Date: November 25, 2024 Mon

Time: 8:20 pm

Results for police-community relations

236 results found

Author: Brito, Corina Sole Title: Communication and Public Health Emergencies: A Guide for Law Enforcement Summary: With support from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs' Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) created a series of documents to help improve the law enforcement response to public health emergencies. The documents in this series are intended to apply to agencies of all sizes and types. How the suggested strategies are implemented will undoubtedly vary according to a department's specific size and nature. The first report, Communication and Public Health Emergencies: A Guide for Law Enforcement, is a guide for law enforcement executives that identifies the crucial components of an effective public health communications plan. It examines the necessary considerations for both internal communications (within the law enforcement agency) and external communications (with other agencies or with the public). Details: Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2009. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2018 at: https://www.bja.gov/publications/perf_emer_comm.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: https://www.bja.gov/publications/perf_emer_comm.pdf Shelf Number: 117084 Keywords: Emergency Management Health Care Police-Community Relations

Author: Great Britain. Metropolitan Police Authority Title: Seen and Heard - Young People, Policing and Crime: An MPA Report Summary: The Metropolitan Policing Authority Youth Scrutiny was conducted between September 2007 and May 2008. The focus of this youth scrutiny was the causes, effects and impact of young people's involvement in crime as victims, witnesses and perpetrators and how this influence their interactions and relationships with the Metropolitan Police Service and other service providers who have a mandate to support and protect them. Details: London: 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 116246 Keywords: Juvenile Offenders Juveniles Police-Community Relations Witnesses

Author: Ridgeway, Greg Title: Cincinnati Police Department Traffic Stops: Applying RAND's Framework to Analyze Racial Disparities Summary: In Cincinnati, a memorandum of agreement (MOA) between the city and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), dated April 12, 2002, sought to remedy a pattern or practice of conduct by law-enforcement officers that deprives individuals of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the U.S. Constitution or federal law. Separately in 2002, the City of Cincinnati and other parties (collectively, the parties) entered into a collaborative agreement in an attempt to resolve social conflict, improve community-police relations, reduce crime and disorder, and resolve pending individual and organizational legal claims about racially biased policing in Cincinnati. In July 2004, the city, on behalf of the parties of the collaborative agreement, hired the RAND Corporation to conduct evaluations over the course of five years to assist the parties with measuring progress toward the goals of the collaborative agreement. This monograph represents the final annual report, for the fifth year. While the evaluations in the previous years covered a large series of tasks, this evaluation focuses solely on three assessments of the traffic-stop data: (1) an assessment of whether there is a departmentwide pattern of bias against black drivers in the decision to stop a vehicle, (2) an assessment of the fraction of CPD officers who disproportionately stop black drivers compared to other officers patrolling the same neighborhoods at the same time, and (3) an assessment of racial biases in post-stop outcomes, including stop duration, citation rates, and search rate In assessing whether there is a department-wide pattern of bias against black drivers in the decision to stop a vehicle, we take an approach that is different from the traditional approaches to creating an external benchmark�all of which have some limitations; our approach gets around those limitations by taking advantage of a natural experiment involving daylight saving time (DST) that does not require explicit external estimates of the racial or ethnic distribution of those at risk of being stopped. More specifically, to assess bias in the decision to stop, we compare stops immediately before and immediately after changes to and from DST, when a similar mix of drivers and a similar allocation of police officers will be in effect and in which the only major difference will be in officers� ability to see, because of the shift from daylight to darkness, the race of the drivers being stopped. From that assessment, we found the following, for 2008: � Black drivers were less likely to be stopped during daylight, when drivers� races are more visible, evidence that is counter to what we would expect if there were racial profiling. � Aggregating six years of data, from 2003 to 2008, we find no evidence of racial profiling in officers� decisions to stop drivers. In assessing whether there is racial bias in the decision to stop at the individual officer level, we use an internal-benchmarking approach that constructs a customized internal benchmark for each officer, comparing the racial distribution of suspects stopped by the officer in question with the racial distribution of suspects stopped by other officers at the same times and places and in the same contexts. This method selects an officer, identifies stops that other officers made at the same time and in the same neighborhood, and compares the racial distributions of the stopped drivers. Since the officers are patrolling the same areas at the same times, the racial distributions should be the same (assuming that the officers are on the same assignment). When we conduct the internal-benchmarking assessment, we find the following: � Ten officers appear to be stopping significantly more black drivers than did other officers patrolling at the same times and places and in the same contexts. In assessing whether there is racial bias or disparities in what happens after the stop�in the length of the stop, in the rates at which officers cite motorists, and in the way they conduct vehicle searches�we use a method known as propensity-score weighting to identify stops involving nonblack drivers that are similarly situated to the stops involving black drivers and make post-stop comparisons between the two groups. Doing so allows us to account for a large number of factors�such as neighborhood, place of residence, reason for stop, day and month of stop, time of day of stop, state of vehicle registration, validity of the driver�s license, and number and age of occupants in vehicle�that can confound whether the differences we see in post-stop outcomes are actually the result of racial bias. When we conduct the propensity-score weighting analysis of poststop decisions, we find the following: � Black drivers who were stopped were slightly more likely to have their stops exceed 10 minutes, compared to similarly situated nonblack drivers who were stopped. � There was no racial difference in the percentage of stops lasting more than 30 minutes when comparing black drivers to similarly situated nonblack drivers. � Black drivers were less likely to receive a citation than were similarly situated nonblack drivers. � Officers were less likely to conduct a high-discretion search, such as a consent search, of a black driver than of a similarly situated nonblack driver. � When searched, black and nonblack drivers were equally likely to be found in possession of contraband. If we do not limit the compared drivers to those in similar situations, we do find large differences. For example, officers more frequently search black drivers than nonblack drivers (13 percent versus 6 percent). While this disparity is largely due to differences in when, where, and why the stops occurred, these differences in experience can shape black drivers� views of CPD officers. Conclusions and Implications Although we found no evidence of racial differences between the stops of black and those of similarly situated nonblack drivers, there are issues that can exacerbate the perception of racial bias. First, for each year of analysis, we find several officers who stop substantially more black drivers than their peers do. These represent a small fraction of CPD officers, and, as noted in the document, CPD has the capability to monitor, manage, and address issues that these officers may present to the department and the community. Second, although black and similarly situated nonblack drivers have similar stop outcomes, the burden of policing falls disproportionately on black residents, even though nonblack drivers have similar stop outcomes. There are still substantial gaps between how black and nonblack residents view CPD. As noted in last year�s RAND report (Ridgeway, Schell, Gifford, et al., 2009), the improvements that have been seen over the life of the collaborative agreement may be fragile. It will require a continued and concerted effort on the part of CPD and community leaders to maintain progress toward the goals stated in the collaborative agreement, as well as to prevent reversals in the positive trends that we observed while this agreement was in force. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG914.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG914.pdf Shelf Number: 117100 Keywords: Police Behavior Police-Community Relations Racial Disparities Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement Traffic Stops

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Delivering the Policing Pledge: Early Findings Summary: The Policing Pledge aims to ensure that the public has responsive policing, placing the citizen at the heart of those services. The pledge sets out what the public can expect, in terms of fairness, access, local policing, response to calls, support and information for victims, and dealing with dissatisfaction with the overall aim of increasing public satisfaction and confidence in policing services. This report presents the pledge in a 10 point framework, with the ability to be tailored to meet the needs to local neighborhoods. Details: London: Her Majesty's Inspectorate Constabulary, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115198 Keywords: Police Behavior Police-Community Relations

Author: Northern Ireland. Criminal Justice Inspectorate Title: Handling Volume Crime and the Use of Police Bail: A Review of How the PSNI Deal with Incidents of Volume Crime and Uses of Police Bail Summary: Fear of crime, especially pronounced in communities with a high volume of crime, has a great impact of quality of life for citizens, regardless of whether or not they have been personally victimized. The authors assert that the effect of volume crime on community cohesion should not be underestimated. To that point, this report examines how the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) manages volume crime. Reporting, recording, investigation, and eventual disposal or clearance are all examined here. Details: Belfast: Criminal Justice Inspectorate Northern Ireland, 2006 Source: Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115758 Keywords: Fear of Crime Police-Community Relations

Author: Lloyd, Kate Title: Citizen Focus and Community Engagement: A Review of the Literature Summary: This review examines the key factors from the research evidence on public perception of the police, factors associated with satisfaction and confidence, elements of community engagement and the key challenges to the successful implementation of citizen-focused policing. Four major themes emerge from this review: the importance of police attitude and conduct; a lack of understanding about citizen focus and community engagement; the prevalence of citizen focus, community policing and community engagement activities and approaches being 'bolted on' to existing policing structures, rather than transforming the ways policing is delivered across the board and; how aspects of policing culture can shape officers' behavior and approaches to their work, and potentially block or undermine the possibilities for change. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115293 Keywords: Community Participation Police Behavior Police-Community Relations

Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Protecting the Public: Supporting the Police to Succeed Summary: This report sets out a new program of measures to help the U.K. police work smarter to fight crime, tackle anti-social behavior and boost public confidence. It is intended to make the police more accountable to the public and to deliver significant cost savings by working better in partnership, improving efficiency and standardizing procurement. Details: London: Home Office, 2009. 115p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 118171 Keywords: Police Reform (U.K.) Police-Community Relations

Author: Pilkington, James Title: Aboriginal Communities and the Police's Taskforce Themis: Case Studies in Remote Aboriginal Community Policing in the Northern Territory Summary: The Northern Territory government built 18 new police stations in Aboriginal communities and labeled this Taskforce Themis. This report examines the impact of these new police stations on the various communities in which the stations were placed. Each of the communities was examined as a separate case study in remote community policing. Part 2 contains a detailed examination of the experience of each community with the police. The first clear conclusion from the fieldwork is that each community has had a distinct and different experience with the police presence. There are no factors in common across all the communities of Taskforce Themis; policing styles, priorities, and levels and methods for community engagement vary, as do crime levels, crime improvement and community responses to the police. Details: Darwin, NT, AUS: North Australian Aboriginal Justice Agency and Central Australian Aboriginal Legal Aid Service, 2009. 198p., app. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.naaja.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Themis-Stations-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 118705 Keywords: Aboriginals Community Policing Indigenous Peoples Police-Community Relations Policing (Australia)

Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Title: Building Trust Between the Police and the Citizens They Serve: An Internal Affairs Promising Practices Guide for Local Law Enforcement Summary: This report focuses on the pivotal role of the Internal Affairs function as one component of an agency-wide professional standards effort in building trust between law enforcement agencies, their staff, and the communities they are sworn to protect and service. The guide addresses the Internal Affairs function from complaint processing to decision-making, discipline, notification, and community transparency, as well as building an effective Internal Affairs approach for any size agency. It also looks at the Internal Affairs process from the citizen's viewpoint, presenting information on how local agencies can be accountable to their citizens through trust-building initiatives and other activities. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 124p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119258 Keywords: Internal Affairs Police Corruption Police Ethics Police Misconduct Police-Community Relations

Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: From the Neighbourhood to the National: Policing Our Communities Together Summary: This Green Paper sets out several focus areas to further improve policing in the U.K. and ways in which it can deliver for the public. The key issues addressed include: local dimension; service standards to the public; neighbourhood policing; bureaucracy and red-tape and use of technology; officers and staff; development and deployment of the police workforce; what the Government will do to support these changes; steps needed to promote collaboration and co-operation between forces; and plans for a radical reshaping of national performance management arrangements. Details: London: TSO, 2008. 98p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 114837 Keywords: Community Policing (U.K.) Neighborhood Policing Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Title: Final Report: Public Opinion Poll on Evaluation of Police-Public Partnership in the Marzes of the Republic of Armenia Summary: The document covers the findings of the Public Opinion Poll for Evaluation of Police-Public Partnership in the Marzes of the Republic of Armenia. The main objectives of the opinion poll were as follows: evaluate the public opinion about the police; evaluate possible formats of police-public partnership; evaluate public attitude towards the police; identify public perception of the efficiency of the police work; identify the areas of policing that are positively perceived by the public; identify the areas of policing that are negatively perceived by the public; identify the role of the mass media in shaping the police-public partnership; and define the possible changes that should urgently take place in the police service. Details: Yerevan, Armenia: OSCE,2010. 138p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Armenia URL: Shelf Number: 118827 Keywords: Codmmunity Policing Police-Community Relations Policing Public Attitudes Public Opinion

Author: Shah, Susan Title: Bridging the Language Divide: Promising Practices for Law Enforcement Summary: "This report presents a compendium of promising practices in overcoming language barriers in law enforcement agencies. Using phone interviews and site visits, they narrowed the search to practices at six agencies. The agencies vary in personnel size, local circumstances, and populations served. The solutions they developed range from sending officers to Mexico as part of a language learning program to using civilian volunteers as interpreters. As law enforcement agencies face challenges in serving non-English speaking communities, they can look to the agencies profiled here for examples of programs that successfully cross the language divide." Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 68p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, 2010 at: http:////www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e030917192-Bridging-Language-Divide.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115325 Keywords: Foreign Languages Interpreters Police Communication Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: International Center for Mongol Culture Title: Mongolia Survey: Community-Oriented Policing in Mongolia Summary: "This survey on “Community-Oriented Policing” was conducted in Mongolia between March and April 2008. The report consists of two main parts: one is an analysis of questionnaires administered to law enforcement officials, and the other to community and civil society representatives; the second is a narrative report based on information gathered from interviews, participant observation and general observation that enhanced the questionnaire data. The latter part of the report is a summation of the analysis and provides discussion related to the nature of the relationship between the police and the community in survey sites. The main objectives of the survey were to examine and assess the present relationship between the police and target communities, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses in these relationships. The survey aims to diagnose police-community relations, and to suggest possible ways of enhancing and strengthening relations in order to improve dialogue and the provision of policing services in urban and rural communities across Mongolia. This survey contributes directly to efforts initiated by the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs (MOJHA) to reform the enforcement and police services in Mongolia." Details: Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: International Center for Mongol Culture and The Asia Foundation, 2008. 37p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 16, 2010 at: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/COPsurveyreportSept1608.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Mongolia URL: http://asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/COPsurveyreportSept1608.pdf Shelf Number: 114902 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing (Mongolia) Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing (Mongolia)

Author: Murphy, Kristina Title: Policing Youth: Can Procedural Justice Nurture Youth Cooperation with Police? Summary: Australian crime statistics reveal that young people are the most likely population group to have contact with the police, and persons aged 15 to 19 years are the most prominent group to have contact with police for the commission of a crime. When compared to their older counterparts, young people are more likely to attract police attention, in part because of their high level of involvement in illegal activity. Behaviours that are legal for adults may not be so for youth. Examples include alcohol consumption, temporary absenteeism from school, and driving cars unlicensed. iven young people are also more likely to congregate in public areas they are also often considered a public nuisance, and therefore attract unwanted police attention. Hence, the wider societal culture that deems that young people are a threat tends to provide justification for police to attend to youth in order to avoid potential trouble. Removing youth from visible street locations, often when the youth are not involved in any illegal or deviant behaviour can result in negative opinion toward police by the youth. The extra police attention for not doing anything wrong creates a sense that they are being treated like trouble-makers. This promotes tense and hostile police-youth encounters, and leads many youth to have a pessimistic view of police enacting their authority unfairly. Using survey data collected from a sample of Australian youth, the present study examines factors that lead young people to question police authority, and how such factors can ultimately affect their willingness to cooperate with police efforts to control crime and disorder effectively. Details: Geelong, VIC, Australia: Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Working Paper No. 06: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-06.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-06.pdf Shelf Number: 119779 Keywords: Juvenile Offenders Juveniles Nuisance Behaviors and Disorder Police-Community Relations Problem Youth Public Opinion

Author: Murphy, Kristina Title: Policing Ethnic Minority Groups with Procedural Justice: An Empirical Study Summary: Public cooperation with police is essential for the effective management of crime and disorder in our society. Understanding factors that shape public cooperation with the police is therefore important. However, Australian and international studies show that police find it difficult to elicit cooperation from ethnic communities, this made difficult by the fact that ethnic groups display low levels of trust and confidence in the police. This study examines the role that procedural justice might play in fostering minority group perceptions of police legitimacy and their willingness to cooperate with police officers. The study uses survey data collected from Australian citizens and tests whether procedurally fair policing can enhance public cooperation among ethnic minority group members. Results indicate that cooperation appears to be mediated by people's perceptions of police legitimacy. The findings have implications for theories of cooperation, as well as for determining how the police can foster better relationships with ethnically diverse communities. Details: Geelong, VIC, Australia: Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University, 2010. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Working Paper No. 02: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-02.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-02.pdf Shelf Number: 119780 Keywords: Minority Groups Police-Community Relations Policing Public Opinion

Author: Coquilhat, Jenny Title: Evaluation of the Community Policing Rural Liaison Officer Demonstration Project in Central District Summary: The Rural Liaison Officer demonstration project was developed to strengthen Central District Police engagement within the rural sector. Seven new community constable positions were allocated to the project from Government New Initiative (GNI) funding. These positions are known as Rural Liaison Officers (RLO). The purpose of the report is to provide a descriptive overview of the operation; assess the progress towards achieving the outcomes; and determine how the additional community policing positions contribute to the goals of the national community policing strategy. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2010 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Central-Rural-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Central-Rural-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 119811 Keywords: Community Policing Police-Community Relations Rural Areas

Author: Woodhams Research Associates Title: Evaluation of the Kapiti-Mana Community Engagement Demonstration Project Summary: In late 2007 the Kapiti-Mana Area established a team of Community Engagement Officers (CEOs) to gain the trust of the community, increase Police availability, and collaborate with agencies in the community and with other Police units to reduce crime. The CEOs: enhanced community perceptions of safety in the Porirua Central Business District (CBD), by making Police more approachable with foot patrols and visits to businesses; collaborated with community agencies in effective work with community members with mental health and alcohol issues; worked intensively with young people and their families; revitalised Neighbourhood Support in some areas; and developed strong mutually respectful relationships with a wide variety of groups in their areas. Analysis of recorded occurrences for the ‘signal’ crimes of focus in the Porirua CBD shows an increasing trend, which is likely to reflect increased community confidence in reporting crime, improved recording, and increased police activity. The main challenge for the team, supervisers, and managers is the need to improve co-operation between the team and other policing units in the Area so that the community experiences a consistent Police service. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Kapiti-Mana-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Kapiti-Mana-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 119812 Keywords: Community Policing Crime Prevention Police-Community Relations

Author: Ipsos MORI Title: Policing Anti-Social Behaviour: The Public Perspective Summary: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) commissioned this research to obtain evidence of public attitudes towards anti-social behaviour and police response, and to highlight potential implications for the police in their approaches to anti-social behaviour. In particular, the research identified what people understand by the term ‘anti-social behaviour’; who they feel ought to be responsible for dealing with it; their expectations of key agencies such as the police; and the conditions under which people report particular incidents/behaviour. The research measures attitudes towards contact with the police when reporting anti-social behaviour and identifies key areas for improvement. Details: London: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, 2010. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2010 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/What's%20New/ASB_Ipsos_MORI_7g8h9i_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/What's%20New/ASB_Ipsos_MORI_7g8h9i_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 119894 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Cambridge Review Committee Title: Missed Opportunities, Shared Responsibilities: Final Report of the Cambridge Review Committee Summary: The Cambridge Review Committee was appointed to investigate the circumstances that led to the arrest of Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. by Cambridge police Sergeant James Crowley on July 16, 2010 at Gates’s rented home on Ware Street (Cambridge, MA). The 12-member committee, chaired by Chuck Wexler, executive director of the Police Executive Research Forum, and including experts from across the nation, found that the events escalated because of misunderstandings and failed communications between the two men. Details: Cambridge, MA: The Committee, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/Cambridge%20Review_FINAL.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/Cambridge%20Review_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 119898 Keywords: Police-Community Relations Policing Race Relations Racial Profiling

Author: Grossman, Michele Title: Don't Go There: Young People's Perspectives on Community Safety and Policing Summary: This study aimed to find out what young people aged 15-19 in the Brimbank area think about community safety and about the ways in which police and young people interact on these issues. Using a mixed-method study design that collected data through a survey and focus groups, the study sought to answer the following research questions: What helps young people to feel safe? What leads to young people feeling unsafe or at risk when they are in public spaces? What do young people see as the triggers and causes of increased violence and conflict amongst groups of young people? What do young people think about police in their local area and how can relationships between young people and police be improved? How can police and young people work together in improving community safety in the Brimbank area? This project surveyed 500 young people drawn from the general population in Brimbank and engaged a further 44 young people from Sudanese and Pacific Islander backgrounds through focus group discussions, as well as 14 young people drawn from the general population in a focus group looking specifically at strategies for improved youth-police consultation mechanisms on community safety. The evidence base provided through the Don’t Go There study has emerged through detailed and rigorous elicitation and analysis of the perceptions, views and voices of young people themselves. The findings of the research report are essentially ‘data-up’ findings that have been generated through a series of questions and themes that, while they are informed by a range of concerns and interests for Victoria Police as the key stakeholder in the project, have been independently pursued in the research design and have allowed young people to speak freely and in detail about what most concerns them in relation to the main issues canvassed in the study. While the findings presented below are specific to what young people who live in the Brimbank region have said in response to the research questions and themes, the methodology used in this survey, as detailed in Chapter 7 of the report, is fully transferable and can be used to elicit the views and perspectives of young people anywhere in the state to gather similarly rich locale- or regionally-based data. Details: Melbourne: Victoria University, 2010. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2010 at: http://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/mcd/pdfs/dont-go-there-study-may-2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/mcd/pdfs/dont-go-there-study-may-2010.pdf Shelf Number: 119986 Keywords: Community Safety Fear of Crime Juvenile Offenders Juveniles Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Wortley, Scot Title: The Jamaican National Crime Victimization Survey: Final Report Summary: The 2006 Jamaican National Victimization Survey (JNVS) is the first victimization survey conducted in Jamaica that is based on a representative sample of the general Jamaican population. The final victimization survey was completed by a random sample of 3,112 Jamaican residents, 16 years of age or over. The survey focused on the following issues: 1) Patterns of criminal victimization; 2) Community crime problems; 3) Indirect exposure to crime; 4) Fear of Crime; and 5) Public attitudes towards the Jamaican police and other aspects of the Jamaican criminal justice system. Details: Toronto: Centre for Criminology, University of Toronto, 2006. 272p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2010 at: http://www.oas.org/ATIP/documents/victimization_surveys/jamaica/JNCVSfinal_2006%5B1%5D.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Jamaica URL: http://www.oas.org/ATIP/documents/victimization_surveys/jamaica/JNCVSfinal_2006%5B1%5D.pdf Shelf Number: 119988 Keywords: Criminal Justice Systems Fear of Crime Police-Community Relations Public Opinion Victimization Surveys

Author: Willis, James J. Title: Maximizing the Benefits of Reform: Integrating Compstat and Community Policing in America Summary: Compstat and community policing are both powerful tools that have been quite effective in police reform in the United States. But just how well do they work together? This report takes a look at the impact of these reforms when implemented simultaneously in the same police organization. While some have speculated that Compstat complements and supports community policing and even improves it, there is very little systematic evidence to support these claims. This report uses fieldwork data from site visits to seven U.S. police agencies to address this issue. Our principal finding that these reforms operated largely independently suggested to us that there were opportunities for making them work more closely with one another in ways that promise greater benefits than having them operate separately. Our goal is to challenge policymakers, practitioners, and scholars to reconsider the current relationship between Compstat and community policing and conceive of more innovative approaches to their co-implementation. As a starting point, we make four key recommendations for integration of these two powerful reforms. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e021026259_reccompstat_fin.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e021026259_reccompstat_fin.pdf Shelf Number: 120104 Keywords: Community Policing Compstat Police Reform Police-Community Relations

Author: Cordner, Gary Title: Reducing Fear of Crime: Strategies for Police Summary: Fear of crime was at or near the top of the list of police priorities in the United States more than 2 decades ago, in the early 1980s. Many police executives had accepted the premise that reducing fear of crime was an important objective, and several promising practices had been identified. This situation helped spur the development of community policing in the 1980s and 1990s but, paradoxically, the importance of fear of crime within the explicit missions of most police departments seemed to recede even as community policing expanded. More recently, however, the gap between (1) falling crime rates and (2) stable or even increasing levels of fear (what some call the reassurance gap) has led to renewed interest among police in strategies for reducing fear of crime. Also, fear of terrorism arose in America post-9/11, making fear reduction even more salient for local, state, and national officials. This Guide briefly reviews information about the phenomenon of fear of crime as well as historical and contemporary police efforts to reduce fear. The main focus, however, is on tools and techniques that police can use to target and reduce fear of crime, and institutionalize fear reduction within their agencies. Some promising practices and best practices have been identified — these are strategies and programs that have been implemented and that have been tested and shown to be effective. Fear of crime is a different animal from crime, disorder, or traffic, but it is not really all that esoteric. This Guide will help police understand what fear of crime is, why it matters, and why it should be an important target of police attention. The Guide provides a number of tools and techniques that should enable any police department to successfully add fear reduction to its operational strategy and organizational bottom line. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e110913242-ReducingFear.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e110913242-ReducingFear.pdf Shelf Number: 120105 Keywords: Community Policing Fear of Crime Police-Community Relations

Author: United Nations Development Programme - Afghanistan: Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan Title: Police Perception Survey, 2009: The Afghan Perspective Summary: From July 9th to July 21st, 2009, the Afghan Center for Socio-Economic and Opinion Research (ACSOR) Surveys conducted a survey of public opinion for UNDP-Afghanistan on the subject of Police Performance and Public Safety perceptions. The main purpose of this study was to provide insight into the opinions of the people of Afghanistan with regard to various policing issues. ACSOR interviewed 5,156 Afghan respondents (2,827 males and 2,329 females), age 18 or older, across all 34 provinces of the country. In Afghanistan, security is the responsibility of several different groups. These include, but are not limited to, local law enforcement officials, Afghan National Police (ANP), Afghan National Army (ANA) and the National Department of Security (NDS). While questions pertaining to the security of Afghanistan as a whole are addresed, the majority of the questions focused on police in regard to local performance. The main results of the survey showed more positive trends about the police performance than generally perceived. Almost half of Afghans (49%) think the police in their area are controlling crime and 42% strongly agree that the police performance has improved over the past year. 67% of respondents believe that if better trained, police performance is very likely to improve, 65% believe that it is very likely that having better knowledge of the law will lead to improvement, and 58% believe that it is very likely that an increase in pay would improve performance. Under the current circumstances, 34% somewhat agree that police officers should receive higher salaries than teachers. Afghans are hopeful that improvements in the police force are both possible and forthcoming. Respondents also answered affirmatively that interaction between officers and the public are ways to improve police performance, with 65% saying that community meetings between police and local residents would improve security, as would police assistance in the development of “watch groups” (54%). Moreover, 52-54% of Afghans would like to see more female law enforcement officers, particularly to address crimes against women and children. On the negative side, Afghans still believe that corruption is widely present in the police force, in particular amongst those respondents in the Central/Kabul region where 27% of respondents say “a lot” of police misuse their authority, compared to 21% nationwide. There was also a 42% pervasive response, particularly among shop keepers, that gifts and bribes are necessary when interacting with officers. About half of Afghans (51%) think that when performing their duties, police officers in their area are partial in favor of their tribe; however, 52% think that when it comes to recruiting new police cadets, high-ranking police officers are not partial. Regarding security in general, most Afghans (80%) reported that the security situation in their area is good; of this, 96% among those living in Kabul and surrounding provinces. However, respondents in the East and South, as well as rural respondents in general, were less likely to view security as good. Details: Kabul, Afghanistan: UNDP Afghanistan Country Office, 2009. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2010 at: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/UNDP_Afghanistan_PolicePerceptionSurvey2009.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/UNDP_Afghanistan_PolicePerceptionSurvey2009.pdf Shelf Number: 120175 Keywords: Police Corruption Police-Community Relations Policing (Afghanistan) Public Opinion

Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Crime and Policing in Ukraine: The Kharkiv Crime Survey 2000 Summary: This is the first report from the Introducing Context-Specific Community Policing into Ukraine project. The project seeks to utilise the experience of western countries on community policing and to work in close partnership with colleagues in Ukraine to develop a programme of reform for the police. The current project is part of a broad range of assistance being offered by a number European countries and the United States to the police forces of the former socialist states in recent years. This help has come in a number of different forms ranging from organising seminars on international topics such as organised crime to the provision of specific equipment such as forensic and investigative tools. This project attempts to assist/foster the process of democratic police reform in Ukraine by initiating the change ‘from within’, through experimental testing and identification of various forms of improved police practice and co-operation with the public in preventing and solving crime. Overall, the project is organised into three phases: understanding the context; implementing schemes; and evaluating the impact. It has four distinct aims: To identify and understand the context within which community policing might take place within Ukraine; To introduce a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas; To evaluate the effect such schemes have on the relationship between the community and the police, and on the levels of reported and recorded crime, and the fear of crime; and To develop a new module to be taught at Kharkiv University of Internal Affairs on Understanding and Implementing Community Policing in Ukraine, and to introduce a short course variant delivered as part of in-service training to existing police officers. This report presents the findings from the first phase of the project that was designed to identify some of the important prerequisites for the development of various forms of community policing. Without a complete grasp of the context within which any form of police reorganisation might take place, changes are likely to be misconstrued, mismanaged and ultimately meaningless. The context also provides the bedrock on which the implementation phase will be built. A cornerstone of community policing is the relationship between the police and the community. It was important therefore to first accurately measure what the public currently thought about crime and policing in their area – how do they view the problems of crime, what do they think about the police, would they be interested in becoming involved in ‘community policing’ style activities? Similarly, it was as important to ascertain what police officers thought – how do they view the public, do they see themselves as servants of the people or the state, what do they see as their own and the state’s priorities for the police in the future? Finally, collecting data on the levels of reported and recorded crime within the research areas was important in order to provide a benchmark for the later evaluation phase of the project. Detailed here are the findings from extensive surveys of the public in the two areas in the city of Kharkiv chosen to take part in the project. Over two thousand members of the public were interviewed as part of the research phase. In addition, all the available police officers in the two areas were interviewed as well. The report is organised into 11 sections. The first 5 sections map out the extent of victimisation and the levels of concern about a range of crime and nuisance problems in the two areas. It then goes on to look at what the public do to try and protect themselves and their possessions from crime. This is followed by a consideration of the relationship between the police and the public, focusing on the nature of contacts in the past and how the police and the public view each other. The report then considers attitudes towards police/public co-operation in the past and more importantly, in the future. It concludes by bringing the main findings together and makes a series of recommendations about the types of schemes that are most suitable for the next phase of the project. Details: Leicester, UK: Scarman Centre, University of Leicester, 2001. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 3, 2010 at: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/CrimeandPolicinginUkrainetheKharkivCrimesurvey2000pdf Year: 2001 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/CrimeandPolicinginUkrainetheKharkivCrimesurvey2000pdf Shelf Number: 120178 Keywords: Community Policing Crime Survey Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing (Ukraine) Public Opinion

Author: Afghanistan Civil Society Forum Title: Baseline Study for Pilot Democratic Policing Across 8 Districts of Northern Kabul Province Summary: This Baseline Study was undertaken for the Pilot Democratic Policing [sic], being currently implemented by the Ministry of Interior and UNDP. The study documents existing experiences and expectations of the public from their local police; the public and police’s understanding of basic concepts of democratic policing; the role of shuras and other traditional justice system mechanisms; as well as both the public and police’s recommendations for improving police effectiveness and interface between the police and the community on a regular basis. The findings of the Study are based on 1,200 questionnaire responses by the public and police, and eight focus group discussions, undertaken across eight northern districts of Kabul province, including the. 17th police district of Kabul City , Mirbachakoot, Kalakaan, Guldara, Deh Sabz, Qarabagh, Shakar Dara, and Istalif. Very little variation was found among districts, so findings are not differentiated. Details: Kabul: Afghanistan Civil Society Forum, 2010. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 4, 2010 at: Year: 2010 Country: Afghanistan URL: Shelf Number: 120190 Keywords: Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing (Afghanistan)

Author: Dandurand, Yvon Title: Confident Policing in a Troubled Community: Evaluation of the Vancouver Police Department's City-wide Enforcement Team Initiative: A Report prepared for the City of VAncouver and the Vancouver Agreement Coordination Unit Summary: This evaluation, sponsored by the Vancouver Agreement Coordination Unit, was designed to assess the impact of the Vancouver Police Department’s City-Wide Enforcement Team (CET) initiative implemented in the Downtown Eastside (DTES) area of the city during the during the months of April-September, 2003. The CET followed a number of previous police interventions in the area that targeted the drug trade and was initiated after a planning process that included an unsuccessful attempt to secure additional fiscal support from the City Council. The CET had three primary objectives: 1) to bring order to a disordered community; 2) to disrupt the open drug market; and, 3) to disrupt the flow of stolen property into the DTES. These objectives were to be achieved by providing an enhanced police presence in the area in an attempt to disperse drug dealers and their user-clients and, in doing so, reduce the levels of disorder and increase safety and security in the area. The CET represented a dramatic departure from the previous “containment” approach wherein policing services were provided to the DTES on a primarily reactive basis. Senior police personnel viewed the initiative as a long-delayed fulfillment of their legislated mandate to provide full policing services to the residents of the DTES. To assess the effectiveness of the CET, in-depth interviews were conducted community residents, business owners, incarcerated offenders, health care professionals, the police officers who were assigned to the DTES at the time the CET was implemented, and IV drug users. In addition, systematic field observations were conducted in the DTES during a three month period and focus group sessions were conducted with community residents, persons involved in the delivery of social services, sex trade workers, and members of NGOs in the DTES. Statistical information from the Vancouver Police Department Computer Aided Dispatch system (CAD), the PRIME record system, the pawnshop data base, as well as from other agencies, including Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services, B.C. Ambulance Service, the Coroner’s Office, and hospital admission data were retrieved and analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that the CET was successful in disrupting the open drug market, reducing the general levels of social disorder, and enhancing the general feelings of safety and security among persons who live and work in the DTES. The CET was less successful in pursuing drug dealers and the associated criminal activity that was displaced into other areas in District 2 and into adjacent police districts. There is some evidence that the drug market in the DTES adapted to the increased police presence, becoming more orderly, dispersed and moving out of the public realm into private locations. The price and availability of drugs in the area were not significantly impacted. Drug dealers and their clients who were displaced to other areas created localized crime “hot spots” of drug dealing and associated disorder, although this occurred in the context of overall declines in drug and public disorder offences in all police districts in the city during the last nine months of 2003 as compared with the same time period in 2002. With respect to potential detrimental effects of the initiative, there is no evidence that the CET had a measurable impact on the number of fatal drug overdoses in the DTES or adversely affected IV drug users with respect to their access to HIV prevention, needle exchange and other services. Nor is there evidence that the risk behaviour of IV drug users was influenced by the CET initiative in a way that noticeably increased public health risks. The data that were gathered for the evaluation did not allow a determination of whether the CET was successful in interfering with the flow of stolen property into the DTES, although the stolen property market was forced to become more discrete and more of the stolen property may have been fenced out of the immediate DTES area. Police officers, community residents, IV drug users, and others who offered an opinion on the subject shared the view that the stolen property market had not been significantly reduced. Senior police personnel, based on their observations, believed that the flow of stolen property as it existed prior to the CET had been impacted and cited the Extract data to support their view that the quality and value of stolen goods flowing into the DTES had declined. The attempt by the project team to assess the impact of the CET on the stolen property market in the DTES was hindered by methodological difficulties. There was general support among community residents, business owners, sex trade workers, and IV drug users for the increased police presence in the area and with the performance of the police. There was also an expressed desire that the police enhance their relations with the community through expanded foot patrols and increased training to better equip officers to effectively police the area. Some concern was expressed about the policing styles of some officers assigned to the area. Residents were divided as to whether the overall quality of life in the community had improved, although their overall feelings of safety and security had increased. The effectiveness of the CET was compromised to some extent by insufficient coordination and joint planning with other agencies and organizations in the DTES, a lack of departmental resources, and by some inconsistency in the policing strategies used by officers in the DTES. The results of the study also indicated that the CET would have benefited from a comprehensive communication strategy to increase the awareness of community residents and business owners and others involved in the delivery of services in the area. A major limitation of this evaluation is that the survey interview data were gathered six months after the CET initiative was implemented and it can be expected that this short time frame is sufficient only to capture certain facets of any changes in community life in the DTES. It is difficult to determine the extent to which medium and long-term changes are occurring and whether these changes are permanent or ephemeral. It is also unrealistic to expect that the dynamics of life in a community, where crime and disorder had become deeply entrenched, would be significantly and measurably altered in six months as a consequence of one initiative such as the CET. It can be expected that the dynamics of life in the DTES will continue to evolve and that specific initiatives, such as the CET, will evolve as well. The special initiative did serve a number of purposes, one of which was for the VPD, as an organization, to accept and acknowledge its responsibility to challenge its own long-standing policy of “containment” and to move proactively to provide effective policing services to the DTES community and to attempt to improve the overall quality of life for all of its residents. Details: Abbotsford, BC: University College of the Fraser Valley, 2004. 251p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://www.vancouveragreement.ca/wp-content/uploads/ConfidentPolicing2004sm.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Canada URL: http://www.vancouveragreement.ca/wp-content/uploads/ConfidentPolicing2004sm.pdf Shelf Number: 120152 Keywords: Displacement Drug Dealers Drug Enforcement Open-Air Drug Markets Police-Community Relations Policing (Vancouver, Canada) Public Disorder Stolen Goods

Author: Scribbins, Matthew (Ed.) Title: Public Perceptions of Policing, Engagement with the Police and Victimisation: Findings from the 2009-210 British Crime Survey Summary: This bulletin is the first in a series of supplementary volumes that accompany the main annual Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 'Crime in England and Wales 2009/10. These supplementary volumes report on additional analysis not included in the main annual publication. Figures included in this bulletin are from the British Crime Survey (BCS), a large, nationally representative victimisation survey of approximately 46,000 adults resident in households in England and Wales. Since 2001/02 the BCS has run continuously with interviewing being carried out throughout the year. Adults aged 16 and over are asked about their experiences of crime-related incidents in the 12 months prior to interview. BCS respondents are also asked about their attitudes towards different crime-related issues such as the police, criminal justice system, perceptions of crime and anti-social behaviour. This bulletin presents findings from additional analyses on public perceptions of policing, people's engagement with the police and their perceptions of the likelihood of becoming a victim of crime, based on the 2009/10 BCS. Details: London: Home Office, Research, Development and Statistics Office, 2010. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Home Office Statistical Bulletin, 19/10: Accessed December 2, 2010 at: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs10/hosb1910.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs10/hosb1910.pdf Shelf Number: 120363 Keywords: Crime Statistics Police-Community Relations Victimization Surveys (U.K.) Victims of Crime

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Title: Police and Roma and Sinti: Good Practices in Building Trust and Understanding Summary: The relation between the police and Roma and Sinti communities is crucial in many ways. Roma and Sinti are often targets of racially motivated discrimination and violence. They need to be able to fully rely on the police for protection against – and the full investigation of – hate-motivated crimes. At the same time, the police face the challenge of effectively policing Roma and Sinti communities that often view such efforts with suspicion and mistrust, fed by a long history of abuse and discrimination at the hands of various state authorities. In the 2003 OSCE Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti within the OSCE Area, participating States recognized the importance of good relations between the police and Roma and Sinti communities for the overall goal of combating discrimination and racial violence, and for ensuring that Roma and Sinti people are able to play a full and equal part in society. Participating States committed themselves to a number of measures aimed at closing the gap between international standards on police and existing national practices. Seven years after the adoption of the Action Plan, a number of initiatives of good practice have been developed regarding policing and Roma and Sinti. At the same time, much remains to be done to fully implement the commitments contained in the Action Plan. Sadly, cases of police misconduct and tensions between law enforcement agencies and Roma and Sinti communities continue to be widely reported from many participating States. This publication aims to assist participating States in implementing their commitments under the Action Plan by identifying principles and good practices that can be used in efforts to improve relations between the police and Roma and Sinti communities. Better co-operation and increased trust in relations with the police can lead to more effective policing and in turn improved security for Roma and Sinti communities. In addition, the police are also poised to benefit from better relations. Details: Vienna: OSCE, 2010. 143p. Source: Internet Resource: SPMU Publication Series Vol. 9: Accessed December 3, 2010 at: http://www.osce.org/publications/odihr/2010/04/43671_1452_en.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://www.osce.org/publications/odihr/2010/04/43671_1452_en.pdf Shelf Number: 120381 Keywords: Ethnic Groups Gypsies Hate Crimes Police Training Police-Community Relations Racial Profiling

Author: Ipsos MORI, Social Research Institute Title: Police Accountability and Governance Structures: Public Attitudes and Perceptions Summary: This report presents the findings from qualitative research designed to explore public perceptions of police governance structures, and more specifically who the public feel should hold the Police to account. The research took place in four Police Force regions across England and Wales during the week commencing 23rd August 2010. Within each Police Force region one workshop took place. Workshops were deliberative in nature and were designed to allow participants to explore different options, including those proposed in the ‘Policing in the 21st Century – Reconnecting Police and the People’1 consultation paper. Qualitative research is designed to be exploratory and to enable in-depth understanding of views, not to be statistically representative. Conclusions therefore are indicative and not generalisable to the wider population. The research clearly showed that there is a general desire for greater visibility in police accountability. Participants felt a sense of reassurance in knowing the Police were currently and would continue to be held to account, and as such they wanted to be made more aware of any future model of governance. This translated into a strong preference for a visible and named figurehead for police accountability in each area. Participants thought that this figurehead should not only provide an element of visibility, but should also be a symbol of transparency and independence. Indeed, the need for independence was a particular focus for participants throughout discussions. Firstly, there was strong feeling that the role of a figurehead could not be carried out by someone with an obvious political allegiance. Secondly, it was felt that the role of the Police themselves in accountability needed to maintain a balance between ensuring their experience and expertise is maximised, while not allowing them to appear self-regulating in any sense. Linked to this the role of the Chief Constable was seen to be of great importance as providing a crucial link between Police Forces and the individual or body holding the Police to account. Despite participants having a strong preference for a local ‘figurehead’, only a minority of participants wanted an individual who would be solely responsible for holding the Police to account. The most common preferences for where responsibility should fall were either through a structure similar to that currently in place, or through a named-individual plus a scrutiny panel. Participants favouring this latter option envisaged that a scrutiny panel would work alongside a figurehead in both an advisory and scrutiny role. Interestingly, the desire for visibility and transparency did not necessarily translate into support for greater democratic involvement. Factors, such as a preconceived cynicism towards any Government devolving responsibility, and a questioning of the knowledge base on which an electorate would begin to decide who should take responsibility, made participants question this. For example, concerns were raised about possible divisive or corrupt candidates and as such there were calls for stringent vetting processes should it be decided that elections should take place. Participants also raised concerns about the cost burden of a formal election process. There was also a general consensus that those with relevant experience and expertise could be trusted to make suitable appointments for commissioner or panel roles. What mattered more to participants in terms of lay involvement would include: being able to feedback their experiences and opinions on crime in their local area to Police Officers through regular meetings, which those holding the Police to account would attend; making sure community members are in some way represented on an advisory or scrutiny panel, possibly through a process of election; and making sure the voices of key lay individuals are included in decision-making. This included groups such as victims of crime and young people. The future of police accountability. Based on the above key findings, it is possible to build a structure of police governance that summarised the consensus view of workshop participants. Details: London: Ipsos MORI, 2010. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 7, 2010 at: http://www.ipsos-mori.com/DownloadPublication/1387_sri-crime-police-accountability-and-governance-structures-september-2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ipsos-mori.com/DownloadPublication/1387_sri-crime-police-accountability-and-governance-structures-september-2010.pdf Shelf Number: 120401 Keywords: Police Accountability (U.K.) Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Citizen's Crime Commission of New York City Title: Police and Public Safety in New York City Summary: This study of police operations, crime and public safety in New York discusses recent trends in law enforcement including the increased importance of counter-terrorism police work in the post-Sept. 11 environment. It also includes the results of surveying work regarding public perceptions about neighborhood safety, police and police-community relations, and quality of life enforcement. These findings are presented both at the citywide level and also broken down by borough and ethnicity. Details: New York: Citizens Crime Commission of New York City, 2004. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2010 at: http://www.nycrimecommission.org/pdfs/1247.pdf Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: http://www.nycrimecommission.org/pdfs/1247.pdf Shelf Number: 120417 Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Police-Community Relations Policing (New York City) Public Opinion Public Safety

