become police officers amongst PCSOs combined with an emphasis upon and value attached to crimefighting within the dominant police culture (Reiner, 2000) leads to the construction of a PCSO occupational culture that is both similar to and distinct from police officers. PCSOs endorse characteristics of the dominant culture, including suspicion, solidarity and sense of mission in their efforts to either imitate police officers or support future applications to become police officers. However, their civilian status, limited authority and differential occupational environment also lead to the construction of distinct cultural characteristics and orientations to the role. Details: Newcaastle upon Tyne, UK: Northumbria University, 2011. 354p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 7, 2014 at: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4456/1/cosgrove.faye_phd.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4456/1/cosgrove.faye_phd.pdf Shelf Number: 132626 Keywords: Police CulturePolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Albrecht, Peter Title: Community Policing in Sierra Leone - Local Policing Partnership Boards Summary: This report was produced in 2012-2013 in support of the Access to Security and Justice Programme (ASJP) in Sierra Leone, funded by the United Kingdom (UK) Department for International Development (DFID) and implemented by Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI). Its findings have been used to inform the program's activities as they relate to the Sierra Leone Police (SLP) community policing model, which is built up around the Local Policing Partnership Boards (LPPBs). From this point of departure, the report serves two purposes. First, it is a source of how the SLP has applied its community policing in Sierra Leone, and specifically how LPPBs operate across the country. Second, the report provides insight into the approach taken by the ASJP in support of the SLP community policing model. (For this reason, recommendations as they were formulated in 2013 have not been deleted from the report). As soon as the war in Sierra Leone officially came to an end (2002), the process of establishing LPPBs in Local Command Units (LCU) (police divisions) across Sierra Leone began. They were instituted to ensure stakeholder participation in the process of policing, signifying a perceived need within the police and among international partners to rebuild relations with local communities. They are expected to investigate and resolve conflict between members of the community, and increase the level of interaction between the police and the local communities. What this has meant in practice is under scrutiny in this report. The report analyses how community policing is organized in 17 of Sierra Leone's 33 LCUs by looking at the role and responsibilities of LPPBs in: a. Establishing linkages between local communities and the SLP; b. Enforcing local security; and c. Setting priorities of the SLP. Conclusions are based upon on-site observations and comprehensive interviews of police officers and LPPB members. The report reveals a number of reasons why the LPPBs are an important element of the SLP's policing model, but also where there is room for improvement. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), 2014. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: DIIS Report 2014:16: Accessed August 13, 2014 at: http://en.diis.dk/files/publications/Reports2014/diisreport2014-16_forweb.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Sierra Leone URL: http://en.diis.dk/files/publications/Reports2014/diisreport2014-16_forweb.pdf Shelf Number: 133026 Keywords: Community Policing (Sierra Leone)PartnershipsPolice Reform |
Author: Jenkins, Sarah Title: Securing Communities: Summaries of key literature on community policing Summary: This document contains extended summaries of key background texts and readings from both academic and policy literatures which elucidate and debate the definitions, objectives, models and influencing factors of community policing in different contexts. There is an extensive literature on community policing and it was not possible to cover it all in these summaries. What is included here are key contributions to the literature that have been helpful in understanding the different manifestations of community policing around the world. The material is organised alphabetically. Details: London: ODI (Overseas Development Institute), 2013. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8657.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8657.pdf Shelf Number: 133027 Keywords: Community Policing Police Reform |
Author: Chambers, Victoria Title: Securing communities and transforming policing cultures: a desk study of community policing in Jamaica Summary: As part of ODI's Securing Communities project, this case study aims to examine different models of community policing around the world, to understand their diversity of objectives, approaches and methods, and what this might mean for those who aim to support community policing. The Jamaica case study offers a unique context vis-a-vis the other case studies under the Securing Communities project, due to the high levels of urban violent crime affecting the country which present distinct challenges for community policing. In addition, it is a valuable example of a community policing programme which has been a formal state-led process, but has taken place in a security and justice arena that has received significant support from multiple donors. Community policing in Jamaica has been shaped by a number of contextual factors including, in particular, high levels of violent crime which have been fuelled by socio-economic problems and the historical nexus between crime, corruption and a political culture of patronage. This has encouraged the continuation of paramilitary styles of policing that emerged from histories of slavery and colonialism and has perpetuated a deep mistrust in the police among many community members, especially in the urban communities most affected by crime. High levels of violent crime and police corruption have weakened police-community relations and meant that reliance on informal security structures has become engrained in local cultures of protection. Details: London: ODI (Overseas Development Institute), 2014. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8957.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Jamaica URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8957.pdf Shelf Number: 133029 Keywords: Community Policing (Jamaica)Police ReformUrban AreasViolent Crime |
Author: Perito, Robert Title: A Counterterrorism Role for Pakistan's Police Stations Summary: Violence is escalating in Pakistan, both in its megacities and along the border with Afghanistan-from terrorism, to secessionist insurgency, to sectarian conflict, to ethnic turf wars. The police station and the police who staff it, despite their historic role as a symbol of government authority and responsibility for public order, are woefully ill prepared and ill equipped to meet these challenges. This report, part of a project to increase Pakistan's capacity to combat terrorism, explores the role police stations could and should play and suggests definitive steps to that end. Summary - Terrorism, secessionist insurgency, sectarian conflict, and ethnic turf wars have convulsed both Pakistan's major cities and tribal areas along the Afghanistan border. The escalation in mega-urban centers in particular has increased the importance of the police in controlling the endemic violence. - The police station retains both its historic role as the symbol of government authority and its position as the basic law enforcement institution responsible for public order, law enforcement, and police services. Yet police stations and personnel are ill prepared and poorly equipped to meet the challenges of the country's complex, urbanized, and increasingly violent society. - Pakistani police have found themselves on the front lines, and a growing number have given their lives to protect others in the struggle against terrorist and criminal groups. The need is now urgent to empower the police through a program of positive reform that would begin with modernizing police stations and reorienting and retraining their personnel. - An effective program for police station reform would begin with assigning primacy to the police for controlling terrorism. It would include developing new organizational structures, positions, and standard operating procedures to ensure that local police understand their enhanced role and mission. It would also include improving police-public relations and networking police stations into a national information-sharing network with anti-terrorist agencies. - Creating high-profile specialized units appears to offer a quick fix to a complex and increasingly pervasive problem. The real solution, however, lies in empowering Pakistan's police stations to protect their communities from criminal and extremist violence through modernization and reform. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2014. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report 351: Accessed September 27, 2014 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR351-A-Counterrerrorism-Role-for-Pakistan%E2%80%99s-Police-Stations.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR351-A-Counterrerrorism-Role-for-Pakistan%E2%80%99s-Police-Stations.pdf Shelf Number: 133452 Keywords: Counter-TerrorismPolice ReformPolicingTerrorism (Pakistan) |
Author: Carvalho, Gustavo de Title: Building the capacity of the Malian police. Why MINUSMA needs to think outside the box Summary: The goals of the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) are to support the re-establishment of state authority throughout Mali and to stabilise key areas, especially in the north. Rebuilding the Malian security sector is one of the core pillars of the mission's mandate. However, the mission is rapidly falling out of favour with Malians, particularly due to its inability to deploy in the north of the country. This policy brief recommends how the capacity-building aspect of the police component of MINUSMA can be strengthened. Details: Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2014. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Brief 69: Accessed October 6, 2014 at: http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/PolBrief69.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Mali URL: http://www.issafrica.org/uploads/PolBrief69.pdf Shelf Number: 134227 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing (Mali)Security Sector |
Author: Wassel, Todd Title: Institutionalising community policing in Timor-Leste: police development in Asia's youngest country Summary: As part of ODI's Securing Communities project, which aims to understand different models of community policing around the world, this case study examines the development of community policing policy and practice in Timor-Leste. As with the Securing Communities project more broadly, the focus is on the diversity of objectives, approaches and methods of community policing, the 'messy politics' of its development and what this means for those who aim to support this policing model. This case study examines some key features of community policing policy development and practice in Timor-Leste. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2014. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8841.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8841.pdf Shelf Number: 133620 Keywords: Community Policing (Timor-Leste)Police ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Bastick, Megan Title: Integrating Gender into Internal Police Oversight Summary: The guidance note is designed to assist those working at the strategic or management level in police services and in bodies that manage and oversee the police, as well as those supporting police reform and/or gender mainstreaming strategies, including OSCE staff. It is intended to serve as reference material for good policing practice, presenting strategies that might be adapted to the different contexts, needs and resources of different police services. This guidance note includes: - An overview of police oversight; - Discussion of why gender is important to police oversight; - Guidance as to how gender can be integrated into police oversight in a number of key areas; - A self-assessment tool for police services; and - A list of additional resources. Details: Geneva: DCAF, OSCE, OSCE/ODIHR, 2014. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2015 at: http://www.osce.org/odihr/118326?download=true Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.osce.org/odihr/118326?download=true Shelf Number: 134664 Keywords: Female Police OfficersGender-Based IssuesPolice AdministrationPolice OversightPolice Policies and PracticesPolice Reform |
Author: Bennett, Paul Anthony Title: Identity performance and gendered culture: becoming and being a Neighbourhood Officer Summary: In recent years the police service has undergone a number of changes with the introduction of neighbourhood policing (NP) being one of the most significant. NP represents the latest in a long line of government endorsed attempts to introduce a more community orientated and customer focussed approach to policing. NP encourages police constables (PCs) and, the recently introduced, police community support officers (PCSOs) to spend more time engaging with the public, supporting vulnerable members of community and working in partnership with other agencies. This style of policing represents a significant departure from established understandings of policing which have become synonymous with 'response policing' with its focus on maintaining public order and arresting criminals. A great deal of research over the last 30 years has referred to the highly gendered culture of policing which has also been the subject of a great deal of criticism. This research focuses on the identity performances of NP officers and the different ways that NP is enacted within different contexts and situated interactions. My conceptual framework draws on both ethno-methodological and post-structural approaches in understanding how officers in different contexts constructed, reconstructed and resisted discourses in the performances of particular identities. This framework is therefore sensitive to how power and resistance works through discursive constructions within particular contexts. To further improve our appreciation of context, emphasis is given to the importance of cultural meanings as an important source of discursive constraint. However, the research clearly shows that while some discourses may be dominant in influencing identity performances, these are always contested and it is though the clash of competing discourses that the agency of NP officers is revealed (Holmer-Nadesan 1996). The study adopts an ethnographic methodology, using participant observation and semi-structured interviews to examine four broad NP contexts. These are the PCSO training course and the three neighbourhood teams, all of which are located in a different policing environment. Drawing on ethno-methodology, my approach focused on the front and back stage contexts of neighbourhood policing, examining the relationships between discourses and performances within these contexts. The findings reveal the strength of dominant policing discourses linked to gender, police professionalism, 'real' policing and community and also shows the ways that these discourses are also infused and subverted by different sets of meanings and ways of being. The PCs and PCSOs involved in the study were seen to manoeuvre and navigate these contested discourses in the ways they enacted NP in different contexts. The research also reveals the contested and fragmented nature of policing cultures and how these cultures may be best understood as a coexistence of multiple constructions of discourse (Mumby, 2011). The concluding discussion of the thesis presents a number of contributions in relation to the discursive construction of identities, the influence of gendered cultures as well as the challenge of introducing NP into British policing. Details: Cardiff: Cardiff University, 2011. 251p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/26175/ Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/26175/ Shelf Number: 134768 Keywords: Neighborhood Policing (U.K.)Police ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionPolice-Community Relations |
Author: King, Denise Rodriguez Title: The Collaborative Reform Model: A Review of Use of Force Policies, Processes, and Practices in the Spokane Police Department Summary: The proper investigation and review of use of force (UOF) incidents, especially those involving deadly force, can have a significant impact on a police department's legitimacy and relationship with the community. The negative effects and impact of an improper investigation and limited transparency are most apparent in the Spokane Police Department's (SPD) investigation of the 2006 Otto Zehm deadly force incident. This incident created an uproar and conflict within the community, and it led to a federal investigation and a civil lawsuit. Six years after the incident, the civil lawsuit was settled, and the officer involved was sentenced to 51 months in federal prison. In spite of the settlement and sentencing of the officer, there is still an opinion within the community that the department has done little to change the internal culture that led to the officer's use of deadly force and the improper investigation of that force. Eight years after the Otto Zehm incident, the police-community relationship continues to be frayed. New leadership within the police department and an organizational restructuring are signs of positive progress; however, both the department and the community agree that continued change and improvement are needed to repair the scars left by events such as the 2006 deadly force incident. In fall 2012, Chief Frank Straub, only months after being sworn in as the new police chief, requested that the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) assess the SPD's use of force policies, processes, and practices. The COPS Office responded and tasked the CNA Corporation to conduct this assessment under the COPS Office's Collaborative Reform Initiative for Technical Assistance (CRI-TA) program. The goal of this review was to improve the use of force processes in the SPD, taking into account national standards, best practices, existing research, and community expectations. The objectives of the review were as follows: - Examine the SPD's use of force policies and procedures compared with national best practices and existing research, identify areas for improvement, and provide recommendations. - Analyze a sample of use of force investigation files from 2009 through 2013 and identify trends, strengths, and weaknesses. - Examine the role of the ombudsman in use of force investigations compared with national best practices and existing research. - Improve the SPD organization's culture as it relates to use of force, in order to build trust with the community. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2014. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0751-pub.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0751-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 134772 Keywords: Deadly ForcePolice LegitimacyPolice MisconductPolice Policies and PracticesPolice ReformPolice Use of Force (Spokane, Washington) |
Author: Fachner, George Title: Collaborative Reform Model: Final Assessment Report of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Summary: In January 2012, under growing community concern and scrutiny of its use of deadly force practices, the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD) agreed to take part in an initiative sponsored by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), known as the "Collaborative Reform Model." As part of this initiative, LVMPD agreed to an in-depth assessment of its use of deadly force policies and practices. In support, the COPS Office and CNA would assist the LVMPD in adopting national standards and best practices as they relate to officer-involved shootings (OIS), while ensuring that LVMPD's implementation was comprehensive and integrated. CNA conducted the assessment, focusing on four issue areas: (1) policy and procedures, (2) training and tactics, (3) investigation and documentation, and (4) external review. CNA completed the assessment in November 2012, which documented a total of 75 reforms and recommendations. These included both new recommendations from the assessment team and reforms that LVMPD initiated before and during the assessment process. CNA published the final report, Collaborative Reform Model: A Review of Officer-Involved Shootings in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (referred to as the "2012 report" throughout the remainder of this report) in November 2012. The publication of the 2012 report did not complete the process. Sustainable policy and organizational change requires careful planning, implementation, and monitoring. The COPS Office, CNA, and LVMPD have continued in their collaboration throughout 2013. The COPS Office asked CNA to document reforms previously completed by LVMPD and to actively monitor those that resulted from the 2012 report. In September, CNA and the COPS Office published Collaborative Reform Model: Six-Month Status Report of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department. The six-month report showed that LVMPD had made significant progress. A total of 56 reforms had been completed by the department and another 15 were in progress. This report is the final assessment of LVMPD with respect to the Collaborative Reform Model. It has been two years since the beginning of the reform process, and one year since the reforms were recommended. The purpose of this report is to inform all stakeholders and interested parties of the progress made toward reforming LVMPD's policies and practices with respect to OISs. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://www.lvmpd.com/Portals/0/OIO/LVMPD_Collab_Reform_Final_Report_v6-final.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.lvmpd.com/Portals/0/OIO/LVMPD_Collab_Reform_Final_Report_v6-final.pdf Shelf Number: 134774 Keywords: Deadly ForcePolice Brutality Police Misconduct Police Reform Police Use of Force (U.S.) |
Author: Griffiths, Curt Taylor Title: Policing in Winnipeg: An Operational Review Summary: This document represents the results of an Operational Review of the Winnipeg Police Service. The purpose of this review was to examine and evaluate the core activities of the WPS and to develop recommendations that will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery. More specifically, the review involved an in-depth examination of the use of overtime in the WPS, the potential for civilianization of positions in the service, staffing, deployment, the response to calls for service, and the activities of investigative units. The review was informed by best practices in police management and operations, and multiple data sources were used in the review, including field observations of patrol, interviews with patrol members and senior police personnel, quantitative data on overtime and from Computer-Aided Dispatch, and a survey of selected investigative units. These analyses were conducted within a framework that considered the environment in which the WPS delivers services and responds to community demands and expectations. The components of this review are set out in chapters, beginning with a discussion surrounding the context of policing in Winnipeg, focusing on the unique challenges surrounding the delivery of policing services in the City of Winnipeg. A special focus is afforded to relationships between the WPS and Aboriginal peoples, immigrants, and refugees. This also includes a discussion surrounding mandates and downloading between different levels of government and the WPS, particularly surrounding persons with mental illness, chronic youth runaways, and special event policing. Two stand-alone chapters examine two separate issues - those of civilianization, and overtime usage for the entire Service. The objective of the civilianization review is to discuss the benefits and drawbacks of civilianizing positions within a police force, and then objectively analyze what positions would be appropriate to civilianize in the WPS. A number of positions currently occupied by sworn officers are identified as more appropriately staffed by civilians. Converting these positions will allow for greater continuity of expertise, reduced operational costs in many instances, and will free up sworn members for deployment in areas of greater need, including patrol. The study of overtime in the service identifies the source of these costs. A key finding is that patrol members generate the majority of overtime, an indicator that the WPS does not currently have sufficient resources deployed. The analysis makes it possible to determine what initiatives can be taken to reduce overtime, including making adjustments to staffing and shift deployment. Generally speaking, the opportunities for cost savings appear to reside within the staffing levels in some parts of the organization, namely in Patrol. Staffed properly, this could result in savings of approximately $1.5M. Details: Ottawa: Canadian Police Association, 2013. 479p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 16, 2015 at: http://curtgriffiths.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/WPS-operational-review.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://curtgriffiths.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/WPS-operational-review.pdf Shelf Number: 134931 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice PatrolPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolicing (Winnipeg, Canada) |
Author: Pyman, Mark Title: Arresting corruption in the police. The global experience of police corruption reform efforts Summary: This report is the result of a survey of global experience of police anti-corruption reforms. It analyses police corruption and looks at reforms that were undertaken to tackle it. The report offers a way to analyse police corruption more systematically through a 'police typology', and looks at examples of police reform in 10 countries around the globe: Australia, Afghanistan, China, Georgia, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Serbia, Singapore, and Venezuela. Details: London: Transparency International, UK, 2012. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 2, 2015 at: http://issuu.com/tidefence/docs/2012-11_arrestingcorruptioninpolice Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://issuu.com/tidefence/docs/2012-11_arrestingcorruptioninpolice Shelf Number: 135137 Keywords: Police BehaviorPolice CorruptionPolice EthicsPolice MisconductPolice Reform |
Author: Police Foundation Title: The Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission: Final Report Summary: The City of Wilmington is the largest and the most culturally and economically diverse city in Delaware. The ability of the City to grow and improve the lives of its residents depends on its ability effectively to provide public safety. The residents, employers, and civic and community leaders with whom we speak routinely cited public safety as a principal concern affecting their decisions about where to live, where to locate their business, and how to lead the City to a better future. Like many cities, Wilmington experiences a significant amount of crime, including crimes of violence, drug crimes and nuisance crimes. However, many cities across the country have experienced significant reductions in crimes in all categories in recent years - often attributed to improved policing strategies. Wilmington is not one of those cities. According to the FBI, Wilmington ranks third in violence among 450 cities of its size and sixth among all cities over 50,000. Crime in Wilmington - and particularly homicides - has reached record numbers in recent years. Over the past decade, the City of Wilmington has averaged 118 shooting victims per year, reaching a record high of 154 shootings victims in 2013. In 2014 alone, there were 127 shooting victims and 23 shooting deaths in the City. The principal questions facing the Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission are why the City of Wilmington has not experienced the same crime reductions enjoyed by similarly situated municipalities across the country and what Wilmington can do about that. This report offers our examination of the strategies currently being employed by the City and the WPD, and our proposal of strategies that might be employed to better address the WPD's core mission of creating a safer Wilmington. Improving public safety in Wilmington is challenging, but it is certainly not impossible. Wilmington has three built-in advantages. First and most significantly, Wilmington has a sufficiently large police force to bring appropriate resources to bear on this issue. While we make clear in this report that there are several areas of police work that deserve additional resources, and that a reorganization of some functions would assist the Department, the WPD begins this work with a force large enough to effectively patrol and fight crime in Wilmington. Second, as the Crime Analysis and CAD Incident Analysis done by Temple University's Jerry Ratcliffe, Ph.D. make clear, "[s]mall areas of the city account for a large proportion of the crime and community harm." As a result, if appropriate strategies are brought to bear on those small areas, significant reductions in crime can be obtained. Third, many people with whom we spoke in the WPD, from the leadership to rank-and-file officers, recognize that there is a need for and opportunity to change for the better. Significant cultural and organizational changes can be made only with buy-in from those tasked with the need to lead and implement those changes, and the recognition of the need for and inevitability of change was evident in many of the law enforcement professionals with whom we spoke. Generally, we found that WPD has a respond-and-react orientation and structure that focuses on resolving calls for service rather than proactively implementing crime reduction strategies. Although WPD is sufficiently staffed, the department does not deploy sufficient officers in patrol and key investigatory functions. WPD is behind other law enforcement agencies in its use of technology (some of which it already owns) to both analyze and predict crime, as well as to provide accountability of its officers as to there whereabouts and activities. The WPD's investigatory units do not solve a sufficient number of crimes - particularly homicides - and can improve its investigatory functions and victims' services. The Wilmington community appreciates the dedication and effort of the Department's officers, but some community relationships have become strained and can be improved. All of the issues identified in this report are fixable, and none is exclusive to Wilmington. Many of the building blocks for reform are already in place - a city and community that recognizes the need for change, a WPD administration that is open to new strategies, and supportive local partners. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 200p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2015 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Shelf Number: 135155 Keywords: Crime StatisticsGun-Related ViolenceHomicidesPolice ReformPolice ResponsePolice-Community RelationsPolicingPolicing StrategiesPublic SafetyViolent Crime |
Author: Denney, Lisa Title: Securing communities? Redefining community policing to achieve results Summary: Community policing is a popular donor strategy within wider police reforms in many developing countries - with programmes in places as diverse as Bangladesh, Jamaica and Sierra Leone. It takes a variety of forms, but often includes alternative dispute resolution, police-community forums, joint police-community patrols, community outreach, the establishment of community policing as a police-wide philosophy and/or specific police units tasked with responsibility for community policing. In addition to these multiple forms, community policing is ascribed a diverse set of objectives by the different actors involved (governments, police, communities and donors), including reduced crime, improved police-community relations, increased police accountability and strengthened state-society relations. As a result of the conceptual confusion surrounding community policing, the 'Securing communities' project at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) attempted to map the diversity of practices that fall within its remit, to examine how community policing is shaped in different contexts and to probe the plausibility of many of the objectives ascribed to community policing. This synthesis paper draws together the findings of a background paper and four case studies (in Ethiopia, Jamaica, Sri Lanka and Timor-Leste), as well as wider reviews of the literature and country examples. Key findings include: -Despite the popularity of community policing within wider police reforms, there is little consensus on its definitions, objectives and models; -Communities, police, governments and donors ascribe a range of competing objectives to community policing, many of which are overambitious; -Community policing is shaped by a number of features of the context, which we must understand in order to develop realistic expectations of what kinds of change are possible; -There is a need to be more realistic about what community policing can achieve, focusing on specific safety and security problems are dependent on what the context allows. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2015. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2015 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9582.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9582.pdf Shelf Number: 135213 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Reform |