Author: United Nations Development Programme - Afghanistan Title: Police Perception Survey - 2010: The Afghan Perspective Summary: Building on the results of the first–time 2009 police performance survey, the Police Perception Survey - 2010 was conducted across the country by the Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOTFA), administered by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Afghanistan. The objective was to consolidate information from a large sample of the Afghan populace, representative of all the regions, to assess the progress of the Afghan police force on a variety of police related issues, according to established baselines of the previous year. The survey was contracted out to the Afghan Center for Socio-Economic and Opinion Research (ACSOR), which has established itself as a major provider of quantitative and qualitative research in Afghanistan for groups such as the Asia Foundation and the International Security Assistance Force for Afghanistan (ISAF). ACSOR interviewed 5,052 Afghans (2,728 males and 2,324 females), age 18 or older, across all 34 provinces of the country. The survey, consisting of 61 substantive questions, many of which in multiple parts, dwelt on a wide variety of issues, directly or indirectly related to police performance. Details: Kabul: United Nations Development Programme - Afghanistan, 2010. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2011 at: http://www.undp.org.af/Publications/KeyDocuments/2011/Police%20Perception%20Survey%20Book%202010%20FINAL%20(6th%20Jan%202011).pdf Year: 2010 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.undp.org.af/Publications/KeyDocuments/2011/Police%20Perception%20Survey%20Book%202010%20FINAL%20(6th%20Jan%202011).pdf Shelf Number: 120741 Keywords: Police Performance (Afghanistan) Police-Community Relations

Author: Geller, Bill Title: Building Our Way Out of Crime: The Transformative Power of Police-Community Developer Partnerships Summary: Building Our Way Out of Crime: The Transformative Power of Police-Community Developer Partnerships describes and analyzes innovative efforts in communities across the United States to reduce crime in and improve the economic vitality of blighted neighborhoods. By working together, local police, nonprofit community developers, elected and appointed officials, financial strategists, and community leaders can do more with less, converting crime hot spots that ruin entire neighborhoods and consume considerable police services into safety-generating community assets. Case studies, photographs, charts, and lessons learned demonstrate the power these partnerships have for transforming troubled neighborhoods in cost-effective ways into stable, healthy, and sustainable communities. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Police Services, 2010. 376p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2011 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/BldgOurWayOutOfCrime_ALL%20BkMk_5-19-10_10-06pm234.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/BldgOurWayOutOfCrime_ALL%20BkMk_5-19-10_10-06pm234.pdf Shelf Number: 120767 Keywords: Crime Prevention Partnerships Economics Neighborhoods and Crime Police-Community Relations

Author: Quinton, Paul Title: The Impact of Information About Crime and Policing on Public Perceptions: The Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial Summary: The National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) carried out a randomised controlled trial to test the impact of crime maps and policing information. The public’s reaction to information about crime and policing was positive; a large majority thought it was informative and trustworthy. Importantly, the study was able to challenge the myth that sharing information with the public would increase the ‘fear of crime’. In fact, information was found to improve people’s perceptions of their neighbourhood and of the local police. The results of the study suggest that crime and policing information is a promising intervention in terms of improving the views of the public and, potentially, enhancing police accountability. The evidence, therefore, indicates that an investment of police resources in making information available to the public is worthwhile, particularly when integrated within a broader neighbourhood policing approach. Details: Bramshill, UK: National Policing Improvement Agency, 2011. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 16, 2011 at: http://www.npia.police.uk/en/docs/Full_Report_-_Crime_and_Policing_Information.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.npia.police.uk/en/docs/Full_Report_-_Crime_and_Policing_Information.pdf Shelf Number: 120809 Keywords: Crime Mapping Fear of Crime Neighborhood Policing Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.) Public Information

Author: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Title: Data in Focus Report: Police Stops and Minorities Summary: EU-MIDIS, the first EU-wide survey to ask immigrant and ethnic minority groups about their experiences of discrimination and criminal victimisation in everyday life shows that: •Minorities were stopped by the police more often than the majority groups living in the same neighbourhoods in Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France and Hungary. This was not the case in the Slovak Republic, Bulgaria, Italy or Romania. Some minority groups are particularly heavily policed – for example Roma respondents in Greece who were stopped by the police experienced on average nearly 6 stops in a 12 month period. •Majority respondents tend to think that the police are respectful towards them, whereas more minority respondents indicate that the police are disrespectful. For example, in Belgium, 85% of majority population respondents considered that the police were respectful towards them during their last police stop, compared to 42% of North African respondents and 55% of Turkish respondents. •Minority groups who perceive they were stopped by the police on the basis of their ethnic or immigrant background have a lower level of trust in the police than minorities who were stopped and considered it to be unrelated to their minority background. Every second minority victim of assault, threat or serious harassment said they did not report these incidents to the police because they were not confident the police would do anything about them. Details: Vienna: FRA, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Data in Focus Report 04: Accessed February 24, 2011 at: http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS-police.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS-police.pdf Shelf Number: 120863 Keywords: Discrimination Minorities Police Misconduct Police-Community Relations Policing (Europe)

Author: Mendoza, Carmen Title: Law Enforcement Services to a Growing International Community: An Effective Practices Manual Summary: The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, like police departments all over North Carolina and the nation, is faced with the challenges of providing effective services in an ever-changing global society. Charlotte-Mecklenburg experienced three digit growths in immigration since 1990, according to the 2000 U.S. Census. Therefore, we had to ask ourselves how we are including and providing services to those who are new to our country and our community. In 2000, Chief of Police Darrel W. Stephens created the International Relations Unit (IRU). The unit started in November of 2000, but the process began in 1997. CMPD began the process in 1997 by evaluating the issues that affected our ability to provide services to our largest international population, the Hispanic community. The goal was to provide a foundation for the future, a model to meet the needs of our future international communities as they arose. In the spring of 2000, we updated the plan and made additional recommendations. One of those recommendations was to form an International Relations Unit. The International Relations Unit began in November of 2000 with a mandate to become a county-wide resource committed to improving the quality of life, reducing crime and fostering mutual trust and respect with members of the international community. This has not always been a smooth process. The IRU quickly learned that the identified issues were just an introduction to the challenges facing the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department and the county. We realized that there were many underlying factors that hindered effective policing of our international population. In order to overcome these barriers, we had to work differently. We started with educating ourselves and developing an understanding of the needs and perceptions of our international community. This information provided a scale to the challenges and emphasized the importance of forming partnerships. The importance of forming partnerships and not trying to do everything alone cannot be emphasized enough. We are all stronger when we work together. We also have to remain flexible and be willing to make necessary adjustments. The CMPD/IRU constantly evolves as we identify and address new needs and issues. This manual is not just about the International Relations Unit. It is a culmination of efforts by the entire Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department and its many partners. The IRU is a resource and a support unit, one spoke of many in the wheel. The officers of the International Relations Unit were chosen in part based on their past efforts in problem solving and the officer’s skills in language and cultural awareness. IRU officers have experience as community police officers and as detectives. This manual is largely based on the observations, training, and experience of officers in the International Relations Unit. It will present the process used in developing our unit and initiatives. This manual is not only about the successes but also the hurdles. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department International Relations Unit The International Relations Unit Effective Practices Manual will focus on the following: • Immigration trends and the challenges they pose to providing effective law enforcement services to the international community • The evaluation process for implementing an International Relations Unit or initiatives that overcome barriers to effective policing in the international community • Developmental process and operations of an International Relations Unit • Recommendations for overcoming challenges of providing effective police services to an international community • Ways to form collaborative partnerships that will improve government agencies’ relationship with the international community. Details: Charlotte, NC: Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, International Relations Unit, 2004. 121p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://www.ncgccd.org/PDFs/iru.pdf Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncgccd.org/PDFs/iru.pdf Shelf Number: 120892 Keywords: Immigrants Immigration Police-Community Relations Problem-Oriented Policing

Author: Charlton, Michelle Title: Exploring Public Confidence in the Police and Local Councils in Tackling Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour Summary: This report provides findings from discussion groups held with local residents across England and Wales on the reasons underpinning responses to a question in the British Crime Survey (BCS) that measures public confidence in the police and local council to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour (ASB). Eighteen groups took place between 18 January and 3 February 2010. Participants were given a questionnaire to complete at the beginning and end of each discussion group which included the BCS question; responses were then used to prompt discussion during the course of the groups. The main implications for how to improve public confidence are as follows. ● Increasing awareness of the role and work undertaken by the police and council in tackling crime and ASB is perceived to be key to improving public confidence. This is particularly important with respect to Neighbourhood Policing and understanding the role of the local council. Passive communication, using a channel that people are already engaged with, e.g. radio, is perceived to be effective in building this awareness. ● Engaging the public with the police and council should be made as straightforward as possible to encourage community involvement. Engagement activities need to be taken to residents in environments in which they are comfortable or through existing channels. ● Providing prompt feedback on the outcomes of cases was seen as an important means of providing reassurance that action is being taken. ● Any local agreement setting out public standards of service should: be concise and user-friendly; be firm in its promises, therefore underlying the intention to fulfil them; provide guidance on how to hold the police and/or council to account. ● More information could be provided on: the council’s role in dealing with crime and ASB; the activities being undertaken to address these issues; the impact of community consultation on the council’s ASB policy; and a clear guide on who to contact in the council and expected response times. ● Local councils can play a role in facilitating greater dialogue between residents and the police. People appear to be engaging with the council through meetings, newsletters and other forums, and these means can be used to provide feedback on crime and ASB issues. Neighbourhood Policing appears to fit the public’s desired model of policing but awareness needs to be improved if Neighbourhood Policing is to be effective in raising confidence. Participants said they would welcome the opportunity to meet their Neighbourhood Policing Teams in person, in informal settings, as well as to have a greater involvement in local priority setting. ● Participants were unconcerned with the mechanics of local partnerships; they were more interested in the outcomes. One of the most popular initiatives appeared to be a single non-emergency number. While this was felt to simplify the reporting of issues, it needed to result in clear action being taken for it to have the potential to raise confidence. Details: London: Home Office, 2011. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 50: Accessed March 22, 2011 at: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs11/horr50c.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs11/horr50c.pdf Shelf Number: 121094 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Community Policing (U.K.) Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Innes, Martin Title: Rethinking the Policing of Anti-Social Behaviour Summary: This study develops an evidence-led perspective on the police response to antisocial behaviour (ASB). By starting with the views of victims and the public about the effectiveness of the police management of ASB and working back from these, the research is able to develop new insights in terms of what the police can do to reduce the social harm caused by ASB within and across communities. It is based upon an analysis integrating data from a survey of 5699 ASB victims, the British Crime Survey and Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary’s assessment of police system quality. The analysis identifies two major issues for the police in that: • Aspects of the systems and processes used in many police forces for managing ASB have a negative impact upon victims and the public. In particular, where police seek to manage demand for their services through a robust ‘graded response’ policy, this can be interpreted very negatively by the public when they call the police about ASB issues. • Relatedly, some community safety partnerships appear to be too inward facing and are failing to deliver services that meet the needs of ASB victims in terms of stopping problems in a reasonable time-frame. These findings directly challenge some key tenets of current thinking about responding to ASB within the police service and across the criminal justice sector. In addition, the research identifies ‘what works’ in managing ASB. Those police forces who performed best in the eyes of ASB victims and the public: • Brief Neighbourhood Policing teams, response officers and CID thoroughly about ASB issues, and specific local problems; • Use systematic intelligence processes to manage and co-ordinate their responses to ASB; • Ensure that Neighbourhood Policing teams are equipped and resourced to engage in tactical and strategic problem-solving of ASB issues. When people bring ASB to the attention of the police, more often than not, it is because it is harming them, and they want someone to take action to stop it and quickly. There is a clear and consistent pattern of evidence that where police do not attend and respond adequately to ASB issues this has a strongly negative impact upon public confidence and satisfaction. Details: London: Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary, 2010. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2011 at:http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Anti-social_behaviour_2010/ASB_ACA_20100923.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Anti-social_behaviour_2010/ASB_ACA_20100923.pdf Shelf Number: 121091 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior (U.K.) Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Fontaine, Jocelyn Title: Promising Practices of the District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department Summary: In recent years, Washington, DC has experienced sizable declines in violent crime. These declines have outpaced national trends across most violent crime categories. To explore the role of the Metropolitan Police Department in the violent crime decline, researchers conducted a series of semi-structured interviews with department leadership and staff to understand the critical components within the department's violent crime strategy. Approximately fifty initiatives were discussed. Using extant literature on policing best practices to categorize the initiatives, the study concludes that MPD places significant emphasis on community policing, among other strategies. Implications for the department’s strategic planning process are discussed. Details: Washington, DC: District of Columbia Crime Policy Institute, Urban Institute, 2010. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2011 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001491-DC-Police-Dept.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/1001491-DC-Police-Dept.pdf Shelf Number: 121124 Keywords: Crime Inter-Agency Coordination Police-Community Relations Policing (Washington, DC) Violent Crime

Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division Title: Investigation of the New Orleans Police Department Summary: The New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) has long been a troubled agency. Basic elements of effective policing — clear policies, training, accountability, and confidence of the citizenry —have been absent for years. Far too often, officers show a lack of respect for the civil rights and dignity of the people of New Orleans. While the majority of the force is hardworking and committed to public safety, too many officers of every rank either do not understand or choose to ignore the boundaries of constitutional policing. Some argue that, given the difficulty of police work, officers must at times police harshly and bend the rules when a community is confronted with seemingly intransigent high levels of crime. Policing is undeniably difficult; however, experience and study in the policing field have made it clear that bending the rules and ignoring the Constitution makes effective policing much more challenging. NOPD’s failure to ensure that its officers routinely respect the Constitution and the rule of law undermines trust within the very communities whose cooperation the Department most needs to enforce the law and prevent crime. As systematic violations of civil rights erode public confidence, policing becomes more difficult, less safe, and less effective, and crime increases. The deficiencies in the way NOPD polices the City are not simply individual, but structural as well. For too long, the Department has been largely indifferent to widespread violations of law and policy by its officers. NOPD does not have in place the basic systems known to improve public safety, ensure constitutional practices, and promote public confidence. We found that the deficiencies that lead to constitutional violations span the operation of the entire Department, from how officers are recruited, trained, supervised, and held accountable, to the operation of Paid Details. In the absence of mechanisms to protect and promote civil rights, officers too frequently use excessive force and conduct illegal stops, searches and arrests with impunity. In addition, the Department’s culture tolerates and encourages under-enforcement and under-investigation of violence against women. The Department has failed to take meaningful steps to counteract and eradicate bias based on race, ethnicity, and LGBT status in its policing practices, and has failed to provide critical policing services to language minority communities. The problems in NOPD developed over a long period of time and will take time to address and correct. The Department must develop and implement new policies and protocols, train its officers in effective and constitutional policing, and institutionalize systems to ensure accountability, foster police-community partnerships, improve the quality of policing to all parts of the City, and eliminate unlawful bias from all levels of NOPD policing decisions. Recommendations on achieving these changes are attached to this Report. We look forward to working with NOPD and the City of New Orleans to address the violations of constitutional and federal law that we identified, by developing and implementing a comprehensive blueprint for sustainable reform that will: (1) reduce crime; (2) ensure respect for the Constitution and the rule of law; and (3) restore public confidence in NOPD. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, 2011. 158p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/nopd_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/nopd_report.pdf Shelf Number: 121279 Keywords: Discrimination Gender Bias Police Behavior Police Misconduct Police Recruitment and Selection Police Reform Police Use of Force Police-Community Relations Policing (New Orleans)

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Demanding Times: The Front Line and Police Visibility Summary: Forces must organise their resources so that the highest possible proportion of officers and other police staff are available to meet the needs of the public. At no time in the past has this been more important than now: in this age of austerity, the police will have to make hard choices about how they use their resources. It is important that these are informed choices. In this report, HMIC therefore opens the books of policing, enabling both the police and the public to see how resource choices differ from force to force: • Section 1, ‘The police workforce and the “front line”’, identifies and categorises the different police roles, quantifies each category and examines which roles might comprise the front line. • Section 2, ‘Where are the police?’, outlines the proportion of police officers and police and community support officers (PCSOs) who are visible and available to the public at key times of the day. • Section 3, ‘Demands on the police’, uses findings from three new case studies to illustrate the range of demands on the police, and the variety of resources needed to meet these demands. Details: London: HMIC, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2011 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Thematics/THM_20110330.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Thematics/THM_20110330.pdf Shelf Number: 121319 Keywords: Police Administration Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: Innes, Martin Title: Assessing the Effects of Prevent Policing: A Report to the Association of Chief Police Officers Summary: “This report provides an assessment of the effects of Prevent policing. Informed by analyses of the British Crime Survey and ninety five in-depth interviews with Muslim community members (n=53) and police involved in delivering Prevent (n=42), it seeks to develop an evidence-led account of what Prevent policing has and has not achieved since its inception in 2003. The interview data clearly capture that community participation in co-­‐productive working to solve problems is involving both organizations that are formally funded by Prevent, but also more ‘organic’ forms of activism. However, reflecting a key finding of the earlier report, it remains the case that Muslim communities continue to express a preference for using their own informal social control resources to solve a problem when this is (or at least is believed to be) feasible. The evidence suggests that many Muslims hold quite complex and sophisticated views about the Prevent programme. Frequently, across the course of a single interview, community representatives talked both positively and negatively about their encounters with Prevent. Many of the reservations expressed about Prevent policing centred upon the means sometimes implemented. In particular, objections were registered about how Prevent funding had gone to groups who were not delivering much practical benefit. These concerns were reinforced by the wide-­‐ranging disposition of the Prevent programme and the tendency for it to define Muslims’ relations with key state agencies, such as the police. Overall, the attitudes and perceptions of people belonging to Muslim communities can be divided into three main positions: Some are fundamentally ‘anti--Prevent’ and anti-police. This stance views the entire Prevent agenda as flawed and misconceived. Whilst this ‘strong critique’ of Prevent policing has achieved some political traction, the evidence collated suggests that it is not a mainstream or majority view within Muslim communities. At the other end of the continuum are people who are ‘advocates’ of Prevent. They accept the premises of Prevent and are often actively engaged in helping to deliver it, either within or outside of formal programme structures. In between these two positions are a large group of ‘non-aligned’ Muslims, whose views shift according to the unfolding of events. For many of these, a ‘weaker’ critique of Prevent does have some resonance in that they disagree with how some aspects of it have been delivered, but accept that ultimately there is a problem that needs to be confronted. Their concerns are pragmatically grounded in terms of how interventions should and should not be delivered. The police role in Prevent appeared to be viewed more positively than the wide-ranging remit afforded to the local authority based ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’ element. Overall though, there was a strong sense in the data of Prevent being a ‘tainted’ brand’. Such views have been strongly influenced by the legacy of how Prevent was initially introduced in a hurry without establishing clarity of mission, or testing of appropriate tactical and strategic interventions. These concerns notwithstanding, appropriately configured targeted policing interventions did receive community support and backing. Taken as a whole, Muslims express higher levels of trust and confidence in the police than do the general population. This is in spite of them reporting crime and disorder impacts more negatively upon them than do the general population. This is an important finding because it challenges the oft repeated claim that Muslim communities in the UK are being profoundly alienated and disenchanted by the workings of the Prevent programme. The evidence available for this study suggests that the actual situation is somewhat more complex. Time trend analysis of a number of general policing indicators contained within the BCS covering the period in which Prevent has been implemented shows that Muslim community perceptions of the police have been remarkably stable, and largely positive. It is thus concluded that Prevent policing does not appear to be causing widespread damage to police and Muslim community relations.” Details: London: The Association of Chief Police Officers, 2011. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 14, 2011 at: http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/TAM/2011/PREVENT%20Innes%200311%20Final%20send%202.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.acpo.police.uk/documents/TAM/2011/PREVENT%20Innes%200311%20Final%20send%202.pdf Shelf Number: 121337 Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Minority Groups Muslims Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: Victoria (Australia). Office of Police Integrity Title: Talking Together – Relations between Police and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders in Victoria: A Review of the Victoria Police Aboriginal Strategic Plan 2003-2008 Summary: The broad formal acknowledgment of the unique place occupied by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in contemporary Australia is a relatively recent phenomenon. But the special attention given to the over-representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia’s criminal justice system has been much more long-standing. Since the 1991 Report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, Victoria, along with most other Australian jurisdictions, has undertaken a range of strategies aimed at reducing the disproportionate numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people incarcerated in prisons. Because police have significant discretionary powers and play an important role as the point of entry to the criminal justice system, many of these strategies have specifically targeted police practices. But police are only a component of a much broader continuum that influences justice outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Although alcohol abuse and violence were not features of traditional Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture, they are now predominant themes associated with Koori offending. The underlying factors associated with alcohol abuse and violence in Koori communities are complex. Clearly, the most effective strategies to improve justice outcomes for Koori people are those that achieve a reduction in alcohol abuse and violence. While police may have some role in effective prevention strategies, leadership for developing and implementing strategies for reducing Koori family violence must come from Koori communities themselves and be supported by a whole-of-government approach. Achieving sustained systemic change is a long term goal. It is probable police will continue to have a disproportionally substantial role in the lives of many Kooris for some time. In 2003, one in three Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Victorians, many of whom were children, were reported to be the victim, a relative of a victim or a witness to an act of violence. The great majority of these acts of violence were likely to have resulted in a police call-out. But by the time police respond, there may be little they can do, other than use their powers of arrest to extricate an offender and provide for the safety of others. Similarly, police often have few options when responding to concerns about a Koori who is alcohol-affected, other than to take the person into custody for his or her own safety or the safety of others. Although in many cases police may have limited options, how they go about performing their duties is important. Unlike their non-Koori counterparts, many Koori children will have had contact with police from an early age. How police first interact with Koori children can have a strong and lasting impact on how Koori children and young people relate to police as they mature into adulthood. Similarly, the interaction between police and Koori community Elders can influence the outcome of potentially volatile situations. Understanding cultural issues and building relationships based on mutual respect can be the difference between diffusing a situation or escalating it. It is within this context that in 2003 Victoria Police developed a strategic plan for policing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. The focus of this Review was to establish how the 2003 Strategic Plan and other Department of Justice initiatives aimed at improving justice outcomes for Kooris have affected local communities. Details: Melbourne: Office of Police Integrity, 2011. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2011 at: http://www.opi.vic.gov.au/index.php?i=19 Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.opi.vic.gov.au/index.php?i=19 Shelf Number: 121401 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime and Disorder Discrimination Indigenous Peoples Police Discretion Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (Australia)

Author: Oliver, willard M. Title: Community Policing and Victim Services in Texas Summary: This report focuses on the concepts of community policing, primarily the key tenets of police-community partnerships and problem solving, for improved police services to crime victims in the State of Texas. The report details the extent of victimization in the United States, as well as Texas, and then details the extent of police services for victims and victims’ services. The report explains how community policing may enhance services to victims by defining community policing, its tenets, and how community policing would better deliver victims’ services. By way of example, it details two issues: repeat victimizations and domestic violence. The report then concludes with a discussion of future partnerships between the police and victims. Details: Huntsville, TX: Crime Victims' Institute, Sam Houston State University, 2011. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2011 at: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/Community_Policing5.5.11.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.crimevictimsinstitute.org/documents/Community_Policing5.5.11.pdf Shelf Number: 122101 Keywords: Community Policing (Texas) Domestic Violence Police-Community Relations Repeat Victimization Victims of Crime

Author: Mazerolle, Lorraine Title: Key Findings of the Queensland Community Engagement Trial Summary: The international research community has spent the last twenty years developing a comprehensive understanding of public perceptions of police legitimacy and how the dynamics of police-citizen encounters explain variations in public perceptions of satisfaction, cooperation, compliance, trust in police and the capacity of police to maintain order, regulate and solve community problems. The Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET) is a world-first randomized field trial, conducted to investigate the effects of legitimacy policing through procedural justice and community engagement. The idea that legitimate policing can have positive impacts on police-citizen relations, community engagement and crime is not disputed and is clearly not new. However, never before have researchers used randomised field trial methods to directly test whether or not police can effectively and efficiently promote police legitimacy (and perceptions of police legitimacy) through procedural approaches, particularly in ethnically diverse communities where perceptions of legitimacy may be especially low. Accordingly, in December 2009, researchers from the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security (CEPS) – in collaboration with the Queensland Police Service (QPS) – launched the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET) in the Metropolitan South Region of Brisbane, Australia. This paper describes the QCET project and the key findings in terms of procedural justice and legitimacy. Details: Nathan, Qld: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, 2011. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing Paper: Accessed July 20, 2011 at: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/FINAL%20Key%20Findings%20of%20the%20Queensland%20Community%20Engagement%20Trial.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/FINAL%20Key%20Findings%20of%20the%20Queensland%20Community%20Engagement%20Trial.pdf Shelf Number: 122122 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (Australia) Procedural Justice

Author: Human Sector Resources Title: Challenge, Choice, & Change: A Report on Evidence-Based Practice in the Provision of Policing Services to Aboriginal Peoples Summary: This is paper #12, one of more than 20 research documents commissioned by the Ipperwash Inquiry for the purpose of assisting in the development of the Inquiry’s “Part 2” recommendations. Those recommendations will consider both “systemic” and “operational” issues relating to the Inquiry’s mandate of assessing evidentiary information and making recommendations regarding the avoidance of violence during confrontations between police and Aboriginal peoples. In preparing this report, researchers reviewed more than 15,000 pages of material gleaned from inquiries, commissions, studies, reports and evaluations of Aboriginal–police relations in Canada, Australia, and the United States. Unfortunately, the original plan to identify only “evidence-based” initiatives had to be abandoned—there was little evidence about what really worked. There was, however, consensus in three significant areas as to what “should” and, in some cases, what “seemed” to be working. It also became evident that the potential for significantly impacting crime and victimization of Aboriginal peoples simply through adjustments to Aboriginal–police relations was limited. The reality of Aboriginal “overrepresentation” in the Canadian criminal justice system is that the circumstances that give rise to this overrepresentation are principally age, poor education, unemployment, and substance abuse; by and large, conditions that are beyond the criminal justice system’s ability to ameliorate. Notwithstanding, there are opportunities to make a difference. The first area of consensus was the potential for community policing approaches to reduce crime and to improve relationships between police and the people they are to serve. Unfortunately there were few examples where the strategy has been applied comprehensively and/or where police have had the resources to witness its full potential—at least in relation to Aboriginal people. A second area of consensus was with regard to “governance” models. Aboriginal people must be given greater control over police services and in turn, must be more accountable for results. The key dimension of a successful governance model includes the right to self-determination and the full and effective participation of Aboriginal people in overseeing police activity. The third area of consensus was in relation to recruitment, training, and retention of police officers. The key dimensions of a successful approach include screening for racism, recruitment of more Aboriginal people to police service, employee and family assistance programs, and cross-cultural training that utilizes Aboriginal officers in an experiential model. This report goes on to identify other innovations in Aboriginal police relations that appear to have great promise. These include: • Community Justice Groups • National Indian Youth Academy • Diversion • Circle Sentencing • Gang Resistance Education and Training • Aboriginal Police Commissions • Watch House • Rules for Interrogation The report concludes with a summary of the various program choices that would appear to have the potential to make a difference, a challenge that we must finally act on these choices, and a caution that real change will occur only if we address the underlying economic and social conditions experienced by Aboriginal people in Canada. Details: Ottawa: Ministry of the Attorney General, 2004. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed September 6, 2011 at: http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/ipperwash/policy_part/research/pdf/Human_Sector_Resources_Report.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Canada URL: http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/ipperwash/policy_part/research/pdf/Human_Sector_Resources_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 122654 Keywords: Aboriginals Indigenous Peoples Police-Community Relations Policing (Canada)

Author: Stewart, James K. Title: Tampa Bay Manhunt After Action Report: Lessons Learned in Community Police Partnerships & Incident Command System Summary: On June 29, 2010, at 2:15 a.m., the Tampa Police Department (TPD) suffered a tragic loss when two officers were shot and killed during a traffic stop. The suspect fled the scene on foot and evaded immediate arrest. The subsequent law enforcement response and multijurisdictional manhunt involved 22 law enforcement agencies and over 1,000 personnel during a 96-hour deployment that culminated in the arrest of the suspect. TPD established a multi-agency, Unified Command using the Incident Command System (ICS) to plan, coordinate, and manage the complex response, which included volunteers and donations from the community. TPD reported that few complaints were received, despite frequent special weapons and tactics (SWAT) deployments, numerous residential searches, significant police presence in local neighborhoods, traffic disruptions, staging operations, and extensive media activities. This report demonstrates how building relations before a crisis impacts local community acceptance of extraordinary police presence or measures for extended periods of time. Tampa’s unexpected incident provides a rare opportunity to analyze an actual law enforcement response and capture the lessons learned. This analysis can be of significant use to all local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies that need to be capable of coordinating an extended, multi-jurisdictional law enforcement response within their communities. TPD asked CNA to analyze this event, with a focus on implementing ICS and incorporating community policing. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) supported this analysis with specific interest in the role community partnerships played. Conducting afteraction analyses by independent observers and making results widely available to other law enforcement agencies also allows for a reassessment of strategies, policies, and procedures, which can further lead to enhanced officer safety and the prevention of lives lost. Details: Alexandria, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2011. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 19, 2011 at: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Tampa%20Bay%20Manhunt%20After%20Action%20Report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Tampa%20Bay%20Manhunt%20After%20Action%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 122786 Keywords: Community Policing Incident Command Systems Law Enforcement Collaboration Law Enforcement Partnerships Police Manhunts Police-Community Relations Policing (Tampa Bay, Florida)

Author: Eith, Christine Title: Contacts between Police and the Public, 2008 Summary: This report presents findings from a nationally representative survey of nearly 60,000 residents age 16 or older about their contact with police during the 12 months prior to the interview. Interviews were conducted between July 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008 as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). This report offers detailed information on face-to-face contacts with the police, including the reason for and outcome of the contact, resident opinion on police behavior during the contact, and whether police used or threatened use of force during the contact. The report describes the demographic characteristics of residents involved in traffic stops and incidents in which the police used force. It also provides comparative analysis with prior survey findings. Highlights include the following: The percent of U.S. residents age 16 or older who had face-to-face contact with police declined from 2002 (21.0%) to 2005 (19.1%) and declined again in 2008 (16.9%). White (8.4%), black (8.8%), and Hispanic (9.1%) drivers were stopped by police at similar rates in 2008. Male drivers (9.9%) were stopped at higher rates than female drivers (7.0%). Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp08.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpp08.pdf Shelf Number: 123055 Keywords: Police Behavior Police Use of Force Police-Citizen Interactions (U.S.) Police-Community Relations Public Opinion Towards Police Vehicle Stops Victimization Surveys

Author: National Community Advisory Commission Title: Restoring Community: A National Community Advisory Report on ICE's Failed "Secure Communities" Program Summary: The National Day Laborer Organizing Network (NDLOR) and a National Community Advisory Commission published this report maps out details of how S-Comm (Secure Communities Program) has failed as an immigration policy, doing much more irreversible damage than actually fixing the problem at hand. It includes testimony from law enforcement officials, scholars and academics, and organizers and advocates. Criticizing the ineffective program, the report summarizes S-Comm and highlights the stories of several individuals from across the country who have been victims of S-Comm, facing deportation as a result of simply calling 911 for an emergency, being pulled over while driving or any other arbitrary reason. It multiplies laws and enforcement policies that, in effect, make the pursuit of the American Dream a criminal proposition for current generations of immigrants. That such a program should be the showcase policy of an Administration that presents itself asa champion of immigration reform is a betrayal. Multiplying the force of misguided policy and unjust laws is not reform—it is a step backwards. Details: National Day Laborer Organizing Network, 2011. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 6, 2011 at: http://altopolimigra.com/documents/FINAL-Shadow-Report-regular-print.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://altopolimigra.com/documents/FINAL-Shadow-Report-regular-print.pdf Shelf Number: 123497 Keywords: Customs Enforcement Illegal Immigration Police-Community Relations

Author: Winesburg, Melissa Title: Perceptions Of Neighborhood Problems: Agreement Between Police and Citizens and Impact on Citizen Attitudes Toward Police Summary: Research comparing police and citizen perceptions of neighborhood problems and the impact their agreement or disagreement has on attitudes toward the police is limited. While researchers have examined citizen attitudes toward the police since the 1960s, there have been few studies focusing on police and citizen priorities. This research examined these issues together to determine whether or not differences in perceptions impact citizen attitudes toward the police. This research explored data collected from two sources, including a survey of citizens in Cincinnati neighborhoods and a survey of Cincinnati police beat and community officers assigned to separate neighborhoods. It examined police and citizen alignment of 13 neighborhood problems focusing on crime and disorder, and the impact these have on attitudes toward the police. Logistic regression models were used to examine the influence police-citizen agreement on neighborhood problems had on citizen perceptions of attitudes toward the police in general, citizen attitudes toward the job police were doing to prevent crime in their neighborhood, and citizen attitudes toward the job police were doing working with citizens in their neighborhood to solve crime. Findings revealed that when citizens viewed disorder as less of a problem than officers, citizen satisfaction toward the police increased across all dependent variables in the study. Findings also revealed that the mere presence of a difference in perceptions impacted attitudes toward the police, regardless of the magnitude of the difference in perceptions. When police and citizens differed in their perceptions of neighborhood crime problems, citizens were more likely to have positive attitudes toward the job police were doing to prevent crime when they perceived crime as less of a problem than officers. Details: Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati, Division of Criminal Justice, 2010. 186p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed January 13, 2012 at: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1299178960 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1299178960 Shelf Number: 123609 Keywords: Community Policing Crime and Disorder Neighborhoods and Crime Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Attitudes

Author: Moon, Debbie Title: Perceptions of crime, engagement with the police, authorities dealing with anti-social behaviour and Community Payback: Findings from the 2010/11 British Crime Survey Summary: This bulletin is the first in a series of supplementary volumes that accompany the main annual Home Office Statistical Bulletin, ‘Crime in England and Wales 2010/11’ (Chaplin et al., 2011). These supplementary volumes report on additional analysis not included in the main annual publication. Figures included in this bulletin are from the British Crime Survey (BCS), a large, nationally representative, face-to-face victimisation survey in which people resident in households in England and Wales are asked about their experiences of crime in the 12 months prior to interview. Since 2001/02 the BCS has run continuously with interviewing being carried out throughout the year. Until recently the BCS did not cover crimes against those aged under 16, but since January 2009 interviews have been carried out with children aged 10 to 15. BCS respondents are also asked about their attitudes towards different crime-related issues such as the police and criminal justice system, and about their perceptions of crime and anti-social behaviour. BCS figures in the main body of this report are limited to adults aged over 16 as in previous years, but experimental statistics for children are shown separately in Chapter 1. This bulletin presents findings from additional analyses based on the 2010/11 BCS on people’s contact and engagement with the police, their views of how the authorities in the local area are dealing with anti-social behaviour, their awareness and perceptions of Community Payback and their perceptions of crime. Details: London: Home Office Statistics, 2011. Source: Supplementary Volume 1 to Crime in England and Wales 2010/11. Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1811/hosb1811?view=Binary Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1811/hosb1811?view=Binary Shelf Number: 123748 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (U.K.) British Crime Survey Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Opinion (U.K.)