Author: Police Reform Taskforce Title: Policing for the People: Interim report of the Police Reform Taskforce Summary: The central premise of this report is that, in spite of record spending on law and order, crime remains far too high. A more effective criminal justice system and social action will be important components of a new approach to fighting crime. But the police are a vital link in the chain of justice, consuming two-thirds of law and order spending. Their performance over the next decade will be essential in improving the quality of life of millions of citizens. The Government's approach to the police has been a familiar one: higher public spending combined with an ever tighter central grip. Like other public services, the police are bedeviled with national targets, interference and the bureaucracy created by central intervention. The result has been that even as resources for the police have reached record levels, officers feel unable to deliver the service they and the public want - and the gulf between the police and public is growing. The hundreds of meetings we have had with police officers over the past months have reinforced our belief that the service is full of officers with a real commitment to delivering effective policing for the public. Nevertheless, neither politicians nor the police can afford to ignore an undercurrent of public dissatisfaction about the level of policing which they are receiving. Focus groups which we conducted for the Taskforce indicated sympathy for the difficulty of the task which the police face. A general feeling, expressed by one participant, was that "their hands are totally tied - by red tape and political correctness". But there were also harsh words, reflecting an alienation from the service: "Your local bobby used to be known by everyone. He was an authority on the area and a friend. They are now obsolete". A familiar grievance was that the police appeared to pursue motorists with particular zeal: "You get pulled over for a driving offence and get treated like a complete criminal". This qualitative research is supported by quantitative evidence that trust in the police has declined and attitudes towards them are negatively related to personal experiences of the service. The most recent survey, conducted by ICM for the TaxPayers' Alliance, found that while the overwhelming majority of the public respects the police, less than a quarter think that policing in their area has improved, and less than half think that increases in council tax to pay for improvements to local policing in the last ten years have been good value for money. Large majorities of the public agree that the police spend too much time in police stations and not enough time on the beat; their hands are tied by red tape and political correctness, and they prefer to focus on easy targets like speeding motorists rather than deal with antisocial behaviour and local crime. The closure of police stations is emblematic of the withdrawal of the police from the public. On paper, police officer numbers have increased - the police workforce has grown by almost 25 per cent in the last five years. In practice, the public simply do not see it. ICM's survey found that most people think that there are fewer police on the beat than there used to be, and that nearly three quarters of the public know none of the police officers in their neighbourhood. As we demonstrate, vast amounts of police time are spent tied up in stations; the police spend more time on paperwork than on patrol, and less than a tenth of England and Wales' police officers are dedicated to neighbourhood policing. If the amount of time a police officer spends on the beat could be increased from one fifth to two fifths, this would effectively double the police presence on the streets of England and Wales without recruiting a single additional officer. For decades, an expert wisdom prevailed that high crime was inevitable and that policing could do little to prevent it. There was no point in putting police officers on the streets, the argument ran, because it would do little to reduce crime. Today such fatalism, which was never accepted by the public, has been debunked. When more police were put on the streets of central London after 7/7, crime fell. The success of New York City's reductions in crime in the 1990s - recently described by one leading academic as "by far the biggest crime prevention achievement in the recorded history of metropolitan policing" - demonstrates that good policing, which accounted for half of the 75 per cent reduction in crime in a decade, can make our streets safer. The lessons of New York are important ones. Better police performance was achieved by a combination of factors: a significant increase in police numbers on the streets, robust community policing, and powerful reforms which enhanced the accountability of managers. The changes were driven by an elected Mayor who was accountable to the people, and an inspirational police chief who innovated and led his force. Today the British police face the twin challenges of rebuilding community policing to tackle low level crime and antisocial behaviour, while at the same time strengthening the fight against serious crime and terrorism. To meet these challenges it will be vital to ensure that the police are properly resourced in the future. But they have never had so much money, so many officers or such access to technology. Furthermore, the growth of spending on public services is now slowing; indeed the Home Office budget is to be frozen from next year. The police face a new imperative to deliver value for money. Details: London: Policy Review, 2007. 241p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://conservativehome.blogs.com/torydiary/files/policing_for_the_people.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://conservativehome.blogs.com/torydiary/files/policing_for_the_people.pdf Shelf Number: 135321 Keywords: Community PolicingCosts of Criminal JusticePolice AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice EffectivenessPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolicing (U.K.) |
Author: Council of Canadian Academies Title: Policing Canada in the 21st Century: new policing for new challenges Summary: Police in Canada are facing unprecedented internal and external challenges, many of which are rooted in the changing context in which police now operate. At the same time, significant new opportunities are emerging that can help police services to better adjust and ultimately prosper in the evolving safety and security landscape. To better understand how policing may be carried out more efficiently and effectively in the future, the Government of Canada, through Public Safety Canada (the Sponsor), with support from Justice Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, asked the Council of Canadian Academies (the Council) to undertake an expert panel assessment that brings together the available evidence from Canada and around the world. Specifically, the Sponsor posed the following question: Given the evolution of crime, the justice system, and society, what do current evidence and knowledge suggest about the future of the public policing models used in Canada? Additional direction was provided through three sub-questions: - What existing and emerging issues are identified as key, cross-jurisdictional challenges for Canada's policing models, e.g., service delivery models, public confidence, performance measures? - What are some of the best practices and changes in the policing models of other countries towards greater effectiveness and efficiency, and towards fostering public confidence in policing? What are the relevance and applicability of such ideas in Canada? - What research/knowledge gaps exist respecting these identified challenges? What communities of expertise and other resources might best be utilized towards ongoing policing-related research? To address the charge, the Council assembled a multidisciplinary panel of 12 experts (the Panel) from Canada and abroad. The Panel's composition reflects a balance of expertise, experience, and demonstrated leadership in a number of areas relevant to the charge, including the areas of police reform, police administration and governance, criminology, and law. Each member served on the Panel as an informed individual, rather than as a representative of a discipline, patron, organization, region, or particular set of values. In preparing its report, the Panel drew from a detailed review of peer-reviewed literature, official reports, and statistics from Canada and other countries, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, each of which has important similarities to Canada that make comparisons informative. Although the Panel recognized the limits of these lessons when applied to Canada, it relied significantly on international policing research, due to the limited availability of Canadian research. Details: Ottawa (ON): The Expert Panel on the Future of Canadian Policing Models, Council of Canadian Academies, 2014. 212p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 23, 2015 at: http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/eng/assessments%20and%20publications%20and%20news%20releases/policing/policing_fullreporten.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/eng/assessments%20and%20publications%20and%20news%20releases/policing/policing_fullreporten.pdf Shelf Number: 135367 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Canada) |
Author: U.S. President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Title: Interim report of The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Summary: Trust between law enforcement agencies and the people they protect and serve is essential in a democracy. It is key to the stability of our communities, the integrity of our criminal justice system, and the safe and effective delivery of policing services. In light of the recent events that have exposed rifts in the relationships between local police and the communities they protect and serve, on December 18, 2014, President Barack Obama signed an Executive Order establishing the Task Force on 21st Century Policing. In establishing the task force, the President spoke of the distrust that exists between too many police departments and too many communities - the sense that in a country where our basic principle is equality under the law, too many individuals, particularly young people of color, do not feel as if they are being treated fairly. "When any part of the American family does not feel like it is being treated fairly, that's a problem for all of us," said the President. "It's not just a problem for some. It's not just a problem for a particular community or a particular demographic. It means that we are not as strong as a country as we can be. And when applied to the criminal justice system, it means we're not as effective in fighting crime as we could be." These remarks underpin the philosophical foundation for the Task Force on 21st Century Policing: to build trust between citizens and their peace officers so that all components of a community are treating one another fairly and justly and are invested in maintaining public safety in an atmosphere of mutual respect. Decades of research and practice tell us that the public cares as much about how police interact with them as they care about the outcomes that legal actions produce. People are more likely to obey the law when they believe those who are enforcing it have the right - the legitimate authority - to tell them what to do. Building trust and legitimacy, therefore, is not just a policing issue. It involves all components of the criminal justice system and is inextricably bound to bedrock issues affecting the community such as poverty, education, and public health. The mission of the task force was to examine how to foster strong, collaborative relationships between local law enforcement and the communities they protect and to make recommendations to the President on how policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust. The president selected members of the task force based on their ability to contribute to its mission because of their relevant perspective, experience, or subject matter expertise in policing, law enforcement and community relations, civil rights, and civil liberties. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2015 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/interim_tf_report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/interim_tf_report.pdf Shelf Number: 135831 Keywords: Police LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Schwartz, Matthew Title: Policing and (in)security in fragile and conflict-affected settings: A review of perspectives on policing in sub-Saharan Africa Summary: Developed for the Knowledge Platform Security & Rule of Law, this paper presents series of thematic discussions derived from the literature on policing in a number of African countries. Taking a developmental and human security perspective, the paper focuses on the diffuse networks of non-state and state providers that serve as the primary safety and security providers for a vast majority of communities. While hybrid policing systems vary in capacity and end-user satisfaction, traditional statutory policing structures are generally characterized by severe dysfunction, politicization, and abuse with impunity. Considering the diverse challenges faced by many national police actors on the continent, the paper questions the efficacy of prevailing state-centric security assistance programs and their overwhelming focus on strengthening "enforcement" capacities. It cautions donors to take a more considered approach to ensure their police assistance activities are supporting the protection- not the predation- of local communities. Details: Washington, DC: Global Center on Cooperative Security, 2015. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2015 at: http://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/policing-and-in-security-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Africa URL: http://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/policing-and-in-security-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings.pdf Shelf Number: 135844 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing |
Author: Rahr, Sue Title: From Warriors to Guardians: Recommitting American Police Culture to Democratic Ideals Summary: Despite two decades of aspiring to effective community policing, American law enforcement seems to have drifted off the course of building close community ties toward creating a safe distance from community members, in some cases substituting equipment and technology as the preferred means of gathering information about crime and addressing threats to public safety. In some communities, the friendly neighborhood beat cop - community guardian - has been replaced with the urban warrior, trained for battle and equipped with the accouterments and weaponry of modern warfare. Armed with sophisticated technology to mine data about crime trends, officers can lose sight of the value of building close community ties. Largely stripped of a nuanced understanding of how communities operate, crime tracking and crime prediction software minimizes the utility of hard-earned intelligence provided by line officers who know their beats. After all, one's ability to glean meaning from algorithms is only as good as its sourcing: the accumulated body of knowledge of officers who have come to understand that there are few "straight lines" in policing - that (sometimes visceral) person-to- person contact is typically not well-suited to statistical models. Most law enforcement leaders recognize that creating stronger human connections and community engagement will lead to improved public safety and more effective crime fighting. So how do we build the foundation of trust necessary to form a true partnership between the police and the people we serve? The research tells us that, despite three decades of falling crime rates - and improved training, technology and tactics - public trust in the police has not improved. Instead, empirical assessments of trust and confidence in the police have remained generally unchanged in recent years. It turns out that people don't care as much about crime rates as they do about how they are treated by the police. This phenomenon, known in academic circles as procedural justice, is regularly practiced and understood by effective and respected beat officers. The public knows it when they see it. But neither has likely heard of or used the term. Both beat officers and members of the public would describe procedural justice in action as being a good cop and doing the right thing. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed June 3, 3015 at: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/76023/1708385/version/1/file/WarriorstoGuardians.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/76023/1708385/version/1/file/WarriorstoGuardians.pdf Shelf Number: 135859 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsProcedural Justice |
Author: International Crisis Group Title: The Future of the Afghan Local Police Summary: The Afghan Local Police (ALP) began as a small U.S. experiment but grew into a significant part of Afghanistan's security apparatus. In hundreds of rural communities, members serve on the front lines of a war that is reaching heights of violence not witnessed since 2001, as insurgents start to credibly threaten major cities. The ALP also stand in the middle of a policy debate about whether the Kabul government can best defend itself with loosely regulated units outside the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) structure. The mixed record suggests that the ALP contribute to security where local factors allow recruitment of members from the villages they patrol and where they respect their own communities. But such conditions do not exist in many districts. The ALP and pro-government militias are cheap but dangerous, and Kabul should resist calls for their expansion. Reforms are needed to strengthen oversight, dismiss ALP in the many locations where they worsen security and incorporate the remaining units into the ANSF. Since 2001, when intelligence officers arrived in northern Afghanistan to raise local militias against the Taliban, the U.S. presence has been associated with a proliferation of irregular or semi-regular forces backed by American sponsors. None has approached the scale of the ALP, which has perhaps 29,000 men deployed in 29 of 34 provinces. Its predecessors were invented to meet short-term tactical requirements, such as assisting counter-terrorism teams in border regions; the ALP is a broader effort to correct strategic problems in the war against the Taliban. U.S. planners realised they were sending Afghan forces into rural communities that treated them as outsiders because of their tribe, ethnicity or urban background. Senior Afghan officials were reluctant to endorse community-based units, in part because they circumvented central government authority, but also because they resembled militias that had contributed to the civil wars of the 1990s. President Hamid Karzai eventually accepted the ALP concept after insisting the armed villagers would at least nominally be categorised as "police" and answer to the interior ministry. He approved a 10,000-man roster as a two- to five-year temporary measure to address growing instability, although the program rapidly expanded. Five years later, officials in President Ashraf Ghani's government are considering plans to increase the roster to 45,000 and seeking money to continue the program after the scheduled September 2018 expiration of U.S. funding. U.S. and Afghan security officials also continue experimenting with other irregular units. Abdul Rashid Dostum, the first vice president and an ex-militia leader, has publicly called for a new force of 20,000. Already, security officials are attempting to raise about 5,000 militiamen in at least seven provinces as a stopgap against rising insecurity. Afghan officials who feel qualms about hastily-raised forces with little training may lose the internal argument if insurgent attacks continue growing in 2015-2016 as forecast, leading to more pressure for quick fixes. However, the ALP program has not improved security in many places and even exacerbated the conflict in a number of districts. A minority of villagers describe it as an indispensable source of protection, without which their districts would become battlegrounds or insurgent havens, but it is more common to hear complaints that ALP prey upon the people they are supposed to guard. Such behaviour often provokes violence: in 2014, an ALP officer was three to six times more likely to be killed on duty than his ANSF counterpart. At times, this reflected the way ALP units have become a central part of the war, singled out by Taliban as important targets. In other places, the high rate resulted from abuses - extortion, kidnapping, extrajudicial killings - that instigated armed responses. Teachers who feel outraged by ALP behaviour and pick up guns to attack an ALP outpost may have no connection to insurgents and may quickly return peacefully to civilian life. Such cases illustrate how ALP can inspire conflict, instead of quelling it. The chequered history suggests further expansion of such forces would be a mistake, but an abrupt halt to the program would give insurgents a military edge, and ex-fighters might also be drawn to banditry and other forms of lawlessness if not carefully reintegrated into society or the ANSF. New policies are needed to extend ALP units with proven good behaviour, while reducing the overall force and ultimately ending the program. The mix of interventions required - strengthened oversight and integration into ANSF of units that would remain after poor ones are disbanded - includes additional training, vetting and discipline. Many domestic and international actors should be empowered to identify where the ALP contributes to instability, including the councils of elders originally convened to approve the program. Oversight mechanisms should have power only to reduce or eliminate ALP where the program is not working, not authorise bigger rosters or shift resources to new locations. Only a minority of the existing ALP would likely pass muster in such a stringent system, but those remaining should receive pay increases equivalent to those received by the national police (ANP), and adequate support from the government and international community. Washington's allies have been reluctant to get involved with the program, but they should set aside their concerns as ALP members become bona fide policemen and leave behind the ALP's history as a U.S. military project. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2015. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Report No. 268: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/268-the-future-of-the-afghan-local-police.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/268-the-future-of-the-afghan-local-police.pdf Shelf Number: 136338 Keywords: Counter-TerrorismPolice BehaviorPolice Education and TrainingPolice EffectivenessPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Ratcliffe, Jerry H. Title: Harm-Focused Policing Summary: Many of modern policing's accountability mechanisms and performance criteria remain rooted in a narrow mandate of combating violence and property crime. Police chiefs across the country are discovering however that a focus on crime and disorder is too limiting for policing in the 21st century. While crime has decreased significantly over the last 20 years, the workload of police departments continues unabated, with growing areas of concern such as behavioral health and harmful community conditions dominating the work of departments. There is also an increasing recognition that some traditional police tactics, such as stop-and-frisk and other approaches to enforcement, come with a price in terms of community support and police legitimacy. This Ideas in American Policing paper examines how a refocus towards community harm can help police departments integrate more of their actual workload into measures of harmful places and harmful offenders. For example, drug overdoses and traffic accidents are community problems that can be tackled within a cohesive harm framework rather than addressed independent of the crime and disorder problem. This can improve targeting of police resources and choices about places and suspects who should be the object of crime reduction services. The approach can also be integrated with metrics that help police departments weigh the impact of proactive enforcement strategies against any crime control benefits. Details: Washington, DC: The Police Foundation, 2015. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Ideas in American Policing no. 19: Accessed August 17, 2015 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/PF_IIAP_Ratcliffe_8.01.15_RGB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/PF_IIAP_Ratcliffe_8.01.15_RGB.pdf Shelf Number: 136436 Keywords: Place-Based PolicingPolice AccountabilityPolice EffectivenessPolice PerformancePolice Reform |
Author: Roth, Olivier Title: A Fair Cop? Elected Police Commissioners, Democracy and Local Accountability Summary: The Coalition's White Paper entitled "21st Century Policing" argues for structural changes within the police service, in order to improve local accountability and to foster citizen engagement. The current tripartite arrangement would be replaced by directly elected Police and Crime Commissioners, who would be supported in their duties by newly created Police and Crime Panels. This research paper will analyse some of the issues and tensions that this proposal creates, and will attempt to issue a set of recommendations and principles designed to maximise the benefits that can be derived from its implementation. As a complex and multi-layered issue, policing requires cross-sectoral cooperation and collaboration. Police and Crime Commissioners will therefore have to work in partnership with local authorities and other public bodies, with citizens and communities, and with the newly created National Crime Agency in order to deliver positive policing outcomes. Police and Crime Commissioners should not be able to circumvent these partnership workings, and should therefore be required to consult and work with these entities on a regular basis. This engagement should provide further opportunities for neighbourhoods and citizens to participate in the improvement of crime outcomes. While directly elected Police and Crime Commissioners should improve police visibility and give citizens a channel through which they can address their concerns, there is a risk that electoral considerations could influence the actions and focus of Police and Crime Commissioners, and that these will become too politicised. As a repository of local democracy, Police and Crime Panels should play an important part in this process, and have their functions commensurately increased. A two-thirds majority in Police and Crime Panels should allow them to veto specific key decisions from Police and Crime Commissioners. Reducing bureaucracy is a key part of the Coalition's White Paper, which NLGN fully supports. The use of technology, and a standardisation in processes, could go a long way towards both reducing bureaucracy and collecting comparable data relating to policing outcomes. These should form the basis on which citizens would judge the work that has been done by their Police and Crime Commissioners, and allow them to focus their crime-reducing initiatives on specific problems in delimited areas. Finally, special attention will have to be paid to the costs involved in these reforms. Studies have shown that elections and new structures can be expensive to finance, and mechanisms designed to keep the costs as low as possible will be needed, for example by holding Police and Crime Commissioners elections at the same time as local ones. Details: London; New Local Government Network (NLGN), 2010. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2015 at: http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/nlgn_a_fair_cop.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/nlgn_a_fair_cop.pdf Shelf Number: 136487 Keywords: CollaborationPartnershipsPolice AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice Reform |
Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary Title: Reshaping policing for the public. A discussion paper from the advisory group on the national debate on policing in austerity Summary: 1.1. The police service and law enforcement agencies in England and Wales are committed to further change so that policing best meets the needs of the public within a climate of continuing budget pressures. 1.2. Further change should be in line with a set of principles which reflect the police's mission to prevent crime and protect the public. The following principles were developed during the course of the national debate: - We will seek to protect the public and keep people safe from harm, especially the most vulnerable members of our communities. This will mean focusing as much on early action to prevent and reduce crime as reacting to crime once it has happened. - We will provide a service that is valued and supported by the public, tailoring the service to individual needs and focusing on the victim. - We will seek to protect ease of access to frontline services by a range of means, including online access and a visible local policing presence that works directly with communities. - We will enhance capabilities and achieve value for money by scaling up specialist capabilities5 and standardising functions where appropriate. This will help to maintain capability and resilience across policing but without losing agility when fighting crime. - We will work in close co-operation with all other organisations involved in public protection to keep communities safe and work with communities so they play their part alongside the police in securing their neighbourhoods. This points towards greater integration between public services, for example through the development of shared public safety plans with single leadership and shared budgets. 1.3. This suggests a possible new framework for policing where: - Local, frontline services accessible to communities provide a 24/7 response; neighbourhood policing focused on problem solving that protects people and prevents bad things from happening and getting communities involved; and local crime investigations. - Frontline services (including the safeguarding6 of vulnerable people and the management of offenders) are provided collaboratively with other local public services involved in community safety, working to a common set of outcomes as part of partnership arrangements. These arrangements should include the ability to share and prioritise time, money and people to achieve effective local outcomes. - Specialist capabilities (such as those within the Strategic Policing Requirement) and areas of operational and criminal justice support are consolidated into cross-force functions7, strategically located and operating to national standards. The most highly specialised capabilities (such as counter-terrorism) should be provided nationally. This would minimise the number of locations required to support an effective police service; allow capabilities common to different policing activities to be deployed flexibly; and preserve access to capabilities for all forces without losing the ability to deploy rapidly on the basis of threat, risk and harm. - Different arrangements for cross-force working will be appropriate depending on the nature of the participating forces. For example, in some areas a larger force might provide the location for these capabilities on behalf of the participating forces, whereas in others, shared capabilities might be added to existing arrangements such as regional organised crime units (ROCUs). This will require further work based on local circumstances and should be an iterative process, focusing first on those areas of specialist capability which should only be provided on a cross-force basis.-Business support functions are provided through greater economies of scale that reflect local circumstances, recognising the opportunities to build scale through local partners, other forces and/or with the private sector. Details: London: HMIC, 2015. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/reshaping-policing-for-the-public.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmic/wp-content/uploads/reshaping-policing-for-the-public.pdf Shelf Number: 136694 Keywords: CollaborationCosts of Criminal JusticePolice Reform |
Author: Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization Title: Women in Afghan National Police: A Baseline Assessment Summary: This report identifies challenges and possible measures that could be taken to support the position of women working in the Afghan National Police (ANP). The lack of female leaders in ANP is frequently cited as one of the major obstacles to women's advancement in ANP. Details: Kabul: Afghanistan Public Policy Research Organization, 2014. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 16, 2015 at: http://appro.org.af/women-in-anp-a-baseline-assessment/ Year: 2014 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://appro.org.af/women-in-anp-a-baseline-assessment/ Shelf Number: 136775 Keywords: Female Police Officers Police Officers Police Reform |
Author: White, Michael D. Title: Challenges in Implementation and Impact: Lessons from the Cincinnati, Joliet, and Lansing Smart Policing Initiatives Summary: Since 2009, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) has provided more than $14.4 million to 35 local, county, and state law enforcement agencies conducting 38 Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) projects. Though many SPI sites have documented significant crime decreases in the targeted areas with sound research methodologies, others have been less successful. The reasons why some SPI sites have struggled are varied and include implementation problems, data analysis issues, and leadership turnover. Other sites have implemented evidence-based strategies and evaluated those strategies with rigorous research methodologies; but in the end, crime reductions were not realized. We consider such initiatives successful because they identify strategies, practices, and lessons that other jurisdictions can learn from, and they are evidence-based because of the strong research designs they employed. This SPI spotlight reviews the experiences of three sites - Cincinnati (OH), Joliet (IL), and Lansing (MI) - that fall into this last category. All three sites were led by police officials and criminal justice scholars who were well-versed in evidence-based practices and researcher/practitioner partnerships. Each site engaged in intensive data analysis to examine the underlying conditions and causes of the targeted crime problem (robbery in Cincinnati, drug dealing in Lansing, and gun violence in Joliet). Each site implemented a comprehensive, collaborative data-driven strategy to address their respective crime problems, from interventions based on the problem analysis triangle in Cincinnati and hot spots in Joliet, to focused deterrence and offender call-ins in Lansing. Each project was evaluated using rigorous quasi-experimental research designs. Despite these ingredients for success, none of the three sites experienced statistically significant crime declines that could be tied to their SPI. This spotlight identifies a number of common challenges to implementation and impact that were experienced by the three sites, including: lapses in continuous, real-time problem analysis; insufficient program dosage; stakeholder limitations; and tension between operational decision-making and research design integrity. In Cincinnati, for example, geographic analysis of the robbery problem led the SPI team to increase the size of the original target area, which necessarily weakened the intensity of the intervention. In Joliet, probation and parole officers were active participants in the SPI, but restrictions on their authority limited the team's ability to conduct compliance checks and to initiate revocation proceedings. In Lansing, the nature of drug dealing shifted from a traditional turf-based model to mobile transactions coordinated through cell phones, which forced the SPI team to alter their interventions "on the fly." These experiences (and others) in Cincinnati, Joliet, and Lansing highlight the importance of devising a strong process evaluation that allows for detailed documentation of implementation processes and challenges, and for a thorough understanding of why a program did or did not produce the intended crime reduction benefits. The Cincinnati, Joliet, and Lansing SPIs also underscore the importance of thinking broadly about program impact. Impact can be measured in terms of knowledge gained, organizational change, and new partnerships - developments that are not easily quantified in terms of statistical significance but represent positive change in a law enforcement agency. Details: Washington, DC: CNA Analysis and Solutions, 2015. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Spotlight Report: Accessed September 25, 2015 at: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/SPI%20Challenges%20Spotlight%202015%20Final.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/SPI%20Challenges%20Spotlight%202015%20Final.pdf Shelf Number: 136876 Keywords: Evidence-Based PracticesFocused Deterrence Hot SpotsPolice ReformSmart Policing Initiative |
Author: Martin, Gerard Title: Community Policing in Central America: The Way Forward Summary: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Central America in general face complex security problems, including the proliferation of violent gangs, drug-trafficking organizations, and organized crime, as expressed in homicide rates that are among the highest in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Police reform that incorporates a community policing (CP) approach could contribute significantly to solutions, but it faces significant hurdles, including entrenched opposition to police reform, poor leadership and management capacity within police and other law enforcement entities, corruption as well as a challenging security environment. This report focuses on the status of USAID and U.S. State Department support for CP in El Salvador and Guatemala, and the road ahead, addressing five questions: - What key elements are leading to successful CP in El Salvador and Guatemala? - What factors keep CP programs from succeeding? - How can programs achieve quick successes in target communities, become sustainable, and be replicated? - What are we missing - and what else can we do? - Which innovative aspects of current practices can be used as best practices in the challenging security situation in these countries? This report presents an assessment of each country's current CP situation and the ongoing support from USAID and the State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL). The assessment offers country-specific conclusions, next steps, and observations about key elements for successful replication in the region. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2015 at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JBQ7.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Central America URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JBQ7.pdf Shelf Number: 136878 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: El-Enany, Nadine Title: Justice, Resistance and Solidarity: Race and Policing in England and Wales Summary: This edition of Perspectives focuses on racism and policing in Britain. It brings together academics, practitioners and activists to examine, and offer their outlook on, the state of policing and its effects on black and minority ethnic communities in Britain today. In recent years the US has been in the spotlight for police killings of black men and women, including the 2014 killings of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tanisha Anderson in Cleveland, Ohio, and Eric Garner in New York, as well as the protest movements which have followed. Britain is no stranger to racialised police violence. Following these and other fatal police shootings, solidarity protests with the "BlackLivesMatter" movement drew attention to the long list of unaccounted-for deaths of black men and women in Britain. Systemic and institutional racism persists in policing despite its recognition in the Macpherson Report more than fifteen years ago. In Britain, black and minority ethnic people are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system at every level, from arrests to stop and search, to imprisonment, to deaths in custody. Successive governments' counter-terrorism policies have resulted in racial profiling and over-policing of Muslim and Asian communities, and have fed a pervasive Islamophobia now affecting British and other European societies. Contributors to this collection have tackled these issues head on from multiple perspectives, incorporating the voices of those affected by racialised policing and those who campaign on their behalf, together with scholars in the field. Each of their short contributions seeks to provoke critical reflection and forward-thinking on key issues where race and policing intersect. The collection is organised into three parts. The first, Taking Stock - The State of Policing, sets out the key contemporary issues in race and policing within a historical context. The second part, Racism and Counter-Terrorism, examines the racial and religious profiling that is at the heart of counter-terror policing in Britain and examines the impact this is having on Asian and Muslim communities in particular. The final part, Considering a Way Forward, brings together accounts from grassroots and community organisations of their experiences and strategies when taking up the challenge of scrutinising and seeking accountability for police actions. Included in this part are comparative perspectives on practice and policy from across Europe. Details: London: Runnymede, 2015. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Runnymede Perspectives: Accessed November 28, 2015 at: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Race%20and%20Policing%20v4.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Race%20and%20Policing%20v4.pdf Shelf Number: 137350 Keywords: Minority CommunitiesPolice AccountabilityPolice ReformPolicingRacial ProfilingRacial Profiling in PolicingRacismTerrorism |
Author: Norton, Blake Title: An Assessment of the St. Louis County Police Department. Collaborative Reform Initiative Summary: The nation was jarred by events that occurred in 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri; Staten Island, New York; Cleveland, Ohio; and in 2015 in Baltimore, Maryland. These events - which followed officer-involved incidents in these American cities and around the nation - exposed deep divides between communities and their police departments. As the discord reached a fever pitch, law enforcement agencies nationwide began the process of self-evaluation, reflecting on policies and practices and implementing innovative strategies to better engender community policing principles, build trust, and allay fear. The St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD), with 8551 authorized sworn commissioned officer positions, is responsible for providing police services to an estimated population of approximately 407,000 county residents. The population served increases to approximately 1 million when accounting for the fact that the department also provides contracted law enforcement services to 66 municipalities, 12 school districts, and five other organizations within the county. The department provides both full service contracts - in which the SLCPD is the sole police agency for a municipality and provides all police services - and dedicated patrol contracts that require the SLCPD to provide requested police services. Approximately 60 departments in the St. Louis region serve 90 municipalities. These 60 departments possess widely differing resources, and they provide protection across significantly diverse geographic and demographic communities. This amalgam of departments also creates a web of overlapping jurisdictions, policies, and practices. In addition, the SLCPD operates the St. Louis County and Municipal Police Academy (CMPA), a regional police training facility that provides training to many law enforcement agencies in the area. Finally, mutual aid agreements in the region allow Missouri officers to respond to emergencies outside of their jurisdictions. This interdependent yet fragmented approach to policing in the area creates challenges for the SLCPD in building trusting relationships with the community. The relationship each independent municipal police department has with its community directly affects the relationship the SLCPD has with the community at large. In its civil rights investigation of the Ferguson Police Department (FPD),6 the U.S. Department of Justice found heavy police enforcement existed to generate revenue through fines and fees. This culture of heavy, sometime "aggressive," enforcement has led to strained community relations because of abusive policing and municipal court practices beyond just the FPD. The consequence for the SLCPD is a lack of trust by the community that exacerbated tensions during demonstrations following the shooting death of Michael Brown. For this reason, Chief Jon Belmar of the SLCPD requested the assistance of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) in identifying ways that the SLCPD could improve its relationship with the St. Louis community. The COPS Office and the SLCPD established the following goals to assess and reform the policies, practices, and related processes in the SLCPD, taking into account national standards, best practices, current and emerging research, and community expectations: - Improve the recruitment, selection, and hiring processes to address minority underrepresentation in the department (chapter 4). - Enhance basic academy and supervisor in-service training with a specific focus on fair and impartial policing, community engagement, and partnership development (chapters 5-7). - Strengthen the policies, practices, training, and response for handling protests and mass demonstrations, including de-escalation training (chapter 8). - Improve the process quality for traffic stops and searches to prohibit racial profiling (chapter 9). - Reduce use of force and injuries to both officers and citizens (chapters 10-11). - Develop a comprehensive communication strategy for SLCPD personnel and community partners that will serve to increase transparency about SLCPD police practices (chapter 12). Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 21, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p316-pub.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p316-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 137581 Keywords: Community-Oriented PolicingPolice AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice Policies and PracticesPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Cross, Charlotte Title: Community Policing through Local Collective Action in Tanzania: Sungusungu to Ulinzi Shirikishi Summary: Community policing (polisi jamii) was officially introduced in Tanzania in 2006 as part of an ongoing police reform programme. In addition to attempting to improve communication between police and the public, the police have promoted ulinzi shirikishi (participatory security), whereby citizens are encouraged to form neighbourhood policing institutions to prevent and detect crime. This thesis presents the findings of research conducted in the city of Mwanza that explored the extent to which community policing has improved residents' perceptions of local security and constitutes a form of policing which is responsive, accountable and sustainable. Whilst ulinzi shirikishi is widely credited with having improved local safety, it has proved difficult to sustain collective action through community policing and the costs and benefits of participation have been unequally distributed across 'communities'. These outcomes should be understood in terms of the context of how local development is organised and understood in Tanzania. Firstly, existing local governance institutions lack transparency and meaningful accountability mechanisms and are highly dependent upon personal preferences and capacity. Secondly, local development is politicised and liable to become subject to inter-party competition. Thirdly, historical understandings of 'participation' in Tanzania tend to emphasise obligation and material contributions rather than popular influence over initiatives, however this is increasingly being contested in today's multiparty context. The apparent shortcomings of community policing are not necessarily inconsistent with police objectives for the reform, which often prioritise cost-effective crime prevention rather than the reorientation and 'democratisation' of policing envisaged by advocates of community policing. Details: Brighton, UK: University of Sussex, 2013. 267p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 2, 2016 at: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/47166/1/Cross._Charlotte.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Tanzania URL: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/47166/1/Cross._Charlotte.pdf Shelf Number: 137737 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizens Interactions |
Author: Curtis, Irene Title: The use of targets in policing Summary: Policing needs to change to respond to the challenges of the future, including the changing nature of crime, the increasing range and complexity of demand, continued financial constraints and the rapid pace of technological change. As forces adapt to changing circumstances, performance frameworks will also need to adapt to help the police make decisions to meet these challenges - and to understand whether or not they are succeeding. Numeric targets have seen extensive use in policing for many years, as part of both local and national police performance frameworks. The Public Service Agreements (PSAs) of the 1990s in particular created a slew of national targets in policing and across the public sector more widely. Since then, problems associated with targets such as 'gaming' and 'perverse incentives' have been well documented and targets have gradually been dropped by many forces. The last of the national targets in policing (for increasing public confidence and targets for response times, included in the policing pledge) were removed by the Home Secretary in 2010. This review aims in the first instance to understand the extent to which targets - and their associated behaviours - persist and has involved desk research, interviews, force visits and a survey of police officers and staff. Over 6,000 people completed the survey and, while methodological limitations mean the results needs to be interpreted with caution, the fact that so many officers and staff took the time to respond is telling of how strongly many feel about this subject. Details: London: Home Office, 2015. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2016 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/466058/Review_Targets_2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/466058/Review_Targets_2015.pdf Shelf Number: 137802 Keywords: Crime StatisticsDecision-MakingEvidence-Based PracticesPolice LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice Problem-SolvingPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Freelon, Deen Title: Beyond the Hashtags: #Ferguson, #Blacklivesmatter, and the online struggle for offline justice Summary: IN 2014, A DEDICATED ACTIVIST MOVEMENT "Black Lives Matter (BLM)" ignited an urgent national conversation about police killings of unarmed Black citizens. Online tools have been anecdotally credited as critical in this effort, but researchers are only beginning to evaluate this claim. This research report examines the movement's uses of online media in 2014 and 2015. To do so, we analyze three types of data: 40.8 million tweets, over 100,000 web links, and 40 interviews of BLM activists and allies. Most of the report is devoted to detailing our findings, which include: - Although the #Blacklivesmatter hashtag was created in July 2013, it was rarely used through the summer of 2014 and did not come to signify a movement until the months after the Ferguson protests. -Social media posts by activists were essential in initially spreading Michael Brown's story nationally. - Protesters and their supporters were generally able to circulate their own narratives without relying on mainstream news outlets. - There are six major communities that consistently discussed police brutality on Twitter in 2014 and 2015: Black Lives Matter, Anonymous/Bipartisan Report, Black Entertainers, Conservatives, Mainstream News, and Young Black Twitter. - The vast majority of the communities we observed supported justice for the victims and decisively denounced police brutality. - Black youth discussed police brutality frequently, but in ways that differed substantially from how activists discussed it. - Evidence that activists succeeded in educating casual observers came in two main forms: expressions of awe and disbelief at the violent police reactions to the Ferguson protests, and conservative admissions of police brutality in the Eric Garner and Walter Scott cases. - The primary goals of social media use among our interviewees were education, amplification of marginalized voices, and structural police reform. In our concluding section, we reflect on the practical importance and implications of our findings. We hope this report contributes to the specific conversation about how Black Lives Matter and related movements have used online tools as well as to broader conversations about the general capacity of such tools to facilitate social and political change. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Media and Social Impact, American University, 2016. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 5, 2016 at: http://www.cmsimpact.org/sites/default/files/beyond_the_hashtags_2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.cmsimpact.org/sites/default/files/beyond_the_hashtags_2016.pdf Shelf Number: 138109 Keywords: Deadly ForceMedia CampaignsPolice AccountabilityPolice BrutalityPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolice Use of ForceSocial Media |
Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: Evaluating the new architecture of policing: the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency Summary: On 26 July 2010, the Home Office published Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting police and the people, proposing a series of structural changes to the bodies and organisations that are intended to enable the forces to function effectively. The Home Secretary said in her introduction that it heralded "the most radical change to policing in 50 years". In September 2011, we published a Report on these changes, New Landscape of Policing. Now, as we approach the end of the Parliament, we are taking this opportunity to follow up on that report by reflecting on those changes, with a particular focus on the College of Policing. The centrepiece of Policing in the 21st Century was the introduction of directly-elected Police and Crime Commissioners. However, it also proposed a number of structural changes to the landscape of policing at national level: - the replacement of the Serious Organised Crime Agency by the National Crime Agency; - the closure of the National Policing Improvement Agency, "reviewing its role and how this translates into a streamlined national landscape"; and - the repositioning of the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) as the national organisation responsible for "providing ... professional leadership for the police service", by setting standards and sharing best practice across the range of police activities. These proposals were followed, in April 2011, by the proposal to establish the College of Policing, and three months later by the proposal to establish a police ICT company. In Annex A we have produced a landscape grid, which sets out the policing landscape in 2010, and where previous organisations' functions have been transferred to new organisations under the new landscape of policing. We have also worked with the National Audit Office to produce tables showing the budgets and staffing numbers of these organisations in the five years of this Parliament. These are included in Annexes B and C. 3. Since undertaking our initial inquiry, the Committee has kept the developments and changes to the landscape of policing under ongoing scrutiny. The heads of policing organisations have appeared before us Committee regularly, and we have produced several reports on related issues, such as Leadership and standards in the police service. Details: London: The Stationery Office limited, 2015. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Tenth Report of Session 2014-15; Accessed March 29, 2016 at: http://www.cityforum.co.uk/publications/7018/pdf/800.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cityforum.co.uk/publications/7018/pdf/800.pdf Shelf Number: 138467 Keywords: Criminal Justice ReformPolice AdministrationPolice Education and TrainingPolice Reform |
Author: Bruce, David Title: Unfinished Business: The architecture of police accountability in South Africa Summary: The African National Congress that emerged in South Africa after its unbanning in February 1990, the return of its exiled members and 'surfacing' of those who had been operating underground, was a political party with little expertise in the field of policing. But the first formal positions on policing issues that emerged from its 1992 policy conference, articulated in the ANC policy document Ready to govern, gave substantial emphasis to police accountability. Not only did this say that the new police service would be 'accountable to society and the community it serves through its democratically elected institutions' but also that policing should be 'based on community support and participation' and that policing priorities would be 'determined in consultation with the communities they serve'. To some degree these ideas were carried forward. An elaborate architecture of oversight of police was established by means first of the 'interim' Constitution that came into effect on 27 April 1994, and then by the 1995 South African Police Service Act and the 1996 'final' Constitution. Police in South Africa are indeed by law accountable to democratically elected institutions. At first it may also have appeared that direct accountability to communities was to become a central building block of policing in South Africa. Major emphasis was given to the role of Community Police Forums (CPFs) in the 'interim' Constitution, their foremost function described as 'the promotion of accountability of the Service to local communities.' But there was one factor that trumped all others in shaping the structure of control of police that emerged in South Africa. The police had been principal instruments of maintaining apartheid and were seen as potentially a key threat to the transition, particularly if they remained in the hands of regionally powerful groups opposed to full democracy. Police reform, it was understood, needed to take place at a national level. Fearing that 'the devolution of powers to the regions would insulate lower levels from change' the ANC believed that the South African Police 'could only be reformed from the centre'. At a conference in 1992 for instance, one of the key architects of ANC policy on the police argued that a regionalised system of policing 'would lead to jurisdictional problems and inadequate civilian control' and that 'a more centralised force would also ensure that uniform standards could be applied to police conduct'. The ANC's position was thus that a regionalised system of policing 'would be dangerous as it would allow transformation to take place at different speeds across the country and would offer the opportunity for regionally-based political parties to use the police for their own ends'. It therefore resisted any model of government that conceded substantial levels of regional autonomy in relation to the police. This, it feared, would enable regions to resist its transformative agenda, at worst feeding into the danger of regional instability and secession. Ironically, despite the fact that their erstwhile political masters were in favour of a regional system9, senior South African Police (SAP) officials who were involved in discussions over the structure of policing in South Africa were inclined to align themselves with the ANC position, as regionalising the police would undermine their own 'ability to control change'. This paper raises questions about whether the strongly centralised system of governance of police that has emerged in South Africa as a result of decisive influence of these concerns continues to be functional to policing in South Africa. As a result of the process of en masse recruitment over recent years the SAPS now employs over 190 000 people, making it one of the biggest police services in the world. Centralised political control over such a large bureaucracy may have drawbacks such as limiting the potential for responsiveness, innovation or new ideas. In the US for example it is apparent that the highly decentralised system of policing has supported innovation and experimentation and the advancement of policing. This paper is not however concerned to advance the US or any other model of policing governance but to focus on the current architecture of control of policing in South Africa and examine questions about possibilities for strengthening this architecture in such a way as to support a greater degree of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness within the policing system. Details: Cape Town: African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF), 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Paper no. 2: Accessed April 14, 2016 at: http://www.apcof.org/files/9437_Brief2Unifnished%20Business.pdf Year: 2011 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.apcof.org/files/9437_Brief2Unifnished%20Business.pdf Shelf Number: 138667 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice EffectivenessPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Police Accountability Task Force (Chicago) Title: Police Accountability Task Force. Recommendations for Reform: Restoring Trust between the Chicago Police and the Communities they Serve: Report Summary: The Police Accountability Task Force arose amidst a significant and historic public outcry. The outcry brought people into the streets, on social media and on other venues to say in a very clear voice that they had reached a breaking point with the entire local law enforcement infrastructure. People were and are demanding accountability and real and lasting change. The outcry was not localized in any particular neighborhood or demographic, although communities of color and those ravaged by crime added some of the most poignant commentary. The Task Force immediately understood that one of our most important responsibilities was to actively seek out, listen and respond to voices from all over Chicago who had much to say about their personal and often painful experiences with the Chicago Police Department ("CPD"), the Independent Police Review Authority ("IPRA") and other parts of the local policing infrastructure, as well as their frustrations and lack of confidence in political actors. What we have heard has been humbling. As we dug deeper into the complaints of so many about the callous and disrespectful way in which they had been treated by some officers, we also understood that we had an important duty to lay bare the systemic and sanctioned practices that led to the deaths of fellow citizens and the deprivation of the rights of so many others. We have borne witness to many hard truths which have profound and lasting impacts on the lives and hopes of individuals and communities. Our recommendations are intended to be responsive to the people, empower the people and to specifically identify a range of changes that are essential to building trust, accountability and lasting change. As part of our work, the Task Force heard from many current and former CPD officers who are dedicated public servants, committed to performing their duties lawfully and making Chicago a safer place for all of its residents. Serving as a police officer is a challenging and often dangerous job. The police face an increasingly daunting challenge in crime fighting. Illegal guns flood the streets of the same neighborhoods that are devastated by crime, poverty and unemployment. We as a society cannot expect the police to cure every ill in Chicago's neighborhoods. Yet we put significant pressure on them to solve and prevent crime, as well as to address the manifestations of a number of other daunting social and economic challenges beyond their charge and capacity to manage, let alone solve. Still, a keen appreciation of and sensitivity to these broader issues is critical to effective law enforcement and positive community-police relations. The findings and recommendations in this report are not meant to disregard or undervalue the efforts of the many dedicated CPD officers who show up to work every day to serve and protect the community. The challenge is creating a partnership between the police and the community that is premised upon respect and recognizes that our collective fates are very much intertwined. Simply put, a more professional, engaged and respectful police force benefits us all. We cannot and have not shied away from identifying systemic problems or challenges that undermine the efforts of those officers who are sincerely committed to doing their jobs the right way. To be sure, individual officers must own responsibility for not merely their actions each day, but also the reverberating and sometimes corrosive and lingering effect of those actions on citizens. And ultimately, the responsibility for setting the correct course lies with CPD leadership itself. The City and in particular CPD would do well to embrace the necessary changes to address the systemic problems in CPD and not simply hope that this storm will pass. It will not and ignoring this opportunity will exacerbate Details: Chicago: The Task Force, 2016. 190p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 28, 2016 at: https://chicagopatf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/PATF_Final_Report_4_13_16-1.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://chicagopatf.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/PATF_Final_Report_4_13_16-1.pdf Shelf Number: 138830 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice IntegrityPolice LegitimacyPolice MisconductPolice PerformancePolice Reform |