Author: Jackson, Jonathan Title: Trust in Justice: Topline Results from Round 5 of the European Social Survey Summary: Breakdown in trust appears to be at the heart of problems with our political institutions, with sectarian and religious conflict, and with the series of financial crises that are facing Europe. The causes of this breakdown in trust are central to current political and social debate. It is not surprising, therefore, that criminologists have also become interested in questions about trust in justice, the legitimacy of justice institutions, and people’s commitment to the rule of law. The fifth round of the ESS – which includes 45 questions on Trust in Justice – was conducted at the end of 2010 in 28 European countries. In this report we present key findings from the 20 countries for which comparative data were available in November 2011. Around 39,000 interviews were completed across the 20 countries, with each country organising its own translation and fieldwork, to standards specified by the ESS Core Scientific Team. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in people’s homes. Details: London: European Social Survey, 2011. 12p. Source: ESS Topline Results Series, Issue 1: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 27, 2012 at http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=903&Itemid=80 Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=903&Itemid=80 Shelf Number: 123837 Keywords: Demographic Trends (Europe) Government Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Bradford, Ben Title: Different Things to Different People? The Meaning and Measurement of Trust and Confidence in Policing Across Diverse Social Groups in London Summary: One of the first actions of the new Home Secretary was to scrap public confidence as the single performance indicator of policing in England and Wales. But public trust and confidence will remain important to policing policy and practice. Trust and confidence can (a) encourage active citizen participation in priority setting and the running of local services, (b) make public bodies more locally accountable and responsive, and (c) secure public cooperation with the police and compliance with the law. Analysing survey data from London we find that overall 'public confidence' condenses a range of complex and inter-related judgements concerning the trustworthiness of the police. This is the case across different population groups and those with different experiences of crime and policing. Even recent victims and those worried about crime seem to place less priority on police effectiveness compared to police fairness and community alignment when responding to summary confidence questions. We argue that confidence summarises a motive-based trust that is rooted in procedural fairness and a social alignment between the police and the community. This social alignment is founded upon public assessments of the ability of the police to be a 'civic guardian' who secures public respect and embodies community values (Loader & Mulcahy, 2003). By demonstrating their trustworthiness to the public, the police can strengthen their social connection with citizens, and thus encourage more active civic engagement in domains of security and policing. Details: Unpublished, 2010. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 28, 2012 at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1628546 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.1628546 Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1628546 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.1628546 Shelf Number: 123854 Keywords: Collective Efficacy Fear of Crime Neighborhood Disorder Police-Community Relations Social Cohesion

Author: King, Martha, ed. Title: Justice and Safety in America's Immigrant Communities: Conference Series Report Summary: This volume summarizes the research and discussions that took place during the Justice and Safety in America’s Immigrant Communities conference series. The series examined the special issues involved in the relationship between newly arrived Americans and the police. This volume also tells the story of the conference series’ process, which involved crossing the boundaries of academic disciplines, professional worlds and political outlooks. The series was designed around three daylong sessions. The first session, in November 2004, convened law enforcement leadership from New Jersey, New York and Philadelphia. The second session in March 2005 convened a group of advocates, elected officials, and community-based organizations representing jurisdictions with large immigrant populations in the same region. The culminating session occurred in May 2005. This final session brought together police and immigrant community leadership in order to generate promising strategies for improving safety and administration of justice in America’s immigrant communities. At each session, leading researchers presented their original work on: the perspectives of immigrant communities on policing strategies; the patterns of victimization and offending among immigrants; and, how September 11th affected communities with significant immigrant populations, including the role of local law enforcement in immigration control. The three conferences were structured to generate plans and ideas that law enforcement officials and immigrant community advocates could implement in their communities. Sessions one and two (see conference agendas in the appendix) were designed around a keynote address followed by presentations by three researchers. After each researcher presented his work, two to three responders, who were either immigrant community advocates or law enforcement leaders themselves, shared their reactions publicly and related the research to their own local experience. Each of these sessions incorporated audience questions and discussion. However, the last conference, which brought together advocates and law enforcement officials, was designed differently for two reasons. First, the final session was designed to bring advocates and law enforcement in dialogue based on their local experiences and their experiences from the first two sessions. The first two sessions, therefore, provided a common framework and base of knowledge for all participants. Second, the last conference was designed to generate specific strategies for improving police-community trust and cooperation that attendees could take back to their towns and neighborhoods. The last conference began with the three researchers reflecting on the reactions of conference participants to their research. The rest of the day was organized around smaller, moderated discussions of the issues at the core of the conference series: definitions of safety; barriers to safety and accessing justice; and strategies for improved safety and justice in immigrant communities. The three conferences addressed these topics from a regional perspective, incorporating promising practices, lessons and challenges from Philadelphia, New York and New Jersey. What emerged was that much work remains to be done and that many advocates and law enforcement leaders are ready to continue this work at both the local and federal levels. This volume serves as a template for participants and others interested in beginning this dialogue locally. What follows is an attempt to share the conference’s discussions and findings with a larger audience. The volume begins with the background paper that was sent to conference participants. A summary of the last session follows to highlight the participants’ recommendations. This is then followed by a summary of sessions one and two. The volume concludes with the three academic papers that formed the core of the conference discussions and presentations. Details: Princeton, NJ: Policy Research Institute for the Region, Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs, Princeton University, 2006. 110p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2012 at http://wws.princeton.edu/research/prior-publications/conference-books/justice.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://wws.princeton.edu/research/prior-publications/conference-books/justice.pdf Shelf Number: 105029 Keywords: Administration of Justice Immigrants (U.S.) Police-Community Relations

Author: International Crisis Group Title: Indonesia: The Deadly Cost of Poor Policing Summary: Indonesian communities are increasingly turning to violence to retaliate against the police for abuses, real or perceived. Some 40 attacks on police stations and personnel since August 2010 are clear evidence that community policing, the centrepoint of the police reform agenda, is not working; police are too quick to shoot, usually with live ammunition; and little progress has been made toward police accountability. In the absence of urgent reforms and mechanisms to address local grievances, public hostility is likely to grow. Police are supposed to be helping prevent conflict but too often they are contributing to its outbreak. Cultural, structural, individual, financial and educational barriers within the institution hinder behavioural change. Applicants join the police to wield power and earn money, and once on the force, there are few incentives, financial or professional, to build rapport with the communities they are supposed to serve. Policy directives on community policing from 2005 and 2008 have not trickled down to the sub-district precincts (kepolisian sektor, polsek), and those field officers who are committed to building good relations have limited impact because of frequent rotations. Community hostility is the cumulative result of police brutality; unwarranted demands for money; perceived arrogance; and lack of accountability, especially in cases of fatal shootings. Failure to investigate or punish errant officers triggers mob action, often involving arson, while community resistance to the arrest of those responsible for such violence intensifies if the police in question go free. The problem is compounded by the staffing of precincts with poorly-trained graduates of provincial police schools who receive inadequate firearms training, let alone instruction in community policing. In many cases, local elected officials have to take on the burden of negotiating a way out of the police-community standoff because there are no available institutional mechanisms to resolve grievances. This report looks in detail at three cases of community attacks on police stations that occurred in 2010 and 2011. All started from complaints about excessive use of force. In Buol, Central Sulawesi, citizens destroyed police facilities and forced police families to leave town after seven men were shot dead during a mass protest against the death of a teenager in police custody. This is one of the few cases in which officers were brought to court, but only because of the high death toll and media attention. One was acquitted, two were given slap-on-the-wrist sentences, and some two dozen others faced minor disciplinary sanctions. Many questions remain unanswered. In Kampar, Riau, residents vandalised a precinct after the arrest and beating of an innocent clan elder at a market. He was accused of illegal gambling because he was jotting numbers on a piece of paper, when in fact he was noting product prices. Trivial arrests like this frequently occur because police are rewarded for favourable crime statistics: the more arrests they make, regardless of the severity of the crime, the better they are seen to be doing their job. In Bantaeng, South Sulawesi, villagers attacked a precinct after a deadly police raid on alleged gamblers at a wedding party that killed one. The raiders did not come from that precinct, but it was the nearest one to the dead man’s home. Police claim they opened fire because they believed anger among the wedding guests over the gambling arrests put their commander’s life in danger. In fact they seem to have shot wildly in the dark without being able to see what they were shooting at. These incidents are emblematic of a much broader problem; the Indonesian government should stop treating them as isolated incidents. They represent a systemic failure which will continue to undermine the credibility of the police pledge to “serve and protect” the people and encourage further deadly violence unless the underlying causes of community hostility are addressed. Details: Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, 2012. 32p. Source: Crisis Group Asia Report No. 218: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2012 at http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/218%20Indonesia%20--%20The%20Deadly%20Cost%20of%20Poor%20Policing.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Indonesia URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/218%20Indonesia%20--%20The%20Deadly%20Cost%20of%20Poor%20Policing.pdf Shelf Number: 124161 Keywords: Police Behavior Police Corruption Police Misconduct Police Use of Force Police-Community Relations Policing (Indonesia)

Author: Franklyn, Ramona Title: Satisfaction and willingness to engage with the Criminal Justice System - Findings from the Witness and Victim Experience Survey, 2009-10 Summary: Ensuring that victims and witnesses are supported to participate in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) and are satisfied with their contact with the CJS is important for the delivery of justice. This report examines the experiences and perceptions of victims and witnesses involved in cases of violence against the person, robbery, burglary, criminal damage and theft and handling stolen goods in which someone was charged. It provides an overview of their experiences, before examining the factors most strongly associated with victim and witness satisfaction and their willingness to engage with the CJS again in future. The findings are based on analyses of the Witness and Victim Experience Survey (WAVES), a large-scale survey of such victims and witnesses, undertaken in England and Wales. Details: London: Ministry of Justice, 2012. 116p. Source: Ministry of Justice Research Series 1/12: Internet Resource: Accessed February 21, 2012 at http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/publications/research-and-analysis/moj-research/satisfaction-willingness-to-engage-with-cjs.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/publications/research-and-analysis/moj-research/satisfaction-willingness-to-engage-with-cjs.pdf Shelf Number: 124213 Keywords: Police-Community Relations Public Opinion Victimization Surveys Victims of Crime (U.K.) Witnesses

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Without fear or favour: A review of police relationships Summary: This year's extensive scrutiny of how the police handled the phone hacking affair has understandably led to concerns about police integrity and corruption. Police checking systems and processes have identified a small number of other high profile cases which include allegations of inappropriate police relationships – some involving senior officers. These cases either have been or are being dealt with properly, but amplify concerns about police corruption and have the potential to undermine public trust in the Service. The subject of police integrity has received wide coverage recently but HMIC did not undertake this review with any preconception of the likely findings. Rather, we have been guided by the evidence available to us and have assessed it carefully before coming to our conclusions and making our recommendations. As part of the review we asked the public about the extent and nature of police integrity and corruption. The majority do not think corruption is common and trust the police to tell the truth. However, about a third of those surveyed think there is some problem with corruption. The public also told us that they associate integrity with being treated fairly; the Service must, therefore, be absolutely transparent not only in being fair but also in being seen to be fair. Concerns that inappropriate police relationships represent endemic failings in police integrity are not borne out by the evidence available to HMIC. However, this review does not give the Police Service a clean bill of health. We found few forces and authorities had these issues on their radar. In addition, understanding of boundaries, checking mechanisms, governance and oversight in police relationships with others (including the media) varies hugely across the Service. Our benchmarking exercise suggests that few organisations have resolved these issues well for the modern world (in terms of managing controls around integrity issues). However, the Police Service needs to do so in order to safeguard their impartiality and, as importantly, the perception of their impartiality. HMIC is concerned that the lack of controls in some areas, which are not always considered by the police as „corruption‟, can allow a slippery slope to develop in relationships which leaves forces and authorities unsighted and vulnerable to significant risk. One such risk area is the potential for misuse of corporate purchasing and credit cards (of which we estimate there are 2,700 in circulation across England and Wales, in addition to the 2,712 owned by the MPS): the public rightly expects the Police Service to make best use of the public money it receives, and to put effective controls in place to ensure that it is spent appropriately and that the maximum value is derived from it (especially in a period of austerity). Other examples of risk areas include the lack of clarity around the acceptance of gifts and hospitality; and around conflicts of interest, tax and other legal implications of police officers and staff having second jobs or other business interests. A key factor in meeting the challenges to police integrity lies in the quality of the leaders of the Service: not only in ensuring that systems and processes are in HMIC (2011) Without fear or favour: A review of police relationships 6 place and work effectively to provide appropriate checks and balances, but importantly in the example they set through their own behaviours in reinforcing high standards of conduct, thus promoting integrity. The Service cannot afford to be complacent and we look to senior leaders in the Service to show that they understand the importance of acting quickly and effectively to further strengthen integrity and to give the public cause to have high levels of confidence that the police will act without fear or favour in delivering a responsive and accountable service. Governance matters enormously in reinforcing these issues. We intend to revisit the matters highlighted in this report by October 2012. Police authorities have a role in ensuring that the work to address the issues raised in the report is expedited as a matter of urgency. Incoming Police and Crime Commissioners, as a key part of their role, will need to assure themselves that forces have embedded integrity considerations in all that they do, supported by effective checks and balances. They would be assisted in this if these checks and balances were consistent throughout England and Wales. Details: London: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC), 2011. 71p Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2012 at http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/a-review-of-police-relationships-20111213.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/a-review-of-police-relationships-20111213.pdf Shelf Number: 124467 Keywords: Corruption Police Administration Police Behavior Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Putt, Judy, ed. Title: Community Policing in Australia Summary: The genesis of this report was a conference on policing in New Zealand in 2008, at which three of the report’s contributors gave presentations. In several subsequent meetings, it was agreed that their knowledge and experience should be brought together into a compilation of chapters on different aspects of community policing. Reflecting the background and interests of the contributors, the perspectives and content of the chapters vary, but all of the contributors share one thing in common; they have all worked closely and collaboratively with police—in education and in the development of policing practice and community engagement, in policy and program management or on research projects. This experience lends itself to an appreciation and questioning of what is ‘really happening’ and to question and examine ‘how it should happen’. This interest is the thread that binds together the report, despite the chapters ranging from the theoretical to the practical, with some primarily relying on, or referring to, research and academic debate and several based on applied experience. The collection is not a systematic review of literature and research, with an explicit methodology—instead, it seeks to provide an overview of what is currently known about community policing in Australia and to encourage further research and analysis of the issues and challenges highlighted in the report. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Policy Policy Series 111: Accessed April 9, 2012 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/0/4/F/%7B04F19D1A-19B1-4C6F-9EC0-A38F1B3DDF38%7Drpp111_002.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/documents/0/4/F/%7B04F19D1A-19B1-4C6F-9EC0-A38F1B3DDF38%7Drpp111_002.pdf Shelf Number: 124893 Keywords: Community Policing (Australia) Police-Community Relations

Author: Cramer, Sarah Title: Women's Perceptions of the Afghan National Police: Gender Dynamics of Kabul Women and Police Summary: The security needs of Afghan men and women differ. Whereas men bear the brunt of the direct impacts of conflict, women disproportionately suffer from the indirect effects such as increased levels of domestic violence, decreased access to health care and poverty. Due to this difference in security needs, gender must be taken into account when evaluating the relationship between citizens and the Afghan National Police. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung commissioned this study to examine the perceptions active women in Kabul hold of the police. Active, urban women were targeted specifically as they are more likely to interact regularly with police than women that spend a majority of their time at home. The report seeks to: i) establish a gender-focused baseline for the evaluation of community trust building and police capacity building programs; ii) identify major trends and evolutions in public perceptions of the ANP in Kabul, notably amongst women; and iii) propose pragmatic recommendations for improving the relationship between Afghan women and the police. Given its focus on active, urban women, this study is not representative of all Afghan women. It should be used as an entry point for exploration of gender dynamics in the security sector and a tool for advocating a more gender-balanced approach to supporting the Afghan National Police. KEY FINDINGS Positive police approval ratings by both women and men should not be interpreted as a sign of satisfaction with the police, but rather low expectations. The survey revealed a strong correlation between satisfaction with security and satisfaction with police, demonstrating that security is likely the primary factor considered when Kabul residents of both genders evaluate police performance. Corruption appears to be accepted as a fact of life, and does not detract from high approval of police performance (80 percent amongst women). Expectations of civilian policing are extremely low. The police are not viewed as a resource for handling Sexual or Gender-Based Violence, the most prevalent safety issue for Afghan women. The police sector appears to be advancing more quickly than Afghan society in terms of its recognition of women’s risks, needs and rights. In instances where it fails women, the ANP is simply reflecting the restrictions Afghan society imposes on itself. In addition to establishing departments, units and initiatives that specifically target the needs of women, the ANP appears to be mainstreaming women’s issues into broader policies, such as the ANP Code of Conduct. Much of the gender-related progress in the ANP is the result of pressure from the international community. The implementation of progressive policies faces considerable resistance from individuals of all ranks within the ANP and Afghan Ministry of Interior (MoI). The effectiveness of programs on gender or human rights within the ANP often hinges on the credibility of the interlocutor. Even more than religious beliefs, shared cultural, ethnic or tribal ties are the keys to this credibility, and are thus essential elements for initiatives intended to promote women’s rights within the police force. Although half of Kabul women are victims of domestic violence, most women would never turn to the police for assistance. Focus groups unanimously stated that family problems should be handled at home or with elders. Women who do seek outside aid are often shunned by their own families. As a result, victims of violence who successfully make it through the justice system often lack a support system to rebuild their lives afterwards. Given that Kabul women are considered to be the most modern and open-minded in Afghanistan, their compliance with this cultural belief and the lack of social services available to women raises serious doubts about the feasibility of addressing domestic violence via the police on a national scale in the short- or even medium-term. The necessity of women police is accepted by the ANP and Afghan society, albeit with restricted roles. For Islamic reasons, policewomen are required to conduct security checks of women. There is a growing acceptance of women investigators in Family Response Units (FRUs), which are designed to handle family-related problems. However, even with training, policewomen are often expected to fetch tea, work in the kitchen, and clean, rather than perform police duties. RECOMMENDATIONS The success of the transition in Afghanistan will depend largely on the capacity of the police to maintain law and order and build trust with communities, thereby maintaining confidence in the state. Sustainability and value for money must be constant factors for any initiatives implemented between now and the 2014 deadline. COMMUNITY LEVEL 1. Focus on community trust building, a cost-effective way to improve state-society relations Meetings between women police and civilians should be held, by the ANP and/or civil society, to improve the visibility of policewomen and the services they provide (within a safe space), to address women’s issues, and to inform women of their rights and rule of law procedures. Community meetings foster dialogue and establish trust. They also provide a forum for police and community members to: i) define their own relationship based on their needs and expectations; ii) ask questions and share concerns; and iii) feel recognised and heard. 2. Implement a badge system, a practical step for increased accountability Visible police identification would provide an inexpensive means of holding police accountable for their actions (e.g. bribery, street harassment). While there is no foolproof means of holding police accountable, the anonymity currently enjoyed by police only contributes to the culture of corruption. 3. Raise awareness of women’s rights with regards to security and related police services Public awareness campaigns should be used to better inform women and their families of women’s rights and how to defend through the formal justice system. Without knowledge of their rights, women do not have the tools to assess their security needs and interest. Campaigns should be tailored to local contexts in order to be perceived as credible. INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL 4. Support literacy programs as a primary tool for capacity building Literacy, the key tool for fighting ignorance, renders training more effective and enables self-learning down the road. It also provides police with the ability to do actual police work, which requires reading and writing skills for documenting evidence, recording testimonies, and preparing reports. 5. Train the trainers to enable future training on gender, human rights, and children’s rights Given the ANP’s high turnover rate, train the trainer programs are essential for ensuring the ANP’s capacity to train recruits later. For optimum impact, train the trainer programs should select individuals that are respected and seen as credible in the province(s) in which they work. 6. Legitimise Family Response Units (FRUs) with equipment, training, and a broader mandate FRUs, which serve women’s needs, must first be perceived as legitimate and professional within the ANP before they can be perceived as such by the public. This will require a broader mandate from the Criminal Investigation Division (CID), equipment for documenting evidence, and training. STATE LEVEL 7. Strengthen coordination between police and justice sector for improved rule of law NGOs that assist women with legal issues should be utilised as a resource for bridging the police and justice sectors. Partnerships between Family Response Units and NGOs have the potential to render the formal justice system more accessible to women and increase awareness of police services designed to handle family problems. Regulations within the justice and police sectors also need to be changed so that police and prosecutors can better cooperate on cases. Police in Afghanistan are discouraged and even forbidden in some instances from following up on a case once it has moved on into the justice sector. This removes incentives for police to perform their jobs well when collecting evidence and reporting cases. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 8. Support civilian policing as a key to maintaining political and social unity in Afghanistan. The international community needs to take a unified stance on the importance of civilian policing. The ANP will play a crucial role (distinct from that of the ANA) in the political and social unity of Afghanistan by ensuring law at the community level and representing the national government in a way that is visible on a daily basis. Details: Berlin: Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2012 at: http://www.boell.de/downloads/WomensPerceptionAfghanistanPolice.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.boell.de/downloads/WomensPerceptionAfghanistanPolice.pdf Shelf Number: 124897 Keywords: Attitudes Towards the Police, Women Police (Afghanistan) Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: McCampbell, Michael S. Title: The Collaboration Toolkit for Community Organizations: Effective Strategies to Partner with Law Enforcement Summary: The goal of this toolkit is to help community organizations accomplish the following objectives: - Strengthen partnerships between the community and law enforcement; - Further the community's role as a partner in crime reduction efforts; - Identify and address social issues that diminish the quality of life and threaten public safety in communities; - Link those in need to services and resources that currently exist in the community. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2012 at: http://www.ojp.gov/fbnp/pdfs/Collaboration_Toolkit.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.ojp.gov/fbnp/pdfs/Collaboration_Toolkit.pdf Shelf Number: 124911 Keywords: Collaboration Partnerships Police-Community Relations

Author: Stephens, Darrel W. Title: Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives Summary: Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives was developed to help police executives communicate more effectively with their communities and organizations. It addresses the changes in the news media and how that has affected the way people obtain information. It is designed to provide greater insight into communications strategies and planning. It will provide examples of strategic communications plans and how police have used various communications tools to more effectively reach their community. It is a companion piece and builds on the 2010 Major Cities Chiefs Association/COPS Office white paper – Key Leadership Strategies to Enhance Communication. Details: Washington, DC: Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice, 2011. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2012 at http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e081129395_Strategic-Comm-Practices-Toolkit_rev.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Publications/e081129395_Strategic-Comm-Practices-Toolkit_rev.pdf Shelf Number: 124946 Keywords: Communications Police Administrators Police Performance Police-Community Relations

Author: Social & Market Research Title: Research into the Views and Experiences of People Involved in Neighbourhood Watch Schemes in Northern Ireland Summary: This report presents the findings from research into Neighbourhood Watch schemes in Northern Ireland. The aims of the research were to establish the views and experiences of key partners and local stakeholders in relation to the impact and effectiveness of Neighbourhood Watch in: preventing crime and anti-social behavior; reducing the fear of crime; assisting local police in detecting crime; enhancing the relationship between the police and the community; and promoting community spirit. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Policing Board, 2007. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 30, 2012 at: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/neighbourhood_watch_evaluation_final_report_-_nov._2007.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/neighbourhood_watch_evaluation_final_report_-_nov._2007.pdf Shelf Number: 125100 Keywords: Crime Prevention Fear of Crime Neighborhood Watch (Northern Ireland) Police-Community Relations

Author: McClure, Lesley Title: Research into Recent Crime Trends in Northern Ireland May 2007 Summary: This report examines whether the increase in recorded crime in 2005/06 is an accurate reflection of greater criminal activity and experiences of crime within Northern Ireland or evidence of increased reporting of crime within communities traditionally perceived to be non-supportive of the police and whether this can be attributed directly to increased confidence in policing within these communities. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Policing Board, 2007. 97p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 1, 2012 at: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/recent_crime_trends_research_by_ipsos_mori_may_2007-2.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/recent_crime_trends_research_by_ipsos_mori_may_2007-2.pdf Shelf Number: 125110 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Northern Ireland) Crime Trends Police-Community Relations

Author: Dolic, Zrinjka Title: Race or Reason? Police Encounters with Young People in the Flemington Region and Surrounding Areas Summary: The following research examines the role that demographic factors, such as country of birth and gender, play in shaping young people’s experiences with and attitudes toward the police. The Flemington and Kensington Community Legal Centre (FKCLC) commissioned the study at a time of growing concern about young people being treated unfairly by the police in the Flemington and Kensington community. The relationship between police and youth is fraught with difficulties and there is growing evidence that ethnic minority youth are more vulnerable to being treated unfairly by the police (Alder et al, 1992; Chan, 1997; White, 1994). In particular, the interaction between police and African youth has been a source of increasing concern of late with research identifying that African youth experience frequent unwarranted stopping, searching and police harassment in the areas of Flemington, Braybrook and City of Greater Dandenong (Duff, 2006; Reside & Smith, 2010). This study contributes to current research on race and gender by offering further evidence of the differential police treatment experienced by African youth. The findings of this study warrant further investigation and at the same time contribute to an increased awareness of the issues and challenges faced by this group of young people. A total of 151 young people, aged 15-­‐24 participated in this research by completing an anonymous survey. The young people who were surveyed lived in Flemington and the surrounding areas, were roughly equal numbers of young men and women, and included young people from diverse ethnicities and non-­‐English speaking backgrounds. Details: Kensington, Victoria, Australia: Flemington and Kensington Community Legal Centre, 2011. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2012 at: http://www.communitylaw.org.au/flemingtonkensington/cb_pages/files/FKCLC%20report%20March%202011_small2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.communitylaw.org.au/flemingtonkensington/cb_pages/files/FKCLC%20report%20March%202011_small2.pdf Shelf Number: 125273 Keywords: Attitudes toward Police Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Juvenile Relations Public Opinion Racial Profiling (Australia)

Author: Turley, Caroline Title: Delivering Neighbourhood Policing in Partnership Summary: This report describes the nature of neighbourhood policing partnerships between neighbourhood policing teams (NPTs), partner agencies and residents in six local areas which were identified as having a strongly embedded partnership approach. The research is based on interviews with local partners and focus groups with residents conducted in these six areas between January and August 2010. The report sets out the perceived benefits of delivering neighbourhood policing in partnership and offers some advice to practitioners on how to work effectively in partnership, and how to overcome key barriers. The findings may also be informative for Police and Crime Commissioners in thinking about how local policing can best be delivered. Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 61: Accessed May 23, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/horr61?view=Binary Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/horr61?view=Binary Shelf Number: 125315 Keywords: Collaboration Neighborhood Policing (U.K.) Partnerships Police-Community Relations

Author: Charlton, Michelle Title: Practitioners' Perceptions of the Role of Neighbourhood Crime and Justice Co-ordinators Summary: Thie study provides findings from interviews held with community safety and criminal justice practitioners in 9 of the 60 local authority areas where Neighbourhood Crime and Justice co-ordinators were introduced. The purpose of the study was to identify what benefits the Neighbourhood Crime and Justice co-ordinators had delivered, and what made the role effective. In general, the research has suggested that the role was perceived as having a positive effect, with practitioners identifying a range of benefits of the role, though this was not a universal view. Whilst central funding for the role is no longer available, some partners suggested that the most useful aspects of the role could continue by being absorbed into other posts. A number of recommendations emerge from the study, which may help to inform local areas and Police and Crime Commissioners on how best to set up an NCJ co-ordinator or a similar role to maximise its effectiveness. Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 62: Accessed May 23, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/horr62?view=Binary Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/horr62?view=Binary Shelf Number: 125316 Keywords: Collaboration Partnerships Police-Community Relations

Author: Dvorak, Lisa Title: Designing and Implementing a Citizen Police Academy Summary: Police-community relations programs are typically established to help the community understand the role and problems of the police officer. In our ever-changing society the role and expectations of a police officer is not well-defined. This can contribute to misperception on the part of the police and the citizens. The police may be seen as inefficient or exceeding their authority and the citizens as uninterested or critical, wanting to exercise more control over police operations. To be effective, policing must involve a cooperative relationship between the citizens and the police. In his principles of law enforcement, Sir Robert Peel identified public approval, citizen cooperation, and crime prevention as necessary elements of policing. Police-community relations and citizen involvement programs attempt to combine these elements through a learning process. Historically, the learning process has been one-way geared towards educating the citizens. It is clear that citizen involvement programs should be expanded to ones that also include the education of the police. The police must gain a better understanding of the citizens’ needs and solicit their views, perceptions, and inputs. By creating a two-way learning process a much more effective cooperative relationship can be established. A program which may best define the total concepts of police-community relations, crime prevention and the two-way learning process between citizens and the police is the Citizen Police Academy. A Citizen Police Academy (CPA) is an interactive program that is designed to educate the public about its police department’s policies, rules, regulations, the criminal justice system, and crime prevention. Through blocks of instruction over a period of weeks the program allows citizens and police to meet and share ideas and information in a positive and proactive environment. The open dialogue fosters mutual understanding and respect. The idea of the CPA was developed in England in 1977 by the Devon and Cornwall Constabulary, Middlemoor, Exeter. Originally known as the “Police Night School,” the program was designed to familiarize private citizens with the nature of police work and the organization of the police system in England. Police personnel taught the Police Night School on a volunteer basis. The success of the program inspired several other British police departments to imitate it. In 1985, the Orlando, Florida Police Department introduced the concept of the Police Night School in their agency and created the first CPA in the United States. With the success of the program, other U.S. cities have followed Orlando’s lead. The first Texas CPA was started in Missouri City in 1986. The theme of these and all CPA programs is to create better understanding and awareness between citizens and police through education. Details: San Marcos, TX: San Marcos Police Department, 1995. 33p. Source: Copies Available from the Don M. Gottfredson Library Year: 1995 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 125621 Keywords: Police-Citizen Academy (U.S.) Police-Citizen Interaction Police-Community Relations

Author: Boateng, Francis D. Title: Public Trust in the Police: Identifying Factors that Shape Trust in the Ghanaian Police Summary: Though much have been conducted to examine the influences on public trust in the police in developed countries, little or no such studies have been conducted in developing countries, limiting what we know in those countries thereby creating a gap in the academic literature. To fill this gap, the present study examined factors that influence Ghanaians’ trust in their police. Using a representative field survey data collected in Summer, 2011 in Accra, Ghana (N=493), I found that fear of crime and satisfaction with the police are significant predictors of public trust in the Ghanaian police. Policy implications of the findings are discussed. Details: International Police Executive Symposium, 2012. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 42: Accessed July 25, 2012 at: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_42.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Ghana URL: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_42.pdf Shelf Number: 125773 Keywords: Police (Ghana) Police Reform Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Hunter, Janine Title: Police and Community Perceptions of the Operation and Impact of the Community Engagement Model in Fife Summary: In 2008 Fife Constabulary introduced the Community Engagement Model (CEM), a new community policing model based broadly on the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) and its core elements of community engagement meetings, decentralization of responsibility, and the adoption of a problem‐solving approach. A dedicated Community Policing Division and specific community policing teams were established across the force area, each area having one or two dedicated community officers who hold regular community engagement meetings at which local priorities are determined, and actions to resolve problems are reviewed. This report combines the findings of two phases of research into the CEM. Phase one, an examination of police officers’ perceptions of the operation and impact of the community engagement model, was carried out between January and April 2011. Based on interviews with officers in two adjacent but contrasting case study areas (North East Fife and Levenmouth), this qualitative study provides an insight into officers’ perceptions of where and why the CEM is working well and identifies areas where they have concerns. Phase two, carried out between June and December 2011, sought to examine community perceptions of the operation and impact of their Community Engagement Model, again using Levenmouth and North East Fife as case study areas. The part of the report is based on largely qualitative data drawn from observations at 18 CEM meetings, semi‐structured interviews with 11 community participants, a self‐completion questionnaire for CEM meeting attendees (completed by 130 attendees) and analysis of attendance sheets for seven meetings in eight locations (56 meetings in total) and other Fife Constabulary data. Details: Dundee, Scotland: Scottish Institute for Policing, 2012. 70p. Research, 2012. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2012 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/FifeCEM.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/FifeCEM.pdf Shelf Number: 125870 Keywords: Community Policing Police-Community Relations Policing (Scotland) Problem-Solving Approach

Author: Madison, Laura Title: A Survey of Official and Unofficial Law Enforcement Twitter Accounts in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States Summary: To use Twitter to its fullest potential for public communications, emergency management, and other functions, law enforcement agencies must first understand the medium -- not only how citizens use it, but also how their peers use it both officially and unofficially. This study, a survey of 1,089 police and police-related Twitter accounts, used 25 different criteria to show how agencies and officers are using Twitter, where they can improve, and implications for their future use. Details: Canada: Canadian Association of Police on Social Media, 2010. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2012 at http://www.sfu.ca/iccrc/content/twitter.survey.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.sfu.ca/iccrc/content/twitter.survey.pdf Shelf Number: 126091 Keywords: Media and Communications Police Behavior Police-Community Relations Social Media, Twitter

Author: Boudreau, Julie-Anne Title: Constructing Youth Citizenship in Montreal and Mexico City: The Examples of Youth-Police Relations in Saint-Michel and Iztapalapa Summary: Montreal has witnessed cyclical concerns about youth violence and street gangs. The threat is often “politically” constructed. Currently, Mexico City is struggling with a pervasive sense of insecurity. While the threat in Canada was largely attributed to mafias and organized crime throughout the 1990s (Sheptycki 2003), fear has crystallised on the figure of the young gang member in Mexico and Canada in the past few years. As Ungar writes, [y]outh thus become objects of collective fear, seen not as individuals but for the anxieties they cause and the jarring cultural changes they are seen to embrace. The particular impulsiveness of youths, wrapped up in their hostility to tradition and authority, only serves to aggravate these tensions. (Ungar 2009: 208)1 As a result, youths become the target of police action in public spaces. New repression measures are implemented, such as zero-tolerance policies or anti-gang operations, combined with a strengthened set of preventive actions ranging from youth brigades, to participatory youth projects, to community policing. In Montreal, preventive programs are generously financed by the Quebec Government and the Government of Canada. The money is channelled in priority boroughs selected on the basis of their scoring on a set of risk factors (such as household socio-economic status, school dropout rates, number of single-parent households, proportion of immigrants, general state of the built environment, the presence of gang activities in the borough, etc.). In Mexico City, particularly under the mayorship of Lopez Obrador (2000-2005), police reforms focused on community-run policing programs. The City of Mexico now has several programs for “at-risk” youths, including community youth brigades. Notably, and as discussed in greater detail in the Mexico section, today the Policía Sectorial, which is centrally overseen by the City, manages an outreach program for youth in schools that attempts to connect youth and police in a non-threatening environment. In addition to the citywide effort, Iztapalapa, the only borough in Mexico City with Auxiliary police directly under its command, also has a small team of Auxiliary police officers that implement similar efforts within the delegación. These programs are the closest thing to gang prevention efforts conducted by police in this borough. Such area-based approaches to crime prevention are reflected in the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime (2002) and the earlier United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Urban Crime (1995), which call for a local approach to problem solving, taking into account the context of vulnerability to being victimized and/or to offending, as well as local resources. Situational approaches build on the “broken windows theory” (Wilson and Kelling 1982) among others, and community crime prevention, which includes consideration of such issues as social capital. The literature on street gangs by criminologists or psychologists (Goldstein 1991; Thornberry et al. 1993; Hawkins 1998) are also relevant. The concern is generally to find causal relationships between background factors (or risk factors) and illegal or violent acts, in order to point towards elements in which to intervene preventively. Over the course of the 1990s, this came to be known as the “new penology” (Feely and Simon 1992), which positions the criminal as a statistical probability to manage. Crime is not conceptualized as transgression; it is understood as the result of the accumulation of risk factors in a territory or an individual. Following this logic, the prevention system aims more to neutralize danger by regulating risks than by punishing or rehabilitating individuals. The stigmatizing effects of this (such as ghettoizing and/or racial profiling) have been largely documented by urban geographers and sociologists (Davis 1998; Symons 1999; Romero 2006; Wacquant 2006; Dikeç 2007). The work of Philoctète at the Maison d’Haïti in Saint-Michel in Montreal (confirmed by the data presented here) has documented how youths perceive the stigmatizing effects of prevention programs and research on their neighbourhood. Yet Saint-Michel has been very innovative in its approach to issues of street crime and insecurity in the borough, developing a comprehensive crime prevention approach which encompasses a range of socio-cultural, developmental and structural concerns. The neighbourhood police work on an area-based logic given the administrative structures in place, but recognize Saint-Michel as a community as well. The neighbourhood has seen many projects beyond gang prevention: support services of all types, work with migrant communities, cross-sector partnerships, community mobilization, etc. As Fady Dagher, former Police Commandant in Saint-Michel, said in a presentation at the 12th UN Congress in Salvador, they are trying to explicitly move from “zero tolerance” to “tolerance”. Much of this local approach is focused on the neighbourhood and the immediate community. Yet, a previous project has shown how moving around the city is important to youths and contributes greatly to their development (Cissé and Boudreau 2009; Guthrie 2009; Boudreau, Janni, and Chatel, 2011; see also Madzou and Bacqué 2008). This mobile and fluid aspect of youths’ everyday life is not always taken into account in prevention projects in Montreal and Mexico City. The developments in Saint-Michel are encouraging, but the youths to whom we spoke still feel at a distance from these programs and labelled as “vulnerable”. The previous research conducted by VESPA has highlighted depoliticization (making delinquency a technical, rather than a publicly debatable problem) as an important effect of these preventive approaches (Boudreau, Janni, and Chatel 2011). It became clear that one of the important effects of preventive measures framed by “at-risk” categorizations is to deny youths any sense of meaningful socio-political agency. As a street worker stated, “it is important to humanize the gang. In it, there are individuals with broken lives” (November 18, 2008, our translation). Viewing gangs as a technical problem of risk management depoliticizes the issue, while stripping youths of individual and group subjectivity. They are seen as vulnerable to gang recruitment rather than as individuals and groups able to act intentionally and autonomously. Parazelli’s (2004) work with street youths in Montreal demonstrates how they create their own autonomous space of action in reaction to the effects of this risk management logic of preventive action. Fortunately, some innovative projects on youth participation are seeking to counteract this (ICPC Youth Resource Guide 2010). With this project, we seek to contribute to this search for solutions. Details: Montreal: Institut national de la recherche scientifique Centre - Urbanisation Culture Société, 2012. 167p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 21, 2012 at: http://im.metropolis.net/research-policy/research_content/doc/Youth-police_relations_in_Montreal_and_Mexico_City-final_report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://im.metropolis.net/research-policy/research_content/doc/Youth-police_relations_in_Montreal_and_Mexico_City-final_report.pdf Shelf Number: 126389 Keywords: At-Risk Youth (Montreal, Canada, Mexico City) Gangs Juvenile Offenders Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Urban Crime Youth Gangs Youth Violence

Author: Tyler, Tom R. Title: Future Challenges in the Study of Legitimacy and Criminal Justice Summary: Studies conducted over the last several decades have established that legitimacy shapes law-related behavior. They also make it clear that we should broaden our framework for understanding both how to conceptualize and measure legitimacy and for exploring its antecedents and consequences. This chapter reviews recent efforts to address these questions. Details: New Haven, CT: Yale Law School, 2012. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Yale Law School, Public Law Working Paper No. 264: Accessed September 26, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2141322 Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2141322 Shelf Number: 126460 Keywords: Police Behavior Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Confidence Trust

Author: Northern Ireland. Criminal Justice Inspection Title: Policing with the Community: A Follow-up Review of Inspection Recommendations Summary: The Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland (CJI) report into PWC had been published in April 2009. It made three strategic recommendations specific to the PSNI and three other recommendations, as well as 12 suggestions for improvement directed specifically at the police. Whilst CJI had not inspected the Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB), the report made two further suggestions for improvement to be considered by the NIPB. The fieldwork for this follow-up review had been conducted over two years following the publication of the original report, and evidence had been collected during fieldwork from other inspection activity up to the end of March 2012. This had enabled the collection of evidence from multiple sources including community representatives, a wide spectrum of Police Officers and some short observation periods of Neighbourhood and Response Officers whilst on patrol. This summary sets out Inspectors’ findings with regard to the three strategic recommendations and three other recommendations made in the CJI report of April 2009. Of the three strategic recommendations made for the PSNI to progress, all had been assessed as partly achieved. There had been substantial progress with each of these recommendations. Two of the other recommendations had been assessed as having been achieved whilst the remaining recommendation were partly achieved. Further detail of the evidence gathered during inspection fieldwork underpinning these findings is set out in Chapter 2. Progress with the suggestions made for improvement is set out in detail in Chapter 3, and an appendix to this report contains the PSNI 2020 Strategy. Details: Belfast: Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland, 2012. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2012 at: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/50/50fd48fb-5a98-4d85-992f-b39680b6a99a.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/50/50fd48fb-5a98-4d85-992f-b39680b6a99a.pdf Shelf Number: 126653 Keywords: Community Policing (Northern Ireland Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Ray, Kathryn Title: Perceptions of the Policing and Crime Mapping 'Trailblazers' Summary: The aim of the research was to examine public perceptions of ‘Trailblazer’ initiatives across seven areas. These initiatives aim to increase transparency in policing and criminal justice, through enhancing or building on the national www.police.uk website. Qualitative research collected data from telephone interviews with policymakers and practitioners involved in the development and implementation of the initiatives, and from focus groups with members of the public. This enabled a detailed exploration of views, to provide feedback to the Home Office and local sites, and to inform future developments on transparency. The findings suggest a number of implications for future policy in this area. There is a need to think carefully about future enhancements to www.police.uk and related initiatives. The findings suggest that more information is not always desirable and can be counter-productive. Information needs to be high quality, relevant, usable and intelligible. The type of enhancements that should be made to www.police.uk depend upon the purposes for which the site is to be used: - to aid in crime prevention, enhancements could include more frequent updates and more details about individual crimes; for the public to use the site for holding the police to account, more aggregated data are required, namely trend data and comparisons of crime rates across areas. The findings suggest that information provision alone is unlikely to stimulate greater public engagement in police accountability, without wider activity to educate members of the public on how they might use the information to do this effectively. The initiatives need a 'hook' to keep people returning to them. Encouraging users to create an account and sign up for alerts, tailored to individual location and interest, would be useful for maintaining engagement. Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 67: Accessed October 11, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/police-research/horr67/horr67-report?view=Binary Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/police-research/horr67/horr67-report?view=Binary Shelf Number: 126683 Keywords: Information Sharing Information Systems Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: New Zealand Police, Evaluation Services Team Title: Evaluation of the Canterbury Community Policing Demonstration Project Summary: The Canterbury Community Policing Demonstration Project was developed in response to a clear identification of community needs and targeted at specific communities. The District identified that the major malls and the University were sites for a range of ‘signal crimes’ and complaints from residents and businesses. The Community Crime Reduction Officer (CCRO) positions were created to engage with the communities and to address their issues in a cooperative fashion. The project shows many qualities of a successful community policing programme. Initial indications show that the CCROs are having a positive impact on their intermediate goals – engaging with the community, solving community problems, and ensuring greater availability and visibility of police. Information on the longer term outcome of community reassurance is generally positive but evidence of crime reduction is limited. In particular the statistical information shows no clear evidence of reduced crime, although this may be due to greater reporting. The placement of CCROs in small identifiable patches has enabled them to build strong relationships with local stakeholders and maintain a high level of visibility and availability. Stakeholders spoke favourably about the personal qualities of the officers. There was a particular emphasis on the way that the CCROs could be relied upon to follow up on complaints, which stakeholders did not have confidence that other police would do. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 9, 2012 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Canterbury-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Canterbury-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 126903 Keywords: Community Policing (New Zealand) Police-Community Relations

Author: La Vigne, Nancy Title: Key Issues in the Police Use of Pedestrian Stops and Searches: Discussion Papers from an Urban Institute Roundtable Summary: This compilation of papers examines how and why police stop and search pedestrians, and what the impact of that practice is on communities and public safety. Each paper presents the topic from researcher to practitioner perspectives with a primary focus on the implications for law enforcement practice. The papers discuss issues such as citizens' perceptions of street stops and their implications for police legitimacy; the disproportionate impact of street stops in communities of color; and ways in which stops and searches could be conducted in a manner that preserves police-community relations. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2012. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 26, 2012 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412647-Key-Issues-in-the-Police-Use-of-Pedestrian-Stops-and-Searches.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412647-Key-Issues-in-the-Police-Use-of-Pedestrian-Stops-and-Searches.pdf Shelf Number: 126999 Keywords: Police Police Legitimacy Police Stops Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement Stop and Search

Author: Queensland. Crime and Misconduct Commission Title: Indigenous People in Policing Roles: A follow-up review to the Restoring Order report Summary: Police and Queensland’s Indigenous communities have had a complex and often difficult history. A long line of reviews and reports have attempted to influence the way that criminal justice and policing services are delivered to remote and other discrete Indigenous communities. The Crime and Misconduct Commission (CMC) became more involved following the death of Cameron Doomadgee (Mulrunji) in the police watch-house on Palm Island in November 2004 and the rioting against police that occurred in January 2007 in Aurukun. In February 2007, the Government of Queensland asked the CMC to examine issues relating to policing in Indigenous communities and in 2009 we published the results of our inquiry in Restoring order: crime prevention, policing and local justice in Queensland’s Indigenous communities. Restoring order provided a blueprint for improving the relationship between police and Queensland’s Indigenous communities. Fundamental to our approach was the recognition that government alone should not seek to solve problems in communities. Rather, government should see its role as providing support and funding to enable communities to develop appropriate responses to these problems. Indigenous people in policing roles — Police Liaison Officers, Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Police and Community Police Officers — can develop community capacity, ownership and involvement in dealing with local crime and disorder. In doing so, individuals in these roles can play an important part in improving police legitimacy and relations between police and the community. Despite their potential, Restoring order highlighted a number of significant challenges that undermined the effectiveness of the existing models. Consequently, we made a commitment to revisit Indigenous people in policing roles. This report focuses on how the Queensland Police Service utilises, manages and supports individuals in these roles. While our terms of reference did not allow us to review, more broadly, the delivery of policing services to remote and other discrete Indigenous communities, we acknowledge the significant and innovative steps that the Queensland Police Service has taken in this regard. Details: Brisbane: Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2012. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: www.cmc.qld.gov.au Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 127094 Keywords: Aboriginals Indigenous Peoples (Australia) Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Spalek, Basia Title: Preventing Religio-Political Extremism Amongst Muslim Youth: a study exploring police-community partnership Summary:  Counter-terrorism policing in the UK is undergoing a steep learning curve due to the introduction of overt community policing models. As a result, efforts need to be made to examine the extent to which policing efforts are community focussed and/or community-targeted.  Accountability towards communities is increasingly a feature or indeed a challenge for policing: community focused, problem-oriented policing requires police to be responsive to citizens‟ demands, and as such, counter-terrorism police officers working with and within communities must also be accountable to them.  Accountability is not only about being accessible and visible to communities, it is also about police officers being open about the fact they are counter-terrorism officers.  A key aspect of this accountability is information-sharing, and currently police officers are grappling with what information to release to communities regarding terrorism and counter-terrorism related issues, how to go about sharing this and to whom this should be made available. They are attempting to change the secretive culture of traditional counter-terrorism policing to see how this can be made more visible and open.  Overt counter-terrorism policing models can be used to gain valuable information from communities that may have, traditionally, been obtained through covert policing strategies. This highlights the real value of an open approach by police and highlights the importance of considering the balance and links between overt and covert approaches. Police-community partnership  Our study highlights the importance of relationship building between police officers and community members. It is important to stress that this study suggests that relationship-building in a counter-terrorism context presents particular challenges, and therefore requires added sensitivity.  Information-sharing is seen as a key way of building trust.  In areas deemed at „high risk‟ of violent extremism – by the authorities or communities - it is likely that both overt and covert policing is taking place. This creates a tension and challenge for community members who may be engaging with overt police officers whilst also believing that they are the subject of covert observation and other operations.  Given the sensitivities around counter-terrorism, it may be that police officers working overtly should be specially selected for their skills in engaging with communities. Additionally, police officers may need to consider that counter-terrorism is distinct from other areas of policing due to the historical legacy and wider socio-political context.  Community members can play a crucial role in helping to risk-assess those individuals who have come to the attention of the police or other agencies for a perceived vulnerability to violent extremism, for there may be aspects to individuals‟ lives that only community members can witness, understand and evaluate.  It is crucial that partnership is pursued as a goal in relation to intelligence/information sharing between communities and police and other agencies. There may be a danger that statutory agencies enter into relationships and agreements with community members that may prioritise the risk and other needs of those agencies rather than the risks and the needs of community members themselves.  The need to acknowledge and address the risks to communities as well as state agencies highlights the fundamental connection between state and community securities.  This study found multiple layers to risk. One key issue relates to the identification of risk: who decides whether a set of vulnerabilities constitutes risk of violent extremism and how this is managed. In a situation where risk is being assessed by different agencies, it is important to consider whose voice carries most weight and whether there is a danger that community voices are marginalised. Details: Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham, Religion & Society, 2011. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 3, 2012 at: http://www.religionandsociety.org.uk/uploads/docs/2011_04/1302685819_preventing-religio-political-extremism-spalek-april2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.religionandsociety.org.uk/uploads/docs/2011_04/1302685819_preventing-religio-political-extremism-spalek-april2011.pdf Shelf Number: 127111 Keywords: Counter-terrorism (U.K.) Extremist Groups Hate Crimes Muslims Police-Community Relations Problem-Oriented Policing Religious Extremism