Author: Kiedrowski, John Title: Amalgamation of Police Services Summary: Police amalgamation (also referred to as regionalization, consolidation, or merger) has been a focus for administrators of police service delivery since the early 1950s when various provincial governments began to promote the amalgamation of services in adjacent municipal governments in the interests of cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The major justification for police amalgamation has been that significant cost savings would result through achieving economies of scale. While several studies show that economies of scale can be achieved in some contexts, other research suggests diseconomies of scale may also occur depending on the context and the size of police services being amalgamated. Police expenditure and crime rate data were collected for nine police services across Canada to help understand the impact of police amalgamation on the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery. Our review found no significant differences in cost-effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery among those police services that had undergone amalgamation and those continuing to operate independently. Several potential implications of police amalgamation for the FNPP are identified and discussed in the context of the legal framework for First Nations policing, Aboriginal governance and funding issues, and the rural and remote locations of many Aboriginal communities. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: RESEARCH REPORT: 2015-R027: Accessed May 4, 2016 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/mlgmtn-plc-srvcs/report-en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/mlgmtn-plc-srvcs/report-en.pdf Shelf Number: 138916 Keywords: Costs of Criminal JusticePolice ConsolidationPolice Reform |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division Title: Investigation of the Newark Police Department Summary: The Justice Department announced today it has reached a comprehensive settlement with the city of Newark, New Jersey, that will bring wide-ranging reforms and changes to the Newark Police Department (NPD). The agreement, which is subject to court approval, resolves the department's findings that NPD has engaged in a pattern or practice of unconstitutional stops, searches, arrests, use of excessive force and theft by officers in violation of the First, Fourth and 14th Amendments. The proposed consent decree also resolves the department's findings that NPD's law enforcement practices had a disparate impact on minorities in Newark. The Justice Department's findings were announced in July 2014 following a comprehensive investigation into the NPD started in May 2011. The investigation also found that this pattern of constitutional violations has eroded public confidence in the police. As a result, public safety suffers and the job of delivering police services was more difficult and more dangerous. Under the consent decree, the city of Newark and NPD will implement comprehensive reforms in 12 substantive areas. The agreement ensures that: -NPD will improve officer training to ensure that officers develop the necessary technical and practical skills required to carry out NPD directives consistently. -NPD will revise search and seizure policies, training and supervision to ensure that all stops, searches and arrests are conducted in accordance with the Constitution and in a manner that takes into account community priorities. -NPD will integrate bias-free policing principles into all levels of the organization, including comprehensive training of officers and supervisors. -NPD will reform use of force policies, including requirements for using de-escalation techniques whenever possible and appropriate, prohibiting retaliatory force and ensuring mandatory reporting and investigation standards following use of force. -NPD will deploy in-car and body-worn cameras to promote accountability, instill community confidence and improve law enforcement records. -NPD will implement measures to prevent theft of property by officers, including robust reporting and complete accounting of property or evidenced seized. -Office of Professional Standards investigators will be appropriately qualified and trained. Investigations of civilian complaints will be conducted in an objective, thorough and timely manner. -Newark will create a civilian oversight entity to give voice to and pursue concerns of its residents. -NPD will develop protocols for conducting compliance reviews and integrity audits. -NPD will implement steps to ensure that the disciplinary process is fair and consistent. -NPD will improve records management and early intervention systems and collect data on all uses of force and investigatory stops, searches and arrests, and develop a protocol for the comprehensive analysis of the data. The information will be publicly reported. -NPD will strengthen its public information programs to ensure that members of the public are informed of NPDs progress toward reform. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 6, 2016 at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-nj/legacy/2014/07/22/NPD%20Findings%20Report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-nj/legacy/2014/07/22/NPD%20Findings%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 138958 Keywords: Police BehaviorPolice CorruptionPolice DisciplinePolice EthicsPolice IntegrityPolice MisconductPolice Reform |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Advice from Police Chiefs and Community Leaders on Building Trust: Summary: The last 18 months have been traumatic for the policing profession and for communities across the nation, with issues of use of force being questioned. To address these issues, the Police Executive Research Forum has been working to devise new training programs for police officers, emphasizing concepts of de-escalation, crisis intervention, and "slowing situations down" in order to give officers more time to evaluate what's happening, consider their options, get additional resources to the scene, and devise effective responses that minimize use of force. The national upheaval in policing since Ferguson is not only about issues of policing and training regarding use of force. Equally important is the impact on the level of trust by community members in their police departments. So we invited police chiefs and community leaders to a national conference in Washington, and asked them to discuss what's going on in their cities, particularly with respect to issues of force and the level of trust in the police. We wanted to know how they see what's going on in their city, and how they feel about what's happening nationally. And to the extent that community leaders and police chiefs could tell us that they have solid relationships of trust, we wanted to ask them for their best advice about how they reached that point. To get this project under way, we contacted PERF's member chiefs, invited them to participate in a one-day meeting, and asked each participating chief to invite one community leader to the meeting. We wanted frank, candid discussions that would produce useful information and guidance, so we asked each chief to choose a community leader who is not necessarily your biggest fan, but who has credibility in the community. Details: Washington, DC; PERF, 2016. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed May 24, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf Shelf Number: 139149 Keywords: Police LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Magaloni, Beatriz Title: Killing in the Slums: An Impact Evaluation of Police Reform in Rio de Janeiro Summary: This paper evaluates the causal impact of Rio de Janeiro's Pacifying Police Units (UPPs), probably the largest-scale police reform initiative taking place in the developing world. The main goals of the UPPs were: 1) to regain control of territories previously dominated by armed criminal groups; and 2) to improve security for these communities through reduction of lethal violence. In the course of six years, more than 9,000 police officers were permanently assigned to the UPPs, servicing close to half million residents in the city slums (favelas). We are interested in understanding the process through which governments supply a basic public service - the police - in poor urban neighborhoods that have long been abandoned to the arbitrary rule of non-state armed actors. Moreover, our paper documents Rio de Janeiro's painful trajectory of police violence, illuminating some of it major institutional facilitators. Painstakingly geo-coding homicides and police killings from 2005 to 2013, we provide answers to some of the most critical questions about police use of lethal force, including the determinants of variations in who is targeted by police repression and how different strategies for policing the slums have impacted police killings. To evaluate the UPP impact on lethal violence, we use a variety of causal identification strategies that leverage spatial and temporal variation in the introduction of the UPP as well as geo-referenced data of more than 22,000 incidents of lethal violence. Our empirical models reveal that the UPP had mixed results. The introduction of the UPPs did not play a significant role in reducing murders in the favelas that were pacified. The UPP's failure to reduce homicides imply that the poor in the slums continue to be subject to two or three times higher murder rates than the white middle class. Nonetheless, the UPP is breaking long-held practices of extreme use of police lethal violence. Our empirical results convincingly demonstrate that police killings would have been 60 percent larger without the UPP intervention. Details: Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL), 2015. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: CDDRL Working Paper: Accessed June 8, 2016 at: http://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/cddrl_working_paper_dec15_rio.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Brazil URL: http://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/cddrl_working_paper_dec15_rio.pdf Shelf Number: 139326 Keywords: Deadly ForceDrug TraffickingFavelasGang ViolenceHomicidesPacifying Police UnitsPolice ReformPolice Use of ForceSlums |
Author: McCullough, Debra R. Cohen Title: American Policing in 2022: Essays on the Future of a Profession Summary: American Policing in 2022 - Essays on the Future of a Profession is a collection of essays by law enforcement leaders across the country on their perspectives on what policing might/could/should look like 10 years from now. Included are contributions from several current and former CEOs from CALEA Accredited law enforcement agencies. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139638 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: O'Shea, Liam Title: Police Reform and State-Building in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia Summary: This dissertation provides an in-depth study of police transformation in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It draws upon interviews with police, NGO workers, politicians and international practitioners, and employs a comparative-historical approach. Contra to democratic policing approaches, advocating the diffusion of police power and implementation of police reform concurrently with wider democratisation, reform was relatively successful in Georgia after the 2003 Rose Revolution because of state-building. The new government monopolised executive power, fired many police, recruited new personnel, raised police salaries and clamped down on organised crime and corruption. Success also depended on the elite's political will and their appeal to Georgian nationalism. Prioritisation of state-building over democratisation limited the reform's success, however. The new police are politicised and have served elites' private interests. Reform has failed in Kyrgyzstan because of a lack of state-building. Regional, clan and other identities are stronger than Kyrgyz nationalism. This has hindered the formation of an elite with capacity to implement reform. The state has limited control over the police, who remain corrupt and involved in organised crime. State-building has not precipitated police reform in Russia because of the absence of political will. The ruling cohort lacks a vision of reform and relies on corruption to balance the interests of political factions. The contrasting patterns of police reform have a number of implications for democratic police reform in transitioning countries: First, reform depends on political will. Second, institutionalising the police before democratising them may be a more effective means of acquiring the capacity to implement reform. Third, such an approach is likely to require some sort of common bond such as nationalism to legitimate it. Fourth, ignoring democratisation after institutionalisation is risky as reformers can misuse their power for private interests. Details: St. Andrews, Scotland: St. Andrews University, 2014. 343p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/5165 Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/5165 Shelf Number: 139812 Keywords: Police ReformPolicing |
Author: Mitsilegas, Valsamis Title: The End of the Transitional Period for Police and Criminal Justice Measures Adopted before the Lisbon Treaty. Who Monitors Trust in the European Justice Area? Summary: Upon request by the LIBE Committee, this Study examines the legal and political implications of the forthcoming end of the transitional period for the measures in the fields of police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters, as set out in Protocol 36 to the EU Treaties. This Protocol limits some of the most far-reaching innovations introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon over EU cooperation on Justice and Home Affairs for a period of five years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon (until 1 December 2014), and provides the UK with special 'opt out/opt-in' possibilities. The Study focuses on the meaning of the transitional period for the wider European Criminal Justice area. The most far reaching change emerging from the end of this transition will be the expansion of the European Commission and Luxembourg Court of Justice scrutiny powers over Member States' implementation of EU criminal justice law. The possibility offered by Protocol 36 for the UK to opt out and opt back in to pre-Lisbon Treaty instruments poses serious challenges to a common EU area of justice by further institutionalising 'over-flexible' participation in criminal justice instruments. The Study argues that in light of Article 82 TFEU the rights of the defence are now inextricably linked to the coherency and effective operation of the principle of mutual recognition of criminal decisions, and calls the European Parliament to request the UK to opt in EU Directives on suspects procedural rights as condition for the UK to 'opt back in' measures like the European Arrest Warrant. Details: Brussels: European Parliament, Directorate-General for Internal policies, 2014. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 25, 2016 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/509998/IPOL_STU(2014)509998_EN.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2014/509998/IPOL_STU(2014)509998_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 139828 Keywords: Police CooperationPolice ManagementPolice PolicyPolice Reform |
Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: College of Policing: three years on Summary: 1.The College of Policing was launched in December 2012 as a professional body to develop the knowledge, standards of conduct, leadership and professionalism required by police officers and police staff in England and Wales. The College is a company limited by guarantee and an Arm's Length Body of the Home Office. It is operationally independent of the Home Office. 2.The College was established as part of the Coalition Government's programme of wider reform of the structure of policing bodies. The College took on a number of responsibilities from the now defunct National Policing Improvement Agency and the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), particularly with regard to training and the setting of policy. ACPO's replacement, the National Police Chiefs' Council, has responsibilities on the operational side. As of 31 March 2015 the College had a total of 485 directly employed staff; 51 agency/contract staff; and 152 secondees. 3.This inquiry is part of our regular scrutiny of the College of Policing. Our predecessor Committee first considered the role of the College in 2013 as part of a broader examination of Leadership and Standards in the Police Service. It then undertook a follow-up inquiry Evaluating the new architecture of policing: the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency in 2014-15. Our predecessors were concerned that the Board of the College lacked diversity and the necessary skills required for its role. The Committee heard that the College was not able to communicate directly with members of police forces and found that, partly as a result of this, there was a lack of recognition of the College amongst police officers and inconsistencies in approach to its guidance from Chief Constables. We have pursued a number of these themes in this follow-up inquiry. 4.In addition to the College of Policing witnesses, Chief Constable Alex Marshall, Chief Executive and Rachel Tuffin, Director of Research, Knowledge and Education, we took evidence from the Police Federation of England and Wales and the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales, and Phil Gormley, Chief Constable of Police Scotland. We also benefited from the Royal College of Nursing and the Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences sharing their experience with us. We are grateful to everyone who contributed to our inquiry. Details: London: House of Commons, 2016. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Fourth Report of Session 2016-17: Accessed July 29, 2016 at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/23/23.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/23/23.pdf Shelf Number: 139895 Keywords: Police Education and trainingPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Saferworld Title: Politics and Policing: Understanding the impact of post-conflict political settlements on security reforms in Kenya Summary: What role do political actors and politics play in shaping development outcomes? The concept of the 'political settlement' is increasingly prominent in peacebuilding discussions. This report focuses on Kenya: an important case study for understanding the of role political dynamics in determining the pace and nature of security sector reform. Kenya's post-election violence in late 2007 and early 2008 - where police were found to have committed human rights abuses - triggered the development of an ambitious blueprint for security reform, including the professionalisation and transformation of the national police service. Kenya's political elite committed to delivering changes in police structure and behaviour through the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 (NARA), as well as the Constitution of Kenya 2010. Reforms and changes were subsequently detailed in a significant number of new policing laws such as National Police Service Commission Act 2011, National Police Service Act 2011 and Independent Police Oversight Authority 2011. But how did the political elite, national police institutions and pro-reform actors interact to make police reform a reality? And what impact did that process have on security transformation in practice? This report highlights how control over the police service emerged as one of several key battlegrounds on which a power struggle took place within the Kenyan political elite reshaped by NARA. And after 2013, when the Act came to an end, new political coalitions sought to influence reform measures challenging centralised control over senior police appointments and strategy. The September 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack in Nairobi - and increasing fears around violent extremism - were context for legitimising the reassertion of central control over the police. This report provides a context-specific and policy-relevant application of the 'political settlements' concept in Kenya. Findings have implications for a number of people and institutions engaged in the security sector reform process; suggesting a need for realistic and politically aware programming based on analysis of the policing context and the conditions in which transformation is likely to take place. Details: London: Saferworld, 2016. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1082-politics-and-policingaunderstanding-the-impact-of-post-conflict-politicalasettlements-on-security-reforms-in-kenya Year: 2016 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1082-politics-and-policingaunderstanding-the-impact-of-post-conflict-politicalasettlements-on-security-reforms-in-kenya Shelf Number: 139917 Keywords: PeacebuildingPolice ReformPolicingSecurity |
Author: McGarrell, Edmund F. Title: Smart Policing and the Michigan State Police: Final Report Summary: Description of the Project: The Michigan State Police (MSP) has made a commitment to the adoption of data-driven processes, evidence-based practice (EBP), and the use of strategic planning and metrics, in order to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of service delivery to the citizens of the state. To facilitate the adoption of these principles and practices, MSP applied for and was awarded a Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) grant from the Bureau of Justice Assistance. MSP used this grant to engage in a systematic planning process, to support implementation of various practices consistent with SPI principles, and to assess progress of the organizational change process. Summary of Outcomes: This report documents extensive activities that have been undertaken in planning and implementation of data-driven processes. The key findings are that initial planning led to a new MSP Strategic Plan that clearly endorsed the principles of data-driven processes, EBP, and metrics; that significant training has been conducted to facilitate the adoption of these principles and practices; that new technology systems have been developed and are being utilized to support this organizational change; and that evidence of data-driven processes exists in numerous divisions and units throughout MSP. Lessons Learned: Consistent with prior research on policing and public bureaucracies generally, broad organizational change is difficult and requires the type of systematic and multiple level change process embarked upon by MSP. Leadership's consistent and firm commitment to the goals, principles, and processes at the core of the organizational change, as is apparent in this effort by MSP, is critical to sustaining the change process. Having said this, leadership commitment is essential but not sufficient. Training at all levels of the organization is essential to develop commitment to these new goals, principles, and processes and to provide the knowledge and skills to carry out these new processes throughout the organization. Similarly, providing the necessary resources, in this case a new sophisticated information system as well as an intelligence center, is critical for organizational change. The findings of this research provide clear evidence of these critical change components: leadership commitment; training; and technological resource development. The organizational change process is ongoing. The clearest evidence of change is at the executive and middle-management levels and throughout various divisions and units across the organization. There is also evidence of change at the line level of trooper. However, the line-level training occurred at the end of this research project without adequate time to accurately measure the actual impact on day-to-day line-level operations. Implications: Significant organizational change takes time. MSP's processes that included extensive planning- a new strategic plan; widespread training; and support resources (technology and intelligence center); provide a model for necessary ingredients of major organizational change. This type of organizational change process is ongoing and will need continual commitment and training. Sustaining the research partnership to provide ongoing assessment of change and feedback could support MSP's internal metrics and provide ongoing measures of the transformation to data-driven processes, EBP, and the use of metrics of effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery. Details: East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, Michigan Justice Statistics Center, 2015. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2016 at: http://cj.msu.edu/assets/SPI-Final-Report_MSP_Dec2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://cj.msu.edu/assets/SPI-Final-Report_MSP_Dec2015.pdf Shelf Number: 140050 Keywords: Evidence-Based PracticesPolice Education and TrainingPolice ReformProblem Oriented PolicingSmart Policing |
Author: Friesendorf, Cornelius Title: Militarized versus Civilian Policing: Problems of Reforming the Afghan National Police Summary: It is difficult to establish the right relationship between military and civilian elements when reforming the police forces in conflict and post-conflict regions. Principles of civilian and democratic Security Sector Reform (SSR) emphasize the need to separate the military and the police. Nevertheless, everyday reality in many places does not allow the realization of this ideal type. The police must adopt a robust stance in order to close security gaps and proceed against well organized armed criminals or insurgents. In the context of police-building and police reform in fragile states, this means that the police must be as civilian as possible and as military as necessary - with regard to their equipment, approach, structure and duties. The rapid militarization of the police can cause problems. It can lead to a rift between the police and the public which prevents the development of a relationship of trust that is so important for police work. External actors in Afghanistan are in the process of transferring the responsibility for security to Afghan institutions. By the end of 2014, the Afghan security forces are to combat insurgency and protect the state and its citizens. Donors are therefore investing huge sums, not only in training and equipping the Afghan National Army (ANA), but also in building the Afghan National Police (ANP). This report studies the transition from civilian to military-dominated police-building in Afghanistan. From 2002, Germany was the lead nation responsible for coordinating international assistance for police-building. The German police programme in Afghanistan was designed as a sustainable project with a civilian approach. However, Germany only invested relatively little funds in the building and reform of the ANP. This reflected the initially rather limited involvement of the international community as a whole in Afghanistan. The United States' Afghanistan policy relied on cooperation with the warlords as well as on the military regime in Pakistan. This policy served to strengthen the armed opposition forces. Once it became clear that the building of the ANP was not progressing quickly enough, the USA de facto assumed the lead role in police-building in Afghanistan. This meant a change of paradigm from a civilian-based police reform to a military-based police reform. Militarization was accelerated by the USdominated change of strategy in favour of counterinsurgency in 2009. The report refers to the problems of the dominance of military elements in building the ANP. It is not clear whether the militarization of the ANP has significantly improved the chances of survival for members of the Afghan police. What is certain is that militarization cannot solve the problem of the weak legitimacy of the Afghan state. There is still a lack of trust between the public and the police, especially as the ANP is inadequately equipped to prevent or solve crimes. Moreover, the possible long-term consequences of militarization are problematic: It is easier to militarize the police now than it will be to drive out the spirit of militarization at a later date. The militarization of the ANP is therefore at the best ineffective and at the worst counterproductive. Only a police force which the people trust can be effective. Apart from describing the shift away from a civilian police model and studying the reasons for this transition, the report also has a normative aim: It emphasizes the need for advancing civilian police-building. The preconditions for this in Afghanistan are everything but ideal. The argument that police reform - and SSR in general - must take second place to strengthening the ANP is wrong, however. After all, it was precisely the neglect of police reform that contributed to the deterioration of the security situation in the first place. Police reform can only be sustainable if it is linked to reforms in police administrative structures and supervisory authorities. The rapid, militarized build-up of the police can only create stability in the short term, if at all. The regular police force - the Afghan Uniformed Civilian Police (AUCP) - should concentrate on preventing and solving crime. Admittedly, in Afghanistan this calls for certain military elements in training and equipment so that the police are able to protect themselves from attacks. However, only an understanding of civilian police work can establish an atmosphere of trust between the public and the police. Various steps are necessary to realign police reform in Afghanistan. Civilian police experts, not soldiers, should dominate the strategic approach to police reform. Furthermore, measures must be taken to tackle the shortage of civilian instructors, partners and mentors as quickly as possible. It is also important to support the ANP in the long term. The two to three-year project cycles that are normal for international cooperation are usually not sufficient for sustainable police reform, among other things because they do not give local stakeholders sufficient planning security. Many further steps are necessary to improve police work in Afghanistan. These include the reform of the Ministry of Interior Affairs, the clear demarcation of areas of responsibility vis-a-vis other security players, and closer intermeshing with the justice sector. Furthermore, the difficult balancing act between (military) self-defence and the openness of the police towards the public requires regional adjustments. These must be accompanied by training contents and police work that are in touch with the people, as well as by literacy campaigns. This report does not call for a new police strategy but for a gradual realignment of the reform of the Afghan police that will serve the needs of the Afghan people better than efforts to militarize the police. Details: Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute, 2011. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2016 at: http://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif102.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif102.pdf Shelf Number: 147751 Keywords: MilitarizationPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Finkenbinder, Karen Title: Fostering a Police Reform Paradigm Summary: Of all the myriad of lessons learned in recent conflicts, the importance of police forces, to counter insurgencies and maintain security, is well-recognized. The police may be civilian, military or combination of types of police. Numerous articles, studies, and books have been published about all aspects of police reform but this monograph takes a different approach. It combines the theoretical with the applied and provides practical and historical applications of police reform. The authors have diverse experiences - Ms. Finkenbinder, a career in municipal and state policing before moving into academia; Professor Millen, a retired Army officer and PKSOI Security Sector Reform analyst, and Colonel Lowe, a senior military police officer with 23 years of experience as a teacher, staff officer and commander. Combined, they have more than sixty years of experience teaching, mentoring and reforming police. Precisely, because of this, they understand that police reform is more than a checklist of outputs. It requires a paradigm shift from being focused on policing tasks to one that understands the rational and moral foundation of police forces and how they fit into society. Police reform needs to know the distinction between the Rule of Law and Rule by Law and how the latter can be used to perpetuate evil in the name of the state. Police reform needs a blueprint for building stabile police organizations and that blueprint is doctrine. But, none of it matters without the practical application involved in hiring the right people for the right tasks. The authors have tried to balance the philosophical, doctrinal and practical considerations to encourage a police reform paradigm - one that is based upon human rights, yet respectful of cultural differences. Details: Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Press, 2013. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Papers, Accessed September 30, 2016 at: https://www.pksoi.org/document_repository/doc_lib/PKSOI_Paper_Fostering_a_Police_Reform_Paradigm_(18-Jun-13).pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: https://www.pksoi.org/document_repository/doc_lib/PKSOI_Paper_Fostering_a_Police_Reform_Paradigm_(18-Jun-13).pdf Shelf Number: 140533 Keywords: Police LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolicing |
Author: U.S. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Title: An Assessment of the San Francisco Police Department. Collaborative Reform Initiative Summary: In response to requests from city officials who asked the U.S. Department of Justice to conduct an in-depth review of the policies and practices of the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD), the COPS Office launched the Collaborative Reform Initiative for Technical Assistance (CRI-TA) with the SFPD. The COPS Office supports law enforcement agencies by implementing and sustaining reforms that increase public trust through improvements in community policing practices, transparency, professionalism, and accountability while taking into account national standards, promising practices, current and emerging research, and community expectations. Although the COPS Office found a department that is committed to making changes and working with the community, it also found a department with outdated use of force policies that fail the officers and the community and inadequate data collection that prevents leadership from understanding officer activities and ensure organizational accountability. The department lacked accountability measures to ensure that the department is being open and transparent while holding officers accountable. Disparities were found in traffic stops, post-stop searches, and use of deadly force against minorities. Altogether, the COPS Office identified 94 findings and developed 272 associated recommendations. This report is a road map to reform policing in San Francisco to conform to community expectations and improve public safety. This report summarizes the full assessment including findings and recommendations that will help the department modernize its policing practices and enhance community trust Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 432p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 13, 2016 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0817-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0817-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 145539 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice Policies and PracticesPolice ReformPolice Use of Force |
Author: Fundacion Ideas para la paz Title: Impact evaluation of the national plan for community policing in quadrants: Metropolitan areas of Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Pereira and Cartagena Summary: The monitoring and evaluation of the National Plan for Community Policing in Quadrants (PNVCC) by the Ideas for Peace Foundation (FIP) responded to the National Police’s interest in involving an independent institution in the observation of the strategy’s progress and the identification of ways to improve the plan. Similarly, the Police requested an objective evaluation of the strategy’s impact on crime and misdemeanor rates, and on citizen perceptions of security in the eight metropolitan areas in which the first phase of the PNVCC was implemented: Bogotá, Cali, Barranquilla, Medellín, Cúcuta, Cartagena, Bucaramanga and Pereira. The purpose of this document is to delineate this process and present the results of the monitoring and impact evaluation of the PNVCC in the eight metropolitan police departments that initiated implementation of the strategy in the period from July 2011 to July 2012. The National Police provided crime and misdemeanor information for 25 crimes and 25 misdemeanors over the period 2007 to 2012. The information related to perception and victimization was provided by the Bogotá Chamber of Commerce, which was involved in the evaluation in its entirety, in particular with respect to the evaluation of the city of Bogotá. The framework in which the evaluation was developed is presented in the first section of this report, taking into account the objectives and goals of the PNVCC as illustrated in institutional documents and revisions. The evaluation examines the adoption of the PNVCC in the technical, operational, and organizational conditions established by the police, and whether or not this implementation impacts crime and misdemeanor rates. Secondly, this report describes the evaluation methodology used to analyze the implementation, impact, and results of the PNVCC. As will be demonstrated, the Police is adopting the PNVCC gradually, as was stipulated in the implementation methodology, resulting in improvements in organizational and criminal indicators during the first year of execution. Finally, the document presents conclusions about the implementation and the impact of the PNVCC, put forth by FIP after the application of the evaluation methodology. It is worth noting that this document does not constitute a definitive evaluation of the police strategy, given that the methodology has not been applied to the full extent planned and should therefore be considered only as a progress update in the development of the methodology and its application. Details: Bogota: The Fundacion, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Reports Series No. 18: Accessed October 26, 2016 at: s550ee9e7fd146a90.jimcontent.com Year: 2012 Country: Colombia URL: s550ee9e7fd146a90.jimcontent.com Shelf Number: 140857 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice EffectivenessPolice Reform |
Author: Major Cities Chiefs Association Title: Discussions on the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing: How Police Agencies are Using the Report, How Police Agencies are Implementing the Recommendations, Police Agencies' Reactions to the Recommendations, and the Value of Understanding Histo Summary: To discuss the progress made in implementing the recommendations of the Final Report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing one year after its publication, the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA) held three Police Executive Leadership Series meetings in May 2016. These round table sessions were hosted in Nashville, Tennessee; Arlington, Texas; and Tucson, Arizona, and were attended by law enforcement leaders, rank-and-file police officers, and task force members. The sessions were highly productive: There was a spirited exchange of ideas, open sharing of experiences, and recommendations for overcoming obstacles. There was also mutual agreement on many issues. This report details the discussions and includes suggestions that can be helpful to local government and other stakeholders as well as law enforcement. In addition to practical guidance for adopting the task force report's recommendations, it provides descriptions of innovative programs and lessons learned that can be of value to all agencies and their communities. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Police Executive Leadership Series: Accessed November 8, 2016: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p352-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p352-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 145320 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Lum, Cynthia Title: An Evidence-Assessment of the Recommendations of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing — Implementation and Research Priorities. Summary: The Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing is one of the most significant documents for law enforcement in modern history. The Task Force was charged by President Obama in 20142 to "examine ways of fostering strong, collaborative relationships between local law enforcement and the communities they protect and to make recommendations to the President on the ways policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust". Within six pillars—building trust and legitimacy, policy and oversight, technology and social media, community policing and crime reduction, training and education, and officer wellness and safety—the Task Force presented 156 recommendations and action items to law enforcement agencies and the federal government with the goal of strengthening democratic policing in a complex and diverse society. Of these 156 recommendations, approximately 63 were directed toward federal agency implementation, while 87 were relevant for state and local law enforcement agencies. Another six recommendations and action items were relevant to both the federal government and to state and local agencies. Where should law enforcement agencies begin in implementing these recommendations? Which recommendations should be prioritized for action, for policy implementation, or for more research? With a grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Institute for Community-Police Relations of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)3 has collaborated with researchers from George Mason University’s (GMU) Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy4 to create an evidence-based Blueprint for 21st Century Policing. The research team was charged with reviewing existing research knowledge about those Task Force recommendations relevant to state and local law enforcement, highlighting promising efforts based on research knowledge, and identifying issues that need more research and testing. Including research in the conversation about law enforcement policy and practice—an idea known as evidence-based policing—has become an important value of law enforcement. Evidence-based policing is based on the idea that research knowledge is an essential part of police decision-making and can provide expertise and an objective perspective for a complex profession. Toward those ends, the goal of this assessment of the research knowledge behind the Task Force recommendations is to provide information about what we know from research about those recommendations and what more needs to be learned through police-research partnerships to advance them. Details: Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2016. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2016 at: http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 141088 Keywords: Evidence-Based PracticesPolice Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community RelationsPolicing |
Author: Police Foundation Title: The governance of supra-force specialist policing capabilities Summary: In early 2006 the Home Secretary Charles Clarke announced a programme of mandated police force mergers in England and Wales that would have seen the number of police forces reduced by about half. Clarke envisaged a police service "close, responsive and accountable to the communities it serves, supported by larger forces with the capacity and specialist expertise to protect the public from wider threats such as serious and organised crime". In May 2006 Clarke was sacked, and by July his plans had been scrapped in favour of an emphasis, in the words of Prime Minister Tony Blair, on areas where there is the scope for "far greater strategic co-operation across force lines". The advent of a new government in 2010 was followed by the introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners and the 43 force structure seems here to stay. Instead, the growing emphasis in recent years has been on increased collaboration between police forces as a means of delivering an improved service for the public while also responding to the demands of austerity and fundamental changes to the nature of crime and police demand. This has been underpinned by the statutory 'duty to collaborate' introduced by the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011, but also financial incentives in the form of the Innovation Fund and Transformation Fund. A key challenge has been to reconcile force-level statutory accountability arrangements with the need to provide effective governance of collaborated arrangements across multiple forces. A range of approaches have been adopted across what is quite a mixed economy of largely ad-hoc and in some cases multi-layered collaborations. A focus on specialist capabilities In July 2014, HMIC called for a national debate regarding police reform and in June 2015 an influential group of policing leaders published Reshaping Policing for the Public, which set out a 'possible new approach' that would see 'specialist capabilities... consolidated into cross-force functions, strategically located and operating to national standards' with 'the most highly specialised capabilities (such as counter-terrorism)... delivered nationally'. In early 2016 the PCC chaired Police Reform and Transformation Board was established, with a specific programme focused on specialist capabilities such as armed policing and surveillance. As part of that work, a governance sub group was established, chaired by PCC Paddy Tipping, which commissioned the Police Foundation to undertake a review of the governance of police services delivered above force level. The objectives of the review were three-fold: 1. To review the existing secondary literature on collaboration. 2. To give all PCCs and chief constables the opportunity to feed in their views about the governance of collaboration arrangements, which we did by way of a questionnaire and the offer of follow-up telephone interviews. 3. To apply the learning from (1) and (2) to the Networked Policing Model proposed (after the consultation had closed) in the Specialist Capabilities Programme Phase One Report, in the form of a governance proposition to form the basis for further discussion. Networked Policing Model By adopting a 'mutual mindset' in policing, the proposed Networked Policing Model encompasses three things: 1. A strategic understanding of specialist capability supply and demand across all forces. 2. A more strategic approach to the development of specialist capabilities, including their leadership, tactics and standards. 3. A brokerage service that would link police forces to capabilities beyond current force and collaborative boundaries. Consultation findings Questionnaire responses were received from 14 PCCs and 19 chief constables, and with additional telephone interviews a total of 37 respondents informed our consultation. Although only a minority of PCCs and chief constables, their responses nevertheless provide a window on the balance of views regarding the governance of existing and future collaborative models. • Collaboration is believed to have delivered efficiencies and resilience, but there are concerns that governance arrangements are often complex, which can produce bureaucracy and weaken accountability. • Confidence in collaborative arrangements is contingent on personal trust, on geographical constraints, on historical relations between forces and on similarities in their size, outlook and character. There is opposition to any centrally organised brigading of capabilities that might ignore local nuances and undermine efforts already invested in collaboration. • There is some support for more specialist capabilities being delivered through regional clusters. Nonetheless there are concerns about whether shared capabilities will be available when required and will arrive in a form sympathetic to the character of local policing. In light of this it is clear to see why a model for the future that leaves existing and emerging regional structures intact – as the Networked Policing Model does – is a pragmatic approach. That said, it is likely that the transition to a Networked Policing Model will present governance challenges. Our consultation responses suggest a lack of consensus on basic principles, including around lines of accountability and Direction and Control. Collective agreement on these basic principles would seem to be a prerequisite for the kind of Networked Policing Model envisaged by the Specialist Capabilities Programme. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2016. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 15, 2016 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/governance_of_supra_force_specialist_policing_capabilities.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/governance_of_supra_force_specialist_policing_capabilities.pdf Shelf Number: 141217 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice CollaborationPolice ReformPolice Specialist Units |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: A New Element of Police Leadership Summary: The job of leading a local law enforcement agency has always been a complex one, requiring skills in mastering complex policy issues, developing organizational structures and systems, managing employees, and addressing the various and sometimes conflicting expectations of the community, political leaders, agency employees, and the news media. Many experienced police chiefs are saying that the 21st Century has brought a trend toward even greater complexity in their jobs. New types of technology are revolutionizing how police departments operate, and often the challenge is to make sound decisions about how to integrate multiple forms of technology. The widespread adoption of community policing has resulted in community members having higher expectations of accountability and efficiency in their police departments. National and international economic conditions have strained local police budgets. The workforce is changing in ways that affect police recruiting and retention. These are just a few of the challenges that must be understood and constructively managed by today’s chief executives in policing. In fact, perhaps the greatest job qualification for today’s police executives is the ability to recognize and respond to the swiftly changing issues and opportunities facing them. Police chiefs often speak of their role as being “agents of change.” Never before has managing change been a larger element of their jobs. Today’s police departments appear to be succeeding, at least by the measure of crime rates. Violent crime rates nationwide are half what they were two decades ago, and many jurisdictions are experiencing record low crime rates not seen since the 1960s. In addition, there are indications that a variety of types of wrongful police behaviors, ranging from corruption to unlawful shootings, are at lower levels today than in the past. As today’s police executives strive to maintain the progress in reducing crime while serving as effective agents of change, many are taking on a new challenge: applying the concepts of “legitimacy” and “procedural justice” as they apply to policing. These concepts are defined in detail later in this report (see page 9). In essence, legitimacy and procedural justice are measurements of the extent to which members of the public trust and have confidence in the police, believe that the police are honest and competent, think that the police treat people fairly and with respect, and are willing to defer to the law and to police authority. Because the effectiveness of police operations often depends at least in part on the public’s willingness to provide information to and otherwise help the police, police leaders increasingly are seeing legitimacy and procedural justice as necessary conditions of success, and as worthy goals in themselves. This paper discusses the concepts of legitimacy and procedural justice in the context of police leadership. In any given community, residents will have opinions about whether their local police act “legitimately.” These opinions may be based on a particular encounter a resident had with the police, such as a traffic stop, or on larger policy issues. And these opinions often vary from one subgroup of the community to another. For a police leader, the key challenge is to think about the ways in which the public’s perceptions of legitimacy and procedural justice can affect a police agency's efforts to achieve its goals. For example, the goals of building community cohesion and trust in the police clearly depend on the extent to which the public believes that police actions are legitimate and procedurally just. And other goals—such as high success rates for investigating crimes and preventing crime—depend on the willingness of the public to cooperate with police, to provide information to the police, and to willingly obey the law, all of which can be affected by the department’s reputation for legitimacy. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2014. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20a%20new%20element%20of%20police%20leadership.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20a%20new%20element%20of%20police%20leadership.pdf Shelf Number: 147766 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsProcedural Justice |
Author: United States Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division Title: The Civil Rights Division's Pattern and Practice Police Reform Work: 1994-Present Summary: There are more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. Law enforcement is a demanding, rigorous, and – at times – dangerous profession. The vast majority of men and women who police our communities do so with professionalism, respect, bravery, and integrity. But as we have seen around the country, when police departments engage in unconstitutional policing, their actions can severely undermine both community trust and public safety. Today, our country is engaged in a critically important conversation about community-police relations. This report describes one of the United States Department of Justice’s central tools for accomplishing police reform, restoring police-community trust, and strengthening officer and public safety – the Civil Rights Division’s enforcement of the civil prohibition on a “pattern or practice” of policing that violates the Constitution or other federal laws (the Department’s other tools are described later in this document). Pattern-or-practice cases begin with investigations of allegations of systemic police misconduct and, when the allegations are substantiated, end with comprehensive agreements designed to support constitutional and effective policing and restore trust between police and communities. The Division has opened 11 new pattern-or-practice investigations and negotiated 19 new reform agreements since 2012 alone, often with the substantial assistance of the local United States Attorney’s Offices. The purpose of this report to make the Division’s police reform work more accessible and transparent. The usual course of a pattern-or-practice case, with examples and explanations for why the Division approaches this work the way it does, is set forth in this report. The following is a brief summary of its major themes: The Division’s pattern-or-practice cases focus on systemic police misconduct rather than isolated instances of wrongdoing. They also focus on the responsibilities of law enforcement agencies and local governments rather than on individual officers. The Division’s pattern-or-practice cases begin with the launch of a formal investigation into a law enforcement agency to determine whether the agency is engaged in a pattern or practice of violating federal law. An investigation most often consists of a comprehensive analysis of the policies and practices of policing in a particular community, although an investigation may also focus on a specific area of policing practice. If the Division finds a pattern or practice of police misconduct, it issues public findings in the form of a letter or report made available to the local jurisdiction and the public. The Division conducts a thorough and independent investigation into allegations of police misconduct and substantiates any conclusions it draws with evidence set forth in its public findings. After making findings, the Division negotiates reform agreements resolving those findings, usually in the form of a “consent decree” overseen by a federal court and an independent monitoring team. The lead independent monitor is appointed by the court, and usually agreed upon by both the Division and the investigated party, but reports directly to the court. If an agreement cannot be negotiated, the Division will bring a lawsuit to compel needed reforms. When the court finds that the law enforcement agency has accomplished and sustained the requirements of the reform agreement, the case is terminated. In recent years, the Division’s reform agreements have included data-driven outcome measures designed to provide clear and objective standards for measuring success and determining whether the law enforcement agency has met the objectives of the agreement. At all stages of a pattern-or-practice case, from investigation through resolution, the Division emphasizes engagement with a wide variety of stakeholders, including community members and people who have been victims of police misconduct or live in the neighborhoods most impacted by police misconduct, police leadership, rank and file officers, police labor organizations, and local political leaders. Each of these groups brings a different and important perspective and plays a critical role in accomplishing and sustaining police reform. In keeping with the focus on systemic problems, the Division’s reform agreements emphasize institutional reforms such as improving systems for supervising officers and holding them accountable for misconduct; ensuring officers have the policy guidance, training, equipment and other resources necessary for constitutional and effective policing; creating and using data about police activity to identify and correct patterns of police misconduct; and institutionalizing law enforcement agencies’ engagement with and accountability to the community. The sections that follow provide background on why Congress gave the Division authority to address systemic police misconduct, how the Division opens pattern-or-practice investigations, what an investigation involves, and how the Division negotiates reform agreements. The report then outlines the common threads among the Division’s current generation of police reform agreements, explaining how the Division’s model promotes sustainable reform and constitutional, effective policing, as well as how those agreements come to a close. Finally, the report discusses the evidence to date of the impact of the Division’s pattern-or-practice work on police reform, as well as future directions for research and reflection on that impact. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2017. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2017 at: https://www.justice.gov/crt/file/922421/download Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.justice.gov/crt/file/922421/download Shelf Number: 147803 Keywords: Civil RightsPolice AccountabilityPolice MisconductPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Bromwich Group LLC Title: The Durability of Police Reform: The Metropolitan Police Department and Use of Force: 2008-2015 Summary: This report evaluates whether the District of Columbia's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) remains in compliance with the June 2001 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between MPD, the District of Columbia, and the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). The 2001 MOA required MPD to adopt a broad set of reforms relating to the use of force by police officers, and to incorporate those reforms into policies, procedures, and training. The goal was to create a culture of accountability and constitutional policing within MPD. Although MPD is currently under no legal obligation to maintain these reforms, they establish meaningful benchmarks for assessing MPD's current management of the use of force. We were asked to undertake this review by the Office of the District of Columbia Auditor (ODCA). This report reflects fieldwork conducted from May through late September 2015 and includes certain use of force data through the end of 2015. We have seen much that is positive in our review of MPD. MPD's command staff remains committed to limiting and managing use of force - and to fair and constitutional policing. MPD has reduced its use of the most serious types of force, including firearms, even during periods of increased crime in the District of Columbia. Importantly, we have seen no evidence that the excessive use of force has reemerged as a problem within MPD. But we have also identified some significant shortcomings that need to be addressed, including changes in the requirements for reporting and investigating use of force that impair MPD's ability to manage use of force, and declines in the quality of use of force investigations. In addition, we found systemic problems, involving both MPD and the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia (USAO), that result in excessive delays in resolving officer-involved fatal shootings. All of this is described in detail in this report. Our review, although limited to MPD, comes at a time of intense national focus on the relationship between local law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve. Within the last two years alone, the use of force policies and practices of police departments across the country - in Ferguson, Baltimore, New York City, Cleveland, Albuquerque, Newark, and, most recently, Chicago - have been the focus of community unrest, DOJ civil rights investigations, and intense media scrutiny. In addition, in December 2014, President Obama created the Task Force on 21st Century Policing with a mandate to examine use of force issues. MPD was one of the first local law enforcement agencies to successfully navigate a reform process initially triggered by profound concerns about its use of force and its management of use of force. Beginning in 1999, MPD experienced a comprehensive, two-year DOJ civil rights investigation focusing on use of force, a binding agreement by MPD and the District of Columbia to implement substantial reforms, and a multi-year period of outside independent monitoring. As far as we know, this review marks the first retrospective examination of its kind - an analysis of the durability of such use of force reforms many years after independent monitoring ended - of any of the law enforcement agencies investigated by DOJ during the period 1994-2004, the first decade during which DOJ had statutory authority to investigate such matters. Because of limitations of time and resources, we did not review all aspects of MPD's continued adherence to the MOA. Instead, we selected issues that we considered among the most significant reforms embodied in the MOA and implemented within MPD. We focused on the adequacy of MPD's use of force policies; MPD's use of force investigations; the operations of MPD's Use of Force Review Board (UFRB); MPD's systems for dealing with at-risk officers; and the operations of MPD's Office of Risk Management, the Department's internal oversight entity. In addition, we reviewed three officer-involved fatal shooting cases, and examined issues related to the alleged "use and potential abuse" of charges for alleged assaults on police officers. The Review Team received excellent cooperation from MPD throughout this project, from our project liaison up to and including Chief Cathy L. Lanier. From the outset, Chief Lanier and her command staff showed strong interest in the results of our work and demonstrated a willingness to promptly address some of the deficiencies we identified. In early December, we circulated a draft of this report to MPD, inviting its comments and its responses to the report's 38 recommendations. We met with Chief Lanier and her staff for approximately four hours on December 16, and received a 42-page written response from MPD on December 22. We believe this process, and MPD's deep engagement with it, have resulted in a better report. Of our 38 recommendations, MPD has said it agrees with and will implement 15, agrees in part with 13, and disagrees with 10 - although of the 10 with which it disagrees, four relate to a new MPD program, and MPD therefore views the recommendations as premature. Details: Washington, DC: Office of the District of Columbia Auditor, 2016. 343p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 6, 2017 at: http://www.dcauditor.org/sites/default/files/Full%20Report_2.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.dcauditor.org/sites/default/files/Full%20Report_2.pdf Shelf Number: 146028 Keywords: Civil Rights ViolationsDeadly ForcePolicePolice AccountabilityPolice BrutalityPolice ReformPolice Use of Force |