Author: Cochran-Budhathoki, Karon Title: Calling for Security and Justice in Nepal: Citizens' Perspectives on the Rule of Law and the Role of the Nepal Police Summary: This report presents the findings of a mixed method survey of attitudes among the people of Nepal toward security and the rule of law. Eight thousand members of the general public and well over four thousand members of specific professions were asked about their perceptions and experiences regarding access to justice and security. One subject that received close attention was whether the institutional mechanisms of the Nepal Police (NP) limit or enhance the public’s sense of security. The survey was conducted by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) in collaboration with 20 local civil society partner organizations. Together, they mobilized 101 local surveyors in 21 districts across Nepal. In all, 12,607 respondents answered a detailed questionnaire. Of those, 4,597 respondents drawn from six targeted groups or professions (the NP, civil society, the Government of Nepal, political parties, the business and industrialist community, and the legal profession and judiciary) also responded to a separate questionnaire. Furthermore, 15 focus group discussions (FGDs) involving 364 participants were held, and interviews were conducted with 118 high-level government officials, political party leaders, and civil society leaders. Survey development began in 2009 and delivery occurred between August and October of 2009. FGDs and interviews followed from January to June, 2010 using a constant comparison method of data analysis, culminating in the publication of results in early 2011. This relatively lengthy timeframe was purposefully designed in order to maximize the opportunities for local and policy-level stakeholders to participate in the survey and to develop their working relationships. While some local security issues erupted and others diminished across the interaction period, the survey results accurately reflected public opinion on the attitudes among the people of Nepal toward security and the rule of law. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2011. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2012 at http://www.usip.org/files/resources/Security_and_Justice_in_Nepal.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/Security_and_Justice_in_Nepal.pdf Shelf Number: 127215 Keywords: Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Mazerolle, Lorraine Title: Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review Summary: Police require voluntary cooperation from the general public to be effective in controlling crime and maintaining order. Research shows that citizens are more likely to comply and cooperate with police and obey the law when they view the police as legitimate. The most common pathway that the police use to increase citizen perceptions of legitimacy is through the use of procedural justice. Procedural justice, as described in the literature, comprises four essential components. These components are citizen participation in the proceedings prior to an authority reaching a decision (or voice), perceived neutrality of the authority in making the decision, whether or not the authority showed dignity and respect toward citizens throughout the interaction, and whether or not the authority conveyed trustworthy motives. Police departments throughout the world are implicitly and explicitly weaving the dialogue of these four principles of procedural justice (treating people with dignity and respect, giving citizens “voice” during encounters, being neutral in decision making, and conveying trustworthy motives) into their operational policing programs and interventions. OBJECTIVES This review synthesizes published and unpublished empirical evidence on the impact of interventions led by the public police to enhance citizen perceptions of police legitimacy. Our objective is to provide a systematic review of the direct and indirect benefits of policing approaches that foster legitimacy in policing that either report an explicit statement that the intervention sought to increase legitimacy or report that there was an application of at least one of the principles of procedural justice: participation, neutrality, dignity/respect, and trustworthy motives. Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2013. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Reviews 2013:1; Accessed January 23, 2013 at: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library.php Shelf Number: 127363 Keywords: Police Behavior Police Discretion Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Haddad, Abigail Title: Increasing Organizational Diversity in 21st-Century Policing: Lessons from the U.S. Military Summary: Both the military and police departments are concerned about recruiting and promoting a racially/ethnically diverse workforce. This paper discusses three broad lessons from the Military Leadership Diversity Commission (MLDC) that can be used to inform police department hiring and personnel management: qualified minority candidates are available, career paths impact diversity, and departments should leverage organizational commitment to diversity. Additionally, specific suggestions are given as to how law enforcement agencies can incorporate each of these lessons. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2012. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Issues in Policing, Occasional Paper: Accessed January 29, 2013 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2012/RAND_OP385.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/occasional_papers/2012/RAND_OP385.pdf Shelf Number: 127435 Keywords: Minorities in Policing Police Hiring Practices Police Recruitment and Selection Police-Community Relations

Author: Snowball, Lucy Title: Public Confidence in the New South Wales Criminal Justice System: 2012 update Summary: Public confidence in the NSW criminal justice system has increased significantly over the last four years, according the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. This is one of the key findings to emerge from a survey of public confidence in the criminal justice system commissioned by the Bureau. The Bureau conducted a similar survey in 2008. Interviews were conducted with over 2,000 NSW residents aged 18 years and over. Survey sample quotas were set on the basis of age, sex and residential location to match, as closely as possible, the distribution of these characteristics in the NSW population. Respondents in both surveys were asked how confident they were that the criminal justice system: Is effective in bringing people who commit crimes to justice; Meets the needs of victims Respects the rights of people accused of committing a crime Treats people accused of crime fairly; Deals with cases promptly. With one exception , the percentage of respondents who said they were ‘very’ or ‘fairly’ confident that the NSW criminal justice system is achieving these objectives was significantly higher in 2012 than it had been in 2008. Public knowledge of the criminal justice system and confidence in sentencing also increased. To measure public knowledge about crime and justice respondents were asked: Whether property crime had increased, decreased or remained about the same over the last five years; What percentage of all crime recorded by police involves violence or the threat of violence? What percentage of persons charged with home burglary are convicted of the offence? What percentage of persons convicted of home burglary receive a prison sentence? The percentage of respondents who gave tolerably accurate answers to each of these questions was significantly higher in 2012 than it was in 2008. To measure public confidence in sentencing, the Bureau asked respondents whether the sentences handed down by courts are much too tough, a little too tough, about right, a little too lenient or much too lenient. In 2008, 25.5 per cent responded ‘about right’. The proportion giving this answer in 2012 rose to 31.4 per cent. There was a corresponding fall in the percentage of respondents who felt that sentences are ‘much too lenient’ (from 37.3% to 29.3%). Generally speaking, the public have higher levels of confidence in the capacity of police to bring offenders to justice, meet the needs of victims and deal with cases promptly. They have higher levels of confidence in the courts when it comes to respecting the rights of accused people and treating accused people fairly. Details: Brisbane: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2012. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, No. 165: Accessed February 8, 2013 at: Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 127549 Keywords: Criminal Justice System Police-Community Relations Public Attitudes (Australia) Public Confidence Public Opinion

Author: Weisburd, David Title: Legitimacy, Fear and Collective Efficacy in Crime Hot Spots: Assessing the Impacts of Broken Windows Policing Strategies on Citizen Attitudes Summary: The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of broken windows policing at crime hot spots on fear of crime, ratings of police legitimacy and reports of collective efficacy among residents of targeted hot spots. A block randomized experimental design was employed to deliver a police intervention targeting disorder to 55 treatment street segments with an equal number of segments serving as controls. The main outcomes were measured using a panel telephone survey of 371 persons living or working in these street segments. Our results showed that the broken windows police intervention delivered to the crime hot spots in this study had no significant impacts on fear of crime, police legitimacy, collective efficacy, or perceptions of crime or social disorder. Perceptions of physical disorder, on the other hand, appear to have been modestly increased in the target areas. The study also did not find statistically significant changes in crime or disorder in official police data, though statistical power for these tests was low as the study was designed around the individual-level tests of the variables discussed above. As a whole, our findings suggest that recent criticisms of hot spots policing approaches which focus on possible negative “backfire” effects for residents of the targeted areas may be overstated. The study shows that residents are not aware of, or much affected by, a three hour per week dosage of aggressive order maintenance policing on their blocks (in addition to routine police responses in these areas). However, this lack of change also challenges the broken windows thesis as we did not find evidence of the reductions in fear of crime, or the increases in informal social control, that would be expected by advocates of broken windows based policing approaches. Future research needs to replicate these findings focusing on varied target populations and types of crime hot spots, while also examining different styles of hot spots policing. Details: Unpublished report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2010. 209p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2013 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/239971.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/239971.pdf Shelf Number: 127585 Keywords: Broken Windows Policing (U.S.) Collective Efficacy Fear of Crime Hot Spots Policing Nuisance Crime and Disorder Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Haitana, Bronwyn Title: Review of the New Zealand Police Youth Education Service Programmes Summary: The New Zealand Police Strategic Plan 2011 – 2015 (Police Strategic Plan) determines the role of Youth Education Services (YES) as one of the many New Zealand Police (Police) services working within the Police's vision of Safer Communities Together. The mission articulated through the strategy is to direct Police to work in partnership with communities to prevent crime and road trauma, enhance public safety and maintain public order. The Prevention First National Operating Strategy 2011 ‐ 2015 (Prevention First Strategy) sits within the Police Strategic Plan. The strategy focuses on 'putting prevention at the front of policing'. The strategy indicates that Police will work with other agencies, service providers and the community, particularly Maori, Pacific and ethnic groups, to address the underlying causes of offending and victimisation. Youth is one of the five areas of focus within the Prevention First Strategy and YES plays a vital part in meeting those outcomes for the Police. YES has on average 120 Police Education Officers (PEOs) per annum working in partnership with school principals, teachers and the school communities in 25001 schools throughout New Zealand. The YES curriculum identifies two strategic themes.  Crime Prevention  School Road Safety Education (SRSE) Currently YES provides twenty‐one primary and nine secondary programmes free to schools. There are programmes for primary, intermediate and secondary schools. The programmes are all designed to help children and young people lead confident, safe lives and are focussed on various key competencies and learning areas within the New Zealand Curriculum. Schools are seen as ideal settings in which to promote mental, emotional and social wellbeing for young people. As a result, both in New Zealand and overseas, a smorgasbord of road safety, social responsibility, violence prevention and drug education programmes are offered in schools, many delivered by outside providers. Internationally and nationally, the popularity of these educational interventions is a result of a desire to satisfy a number of goals within government and non‐government agencies. They allow authorities to be seen to be addressing a matter of public concern: they are plausible, both to those who create them and those who receive them; and they are politically non‐controversial, requiring no regulation. However, the evidence indicates that they are in large part ineffective. 5 In New Zealand, as well as overseas, it has become essential for education prevention providers to consider whether their programmes align with the New Zealand Curriculum and to provide outcome evidence that their prevention programmes are invariably making a difference for youth. With the increasing awareness of ineffective intervention and the lack of outcome‐based programmes YES identified the need to partake in a review of its programmes to:  determine the education pedagogical2 principles within which effective YES programmes (within the YES key themes of Road Safety and Crime Prevention education) should be developed  identify strengths and opportunities for improvement of YES programmes  review and update systems and processes associated with the identification, development, implementation and evaluation of YES programmes  investigate the current profile of youth offending and victimisation and any correlation with YES programmes. This review concludes that YES has an important role in creating the understanding that Police is an integral part of New Zealand society. The YES service has provided a wide range of printed education resources and education services since 1980 and it has helped Police to provide a presence for children and young people and a reassurance that policing involves both a preventative (educative) as well as an enforcement approach to building a safer community. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2012. 126p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2013 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/youth-education-service-programmes-review-full.pdf Year: 2012 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/youth-education-service-programmes-review-full.pdf Shelf Number: 127590 Keywords: Crime Prevention Delinquency Prevention (New Zealand) Educational Programs Police-Community Relations Police-School Partnerships

Author: Great Britain. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Revisiting Police Relationships: Progress Report Summary: In 2011, we published Without Fear or Favour, which looked at instances of undue influence, inappropriate contractual arrangements and other abuses of power in police relationships with the media and other parties. While we found no evidence of endemic corruption in police relationships, we did not issue a clean bill of health. This revisit found that, while forces have made some progress, particularly around putting in place processes and policies to manage threats to integrity, more needs to be done. Details: London: HMIC, 2012. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 1, 2013 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/revisiting-police-relationships.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/revisiting-police-relationships.pdf Shelf Number: 127742 Keywords: Corruption Police Administration Police Behavior (U.K.) Police Misconduct Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Hoggett, J. , Redford, P. , Toher, D. and White, P. Title: Police identity in a time of rapid organizational, social and political change: A pilot report, Avon and Somerset constabulary Summary: This project was developed by a research team at the University of the West of England (UWE) under the direction of the Principal Investigator (PI) Dr. James Hoggett. Dr Hoggett initially approached the Constables Central Committee (CCC) of the Police Federation in November 2011 to discuss the possibility of developing a project to look at police officer perceptions about a range of changes occurring within the police service and how these changes may be impacting on police officers lives. The Constables Central Committee agreed to help facilitate the research project. In May 2012 the PI attended the annual Police Federation conference in Bournemouth to conduct focus groups with officers to enable the identification of the issues and changes that matter most to the police. These focus groups formed the basis for the development of a questionnaire survey which was constructed using the online survey software package Qualtrics in collaboration with Drs Redford, Toher and White of the University of the West of England, Bristol. A draft of the questionnaire was reviewed by members of the CCC who agreed to its format and content. With the assistance of the CCC, Avon and Somerset Constabulary volunteered to act as the pilot force for the research project. All officers from the rank of Police Constable to Chief Inspector were emailed the questionnaire survey via their work PNN email address (a total of 3017 officers). A total of 1400 officers completed at least 98 of the 108 survey questions (a response rate of 46%) and the statistical results in this report are based on the responses from these officers as of 16:00 on 01/11/2012. Three focus groups were also conducted with officers from the Avon and Somerset Constabulary. These focus groups addressed issues raised within the survey and also examined officer’s views about being a police officer in 2012/13 and the issues which impact upon them. These focus groups were conducted by the PI at police stations or Federation buildings within the Avon and Somerset force area. A number of key themes were identified from the questionnaire survey and focus group analysis which form the basis of this report. In summary, these themes are that the role of the police in 2012/13 is multifaceted and reducing the role to simply that of a crime fighter is overly simplistic and potentially problematic for the police and the public as it may affect the nature of interactions between them. The report also identifies the police in Avon and Somerset have a strong sense of organisational identity. In other words, being a police officer is a fundamental part of their self concept (who they are) and what affects one officer impacts on other officers. In relation to the current social, economic and political changes impacting upon the police service a number of themes were identified, ranging from issues about the government and the Winsor reviews in general to more specific issues of pensions, retirement and redundancy, fitness testing, direct entry and educational requirements, privatisation and police and crime commissioners. The report identifies that officers in Avon and Somerset have a negative view of recent and proposed changes to the police service and also have negative opinions about the Winsor reviews. Issues identified of most concern for officers were changes to pensions, retirement age and privatisation, while those of comparatively less concern were fitness testing, changes to the promotion system and changes to role and skill based pay. The report also illustrates that police officers are not against the idea of the need for change and reform in the police service in general. However, the report identifies that officers believe that any change processes should be made in collaboration with the police and be independent of politics. The report highlights that officers believe that issues of police morale, the sacrifices made to be officers and the goodwill of the police are vitally important to the police service. The report identifies that current police morale is low at both an individual and organisational level. In other words, officers believe that their own morale and that of their colleagues is low. The report also illustrates the sacrifices officers believe they make to be in the police service. For example, the negative impact that it has on their life when they are not at work and the impact that it has on the lives of their family and identifies that a majority of officers no longer believe that the sacrifices they make for the job are worth it. The report shows that officers believe that goodwill is essential to the success of the police because it forms the bedrock of policing and the police service could not function without it. It also identifies that officers believe that the changes occurring to the police service will erode this goodwill. Despite this concern the research identifies that goodwill is still present within Avon and Somerset constabulary and that it is linked to officers unifying sense of police identity. The final part of the report identifies that officers are concerned about the future of the police service, particularly in terms of the uncertainties they face and the lack of support they feel they are receiving at a local and national level from senior management. Moreover, the report identifies that officers suggest that this uncertainty is leading them to consider whether alternative forms of employment would be better for them and their families’. Details: Bristol, UK: University of the West of England, 2013. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 1, 2013 at: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/19068/1/Police%20Federation%20Pilot%20Report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/19068/1/Police%20Federation%20Pilot%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 127754 Keywords: Police Officers (U.K.) Police Policies and Practices Police-Community Relations

Author: Graham, John Title: Policing Young Adults: A Scoping Study Summary: This report presents the findings of a small scoping study on the policing of young adults. Its main aim is to highlight key issues and challenges and identify a future agenda for research, policy and practice. It draws on a small number of interviews with young adults, police officers and individual experts (e.g. policy makers, community safety experts and relevant literature). The study focuses on encounters between young adults and the police, particularly those involving stop and search and the night-time economy, and how well the police handle – and are trained to handle – such encounters. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2013. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 5, 2013 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/catalogerfiles/policing-young-adults/policing_young_adults.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/catalogerfiles/policing-young-adults/policing_young_adults.pdf Shelf Number: 127846 Keywords: Police Behavior Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interaction Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.) Young Adult Offenders

Author: Feilzer, Martina Title: The Impact of Value Based Decision Making on Policing in North Wales Summary: This report summarises research examining the impact of value based decision making on front line policing practice; as well as its impact on front line policing staff‟s perception of their work. The research also considered the impact of value based decision making on the local community‟s evaluation of policing and the perception of police legitimacy; and the likelihood of the adoption of value based decision making increasing public confidence in the police. Value based decision making was introduced and rolled out to the whole of the North Wales Police force area in 2010. North Wales Police invested heavily in training all police staff and in total 76 training sessions were delivered and approximately 1,200 staff trained. Value based decision making is a decision making process and, in an organisational setting, has come to mean that all decisions made should be based on the values of the organisation. The process is designed to help deal with legitimate value conflicts or ambiguous situations in front line policing, such as conflicts between crime control focussed decisions and avoiding criminalisation where it serves no public interest. The research was carried out between October 2010 and August 2011 and consisted of number of research methods, including secondary data analysis, repeat interviews, and observational work. We observed training sessions for North Wales police staff; carried out repeat interviews with ten members of North Wales Police, a total of 30 interviews; analysed victim satisfaction surveys and the British Crime Survey; analysed a total of 45 sample cases dealt with under VBDM; and reviewed press coverage of North Wales Police. The introduction of value based decision making in North Wales Police mirrored a wider national trend to move away from a detection driven target culture and to return a degree of discretion to front line policing. The rationale for this shift in emphasis was to ensure that the scarce resources of policing are used to their best effect. North Wales Police implemented value based decision making as a formal decision making process with the aim of ensuring that discretion in front line policing was not completely unfettered but that there was discretion „with rules‟. The introduction of value based decision making which allowed front line police officers to make decisions and not to always act formally upon offences „detected‟ was seen to signify a culture change by senior North Wales Police management. While police staff generally welcomed an officially condoned return of discretion to the front line, their assessment of whether or not it constituted a culture change was mixed and generally more cautious. Some staff felt that they had always been able to use discretion and therefore considered the introduction of VBDM simply as confirmation as what they had been doing all along; others considered it to be a significant shift from the detection culture but one that they did not trust entirely. Police staff‟s understanding of VBDM was generally poor and some of this was due to the vague nature of the concept as well as the implementation process including the structure and content of the training sessions. Assessing the impact of value based decision making on those subjected to policing, as victims, offenders, or the general public is difficult. North Wales Police has not advertised the use of VBDM widely as far as could be ascertained from our exploratory media analysis. Additionally, only few members of the public would be exposed to VBDM in practice, mainly victims and offenders involved in minor crimes. As a result, it is unlikely that the effects of VBDM will be measurable in general public opinion surveys. However, it may be worthwhile monitoring user satisfaction surveys to assess whether non-detection under VBDM has an effect on levels of satisfaction with services received and, in particular, whether the rate of respondents indicating that „nothing had been done‟ increases. The impact of the introduction of value based decision making can be seen in a slight fall of the overall detection rate but its impact on police staff‟s assessment of their working practices was limited. A significant impact on public ratings of public confidence in North Wales Police is unlikely but there may be some measurable impact on user satisfaction. This is yet to be seen. Details: Gwynedd, Wales: School of Social Sciences, Bangor University, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed Mardh 18, 2013 at: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/caecd/research/130122-impact-value-based-decision-making-policing-north-wales-en.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/caecd/research/130122-impact-value-based-decision-making-policing-north-wales-en.pdf Shelf Number: 128008 Keywords: Police Decision-Making Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (Wales, U.K.)

Author: Hillard Heintze Title: A Key Platform for Transformation: Advancing the Lemont Police Department's Effectiveness and Efficiency Through Community-Focused Policing Summary: Strategic Context: At the center of every world-class policing agency’s reputation and success – regardless of size – is a strong, commendable and often collaborative relationship with the community at many different levels. This is the threshold that the Lemont Police Department stands upon today – the strategic opportunity to improve the integrity, operations and reputation of the Department and help shape it, now and over time, into a national example of a true community-focused policing agency committed to public service and professional excellence. Assignment: In January 2011, the Lemont Police Department requested that Hillard Heintze assess the Department’s current operations and make recommendations on the best opportunities to improve its performance and delivery of service to the Lemont community in a highly cost-efficient manner. Hillard Heintze was asked to give special attention to strategies that would help the Department meet its mission in financially challenging times and engage cost-effective methods to maximize and improve the services provided to Lemont residents through community-focused policing. A Key Definition: What exactly is community-focused policing? Hillard Heintze uses this term to describe a compelling blend of (1) traditional policing, (2) problem-oriented policing and (3) community-oriented policing (or community policing). This is a crucial concept. We believe, in effect, that by embracing community-focused policing, the Lemont Police Department can launch a full-scale, sustainable, long-term transformation. Actions Taken: In short, the Hillard Heintze team conducted a strategic and comprehensive evaluation of the Department to identify high performing functions as well as areas that could be improved to transform the Lemont Police Department into a best-in-class model of a modern, suburban police department. This involved a six-step process outlined in the Introduction. Scope of Assessment: The study examined critical elements of Department management and operations, including strategy, accountability, communications, community-oriented policing and problem solving, patrol staffing and deployment, investigations, administration and the Lemont Emergency Management Agency (LEMA). Key Findings: As a result of this assessment, we have drawn six key findings. 1. Current Staffing Levels: The Lemont Police Department is staffed adequately to ensure a professional response to calls for service and major incidents while providing a safe and productive work environment for their officers. 2. Availability of Officers to Focus on the Community: The Village of Lemont’s low rate of calls for service allows sufficient discretionary time for officers to respond to citizen-generated calls for service and engage in a robust community-policing program. 3. Deficiencies in the Department’s Structure: The Department’s current structure is not well suited to a community-based approach to service delivery. With such low levels of crime in Lemont, the Department’s structure should be patrol focused with a stronger alignment of supervision, investigations and specialty positions to the visible uniform functions. 4. The Need to Shift the Community Focus from Project-Based to Strategy-Driven: While the Department has adopted a community-focused approach and has several successful programs such as neighborhood watch, the citizens’ police academy and school resource officers, its implementation relies heavily on only a few members of the Department. The Department needs to transform this approach from merely project-based to strategy-driven. 5. The Crucial Importance of Developing a Strategic Plan: The Department does not have a strategic plan or a clearly defined strategy for policing in place. It needs to establish a longterm strategic plan and a more data-driven approach to resource deployment that is developed with substantial community input. 6. Internal Communications and Personnel Development: The Department is lacking in a consistent message on strategy, communications, accountability and goal setting, much of which can be solved through the creation of a strategic plan and performance measurement program and improved communications. Recommendations: Key findings have emerged from this endeavor and our collective experience in leading, assessing and advising police agencies across the U.S. and in select international locations. The Hillard Heintze team has compiled a list of 24 actionable recommendations for the Lemont Police Department which are organized into six categories, including Patrol, Investigations, Administration, Strategic Planning, Communications and Organizational Structure. Final Considerations and Next Steps: We view the Lemont Police Department as confronting three critical challenges: the need to improve communications, involve the community and plan strategically. We suggest that the first step be to invite employees, members of the public and the business community to come together and begin a dialogue on these recommendations. This dialogue should determine the pathway that will determine how the Department is to evolve into a high performing agency. In order for this to unfold, the Police Chief, along with the Village Manager must lead, mentor and champion both the immediate and long-term value of a community-focused strategic planning initiative and lead the organization into a transformation that embraces a strategy-driven approach to decision making and thinking at every level. Details: Chicago: Hillard Heintze, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/Lemont.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/Lemont.pdf Shelf Number: 128268 Keywords: Community Policing (Lemont, Illinois, U.S.) Police Administration Police Reform Police-Community Relations Problem-Oriented Policing

Author: European Crime Prevention Network Title: Public Opinion and Policy on Crime Prevention in Europe Summary: The first report in the European Crime Prevention Monitor series gave an overview of general European developments in crime and crime statistics, based on international cross-country statistics, surveys and reports (EUCPN, 2012a). Four different data sources were highlighted, with focus on recorded crime rates, victimisation data, self-reported delinquency measures and qualitative data. In this second monitor report the focus is put on people’s perceptions and attitudes on the one hand, and on priorities in crime prevention policies across Europe on the other hand. What does the general public think about the police: their relationship with the communities, their effectiveness in preventing crime, their fairness with which they wield their authoritative power, their integrity,...? What do Europeans think of the effectiveness of policies on the different levels (national vs. European)? What do they believe to be the challenges to the security in the prevention and fight against crime? These are some questions approached in this report. The information and data used to answer these questions come from the Trust in the Police & Courts Module of the European Social Survey and from the Eurobarometer surveys conducted by the European Commission. Besides these existing survey data, the EUCPN Secretariat collected some additional data from the EUCPN members on the priorities in the crime prevention policies in their countries. More specifically, questions were asked about the country’s top three priorities in crime prevention policy/strategy and compared to the country’s three most prominent crime problems based on crime statistics. Also, it was examined whether or not the top three priorities in the country’s crime prevention policy were based on statistical or recorded data, or – if not – what other basis was used to pick these priorities. And finally, some questions were added about any remarkable or new developments in the Member States over the past five years. Details: Brussels: EUCPN, 2012. 35p. Source: Internet Resoruce: European Crime Prevention Monitor 2012/2: Accessed April 5, 2013 at: http://www.eucpn.org/research/reviews.asp Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://www.eucpn.org/research/reviews.asp Shelf Number: 128278 Keywords: Crime Prevention (Europe) Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Sim, Susan, ed. Title: Building Resilient Societies. Forging Global Partnerships Summary: The theme for the International Crime Prevention Conference 2011 - “Building Resilient Societies. Forging Global Partnerships” - succinctly captures the central tenets that underpin our policing strategy – community and global partnerships. Singapore is one of the safest cities in the world with a low crime rate of 653 per 100,000 of population in 2010. The Police Force was able to achieve this commendable result with a lean police to population ratio of 259 per 100,000 of population. This did not happen by chance. It is the result of the strong partnerships forged over the years with the local population and overseas counterparts. The close trust and understanding built up has translated into enhanced crime-fighting capabilities. Last year, 4 out of 10 crime cases in Singapore were solved with the assistance of members of the public. We must seek ways to consolidate and build upon these outcomes. The Singapore Police Force is currently developing its Next-Generation Frontline Policing Model. The new model will enhance the way in which the Police Force works in, with and through the community. These changes will allow the Police to better fight complex crimes, and raise its crime-fighting abilities to the next level. Policing strategies must evolve in tandem with changes in the community in order to remain relevant. Crime prevention is core to our policing strategy. Policing is not just about reacting to, and solving crime. We want to fight crime upstream - to prevent and deter crime before it occurs. The NCPC is a key in this strategy. Working through NCPC’s dedicated volunteers, the Police is better able to reach out to the community, and encourage every individual to do his or her part to reduce the possibility of crime occurring. Besides engaging the public, the Police also works with the business sector through the Safety and Security Watch Groups to formulate initiatives and strategies that can better help industries and the public prevent and fight crime. For example, information on crime trends and the description of suspects, if any, are shared within business groups to prevent others from falling prey. Such Police-community partnerships are crucial to the efficacy of our policing efforts. Forging Global Partnerships The Police also values the strong partnership and cooperation it has with the international community. With economies becoming more closely linked, crime has taken on a transnational character. Many activities such as human trafficking, drug trafficking, money laundering, cybercrime and terrorism-related activities are no longer confined within national boundaries. It is, therefore, important for countries to respond in unison, with purpose and conviction, to effectively curb the growth of transnational criminal groups. Exchanging intelligence, establishing a comprehensive legal system, forging bilateral agreements and forming networks to create effective solutions are indispensable to fighting crime today. Singapore is no stranger to international collaborations. We work closely with our foreign counterparts to deal swiftly and resolutely with threats. For example, Singapore is the lead shepherd for cybercrime amongst the ASEAN countries, and has been active in various programmes to develop cybercrime investigation capabilities in member countries. As criminals take advantage of new technology and the anonymity that the virtual world affords, it is crucial for Police to stay one step ahead by having real-time access to information beyond their borders. A key focus of the IGCI will be on cutting-edge research to identify crimes and criminals especially in cybercrime and digital security. This Complex will also enhance our ability to tap on international law enforcement networks, and enable us to share intelligence and professional knowledge with our foreign counterparts. Conclusion Crime prevention is an important strategy that can only be sustained if there is strong support from the community. In this regard, NCPC will continue to play a key role to enhance police-community partnership to combat crime. International collaboration is equally important to this effort, given the transnational nature of crime in the globalised economy. During ICPC 2011, a distinguished group of industry leaders and experienced law enforcement practitioners spoke on a wide range of topics, from trends in transnational crime, to the changing nature of community policing, and to the use of new media to fight crime. The conference served as a useful opportunity for the exchange of valuable insights and best practices in the fight against crime. Details: Ottawa: National Crime Prevention Council, 2012. 204p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2013 at: http://www.ncpc.gov.sg/pdf/ICPC_ebook_3_aug.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Singapore URL: http://www.ncpc.gov.sg/pdf/ICPC_ebook_3_aug.pdf Shelf Number: 128388 Keywords: Community Policing Crime Prevention (Singapore) Partnerships Police-Community Relations

Author: Bradford, Ben Title: Policing and Social Identity: Procedural Justice, Inclusion, and Cooperation between Police and Public Summary: Accounts of the social representation of policing and of the relationship between police and citizen converge on the idea that police behaviour carries important identity-relevant meaning. Opinions of and ideas about the police are implicated in the formation of social identities that relate to the social groups it represents – nation, state and community. Procedural justice theory suggests that judgements about the fairness of the police will be the most important factor in such processes. Fairness promotes a sense of inclusion and value within the group. Furthermore, positive social identities in relation to the police should on this account promote cooperation with it. This paper presents an empirical test of these ideas in the context of British policing. Data from a survey of young Londoners are used to show that perceptions of police fairness are indeed associated with social identity, and in turn social identity can be linked to cooperation. Yet these relationships were much stronger among those with multiple national identities. Police behaviour appeared more identity relevant for people who felt they were citizens of a non-UK country, while for those who identified only as British there was a weaker link between procedural fairness and social identity, and legitimacy judgements were the main ‘drivers’ of cooperation. Policy and theoretical implications are discussed. Details: Oxford, UK: University of Oxford, 2012. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 06/2012: Accessed May 15, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1994350 Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1994350 Shelf Number: 128729 Keywords: Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.) Procddural Jsutice

Author: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: Leadership and Standards in the Police Summary: There are two sides to public perceptions of the police and to the image the police portray to us. Every day, thousands of officers show absolute commitment to their work and go beyond the call of duty to safeguard the public, prevent crime and catch criminals. The speedy and heroic response of officers to the brutal murder of Drummer Lee Rigby on 22 May is a spotlight on the kind of everyday excellence we have come to expect from the police service, attested to by many of our witnesses. This kind of crisis response underlines the deep-rooted faith accorded to the service by the public. Trust in the excellence of British policing is projected on the international stage—the desire to work with British police shown by our colleagues in Romania, on our recent visit to Bucharest, is just one example. We have no doubt that the British police service will continue to shine as one of the most impressive police forces in the world, while maintaining its civilian character and the principle of policing by consent. Behind the reputation, however, there are problems. There is a flip-side to public perceptions of the police prompted by examples of misconduct and criminality within their ranks, including a number of investigations which have come about as a result of historical police failings, such as Operations Yewtree and Elveden, and there is an undercurrent of discontent within the service itself, as reform and spending cuts affect the sense of worth of ordinary officers. The Government has begun a process of fundamental reform of the landscape of institutions that structure British policing. New institutions like the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency (NCA) will be crucial in cutting crime at reduced cost. As Keith Bristow, chief executive of the NCA, told us this is a chance to join up law enforcement, tackle threats more effectively and cut crime. We set out a simplified version of the new division of labour in policing in Annex I. At the same time, however, morale among many police officers has sunk to its lowest ebb in recent memory. A concatenation of crises risks damaging the quality of lawenforcement: public faith in policing has been tested by episodes such as the findings of the Hillsborough Panel Report, the “plebgate” incident, and the first dismissal of a chief constable in 30 years. At the same time, spending cuts have prompted a review of police pay and pensions and a freeze on recruitment which is slowing down efforts to promote diversity and renewal. In addition there has been the use of A19 to require the resignation of service officers with 30 or more years service. When we held our International Conference on Leadership and Standards in the Police on 14 January 2013, over a hundred ordinary officers travelled to London and others wrote to us, many with a message of warning about the future of policing. As many reminded us, policing is a vocation that can sustain officers through all kinds of trials, but there is a limit to what can be asked and waning police morale could have a direct effect on operational effectiveness. The visceral response of many officers to Tom Winsor’s Independent Review of Police Officers’ and Staff Remuneration and Conditions and the London march of more than 30,000 officers on 10 May 2012 were clear demonstrations of discontent. Nor can problems of integrity and morale be addressed easily in a “top-down” fashion. Although the police is a hierarchical organisation, chief constables do not issue orders to be followed to the letter by other officers. The independence of the office of constable means that “policy, law and other forms of direction are refracted through an enduring occupational culture”. Police actions derive from a mix of the professional instincts of officers, the directions of their superiors within a force, the directions of bodies such as the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) and the culture of policing—“police commonsense”. This means that leadership is spread widely across the police service and its ranks and a high degree of independence and responsibility remains with officers at all levels. Team leaders—sergeants and inspectors—have a powerful influence over the effectiveness and integrity of large numbers of officers, but there is little leadership training at sergeant and inspector level. As Nigel Lloyd put it, “whilst people need a driving license to drive and regular training for taser, firearms and unarmed defensive tactics, you can be in charge of a shift of police officers without any formal training whatsoever”. The police officer is the bedrock of enforcement of English Law: a servant of the Crown, sworn into the Office of Constable. The office entails personal responsibility for the protection of life and property, the prevention and detection of crime, the maintenance of law and order and the detection and prosecution of offenders. While the Government has great vision for the new landscape of policing a number of pieces of the policing puzzle are still missing. It is not yet clear what is happening with the Police IT Procurement Company, what exactly the College of Policing is responsible for and where integrity registers, such as the Chief Constables’ register of interests, will be held. The landscape of policing is being redrawn with great potential to benefit the public. However, amidst this change, the Government risks leaving behind one critical element— police officers themselves. For policing to be effective, change must command the support of police officers and build the capabilities of all officers as independent professionals. It must win the backing of police staff (who are not warranted police constables), who are ever-more integral to policing operations. It must also command the support of the public, whose faith in the police is fundamental to their effectiveness. For these objectives to be fulfilled, the Government must match its reform of the institutional landscape of policing with a renewal of the police themselves: a new emphasis on professionalism, integrity and individual responsibility. The College of Policing will be at the heart of that change. There are three areas where the College will be key to developing an effective service: a) Renewing public confidence by setting out a new code of professional conduct, removing grey areas, with inescapable sanctions for misconduct. b) Rebuilding flagging police morale by elevating the craft of policing to a modern profession with an emphasis on the independence and responsibility of each officer. c) Refashioning the make-up of the police force so that it really represents the public, so that the contract of trust which underlies effective policing can be restored. The College of Policing must create a police service more confident in the professional judgement and discretion of individual officers. To do so, it must unify policing standards for the first time, setting out clear metrics of competency and clear principles of good conduct, at every level from constable to chief constable. New national benchmarks must be laid out for recruitment, so that the same level of performance applies across the land. Partnerships with universities must be regularised and rolled out, so their insights can be shared across the service. Grey areas of conduct must be eliminated and a list of those who are struck off must be established to restore faith in officer integrity. Not only will this help the public to have confidence in the police, it must also improve police professional independence. The lack of clarity in conduct cases has led to a quagmire of complaints, which we described in our Report on the IPCC, leaving officers bogged down in standards cases. Too often, officers go through the motions of policing, following standard procedures to cover their backs, where a commonsense approach would be better. With new clarity set out in a code of ethics, and new confidence and authority from professional training, we expect that the College will empower officers to get on with their jobs. Details: London: The Stationery Office Limited, 2013. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Third Report of Session 2013–14: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/home-affairs/HC%2067-I%20Leadership%20Report%20FINAL.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/home-affairs/HC%2067-I%20Leadership%20Report%20FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 129332 Keywords: Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police Reform Police Training Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: Baker, David Title: A Snapshot of the Policing Practitioner and Academic Nexus: The Search for Enhanced Public Safety and Security Summary: This article explores how policing practitioners and academics at the 2011 IPES meeting shared collaborative reflections and creative responses in order to improve public safety and security. Debate focused on how best to establish safer communities, but participants conceded that this will always remain a work-in-progress. This article argues that community trust and confidence in police and police having trust in communities are essential ingredients for nurturing police-community partnerships and public safety. A range of issues is discussed: evidence-based policing, research and practice interconnection, citizen surveys and observations, best practice in public order policing, global security, and crime prevention initiatives. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2013. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper no. 47: Accessed July 22, 2013 at: http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/IPES-DCAF-Working-Paper-Series Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/IPES-DCAF-Working-Paper-Series Shelf Number: 129482 Keywords: Collaboration Police Officers Police-Community Relations Public Safety and Security

Author: Munneke, Jop Title: The Eyes and Ears of the Police? Questioning the Role of Community Policing in Durban, South Africa Summary: Today, the number of actors that are involved in policing are increasing, and its field is not limited to the state police anymore. In this wider field of policing, the role of the community is increasingly recognised as important. The idea that the community should be more actively involved in policing has led to the concept of Community Policing, where the community as an actor in the security spectrum is officially recognised. Community Policing is surfacing and gaining in importance all over the world. But what is Community Policing? What is the ideal behind it, and how is it implemented in actual settings? Community Policing is both initiated by the police as a formal strategy to policing, as well as by the community as an informal strategy, which is often a response caused by discontent about the state-police’s performance in ensuring citizens’ personal security. In South Africa, both forms are seen. Formal Community Policing initiatives were initially introduced during South Africa’s transition to democracy in the early 1990s, when it was used as the police’s main strategy to ensure a smooth transition into a new political system, and to increase the legitimacy of the police among the public. Community Policing Fora (CPF) were the structures that were to ensure Community Policing’s proper implementation. Today, several years after the country’s transition, CPF lost their necessity in ensuring a proper transfer to democracy. Thus, their focus has changed towards crime-prevention, and the community, the police, and local governments are to establish a partnership and devise strategies together to ensure a reduction in crime and safer neighbourhoods. This thesis is based on an ethnographic study that I undertook within neighbourhoods of Durban and their CPF in early 2011. I undertook this research with the purpose of understanding how the CPF work and what their relationship is to the community’s perceptions of security. My findings show that different CPF face different successes and challenges, and that no general conclusion can be made as to how they work. However, factors that may be distinguished as potential challenges to the proper functioning of the fora include resource problems among the South African Police Service (SAPS), the deeply divided society of post-Apartheid South Africa, a lack of trust that the community has in the police and wrong interpretations about how a CPF should function. The effects of a poor relationship between the CPF and the community that is caused by these factors, show themselves in the CPF turning into a complaints forum, poor attendance from the community, increasingly negative perceptions of the SAPS and the surfacing of informal Community Policing initiatives in both the formal and informal settlements of Durban. However, positive results are also seen, and especially through an educational role where the CPF educate the public about actual crime rates and necessary precautions to take in order to decrease an individual’s chances of being a victim of crime, the CPF can and do contribute to higher perceptions of security among the community. Finally, I conclude that when determining the successes of CPF, they should be viewed in a broader perspective than the current one which only looks at their influence on crime-rates. CPF may fail to cause a substantial decrease in numbers, but they may have an effect on longer-term issues that South African society faces, like socio-economic inequality and a deeply divided society. Details: International Police Executive Symposium, 2013. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. 43: Accessed August 7, 2013 at: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_43.pdf Year: 2013 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.ipes.info/WPS/WPS_No_43.pdf Shelf Number: 129567 Keywords: Community Policing (Durban, South Africa) Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations

Author: Denney, Lisa Title: Securing Communities: The what and the how of community policing Summary: Community policing has gained popularity amongst donors, governments, police departments and communities as a mechanism for achieving a diverse range of goals – from crime reduction to improved state-society relations. Yet while community policing initiatives are widespread across the globe, there is little consensus on its definition, objectives or models. Given the ambiguity surrounding its precise meaning, this paper maps the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of community policing, setting out what it means and hopes to achieve, and how it manifests and is shaped by factors such as histories of state-society relations. Development actors have become particularly interested in community policing in recent times with the recognition that security and justice are fundamental to development processes, and that security must be tailored to the needs and interests of local communities. However, while community policing provides opportunities that can strengthen accountable safety, security and justice, it is not a panacea; those supporting or implementing such practices need to be aware of the associated risks. Furthermore, given the current donor interest in community policing, there is a need for greater analytical clarity about the features above. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2013. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Background Paper: Accessed August 8, 2013 at: http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8491.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8491.pdf Shelf Number: 129593 Keywords: Community Policing (International) Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: World Bank Title: Bringing the State Back Into the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro: Understanding Changes in Community Life after the UPP Pacification Process Summary: For many years, Rio de Janeiro has held the dubious distinction of being one of the world's most beautiful cities, and at the same time, one of the most dangerous. The city's expansive beaches and five-star hotels sit alongside informal settlements (favelas) spread over the hills where, until recently, murder rates were among the highest in the world. With the rise in the global drug trade in the 1980s, many of Rio's favelas were taken over by drug gangs, who controlled virtually all aspects of economic and social life. Over several decades, the state of Rio de Janeiro tried, and failed, to establish a permanent presence in the favelas - always rolling in with a muscular offensive and, just as abruptly, retreating again. This report is the story of Rio's attempt to break with history and establish a new kind of state presence in its favelas. In 2008, the state government of Rio de Janeiro launched the Police Pacification Units (Unidades de Policia Pacicadora, UPP), with the aim of regaining control of the territories from organized crime, disarming the drug traffic, and enabling the social, economic, and political integration of favelas into the city. This pacification was intended to shift control of the favelas from the drug gangs and militias to the Brazilian state - literally from one day to the next - and provide their residents with the same kind of citizenship rights enjoyed by the rest of the city. This report documents how life in the favelas is changing as a result of the UPP pacification effort, as seen through the eyes of favela residents themselves. Until now, studies of UPP have consisted largely of baseline surveys of quality of life at the entry of UPP or quantitative analyses about changes in crime and real estate prices, based on secondary data. This study aimed to fill gaps in understanding by documenting how the residents have experienced the arrival of UPP, and what they see the "UPP effect" has been. The findings are meant to inform the implementation of UPP as it is rolled out to additional favelas over the next couple of years. The report explores perceptions of change in three main areas: (i) social interactions and community life within the favela, (ii) the relationship of residents with police, and (iii) the integration of the favelas into the broader city in terms of public services, economic opportunities, and removal of stigma. This study used a qualitative, case-study approach and consisted of observations, focus groups, and key informant interviews in four favelas. The fieldwork was conducted between February and October 2011. Among the four favelas selected as case studies, three have received the UPP program at different times: Babilonia/Chapeu Mangueira, 2008; Pavao-Pavaozinho/Cantagalo, 2009; and Borel/ Casa Branca, 2010. The fourth, Manguinhos, had not received an UPP by the time that the fieldwork was carried out and this report was concluded, and back then remained largely under the control of drug gangs, and was therefore included as a control case. Hence, the report will still refer to Manguinhos as the case with no UPP. The case studies were selected to maximize variation in terms of (i) time of entry of UPP (to capture potential changes made in UPP strategy), (ii) geographical and socioeconomic context in which favelas were located (affluent South, middle class and poor North zones), and (iii) prior and current histories with public works projects. Details: Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2012. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2013 at: Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/15/000333037_20130315115010/Rendered/PDF/760110ESW0P12300Rio0de0Janeiro02013.pdf Shelf Number: 131400 Keywords: Favelas Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Slums (Rio de Janeiro) Youth Gangs

Author: Fagan, Jeffrey Title: Policing, Crime and Legitimacy in New York and Los Angeles: The Social and Political Contexts of Two Historic Crime Declines Summary: The relationship between citizens and police occupies a central place both in urban politics and in the political economy of cities. In this respect, for nearly 50 years, New York and Los Angeles have been bellwethers for many of the nation's larger cities. In each city, as in cities across the world, citizens look to police to protect them from crime, maintain social order, respond to a variety of extra-legal community concerns, and reinforce the moral order of the law by apprehending offenders and helping bring them to justice (Reiss, 1971; Black, 1980; Skogan and Frydl, 2004). Beyond enforcing social and political order, the police are the front line representatives of a variety of social service needs in communities (Walker, 1992). Accordingly, policing is an amenity of urban places that shapes how citizens regard their neighborhood and their city, and in turn, the extent to which citizens see their local institutions as responsive and reliable (Skogan, 2006). Effective and sustainable governance, especially when it comes to public safety, depends on the capacity of the institutions of criminal justice to provide "value" that leverages legitimacy and cooperation among its citizens (Moore et al., 2002; Skogan and Frydl, 2004; Tyler and Fagan, 2008; Tyler, 2010). Details: New York: Columbia law School, 2012. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 12-315 : Accessed November 11, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2133487 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2133487 Shelf Number: 131627 Keywords: Crime Rates Police Legitimacy (U.S.) Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Chambers, Max Title: The Pioneers: Police and Crime Commissioners, one year on. A collection of essays Summary: One year ago, the first Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) were elected across England and Wales. Charged with setting strategic policing priorities, holding Chief Constables and forces to account and improving public confidence in law enforcement, the 41 new PCCs form an integral part of the Government's wideranging police reform agenda. Policy Exchange has consistently argued that single, democratically-elected figures have the potential for renewing the police governance model and revitalising the relationship between the public and the police. As these important reforms continue to bed in and the pioneers get to grips with their new roles, we asked a cross-party group of PCCs to share their perspectives on their first year in office, highlight the key initiatives they are leading, outline the challenges and opportunities facing policing, and describe how their new leadership can help the service to succeed. Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2013. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2013 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/the%20pioneers.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/the%20pioneers.pdf Shelf Number: 131632 Keywords: Criminal Justice Reform Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: Great Britain. National Audit Office Title: Police Accountability: Landscape Review Summary: This report from the National Audit Office has identified a number of gaps in the Home Office's policing oversight framework, which could limit the public's ability to hold elected police and crime commissioners to account. However, even though it has been in place for only a year, the new framework has the potential to be an improvement on the system it has replaced. The Home Office introduced police and crime commissioners in November 2012 as a major reform to how police forces are governed. The Home Office set out an accountability framework for policing with the aim of balancing an increase in local autonomy with the Home Office's own need to obtain assurance that police forces are securing value for money from the funding it gives them. The NAO finds that gaps in this framework - such as the limited effectiveness of police and crime panels, and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary's lack of authority to carry out routine inspections of commissioners or their offices - could limit the degree of assurance the Home Office can take from the new accountability structure. Because police and crime panels, who scrutinize commissioners, lack powers to act on the information they receive, there are few checks and balances on commissioners between elections. The NAO report finds that the introduction of both commissioners, who hold chief constables to account, and police and crime panels, who do the same for commissioners, has increased the potential for local tensions. Nationally, six commissioners share a chief financial officer with their force, raising a potential conflict of interest. Shared chief financial officers might struggle to provide unfettered advice to both the chief constable and commissioner when they disagree. Those in the sector to whom the NAO spoke to believe that elected commissioners are potentially better able to hold police forces to account and drive value for money than the unelected police authorities they replaced. According to elected commissioners, so far there has been a significant increase in engagement with the public compared to the previous situation under police authorities. The NAO also reports that commissioners are not publishing all the data that the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 requires, limiting the public's ability to hold commissioners to account. Furthermore, being able to take performance data at only face value limits the public's ability to hold commissioners to account. The Home Office and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary are now working together to agree how to provide better information to the public. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: HC 963, Session 2013-14: Accessed January 24, 2014 at: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Police-accountability-Landscape-review.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Police-accountability-Landscape-review.pdf Shelf Number: 131796 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Performance Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Wheller, Levin Title: The Greater Manchester Police Procedural Justice Training Experiment: Technical Report Summary: This technical report outlines the design, methods and results of a two-group randomized control trial undertaken in Greater Manchester Police (GMP) between September 2011 and June 2012. It follows the CONSORT 2010 structure for reporting trials. In parallel with this report the College of Policing is publishing a practitioner paper with a greater focus on the high level findings, key implications and practical considerations for policing that arise from this work. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) decided to introduce a new training programme on communication skills following concern among Chief Officers that the force was underperforming compared to its most similar group of forces with regards to levels of victim satisfaction. An opportunity was identified through ongoing collaboration with the Research Analysis and Information Unit (RAI) to evaluate the impact of any new training intervention in GMP. Through discussions with RAI, GMP became interested in piloting an innovative training programme focussed on enhancing practical communication skills of frontline uniformed officers. The College of Policing has worked in collaboration with GMP to design the evaluation methodology, and - drawing on findings from a recent review of training and behavior change - the scenario based learning element of the course. An external provider developed the classroom content of the training course in collaboration with GMP. The trial was also a good opportunity to add to the growing body of research on the procedural justice model, which looks at the reasons why people cooperate with the police and do not break the law. While the relationships in the procedural justice model have been examined in survey data gathered from a range of different contexts (e.g. Australia, Ghana, Jamaica), relatively little attention had previously been paid so far to how to improve public perceptions of police procedural fairness. Given this gap in the research evidence, and the potential benefits of the police adopting a more procedurally just approach, this trial offered a valuable opportunity to test the impact of a communication skills training on the way officers interact with members of the public and to establish if training could lead to improvements in public perceptions of procedural fairness. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore, UK: College of Policing, 2013. 74p.; Practitioner Paper Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2014 at: http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/Technical_Report_Final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/Technical_Report_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 131991 Keywords: Communication Skills Police Training Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Procedural Justice

Author: Kiedrowski, John Title: Trends in Indigenous Policing Models: An International Comparison Summary: The report reviews Indigenous policing models in Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. These countries were selected due to similarities in their colonial history, laws, political structures and the socio-economic outcomes of their respective Indigenous peoples. The purpose of the report is to facilitate opportunities for the exchange of information on Indigenous policing models, research and policy issues. The report, however, is not an exhaustive overview of all Indigenous policing initiatives, but an attempt to initiate information sharing, and enhance cross-national communication and discussion in this critically important area. In the countries reviewed, the Indigenous population is growing at a more rapid rate than the non-Indigenous people. At the same time, the Indigenous people have a much higher rate of offences, arrest and incarceration than non-Indigenous population. Furthermore, the Indigenous people are more socially and economically challenged in terms of unemployment, education and health care. This setting poses a challenge for delivering policing services. Among the countries reviewed, Canada is alone in having a comprehensive and national policing program (FNPP) for its Aboriginal peoples. In the United States many of the reservations have their own policing services which evolved from Congressional legislation. Recently, Congress passed the Tribal Law & Order Act of 2010 to help establish partnerships between the Tribes and Federal government to better address the public-safety challenges that confront the Tribal communities. In Australia, the Royal Commission Into Aboriginal Deaths and Custody was the impetus for determining how policing models will service the Indigenous communities. Recently, the policing models have also been associated with the development of community partnership agreements and performance measures to better determine the impact of policing services. In New Zealand, policing services models continue to follow the Maori Responsiveness Strategy, which is geared towards building partnership and relations with the Maori people. The report identifies a few promising policing practices that can have a positive impact on public safety for Indigenous people. These practices where incorporated into an integrated policing model which highlights the importance of such factors as police training, the development of community partnerships, understanding Indigenous tradition and culture, and the use of a holistic framework. Finally, the report concludes that there is a critical need for further empirical research and more information sharing, and cross-national exchanges. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 23, 2014 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/trnds-ndgns-plc-mdl/trnds-ndgns-plc-mdl-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/trnds-ndgns-plc-mdl/trnds-ndgns-plc-mdl-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 132144 Keywords: Aboriginals Indigenous Peoples Police Policies and Practices Police Training Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Greenhalgh, Stephen Title: The Police Mission in the Twenty-first Century: Rebalancing the Role of the First Public Services Summary: In common with other public services, the policing landscape in Britain has undergone unprecedented structural reform in the last few years. The police reform agenda of the Coalition Government since 2010 has instituted major changes to police governance, training, pay, conditions and pensions, which the Home Secretary is right to describe as the most significant for over 50 years. The reforms have all been controversial but they were necessary to ensure British policing could become more professional, accountable, and locally-driven. Whole new institutions - like the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency - have been created, whilst others have been reshaped or abolished. The most important reform - the introduction of elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) - was also the most contested, largely because both opponents and advocates could foresee how important it would be. Despite a rocky start, PCCs are now well established and forging important new relationships that will improve public safety. To this end it is hoped that PCCs will catalyse much wider changes to policing and other public services, with the opportunities for systemic improvements that strengthen collaboration and enhance customer service only just beginning. Policing is one public service reform programme that has been successfully landed, despite sustained opposition, when others have been scaled back or abandoned completely. But the new settlement we have now is the product of just the first phase of police reform that required new legislation, guidance and lengthy independent reviews. This first phase was all about form, not function. It created new structures; it did not change the culture. It reassigned some personnel; it did not redefine the mission. There was some rhetoric about the police role, but little new policy that actually rebalanced that role. The components of the new policing settlement are easy to identify, with PCCs the most visible part. What has been harder to gauge is what all the reforms mean for the job of policing itself, the mission that drives police officers, and the work that they do each day to deliver the first public service. Now we are entering a second phase of police reform which must be about function, not form. About what the public can realistically expect from the police, what the policing function is beyond fighting crime, and how the police can be equipped to deliver their core mission in an era of complex threats, high public demand, and shrinking budgets. The hardest question facing the police in the next decade is not whether the new settlement is the right form. That debate has ended, and none of the biggest challenges facing policing are addressed by the stale proposal of police force mergers. But rather, given the new settlement, how should the policing function adapt to the pressures of the modern world? A function - or mission - that is getting pulled and probed and tested every day by budget reductions, high public expectations, and new patterns of crime. The report's key recommendations are: - Greater clarity of the police mission which draws some boundaries and gives officers a clearer sense of their role and where they really add value. - A rebalancing of the time and effort of the police back towards crime prevention in line with public expectations, and aided by technology. - An active pursuit by the police of collaboration, to aid them in managing demand better and reducing it in the long-term. Details: London: Reform, 2014. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 7, 2014 at: http://reform.co.uk/resources/0000/1267/21st_Century_Policing_FINAL.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://reform.co.uk/resources/0000/1267/21st_Century_Policing_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 132267 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (U.K.)

Author: Northern Ireland. Criminal Justice Inspection Title: The Relationship Between the Police Service of Northern Ireland and the Office of the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland Summary: This inspection examines the overall relationship between the Office of the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland (OPONI) and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) and in particular, how requests for police intelligence surrounding historical cases are handled by the PSNI and recommendations from the OPONI, are considered and implemented by the PSNI. Concerns have been expressed from nongovernmental organisations, the Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB) and some families of victims of the Troubles that the PSNI were being unhelpful in supporting the OPONI investigations of historical cases. Questions were raised about whether the OPONI was able to access all sensitive intelligence material held by the police in respect of historical cases and about how the police were responding to recommendations and findings of the OPONI investigations into historical cases. Founding legislation never envisaged the OPONI conducting retrospective Troubles related investigations. However, in the absence of an agreed mechanism for dealing with the past, the Office must now fulfil these statutory obligations. The use of informants and actions or inactions of the police during the Troubles has little or no relevance for many of the operational officers of the PSNI, the majority of whom were recruited after the Belfast Agreement. However, the issue continues to divide public and political opinion and fuels the call for an agreed mechanism for dealing with the past. It is in the interest of both the OPONI and the police that a mutually respectful working relationship is developed. The police need to be confident that complaints made against officers will be investigated thoroughly and fairly, and the Police Ombudsman's investigators need to be confident that the police are co-operating fully with their investigations. Details: Belfast: Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland, 2013. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 16, 2014 at: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/b9/b97d8f4a-295f-42d5-8e63-ecc2199307c8.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/b9/b97d8f4a-295f-42d5-8e63-ecc2199307c8.pdf Shelf Number: 132471 Keywords: Ombudsman Police Intelligence Police Investigations Police Legitimacy (Northern Ireland) Police-Community Relations

Author: Green, Alice P. Title: Pathway to Change: African Americans and Community Policing in Albany Summary: Steven Krokoff has been the Chief of Police in Albany, New York for three years. His selection was the first police chief appointment in history to require the approval of the city's governing body, the Albany Common Council. Krokoff's predecessor, James Tuffey, had retired abruptly after allegations that he had uttered a racial epithet; Tuffey's departure capped decades of racial tensions between the police department and the community it serves. An extensive search process that relied heavily on community input culminated in the recommendation that Krokoff, the acting chief of the department who had proclaimed his complete commitment to community policing during the selection process, be appointed to the position. This report examines the extent to which the community's expectations have been met thus far. This document follows three reports published by the Center for Law and Justice (CFLJ) in 2012, documenting the disparate effects of the criminal justice system on people of color in the Capital Region. Two of those reports describe the manner in which local minorities are arrested, detained, convicted and incarcerated in proportions far greater than their representation in the general population. The third report depicts the impact of the "war on drugs" in Albany, resulting in the sentencing of scores of Albany's young African-American men to more than 600 years in prison for non-violent offenses. This report examines the current relationship between the police department and African Americans in Albany. Though racial tensions between the police department and African Americans date back to World War II, most observers point to the 1984 police killing of Jesse Davis in his Arbor Hill home as the catalyst for calls for change in the department. Davis, an unarmed, mentally ill black man was shot several times by police, including once in the back and once in the top of the head. The police officers claimed they had to shoot Davis because he came at them with a knife in one hand and a fork in the other. Though a grand jury cleared the police of any wrongdoing, a police department photograph uncovered years later showed Davis' lifeless body clutching only a key case in one hand and a toy truck in the other. Despite the public outrage that followed this disclosure, racial incidents involving the police and citizens persisted throughout the 1990's and into the twenty-first century. Given their first opportunity to provide input into the selection of a police chief in 2010, community members demanded a chief dedicated to "true" community policing; the department had made a few false starts down the community policing road in previous years. This report examines the performance of the Albany Police Department under the leadership of Steven Krokoff in six key areas: community policing; transparency; public protection and law enforcement; cultural competency; leadership and communication; and political independence. CFLJ concludes that although much progress has been made and there is now a palpable path to a mutually-respectful police/community partnership in Albany, there remains much work ahead before community policing is an everyday reality for African Americans in the city. Recommendations are made for action by the police department, by the Albany Common Council, and by members of the community. Details: Albany, NY: Center for Law & Justice, 2013. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2014 at: http://www.cflj.org/cflj/PathwaytoChange.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.cflj.org/cflj/PathwaytoChange.pdf Shelf Number: 132669 Keywords: African-Americans Community Policing Minority Groups Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Racial Disparities

Author: Green, Alice P. Title: The Disproportionate Impact of the Criminal Justice System on People of Color in the Capital Region Summary: This report, the first in a series of three by the Center for Law and Justice examining the impact of federal, state and local criminal justice system practices on minorities in the Capital Region, details the overrepresentation of minorities among Capital Region arrests, convictions, and sentences to state prison. It further chronicles the devastating impact the criminal justice system has on minority individuals and communities, and makes recommendations for change. Section I of the report presents statistical data culled from state and local criminal justice agencies and the United States Census Bureau to demonstrate the disproportionate representation of minorities among arrests, convictions, and sentences to state prison in Albany, Rensselaer, and Schenectady counties. The percentage of Capital Region arrests and convictions that are minorities is twice their representation in the general population, and the percentage of minorities among prison sentences is as high as almost four times greater than their representation in the general population. Contrary to the sometimes asserted contention that this is due to a higher rate of commission of crimes by minorities, the literature indicates that this disproportionality is more likely due to facially neutral policies that have racially disparate effects. Section II explains the concept of the "collateral consequences" of a criminal conviction: conditions that, beyond the actual incarcerative sentence, often attach automatically upon conviction. Conviction and/or incarceration can impose highly restrictive educational, employment, housing, and civic conditions on an individual, including losing the right to vote. In addition to the destructive consequences of a criminal conviction to individuals, mass incarceration of people of color wreaks havoc in the neighborhoods in which they reside, resulting in severely impoverished communities. Section III describes the historic impact of the federal "War on Drugs" and New York's Rockefeller Drug Laws on the mass incarceration of Capital Region people of color. In 2002, Albany County had one of the highest drug crime prison admission rates in the entire country, and one of the most racially disproportionate rates. More recent data from 2011 indicate that Albany County maintains its dubious distinction of having comparatively higher (and more racially disparate) prison admission rates than other jurisdictions in the state. Section IV examines the relationships between the police department and the community in the cities of Albany, Troy and Schenectady. All three departments have expressed a commitment to "community policing," and the extent to which each department has operationalized this commitment is assessed. Section V considers the Capital Region statistics in the context of "The New Jim Crow" movement, which asserts that mass incarceration serves to maintain a racial caste system that denies education, employment, housing, and voting rights to those who carry the label "felon," in much the same way that the post-Civil War Jim Crow laws denied rights to blacks. Lastly, Section VI provides recommendations for change. Details: Albany, NY: Center for Law and Justice, 2012. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2014 at: http://www.cflj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/The-Disproportionate-Impact-of-the-Criminal-Justice-System-on-People-of-Color-in-the-Capital-Region.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.cflj.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/The-Disproportionate-Impact-of-the-Criminal-Justice-System-on-People-of-Color-in-the-Capital-Region.pdf Shelf Number: 132670 Keywords: African Americans Minority Groups Police-Community Relations Racial Disparities War on Drugs

Author: Barrick, Kelle Title: Assessing Crime, Resident Trust, and Police Effectiveness in Tegucigalpa, Honduras Summary: According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Central American countries are faced with some of the highest homicide rates in the world (UNODC, 2007). With more than 87 homicides per 100,000 residents, Honduras is one of the region's most violent countries (Arce, 2012). Honduras's proximity to Mexico makes it highly susceptible to the influences of transnational drug trafficking organizations. Recent enforcement efforts in Mexico have disrupted and displaced drug trafficking patterns and Honduras is increasingly being utilized as a transshipment point for Andean cocaine. According to recent estimates, 42% of all cocaine entering the United States first passes through Central America (INL, 2012). Youth street gangs and concentrated levels of poverty are also assumed to be at the center of the country's ongoing struggle with crime (UNODC, 2007; Seelke, 2011). Moreover, there is evidence that the problems associated with violent crime are increasing in Honduras. Whereas violent crime has decreased in Colombia, a country notorious for its violence, in recent years Honduras has experienced a significant increase in homicides and now has the highest per capita homicide rate in the world (U.S. Department of State, 2012). To assist Honduras in addressing these public safety and security issues, the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), has provided funding to establish a Model Precinct in Tegucigalpa's San Miguel Police District. A review of documents provided by INL indicates that as part of the Model Precinct initiative, INL is working with the Polic�a Nacional de Honduras (PNH) to create a higher level of integrity in the national police force by vetting police officers using background checks and polygraph testing. Police officers will also be trained in management practices, community policing, public relations, report taking, and tactical operations. In addition, police departments will be provided with a variety of equipment, including vehicles, office equipment, tactical and technological equipment, database systems, and street surveillance cameras. INL initiatives are also attempting to prevent and reduce participation in local gangs by providing school-aged children and youth with training in the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) and Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) programs. Collectively, these Model Precinct activities are intended to result in a number of benefits for the San Miguel target area in Tegucigalpa. These include reductions in crime and gang activity, enhanced crime fighting and crime prevention capabilities for the police, and improved community perceptions and trust of the police. Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2013. 168p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2014 at: http://rti.org/pubs/hte024_baseline_english_final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Honduras URL: http://rti.org/pubs/hte024_baseline_english_final.pdf Shelf Number: 132905 Keywords: Crime (Honduras) Drug Trafficking Homicides Police Effectiveness Police-Community Relations Policing Street Gangs Violent Crime

Author: Denney, Lisa Title: Securing communities for development: Community policing in Ethiopia's Amhara National Regional State Summary: - There is growing interest in community policing internationally as a way of involving communities in their security provision. - Ethiopia's Amhara National Regional State offers a unique perspective on this, and its 'top-down' community policing model emerges from a particular political context shaped by its political structures and ideology, state-society relations and the existence of long-standing customary security and justice practices. - In practice, community policing in Ethiopia serves multiple purposes - from sharing the state's burden of policing with customary actors, to reducing crime, involving communities in security provision and contributing to national development. - Both positive and negative effects of this community policing model are apparent, with some improvements in perceptions of crime levels and police-community relations but concerns around the quality of justice on offer as well as contribution to an effective state surveillance system. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2013. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8656.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Ethiopia URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8656.pdf Shelf Number: 133619 Keywords: Community Policing (Ethiopia) Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Wassel, Todd Title: Institutionalising community policing in Timor-Leste: police development in Asia's youngest country Summary: As part of ODI's Securing Communities project, which aims to understand different models of community policing around the world, this case study examines the development of community policing policy and practice in Timor-Leste. As with the Securing Communities project more broadly, the focus is on the diversity of objectives, approaches and methods of community policing, the 'messy politics' of its development and what this means for those who aim to support this policing model. This case study examines some key features of community policing policy development and practice in Timor-Leste. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2014. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8841.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8841.pdf Shelf Number: 133620 Keywords: Community Policing (Timor-Leste) Police Reform Police-Citizen Interaction Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: La Vigne, Nancy Title: Stop and Frisk: Balancing Crime Control with Community Relations Summary: The police practices of questioning, frisking, and searching citizens are well established and guided by legal precedents on the necessary preconditions required to engage in each of these acts lawfully. While stopping and questioning pedestrians is a routine police activity, frisking citizens can only be done lawfully on the basis of reasonable suspicion that the individual is armed and poses an immediate danger to the officer or the public. Searching an individual requires an even higher standard of probable cause for engagement in illegal activities. Each of these acts alone and in combination is designed to enable officers to question prospective suspects and witnesses, deter potential offenders, and apprehend active perpetrators. In recent years, however, the use of these practices has taken on new meaning due to the application of "stop and frisk" in New York City and other urban jurisdictions, particularly in communities of color. These jurisdictions have encouraged officers to stop and question pedestrians in specific high-crime areas as well as to increase the frequency of frisking these pedestrians. This more intensive use of stop and frisk has prompted questions and extensive debate about its legality and its effects on individuals and minority communities. The limited research conducted thus far indicates that while these more concentrated stop and frisk interventions have the potential to reduce crime, they may also negatively impact police-community relations and harm the legitimacy and efficacy of policing efforts. Given these findings and the heated public debate surrounding stop and frisk, today's police executives must think critically about how the acts of stopping, questioning, frisking, and searching can best be used to achieve crime-control goals in a manner that minimizes their negative effects. In the fall of 2011, the Urban Institute convened a roundtable with a wide array of police executives, practitioners, and researchers to develop a better understanding of both the challenges and opportunities surrounding the intensive use of stop and frisk (see appendix A for a list of participants). Prior to the roundtable, the attendees wrote a series of papers examining the use of this policing tactic, and at the roundtable they engaged in a wide-ranging discussion of the implications of intensive stop and frisk for public safety and police-community relations. This guide draws upon the knowledge gained during the roundtable and research in the field to describe both the legality and impacts of agency-led intensive stop and frisk strategies and to explore the ways in which individual officers, with guidance from their leadership, can employ their stop, frisk, and search activities in a manner that is lawful, responsible, and effective. To be clear, this publication is not an instructional manual on how to engage in stop and frisk, and it does not provide legal guidance on the topic; rather, its purpose is to help law enforcement officials think carefully about the ways in which these practices should be employed in the interests of promoting public safety while developing and reinforcing strong, mutually beneficial ties between police and the community. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice, 2014. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 23, 2014 at: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413258-Stop-and-Frisk.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/413258-Stop-and-Frisk.pdf Shelf Number: 133805 Keywords: Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Stop and Frisk (U.S.) Stop and Search

Author: Open Society Foundations Title: To Protect and Serve: How Police, Sex Workers, and People Who Use Drugs Are Joining Forces to Improve Health and Human Rights Summary: Around the world, sex workers and people who use drugs report that police are often a major impediment to accessing health and social services. Common police practices- - using condoms as evidence of prostitution, harassing drug users at needle exchange points, or confiscating medications for drug treatment- fuel the HIV epidemic by driving sex workers and drug users away from life-saving services. Emerging partnerships between police, health experts, and community groups are beginning to prove that law enforcement and HIV-prevention programs can work together to save lives while reducing crime. When successfully implemented, these programs reduce the risk of HIV and drug overdose, and protect the health and human rights of these communities. Through detailed case studies from Burma, Ghana, India, Kenya, and Kyrgyzstan, this report examines how public health-centered law enforcement can reduce the risk of HIV infections among sex workers and drug users. The lessons of more than two decades of the response to HIV are clear: Police reform and community-police cooperation are as crucial to HIV prevention among criminalized groups as a condom or a clean needle, and should be supported as a central part of HIV and AIDS programming Details: New York: Open Society Foundations, 2014. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 25, 2014 at: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/protect-serve-20140716.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Africa URL: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/protect-serve-20140716.pdf Shelf Number: 134232 Keywords: Drug Abuse and Addiction Drug Abuse Treatment Health Care Police-Community Relations Prostitutes Prostitution Sex Workers (Africa)

Author: Tanovich, David M. Title: Breaking Down the Barriers: Enhancing the capacity of the WPS to recruit a diverse police service Summary: This report and its recommendations are grounded in five pillars in an attempt to break down the barriers to establishing a representative Windsor Police Service: 1. Building trust and confidence 2. Finding out where you stand through a workplace census and equity audit 3. Creating a sophisticated, well-publicized and sustained recruitment drive that partners with under-represented communities 4. Developing benchmarks to assess the success of any recruitment strategy Details: Windsor, ONT: University OF Windsor, 2010. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2015 at: http://web4.uwindsor.ca/units/law/LEAP.nsf/0/24de2f735ac09c7a852575950071442a/$FILE/LEAPWPSDiversityRecruitmentReport.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://web4.uwindsor.ca/units/law/LEAP.nsf/0/24de2f735ac09c7a852575950071442a/$FILE/LEAPWPSDiversityRecruitmentReport.pdf Shelf Number: 134665 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Recruitment and Selection (Canada) Police-Community Relations Police-Minority Relations

Author: Bennett, Paul Anthony Title: Identity performance and gendered culture: becoming and being a Neighbourhood Officer Summary: In recent years the police service has undergone a number of changes with the introduction of neighbourhood policing (NP) being one of the most significant. NP represents the latest in a long line of government endorsed attempts to introduce a more community orientated and customer focussed approach to policing. NP encourages police constables (PCs) and, the recently introduced, police community support officers (PCSOs) to spend more time engaging with the public, supporting vulnerable members of community and working in partnership with other agencies. This style of policing represents a significant departure from established understandings of policing which have become synonymous with 'response policing' with its focus on maintaining public order and arresting criminals. A great deal of research over the last 30 years has referred to the highly gendered culture of policing which has also been the subject of a great deal of criticism. This research focuses on the identity performances of NP officers and the different ways that NP is enacted within different contexts and situated interactions. My conceptual framework draws on both ethno-methodological and post-structural approaches in understanding how officers in different contexts constructed, reconstructed and resisted discourses in the performances of particular identities. This framework is therefore sensitive to how power and resistance works through discursive constructions within particular contexts. To further improve our appreciation of context, emphasis is given to the importance of cultural meanings as an important source of discursive constraint. However, the research clearly shows that while some discourses may be dominant in influencing identity performances, these are always contested and it is though the clash of competing discourses that the agency of NP officers is revealed (Holmer-Nadesan 1996). The study adopts an ethnographic methodology, using participant observation and semi-structured interviews to examine four broad NP contexts. These are the PCSO training course and the three neighbourhood teams, all of which are located in a different policing environment. Drawing on ethno-methodology, my approach focused on the front and back stage contexts of neighbourhood policing, examining the relationships between discourses and performances within these contexts. The findings reveal the strength of dominant policing discourses linked to gender, police professionalism, 'real' policing and community and also shows the ways that these discourses are also infused and subverted by different sets of meanings and ways of being. The PCs and PCSOs involved in the study were seen to manoeuvre and navigate these contested discourses in the ways they enacted NP in different contexts. The research also reveals the contested and fragmented nature of policing cultures and how these cultures may be best understood as a coexistence of multiple constructions of discourse (Mumby, 2011). The concluding discussion of the thesis presents a number of contributions in relation to the discursive construction of identities, the influence of gendered cultures as well as the challenge of introducing NP into British policing. Details: Cardiff: Cardiff University, 2011. 251p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 9, 2015 at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/26175/ Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/26175/ Shelf Number: 134768 Keywords: Neighborhood Policing (U.K.) Police Reform Police-Citizen Interaction Police-Community Relations

Author: Ramirez, Debbie A. Title: Developing partnerships between law enforcement and American Muslim, Arab, and Sikh communities: a promising practices guide Summary: The Partnering for Prevention and Community Safety Initiative (PfP) grew out of a series of conversations among American Muslim, Arab, and Sikh communities, and among federal, state, and local law enforcement leaders, that began in the fall of 2001. After the attacks of September 11th, leaders in the Muslim, Arab, and Sikh communities realized a critical need to define themselves as distinctly American communities who, like all Americans, had every desire to help prevent another terrorist attack. It was, as many have noted, their time in history. However, these communities also had the added burden of both guarding their civil liberties from heightened security measures and protecting their children, their homes, and their places of worship from hate crimes and hate incidents. To achieve these goals these communities began to prioritize law enforcement outreach efforts. At the same time law enforcement recognized that the tools used prior to September 11th were inadequate to the new post-September 11th task. Although traditional investigative tools had been useful in achieving a quick and thorough response to September 11th, law enforcement needed enhanced tools to effectively prevent future acts of terror. Specifically, September 11th reinforced the idea that for law enforcement agencies to effectively prevent future acts of terrorism, it would require the cooperation and assistance of the American Muslim, Arab, and Sikh communities. Embedded within these communities are the linguistic skills, information, and cultural insights necessary to assist law enforcement in its efforts to identify suspicious behavior. In order to have access to these critical tools and information, law enforcement recognized the need to build the bridges required for effective communication with these groups. In the fall of 2002, members of the future PfP research team came together at Northeastern University to pursue mechanisms for moving this discussion about institutionalizing partnerships forward into action. In order to assist with the development of partnerships, the team decided to research 1) the benefits of these proposed partnerships; 2) the challenges posed by this partnership model; 3) case studies of these partnerships in action; and, ultimately, 4) the "promising practices" that can be utilized by sites interested in pursuing this model. The PfP research was conducted from May 2003 to May 2004 and was based on three sites: Southeastern Michigan, Southern California, and Greater Boston. Guidance and input from national partners in Washington, DC was another critical piece of the research plan. These research sites were chosen because of their experience in developing preliminary partnerships between communities and local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies, the presence of major terrorism or hate crime investigations, and/or because significant numbers of Arab, Muslim and Sikh community members indicated an interest in participating in the study. These communities were chosen because both law enforcement and the perpetrators of hate crimes were (and in some cases still are) focused on individuals who share or are perceived to share1 characteristics with the September 11th hijackers. Specific research participants were initially identified through national organizations. Local chapters of these organizations then directed the team toward other interested community members, who were also asked to participate. On the law enforcement side, key federal, state, and local agencies were contacted in each of the three sites. Over the course of the year, PfP visited the three sites and conducted numerous focus groups, personal interviews, and discussions with community and law enforcement members. After these visits, the team continued to communicate with project participants through emails, letters, faxes, and phone calls. All project participants were given the opportunity to review a draft version of the relevant section of the report to help ensure its accuracy. As a culmination of this research, the Promising Practices Guide aims to demonstrate the research findings that: 1) The goals of the American Muslim, Arab, and Sikh communities and law enforcement are not in conflict and can in fact be achieved simultaneously; 2) The most effective model for simultaneously addressing community and law enforcement concerns is through institutionalized partnerships; and 3) While there are significant challenges to achieving these partnerships, they are not only possible but also necessary for both community safety and terrorism prevention. While this work is by no means comprehensive, it does reflect the experience of a wide range of community and law enforcement representatives. Both in terms of studying additional sites and contacting more community organizations and law enforcement entities, there is still much work in this arena to be done. The hope is that this guide will serve as the beginning of an ongoing dialogue and the catalyst for new programming and training focused on the initiation, development, and strengthening of partnerships. This research will continue and can be followed by accessing PfP's website at www.ace.neu.edu/pfp. Details: Boston: Northeastern University, Partnering for Prevention & Community Safety Initiative, 2004. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2015 at: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=pfp_pubs Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=pfp_pubs Shelf Number: 134905 Keywords: Community Crime Prevention Community Participation Community-Oriented Programs Crime Prevention Programs (U.S.) Minority Groups Partnerships Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Terrorism

Author: Ramirez, Debbie A. Title: The greater London experience: essential lessons learned in law enforcement - community partnerships and terrorism prevention Summary: Since the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, United States law enforcement has feared the sleeper cell - a small group of individuals sent from abroad by a foreign terrorist organization to live quietly in Muslim neighborhoods in the United States and wait for the signal to initiate pre-planned terrorist attacks. More recently, in large part as a result of the July 7, 2005 London attacks, United States law enforcement has recognized that similar dangers may arise from homegrown militants who are either born or raised in the United States, and who operate with little or no support from foreign terrorist organizations. Information that would likely be most helpful to exposing these potential dangers lies in Muslim communities in a small number of United States cities. United States law enforcement, however, has been slow to reach out to them for assistance and guidance and develop meaningful relationships with them. Our research has shown that a significant reason for this disconnect is that United States law enforcement does not appear to know how to effectively connect with these communities. British law enforcement is far ahead of the United States both in thinking creatively about building bridges to its Muslim communities and implementing community policing programs that produce constructive interactions between these communities and various branches of law enforcement. Because they began their efforts well before the July 7, 2005 London bombings, British law enforcement was able to see firsthand how their connections with the Muslim community, particularly in the Bradford/Leeds area of England, helped them quickly identify the bombers and develop leads that were critical to their investigation. In the wake of those bombings, British law enforcement has worked even harder to expand their community policing efforts with their Muslim communities. These efforts have proven fruitful on multiple fronts, including in August 2006, when a tip from the Muslim community helped British police thwart a terrorist plot to detonate bombs on international flights departing from London's Heathrow Airport. In short, British law enforcement is far ahead of our own in connecting with Muslim communities, even though Muslim communities in Great Britain are significantly less prosperous and more alienated from the mainstream than Muslim communities in the United States. The premise of this paper is that we have much to learn from what they have begun. Details: Boston: Northeastern University, Partnering for Prevention & Community Safety Initiative, 2011. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Partnering for Prevention & Community Safety Initiative Publications Paper no. 5: Accessed March 11, 2015 at: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=pfp_pubs Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://iris.lib.neu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=pfp_pubs Shelf Number: 134906 Keywords: Crime Prevention Minority Groups Muslims Partnerships Police-Community Relations Terrorism

Author: Miller, Lindsay Title: Implementing a Body-Worn Camera Program: Recommendations and Lessons Learned Summary: Over the past decade, advances in the technologies used by law enforcement agencies have been accelerating at an extremely rapid pace. Many police executives are making decisions about whether to acquire technologies that did not exist when they began their careers - technologies like automated license plate readers, gunshot detection systems, facial recognition software, predictive analytics systems, communications systems that bring data to officers' laptops or handheld devices, GPS applications, and social media to investigate crimes and communicate with the public. For many police executives, the biggest challenge is not deciding whether to adopt one particular technology but rather finding the right mix of technologies for a given jurisdiction based on its crime problems, funding levels, and other factors. Finding the best mix of technologies, however, must begin with a thorough understanding of each type of technology. Police leaders who have deployed body-worn cameras1 say there are many benefits associated with the devices. They note that body-worn cameras are useful for documenting evidence; officer training; preventing and resolving complaints brought by members of the public; and strengthening police transparency, performance, and accountability. In addition, given that police now operate in a world in which anyone with a cell phone camera can record video footage of a police encounter, body-worn cameras help police departments ensure events are also captured from an officer's perspective. Scott Greenwood of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) said at the September 2013 conference: The average interaction between an officer and a citizen in an urban area is already recorded in multiple ways. The citizen may record it on his phone. If there is some conflict happening, one or more witnesses may record it. Often there are fixed security cameras nearby that capture the interaction. So the thing that makes the most sense-if you really want accountability both for your officers and for the people they interact with - is to also have video from the officer's perspective. The use of body-worn cameras also raises important questions about privacy and trust. What are the privacy issues associated with recording victims of crime? How can officers maintain positive community relationships if they are ordered to record almost every type of interaction with the public? Will members of the public find it off-putting to be told by an officer, "I am recording this encounter," particularly if the encounter is a casual one? Do body-worn cameras also undermine the trust between officers and their superiors within the police department? In addition to these overarching issues, police leaders must also consider many practical policy issues, including the significant financial costs of deploying cameras and storing recorded data, training requirements, and rules and systems that must be adopted to ensure that body-worn camera video cannot be accessed for improper reasons. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2014. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2015 at: http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/472014912134715246869.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/472014912134715246869.pdf Shelf Number: 134908 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology (U.S.) Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Video Technology

Author: Mateescu, Alexandra Title: Police Body-Worn Cameras Summary: Police Body-Worn Cameras breaks down what's known - and not known - about the promises, perils, and potential best practices around police body-worn cameras. Both law enforcement and civil rights advocates are excited by the potential of body-worn cameras to improve community policing and safety, but there is no empirical research to conclusively suggest that these will reduce the deaths of black male civilians in encounters with police. There are some documented milder benefits evident from small pilot studies, such as more polite interactions between police and civilians when both parties are aware they are being recorded, and decreased fraudulent complaints made against officers. Many uncertainties about best practices of body-worn camera adoption and use remain, including when the cameras should record, what should be stored and retained, who should have access to the footage, and what policies should determine the release of footage to the public. As pilot and permanent body-worn camera programs are implemented, it is important to ask questions about how they can be best used to achieve their touted goals. How will the implementation of these programs be assessed for their efficacy in achieving accountability goals? What are the best policies to have in place to support those goals? Details: New York: Data & Society Research Institute, 2015. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed March 12, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2569481 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2569481 Shelf Number: 134919 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology (U.S.) Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Surveillance Video Technology

Author: Grossman, Michele Title: Learning to Engage: A Review of Victoria Police Cross-Cultural Training Practices Summary: Victoria University's Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing undertook a Review of Victoria Police Cross-Cultural Training Practices in response to a tender request from Victoria Police issued in June 2013. The tender called for a review to develop analysis, benchmarking, findings and recommendations for Victoria Police to consider as it develops the cross-cultural education and training elements of its overall approach to effective policing for communities. The Review has produced the final Report summarised here, Learning to Engage: A Review of Victoria Police Cross-Cultural Training Practices. The following summary sets out the key areas covered by the Report, identifies key findings arising, and provides a Summary of Recommendations arising from the Review process. Background to the Review Victoria Police has in recent times invested significantly in recasting its education and training programs for police recruits and (more recently) PSO trainees to foster the alignment of its training approach with the goal of developing a professional, skilled and ethical police force that reflects a commitment to policing in the context of cultural and community diversity. Recent initiatives in Victoria Police education and training, particularly since 2009, have focused on enhancing police knowledge and skills in human rights, ethics, and cultural and community diversity. These efforts have been seen by many within both communities (as evidenced by the Community Consultation feedback, Chapter 3) and Victoria Police itself (as evidenced by police member interviews, Chapter 4) as an important series of 'first steps' on the road to realising Victoria Police's aspiration to 'get it right' in these areas. However, issues and concerns around cross-cultural training at Victoria Police have persisted for communities, and in particular culturally diverse communities, about the translation of knowledge into practice by front-line police when dealing with cultural diversity, and about the focus and effectiveness of the police training and education that is offered in the cross-cultural domain, particularly with respect to the topics of racism, implicit bias and racial profiling. This Review has sought to respond to these concerns while recognising that Victoria Police has already taken important steps toward addressing these concerns through various organisational reforms and activities connected to education and professional development. These include the implementation and roll-out of the Victoria Police Human Rights Project; the development of Police Academy modules dealing specifically with policing, human rights, and cross-cultural knowledge and skills within the Foundation Training program; new programs for training and developing supervisors and managers on community and diversity issues at station and regional leadership levels; and the agreement to consult widely with communities on field contact and cross-cultural training policy and procedures as part of the 2013 Federal race discrimination court settlement in the Haile-Michael case, out of which this Review has arisen. In addition, there have already been substantial transformations proposed for how education and training within Victoria Police is designed, delivered and evaluated for effectiveness, particularly in the context of education and training delivered for recruits, Probationary Constables and PSOs, as reflected in the Victoria Police Education Master Plan: Learning and Development to 2020 and the associated reviews of related education, training and community engagement issues and strategies discussed in Chapter 2, 'Organisational Strategic Environment'. Taken together, these indicate that Victoria Police is well positioned to continue to build on existing strengths and initiatives that improve and extend the design, delivery and outcome of cross-cultural education and training for its members across the organisation. The current Review and the Report it has produced are intended to contribute further to these goals. Details: Melbourne: Victoria University,Centre for Cultural Diversity and Wellbeing 2013. 208p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2015 at: http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?a=internetBridgingPage&Media_ID=99359 Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?a=internetBridgingPage&Media_ID=99359 Shelf Number: 134943 Keywords: Diversity Training Police Education Police Policies and Practices Police Training (Australia) Police-Community Relations