Author: Cole, Christine M. Title: The Collaborative Reform Initiative Process: Experiences of Selected Sites Summary: Since the launch of the Collaborative Reform Initiative for Technical Assistance (CRI-TA) in 2011, interest in and support for this approach to improving trust between police agencies and the communities they serve has grown significantly. As of the writing of this report, 16 law enforcement agencies have been launched as CRI-TA sites. Given this increase in participation and investment, the COPS Office and others are interested in understanding how participating jurisdictions experience the Collaborative Reform process. This study compares and contrasts how the CRI-TA process unfolded across sites in order to shed light on elements that were similar, elements that differed, things that worked well, and areas in need of improvement. The sites reviewed in this report are the Las Vegas (Nevada) Metropolitan Police Department, Spokane (Washington) Police Department, Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Police Department, Saint Louis County (Missouri) Police Department, Fayetteville (North Carolina) Police Department, Salinas (California) Police Department, and Calexico (California) Police Department. Oneon-one and group interviews were conducted across an array of stakeholders, including representatives from three key groups: (1) COPS Office staff (both current and former), (2) technical assistance (TA) providers and their subject matter expert (SME) partners, and (3) police agency personnel. In addition to speaking with key stakeholders, the team from the Crime and Justice Institute (CJI) reviewed available documents that could shed some light on the CRI-TA process. The specific methodology and associated limitations are discussed in the text. What is working well Overall, sites typically found that the intense, time-limited assessment process and resultant findings and recommendations served as a catalyst for change and gave participating departments direction. Sites generally felt that the findings in their respective assessment reports were fair and accurate and that the recommendations were reasonable and feasible, although there were some exceptions. The flexibility of the CRI-TA program and its ability to be tailored for diverse local contexts were also identified as positive elements. Additionally, we heard repeatedly of the legitimizing effect of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)'s involvement. Sites reflected that in many instances they were aware of the work their department needed to do, but having the federal government as the source brought enhanced credibility. Several stakeholders mentioned that the voluntary nature of Collaborative Reform makes a participating police agency appear proactive about reforms and organizational transformation, unlike being forced to make reforms through a consent decree or settlement with the DOJ. Perceptions of collaboration There was no consensus on what collaboration means in the context of CRI-TA. We heard varying responses from stakeholders regarding which of the involved entities were actually the collaborators, including the participating police agency, the community, the local city or county government, the COPS Office, and the TA providers. We also heard varying responses on which points during the multiyear process should and should not be collaborative efforts. Furthermore, a number of people also noted that the meaning of collaboration has shifted since the Initiative’s formal launch in early 2012. The extent of collaboration between the TA team and the site representatives was generally deemed strong at the earlier sites, but some felt it has been decreasing at the later sites. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2017. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 15, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0835-pub.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0835-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 150546 Keywords: CollaborationPartnershipsPolice AgenciesPolice Reform |
Author: Collins, Megan Title: Assessment of the Collaborative Reform Initiative in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department: A Catalyst for Change Summary: The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) at the U.S. Department of Justice launched the Collaborative Reform Initiative for Technical Assistance for Technical Assistance (CRI-TA) in 2012 with the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD) as the first site. Under CRI-TA, law enforcement agencies facing significant issues that may impact public trust undergo a comprehensive assessment, are provided with recommendations on how to address those issues, and receive technical assistance to implement such recommendations. Over two years have passed since LVMPD’s final CRITA report was published in May of 2014 and formal oversight was complete. The COPS Office granted the Crime and Justice Institute (CJI) at Community Resources for Justice an award to assess the extent to which the reforms that were borne of CRI-TA have had an impact and have been sustained since the formal partnership ended. This report reflects the findings of a nine-month assessment of LVMPD which examined existing data from LVMPD and collected input from 74 individuals within the Department representing a range of ranks and perspectives. In sum, we found that the CRI-TA has been an important catalyst for meaningful and sustained change at the LVMPD. The message and priorities of Collaborative Reform have permeated the entire Department, as the over 70 members of the Department with whom we spoke were generally supportive of the reforms and the work that was done under CRI-TA. Use of force was a key component of the CRI-TA in Las Vegas and the overall sentiment was that the culture of LVMPD related to use of force has evolved positively since the beginning of the CRI-TA process. In addition, the Department has made positive progress in the level of transparency around officer involved shootings. It is also clear that LVMPD is continuing to make genuine and authentic efforts to engage, communicate, and develop personal relationships with a vast cross-section of the community. While some of the changes were underway prior to CRI-TA, CRI-TA provided additional support and motivation to build upon and strengthen such changes. The LVMPD is focused on being a learning organization. They learn from experience and strive continuously to improve. Once the formal monitoring phase of CRI-TA was completed, the Department not only remained committed to the changes, they continued to further advance the work that was started under CRI-TA. Based on our review of materials, content, and interviews, all provided by LVMPD, it is evident that the Department has been committed to proactively and continuously improving, while supporting officers' and community perspectives. We believe that CRI-TA has been a vehicle for organizational transformation, which does not happen overnight and any change in the culture of a police department takes time. Indeed, LVMPD had embarked on a path of reform in 2010 and the Department’s participation in Collaborative Reform starting in 2012 further advanced and strengthened their efforts. Specific key findings are: 1. The Department has made notable and sustained efforts to make progress toward verbal and tactical de-escalation 2. The Department has made impressive progress toward increased transparency and increased information sharing around officer involved shootings (OIS) and use of force (UOF). 3. The Department has continued to make efforts to engage with the community in authentic ways. 4. The number of OIS has declined notably since the start of CRI-TA (a 36 percent reduction from 25 OIS in 2010 to 16 in 2015). However, study of OIS data over the past two decades demonstrates little long term change in the annual average number of OIS, despite year-to-year variation. 5. There has been no discernable impact on the number of officer injuries. However, the share of injured officers seeking hospital treatment has increased in recent years. The reasons for this increase are unclear as it could be the result of more serious injuries or changes in how injuries and hospital treatment are documented. 6. Strong leadership on the part of the Sheriff, both Sheriff Lombardo and Sheriff Gillespie, has been a critical factor in making many of the positive changes possible. 7. Because Department leadership has worked to ensure that individuals at all levels of LVMPD feel commitment and a sense of ownership, there are high hopes for sustainability. 8. Because the Department has instituted sophisticated systems of review related to OIS that can trigger changes in policy, training, and operations, there are high hopes for sustainability Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services , 2017. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 15, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0834-pub.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0834-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 145321 Keywords: CollaborationPartnershipsPolice AgenciesPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Coldren, James R. Chip, Jr. Title: Interim Final Report of the Philadelphia Police Department Summary: In June 2013, Commissioner Charles H. Ramsey of the Philadelphia Police Department (PPD) requested technical assistance from the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) through the Collaborative Reform Initiative for Technical Assistance (CRI-TA). While Philadelphia was experiencing reductions in violent crime and assaults against the police, the city was also experiencing increases in fatal officer-involved shootings. Following Commissioner Ramsey’s retirement in January 2016, then-First Deputy Commissioner Richard Ross was appointed commissioner of the PPD. Under his tenure, the PPD continued the collaborative reform process as originally planned. CRI-TA provides law enforcement agencies in the United States with an option to closely assess emerging issues of concern that, if left unchecked, might develop into serious problems requiring extensive and expensive reform efforts. Through CRI-TA, independent organizations conduct assessments of the identified problems in a police agency and recommend reforms aimed at eliminating or substantially reducing the problems; they then monitor the police agency's implementation of those reforms for 12 to 18 months, helping to insure that the reforms have a lasting effect. Of the 16 law enforcement agencies that have participated in CRI-TA, the PPD is the largest law enforcement agency to participate to date. The PPD is the nation's fourth largest police department, with more than 6,600 sworn members and 800 civilian personnel. The PPD is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for serving Philadelphia County, extending over 140 square-miles in which approximately 1.5 million people reside. The goals of CRI-TA at the PPD included examining and reforming deadly force training, policies, and practices in the PPD and improving community involvement in these matters. The objectives of this assessment included the following: • Enhance training as it relates to officer and public safety in deadly force situations. • Improve the quality and transparency of deadly force investigations from both criminal and administrative standpoints. • Strengthen the use of force review process. • Institutionalize organizational learning processes and practices related to deadly force incidents. At the request of the COPS Office, CNA conducted a thorough assessment of trends and patterns in use of force and deadly use of force at the PPD as well as of training, policies, and practices pertaining to use of force and deadly force. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2017. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Collaborative Reform Initiative: Accessed February 16, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0838-pub.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0838-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 141055 Keywords: Deadly Force Police Policies and Practices Police ReformPolice Training Police Use of Force |
Author: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency Title: Police System in Pakistan: Position Paper Summary: In Pakistan, the crisis of law and order has worsened over the years. Unfortunately, the primary law-enforcing agency of Pakistan has been deemed as progressively incapable of managing its increased obligations, especially in overcoming serious crimes and combating terrorism. The Police in Pakistan suffer from much criticism for their inefficiency, public dealing, and are often accused of corruption and politicisation. Since independence, there has been no real or significant progress to reform and restructure the police system inherited from colonial times. Very few attempts at reform have been made thus far, which have also been criticised as outmoded and ineffective on the ground. A case in point is the Police Order of 2002, promulgated on 14 August 2002, which replaced the more than century-old Police Act of 1861 in all four provinces of Pakistan. However, this promulgation does not extend to the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) or Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). This Position Paper highlights specific crippling elements of the implementation machinery of the police system that include: politicisation in the process of induction and promotions, budget constraints, and weak infrastructure amongst others. The few civil society initiatives taken by NGOs in police reform and in addressing the stigma of this institution in Pakistan has contributed towards raising awareness of policing practices and performance, exposing misconduct and calling for transparency and effective accountability of police, as well as championing reform. However, despite all efforts on the ground, the desired reforms can only be initiated at the policy level through a dedicated strategy for reform which accounts for key variables such as structure and balance of power between federal and provincial governments, and between provincial and local governments; role of institutions such as judiciary, military, and political parties in administrative affairs of the country; the role of public prosecutors and defence lawyers; the leadership of police at a particular point in time; and, attempts towards strengthening the legitimacy of police from an adversarial institution to one enjoying community and public confidence. The Position Paper provides a set of recommendations to bring about reforms in the police system of Pakistan. The policy of 'putting the customer first' would certainly improve confidence of the public and portray an evident commitment to augment standards of public safety and police accountability. This would require the police leadership to lead and manage to achieve, at the very least, the following key objectives: 1. Security of tenure to police key appointment holders 2. De-politicisation of police 3. Adequate provision for strategic capacity building of police 4. Substantial change in the work ecology of police, especially for lower ranks 5. Adequate police budget 6. Transformation of police from a public-frightening force to a public-friendly service organisation It is pertinent to re-organise this institution so that it may become politically neutral, non-authoritarian, accountable and approachable by the community, proficiently well-organised, and, last but not least, an effective instrument of the Rule of Law. Political will and strong-minded police leadership is crucial to complete this journey of reforms. Details: Islamabad: PILDAT, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2017 at: http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/ROLR/PoliceSystemofPakistan_PositionPaper.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/ROLR/PoliceSystemofPakistan_PositionPaper.pdf Shelf Number: 146984 Keywords: Police AgenciesPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Burton, Dominique Title: CNA Out Front: The Impact of Policing Reforms on Local Government Summary: Police reform is a national topic and interest. The term has been used for decades to encompass the many changes within policing and law enforcement departments across the country, yet it is still important and valuable today to evaluate police practices and learn how to bring about change— both intended and unforeseen. To have comprehensive evaluations and a holistic view of advancement in policing, involvement from local organizations and government agencies is crucial. Local governments play a large role in implementing resources for police departments, and their understanding and interpretation of police reform needs to be assessed as the country pushes for more departmental development. CNA, a not-for-profit organization focused on using operational analysis and applied research to solve complex issues faced by law enforcement, communities, and governments at all levels, is involved in police reform on a number of fronts. In August 2016, CNA hosted an Executive Session in Arlington, VA, to facilitate a discussion among a diverse group of representatives of local agencies and law enforcement practitioners on the impact of policing reforms on local government. 1 Law enforcement practitioners discussed the growing demand for departments to achieve more in areas such as training and technology. Representatives from local government expressed their need for a police force to reach the standards illustrated in the Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing2 , but they also discussed the constraints that limited the agencies to allocating more resources. Each group of participants engaged with candor and, in many cases, expressed complementary ideas and solutions. In summarizing this Executive Session, we hope to garner greater interest, stimulate curiosity, and foster open-mindedness regarding the future of policing in America. We encourage readers to appreciate the forthrightness of the presenters and audience participants. Partnerships between law enforcement agencies and local government are prevalent due to organizational structures, yet discussions about direct impacts have not always been communicated between both parties, though such conversations are happening with the help of agencies such as CNA to facilitate them. The August 2016 Executive Session, titled The Impact of Policing Reforms on Local Government, was the sixth in a series sponsored by CNA. The participants in this Executive Session offered numerous suggestions for future session topics, which we are currently considering. If you are able to suggest any additional topics after reading this summary, please send them to the CNA Justice Team at SMARTJustice@cna.org. Details: Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2016. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2017 at: https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/CIM-2016-U-014066.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/CIM-2016-U-014066.pdf Shelf Number: 146987 Keywords: Police AgenciesPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Higgins, Andy Title: A natural experiment in neighbourhood policing Summary: Neighbourhood policing is widely considered to be the bedrock of policing in England and Wales, yet as forces have responded to changing demand and shrinking budgets, the form in which it is delivered has diversified and in some cases become diluted and diminished. In this paper we describe the implications of two starkly contrasting neighbourhood policing models for enabling the mode of police working that evidence shows to be most effective. Drawing on the findings of our five-year Police Effectiveness in a Changing World project, we argue for the on-going importance of a well informed and locally engaged, proactive, neighbourhood-level capability to tackle the new challenges and priorities confronting the police. We end by highlighting some of the key questions, including about purpose and remit, resource allocation, service integration, workforce and support structures, which will need to be addressed in developing a new neighbourhood policing, capable of delivering the Policing Vision 2025 and fit for a changing world. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2017. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Police Effectiveness in a Changing World, PAPER 4: Accessed February 18, 2017 at:http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/changing_world_paper_4.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/changing_world_paper_4.pdf Shelf Number: 147287 Keywords: Neighborhood PolicingPolice EffectivenessPolice Reform |
Author: Selth, Andrew Title: Police Reform in Burma (Myanmar): Aims Obstacles and Outcomes Summary: Despite all the publicity that Burma has received since the inauguration of a hybrid military-civilian parliament in 2011, and the launch of an ambitious reform program by President Thein Sein, there are some important issues which seem to have escaped serious study. It has become clear, for example, that the new government wishes not only to reinvigorate plans to expand and remodel the Myanmar Police Force (MPF), but also to give it a more distinctive civilian style and ethos, and see it take greater responsibility for some key aspects of the country's internal security. Indeed, such steps will be essential if Burma is to strengthen the rule of law and make an orderly transition to a genuine and sustainable democracy. The armed forces (Tatmadaw) will remain responsible for external defence and for counter-insurgency campaigns against armed ethnic groups. However, it seems to be envisaged that, as part of the broad democratisation process, the MPF will assume a greater role in terms of law enforcement and the maintenance of internal order. Already, there are more blue uniforms than green uniforms on the streets protecting VIPs and standing static guard outside diplomatic missions. The police can also be expected to play a larger part in quelling civil unrest, with the army only called upon to provide aid to the 'civil' power during emergencies, as occurred in Arakan (Rakhine) State in 2012 and Meiktila in 2013. To this end, the MPF is being expanded, restructured and modernised. It is already larger and more powerful than it has been since the colonial era, but the goal is a force of over 100,000 men and women, with 34 'combat' battalions. Recruitment and officer corps entry standards have been raised. At the same time, the MPF's doctrine and training programs are being changed to give greater emphasis to 'community-based policing' by unarmed officers working in close cooperation with the civil population. This approach is not completely new to Burma but, if fully and successfully adopted, it will be in stark contrast to the tough paramilitary style of policing that has characterised the force since General Ne Win's 1962 coup. As the Indonesian example has shown, however, such a transition will be neither quick nor easy. Burma's armed forces remain very powerful. There will be some areas, such as intelligence collection and internal security operations, where the interests of the MPF and Tatmadaw will overlap. The respective roles, responsibilities and associated benefits of the two institutions may be sorted out - probably in the Tatmadaw's favour - but there is likely to be friction. Also, there are cultural issues in the police force which will take a long time to resolve. Corruption and the abuse of power, for example, are deeply-rooted problems that will be difficult to eradicate. Until they are, the force's relations with the general population will remain problematical. Should the MPF be able to reinvent itself, however, it has the potential to make a major contribution to Thein Sein's reform program and the development of a more democratic, stable and humane society in Burma. Also, as an important civilian body answerable to the public through an 'elected' government, its behaviour - and treatment by the government - will be important indicators of progress in current attempts to implement the rule of law in Burma and make the security forces more accountable for their actions. Details: Brisbane: Griffith University, Griffith Asia Institute, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Regional Outlook Paper, No. 44: Accessed April 6, 2017 at: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs20/Selth-2013-Police_Reform-red.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Burma URL: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs20/Selth-2013-Police_Reform-red.pdf Shelf Number: 144725 Keywords: Criminal Justice ReformPolice CorruptionPolice ReformPolicingRule of Law |
Author: Subramanian, Ram Title: To Protect and Serve: New Trends in State-Level Policing Reform, 2015-2016 Summary: In 2015 and 2016, 34 states and the District of Columbia passed at least 79 bills, executive orders, or resolutions to change some aspect of policing policy or practice. This is significant, since policing reform is largely the province of local jurisdictions or specific police departments. In contrast, in the three years prior to the study period-between 2012 and 2014-there were few pieces of state legislation that dealt with policing. In reviewing legislative activity over the last two years, the Vera Institute of Justice found that states focused reform efforts in the following three areas: > improving policing practices around use of force, racial profiling, and vulnerable populations; > documenting police operations through the increased use of body-worn cameras, enhanced protections for public recordings of police, and new requirements for maintaining and reporting data on police operations; and > improving accountability in instances of police use of force and misconduct cases, especially those incidents that result in death. By providing concise summaries of representative legislation in each area, this report aims to inform policymakers and members of the public who are looking to understand state-level changes in policing policy and practice. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2017. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: https://www.vera.org/publications/protect-and-serve-policing-trends-2015-2016 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.vera.org/publications/protect-and-serve-policing-trends-2015-2016 Shelf Number: 144751 Keywords: Deadly ForcePolice AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice EffectivenessPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice Use of ForcePolicing |
Author: Small Arms Survey Title: Policing in South Sudan: Transformation Challenges and Priorities Summary: Over the past three years, ongoing conflict in South Sudan has fundamentally reshaped donor engagement with the security sector. In the wake of the conflict that began in December 2013, major bilateral donor support was suspended to the security services, including the police. More recent efforts to support transitional security arrangements under the terms laid out in the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS), signed in August 2015, have been met with criticism in the face of persistent conflict and human rights abuses. Although the South Sudan National Police Service (SSNPS) is meant to serve as the lead agency for internal security, some operational responsibilities have fallen to competing security services and ethnically aligned militias. These include rival factions within the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and the National Security Service (NSS). The SSNPS is among the weakest and most under-resourced security services in South Sudan. Even before December 2013, donor efforts to support police transformation were fraught with challenges. While donors piloted a community-focused approach to police reform, the SSNPS essentially continued to operate as a paramilitary force. Police recruits receive paramilitary training, use military ranks, and are legally mandated to support the SPLA by order of the president. Interviews with police commanders suggest that the high number of militias integrated into the SSNPS after independence has also had a negative impact on overall command and control. In addition, the economic crisis facing South Sudan has intensified predatory behaviour towards civilians in an environment that lacks accountability for human rights abuses. In the absence of broader political and economic reforms, donor engagement with the police under the terms laid out in the ARCSS is unlikely to curb rampant insecurity and crime. Based on extensive in-depth interviews with the police leadership, rank-and-file SSNPS, donors, legal and security experts, and civil society groups, this Issue Brief reviews the state of the police in South Sudan in order to draw attention to shortcomings that may be addressed as part of ongoing donor engagement with the SSNPS. Key findings of this Issue Brief include: South Sudan lacks a culture of democratic policing. Police officers generally do not have a clear enough understanding of their mandate to distinguish themselves from the SPLA. Since the conflict erupted in 2013, high levels of insecurity throughout the country have reinforced a paramilitary style of policing. The SSNPS faces many of the same challenges as the SPLA, including low salaries and delayed payments, high levels of illiteracy, inadequate training on human rights, and a culture of impunity. The SSNPS has far less access to resources and essential equipment than the SPLA. In the absence of adequate oversight and accountability, some police officers form predatory relationships with the very communities they are charged to protect. There is little access to justice for victims of human rights violations, which has reinforced a culture of impunity. Cronyism and entrenched patronage networks undermine the overall effectiveness of the police force. In some cases, favouritism prevents promising junior officers from advancing while permitting militia members to be integrated into the SSNPS. As a result, it is even more difficult to professionalize the police force and to establish clear lines of command and control. The formation of the Joint Integrated Police (JIP), a transitional security arrangement required by the ARCSS, has proceeded without due transparency measures or consultations with communities or civil society groups. Moreover, it is unclear how opposition forces will participate in the JIP given the split within the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO). Donor efforts to implement the transitional security arrangements laid out in the peace agreement despite ongoing conflict in South Sudan are unlikely to succeed in the absence of renewed political negotiations and broader political and economic reforms. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Small Arms Survey, 2017. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: HSBA Issue Brief: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/issue-briefs/HSBA-IB26-Policing-in-South-Sudan.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Sudan URL: http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/issue-briefs/HSBA-IB26-Policing-in-South-Sudan.pdf Shelf Number: 144755 Keywords: Police AccountabilityPolice AdministrationPolice EffectivenessPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Kiedrowski, John Title: The Civilianization of Police in Canada Summary: This report examines the purported benefits and challenges of employing civilians instead of sworn police officers to do different types of police work in Canadian police services. The key research question is what, if any, are the economic benefits (in terms of actual net savings achieved) and non-economic benefits of civilianization of employees working in administration, special uniformed services, investigative services, and specialized technical areas. The report's main focus is a practical one: to provide information useful to police executives, police boards and municipal governments in developing policy with regard to how civilian employees can be most cost-effectively and efficiently deployed to achieve major policing objectives. The research was carried out through a comprehensive literature review of civilianization in Canada, the United States (U.S.), and Great Britain. Twenty one police services responded to the survey while ten participated in follow-up interviews. Civilians were most likely to be employed in administration and specialized support and least likely in uniformed services and investigative services. While the lower salaries and benefits paid to civilians compared to sworn officers do offer some cost savings, the lower pay and lower status of civilians in police organizations is associated with problems in morale and employee turnover. A key finding of both the literature review and empirical research is that the overall costs of policing may not be reduced as the number of sworn officers does not necessarily decline with increased hiring of civilian employees. Indeed, the overall number of police personnel (both sworn and civilian) continues to rise and with it increased costs. A barrier to civilianization is the continued reluctance, for a variety of reasons, on the part of police executives and police associations as well as police boards and other governance bodies to reduce the numbers of uniformed sworn police officers, even with increased civilian staff hiring. The literature also suggests that when employee cuts have been made the preference is to cut civilian employees and not sworn officers. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2017. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2015-R042: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r042/2015-r042-en.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r042/2015-r042-en.pdf Shelf Number: 144775 Keywords: Civilian EmployeesCivilian Police OfficersCosts of PolicingPolice ReformPolicingPrivate Security |