Author: Portland State University Title: Decreasing Crime By Increasing Involvement: A Law Enforcement Guidebook For Building Relations In Multi-Ethnic Communities Summary: In 2010, Oregon's Governor-appointed Law Enforcement Contacts Policy and Data Review Committee (LECC), through its partnership with the CJPRI, formed a partnership with the Salem Police Department to collaborate on creating this guidebook as a resource for Oregon law enforcement agencies. The booklet was created with the realization and understanding that law enforcement agencies have many demands, competing priorities, and limited resources with which to meet their goals. This resource is intended to assist agencies that would like to improve upon their current strategies for connecting with the ethnic communities they serve by providing: - Information on key elements of improving police-citizen relations. - Examples of specific Oregon law enforcement agency efforts. (case illustrations are provided throughout this guidebook) - Information for finding resources for your own efforts. Details: Portland, OR: Criminal Justice Policy Research Institute, 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: http://www.pdx.edu/cjpri/sites/www.pdx.edu.cjpri/files/Decreasing_Crime_By_Increasing_Involvement.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.pdx.edu/cjpri/sites/www.pdx.edu.cjpri/files/Decreasing_Crime_By_Increasing_Involvement.pdf Shelf Number: 134948 Keywords: Crime Prevention Minority Groups Multi-Ethnic Communities Police-Community Relations

Author: Hylton, John H. Title: Canadian Innovations in the Provision of Policing Services to Aboriginal Peoples Summary: An initial report on evidence-based practice in the provision of policing services to Aboriginal people was one of more than 20 research reports commissioned by the Ipperwash Inquiry for the purpose of assisting in the development of the Inquiry's "Part 2" recommendations. The Inquiry's recommendations will consider both "systemic" and "operational" matters relating to the Inquiry's mandate, and make comprehensive recommendations regarding the improvement of relations between the police and Aboriginal peoples. In preparing the first report, more than 15,000 pages of documentation were reviewed from previous inquiries, commissions, studies, reports, and evaluations of Aboriginal-police relations in Canada, Australia, and the United States. Unfortunately, however, the goal of identifying evidence-based best practices proved to be illusive; at least in terms of documentation, there was little evidence about what really worked. However, three significant themes, summarized later in this report, emerged as to what should work, and, in some cases, what appeared to be working. Although the initial report uncovered little documentation respecting best practices, experts advising the Inquiry were aware of many Canadian innovations that had been undertaken with the specific intent of improving Aboriginal-police relations. Since these experiences had not been uncovered in the review of documentation, it was considered important that the Inquiry take additional steps to identify and document these innovations. The Inquiry wanted to know what lessons had been learned from these experiences and how these lessons might assist the Inquiry in completing its mandate. The canvassing of key respondents within a number of police services was of value. However, like the earlier literature review, it fell short of providing a sound basis for the development of lessons and principles that could guide future policy and program development. Therefore, additional research was undertaken to examine other areas of Aboriginal human services and to identify lessons learned in those areas that might guide reforms in Aboriginal-police relations. Section 2 of this report highlights the results of the initial review of the literature on Aboriginal-police relations and summarizes the major findings. Section 3 reports the results of a survey of key respondents from police services across Canada that were identified as innovators in Aboriginal-police relations. Section 4 analyzes insights and lessons gained from other areas of Aboriginal human services. Finally, a concluding section draws on the work to date to propose a number of directions to guide the Inquiry's recommendations in the area of Aboriginal-police relations. Details: Toronto: Ipperwash Inquiry, 2005. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed march 19, 2015 at: http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/ipperwash/policy_part/research/pdf/John_Hylton_Canadian_Innovations.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Canada URL: http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/inquiries/ipperwash/policy_part/research/pdf/John_Hylton_Canadian_Innovations.pdf Shelf Number: 134981 Keywords: Aboriginals (Canada) Evidence-Based Practices Indigenous Peoples Police-Community Relations

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: The New Orleans Case Study Summary: As today's police executives strive to maintain the progress in reducing crime while serving as effective agents of change, many are taking on a new challenge: applying the concepts of "legitimacy" and "procedural justice" as they apply to policing. Legitimacy and procedural justice are measurements of the extent to which members of the public trust and have confidence in the police, believe that the police are honest and competent, think that the police treat people fairly and with respect, and are willing to defer to the law and to police authority. In this paper, PERF provides a more extensive analysis of the connections between leadership and legitimacy through an unusual case study: the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD). Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2014. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2015 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20the%20new%20orleans%20case%20study.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20the%20new%20orleans%20case%20study.pdf Shelf Number: 134993 Keywords: Police Administration Police Authority Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing (New Orleans)

Author: American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois Title: Stop and Frisk in Chicago Summary: In the past year, the nation's attention has turned to police practices because of high profile killings, including Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tamir Rice in Cleveland, Ohio, and Eric Garner in New York. But concerns about policing extend beyond the use of force and into the everyday interactions of police with community members. In black and Latino communities, these everyday interactions are often a "stop and frisk." Under the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), officers are allowed to stop you if the officer has reasonable suspicion that you have been, are, or are about to be engaged in criminal activity. Once you are stopped, if an officer has reasonable suspicion that you are dangerous and have a weapon, the officer can frisk you, including ordering you to put your hands on a wall or car, and running his or her hands over your body. This experience is often invasive, humiliating and disturbing. Chicago has failed to train, supervise and monitor law enforcement in minority communities for decades, resulting in a failure to ensure that officers' use of stop and frisk is lawful. This report contains troubling signs that the Chicago Police Department has a current practice of unlawfully using stop and frisk: - Although officers are required to write down the reason for stops, in nearly half of the stops we reviewed, officers either gave an unlawful reason for the stop or failed to provide enough information to justify the stop. - Stop and frisk is disproportionately concentrated in the black community. Black Chicagoans were subjected to 72% of all stops, yet constitute just 32% of the city's population. And, even in majority white police districts, minorities were stopped disproportionately to the number of minority people living in those districts. - Chicago stops a shocking number of people. Last summer, there were more than 250,000 stops that did not lead to an arrest. Comparing stops to population, Chicagoans were stopped more than four times as often as New Yorkers at the height of New York City's stop and frisk practice. In the face of a systemic abuse of this law enforcement practice, Chicago refuses to keep adequate data about its officers' stops. Officers do not identify stops that result in an arrest or ordinance violation, and they do not keep any data on when they frisk someone. This failure to record data makes it impossible for police supervisors, or the public, to identify bad practices and make policy changes to address them. The abuse of stop and frisk is a violation of individual rights, but it also poisons police and community relations. As recognized by the Department of Justice, the "experience of disproportionately being subjected to stops and arrests in violation of the Fourth Amendment shapes black residents' interactions with the [the police], to the detriment of community trust," and "makes the job of delivering police service... more dangerous and less effective." Details: Chicago: ACLU of Illinois, 2015. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2015 at: http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ACLU_StopandFrisk_6.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ACLU_StopandFrisk_6.pdf Shelf Number: 135064 Keywords: Police Discretion Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Racial Disparities Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement Stop and Frisk (Illinois) Stop and Search

Author: New South Wales Police Force Title: NSW Police Force Priorities for Working in a Culturally, Linguistically and Religiously Diverse Society and Multicultural Policies and Services Forward Plan 2011-2014 Summary: This document follows NSW Police Priorities for Working in a Culturally, Linguistically and Religiously Diverse Society 2006-2009, which set a vision for delivering policing services in a multicultural community. This plan continues to inform future directions for an organisation that is at the forefront of the justice system and maintains its focus on enhancing the capacity, confidence and capabilities of the entire NSW Police Force to operate effectively in a diverse cultural, linguistic and religious environment. Understanding diversity in the Australian context must start with acknowledging the diversity and rich history of Aboriginal people as the original inhabitants and custodians of the land. Rich, diverse and long, Aboriginal cultures set the scene for any discussion of diversity and the benefits it offers. Many Aboriginal Australians, however, continue to suffer the effects of policies and practices that have impacted on their welfare, identity, culture and language over time. This ongoing struggle must be addressed in recognising the challenges that new Australians from diverse cultural and language backgrounds experience in contributing to society and giving expression to their cultural identities. Any effort on the part of government agencies to embrace cultural, linguistic and religious diversity must therefore also acknowledge the need for reconciliation and healing between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians as a starting point. In this spirit, the NSW Police Force Multicultural Policies and Services Program grounds its commitment to working with diverse cultural, religious and linguistic communities in its equal commitment to strengthening its relationship with Aboriginal communities. It is only through this that an authentic commitment to multiculturalism and culturally capable policing practice is possible. While the Multicultural Policies and Services Program celebrates cultural, linguistic and religious diversity, the NSW Police Force acknowledges that diversity and culturally capable policing draws on all aspects of everyday policing and the complex life events that affect individuals. This document is built on the premise that people and their diversity (in all of its dimensions including age, gender, culture, language, religion, sexuality, education, employment, ability, values, opinions and experiences) are the greatest asset available to any group, organisation or community. This includes the diversity amongst police officers themselves in terms of an individual�s background, role and opinion and life experience. Details: Sydney: NSW Police Force, 2011. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 1, 2015 at: http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/73156/Internet_-_MPSP_Plan_2011-14.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/73156/Internet_-_MPSP_Plan_2011-14.pdf Shelf Number: 135127 Keywords: Aboriginals Community Policing Diversity Minority Groups Police Legitimacy Police Recruitment and Selection Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Nilson, Chad Title: Risk-Driven Collaborative Intervention: A Preliminary Impact Assessment of Community Mobilization Price Albert's Hub Model Summary: The purpose of this report is to provide a preliminary assessment of the impact that Community Mobilization Prince Albert's (CMPA) Hub has on acutely-elevated risk, and on the efforts of human service professionals to address the composite needs of individuals who are experiencing elevated risk. Common themes to be addressed in this report include overall challenges, successes and general lessons learned through the community mobilization experience in Prince Albert. The report concludes with an outline of opportunities for future research and evaluation in community mobilization as well as a list of recommendations for improving the Hub model. In describing the Hub model, this report begins with a historical overview of the development of Prince Albert' Hub. Key contributions to this development include: --Global findings from the Institute for Strategic International Studies revealed that accounting for both risk factors and partnerships can help build capacity in policing (ISIS, 2008; 2009). -- Locally, the Prince Albert Police Service (2009) identified a need for change in community safety because the status quo was not working. A front-end approach to crime reduction that involved collaboration among multiple service providers appeared to be most promising. -- The Future of Policing Strategy identified the need for policing in Saskatchewan to align, integrate and mobilize with other human service agencies (Taylor, 2010). -- Observations of the Scotland Violence Reduction Unit by key police and human service professionals from Prince Albert, verified that a collaborative risk-driven intervention model has great potential in their community (McFee & Taylor 2014). -- Evidence compiled by the Saskatchewan Police and Partners Strategy suggested that collaborative risk-driven interventions were both promising and possible in Saskatchewan; and that nearly all human service sectors within the Government of Saskatchewan should become involved in community mobilization (SPPS Enterprise Group, 2011). -- In February of 2011, the Prince Albert Hub was formed as a multi-disciplinary team that meets twice weekly for the identification, rapid development and immediate deployment of real-time interventions and short-term opportunities to address emerging problems, risk conditions and crime prevention opportunities identified and brought forward from the frontline operations of all participating agencies that comprise CMPA. Details: Saskatoon, SK: Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science and Justice Studies, University of Saskatchewan, 2014. 125p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 4, 2015 at: http://saskbprc.com/images/content/pdf/FINALHubPIAMay2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://saskbprc.com/images/content/pdf/FINALHubPIAMay2014.pdf Shelf Number: 135154 Keywords: Community Collaboration Community Participation Crime Prevention (Canada) Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Police Foundation Title: The Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission: Final Report Summary: The City of Wilmington is the largest and the most culturally and economically diverse city in Delaware. The ability of the City to grow and improve the lives of its residents depends on its ability effectively to provide public safety. The residents, employers, and civic and community leaders with whom we speak routinely cited public safety as a principal concern affecting their decisions about where to live, where to locate their business, and how to lead the City to a better future. Like many cities, Wilmington experiences a significant amount of crime, including crimes of violence, drug crimes and nuisance crimes. However, many cities across the country have experienced significant reductions in crimes in all categories in recent years - often attributed to improved policing strategies. Wilmington is not one of those cities. According to the FBI, Wilmington ranks third in violence among 450 cities of its size and sixth among all cities over 50,000. Crime in Wilmington - and particularly homicides - has reached record numbers in recent years. Over the past decade, the City of Wilmington has averaged 118 shooting victims per year, reaching a record high of 154 shootings victims in 2013. In 2014 alone, there were 127 shooting victims and 23 shooting deaths in the City. The principal questions facing the Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission are why the City of Wilmington has not experienced the same crime reductions enjoyed by similarly situated municipalities across the country and what Wilmington can do about that. This report offers our examination of the strategies currently being employed by the City and the WPD, and our proposal of strategies that might be employed to better address the WPD's core mission of creating a safer Wilmington. Improving public safety in Wilmington is challenging, but it is certainly not impossible. Wilmington has three built-in advantages. First and most significantly, Wilmington has a sufficiently large police force to bring appropriate resources to bear on this issue. While we make clear in this report that there are several areas of police work that deserve additional resources, and that a reorganization of some functions would assist the Department, the WPD begins this work with a force large enough to effectively patrol and fight crime in Wilmington. Second, as the Crime Analysis and CAD Incident Analysis done by Temple University's Jerry Ratcliffe, Ph.D. make clear, "[s]mall areas of the city account for a large proportion of the crime and community harm." As a result, if appropriate strategies are brought to bear on those small areas, significant reductions in crime can be obtained. Third, many people with whom we spoke in the WPD, from the leadership to rank-and-file officers, recognize that there is a need for and opportunity to change for the better. Significant cultural and organizational changes can be made only with buy-in from those tasked with the need to lead and implement those changes, and the recognition of the need for and inevitability of change was evident in many of the law enforcement professionals with whom we spoke. Generally, we found that WPD has a respond-and-react orientation and structure that focuses on resolving calls for service rather than proactively implementing crime reduction strategies. Although WPD is sufficiently staffed, the department does not deploy sufficient officers in patrol and key investigatory functions. WPD is behind other law enforcement agencies in its use of technology (some of which it already owns) to both analyze and predict crime, as well as to provide accountability of its officers as to there whereabouts and activities. The WPD's investigatory units do not solve a sufficient number of crimes - particularly homicides - and can improve its investigatory functions and victims' services. The Wilmington community appreciates the dedication and effort of the Department's officers, but some community relationships have become strained and can be improved. All of the issues identified in this report are fixable, and none is exclusive to Wilmington. Many of the building blocks for reform are already in place - a city and community that recognizes the need for change, a WPD administration that is open to new strategies, and supportive local partners. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 200p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2015 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Shelf Number: 135155 Keywords: Crime Statistics Gun-Related Violence Homicides Police Reform Police Response Police-Community Relations Policing Policing Strategies Public Safety Violent Crime

Author: Jackson, Brian A. Title: Respect and Legitimacy - A Two-Way Street. Strengthening Trust Between Police and the Public in an Era of Increasing Transparency Summary: Events in recent months have focused national attention on profound fractures in trust between some police departments and the communities they are charged with protecting. Though the potential for such fractures is always present given the role of police in society, building and maintaining trust between police and the public is critical for the health of American democracy. However, in an era when information technology has the potential to greatly increase transparency of police activities in a variety of ways, building and maintaining trust is challenging. Doing so likely requires steps taken by both police organizations and the public to build understanding and relationships that can sustain trust through tragic incidents that can occur in the course of policing - whether it is a citizen's or officer's life that is lost. This paper draws on the deep literature on legitimacy, procedural justice, and trust to frame three core questions that must be addressed to build and maintain mutual trust between police and the public: (1) What is the police department doing and why? (2) What are the results of the department's actions? and (3) What mechanisms are in place to discover and respond to problems from the officer to the department level? Answering these questions ensures that both the public and police have mutual understanding and expectations about the goals and tactics of policing, their side effects, and the procedures to address problems fairly and effectively, maintaining confidence over time. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2015. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2015 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE100/PE154/RAND_PE154.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PE100/PE154/RAND_PE154.pdf Shelf Number: 135543 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Procedural Justice

Author: Rogowski, Jon C. Title: The Policing of Black Communities and Young People of Color Summary: Eighteen-year-old Michael Brown's murder by a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri has focused the nation's attention on racial disparities in the law enforcement system. Brown's case is not an isolated incident. Along with Brown, the cases of Trayvon Martin and Jordan Davis in Florida and, more recently, Eric Garner in New York and Ezell Ford in Los Angeles, all tell stories of how unarmed Black men became victims of police forces charged with serving and protecting their communities and are then denied justice by the legal system. Since Michael Brown's death, the media have focused on racial tensions among residents of Ferguson. It is important, however, to note that the tension between police forces and Black communities is nothing new, nor is it confined to Ferguson, Missouri. Instead, the Michael Brown tragedy and those like it are indicators of systemic injustices that have resulted in long-standing tensions between law enforcement and the Black community. In this report, we use data from several national public opinion surveys to show that Black communities - especially Black youth under 30 years of age - across the country hold considerably more negative views toward the legal system and the police compared with other groups and they have done so for many years. This is not a new phenomenon. Our main findings are as follows: - Black youth report the highest rate of harassment by the police (54.4%), nearly twice the rates of other young people. - Less than half of Black youth (44.2 percent) trust the police, compared with 71.5 percent of white youth, 59.6 percent of Latino youth, and 76.1 percent of Asian American youth. - Substantially fewer Black youth believe the police in their neighborhood are there to protect them (66.1 percent) compared to young people from other racial and ethnic groups. - Fewer Black youth believe the legal system treats all youth equally (26.8 percent) than young people in other racial and ethnic groups. - Fewer Black youth feel that they are full and equal citizens under the law (60.2 percent) compared with white (70.9 percent) and Latino (64.1 percent) youth. Details: Chicago: Black Youth Project, University of Chicago, Center for the Study of Race, Politics and Culture, 2014. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2015 at: http://www.blackyouthproject.com/files/2014/08/ferguson.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.blackyouthproject.com/files/2014/08/ferguson.pdf Shelf Number: 135729 Keywords: Ethnic Minorities Minority Youth Police-Community Relations Racial Disparities

Author: Coleman, Nick Title: A Randomised Controlled Trial on Public Information Provision Summary: The NPIA's Research, Analysis and Information Unit (RAI) commissioned NatCen to design and carry out a survey based on a Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) with members of the public. The overall aim was to assess the impact that information about crime and policing has on public perceptions. The research stems from a Home Office commitment to making maps of local data on crime and anti-social behaviour publicly available. The commitment is part of a broader strategy to increase the volume and quality of information accessible to the public on crime and policing, with a view to enhancing transparency and public knowledge, as well as fostering greater external scrutiny of police performance locally. By early 2009, all police forces in England and Wales were expected to provide information on crime mapping and neighbourhood policing on their websites, in line with the jointly-issued Code of Good Practice on local information provision The purpose of the study was to test the impact of crime maps on public perceptions, alongside other approaches to information provision. Overall, the study had four specific objectives: - To show whether crime maps have a positive impact on public perceptions when viewed under 'controlled' conditions (compared to no information). - To establish whether information about neighbourhood policing has a positive impact on public perceptions when viewed under 'controlled' conditions (compared to no information). - To find out whether a 'package' of information on crime and policing has an effect on public perception equal to, or greater than, crime maps on their own (compared to no information). - To discover whether online information and printed information have the same effect on public perceptions (compared to no information); this aim was subsequently excluded from the study at the pilot stage. Details: London: National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA), 2009. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2015 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Technical_Report_-_Crime_and_Policing_Information.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Technical_Report_-_Crime_and_Policing_Information.pdf Shelf Number: 135747 Keywords: Crime Maps Crime Prevention Neighborhood Policing Police-Community Relations Public Information Public Opinion

Author: U.S. President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Title: Interim report of The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Summary: Trust between law enforcement agencies and the people they protect and serve is essential in a democracy. It is key to the stability of our communities, the integrity of our criminal justice system, and the safe and effective delivery of policing services. In light of the recent events that have exposed rifts in the relationships between local police and the communities they protect and serve, on December 18, 2014, President Barack Obama signed an Executive Order establishing the Task Force on 21st Century Policing. In establishing the task force, the President spoke of the distrust that exists between too many police departments and too many communities - the sense that in a country where our basic principle is equality under the law, too many individuals, particularly young people of color, do not feel as if they are being treated fairly. "When any part of the American family does not feel like it is being treated fairly, that's a problem for all of us," said the President. "It's not just a problem for some. It's not just a problem for a particular community or a particular demographic. It means that we are not as strong as a country as we can be. And when applied to the criminal justice system, it means we're not as effective in fighting crime as we could be." These remarks underpin the philosophical foundation for the Task Force on 21st Century Policing: to build trust between citizens and their peace officers so that all components of a community are treating one another fairly and justly and are invested in maintaining public safety in an atmosphere of mutual respect. Decades of research and practice tell us that the public cares as much about how police interact with them as they care about the outcomes that legal actions produce. People are more likely to obey the law when they believe those who are enforcing it have the right - the legitimate authority - to tell them what to do. Building trust and legitimacy, therefore, is not just a policing issue. It involves all components of the criminal justice system and is inextricably bound to bedrock issues affecting the community such as poverty, education, and public health. The mission of the task force was to examine how to foster strong, collaborative relationships between local law enforcement and the communities they protect and to make recommendations to the President on how policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust. The president selected members of the task force based on their ability to contribute to its mission because of their relevant perspective, experience, or subject matter expertise in policing, law enforcement and community relations, civil rights, and civil liberties. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2015 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/interim_tf_report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/interim_tf_report.pdf Shelf Number: 135831 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Flannery, Kate Title: Police for collaboration: An independent review of the Warwickshire/West Marcia Strategic Alliance Summary: The global financial crisis in 2007 ushered in the era of austerity that now dominates much of the debate around public services - where do priorities lie, and how much of their cost can the public purse bear? For police forces the impact has been dramatic. The need to adapt policing models to meet changing and growing demands, with little real growth in income, had tested chief officers and police authorities for a number of years. But the coalition government has, since 2010, ramped up these challenges. All forces must now reduce budgets in real terms by up to 20 per cent over the five-year comprehensive spending review period, while attempting to satisfy local communities' demands for traditional/visible policing and transform operational practices to cope with internet-enabled crime that recognises no conventional boundaries. How have forces and Police and Crime Commissioners reacted to this challenge? Unsurprisingly, no silver bullet has been discovered - rather, a menu of options has emerged that encompass internal restructuring, savings programmes, outsourcing, regionalisation (mostly of specialist operations) and collaboration. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary has subjected forces' efforts to independent scrutiny and, while praising the achievement of budget reductions, has been largely critical of the failure to maximise collaborative opportunities. Indeed, it has identified some examples of retrenchment, despite the Home Office's expectation that collaboration would help forces meet the twin pressures of financial constraint and new policing demands. Against this background, the success of the collaboration between Warwickshire and West Mercia is notable. Its origins lie in discussions held in 2010 and early 2011 about the nature and extent of collaboration between the four forces in the West Midlands region. The region had a strong track record of productive working together, especially on specialist operations and protective services, but the four could not agree on how to move the agenda on. Concerned about their future prospects outside a regional collaborative framework, Warwickshire and West Mercia chief officers and police authority chairs agreed to embark on what became known as a 'strategic alliance'. After the dissolution of police authorities the newly elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) determined to continue with the alliance. Three years on, the bulk of policing and support services across the two force areas are delivered under unified leadership and processes. As a model of integrated police provision it has much to commend it, offering local people greater protection from harm and value for money. But despite a confidence in the Strategic Alliance and its impact, chief officers and the PCCs did not want to rest on their laurels and invited the Police Foundation to conduct an independent review. This looked critically at both achievements and lessons to be learnt, and identified ways in which the Alliance could progress. The work is summarised in this report, focusing on: - clarifying leadership roles; - strengthening accountability and governance; - securing a cultural identity for the Alliance without losing what is valued about Warwickshire and West Mercia as individual entities; - improving the ability to manage organisational change and - resolving anomalies in structure and processes. Our conclusion is that the Strategic Alliance forged by Warwickshire and West Mercia is a beacon of collaboration that others can learn from, notably the integration of operational policing across force boundaries and the harmonisation of finance, HR and estate services. (A note of caution, however; its success is rooted in similarities of policing environment, culture and working practice that make its full replication elsewhere less than straight forward.) Details: London: Police Foundation, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2015 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/police_force_collaboration.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/police_force_collaboration.pdf Shelf Number: 135834 Keywords: Collaboration Partnerships Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations

Author: Rahr, Sue Title: From Warriors to Guardians: Recommitting American Police Culture to Democratic Ideals Summary: Despite two decades of aspiring to effective community policing, American law enforcement seems to have drifted off the course of building close community ties toward creating a safe distance from community members, in some cases substituting equipment and technology as the preferred means of gathering information about crime and addressing threats to public safety. In some communities, the friendly neighborhood beat cop - community guardian - has been replaced with the urban warrior, trained for battle and equipped with the accouterments and weaponry of modern warfare. Armed with sophisticated technology to mine data about crime trends, officers can lose sight of the value of building close community ties. Largely stripped of a nuanced understanding of how communities operate, crime tracking and crime prediction software minimizes the utility of hard-earned intelligence provided by line officers who know their beats. After all, one's ability to glean meaning from algorithms is only as good as its sourcing: the accumulated body of knowledge of officers who have come to understand that there are few "straight lines" in policing - that (sometimes visceral) person-to- person contact is typically not well-suited to statistical models. Most law enforcement leaders recognize that creating stronger human connections and community engagement will lead to improved public safety and more effective crime fighting. So how do we build the foundation of trust necessary to form a true partnership between the police and the people we serve? The research tells us that, despite three decades of falling crime rates - and improved training, technology and tactics - public trust in the police has not improved. Instead, empirical assessments of trust and confidence in the police have remained generally unchanged in recent years. It turns out that people don't care as much about crime rates as they do about how they are treated by the police. This phenomenon, known in academic circles as procedural justice, is regularly practiced and understood by effective and respected beat officers. The public knows it when they see it. But neither has likely heard of or used the term. Both beat officers and members of the public would describe procedural justice in action as being a good cop and doing the right thing. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2015. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed June 3, 3015 at: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/76023/1708385/version/1/file/WarriorstoGuardians.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.hks.harvard.edu/content/download/76023/1708385/version/1/file/WarriorstoGuardians.pdf Shelf Number: 135859 Keywords: Community Policing Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Procedural Justice

Author: Croslin, Chike Title: Independent Lens: Toward Transparency, Accountability, and Effectiveness in Police Tactics, Summary: Mandating that police wear body-worn cameras can help to improve relations between police and communities, and ensure greater accountability for police actions. But these requirements must be carefully and thoughtfully implemented within a much wider set of policy and practical policing reforms. These are the conclusions drawn from a new report released by the Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice titled Independent Lens: Toward Transparency, Accountability, and Effectiveness in Police Tactics, that explores the potential and limitations of body-worn cameras for police. Recent police shootings of unarmed civilians, incidents of police misconduct, high levels of complaints against police, and costly settlements have highlighted the divisions that exist between police and residents, and the lack of trust that frequently exists between police and the communities they serve, particularly communities of color. In response, many are calling for new laws to require police officers to wear body-worn cameras to record their interactions with the public. Because this technology is relatively new and still largely untested, there exist myriad questions about the legality, usefulness, and effectiveness of such requirements" Independent Lens takes a close look at these questions, and concludes that �body-worn cameras, when appropriately integrated into existing police practices and supported by a detailed regulatory architecture, can be a key tool for reinvigorating community policing and reducing costs stemming from complaints, litigation, and settlements." However, the report also cautions policymakers of the limitations of body-worn camera technology. Such devices do not address the need for deeper reforms within police departments, such as additional training of police officers, greater monitoring of the effects of implicit racial bias, and shifts in agency incentive structures away from arrests and toward greater public safety. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard Black Law Students Association, 2015. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2015 at: http://www.charleshamiltonhouston.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Independent-Lens-Cvr-Guts.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.charleshamiltonhouston.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Independent-Lens-Cvr-Guts.pdf Shelf Number: 136073 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Police Legitimacy Police Misconduct Police Policies and Practices Police Use of Force Police-Community Relations

Author: Jansson, Krista Title: Public confidence in the Criminal Justice System - findings from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (2013/14) Summary: Public confidence in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is an important aim for the Ministry of Justice. Ensuring the public believe the CJS is fair and effective can be important for the efficient functioning of the system, for example in securing cooperation from victims and witnesses. This report provides an overview of levels of confidence in the CJS and the extent to which perceptions and experiences of crime, disorder and local policing are related to confidence in the CJS. The report is based on the 2013/14 Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) and supports existing evidence based on the survey (e.g. Smith, 2010; Hough et al., 2013) with the latest findings. Key findings - Levels of confidence in the fairness and effectiveness of the CJS increased slightly between 2012/13 and 2013/14, continuing the longer-term trends of increases in both measures. Levels of confidence in CJS fairness have been consistently higher than levels in CJS effectiveness. In the 2013/14 CSEW, 64 per cent of respondents said they were very or fairly confident the CJS was fair and 48 per cent said they were very or fairly confident the CJS was effective. - Confidence in the different CJS agencies and different aspects of CJS fairness varies. For example, while the majority of adults were confident in the police being effective at catching criminals (69%), fewer than a quarter were confident in prisons being effective at rehabilitating offenders (22%). Analysis of the 2013/14 CSEW demonstrated, in line with previous research, that levels of confidence in the CJS vary between adults depending on their experiences of crime and disorder. - Adults who had been victims of crime or witnessed certain types of crime were less likely to have confidence in the CJS than those who had not. - Adults who perceived higher levels of crime and antisocial behaviour (ASB) in their local area were less likely to have confidence in the CJS than those who perceived lower levels of crime or ASB in their local area. - Those who reported having committed theft, vandalism or violence since the age of 16 were less likely to have confidence in the CJS than those who had not. Perceptions and awareness of local police and collective efficacy were also associated with confidence in the CJS. - Those who had positive perceptions of the local police, e.g. in terms of being informed of crime and ASB issues in the area and what was being done about them, were more likely to be confident in the CJS than those who were not. A range of other measures related to police, including visibility of local police, were also associated with confidence in the CJS. - Collective efficacy, as measured by the perceived likelihood of people in the neighbourhood intervening if they saw a fight or children painting graffiti, was also positively associated with confidence in the CJS. Details: London: Ministry of Justice, 2015. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Analytical Summary: Accessed July 30, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/449444/public-confidence.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/449444/public-confidence.pdf Shelf Number: 136265 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Silva, Rolondo Title: Palm Beach County, Florida Smart Policing Initiative: Increasing Police Legitimacy and Reducing Victimization in Immigrant Communities Summary: The Palm Beach County, Florida Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) addressed robberies in the Guatemalan community in Lake Worth using strategies that reflect core principles of Community Policing: data-driven analysis of the problem, community engagement, problem solving, and partnerships. Analysis showed that many of the robbery victims are day laborers who make easy targets for criminals because they tend to carry cash payments from their labor on their person; they solicit employment from potential, but unknown employers; and they loiter in public places at night, often engaging in public consumption of alcohol. This problem is complicated by a trust gap between law enforcement and the Guatemalan community, due to language and cultural barriers, as well as a variety of complications linked to illegal immigration, migrant workers, and enforcement of immigration laws. The Palm Beach County Sheriff's Office (PBSO) SPI included targeted efforts to increase police legitimacy, to improve residents' awareness of their victimization risk, and to empower residents to embrace crime prevention in their community. The centerpiece of the Palm Beach County SPI involved the hiring of a Community Liaison and the re-assignment of a dedicated robbery detective to the target area. The Community Liaison served as a community advocate and as an intermediary between law enforcement and the immigrant community. For this project, the Community Liaison was a Guatemalan-born naturalized citizen who speaks English, Spanish, and the Mayan language, Kanjobal. His central goal was to build a bridge between PBSO and the migrant community by engaging residents and law enforcement in positive outreach events. He also collaborated extensively with the line and leadership levels of the PBSO, the Guatemalan Consulate, community-based organizations, banks, business leaders, and the media. In addition, a dedicated robbery detective investigated all robberies in the target community, worked closely with the Community Liaison, conducted proactive patrols throughout the target area, and monitored known offenders and ex-offenders. Surveys of residents in the target area indicate that immigrants' attitudes toward the police improved notably during the SPI, including higher levels of satisfaction, and greater levels of comfort speaking to police and reporting crimes (i.e., greater trust). Crime data indicate a short-term spike in robberies during the initial phase of the project, possibly resulting from increased reporting due to successful engagement of the residents, followed by a longer-term decline in robberies. At the same time, arrests for robberies have increased. The Palm Beach County SPI highlights a number of lessons that may be useful for other law enforcement agencies seeking to engage immigrant communities, such as the importance of hiring a Community Liaison; coordinating with state and federal immigration authorities; anticipating brief spikes in crime as a result of greater crime reporting; and understanding the "big picture" with regard to community engagement, police legitimacy, and increased cooperation and compliance with the law. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, bureau of Justice Assistance, 2012. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Smart Policing Initiative: Site Spotlight: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/Palm%20Beach%20SPI%20Site%20Spotlight%202012%20FINAL.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/all/files/Palm%20Beach%20SPI%20Site%20Spotlight%202012%20FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 136680 Keywords: Immigrant Communities Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Robbery

Author: Cox, Adam B. Title: Legitimacy and Cooperation: Will Immigrants Cooperate with Local Police Who Enforce Federal Immigration Law? Summary: Solving crimes often requires community cooperation. Cooperation is thought by many scholars to depend critically on whether community members believe that law enforcement institutions are legitimate and trustworthy. Yet establishing an empirical link between legitimacy and cooperation has proven elusive, with most studies relying on surveys or lab experiments of people's beliefs and attitudes, rather than on their behavior in the real world. This Article aims to overcome these shortcomings, capitalizing on a unique natural policy experiment to directly address a fundamental question about legitimacy, cooperation, and law enforcement success: do de-legitimating policy interventions actually undermine community cooperation with the police? The policy experiment is a massive federal immigration enforcement program called Secure Communities. Secure Communities was widely criticized for undermining the legitimacy of local police in the eyes of immigrants, and it was rolled out nationwide over a four-year period in a way that approximates a natural experiment. Using the rate at which police solve crimes as a proxy for community cooperation, we find no evidence that the program reduced community cooperation - despite its massive size and broad scope. The results call into question optimistic claims that discrete policy interventions can, in the short run, meaningfully affect community perceptions of law enforcement legitimacy in ways that shape community cooperation with police. Details: Chicago: University of Chicago School of Law, 2015. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper No. 734 U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 543 : Accessed September 18, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2658265 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2658265 Shelf Number: 136815 Keywords: Immigration Enforcement Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Procedural Justice

Author: Martin, Gerard Title: Community Policing in Central America: The Way Forward Summary: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Central America in general face complex security problems, including the proliferation of violent gangs, drug-trafficking organizations, and organized crime, as expressed in homicide rates that are among the highest in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Police reform that incorporates a community policing (CP) approach could contribute significantly to solutions, but it faces significant hurdles, including entrenched opposition to police reform, poor leadership and management capacity within police and other law enforcement entities, corruption as well as a challenging security environment. This report focuses on the status of USAID and U.S. State Department support for CP in El Salvador and Guatemala, and the road ahead, addressing five questions: - What key elements are leading to successful CP in El Salvador and Guatemala? - What factors keep CP programs from succeeding? - How can programs achieve quick successes in target communities, become sustainable, and be replicated? - What are we missing - and what else can we do? - Which innovative aspects of current practices can be used as best practices in the challenging security situation in these countries? This report presents an assessment of each country's current CP situation and the ongoing support from USAID and the State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL). The assessment offers country-specific conclusions, next steps, and observations about key elements for successful replication in the region. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Agency for International Development, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2015 at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JBQ7.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Central America URL: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JBQ7.pdf Shelf Number: 136878 Keywords: Community Policing Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Community Relations

Author: Huq, Aziz Title: Why Does the Public Cooperate with Law Enforcement? The Influence of the Purposes and Targets of Policing Summary: This study addresses the extension of the "procedural justice" model for understanding public cooperation with law enforcement to new policing contexts and new minority populations. The study draws on four recent surveys of public reactions to policing against crime or against terrorism across different populations to examine whether the changing purpose of policing, or changes in the communities targeted for heightened policing have an effect on how cooperative behaviors are elicited. This paper presents evidence that procedural justice mechanisms are robust across a variety of contexts and populations in the United States. Three issues in particular are addressed. First, whether the procedural justice model applies across policing functions and policed populations. Second, whether the perception that another group is the target of disproportionate policing efforts has any effect on the cooperation behavior of a non-targeted population. And third, whether people attend to different aspects of policing behavior if their community is targeted for heightened policing attention. Details: Chicago: University of Chicago, Law School, 2011. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: University of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 339; NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 11-11 : Accessed October 21, 2015 at: Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1757263 Shelf Number: 137045 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Procedural Justice Terrorism

Author: Tyler, Tom R. Title: Legitimacy and Deterrence Effects in Counter-Terrorism Policing: A Study of Muslim Americans Summary: This study considers the circumstances under which members of the Muslim American community voluntarily cooperate with police efforts to combat terrorism. Cooperation is defined to include both a general receptivity toward helping the police in anti-terror work, and the specific willingness to alert police to terror related risks in a community. Two perspectives on why people cooperate with law enforcement, both developed with reference to general policing, are compared in the context of anti-terror policing and specifically among members of the Muslim American community. The first is instrumental. It suggests that people cooperate because they see tangible benefits that outweigh any costs. The second perspective is normative. It posits that people respond to their belief that police are a legitimate authority. On this view legitimacy is linked to the fairness and procedural justice of police procedures. Data from a study involving interviews with Muslim Americans in New York City between March and June 2009 strongly support the normative model by finding that the procedural justice of police activities is the primary factor shaping legitimacy and cooperation with the police. Details: Chicago: University of Chicago - Law School, 2010. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 296; NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 10-15 : Accessed October 21, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1559923 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1559923 Shelf Number: 137046 Keywords: Muslims Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Terrorism

Author: Pickering, Sharon Title: Counter-Terrorism Policing and Culturally Diverse Communities: Final Report Summary: This Report is the culmination of a three-year research partnership between Monash University and Victoria Police. The focus of the Report, Counter-Terrorism Policing in Culturally Diverse Communities, gives voice to a growing recognition that the world is changing in ways that presage the development of new approaches to criminal justice and social cohesion. Against the background of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the United States, and subsequent terrorist strikes in Bali, Istanbul, Madrid and London, among other places, the study focuses on the challenge posed by terrorism in culturally diverse communities. More specifically, it is an investigation into how counterterrorism policing in Victoria, one of the most multicultural regions in the world, is perceived and experienced by both practitioners and members of different ethnic and cultural communities. To this end the study was divided into four distinct streams focusing respectively on policing, community attitudes, Commonwealth and state legislation, and the influence of the media, and how these four areas intersect to shape the way in which counter-terrorism policing occurs within Victoria. From a longer-term perspective, the study was inspired by a commitment to the principles that underpin community oriented policing and to ensure that these principles remain relevant in a world where the threat of terrorist violence has taken on a new significance. As such, a core assumption that has guided research throughout this project is that to be effective in the immediate and longer terms, counter-terrorism policing needs to enhance both social cohesion and police legitimacy. The originality of the project lies in two areas in particular. First, it lies in the access that was given to researchers to a wide array of culturally diverse voices across Victoria through a series of consultations and focus groups in metropolitan and regional areas. Second, it rests also on the willingness of serving members of Victoria Police to participate in a series of interviews and surveys on counter-terrorism policing. This report is therefore built on the trust and commitment to dialogue of over 1000 Victorians who served as research participants. Finally, the research was undertaken in an enduring spirit of cooperation and shared visions, qualities reflected not only in the enthusiasm of research participants but also in the regular meetings held between Monash University researchers and members of the Victoria Police Counter-Terrorism Co-ordination Unit, who met at least bimonthly for the three-year duration of the project. At the very least this spirit of cooperation provides a rebuttal of those who would claim that the innate sensitivities of terrorism preclude the possibility of cooperative and fruitful research and dialogue. In brief, the Report identifies: - Key issues in the perceptions and experiences of community and counter-terrorism policing from both police members and members of culturally diverse communities in Victoria. - Factors that are critical in the operation of counter-terrorism legislation and policy in Victoria. - Key issues in media reporting of counter-terrorism and terrorism in Victoria (will be published as an additional volume to this report). - Recommendations for consideration based on these findings. More generally, it confirms that Victoria Police has been able to capitalise upon the investments in promoting social cohesion and cultural diversity made by successive Victorian governments stretching back several decades to position itself as a national and international leader in the value it places on social cohesion. The findings of this research also indicate that Victoria Police is well placed to further integrate community-policing approaches into its counter-terrorism strategies. However, the findings also indicate the precariousness of police-community relationships when put under pressure through processes of alienation and social exclusion. It has taken many years of hard work on the part of governments, police and communities to build the uniquely harmonious multicultural environment that prevails in Victoria, but this work can unravel quickly if circumstances allow. The recommendations contained in this Report reflect the research team's assessment on what needs to be done to protect this investment in social cohesion against a background of growing uncertainty, and occasional social tension, unleashed by threatened or actual terrorist violence at home or abroad. Details: Clayton, VIC, AUS: Monash University, 2007. 128p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 14, 2015 at: http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gtrec/files/2012/08/counterterrorreport-07.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Australia URL: http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gtrec/files/2012/08/counterterrorreport-07.pdf Shelf Number: 137368 Keywords: Counter-Terrorism policing Police-Community Relations Terrorism

Author: Blitz, Marc Jonathan Title: Police Body-Worn Cameras: Evidentiary Benefits and Privacy Threats Summary: In this Issue Brief, Professor Blitz examines the costs and benefits of body-worn cameras programs. Acknowledging that cameras will not serve as a panacea, Professor Blitz outlines policies that police departments should adopt to ensure the maximum effectiveness of such programs. As Blitz observes, even though such footage is flawed, it is better than accounts given by eyewitnesses long after the event occurred. Blitz admits that such cameras can "transform ephemeral and forgettable moments into permanent and easily shared records" of the parts of our lives we may be "least comfortable sharing with others." To address these privacy concerns, Blitz examines model rules that place greater restrictions on police use of cameras in private homes and prevent the viewing or dissemination of body camera footage except in limited circumstances. Ultimately, Professor Blitz concludes that body-worn cameras can be an important tool in efforts to combat police abuse, if used in accordance with clear guidelines proposed. Details: Washington, DC: American Constitution Society, 2015. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue Brief: Accessed December 1, 2015 at: https://www.acslaw.org/sites/default/files/Blitz_-_On-Body_Cameras_-_Issue_Brief.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.acslaw.org/sites/default/files/Blitz_-_On-Body_Cameras_-_Issue_Brief.pdf Shelf Number: 137375 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Surveillance Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Video Technology

Author: New York City Department of Investigation Title: Body-Worn Cameras in NYC: An Assessment of NYPD's Pilot Program and Recommendations to Promote Accountability Summary: In September 2014, New York City Police Department (NYPD) Commissioner William Bratton announced the launch of a small-scale pilot program to test the use of body-worn cameras (BWCs) by New York City police officers (Volunteer BWC Pilot Program). In mid- December 2014, the Volunteer BWC Pilot Program began with 54 BWCs deployed to patrol officers across the City. BWCs are mobile cameras worn by police officers that can capture audio and video recordings of encounters between police and members of the public. BWC technology has drawn national attention for its potential to improve policing while promoting transparency and accountability in law enforcement. Police departments using BWCs have reported positive changes in the conduct of both citizens and officers, as well as speedier resolutions to police misconduct complaints and litigation. As a result, BWC programs continue to spread rapidly across the country, and numerous organizations and advocacy groups have published reports and issued their own model BWC policies. However, with the potential benefits of BWCs come certain costs and concerns, including risks to the privacy and safety of both officers and the public. As NYPD ventures into the new, evolving, and high-profile world of BWCs, it will need to ensure that the policies and procedures governing BWC use are fair, practical, legal, and transparent. To this end, the New York of the Inspector General for the NYPD (OIG-NYPD) has conducted a detailed review of NYPD's Volunteer BWC Pilot Program in order to assess how certain key topics are addressed and to identify areas not adequately covered by the policy. Specifically, OIG-NYPD focused on five topics at the forefront of the discussion surrounding BWCs: - Officer discretion regarding when to record - Notifications to citizens by officers when a BWC is activated - Safeguards to ensure officer compliance with BWC policy - Access to footage by officers and the public - Retention and purging of BWC footage These issues are critical components of any BWC policy and have stirred the greatest controversy among police executives, oversight agencies, officers, and the unions that represent them. In order to better understand the Volunteer BWC Pilot Program in both theory and practice, OIG-NYPD conducted several meetings with the NYPD team that created, launched, and is overseeing the Volunteer BWC Pilot Program. Separately, OIG-NYPD interviewed multiple police officers who are participating in the program and wearing BWCs on patrol. As BWCs impact various groups, OIG-NYPD also consulted with entities that deal directly with NYPD - such as the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association (PBA), Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB), representatives from each of the City's five District Attorney's Offices and community advocates. Lastly, OIG-NYPD's evaluation of the Volunteer BWC Pilot Program included a comparative examination of NYPD's Operations Order 48 "Pilot Program - Use of Body-Worn Cameras" (Op Order 48) against the BWC policies of other police departments across the country and the policy recommendations of numerous independent studies. Through this work, OIG-NYPD was able to conduct a thorough and unique assessment of Op Order 48, specifically tailored to New York City's distinct policing environment. Based on the information gathered, OIG-NYPD developed 23 recommendations for improving the use of BWCs as NYPD transitions from its current pilot program to a more expansive long-term BWC program. Several of these recommendations - based on interviews with police officials and prosecutors, as well as the experiences of police departments nationwide - involve the safety of officers and witnesses as well as the integrity of the prosecution process. Details: New York: Department of Investigation, Office of the Inspector General, 2015. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2015 at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/oignypd/assets/downloads/pdf/nypd-body-camera-report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.nyc.gov/html/oignypd/assets/downloads/pdf/nypd-body-camera-report.pdf Shelf Number: 137413 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Surveillance Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Video Technology

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of Community Policing Summary: The last year and a half have been the most challenging for policing in recent memory. The events in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked a wave of protests across the country, and subsequent uses of police force in other cities kept policing practices at the forefront of the national consciousness. This challenge has also been an opportunity for law enforcement - an opportunity to both effect positive change within the profession and find new ways to strengthen relationships between police departments and the communities that they serve. On December 11, 2014, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), in partnership with the U.S. Department of Justice's (DOJ) Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office), convened a conference in Washington, D.C., entitled "Constitutional Policing as a Cornerstone of Community Policing." Police executives, federal officials, academics, and civil rights leaders came together at this one-day conference to develop strategies for promoting constitutional policing as part of the day-to-day work of policing. At its most fundamental, constitutional policing is legal policing - that is, policing that operates within the parameters set by the U.S. Constitution, state constitutions, the body of court decisions that have interpreted and spelled out in greater detail what the text of the Constitution means in terms of the everyday practices of policing. Which constitutional issues are most important for policing today? One way of answering that question is to identify the policies and practices that most frequently are called into question from a constitutional standpoint. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p324-pub.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p324-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 137415 Keywords: Community Policing Police Legitimacy Police Policies and Practices Police-Community Relations

Author: Norton, Blake Title: An Assessment of the St. Louis County Police Department. Collaborative Reform Initiative Summary: The nation was jarred by events that occurred in 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri; Staten Island, New York; Cleveland, Ohio; and in 2015 in Baltimore, Maryland. These events - which followed officer-involved incidents in these American cities and around the nation - exposed deep divides between communities and their police departments. As the discord reached a fever pitch, law enforcement agencies nationwide began the process of self-evaluation, reflecting on policies and practices and implementing innovative strategies to better engender community policing principles, build trust, and allay fear. The St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD), with 8551 authorized sworn commissioned officer positions, is responsible for providing police services to an estimated population of approximately 407,000 county residents. The population served increases to approximately 1 million when accounting for the fact that the department also provides contracted law enforcement services to 66 municipalities, 12 school districts, and five other organizations within the county. The department provides both full service contracts - in which the SLCPD is the sole police agency for a municipality and provides all police services - and dedicated patrol contracts that require the SLCPD to provide requested police services. Approximately 60 departments in the St. Louis region serve 90 municipalities. These 60 departments possess widely differing resources, and they provide protection across significantly diverse geographic and demographic communities. This amalgam of departments also creates a web of overlapping jurisdictions, policies, and practices. In addition, the SLCPD operates the St. Louis County and Municipal Police Academy (CMPA), a regional police training facility that provides training to many law enforcement agencies in the area. Finally, mutual aid agreements in the region allow Missouri officers to respond to emergencies outside of their jurisdictions. This interdependent yet fragmented approach to policing in the area creates challenges for the SLCPD in building trusting relationships with the community. The relationship each independent municipal police department has with its community directly affects the relationship the SLCPD has with the community at large. In its civil rights investigation of the Ferguson Police Department (FPD),6 the U.S. Department of Justice found heavy police enforcement existed to generate revenue through fines and fees. This culture of heavy, sometime "aggressive," enforcement has led to strained community relations because of abusive policing and municipal court practices beyond just the FPD. The consequence for the SLCPD is a lack of trust by the community that exacerbated tensions during demonstrations following the shooting death of Michael Brown. For this reason, Chief Jon Belmar of the SLCPD requested the assistance of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) in identifying ways that the SLCPD could improve its relationship with the St. Louis community. The COPS Office and the SLCPD established the following goals to assess and reform the policies, practices, and related processes in the SLCPD, taking into account national standards, best practices, current and emerging research, and community expectations: - Improve the recruitment, selection, and hiring processes to address minority underrepresentation in the department (chapter 4). - Enhance basic academy and supervisor in-service training with a specific focus on fair and impartial policing, community engagement, and partnership development (chapters 5-7). - Strengthen the policies, practices, training, and response for handling protests and mass demonstrations, including de-escalation training (chapter 8). - Improve the process quality for traffic stops and searches to prohibit racial profiling (chapter 9). - Reduce use of force and injuries to both officers and citizens (chapters 10-11). - Develop a comprehensive communication strategy for SLCPD personnel and community partners that will serve to increase transparency about SLCPD police practices (chapter 12). Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 21, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p316-pub.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p316-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 137581 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police Policies and Practices Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Edmonton Police Service Title: Body Worn Video: Considering the Evidence Summary: The Edmonton Police Service has completed a comprehensive three-year study to assess the effectiveness of body worn video (BWV) for use by its officers, and as a result of the research findings, will proceed with a graduated deployment of cameras to specialized police units at this time. The EPS BWV pilot project ran from October 2011 to December 2014, with operational field testing through a variety of environments from October 2012 to July 2014. This project was partially funded through the Canadian Police Research Centre and continued under the Canadian Safety and Security Program, which is a federal program led by Defence Research and Development Canada's Centre for Security Science, in partnership with Public Safety Canada. From the outset, privacy has been a major consideration of the EPS BWV project. The EPS research team consulted with the Alberta Privacy Commissioner who provided valuable insight and recommendations. Respective of this input, the EPS created policies and procedures for the BWV pilot project that aligned with the BWV guidance document issued by the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. As part of the BWV testing, the EPS issued 56 industry-standard cameras to officers in: Downtown Division and Beats; West Edmonton Mall and Whyte Avenue Beats; the Impaired Driving Countermeasures Unit; and with the Disaster and Emergency Operations Unit for a training exercise with Fire Rescue and EMS. While the body worn video project reviewed technical performance, legal considerations, and usefulness in everyday policing and investigations, it also surveyed the public and police officers on their opinion. Based on the pilot project findings, the EPS has decided to proceed with a graduated deployment of a body worn video program over the next two to five years. Cameras will be used by officers who are involved in high-risk interactions with the public, where the officers are on the scene of a crime being committed, and the evidence captured on video is of the greatest value in providing information to the courts. Examples include: the Specialized Traffic Apprehension Team (STAT) that intercept high-risk vehicles; the Impaired Driving Countermeasures Unit for Checkstop operations; Tactical Team entries where weapons may be involved; and the Public Order Unit when responding to riots. The graduated roll-out of BWV will require training of officers, revising instructional materials, modifying police uniforms to carry cameras, as well as submitting a service package for funding, sourcing newer BWV cameras, and utilizing a new digital asset management system. Details: Edmonton, Alberta: Edmonton Police Service, 2015. 241p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2016 at: http://www.bwvsg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Edmonton-Police-BWV-Final-Report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: http://www.bwvsg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Edmonton-Police-BWV-Final-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 137812 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology (U.S.) Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Surveillance Video Technology

Author: Human Impact Partners Title: Stress on the Streets (SOS): Race, Policing, Health, and Increasing Trust not Trauma Summary: Violence in the urban core is a disease - a social disease - that is a top public health crisis of the 21st century. As a trauma physician, it is a disease that I treat daily; I have seen a 300% increase over a 10-year period in children coming into our Cincinnati Children's Hospital Trauma Center with gunshot wounds. But violence is not immutable; we can prevent it. Like other initiatives public health is credited with improving or eradicating - deaths from motor vehicle crashes, polio, and smallpox - inner city violence lends itself to a cure. However, this cure must not cause additional harms. That's why policing practices used to reduce violence and mitigate trauma can and should be more community-oriented. Michael Davis, Chief of the Brooklyn Park Police Department has said, "the future of community policing is community building." The affected community has a role in this cure, as do the police charged with the safety of the community. But with current practices under question for causing more violence, not less, we need communities and police to engage collaboratively, acknowledge complex key drivers of violence, and seek systems-based approaches to better partner in resolving it. This revealing report is a first step in that journey. It documents profound impacts of policing practices on the health of individuals and the community, describing impacts to physical, mental, and emotional health. Importantly, it describes how stress has major, short- and long-term health impacts not just for the public, but for police as well. In its recommendations, this report offers important concrete measures for how policing can rebuild community trust through problem-solving and community-oriented models. It highlights promising practices in four actions - civilian review boards; body-worn cameras; ongoing training of officers about issues like implicit bias and use of force as well as better supervision and evaluation of officers; and department-wide performance measures - that when fully implemented can lay the groundwork for police to be part of the community as opposed to policing the community. Just as health professionals and police have partnered together on past issues, together we can jointly address the root causes of violence in concentrated disadvantage. Policing practices that build trust - through transparency, community dialogue, and accountability - and solve community problems are a key component for keeping more children off my surgical table. Details: Oakland, CA: Human Impact Partners, 2015. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: http://www.humanimpact.org/projects/past-projects/ Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.humanimpact.org/projects/past-projects/ Shelf Number: 137828 Keywords: Community Policing Police Accountability Police Legitimacy Police Problem-Solving Police Stress Police-Community Relations

Author: Hurley, Greg Title: Body-Worn Cameras and the Courts Summary: In response to the August 9, 2014 shooting death of Michael Brown by Officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri, a citizen petition was posted on the White House website, petitions.whitehouse.gov. It asked people to sign if they supported a law requiring all state, county, and local police to wear body-worn cameras, or BWCs. Within a few weeks, the petition collected 150,000 signatures. The response to this petition received national mainstream media attention. Roy L. Austin, Jr., deputy assistant to the president for the Office of Urban Affairs, Justice and Opportunity in the Domestic Policy Council, responded to the petition on behalf of the administration. He noted that research suggested that BWCs can have significant benefits to the community, which can include: - evidence that both officers and civilians acted in a more positive manner when they were aware that a camera was present; - new opportunities for effective training of law enforcement officers presented by the use of cameras; and - useful evidence of interactions was often captured on video. However, he also stated that the cost of this technology cannot be ignored, and there are some significant unanswered questions that need to be addressed, such as: - What is the most effective type of camera (vehicle, body, weapon) - and if body, where is it best placed (lapel, ear, belt)? - What are the privacy implications of having officers record interactions with the public? - When should cameras be turned on? - Does every officer on a force need a camera? - How long should video data be maintained and who should have access to it? - What is the impact on community relationships? On December 2, 2014, Shaun Donovan, the director of the White House's Office of Management and Budget, announced that a proposed, three-year $263 million Community Policing Initiative would include an investment package that would increase the use of BWCs. This was a significant statement from the Obama Administration and demonstrated the administration's view that BWCs could be a useful tool in providing greater officer accountability and promoting more trust in law enforcement by the general public. On September 21, 2015, the Department of Justice announced over $23 million in federal funding to support a BWC pilot program, which will support 73 local and tribal law enforcement agencies in 32 states. In their press release, they noted that this was done as a "part of President Obama's commitment to building trust and transparency between law enforcement and the communities they serve." This development is not surprising as the Obama Administration had previously indicated a willingness to deploy BWC technology. It is reasonable to assume that the cumulative effect of public support for officers using BWCs, and the federal government's willingness to provide funding for a significant pilot program, suggests that BWCs will become an increasingly common piece of law enforcement equipment. In fact, the author is of the opinion that within the next five to ten years, the vast majority of law enforcement officers nationally will be equipped with and required to wear and use BWCs. Details: Williamsburg, VA: National Center for State Courts, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2016 at: http://ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/criminal/id/268 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://ncsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/criminal/id/268 Shelf Number: 137938 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology (U.S.) Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Surveillance Video Technology

Author: Wheller, Levin Title: The Greater Manchester Police procedural justice training experiment: the impact of communication skills training on officers and victims of crime Summary: A growing body of research has shown that people's motivations to cooperate with the police and not break the law are shaped more by feeling the police have legitimate authority, and share the same values, than by people's perceived risk of being caught and punished. Given public perceptions of fair treatment are at the root of police legitimacy, improved police-public interactions over the long term could help reduce crime. There is limited evidence on which interventions can improve public perceptions of fair treatment by the police. The Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) reported in this paper tested the impact of training on the perceived quality of interactions between the police and crime victims in Greater Manchester. The intervention focused on developing officers' practical communication skills. In total, 339 officers were randomly assigned to the treatment group (to receive the training) and 237 to the control group (to not receive the training). As the officers were assigned at random, differences between the groups after the training can be directly attributed to the intervention. RCTs are considered the 'gold standard' in evaluation research as they can establish 'cause and effect' relationships. Main findings Officer attitudes An online survey measured officer attitudes post-training. The intervention was found to have had a positive effect on four out of eight possible outcomes, with no effect on the remaining four. Officers in the treatment group were more likely than those in the control group to: hold positive views about delivering quality of service; recognise the value of building empathy and rapport with victims; and report making decisions that involved victims in the process. Officer behaviour Officer behaviour was assessed post-training in a realistic role-play exercise. The intervention was found to have had a positive impact, with officers in the treatment group scoring significantly higher than those in the control group on a 'quality of interaction' scale. In terms of fair treatment, these officers were more likely to give victims a choice about how the incident was to be dealt with (a 14 percentage point difference). A higher proportion were also rated as 'good/excellent' in terms of their overall performance (48% compared to 22%). Victim perceptions An existing force survey was used to measure the perceptions of crime victims who had contact with officers in the trial. The intervention was found to have had a significant positive effect on a 'quality of interaction' scale. No effect was found for overall victim satisfaction and willingness to cooperate with the police. Given that most victims were already satisfied and cooperative, it was unlikely the training could produce an effect size large enough to be detected by the survey. It is possible, therefore, that the training might have had a bigger effect in more challenging encounters where public perceptions of the police are more varied. Conclusions The trial showed that training which seeks to teach officers a series of practical techniques and improve their general communication skills can be effective at improving the victim experience. While some of the effects were relatively small, the overall pattern of results points consistently to training having had a positive impact on outcomes. Findings from across the outcome measures suggest that - rather than officers adopting specific techniques or skills they were taught on the course - training instead encouraged a more general shift in the way officers approached interactions with the public. Officers in the treatment group developed a greater awareness of the need to listen to and empathise with victims of crime - resulting in improved public perceptions. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore, UK: College of Policing, 2013. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2016 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/GMP%20Practitioner_Paper_Final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/GMP%20Practitioner_Paper_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 138148 Keywords: Communication Skills Police Behavior Police Training Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Procedural Justice

Author: Jannetta, Jesse Title: Policing 2016: To Deliver Safety, Police Need Legitimacy and Accountability Summary: Much of the national debate on policing in 2015 has rested on a false premise-that community demands for greater police accountability come at the expense of effectively addressing crime. In fact, police need accountability and legitimacy in the communities they serve if they are to deliver safety. While policing is a local governmental function, federal policymakers have an important role to play in helping policing practice reflect this truth. The next president will have a wide range of funding, agenda setting, and enforcement tools that can elevate and spread the best in policing and compel reform where necessary. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2016. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Framing Paper: Accessed March 28, 2016 at: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000511-Policing-2016-To-Deliver-Safety-Police-Need-Legitimacy-and-Accountability.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/2000511-Policing-2016-To-Deliver-Safety-Police-Need-Legitimacy-and-Accountability.pdf Shelf Number: 138450 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police-Community Relations

Author: James, Nathan Title: Public Trust and Law Enforcement -- a Brief Discussion for Policymakers Summary: Recent events involving conflict between the police and citizens have generated interest in what role Congress could play in facilitating efforts to build trust between law enforcement and the people they serve while promoting effective crime reduction. This report provides a brief overview of police-community relations and how the federal government might be able to promote more accountability and better relationships between citizens and law enforcement. Gallup poll data show that, overall, Americans are confident in the police; but, confidence in the police varies according to race, place of residence, and other factors. In 2014, less than 50% of Americans favorably rated the honesty and ethics of police, the lowest percentage since 1998. If they conclude that low public ratings of the police are at least partially attributable to police policies, Congress may decide to address state and local law enforcement policies and practices they believe erode public trust in law enforcement. Federalism limits the amount of influence Congress can have over state and local law enforcement policy. Regardless, the federal government might choose to promote better law enforcement-community relations and accountability through (1) federal efforts to collect and disseminate data on the use of force by law enforcement, (2) statutes that allow the federal government to investigate instances of alleged police misconduct, and (3) the influence the Department of Justice (DOJ) has on state and local policing through its role as an enforcer, policy leader, convener, and funder of law enforcement. There are several options policy makers might examine should they choose to play a role in facilitating better police-community relations: - Congress could consider placing conditions on federal funding to encourage law enforcement to adopt policy changes to promote better community relations. - Policy makers could consider expanding efforts to collect more comprehensive data on the use of force by law enforcement officers. - Congress could consider providing grants to law enforcement agencies so they could purchase body-worn cameras for their officers. - Policy makers could take steps to facilitate investigations and prosecutions of excessive force by amending 18 U.S.C. S242 to reduce the mens rea standard in federal prosecutions, or place conditions on federal funds to promote the use of special prosecutors at the state level. - Congress could fund Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) hiring grants so law enforcement agencies could hire more officers to engage in community policing activities. - Policy makers might consider using the influence of congressional authority to affect the direction of national criminal justice policy. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2016. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: R43904: Accessed March 29, 2016 at: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=762775 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=762775 Shelf Number: 138452 Keywords: Criminal Justice Police Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Calderon, Eduardo L. Title: Citizen Oversight Committees in Law Enforcement Summary: Law enforcement officers are charged with performing a variety of difficult tasks in the communities they serve. In order to carry out these tasks officers are vested with high levels of autonomy and authority. Although most law enforcement personnel throughout the United States perform honorable and conscientious police work, enormous amounts of damage can be done by a single reported incident of police misconduct or corruption. In response to allegations of wrongdoing and the use of excessive force by officers, some police agencies have solicited public opinion and involvement in an effort to build bridges of trust and promote transparency. This often includes discussions of establishing a citizen oversight committee. Citizen oversight committees are officially recognized groups composed of members of the community, often non-sworn civilians, who review complaints about police on behalf of the citizenry. Currently, there are more than 100 citizen oversight committees in the United States and approximately 18 percent of local law enforcement agencies in California have one. Each citizen oversight committee is a unique product of the environment that surrounds it. Citizen oversight committees generally fall into two categories or model types: they are either external or internal to the law enforcement agency. A current trend is to incorporate aspects of both external and internal models into a hybrid model. While there are no validated "best practices" in creating citizen oversight committees, successful committees can include benefits such as: empowering citizens, promoting change within law enforcement agencies, improving police-community relations, and increasing police transparency. Despite these benefits, committees face a number of structural and political obstacles that can hinder their ability to create lasting and permanent change in the police agencies they oversee. Many officers believe that citizen oversight and outside investigations are "unfair and biased against them" because their presence implies an inability of police agencies to monitor and investigate themselves. Recent changes in police oversight, however, have shifted away from the "us v. them" mentality. Similar to the theories guiding Community Oriented Policing, contemporary citizen oversight committees have embodied values that seek joint partnerships with stakeholders involved in the oversight process. Support from local politicians and police administrators as well as rank-and-file officers is crucial to the success of all citizen oversight committees. If city officials and the police department do not support the oversight body, it will have no access to the confidential documents and case evidence necessary to review incidents involving police misconduct. To be effective, citizen oversight committees must be skillful at getting policing issues on the city's agenda so that officials will address, rather than ignore, suppress, or minimize problems in the police agency. While there are many things to consider, some important questions to keep in mind when implementing a citizen oversight committee are: - Membership: Who will sit on the committee? Do committee members need to have any specialized skills or knowledge beyond an ability to be fair, open-minded, and conscientious? Will they be paid or volunteer positions? Will positions be appointed or by application/qualifications? How will appropriate- and fair-minded citizens be recruited? - Power and Responsibilities: Will the committee conduct investigations or just oversee the investigation process? Will the committee recommend or issue discipline? Will the committee have subpoena powers? - Governance: Who will oversee the committee - an elected body or police administrator(s)? How will a committee be established � by charter or the electorate? - Funding: How will the committee be funded? What costs will be associated with the implementation and maintenance? - Goals: What is/are the goal(s) of the committee? The success of citizen oversight committees rests on their ability to establish joint partnerships with stakeholders involved in the oversight process. Often citizen oversight committees balance the needs of the public, police officers, and law enforcement agencies in an effort to establish their legitimacy. However, citizen oversight committees should continue to adapt to changes in political leadership and internal departmental transitions so that their membership and legitimacy will remain a fixture for years to follow. Details: Fullerton, CA: California State University - Fullerton, Center for Public Policy, 2013. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2016 at: http://cpp.fullerton.edu/pdf/cpp_policeoversight_report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://cpp.fullerton.edu/pdf/cpp_policeoversight_report.pdf Shelf Number: 138586 Keywords: Citizen Oversight Committees Police Accountability Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations

Author: National Network for Safe Communities Title: Drug Market Intervention: An Implementation Guide Summary: The DMI guide provides practical information intended to help law enforcement, community, and social services partners--the strategy's key stakeholders--prepare and successfully execute DMI to close overt drug markets. It discusses the ways overt drug markets damage neighborhoods, contribute to disorder, and negatively affect communities. This publication guides the reader through the processes of partnership formation, police-community reconciliation, dealer notifications, staging call-ins, maintaining closure of drug markets, and delivering services to dealers. DMI is intended to help communities reduce the use of intrusive policing practices, transform neighborhoods, and allow law enforcement to step back and the community to reclaim its voice in how it wants to live. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2016 at: https://nnscommunities.org/uploads/DMI_Guide.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://nnscommunities.org/uploads/DMI_Guide.pdf Shelf Number: 138613 Keywords: Community Participation Drug Dealing Drug Enforcement Drug Markets Police-Community Relations

Author: Flanagan, Andrew Title: Review of Governance in Policing: To Cabinet Secretary for Justice Summary: Andrew Flanagan, Chair of the Scottish Police Authority (SPA) has today made 30 recommendations for improvement in the practice of governance arrangements for policing in Scotland. Publishing his Review of Governance in Policing, which was commissioned by the Cabinet Secretary for Justice on 3 September 2015, Mr Flanagan's report concludes that having an arms-length body in the SPA providing a separation from politics and policing is an appropriate model for governing a national police service. His report recommends improvements to ensure representatives of local communities feel sufficiently listened to regarding local policing, are able to input effectively into the development of national policy issues, and have a way of recording their 'voice' on the quality and effectiveness of Police Scotland's engagement with them. The report's other main findings include: - SPA to strengthen its governance procedures and review with the Scottish Government and Police Scotland how working arrangements and protocols reinforce the positioning and authority of the SPA. - Clearer definition of the SPA's areas of responsibilities and how it conducts its business. - Review of the underlying systems and processes used by Police Scotland to provide information with a view to improving clarity and enhancing the quality of analysis and benchmarking. Details: Glasgow: Scottish Police Authority, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2016 at: http://www.spa.police.uk/assets/128635/337350/337362 Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.spa.police.uk/assets/128635/337350/337362 Shelf Number: 138693 Keywords: Police Policies and Practices Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Title: Social Media and Tactical Considerations for Law Enforcement Summary: This report is part of a COPS Office series titled "Emerging Issues in Policing," which is a very appropriate heading for a discussion of social media. The use of social media is a relatively new phenomenon in policing. Many police departments are experimenting with social media-and we emphasize the word "experimenting." Some departments are using social media far more extensively than others, and development of formal policy on social media is generally lagging behind practice. A variety of legal, civil rights, and privacy-related issues regarding social media have been raised, but these issues are nowhere near the point of resolution in the courts yet. Many departments' initial efforts to use social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have been for the purpose of disseminating information to the public about crime issues, crime prevention programs, and police department activities. Chapter 1 of this report describes the social media strategy of the Toronto Police Service, which has one of the most advanced social media programs in existence for disseminating information to the public. There has been much less discussion of police use of social media for other purposes, such as preventing and investigating crimes, in which the police are gathering information rather than disseminating information. That is the subject of the bulk of this report. We brought together some of the police officials who have been taking the lead in exploring these issues and developing social media programs, and asked them to tell us what they have learned from the successes they have achieved as well as the challenges they have overcome. The last decade has been a time of rapid change in policing. Major forces have been buffeting police departments for some time. On one hand, the economic crisis has shrunk police budgets and forced police executives to reevaluate all of their operations and even their fundamental missions. At the same time, police departments across the nation and abroad are developing many new technologies that have the potential to make policing more efficient and effective. Social media can be counted as one of these important new technologies. Because of all the changes going on in the field, it is an interesting and challenging time to be a police leader. PERF and the COPS Office see our roles as helping law enforcement executives share information with each other about what they are learning as they work through the new issues they are encountering. This report is part of that effort. We hope you will find it interesting and informative. Details: Washington, DC: COPS Office, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Technology/social%20media%20and%20tactical%20considerations%20for%20law%20enforcement%202013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Technology/social%20media%20and%20tactical%20considerations%20for%20law%20enforcement%202013.pdf Shelf Number: 139126 Keywords: Community Policing Police Technologies Police-Community Relations Social Media

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Advice from Police Chiefs and Community Leaders on Building Trust: Summary: The last 18 months have been traumatic for the policing profession and for communities across the nation, with issues of use of force being questioned. To address these issues, the Police Executive Research Forum has been working to devise new training programs for police officers, emphasizing concepts of de-escalation, crisis intervention, and "slowing situations down" in order to give officers more time to evaluate what's happening, consider their options, get additional resources to the scene, and devise effective responses that minimize use of force. The national upheaval in policing since Ferguson is not only about issues of policing and training regarding use of force. Equally important is the impact on the level of trust by community members in their police departments. So we invited police chiefs and community leaders to a national conference in Washington, and asked them to discuss what's going on in their cities, particularly with respect to issues of force and the level of trust in the police. We wanted to know how they see what's going on in their city, and how they feel about what's happening nationally. And to the extent that community leaders and police chiefs could tell us that they have solid relationships of trust, we wanted to ask them for their best advice about how they reached that point. To get this project under way, we contacted PERF's member chiefs, invited them to participate in a one-day meeting, and asked each participating chief to invite one community leader to the meeting. We wanted frank, candid discussions that would produce useful information and guidance, so we asked each chief to choose a community leader who is not necessarily your biggest fan, but who has credibility in the community. Details: Washington, DC; PERF, 2016. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed May 24, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf Shelf Number: 139149 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Sinclair, Georgina Title: Identifying the Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Good Practices for Effective Policing with Communities in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States Summary: This briefing paper summarises discussions and syndicate exercise presentation material developed by police practitioners during a five-day course entitled 'Policing with Communities in Fragile and Conflict Affected States' (FCAS), delivered by Strategic Expertise International (SEI) in association with SIPR, Police Scotland and the Stabilisation Unit in January 2016. This course formed part of a European Union Police Services Training (EUPST II) programme designed to support police officers working in EU and other international operations. The overall objective of the exercise was to increase practitioner knowledge of the connected issues, build their capabilities, understanding and skills as well as the development of key guiding principles for policing communities within FCAS as observed within this briefing paper. The outcomes were limited due to time constraints but provide initial considerations from which a framework of guiding principles could be envisaged. Details: Dundee, UK: Scottish Institute for Policing Research, 2016. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: SIPR Briefings, No. 17: Accessed June 28, 2016 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Briefing17.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Briefing17.pdf Shelf Number: 139438 Keywords: Community Policing Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Eberhardt, Jennifer L., ed. Title: Strategies for Change: Research Initiatives and Recommendations to Improve Police-Community Relations in Oakland, Calif. Summary: In May 2014, the City of Oakland contracted with our team of Stanford social psychologists to assist the Oakland Police Department (OPD) in collecting and analyzing data on officers' self-initiated stops. Our task was to analyze the reports that OPD officers completed after every stop they initiated between April 1, 2013 and April 30, 2014. These reports are called stop data. In Strategies for Change, we summarize the findings of this stop data analysis, discuss four other research initiatives, and list 50 recommendations for improving police-community relations.Across our research programs, we indeed uncovered evidence that OPD officers treat people of different races differently. At the same time, we found little evidence that disparate treatment arose from explicit racism or purposeful discrimination. Instead, our research suggests that many subtle and unexamined cultural norms, beliefs, and practices sustain disparate treatment. Our findings also suggest 50 evidence-based actions that agencies can take to change department cultures and strengthen police-community ties. Details: Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University, SPARQ: Social Psychological Answers to Real-world Questions, 2016. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2016 at: https://stanford.app.box.com/v/Strategies-for-Change Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://stanford.app.box.com/v/Strategies-for-Change Shelf Number: 139752 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Stop and Search

Author: Hetey, Rebecca C. Title: Data for Change: A Statistical Analysis of Police Stops, Searches, Handcuffings, and Arrests in Oakland, Calif., 2013-2014 Summary: Law enforcement agencies across the United States are facing claims that they discriminate against community members of color. Inquiries into these claims often involve analyzing data from police stops. These so-called stop data reports typically take one of two approaches: either attack the agency for intentional racism, or deny the presence of racial disparities altogether. Yet neither of these approaches has yielded adequate progress toward many agencies' mission of serving their communities with fairness and respect. Taking a different approach, the City of Oakland engaged our team of Stanford social psychologists to examine relations between the Oakland Police Department (OPD) and the Oakland community, and then to develop evidence-based remedies for any racial disparities we might find. Racial disparities in policing likely have many causes. To examine these causes, our team has undertaken five research initiatives. We describe our research methods, findings, and recommendations in Strategies for Change: Research Initiatives and Recommendations To Improve Police-Community Relations in Oakland, Calif. We provide a technical report of our main research initiative, a thorough analysis of OPD stop data, in Data for Change: A Statistical Analysis of Police Stops, Searches, Handcuffings, and Arrests in Oakland, Calif., 2013-2014. Across our research programs, we indeed uncovered evidence that OPD officers treat people of different races differently. At the same time, we found little evidence that these racial disparities arose from overt bias or purposeful discrimination. Instead, our research suggests that many subtle and unexamined cultural norms, beliefs, and practices sustain disparate outcomes. Our findings also suggest 50 evidence-based actions that agencies can take to change department cultures and strengthen police-community ties. Below, we highlight some of our research initiatives, findings, and recommendations for improving police-community relations in Oakland and other U.S. cities. Below, we highlight some of our research initiatives, findings, and recommendations for improving police-community relations in Oakland and other parts of the U.S. The 5 Research Initiatives - Statistical analyses of stop data from 28,119 forms that 510 OPD officers filed after stopping drivers and pedestrians in Oakland, Calif., between April 1, 2013 and April 30, 2014 (for a summary, see Chapter 1 of Strategies for Change; for the technical report, see Data for Change); - Development of computational tools to analyze linguistic data from body-worn cameras (BWCs) and, using these tools, analyses of some 157,000 words spoken by OPD officers during 380 stops in April of 2014 (see Chapter 2 of Strategies for Change); - Development of computational tools to analyze written narratives from police stop data forms, and, using these tools as well as human experts, analyses of some 1,000 OPD officer narratives from April of 2014 (see Chapter 3 of Strategies for Change); - Two surveys of 416 Oakland community members regarding their attitudes toward and experiences with OPD officers (see Chapter 4 of Strategies for Change); - Development and evaluation of implicit bias and procedural justice training modules with 675 OPD officers (see Chapter 5 of Strategies for Change). Key Findings - OPD officers stopped, searched, handcuffed, and arrested more African Americans than Whites, a finding that remained significant even after we controlled for neighborhood crime rates and demographics; officer race, gender, and experience; and other factors that shape police actions; - Some 60% of OPD stops were of African Americans, who make up 28% of Oakland's population; - Of OPD officers making at least one stop during the 13-month period of study: - Only 20% stopped a White person, while 96% stopped an African American person; - Only 26% handcuffed a White person, while 72% handcuffed an African American person (excluding arrests); - Only 23% conducted a discretionary search of a White person, while 65% conducted a discretionary search of an African American person; - When OPD officers could identify the community member's race before a stop, they were much more likely to stop an African American, as compared to when officers could not identify the community member's race; - With African Americans, OPD officers used more severe legal language (e.g., mentioned probation, parole, and arrest) and offered fewer explanations for the stop than with Whites; - In police-initiated interactions, African American and Hispanic Oakland residents felt more disrespected and misunderstood than did White and Asian Oakland residents. Select Recommendations - Our findings suggest the OPD has a culture where officers stop, search, handcuff, and arrest more African Americans than Whites. We suspect many other law enforcement agencies have similar cultures. In Strategies for Change, we thus recommend the OPD and other agencies regularly review their policies, practices, and procedures for evidence of disparate outcomes. - As our findings reveal that less-experienced officers show more racial disparities in their stops, better training of new officers could likely reduce the degree of these disparities. To this end, Strategies for Change presents several recommendations for how to improve officer training. - Although the OPD collects copious amounts of data, few measures track the OPD's relationship with the community. In Strategies for Change, we thus recommend several actions that the OPD and other law enforcement agencies can take to measure what matters most. - More broadly, we observe that many law enforcement agencies do not fully embrace data because they view it as evidence that could be used against them, rather than as feedback about what is or is not working, and why. In Strategies for Change, we recommend more than a dozen actions that the OPD and other law enforcement agencies can take to better leverage data. Details: Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University, SPARQ: Social Psychological Answers to Real-world Questions, 2016. 298p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2016 at: https://sparq.stanford.edu/data-for-change Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://sparq.stanford.edu/data-for-change Shelf Number: 139753 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Racial Profiling in Law Enforcement Stop and Search

Author: San Francisco. Blue Ribbon Panel on Transparency, Accountability, and Fairness in Law Enforcement Title: Report of the Blue Ribbon Panel on Transparency, Accountability, and Fairness in Law Enforcement Summary: The Blue Ribbon Panel on Transparency, Accountability, and Fairness in Law Enforcement (the Panel) was established as an advisory body to the San Francisco District Attorney in May 2015 in the wake of revelations that 14 San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) officers had exchanged numerous racist and homophobic text messages. The text messages-milder examples of which included statements such as "Cross burning lowers blood pressure! I did the test myself!" and "I still hate black people" - expressed blatant hostility toward and mocked people of color - including SFPD officers - and insulted lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. The Panel was tasked with answering the critical and obvious question that the text-messaging scandal raised and - to the Panel's knowledge - no other city agency had investigated: Was the racial and homophobic bias so clearly demonstrated by the offensive texts a reflection of institutionalized bias within the SFPD and, if so, to what extent? Over a one-year period, the Panel examined a number of different aspects of the SFPD to try to develop a comprehensive understanding of the issue, interviewing more than 100 witnesses and reviewing thousands of public documents. The result is this report. Its findings and recommendations strive to give credit where credit is due, but point to several unmistakable conclusions: the SFPD is in need of greater transparency; lacks robust oversight; must rebuild trust with the communities it serves; and should pay greater attention to issues of bias against people of color, both officers and members of the public. In short, the Panel concludes that the SFPD is in urgent need of important reforms. Details: San Francisco: The Panel, 2016. 249p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2016 at: http://sfdistrictattorney.org/sites/default/files/Document/BRP_report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://sfdistrictattorney.org/sites/default/files/Document/BRP_report.pdf Shelf Number: 139754 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Racial Profiling in law Enforcement Stop and Search

Author: Chicago. Police Accountability Task Force Title: Recommendations for Reform: Restoring Trust between the Chicago Police and the Communities they Serve: Report Summary: The primary mission of the Police Accountability Task Force was to lay the foundation for the rejuvenation of trust between the police and the communities that they serve by facing hard truths and creating a roadmap for real and lasting transparency, respectful engagement, accountability and change. The Police Accountability Task Force developed comprehensive findings with specific recommendations for change in the short, interim and long term in five important areas: - Video Release Policies - De-escalation - Community & Police Relations - Early Intervention & Personnel - Legal Oversight & Accountability The Police Accountability Task Force arose amidst a significant and historic public outcry. The outcry brought people into the streets, on social media and on other venues to say in a very clear voice that they had reached a breaking point with the entire local law enforcement infrastructure. People were and are demanding accountability and real and lasting change. The outcry was not localized in any particular neighborhood or demographic, although communities of color and those ravaged by crime added some of the most poignant commentary. The Task Force immediately understood that one of our most important responsibilities was to actively seek out, listen and respond to voices from all over Chicago who had much to say about their personal and often painful experiences with the Chicago Police Department ("CPD"), the Independent Police Review Authority ("IPRA") and other parts of the local policing infrastructure, as well as their frustrations and lack of confidence in political actors. What we have heard has been humbling. As we dug deeper into the complaints of so many about the callous and disrespectful way in which they had been treated by some officers, we also understood that we had an important duty to lay bare the systemic and sanctioned practices that led to the deaths of fellow citizens and the deprivation of the rights of so many others. We have borne witness to many hard truths which have profound and lasting impacts on the lives and hopes of individuals and communities. Our recommendations are intended to be responsive to the people, empower the people and to specifically identify a range of changes that are essential to building trust, accountability and lasting change. As part of our work, the Task Force heard from many current and former CPD officers who are dedicated public servants, committed to performing their duties lawfully and making Chicago a safer place for all of its residents. Serving as a police officer is a challenging and often dangerous job. The police face an increasingly daunting challenge in crime fighting. Illegal guns flood the streets of the same neighborhoods that are devastated by crime, poverty and unemployment. We as a society cannot expect the police to cure every ill in Chicago's neighborhoods. Yet we put significant pressure on them to solve and prevent crime, as well as to address the manifestations of a number of other daunting social and economic challenges beyond their charge and capacity to manage, let alone solve. Still, a keen appreciation of and sensitivity to these broader issues is critical to effective law enforcement and positive community-police relations. The findings and recommendations in this report are not meant to disregard or undervalue the efforts of the many dedicated CPD officers who show up to work every day to serve and protect the community. The challenge is creating a partnership between the police and the community that is premised upon respect and recognizes that our collective fates are very much intertwined. Simply put, a more professional, engaged and respectful police force benefits us all. We cannot and have not shied away from identifying systemic problems or challenges that undermine the efforts of those officers who are sincerely committed to doing their jobs the right way. To be sure, individual officers must own responsibility for not merely their actions each day, but also the reverberating and sometimes corrosive and lingering effect of those actions on citizens. And ultimately, the responsibility for setting the correct course lies with CPD leadership itself. The City and in particular CPD would do well to embrace the necessary changes to address the systemic problems in CPD and not simply hope that this storm will pass. It will not and ignoring this opportunity will exacerbate an already volatile set of circumstances. CPD in particular must face the problems in order to fix them. Details: Chicago: The Task Force, 2016. 184p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2016 at: https://chicagopatf.org/ Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://chicagopatf.org/ Shelf Number: 139755 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Integrity Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Cowell, Brett M. Title: Engaging Communities One Step at a Time: Policing's Tradition of Foot Patrol as an Innovative Community Engagement Strategy Summary: Although support for foot patrol as a policing strategy has shifted over time, in modern policing foot patrol has received substantial attention (Fields & Emshwiller, 2015; Bekiempis, 2015). Primarily lauded as a potential remedy to strained relations between community members and police, the effectiveness of foot patrol at reducing crime, diminishing fear of crime, or relieving strained relations with the community is unclear. While foot patrol may hold promise as a crime reduction approach, no definitive conclusions can yet be drawn as to its effectiveness in this regard. The conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of foot patrol may relate to variation in how foot patrol is implemented in various departments. Considering that foot patrol ultimately manifests as one-onone interactions between officers and community members, differences in attitudes toward foot patrol assignments, as well as variation in the specific activities undertaken as part of foot patrol, may help explain contradictory research findings. However, few detailed descriptions outlining variation in foot patrol exist. This limitation is noteworthy as detailed descriptions of different implementations of foot patrol may also provide direction to agencies considering adopting foot patrol as part of their operational strategies. Present Study Using semi-structured interviews with officers, focus-groups of community members, and observational techniques, this report examines how five different agencies - (1) Cambridge (MA) Police Department, (2) New Haven (CT) Police Department, (3) Kalamazoo (MI) Department of Public Safety, (4) Evanston (IL) Police Department, and (5) Portland (OR) Police Bureau - utilize different foot patrol strategies to interact, engage, and build relationships with their communities. Descriptions of these agencies and their approaches are detailed, and attitudes of officers and citizens are analyzed. Organizational issues are discussed, and recommendations for agencies considering adopting foot patrol are presented. The remainder of this executive summary presents the primary findings and summarizes the key recommendations of the overall report. Key Findings Key findings of the study generally related to two distinct areas. The first area focuses on the perceived benefits of foot patrol. Given the nature of the analysis, these benefits reflect those positive characteristics noted by officers that were supported by community-member statements or through observational data. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2016. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PF_Engaging-Comminities-One-Step-at-a-Time_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PF_Engaging-Comminities-One-Step-at-a-Time_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 140276 Keywords: Foot Patrol Place-Based Policing Police Patrol (U.S.) Police-Community Relations