Author: Association of Municipalities Ontario Title: Building a new public safety model in Ontario. AMO's Policing Modernization Report Summary: For the past three years, the Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) has been a member of the Future of Policing Advisory Committee being led by the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services (MCSCS). The Committee consists mainly of Ministry officials, police chiefs, police officers, and various police association representatives. This is a laudable initiative. However, it should be noted that the Committee's work is rooted in a consensus seeking process. This has limited the scale and scope of many draft recommendations and the Committee's advice to the Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services. AMO fundamentally believes in the need to advance the agenda of reform. This paper is designed to broaden the discussion and inject a change of pace in shaping the future. The issue of cost has certainly been a catalyst. Whether negotiated or arbitrated or through the accumulation of years of incremental increases - cost is without a doubt, shining a bright light on this public service. When we combine cost with aging legislation and standards, demographic shifts, and the immediate challenges on the horizon, we find ourselves returning to a basic question: how do we want to be policed? What should it look like? To talk about the future, AMO established a task force of mayors and police board representatives from across the province to explore key questions about policing. The task force interviewed experts, reviewed the best academic research available, sent representatives to the 2015 Summit on the Economics of Policing and Community Safety in Ottawa, and had thorough and lengthy discussions on specific issues about the future of policing. What follows are a series of topics and some recommendations on the path forward. These ideas are not set in stone; they are a starting point for municipal and provincial elected officials and others. These recommendations, many borrowed from experts outside the municipal realm, represent the consensus of the task force. Details: Toronto: The Association, 2015. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2017 at: https://www.amo.on.ca/AMO-PDFs/Reports/2015/AMO-Policing-Modernization-Report-Final-2015-04-27.aspx Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: https://www.amo.on.ca/AMO-PDFs/Reports/2015/AMO-Policing-Modernization-Report-Final-2015-04-27.aspx Shelf Number: 144787 Keywords: Police EffectivenessPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Sayigh, Yezid Title: Dilemmas of Reform: Policing in Arab Transitions Summary: Struggles over the security sector have been central to the politics of every Arab state that has undergone transition in the wake of armed conflict or political upheaval since the early 1990s. And wherever pre-transition elite coalitions have been neither forged anew nor replaced, security sectors no longer clearly serve a dominant political, social, and economic order. In these contexts, generic Western models of security sector reform cannot adequately resolve the dilemmas revealed by Arab states in transition and can do no more than alter these sectors superficially. Systemic change is needed, but the political and institutional brittleness of Arab states in transition presents a significant obstacle. Dilemmas of Policing in Arab States in Transition - Constitutional frameworks in these states are degraded and politics are polarized, which prevents the effective governance of security sectors. -State capacity is in decline, undermining the ability of policing to help uphold the social order and moral economy. - These governments' renewed emphasis on counterterrorism has intensified long-standing patterns of violent behavior and impunity in the security sector, reinforcing the sector's resistance to reform while prompting the public to acquiesce to the restoration of authoritarian practices. - Declining state resources, increasingly informal economies, and deepening illegality have raised the costs of reforming and professionalizing security sectors. These trends have also incentivized security sectors' implication in corruption and collusion with criminal networks and armed actors, stiffening the sectors' resistance to reform. - Growing numbers of citizens have turned to alternative forms of community policing and mechanisms based on customary law, but these systems are eroding, often giving way to hybrid, militia-based structures. Challenging Future - Security sector reform cannot take place unless political elites and leading institutional actors see a shared interest in it. In the absence of this, security sectors have fractured along sectarian, ethnic, and partisan lines, or have asserted their complete autonomy in pursuit of their own agendas. - Generic transparency rules and oversight frameworks recommended in conventional reform approaches cannot tackle corruption or illegal economic activity in the security sector. Arab states in transition are especially unwilling to undertake necessary but risky reforms or to impose accountability. - The rehabilitation and reform of security sectors requires a nonpartisan approach and depends on reaching a reasonable consensus on the components of the social order and the principles of an acceptable moral economy. Without this, the technical assistance and training routinely offered in conventional reform programs will be of little value. Details: Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, 2016. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2017 at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CEIP_CMEC61_Sayigh_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CEIP_CMEC61_Sayigh_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 145050 Keywords: Informal EconomyLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicingSecurity ForcesTerrorism |
Author: Ibanez, Ana Maria Title: Impact of a Judicial System Reform on Police Behavior: Evidence on Juvenile Crime in Colombia Summary: This paper uses a natural experiment to identify the impact of a judicial system reform on police behavior. The study finds that, after a decrease in the severity of judicial punishment imposed on Colombian adolescents, arrest rates for adolescents in most misdemeanor crimes decreased due to a change in police behavior. The magnitude of this effect ranged between 0.08 to 0.321 standard deviations. The uncertainty on how to operate the new system, the lack of training, and the potential disciplinary sanctions led police officials to reduce arrest rates. Nonetheless, police forces learned gradually how to operate within the new system and adjusted their operations, countervailing the initial negative impact on arrest rates. We present suggestive evidence that the reduction in arrest rates and the lower sanctions increased crime incidents in cities with a large proportion of adolescents in their population. Qualitative evidence collected in focus groups with police officials supports the principal quantitative findings and contextualize the obstacles that led to the decrease in arrest rates and the perceived increase of juvenile crime based on the officials' experiences in the streets. Details: Bogota: Universidad de los Andes, Colombia - Department of Economics, 2017. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Documento CEDE No. 2017-17: Accessed May 12, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2931146 Year: 2017 Country: Colombia URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2931146 Shelf Number: 145457 Keywords: Juvenile CrimeJuvenile OffendersPolice BehaviorPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Wheller, Levin Title: 'What works' in organisational change and business improvement? A Rapid Evidence Assessment Summary: The police service is currently facing a considerable challenge: to maintain service delivery in the light of substantial budget cuts. The service needs to be able to respond flexibly to adapt to the economic climate. Many forces are adopting business improvement techniques to examine current practices and explore where there may be scope to change processes to release savings. In some cases this requires large scale organisational change, shifting from operating in a culture where resources were plentiful and financial management was the preserve of headquarters staff, to one where they are scarce, tightly controlled and all staff are being asked to take some responsibility for efficiency savings. The NPIA Research Analysis and Information Unit (RAI) were commissioned to establish what is known about successful organisational change and business improvement to support the changes forces are being asked to make and inform NPIA programme activity in this area. This paper presents the methods used and cumulative findings of two Rapid Evidence Assessments (REAs) designed to examine what is known about effective organisational change and business improvement practices. A summary paper presenting key findings from these REAs and implications for practice is available here (summary report). Practitioners may also find it useful to look at the Continuous Improvement Self-Assessment Matrix (CI-SAM) which was developed based on findings from the REAs and workshops with practitioners. The matrix describes the elements necessary to achieve continuous improvement, together with a clear indication of the types of behaviours that should be in place in order to achieve higher levels of organisational performance and development. The first REA was conducted within a very tight timescale and was limited to systematic review evidence in order to meet time constraints. From 797 references identified by the searches, this 'review of reviews' identified 5 relevant papers which together cover a limited pool of robust experimental studies. In response to the lack of experimental evidence on this subject RAI carried out a second REA, this time relaxing the inclusion criteria to include individual evaluative studies with a minimum of a before and after measure. The second REA was conducted over a two-month period, following systematic principles, but is not exhaustive and is likely to be biased towards published sources rather than grey (unpublished) literature. The time constraints inevitably resulted in a tightly restricted scope, limited to published evidence for which electronic abstracts were available and contained within databases held by the National Police Library or obtainable from the British Library by the cut off date. The REA only covered papers published in the last twenty years, resulting in a risk that any older 'classic' studies of organisational change or business improvement may not be included. Over 11,000 references were identified by the initial searches for the second REA, and after sifting these abstracts, 178 full papers were requested. Of these, 134 were received by the cut off date. Further review of these papers found only 36 papers met the inclusion criteria (representing 0.3% of initial abstracts identified, and 27% of papers received). This paper draws together the findings from both REAs and is therefore based on a total of 41 papers, 5 studies identified in the first 'review of review' together with 36 papers from the second REA. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore, UK: National Policing Improvement Agency, 2012. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2017 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/What_works_organisational_change_business_improvement_-_full_report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/What_works_organisational_change_business_improvement_-_full_report.pdf Shelf Number: 146493 Keywords: Costs of Criminal JusticeCosts of PolicingPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: New Landscape of Policing Summary: Key points Key points made by the committee include: It is unacceptable that, more than a year after the Government announced it was phasing out the National Policing Improvement Agency, it still has not announced any definite decisions about the future of the vast majority of the functions currently performed by the Agency. Spring 2012, when the Agency is due to be phased out, is little more than six months away. The committee is not persuaded that the Government can meet this timetable and recommends that it delay the phasing out of the Agency until the end of 2012. After the Olympics, the Home Office should consider making counter-terrorism a separate command of the New National Crime Agency. Counter-terrorism is currently the responsibility of the Metropolitan Police. The Government must urgently appoint a head of the new National Crime Agency. A Professional Body for policing, as proposed by Peter Neyroud, could ultimately become a useful part of the policing landscape, but the Government will need to win the hearts and minds of police officers and staff to convey coherently the nature and role of the new body. The proposed new Professional Body must be inclusive from the outset and not just involve officers of ACPO ranks. Individual police officers and staff need to believe that this is their body. Collaboration between police forces offers clear financial and operational benefits. The Home Office should be more active in encouraging and supporting forces to collaborate with one another. IT across the police service as a whole is not fit for purpose, to the detriment of the police's ability to fulfil their basic mission of preventing crime and disorder. The Home Office must make revolutionising police IT a top priority. The committee states that Tom Winsor's review of pay and conditions is having an inevitable impact on morale in the police service, but believes it is possible to do more to mitigate this. The committee commends the work of Jan Berry, the former Reducing Bureaucracy in Policing Advocate, in emphasising that reducing bureaucracy in the police service is not simply about reducing paperwork but addressing the causes of that paperwork and bringing about a change in culture in the police service. The committee urges the Home Secretary to meet Jan Berry to discuss how to take her work forward. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2011. 2 vol. Source: Internet Resource: Fourteenth Report of Session 2010-12 Accessed July 1, 2017 at: http://www.parliament.uk/policing-priorities Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.parliament.uk/policing-priorities Shelf Number: 146492 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice LegitimacyPolice PerformancePolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Hail, Yvonne Title: Local Policing in Transition: Examining the Impacts and Implilcations of Police Reform in Scotland Summary: Since the reintroduction of a Scottish parliament in 1999, and set against a backdrop of significant cuts in public spending, there has been much debate regarding law and order discourse from a Scottish perspective. In 2011, the Scottish Government conducted two consultations on the most radical programme of police reform for a generation. The consultation process ensued that on 8 September 2011, the Cabinet Secretary for Justice announced the Scottish Government's intention to introduce legislation to create a single, national police service in Scotland with claims that it would deliver an estimated savings of L130 million a year and L1.7 billion over 15 years. Under this new legislation local policing became (for the first time) a statutory requirement, giving key responsibilities to local police commanders to devise local policing plans for each area in consultation with local authorities and communities. This localised focus raised questions as to the potential gains and losses of such a merger and prompted a renewed focus on enduring academic debates regarding local policing strategies, governance, accountability and the relative merits of different styles of policing across Scotland's communities. Understanding the impact and implications of these local arrangements provides the focus for this thesis. The level of recent organisational change which has occurred across policing in Scotland is comprehensive in its scope and sits within the concept of macro level change. With regard to police reform, the majority of existing research has focused on micro level or operational changes; with an example of this being seen in the work of Skogan (2006) who examined the impact of community policing initiatives. Despite there being a large number of existing studies on police reform, there is a distinct lack of research which examines macro levels of reform, such as those recently experienced in Scotland. Therefore, this project, which was conducted parallel to the implementation of police reform in Scotland, is able to provide a unique and valuable snapshot of how reform was experienced on the frontline at the very time it was being implemented. Local policing strategies were chosen for this study as it is believed that this is the approach which bests suits an examination of daily interactions between the public and local police personnel. By employing a qualitative methodology using semi structured interviews and non-participant observations, this project is able to show both the individual and group construction of the meanings associated with post reform policing practices in each of the case study areas. The researcher does not attempt to make any broad generalisations regarding post reform local policing across Scotland from the findings, however, similar themes highlighted in the findings as being experienced by both case study area provides a framework for conducting further research. In terms of the thesis' overall contribution to academic literature, the key findings reported here highlight that there is a requirement for a specific police organisational change theory to be developed which can fill the gaps in current change literature and assist in framing future police reform. This police change theory should include a directive that recognises the importance of the role of frontline staff in the translation of changes at an operational level and support the inclusion of members of the frontline in the planning and implementation of future police reforms. Details: Dundee, UK: University of Dundee, 2017. 398p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 29, 2017 at: http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/local-policing-in-transition(225cab5e-4734-4a72-aca0-66e7f69126f9).html Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/local-policing-in-transition(225cab5e-4734-4a72-aca0-66e7f69126f9).html Shelf Number: 146610 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice Reform |
Author: Marat, Erica Title: Reforming the Police in Post-Soviet States: Georgia and Kyrgyzstan Summary: In most Soviet successor states, the police (militia) are among the least trusted government agencies. The police are frequently seen as representatives of the state who are allowed to persecute ordinary citizens, extort bribes, and protect the real criminals. This leads to cycles of mutual antagonism in which society does not expect the police to perform their function properly, and the police are unable to enforce state regulation of society. In the examples of Georgia and Kyrgyzstan in this monograph, Dr. Erica Marat examines which domestic processes will likely fail and which have a chance to succeed in changing the postSoviet police from a punitive institution into a more democratic entity. Dr. Marat demonstrates that the fundamental element of police reform in the post-Soviet context must be a redefinition of what constitutes the legitimate use of violence against civilians to maintain order in everyday life and during mass protests. It means toning down the use of forceful methods against the unruly and redefining which crimes must be prosecuted. In the course of the reform, the government must relinquish its ability to control the thoughts and actions of opponents and the people. Instead of being used as a punitive instrument of oppression, the postauthoritarian police must learn to behave in a transparent, accountable way, by respecting the rights of citizens. Importantly, new venues and forms of interaction between society and the police should emerge, while a country's chief police agency should become responsive to the concerns of the public. The police must begin to work on behalf of the public, not the regime, and to obey the rule of law, not government orders. Essentially, "democratic police reform" in the post-Soviet - or any - context means entrusting the citizenry to police the police. This monograph contributes to the understanding of what it takes to promote institutional reform in the police by eliminating political barriers and enabling a more fruitful military-to-military cooperation. Understanding the components of a successful police reform in transitioning states falls under the Strategic Studies Institute's requirements. If the United States is to continue its constructive cooperation with these states, it must understand what predetermines the success or failure of security reform. The success or failure of certain aspects of the reform defines the degree to which organized criminal groups are able to influence the political leadership. As Washington searches for ways to help countries transform from autocracies to democracies, Georgia and Kyrgyzstan provide useful insights into how state elites seek to reform the police, while trying to maintain social stability and strong central leadership Details: Carlisle, PA: United States Army War College, 2013. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: The Letort papers: Accessed August 22, 2017 at: http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub1184.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Georgia URL: http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/pub1184.pdf Shelf Number: 131743 Keywords: Police Administration Police Reform |
Author: Morden, John W. Title: Independent Civilian Review into Matters Relating to the G20 Summit Summary: The Independent Civilian Review into Matters Relating to the G20 Summit was launched on September 23, 2010 by the Toronto Police Services Board. The Review examined issues concerning the role the Board played with respect to the policing of the G20 Summit that was held in Toronto on June 25-27, 2010. It also examined the role played by the Toronto Police Service during the G20 Summit, with a view to determining whether the plans developed and implemented were adequate and effective for policing of the Summit. The Board appointed the Honourable John W. Morden, a former Associate Chief Justice of Ontario, to conduct the Review and provide a report and recommendations. Details: Toronto: Toronto Police Services Board, 2012. 475p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 28, 2017 at: http://www.tpsb.ca/g20/ICRG20Mordenreport.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.tpsb.ca/g20/ICRG20Mordenreport.pdf Shelf Number: 146909 Keywords: Civilian Oversight of PoliceComplaints Against the PolicePolice Accountability Police Oversight Police Policies and PracticesPolice ReformPublic DisorderRiots and Protests |
Author: Fyfe, Nicholas Title: Evaluation of Police and Fire Reform: Year 1: Annex 1: Evidence Review Summary: Introduction and context - This Annex to the Year 1 report is part of a four year evaluation commissioned by the Scottish Government to examine whether the aims of Police and Fire reform have been met and consider what lessons might be learnt for any future public service reforms. - The evaluation began in February 2015, and is being delivered by the Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR), ScotCen and What Works Scotland (WWS). - This annex provides a high level summary of the key themes emerging from the "evidence review" element in year one of the evaluation. It takes into account publicly available evidence produced to the end of November 2015. This annex, therefore, provides a full account of the evidence outlined briefly in the separate "Summary" document. - The evidence review has two components. The first is a process of mapping and scoping the evidence landscape, creating a searchable evidence database. The second component is a narrative summary of these individual sources. It is the second element which is presented in this annex. - Overall, the year one evidence review aims to describe and assess the evidence base that exists in relation to the reforms, and to summarise emerging substantive claims and conclusions. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2017. 74p Source: Internet Resource: Social Research Series: Accessed September 18, 2017 at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00502122.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0050/00502122.pdf Shelf Number: 147370 Keywords: Police Administration Police ReformPolicing |
Author: Yukon Government Title: Sharing Common Ground. Review of Yukon's Police Force : Year One Progress Report Summary: Over the past year, Yukoners from many different backgrounds and perspectives have come together in a dedicated and forward-looking effort to respond to the needs and concerns of our communities. Individuals and organizations, First Nations, police, advocacy groups, academics and government have all made vital contributions to moving forward with a new vision for policing in Yukon. Following eight months of dialogue with citizens, and with the advice of an Advisory Committee and a team of First Nation representatives, the co-chairs of the Review of Yukon's Police Force, submitted a final report entitled Sharing Common Ground to the Minister of Justice in January 2011. This progress report outlines the achievements of the many people and organizations who have contributed to the implementation of these recommendations over the first year of Sharing Common Ground. The co-chairs, representing Government of Yukon, First Nations and "M" Division RCMP, put forward 33 recommendations that provided a blueprint for establishing a new relationship between Yukon citizens and their police. The changes they called for were intended not only to fill gaps that citizens identified, but also to build on the many existing strengths that were acknowledged during the Review. Relationships are recognized as a cornerstone of trust. As relationships form and grow, those involved gain a greater understanding and appreciation for each other and come to understand how the others think and react and why they behave as they do. As relationships are strengthened, each party learns about motivations and limitations the other party faces, and most importantly, what goals, objectives and needs they have in common. The recommendations in Sharing Common Ground all add value in themselves by addressing specific needs and concerns raised by our communities. But perhaps even more importantly, as individuals and groups share these concerns and identify issues of common concern, solutions are developed and implemented in collaboration, and opportunities for these relationships to form and for understanding and trust to grow are created. A key and recurring theme during the Review was that follow-up was necessary in order to inform citizens and governments on implementation progress. This progress report outlines the achievements of the many people and organizations who have contributed to the implementation of these recommendations over the first year of Sharing Common Ground. Details: Whitehorse: Yukon Government, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2017 at: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Implementation_One_Year_Update-_May_2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Implementation_One_Year_Update-_May_2012.pdf Shelf Number: 147446 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice DepartmentsPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Yukon Government Title: Sharing Common Ground. Review of Yukon's Police Force : Final Report on Implementation Summary: The public expects that police officers will act with integrity and that their conduct will be above reproach at all times. From time to time, police services fall short of this expectation. This can be due to the result of a single act by a police officer that offends public sensibility or through a more general decline in the quality of service over time. When either or both occurs, it erodes the public's trust in its policing service. In these situations, there must be independent, transparent and accessible processes that hold individual members and the organization accountable. During this Review, the Co-Chairs and members of the Advisory Committee heard that some Yukon citizens do not have trust and confidence in "M" Division. This is particularly the case in First Nation communities, and with vulnerable citizens and individuals leading high-risk lifestyles. High profile incidents at the Vancouver International Airport and in other communities in British Columbia, and incidents that took place in Yukon, have shaken the public's confidence in the RCMP. In Yukon, two incidents have focussed public attention on the RCMP: a situation where two off-duty RCMP members were charged and later found not guilty of sexual assault; and the circumstances experienced by Raymond Silverfox in the holding cells at the Whitehorse detachment in the hours prior to his death. While these high-profile incidents have caused many citizens to question how the RCMP operates in the territory, Yukon First Nations citizens in particular have concerns rooted in their relationship with the RCMP and based on personal experience or hearsay. These concerns did not arise or develop recently, but they have been heightened by recent events. We have heard many accounts of policing excellence, including stories of RCMP members going above and beyond their normal duties. The purpose of the Review is to improve the quality of policing services for all citizens in the territory. First Nations and non-First Nations citizens raised concerns that some members of the community have been subject to discrimination and cultural insensitivity. Citizens, particularly those who work directly with women in crisis, raised concerns about the RCMP's response to calls for assistance in situations involving domestic violence and sexualized assault. Citizens brought forward concerns about being treated with indifference or disrespect when interacting with the RCMP. This was particularly evident in submissions from individuals in vulnerable situations - acutely intoxicated persons and offenders with mental health and cognitive disorders such as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). A number of citizens also noted their frustrations, suspicions and lack of knowledge about the process for making a complaint against the RCMP. Even some individuals who work in the justice system were unaware of the complaint process Terms of Reference and process It was within this context that the Yukon Minister of Justice established the Review of Yukon's Police Force. The Review was Co-Chaired by a representative of the Council of Yukon First Nations; the Commanding Officer of RCMP "M" Division; and the Deputy Minister, Department of Justice, Government of Yukon. With the assistance of members of an Advisory Committee, the Co-Chairs spoke directly with over one thousand citizens of the territory to gain a better appreciation of their concerns with the RCMP and to build a process for restoring and maintaining public confidence in Yukon's police force. Terms of Reference - Terms of Reference 1: Consider measures and make recommendations to better ensure that Yukon's police force is responsive and accountable to the needs of Yukon citizens; - Terms of Reference 2: Review how public complaints relating to the RCMP in Yukon are currently dealt with and to make recommendations on any required improvements; - Terms of Reference 3: Determine the skills that Yukon officers require in order to provide policing services in Yukon communities and make recommendations to enhance training, including the potential for Yukon-based training; - Terms of Reference 4: Review the services provided by the RCMP to citizens who are in vulnerable positions, including victims of domestic violence and sexual assault, as well as individuals who are arrested and detained in custody; - Terms of Reference 5: Identify and build upon successes and best practices in the delivery of policing services to Yukon; and - Terms of Reference 6: Review and make recommendations on how best to implement in Yukon the existing RCMP policy on external investigations and reviews. The Co-Chairs and Advisory Committee members participated in public meetings across the territory. Meetings were also held with justice workers and social service providers who have regular contact with the RCMP. A special effort was made to engage First Nation citizens in the Review process. We recognized that many individuals might be reluctant to speak openly in a public forum about their experiences so we relied on third parties to arrange meetings and provide comments to us in writing. We also reached out to RCMP members, staff and volunteers, as well as former RCMP members living in the territory, to ensure that they had the opportunity to provide their perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of living and working in the north and their recommendations for moving forward. Details: Whitehorse: Yukon Government, 2014. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2017 at: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Final_Report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Final_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 147447 Keywords: Police Administration Police DepartmentsPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations |
Author: Luna, Erik, ed. Title: Reforming Criminal Justice. Volume 2: Policing Summary: The present volume of Reforming Criminal Justice examines critical issues in policing, including the decisions to investigate particular individuals, the role that race plays in such decisions, and the methods of obtaining evidence. For the most part, the chapters are as advertised (so to speak) - their titles accurately and succinctly convey the topic at hand. The goal of each chapter is to increase both professional and public understanding of the subject matter, to facilitate an appreciation of the relevant scholarly literature and the need for reform, and to offer potential solutions to the problems raised by the underlying topic. This approach is taken in the report's other volumes, which address additional areas of criminal justice that are worthy of attention and even reconsideration. Volume 2 Table of Contents - Democratic Accountability and Policing - Maria Ponomarenko, Adjunct Professor of Law and Deputy Director of the Policing Project, New York University , Barry Friedman, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Professor of Law, Affiliated Professor of Politics, and Director of the Policing Project, New York University - Legal Remedies for Police Misconduct - Rachel A. Harmon, F.D.G. Ribble Professor of Law, University of Virginia - Stop-and-Frisk - Henry F. Fradella, Professor of Criminology and Associate Director of the School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University Michael D. White, Professor of Criminology and Associate Director of the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University - Race and the New Policing - Jeffrey Fagan, Isidor & Seville Sulzbacher Professor of Law and Professor of Epidemiology, Columbia University - Racial Profiling 0 David A. Harris, Professor of Law and John E. Murray Faculty Scholar, University of Pittsburgh - Race and the Fourth Amendment - Devon W. Carbado, The Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law and Associate Vice Chancellor, BruinX, the Office of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion, University of California, Los Angeles - Police Use of Force - L. Song Richardson, Interim Dean and Professor of Law, University of California, Irvine - Policing, Databases, and Surveillance - Christopher Slobogin, Milton Underwood Professor of Law, Affiliate Professor of Psychiatry, and Director of the Criminal Justice Program, Vanderbilt University - Interrogation and Confessions - Richard A. Leo, Hamill Family Professor of Law and Psychology, University of San Francisco - Eyewitness Identification - Gary L. Wells, Professor of Psychology, Distinguished Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Wendy & Mark Stavish Chair in Social Sciences, Iowa State University - Informants and Cooperators - Daniel Richman, Paul J. Kellner Professor of Law, Columbia University Details: Phoenix: Arizona State University, 2017. 320p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2017 at: http://academyforjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Reforming-Criminal-Justice_Vol_2.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://academyforjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Reforming-Criminal-Justice_Vol_2.pdf Shelf Number: 148251 Keywords: Criminal Justice Policy Criminal Justice Reform Criminal Justice Systems Police ReformPolicing |
Author: Chapman, John Title: Police Effectiveness in a Changing World: Slough site report Summary: Between 2011 and 2015, the Police Foundation's Police Effectiveness in a Changing World research team worked closely with the police and their community safety partners in Luton and Slough - two English towns that had experienced the local impact of global change particularly acutely. This is one of two concluding reports from the project which details the process, experience and research findings from Slough. The research started with a problem orientated, multi-agency approach to tackling violence. Using action research we took a problem-oriented approach by identifying local crime problems, improving the way they were understood and developing interventions to tackle them. Then we assessed the outcomes of these and the challenges of implementing them. Throughout the project we drew on the wider evidence-base on police effectiveness to promote local partnerships, to better deal with the 'changing world' and to find sustainable solutions to local crime problems. Most importantly we sought to learn lessons from the process of working with forces on the ground. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2017. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 2, 2018 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/slough_site_report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/slough_site_report.pdf Shelf Number: 148978 Keywords: Crime PreventionPolice EffectivenessPolice PerformancePolice ReformProblem-Oriented PolicingViolenceViolence Prevention |
Author: Police Reform Organizing Project Title: Changing the NYPD: A Progressive Blueprint for Sweeping Reform Summary: For the past twenty years, under the mayoralties of Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has increasingly engaged in various practices which are illegal and unconstitutional. These tactics are counterproductive, in that they decrease trust in and cooperation with the police, and have had an especially harmful impact on the city's most vulnerable and defenseless populations: African-American and Latino youth, LGBT persons, the homeless, mentally ill people, Muslims, street vendors, and sex workers. The NYPD's highly controversial stop-and-frisk policy and other aggressive policing tactics have engendered deep antagonism between the NYPD and many New Yorkers, as was clearly manifested in the results of the recent mayoral election. On August 12, 2013, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York found that the NYPD's stop-and-frisk practices are unconstitutional. In Floyd v. City of N.Y., the court held that the NYPD carried out these practices in an invasive and racially discriminatory manner in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. Noting that over eighty percent of the 4.4 million people the NYPD stopped and frisked between January 2004 and June 2012 were African-American or Latino, the court called for comprehensive reform of the NYPD's practices to protect the rights and liberties of all New Yorkers. The federal court ruling touched a nerve for communities across the city victimized by stop-and-frisk. The issue of the NYPD's harsh and aggressive policing tactics generally and stop-and-frisk specifically, became major focal points of the 2013 mayoral campaign. Mayor Bill de Blasio, along with other leading candidates in the Democratic Party's primaries, called for comprehensive reform of the NYPD's policies. On October 31, 2013, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the Floyd ruling and its accompanying reforms pending the City's appeal. During the mayoral election campaign, Bill de Blasio vowed to withdraw the City's appeal upon taking office. He followed through on that pledge on January 30th when he announced that the City had reached an accord with the plaintiffs in the suit. The landmark stop-and-frisk ruling and the accompanying public support for NYPD reform present an ideal opportunity for Mayor de Blasio and his new Police Commissioner William J. Bratton to implement a rights-based policing program that works in partnership with communities. This report is meant to serve as a resource to help guide the de Blasio/Bratton administration through the tricky waters of managing meaningful reforms in NYPD policing practices and policy. Part I highlights straightforward policy shifts that Mayor de Blasio and Police Commissioner Bratton can immediately implement with little political or bureaucratic risk or opposition. These reforms include disbanding the peddler squad that harasses street vendors, establishing community intervention teams that work with mental health professionals to respond to people in psychiatric crisis, eliminating police confiscation of condoms in someone's possession as evidence of prostitution, ending the practice of arresting homeless people for 'quality of life' offenses, and dismantling the NYPD's often illegal arrest of individuals on criminal trespassing charges in public housing and private apartment buildings enrolled in "Operation Clean Halls." Part II presents longer-term and expansive institutional reforms. The section details the need for a paradigm shift in NYPD policing, one that reorients the NYPD from punitive policing and an aggressively enforced, illegal quota system towards promoting public safety and working in partnership with communities. This part proposes community-oriented problem-solving measures that engage and collaborate with neighborhood leaders, residents, local service programs, community centers, and places of worship. Such an approach will also entail enhanced and multifaceted oversight of the NYPD that should bring together community groups, the recently-created Inspector General, the court monitor mandated by the Floyd decision, the City Council, and the Mayor's Office. Part III recommends reforms in what has been in recent years the toxic culture of the Department, reforms that will result in significant changes in practices, including strengthening the NYPD liaison office for LGBT communities, legalizing and regulating the sale and possession of small amounts of marijuana, ending the unwarranted surveillance of New York's Muslim communities, and ensuring robust protection of First Amendment rights for all New Yorkers. Details: New York: PROP; Walter Leitner International Human Rights Clinic; Leitner Center for International Law and Justice; Fordham University School of Law; 2014. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2018 at: http://www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/A-Blueprint-for-NYPD-Reform.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/A-Blueprint-for-NYPD-Reform.pdf Shelf Number: 149120 Keywords: Community-Oriented PolicingPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicingStop and Frisk |
Author: Morin, Rich Title: Behind the Badge: Amid protests and calls for reform, how police view their jobs, key issues and recent fatal encounters between blacks and police Summary: Police work has always been hard. Today police say it is even harder. In a new Pew Research Center national survey conducted by the National Police Research Platform, majorities of police officers say that recent high-profile fatal encounters between black citizens and police officers have made their jobs riskier, aggravated tensions between police and blacks, and left many officers reluctant to fully carry out some of their duties. The wide-ranging survey, one of the largest ever conducted with a nationally representative sample of police, draws on the attitudes and experiences of nearly 8,000 policemen and women from departments with at least 100 officers. It comes at a crisis point in America's relationship with the men and women who enforce its laws, precipitated by a series of deaths of black Americans during encounters with the police that have energized a vigorous national debate over police conduct and methods. Within America's police and sheriff's departments, the survey finds that the ramifications of these deadly encounters have been less visible than the public protests, but no less profound. Three-quarters say the incidents have increased tensions between police and blacks in their communities. About as many (72%) say officers in their department are now less willing to stop and question suspicious persons. Overall, more than eight-in-ten (86%) say police work is harder today as a result of these high-profile incidents. At the same time that black Americans are dying in encounters with police, the number of fatal attacks on officers has grown in recent years. About nine-in-ten officers (93%) say their colleagues worry more about their personal safety - a level of concern recorded even before a total of eight officers died in separate ambush-style attacks in Dallas and Baton Rouge last July. The survey also finds that officers remain deeply skeptical of the protests that have followed deadly encounters between police and black citizens. Two-thirds of officers (68%) say the demonstrations are motivated to a great extent by anti-police bias; only 10% in a separate question say protesters are similarly motivated by a genuine desire to hold police accountable for their actions. Some two-thirds characterize the fatal encounters that prompted the demonstrations as isolated incidents and not signs of broader problems between police and the black community - a view that stands in sharp contrast with the assessment of the general public. In a separate Pew Research Center survey of U.S. adults, 60% say these incidents are symptoms of a deeper problem. A look inside the nation's police departments reveals that most officers are satisfied with their department as a place to work and remain strongly committed to making their agency successful. Still, about half (53%) question whether their department's disciplinary procedures are fair, and seven-in-ten (72%) say that poorly performing officers are not held accountable. Details: Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2017. 97p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2018 at: https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/01/06171402/Police-Report_FINAL_web.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/01/06171402/Police-Report_FINAL_web.pdf Shelf Number: 149577 Keywords: Deadly ForcePolice AccountabilityPolice ReformPolice Use of ForcePolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Minority Relations |
Author: Murray, Kath Title: Police reform and public confidence in Scottish policing: 2012 ti 2015. An analysis of Scottish Social Attitudes survey data Summary: This report examines public confidence in Scottish policing, and public awareness of police reform between 2012 and 2015. Capturing public attitudes immediately prior to and following the amalgamation of Scotland's eight police forces in April 2013, the report provides original insights into how public attitudes towards Scottish policing changed during the early years of police reform. Note that the findings cannot be generalised beyond the four-year survey period (2012 to 2015). The analysis is based on Scottish Social Attitudes (SSA) data collated by ScotCen Social Research as part of the annual SSA survey series. This is a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of adults living in Scotland. For the purposes of this report, the sample is aged eighteen years or over. The survey module on police reform and public confidence was sponsored by the Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR), Police Scotland, the Scottish Police Authority and ScotCen Social Research. The analysis shows that public confidence in policing - as measured by whether respondents thought that the local police did a good job or bad job - remained relatively stable between 2012 and 2014. Public confidence ratings then fell significantly between 2014 and 2015. The timing of this downturn, around two years after police reform, indicates that the shift was not influenced by the idea of a single force per se. Instead, the analysis suggests that the results may reflect perceived changes to on the ground police practice, including a perceived reduction in local police presence. There is also evidence of regional convergence in public confidence ratings, with initially higher confidence ratings in the East and North in 2012 converging with lower ratings in the West (which remained broadly unchanged) across the four-year period. These findings might cautiously be read as evidence of a West/Strathclyde policing model taking hold in the early reform years. Looking at the relationship between police contact and public confidence in local policing, the analysis suggests that police-initiated encounters (for example, being questioned on the street or searched) may be associated with lower ratings of local policing. While no data are available on the quality of these interactions, the findings nonetheless underscore the importance of fair and proportionate policing. While the results suggest that a visible police presence is broadly welcome, by the same token it is also clear that the type of interaction matters. Analysis of the relationship between socio-demographic factors and confidence in local policing show that for the most part, the associations are relatively weak or not statistically significant, with few clear trends. Details: Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2018. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2018 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/SSA%20_2012_2015_Public_confidence_and%20police%20reform.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/SSA%20_2012_2015_Public_confidence_and%20police%20reform.pdf Shelf Number: 150261 Keywords: Police LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPublic Opinion |
Author: Rosenbaum, Dennis P. Title: Measuring Police Organizations and their "Life Course": The National Police Research Platform Summary: The National Police Research Platform has developed and field tested a new methodology for studying police organizations in the 21st century. This methodology uses online surveys of agency employees; surveys that can be repeated annually with a large and diverse sample of agencies. The primary goals of this initiative are to (1) create a vehicle (the Platform) that will continuously advance our knowledge of police organizations and practices, thus strengthening the science of policing; and (2) provide regular and timely feedback to police agencies and policy makers that will help move the policing profession in the direction of evidence-based "learning organizations." The principal strength of the Platform is its capacity to (a) generate detailed data on police organizations that are not routinely available from Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) and other mail surveys, (b) generate data on how police organizations change over time, and (c) create this information for a larger and more diverse sample of agencies than is routinely available for analysis. If the scope of the platform is developed to its full potential, police in organizations around the nation will be able to track and assess their own changes in a framework that allows meaningful comparison with other similar agencies. This can be the basis for police organizations making well-informed decisions about how to deal with a wide range of organizational issues. Details: Washington, DC: National Police Research Platform, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Overview: Accessed May 18, 2018 at: https://www.nationallawenforcementplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Measuring-Police-Organizations-full-report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.nationallawenforcementplatform.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Measuring-Police-Organizations-full-report.pdf Shelf Number: 150263 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice AgenciesPolice OrganizationsPolice Reform |
Author: Higgins, Andy Title: The Future of Neighbourhood Policing Summary: Neighbourhood policing is widely regarded as the 'bedrock' of British policing. However, as forces have adapted their operating models to new funding and demand challenges, the form in which it is delivered has diversified, and in some places diminished. Concerns have been raised that the ability of the police to prevent crime may be undermined if neighbourhood teams are eroded. 'Hybrid' roles (for example, combining neighbourhood functions with response or investigation work) have been introduced and some officers are no longer attached to specific localities. The meaning of neighbourhood policing is becoming more ambiguous and agreement on what it is and how it should function risks breaking down. At the same time, many neighbourhoods are themselves changing, becoming more diverse and dissimilar. Arguably, their policing needs are becoming more difficult to identify and understand. The focus of policing has also changed, with new emphases on 'hidden' harm and vulnerability. These have been added to or superseded previous local policing objectives such as promoting public confidence, providing visible reassurance and tackling crime and antisocial behaviour in public spaces. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2018. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2018 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TPFJ6112-Neighbourhood-Policing-Report-WEB.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TPFJ6112-Neighbourhood-Policing-Report-WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 150430 Keywords: Community PolicingNeighborhood PolicingPolice AccountabilityPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Community Relations |
Author: Mastrofski, Stephen D. Title: Receptivity to Police Innovation: A Tale of Two Cities Summary: Innovation is widely thought to be the key to success in police departments, yet police are often conceived as traditional and resistant to the changes that innovation requires. Recent decades have witnessed much interest among police leaders and policy makers in various innovations, ranging from new applications of information technology (intelligence-led policing) to administrative changes (affirmative action) to strategic changes (Compstat and community policing). Despite a number of studies of the impact of such recent innovations, there have been very few investigations of the receptivity of police to innovation. Who is most and least receptive to innovation? What kind of environment for innovation do police departments provide? Which innovations are most and least welcome? In sum, what is the environment for innovation in American municipal police organizations? This Platform Project report describes a preliminary effort to test some popular views about the orientation of the police to innovation. It compares the responses of police officers in two large municipal police agencies, considering how the police feel about their organization's environment to support innovation and about their department's orientation to specific innovations. Below are some propositions that were evaluated by comparing these two police agencies. Details: Washington, DC: National Police Research Platform, National Institute of Justice, 2011. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2018 at: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/10444481/1296183364910/Receptivity+to+Police+Innovation+A+Tale+of+Two+Cities++FINAL.pdf?token=SeJS91HYZyK7nsfsRL3UNZl4t1o%3D Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/10444481/1296183364910/Receptivity+to+Police+Innovation+A+Tale+of+Two+Cities++FINAL.pdf?token=SeJS91HYZyK7nsfsRL3UNZl4t1o%3D Shelf Number: 150442 Keywords: Intelligence-Led PolicingPolice InnovationPolice ReformPolice Technology |
Author: Arredondo Sanchez Lira, Jaime Title: Mapping violence: homicides trends in Mexico and Brazil 1990-2010 Summary: Latin America has become one of the most violent regions in the world. Public Safety is now among the principal citizen's demands in some of those countries. This paper begins with a consideration of the role of police in answering the demand for public safety by local populations, and its role as a tool for exercising the state's monopoly of legitimate violence within a territory. Two relevant countries in the region, Brazil and Mexico, have undertaken police reform throughout these two decades, emphasizing lately a combination of new social and policing strategies. However, public opinion and the demand for solutions vary accordingly to changes in general crime trends; previous studies have used a methodology to understand such phenomenon. Homicides provide a good indicator of violence, since its measurement is based upon a common international methodology of mortality public health data. This research develops a new comparison approach that takes into account national tendencies, historical averages and the stability across time of homicides rates at the federal state level in Mexico and Brazil. These trends draw a general picture of violence that is helpful for future public policy discussions. The correlation between violence levels and stability of crime hold for the Brazilian case but not for Mexico, where we can observe a shift of violence to federal Border States and cities. The lack of proper crime statistics and a more detailed conceptualization of reform efforts should be address in future studies to fully understand regional tendencies and tailor local solutions. Details: San Diego: University of California, San Diego, 2012. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 20, 2018 at: https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4bd8c6p9/qt4bd8c6p9.pdf?t=msz23w Year: 2012 Country: Latin America URL: https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4bd8c6p9/qt4bd8c6p9.pdf?t=msz23w Shelf Number: 150596 Keywords: Crime TrendsHomicidesPolice ReformPublic SafetyViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: Tsuruoka, Sonia Title: Camden's Turn: A Story of Police Reform in Progress A guide for law enforcement and community screenings Summary: The film Camden's Turn: A Story of Police Reform in Progress, which runs for 28 minutes, details Chief J. Scott Thomson's efforts to reverse the longstanding notoriety of Camden, New Jersey, as the most dangerous city in the United States. As the sixth leader in five years to preside over the Camden Police Department, Thomson was determined to provide a solution, rather than a temporary fix, to the broken status quo. However, following a period of economic downturn, the Camden Police Department-confronted with skyrocketing rates of violent crime, the proliferation of open-air drug markets, and swiftly deteriorating community relationships- was disbanded in 2013 in favor of a county-wide police department. Chief Thomson, emboldened by community support and his appetite for reform, was sworn in as police chief of the new Camden County Police Department, which evolved into a national model for communityoriented policing. Central to Thomson's approach was his advocacy for the slow but seismic shift from a warrior to a guardian mentality, a fundamental departure from the traditional metrics of success that defined policing for decades. The Camden County Police Department has increasingly embodied, both in statement and in practice, a newfound departmental culture of engagement, rather than enforcement, grounded in building relationships between law enforcement and the marginalized communities the department is sworn to serve. Today, its forward-thinking strategies-including updated training in de-escalation and reinvestment in foot patrols-continue to positively impact public safety outcomes in Camden. The film Camden's Turn: A Story of Police Reform in Progress provides a narrative for change, particularly given heightened attention to the fraught and frequently explosive relationship between law enforcement and communities of color. Chief Thompson demonstrates not only the possibility but also the unmistakable necessity of practicing the core elements of community-oriented policing: community partnerships, organizational transformation, and problem solving. Given the impact of this paradigmatic shift on public safety outcomes, including reduced violence and use of force complaints, Camden County Police Department and its continuing successes underscore that "the solution to our problems in our most challenged communities does not lie in a pistol or a pair of handcuffs," as Thomson states in the film. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2018. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p366-pub.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p366-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 151234 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing Media Police ReformPolice-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations |
Author: University of Illinois at Chicago. Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement Title: Consent Decree Community Engagement Summary: As part of the effort to draft a consent decree on police reform that meets the needs of Chicago's residents, the Illinois Attorney General's Office solicited input from the community through 14 community roundtables held in neighborhoods across the City; small group conversations with diverse communities; paper and online feedback forms available at ChicagoPoliceConsentDecree.org; and an email address and telephone hotline dedicated to police reform. To assist with this effort, the Attorney General's Office invited the Institute for Policy and Civic Engagement (IPCE) at the University of Illinois at Chicago to develop the plan for and lead the community roundtables and present a summary report of key findings and themes from those conversations and other sources of input. This report summarizes the ideas, concerns and experiences community members shared via the community roundtables, small group conversations, feedback forms and emails. In doing so, this report also provides a voice for those who participated and responded to the Attorney Generals Office's request for input. Details: Chicago: IPCE, 2018. 241p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2018 at: http://chicagopoliceconsentdecree.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IPCE-Community-Engagement-Report_Final.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://chicagopoliceconsentdecree.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/IPCE-Community-Engagement-Report_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 151551 Keywords: Consent Decree Police Accountability Police Misconduct Police ReformPolice Use of Force Police-Community Relations |
Author: Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Title: New Era of Public Safety: A Guide to Fair, Safe, and Effective Community Policing Summary: The Leadership Conference Education Fund today launched a new campaign, "New Era of Public Safety" featuring groundbreaking tools to increase trust, fairness, justice, and mutual respect between police departments and the communities they serve. The campaign guidebook and toolkit offer community-centered policy solutions to equip U.S. communities and police departments with best practices and recommendations for adopting 21st century policing models, including tools for advocacy. The campaign launch will include a Washington, D.C. kickoff event, featuring leading voices in activism, law enforcement, and journalism. "Repeated instances of police brutality and misconduct have shaken our nation," said Vanita Gupta, president and CEO of The Education Fund. "These incidents have deepened our distrust in law enforcement and reinforced the belief that all people are not policed equally. With this comprehensive guide and toolkit, we hope to renew trust in our nation's law enforcement by providing tools to put communities first as they work to keep everyone safe." True public safety requires that communities and police departments work together, and solutions should be driven by each community, working with the departments that serve them. The Education Fund's "New Era of Public Safety" campaign, report, and toolkit provide more than 100 recommendations to reform policing. These recommendations outline a road map for 21st century policing that equips law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve with the knowledge and tools they need to keep communities safe. Report recommendations include: End "broken windows policing" and other models that emphasize quantity over quality. Maintain and optimize a range of community partnerships. Tailor policing strategies to meet the needs of specific neighborhoods. Encourage communities to participate in the development and delivery of community policing training. Ensure officers inform community members of their rights to refuse or revoke consent and to document it. Develop stand-alone policies for fair and objective interactions with specific groups. Collect, analyze, and publicly report data relating to bias-based policing. The Education Fund also named Dallas, Texas and Minneapolis, Minnesota as inaugural jurisdictions to implement "New Era" recommendations. These pilot projects will provide local advocacy and strategic partnerships for organizations and activists to implement best policing practices through issue-centered campaigns. The Education Fund will launch the campaign at an event on March 28 at 5:00 p.m. ET at the Eaton Hotel in Washington, D.C. The event will feature remarks from Education Fund President & CEO Vanita Gupta, and a panel discussion moderated by the Washington Post's Wesley Lowery, and featuring Camden County Police Chief Scott Thomson; Center for Policing Equity Co-Founder and President Phillip Atiba Goff; and Judith Browne Dianis, executive director of Advancement Project. The event will be live-streamed here, with a chance for online viewers to submit their questions. A collaborative assembly of community advocates and law enforcement served as contributing authors throughout the process. They include: Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP; the Policing Project at NYU School of Law; Ron Davis, partner, 21CP Solutions, LLC, and former director of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ); Scott Thomson, chief of the Camden County Police Department, and president of the Police Executive Research Forum; and Sue Rahr, executive director, Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. These experts provided key insights into the development of the report. Andrea Ritchie and Wesley Ware contributed to the concept and content for the toolkit. Julio A. Thompson also provided significant and invaluable contributions to the report. Details: Washington, DC: Author, 2019. 416p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2019 at: https://policing.civilrights.org/ Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://policing.civilrights.org/ Shelf Number: 155431 Keywords: Civil RightsCommunity PolicingPolice LegitimacyPolice ReformPolice-Citizen InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsPublic Safety |