Author: Morin, Rich Title: The Racial Confidence Gap in Police Performance: Blacks, whites also have dramatically different views on causes of fatal encounters between blacks and police Summary: The deep racial tensions seen in many areas of American life underlie how blacks and whites view police in their communities, as well as their reactions to the deadly encounters in recent years between blacks and law enforcement officers, according to a new survey by Pew Research Center. Only about a third of blacks but roughly three-quarters of whites say police in their communities do an excellent or good job in using the appropriate force on suspects, treating all racial and ethnic minorities equally and holding officers accountable when misconduct occurs. Roughly half of all blacks say local police do an excellent or good job combatting crime - a view held by about eight-inten whites. Blacks and whites also differ over the root causes of the fatal incidents between police and blacks in recent years. Even before the recent lethal encounters between police and black men in Tulsa and Charlotte, the survey found that blacks are 25 percentage points more likely than whites to say the deaths of blacks during encounters with police in recent years are signs of a broader societal problem and not merely isolated incidents. At the same time, whites and blacks both see the complexity of the situation. Majorities of each race say that both anti-police bias and a genuine desire to hold officers accountable for their actions play a part in fueling the protests that have often followed these fatal incidents, though whites are more skeptical than blacks about the demonstrators' motives. There is less agreement on which is the more important motivator: For whites, it is anti-police bias (85% vs. 63% who see a sincere desire to promote accountability); for blacks it's reversed (79% of blacks cite accountability, 56% opposition to the police). The survey, conducted Aug. 16-Sept. 12 online and by mail among 4,538 U.S. adults, also found that about eight-in-ten blacks and a larger share of whites favor the use of body cameras by police to record encounters with citizens. Majorities of both races also believe that the use of so-called body cams would prompt officers to act more appropriately when dealing with the public. The survey was completed before a recent deadly encounter in Tulsa, Oklahoma, that left a black man dead and the white officer who shot him charged with manslaughter, as well as a fatal shooting of a black man in Charlotte, North Carolina, that sparked two nights of unrest in that city. Details: Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2016. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/09/29/the-racial-confidence-gap-in-police-performance/ Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/09/29/the-racial-confidence-gap-in-police-performance/ Shelf Number: 140528 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police Use of Force Police-Community Relations

Author: New York (City). Department of Investigation Title: Using Data from Lawsuits and Legal Claims: Involving NYPD to Improve Policing Summary: Over the past decade, legal claims and civil lawsuits against the New York City Police Department (NYPD) have been increasing in number. According to NYPD, in the past five fiscal years alone, the City has seen more than 15,000 lawsuits filed against NYPD, a 44% increase in total number, that in sum have cost the City over $202 million. These cases result in a substantial financial burden on New York City taxpayers. The City's response has ranged from removing the most-sued officers from the streets to allocating new and greater resources to the attorneys who must defend these lawsuits. The Mayor recently announced that the New York City Law Department would receive an additional $4.5 million to hire 30 new attorneys and 10 new paralegals to defend the City against such lawsuits. While parties may differ on what has caused this high volume of lawsuits, the byproduct has been a large quantity of lawsuit and claims data which, if used correctly, can assist NYPD and the City with taking necessary corrective action. However, various agencies with responsibility for different aspects of this litigation are not tracking the data from these cases in the most effective way possible. This Report discusses the necessary steps needed for the efficient collection and use of this data. While the high number of legal claims and lawsuits being filed against NYPD is concerning, the careful collection and analysis of data regarding legal claims and civil lawsuits (hereinafter "litigation data") has the potential to reduce costs while improving both officer performance and police-community relations. Although litigation data is not a perfect indicator of police performance, when the correct litigation data is collected and used properly, it can help result in changes that benefit individual officers, the police department, community members, and the City at large. As outlined in this Report, NYPD can use litigation data in three ways: First, a quantitative and qualitative review of litigation data can be used to help law enforcement identify patterns and trends of police misconduct that warrant remediation. Second, by coupling litigation data with "Early Intervention Systems," law enforcement agencies can identify at-risk officers who may be in need of enhanced training or monitoring. Third, litigation data analysis can contribute to improvements and positive shifts in departmental culture. In this Report, OIG-NYPD looks at how law enforcement agencies in other jurisdictions have successfully used litigation data in these three ways to effect change and reduce costs, and how NYPD can do the same. While litigation data has the potential to bring improvements, the limitations of the information must also be taken into account. For example, the fact that a claim or lawsuit is settled is not necessarily proof of liability or improper conduct. Cases are not always resolved on the merits, and non-meritorious cases are sometimes settled for lower amounts to avoid the costs and uncertainties of litigation. Moreover, litigation data cannot, by itself, drive change in how plaintiffs and the City choose to litigate and resolve lawsuits. Separate strategies, independent of this Report, are required to address how claims and lawsuits are managed by agencies and counsel. But when the data is properly gathered and analyzed, litigation data can still be used for positive, proactive improvements in policing. While this Report lists several steps that should be taken, OIG-NYPD notes that NYPD is, in some ways, ahead of many other police departments with respect to tracking and analyzing litigation data. For example, NYPD has been improving its system for using data - including litigation data - to track and monitor the performance of individual officers. NYPD also recently revamped its internal team responsible for reviewing and identifying trends in legal claims and litigation. Finally, NYPD has been exchanging data more regularly with the two agencies that also track litigation data against NYPD and its officers: the Office of the Comptroller of the City of New York (Comptroller's Office) and the New York City Law Department (Law Department). Notwithstanding this progress, more should be done. OIG-NYPD sees several opportunities for enhancing how litigation data is collected and utilized in the long-term. OIGNYPD therefore makes the following three recommendations: 1) NYPD should perform a qualitative review of the most relevant data contained within legal claims and lawsuits against NYPD. A more thoughtful examination of certain litigation metrics generates the greatest benefit from a risk management perspective, police oversight perspective, and accountability perspective. Specifically, NYPD, the Comptroller's Office, and the Law Department need to start tracking more details about the nature of the claims and the core allegations, information about the subject police officer, the location of the alleged incident, and the address of the plaintiff. A more qualitative review of claims and final outcomes will also help to distinguish potentially meritless cases from more substantive claims and, therefore, will help to determine which cases can best help with an Early Intervention System or a trend analysis system. 2) NYPD should more closely coordinate the collection and exchange of litigation data through the creation of an interagency working group with the Comptroller's Office and the Law Department. Beyond the current bilateral discussions that NYPD has with both the Comptroller's Office and the Law Department, an interagency working group would allow all three agencies to better understand the optimal path forward in facilitating and exchanging the review of police-involved litigation data. This includes identifying what data exists and where, how data should be classified, what additional data should be collected, what resources are needed to capture data that is not readily available, and how to best balance the benefits of data review with the practical realities of data collection. 3) NYPD should be more transparent in its emerging work in litigation data analysis so that New York City residents can better understand how the officers serving their community are evaluated and how NYPD is using litigation data to identify trends in the Department as a whole. In addition to revealing details about both officer performance monitoring and litigation data analysis, NYPD should also solicit public comment regarding these systems. With increased transparency and openness to comment will come greater public confidence in NYPD's plan for analyzing litigation data. Reliable data on police activities is a foundation of oversight and review. This Office, as well as NYPD, must therefore take all practical steps to harness the most accurate data from all available sources and render it useful. If the recommendations in this Report are implemented, litigation data analysis may further this goal by helping to reduce the number of legal claims and lawsuits directed towards NYPD, while also reducing costs and improving policing and police-community relations in New York City as a whole. Details: New York: New York City Department of Investigation, Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD, 2015. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2016 at: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/oignypd/downloads/pdf/2015-04-20-litigation-data-report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/oignypd/downloads/pdf/2015-04-20-litigation-data-report.pdf Shelf Number: 145427 Keywords: Legal Claims Police Accountability Police Behavior Police-Community Relations

Author: Diamond, Drew Title: Advancing Community Policing Through Community Governance: A Framework Document Summary: About 25 years ago, a number of progressive police departments began experimenting with a new approach to policing that focused on improving relations between police officers and the communities they serve. This approach to policing, called community policing, focused on developing partnerships between the police and the community, addressing community problems through systematic problem-solving efforts, and finding ways to ensure that officers' efforts in these areas receive support from the police department. Today, community policing is widely accepted in police departments across the county, and the vast majority of community members and local politicians want their police department to be a community policing agency. As police departments implemented the community policing philosophy, they developed a deeper understanding of what it means to partner with the community. The community is not merely the people living or working within a city, but also the city's nonprofit and community-based organizations, local businesses, and, also important, government agencies. As police departments strengthen and advance their community policing efforts, they call on their colleagues in other departments of their own city government to assist with problem-solving efforts in the community. At this same time, many city administrators are seeking ways to increase community involvement in local government matters. These same managers are also trying to create a more transparent government structure that stresses accountability and responsiveness to the community. Cities that pursue these efforts are beginning to adopt a new approach to local governance - one that is service-oriented. We refer to this philosophical approach to local governance as "community governance." At its most basic level, community governance takes the philosophy and elements of community policing to the citywide level. It stresses collaboration among city agencies and with the community, systematic problem-solving efforts, and organizational changes to support this new orientation. Advancing Community Policing through Community Governance: A Framework Document serves as a basis for defining the community governance approach and what it looks like in practice by taking the first step of starting the discussion about community governance. We hope that additional projects and research in the future will expand the community governance knowledge base. This document will be of particular interest to police chiefs, city managers, mayors, and other municipal agency executives who are interested in developing a more collaborative approach to local governance in responding to community problems and issues. Details: U.S. Department of Justice, Department of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2016 at: https://www.masc.sc/SiteCollectionDocuments/Public%20Safety/advancing%20community%20policing.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: https://www.masc.sc/SiteCollectionDocuments/Public%20Safety/advancing%20community%20policing.pdf Shelf Number: 144874 Keywords: Community Policing Police-Community Relations

Author: Ohio Task Force on Community-Police Relations Title: Final Report Summary: The Ohio Task Force on Community-Police Relations was formed by Governor John Kasich on December 12, 2014, to address the fractured relationships that exist between some communities and the police dedicated to serving them. The Task Force was formed after the tragic deaths of Tamir Rice in Cleveland and John Crawford III in Beavercreek. The deaths of these two Ohioans along with a number of other events from across the country served as the impetus for the creation of the Task Force. These events collectively, and the protests and public reaction that followed, also serve as a reminder of the difficult past that many people, have experienced with law enforcement. While these events from across the country are not indicative of the overwhelming majority of outstanding law enforcement professionals, they demonstrate the need for all of us to work together in order to move forward. The charge of the Task Force was threefold: 1. To explore the cause of fractured relationships that exist between some law enforcement and the communities they serve; 2. To examine strategies to strengthen trust between communities and law enforcement in order to resolve the underlying causes of friction; 3. To provide the Governor with a report including recommendations about best practices available to communities. The overarching goal of the work of this Task Force is to ensure the safety and security of Ohio's citizens. This basic tenet applies equally to the dedicated men and women of law enforcement as well as every citizen of this state. Communities are best able to thrive when their residents feel safe. One of the most effective ways to ensure that communities are safe is for law enforcement and citizens to work together to solve and prevent problems. There are ample examples of this type of collaborative effort in many communities across this state. While the Task Force was formed in response to several tragic events in our state, it would be irresponsible to paint all law enforcement officers in a negative light. This state is overwhelmingly served by outstanding law enforcement officers who put their lives on the line every day to ensure our safety. They deal daily with difficult and dangerous situations and are in many instances the best part of a person's worst day. It takes a special person to be a good law enforcement officer. One goal of this report is to provide support to officers in order to enhance tools, training and the understanding they need and deserve to keep them and their fellow citizens safe, and to aid in enhancing their relationships with the communities they serve. At the end of each day, we want our law enforcement officers and the public to be able to go home to their families. It is also important to listen to the concerns of our citizens, and to be informed by their collective experiences. Input for the development of this report comes from Ohio citizens and experts in the field. The public was asked to provide input in a variety of ways. A listening tour consisting of four public forums was held at the following venues: Cleveland State University; Central State University; University of Toledo and the University of Cincinnati. A public website was created to allow citizens to provide comments. Additionally, the hashtag #beheardohio was created in order to allow the public to participate through social media. Details: Columbus: Ohio State Department of Public Safety, 2015. 629p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2016 at: http://publicsafety.ohio.gov/otfcpr/links/ohtfcpr_final_report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://publicsafety.ohio.gov/otfcpr/links/ohtfcpr_final_report.pdf Shelf Number: 140815 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations

Author: Lum, Cynthia Title: An Evidence-Assessment of the Recommendations of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing — Implementation and Research Priorities. Summary: The Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing is one of the most significant documents for law enforcement in modern history. The Task Force was charged by President Obama in 20142 to "examine ways of fostering strong, collaborative relationships between local law enforcement and the communities they protect and to make recommendations to the President on the ways policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust". Within six pillars—building trust and legitimacy, policy and oversight, technology and social media, community policing and crime reduction, training and education, and officer wellness and safety—the Task Force presented 156 recommendations and action items to law enforcement agencies and the federal government with the goal of strengthening democratic policing in a complex and diverse society. Of these 156 recommendations, approximately 63 were directed toward federal agency implementation, while 87 were relevant for state and local law enforcement agencies. Another six recommendations and action items were relevant to both the federal government and to state and local agencies. Where should law enforcement agencies begin in implementing these recommendations? Which recommendations should be prioritized for action, for policy implementation, or for more research? With a grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Institute for Community-Police Relations of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)3 has collaborated with researchers from George Mason University’s (GMU) Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy4 to create an evidence-based Blueprint for 21st Century Policing. The research team was charged with reviewing existing research knowledge about those Task Force recommendations relevant to state and local law enforcement, highlighting promising efforts based on research knowledge, and identifying issues that need more research and testing. Including research in the conversation about law enforcement policy and practice—an idea known as evidence-based policing—has become an important value of law enforcement. Evidence-based policing is based on the idea that research knowledge is an essential part of police decision-making and can provide expertise and an objective perspective for a complex profession. Toward those ends, the goal of this assessment of the research knowledge behind the Task Force recommendations is to provide information about what we know from research about those recommendations and what more needs to be learned through police-research partnerships to advance them. Details: Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2016. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2016 at: http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 141088 Keywords: Evidence-Based Practices Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Myhill, Andy Title: Community engagement in policing: Lessons from the literature Summary: Community engagement has become increasingly prominent in policing and wider government policy in the last five years. Initial thinking around what effective community engagement looks like for the police service appears in the police reform White Paper (November 2004). There is agreement between Home Office policy units on the core aspects of community engagement, although this has never been captured in a written, public-facing definition. Defining community engagement Concepts such as ‘engagement’, ‘involvement’, and ‘participation’ are often used interchangeably in the literature. The review uses existing typologies of community participation to suggest a typology for policing. The review also suggests the following definition of community engagement for policing policy: The process of enabling the participation of citizens and communities in policing at their chosen level, ranging from providing information and reassurance, to empowering them to identify and implement solutions to local problems and influence strategic priorities and decisions. The police, citizens, and communities must have the willingness, capacity and opportunity to participate. The police service and partner organisations must have a responsibility to engage and, unless there is a justifiable reason, the presumption is that they must respond to community input. Community engagement can operate at three principal levels – the ‘democratic mandate’ level, which sets the dominant philosophy for policing; the neighbourhood level, which focuses on local priorities and problems; and an intermediate strategic level, focusing on wider force, regional and national issues and priorities. The term 'community engagement' is used less frequently in the US, where 'community policing' is the all-encompassing philosophy, reflecting elements of both 'citizen focus' and 'neighbourhood policing' that have been adopted in the UK. The majority of evidence in the review comes from evaluations of community policing programmes in the US. Details: London: National Policing Improvement Agency, 2012 (first published 2006). 113p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 12, 2016 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Community_engagement_lessons.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Community_engagement_lessons.pdf Shelf Number: 131145 Keywords: Community Policing Neighborhood Policing Police Reform Police-Community Relations

Author: Thornton, Sara Title: Project Champion Review: An Independent Review of the commissioning, direction, control and oversight of Project Champion; including the information given to, and the involvement of, the community in this project from the initiation of the scheme up to 4 Summary: There is nothing more important to policing than its legitimacy in the eyes of the public. The concerns of the community need to be a central preoccupation of policing and transparency needs to be a constant consideration. In the course of this review I have met members of the community and have read the press reports and it is clear that many people feel that their civil liberties have been disregarded. As a consequence, the trust and confidence that they have in the police has been significantly undermined. There is a real opportunity to learn from Project Champion about the damage that can be done to police legitimacy when the police are seen to be acting in a way which prizes expediency over legitimacy. Importantly these lessons need to be learned from a counter terrorism project where the need to maintain public support is even more acute. The review has been completed in a relatively short period of time because of the need to take immediate action to restore confidence. However, this has necessarily limited the extent of my enquiries but hopefully not my conclusions. In reviewing events I have tested several hypotheses which might explain what happened. Was the threat so severe and was the activity in the West Midlands so intense that the normal considerations of policing were ignored? Or was the consultation with the community and the marketing of crime reduction benefits just a cynical ploy to cover up counter terrorist activity? Or was there a more mundane explanation – that the project was poorly conceived and managed and while there was an intention to use the technology to reduce crime nobody ever ensured that this happened? I have weighed up the information collected and drawn the conclusions in Section 4 on the balance of probabilities. Details: Kidlington, UK:Thames Valley Police, 2010. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 22, 2016 at: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/oct/uk-project-champion-police-report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/oct/uk-project-champion-police-report.pdf Shelf Number: 147313 Keywords: Closed-Circuit Television Electronic Surveillance Police Integrity Police-Community Relations Public Spaces Video Surveillance

Author: Ekins, Emily Title: Policing in America: Understanding Public Attitudes Toward the Police. Results from a National Survey Summary: While 68% of white Americans have a favorable view of the police, only 40% of African Americans and 59% of Hispanics have a favorable view. Attitudes have changed little since the 1970s when 67% of whites and 43% of blacks reported favorable views of the police. 2 Racial minorities do not have monolithic attitudes toward the police. This report finds that Hispanics' perceptions of police occupy a "middle ground" between black and white Americans' views. Republicans (81%) are far more favorable toward the police than independents (59%) and Democrats (59%). Nevertheless, majorities of all three groups share a favorable view. Confidence gaps matter: Groups who feel less favorable toward local law enforcement are less certain they would report a crime they witnessed. For instance, black and Hispanic Americans are more than 20 points less likely than white Americans to say they definitely would report a crime. Research finds that when the police have legitimacy, the law has legitimacy, which encourages compliance and cooperation. Details: Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2016. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 8, 2016 at: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-policing-in-america-updated.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/working-paper-policing-in-america-updated.pdf Shelf Number: 140349 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Renauer, Brian Title: Public Contact with and Perceptions Regarding Police in Portland, Oregon Summary: On September 12, 2012 the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a complaint in the Federal District Court for Oregon asserting that the City of Portland has engaged in a pattern and practice of unnecessary or excessive force against persons experiencing a mental health crisis. This survey is the result of a settlement agreement between Portland's City Council and the DOJ which specified the Portland Police Bureau (PPB) develop a means of assessing public perceptions. The first report generated by the research team examined general attitudes of residents. This second report focuses on an area pertinent to the DOJ settlement - police contact experiences. The purpose of this second report is to: 1) examine whether persons who report voluntary (e.g. asking police for help) or involuntary (e.g. being stopped by the police) police contacts in the past year felt they were treated "fairly" or "unfairly", and 2) examine whether perceptions of treatment relate to attitudes about the Bureau. Data for the report were obtained from a postal survey sent in July of 2013 to a random sample of Portland addresses, including an oversampling of Census tracks with higher percentages of African American, Hispanic/Latino, and younger residents. Details: Portland, OR: Portland State University, Criminal Justice Policy Research Institute, 2013. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 13, 2016 at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=cjpri_briefs Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=cjpri_briefs Shelf Number: 146047 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Use of Force Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Renauer, Brian Title: Public Perceptions Regarding the Police Bureau and Crime in Portland, Oregon Summary: The "Portland Public Safety Survey" was implemented in the summer of 2013 to fulfill research needs and begin baseline data collection necessitated by the settlement agreement approved by Portland City Council with the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) on November 14, 2012. Here are some examples from the settlement agreement that specify the need for a general population survey and the focus of measures.  Page 3 of the settlement agreement notes a need for measures that, "will assist the Parties and the community in determining whether, (2) community trust in PPB has increased; and (3) the improvements will be sustainable."  Page 52 of the settlement agreement authorizes the City to conduct a representative survey of the Portland community, "regarding their experiences with and perceptions of PPB's prior community outreach efforts and accountability efforts and where those efforts could be improved, to inform the development and implementation of the CEO Plan."  The bulk of the settlement agreement focuses on reforming use of force policy and training with a particular focus on mental health crisis management. Dr. Brian Renauer of Portland State University and his research team entered into a contract with the Portland Police Bureau (PPB), with the approval of City Council, to address the above needs stipulated in the settlement agreement. This is the first of three reports required in the contract. The methodology and content of the general population survey was informed by the language of the settlement agreement, meetings with PPB and City representatives, and resource constraints. The focus of the general population survey is on five content areas: Section 1. Legitimacy and Trust Section 2. Evaluation of PPB’s Performance Over the Past Year Section 3. Perceptions of Use of Force Section 4. Perceptions of Safety Section 5. Police Contact Experiences Sections 1 through 4 are reviewed in this report and section 5 will be the focus of a separate report. It is important to point out this report represents “baseline” data. In other words, it is the first year of data collection and there are as yet no appropriate comparison data that would allow us to assess changes over time. Nor are there nationally established policing standards that could be used in comparing Portland to other regions. For these reasons the report does not make value judgments regarding the findings. Instead, the report is designed to help the City understand existing public perceptions, identify potential factors that may be influencing perceptions, and to generate a list of strategies that could help to sustain and improve public opinion of local law enforcement. Details: Portland, OR: Portland State University, Criminal Justice Policy Research Institute, 2013. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 13, 2016 at: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=cjpri_briefs Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=cjpri_briefs Shelf Number: 146048 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Legitimacy Police Use of Force Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Hardin, Donal Alfred Title: Public-Police Relations: Officers' Interpretations of Citizen Contacts Summary: Perceptual differences in how citizens and police view police-initiated contacts can result in individual and communal tension, mistrust, and social strife, which complicate the relationships needed in order to thrive and promote safe environments. To examine how police officers interpret these contacts, this case study sought to explore the nature of citizen–police relations from the perspective of police officers in a city in the northwest part of the United States. Social contract and procedural justice theories were used to examine the circumstances that officers cited for taking enforcement actions, including operational definitions of police fairness and legitimacy from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial. Data were collected from interviews with 10 officers during police ride-alongs and from departmental data related to officer performance. These data were inductively coded and then analyzed using a naturalistic inquiry approach. Findings suggest that police officers were amenable to creating formal, quasi-contractual agreements between police and citizens based on a shared understanding of how police exercised power and discretion to guide the citizen-police interaction. Participants perceived that, under certain circumstances, explaining police discretion to citizens may decrease the level of community tension police officers experience. These findings support the theoretical constructs of procedural justice and have implications for social contract theory. This type of arrangement encourages positive social change by strengthening the ties with community members, which in turn promotes officer and public safety. Details: Minneapolis: Walden University, 2015. 200p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed December 14, 2016 at: http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2953&context=dissertations Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2953&context=dissertations Shelf Number: 140449 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Dordevic, Sasa Title: The Citizens' Opinion of the Police Force: The Results of the Public Opinion Survey Conducted in Albania Summary: The most trusted institutions in Albania are the media and the education system. Slightly more than half (56%) of the respondents trust the police, while 43% have no trust in this institution. The least trusted institution is the Parliament (25%), followed by the judiciary (33%), customs (34%), the prosecutors’ offices (34%) and the Anti-Corruption Agency (35%). Corruption remains one of the major challenges of the governance in Albania, regardless of the existence of various anti-corruption institutions and measures. Police corruption is still persistent, even though the survey results show improvement of public trust in the police. The concern is that the important pillars in the fight against corruption are also perceived by the respondents as the most corrupt institutions in Albania: judiciary (79%), prosecution (76%), and the Parliament (75%). Corruption is least widespread within the media and non-governmental organisations. Despite the respondents' prevailing opinion of police being corrupt, it is worth noting that 56% of the respondents believe that employment in the police is gained through public competitions, knowledge and capabilities of candidates. However, Influential friends and political ties form a shortcut to police employment for 71% of the respondents, which is a result that should cause concern in police officials. More than half (55%) of the respondents state that the police act mostly as a service to the citizens, while one fourth of the respondents (25%) who believe the opposite. The data show a high level of police politicisation: 40% of the respondents believe that politicians have complete influence over the operational work of the police force. An additional 39% share the opinion that politicians influence police work to a great extent. The data also show a contradiction in the citizen’s perception on the merit-based recruitment of police officers and the high level of political influence on policing. Traffic police force is considered the most corrupted police unit, (64%), followed by Minister’s closest associates (59%), border police and criminal police (54%) respectively. This indicates that the respondents associate police corruption mainly with bribery, despite the diversity of the forms of police corruption. Moreover, when asked about the institutions to which respondents would first report a case of police corruption, more than half (58%) said that they would report it to the local police station and the media. With regard to the impunity culture prevailing in Albania, about one fifth (23%) of the respondents suggest strict punishment of offenders, and another fifth (22%) point out that it is necessary to punish a greater number of high ranking police officers. More than one third of the respondents (36%) indicate that the central Government should lead the fight against corruption in the police organisation, assisted by other proposed institutions. Less than half of the respondents (43%) consider that non-governmental organisations should take active part in the fight against corruption, including collaboration with the state institutions favoured by 26% of the respondents. Details: Belgrade: Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 15, 2016 at: http://pointpulse.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/POINTPULSE-2016-ALB-ENG.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Albania URL: http://pointpulse.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/POINTPULSE-2016-ALB-ENG.pdf Shelf Number: 140488 Keywords: Police Corruption Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Policing Public Attitudes Public Opinion

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: A New Element of Police Leadership Summary: The job of leading a local law enforcement agency has always been a complex one, requiring skills in mastering complex policy issues, developing organizational structures and systems, managing employees, and addressing the various and sometimes conflicting expectations of the community, political leaders, agency employees, and the news media. Many experienced police chiefs are saying that the 21st Century has brought a trend toward even greater complexity in their jobs. New types of technology are revolutionizing how police departments operate, and often the challenge is to make sound decisions about how to integrate multiple forms of technology. The widespread adoption of community policing has resulted in community members having higher expectations of accountability and efficiency in their police departments. National and international economic conditions have strained local police budgets. The workforce is changing in ways that affect police recruiting and retention. These are just a few of the challenges that must be understood and constructively managed by today’s chief executives in policing. In fact, perhaps the greatest job qualification for today’s police executives is the ability to recognize and respond to the swiftly changing issues and opportunities facing them. Police chiefs often speak of their role as being “agents of change.” Never before has managing change been a larger element of their jobs. Today’s police departments appear to be succeeding, at least by the measure of crime rates. Violent crime rates nationwide are half what they were two decades ago, and many jurisdictions are experiencing record low crime rates not seen since the 1960s. In addition, there are indications that a variety of types of wrongful police behaviors, ranging from corruption to unlawful shootings, are at lower levels today than in the past. As today’s police executives strive to maintain the progress in reducing crime while serving as effective agents of change, many are taking on a new challenge: applying the concepts of “legitimacy” and “procedural justice” as they apply to policing. These concepts are defined in detail later in this report (see page 9). In essence, legitimacy and procedural justice are measurements of the extent to which members of the public trust and have confidence in the police, believe that the police are honest and competent, think that the police treat people fairly and with respect, and are willing to defer to the law and to police authority. Because the effectiveness of police operations often depends at least in part on the public’s willingness to provide information to and otherwise help the police, police leaders increasingly are seeing legitimacy and procedural justice as necessary conditions of success, and as worthy goals in themselves. This paper discusses the concepts of legitimacy and procedural justice in the context of police leadership. In any given community, residents will have opinions about whether their local police act “legitimately.” These opinions may be based on a particular encounter a resident had with the police, such as a traffic stop, or on larger policy issues. And these opinions often vary from one subgroup of the community to another. For a police leader, the key challenge is to think about the ways in which the public’s perceptions of legitimacy and procedural justice can affect a police agency's efforts to achieve its goals. For example, the goals of building community cohesion and trust in the police clearly depend on the extent to which the public believes that police actions are legitimate and procedurally just. And other goals—such as high success rates for investigating crimes and preventing crime—depend on the willingness of the public to cooperate with police, to provide information to the police, and to willingly obey the law, all of which can be affected by the department’s reputation for legitimacy. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2014. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20a%20new%20element%20of%20police%20leadership.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Leadership/legitimacy%20and%20procedural%20justice%20-%20a%20new%20element%20of%20police%20leadership.pdf Shelf Number: 147766 Keywords: Community Policing Police Accountability Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Community Relations Procedural Justice

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Recommendations on Advancing Community Policing in the Pasco Police Department Summary: Faced with a recent officer-involved shooting and wanting to rebuild trust with the community, the Pasco Police Department (PPD) reached out to the U.S. Department of Justice's Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) for help through its Critical Response Technical Assistance program. The COPS Office led this effort and commissioned the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) to facilitate training and technical assistance for the PPD. This report summarizes those efforts and provides guidance to the PPD regarding community policing initiatives, officer training, and other approaches needed to rebuild trust with the community. Findings and recommendations are presented in five key areas: community policing, cultural awareness, diversity, training (especially related to use of force), and outreach (with a particular focus on Pasco's large and growing Hispanic community). The report also presents a social media strategy designed to help the PPD advance its efforts to engage with residents online. The report will help the PPD advance community policing, enhance police-community relations, and improve public safety. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2016 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0809-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0809-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 147776 Keywords: Community Policing Police Education and Training Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: ICAT: Integrating Communications, Assessment, and Tactics, A Training Guide for Defusing Critical Incidents Summary: Since 2014, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) has been studying developments regarding police use of force, particularly with respect to officer safety and the safety of the people they encounter, and the impact of these issues on police-community relationships. While PERF's research and policy development on use-of-force issues go back decades, our recent efforts have followed a series of highly publicized police use-of-force incidents across the country, many of them captured on video and some resulting in large-scale protests and demonstrations. There is a growing realization among leaders of the policing profession and members of the public that, in many communities, police use of force has become a critical issue that is setting back community-police relations and may even be impacting public safety and officer safety. It was clear that additional research and new ways of thinking about police use of force were needed, and PERF members and PERF as an organization stepped forward to fill that need. PERF has convened several national conferences and working groups of police officials from the across the country on these issues. We also have conducted survey research and field visits in the United States and internationally, and have published a series of reports detailing our work. Our most recent publication, Guiding Principles on Use of Force, presents 30 recommended best practices in the key areas of use-of-force policy, training and tactics, equipment, and information needs. This ICAT Training Guide should be used in conjunction with the Guiding Principles report. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2016. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed December 21, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/icattrainingguide.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/icattrainingguide.pdf Shelf Number: 147775 Keywords: Crisis Management Police Communications Police Education and Training Police Use of Force Police-Community Relations

Author: Miller, Elizabeth Title: Promising Practices for Using Community Policing to Prevent Violent Extremism Summary: Purpose of this guide This publication is a guide for police professionals on how to conceptualize, create, and implement a community outreach program with the goal of building productive partnerships with community members to improve public safety and, in so doing, counter violent extremism and address other public safety concerns. The basis for these recommendations The basis for the recommendations included here is a two-year study that was conducted by Duke University, the Police Executive Research Forum, and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill between June 2013 and April 2015. The purpose of the study was to: • Measure the extent to which local police agencies across the country are attempting to implement community engagement programs as a means to address violent extremism; • Identify the strategic and programmatic elements of these efforts; • Catalogue promising practices; • Identify barriers that inhibit engagement efforts; and • Recommend policies and practices to improve the efficacy of these programs. The study was conducted in four parts: • Survey: We surveyed all 480 state, county, and municipal police agencies in the United States with more than 200 sworn officers, plus 63 additional county and municipal agencies with 200 or fewer sworn officers in selected jurisdictions that experienced an incident or prosecution for violent extremism in recent years. The survey yielded responses from 339 of the larger agencies and 43 of the smaller agencies. Of these, 35 were state agencies, 141 were county agencies, and 206 were municipal agencies. Taken together, their combined jurisdictions cover 86 percent of the U.S. population. • Telephone Interviews: These survey results were reviewed, and 18 responding police agencies were selected for in-depth telephone interviews, based on criteria such as the threat posed by violent extremism (such as Al Qaeda-inspired, racist, environmentalist, and/or anti-government extremism) in responding agencies’ jurisdictions, and their use of community policing practices to counter violent extremism. • Site Visits: From the 18 police agencies interviewed over the phone, eight were selected for site visits. These site visits included extensive interviews with outreach specialists (including sworn and non-sworn) and their community partners, review of materials produced as part of outreach efforts (e.g., flyers, PowerPoint presentations used in trainings, and videos), and observation of community meetings and events. • Focus Groups: A separate team of researchers, traveling at different times than those meeting with police agencies and their partners, met with community organizations and focus groups of community members in these jurisdictions and several others. Our focus groups consisted entirely of Muslim Americans because, of all the communities with members at risk of recruitment to violent extremism, policing agencies had made the most progress building relationships with Muslim Americans. Participants were recruited to provide ethnic, gender, and generational diversity with a view toward generating conversations that would offer contrasting experiences and opinions of Muslim-Americans’ interactions with the police and other law enforcement agencies. However, participants were not randomly selected and cannot be considered statistically representative of Muslim communities. All participants in the study, including police and community members, were guaranteed anonymity to encourage candor. How this guide is organized This guide is divided into two parts. The first is geared toward police executives and/or police officials charged with creating their departments' outreach programs and provides recommendations on how to plan and implement an outreach program. The second part is geared toward outreach officers/civilian outreach team members and outlines best practices associated with building and maintaining relationships with community members, including common obstacles to engagement and how to overcome them. Details: Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2016. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed December 21, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/usingcommunitypolicingtopreventviolentextremism.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/usingcommunitypolicingtopreventviolentextremism.pdf Shelf Number: 140558 Keywords: Counter-terrorism Extremist Groups Police-Community Relations Radical Groups Terrorism Violent Extremism

Author: United States Department of Justice. Civil Rights Division Title: The Civil Rights Division's Pattern and Practice Police Reform Work: 1994-Present Summary: There are more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies across the country. Law enforcement is a demanding, rigorous, and – at times – dangerous profession. The vast majority of men and women who police our communities do so with professionalism, respect, bravery, and integrity. But as we have seen around the country, when police departments engage in unconstitutional policing, their actions can severely undermine both community trust and public safety. Today, our country is engaged in a critically important conversation about community-police relations. This report describes one of the United States Department of Justice’s central tools for accomplishing police reform, restoring police-community trust, and strengthening officer and public safety – the Civil Rights Division’s enforcement of the civil prohibition on a “pattern or practice” of policing that violates the Constitution or other federal laws (the Department’s other tools are described later in this document). Pattern-or-practice cases begin with investigations of allegations of systemic police misconduct and, when the allegations are substantiated, end with comprehensive agreements designed to support constitutional and effective policing and restore trust between police and communities. The Division has opened 11 new pattern-or-practice investigations and negotiated 19 new reform agreements since 2012 alone, often with the substantial assistance of the local United States Attorney’s Offices. The purpose of this report to make the Division’s police reform work more accessible and transparent. The usual course of a pattern-or-practice case, with examples and explanations for why the Division approaches this work the way it does, is set forth in this report. The following is a brief summary of its major themes:  The Division’s pattern-or-practice cases focus on systemic police misconduct rather than isolated instances of wrongdoing. They also focus on the responsibilities of law enforcement agencies and local governments rather than on individual officers.  The Division’s pattern-or-practice cases begin with the launch of a formal investigation into a law enforcement agency to determine whether the agency is engaged in a pattern or practice of violating federal law. An investigation most often consists of a comprehensive analysis of the policies and practices of policing in a particular community, although an investigation may also focus on a specific area of policing practice.  If the Division finds a pattern or practice of police misconduct, it issues public findings in the form of a letter or report made available to the local jurisdiction and the public. The Division conducts a thorough and independent investigation into allegations of police misconduct and substantiates any conclusions it draws with evidence set forth in its public findings.  After making findings, the Division negotiates reform agreements resolving those findings, usually in the form of a “consent decree” overseen by a federal court and an independent monitoring team. The lead independent monitor is appointed by the court, and usually agreed upon by both the Division and the investigated party, but reports directly to the court. If an agreement cannot be negotiated, the Division will bring a lawsuit to compel needed reforms.  When the court finds that the law enforcement agency has accomplished and sustained the requirements of the reform agreement, the case is terminated. In recent years, the Division’s reform agreements have included data-driven outcome measures designed to provide clear and objective standards for measuring success and determining whether the law enforcement agency has met the objectives of the agreement.  At all stages of a pattern-or-practice case, from investigation through resolution, the Division emphasizes engagement with a wide variety of stakeholders, including community members and people who have been victims of police misconduct or live in the neighborhoods most impacted by police misconduct, police leadership, rank and file officers, police labor organizations, and local political leaders. Each of these groups brings a different and important perspective and plays a critical role in accomplishing and sustaining police reform.  In keeping with the focus on systemic problems, the Division’s reform agreements emphasize institutional reforms such as improving systems for supervising officers and holding them accountable for misconduct; ensuring officers have the policy guidance, training, equipment and other resources necessary for constitutional and effective policing; creating and using data about police activity to identify and correct patterns of police misconduct; and institutionalizing law enforcement agencies’ engagement with and accountability to the community. The sections that follow provide background on why Congress gave the Division authority to address systemic police misconduct, how the Division opens pattern-or-practice investigations, what an investigation involves, and how the Division negotiates reform agreements. The report then outlines the common threads among the Division’s current generation of police reform agreements, explaining how the Division’s model promotes sustainable reform and constitutional, effective policing, as well as how those agreements come to a close. Finally, the report discusses the evidence to date of the impact of the Division’s pattern-or-practice work on police reform, as well as future directions for research and reflection on that impact. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2017. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2017 at: https://www.justice.gov/crt/file/922421/download Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.justice.gov/crt/file/922421/download Shelf Number: 147803 Keywords: Civil Rights Police Accountability Police Misconduct Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: De Angelis, Joseph Title: Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement: Assessing the Evidence Summary: Over the last several decades, issues of trust and accountability have moved to the forefront of community-police relations and a great deal of scholarship has been devoted to enhancing police performance through the strengthening of law enforcement oversight functions. During this same period, highly publicized officer-involved encounters have led to the proliferation of organizational mechanisms for reviewing and improving officer conduct (Walker 2001; Alpert et al. 2016). One such mechanism is the development of civilian oversight of law enforcement. Sometimes referred to as citizen oversight, civilian review, external review and citizen review boards (Walker 2001; Alpert et al. 2016), this form of police accountability is often focused on allowing non-police actors to provide input into the police department’s operations, often with a focus on the citizen complaint process. In some jurisdictions, this is sometimes accomplished by allowing oversight practitioners (both paid and volunteer) to review, audit or monitor complaint investigations that were conducted by police internal affairs investigators. In other jurisdictions, it is done by allowing civilians to conduct independent investigations of allegations of misconduct lodged against sworn law enforcement officers. It can also be accomplished through the creation of mechanisms that are authorized to review and comment on police policies, practices, training and systemic conduct. Some oversight mechanisms involve a combination of systemic analysis and complaint handling or review . The goal of this publication is to offer a broad examination of the key issues facing civilian oversight of law enforcement in the U.S. Drawing from a review of the available research, as well as organizational data collected from 97 police oversight executives, this report is designed to help local policy-makers, police executives and members of the local community explore the key issues that can accompany the implementation and sustainability of civilian oversight of police mechanisms at the municipal and county levels. More specifically, this report addresses a number of key areas in relation to police oversight, including: 1 . A comprehensive review of the key resources and research relating to civilian oversight of police; 2. A brief review of the historical evolution of oversight in the U.S.; 3 . A detailed examination of three different models of oversight: investigation-focused, review-focused and auditor/monitor-focused; 4. An assessment of the key factors that promote organizational effectiveness in civilian oversight; and, 5 . An exploration of trending issues in relation to oversight, particularly the debate over how to measure performance of police oversight agencies, the potential value of problem-solving methodologies and the increasing emphasis on the value of alternative dispute resolution techniques for resolving complaints against police officers. This report concludes by identifying issues that jurisdictions may want to consider if they are evaluating whether to implement oversight or revise their current oversight framework. This report also identifies critical areas in need of further research. Details: Washington, DC: Booz Allen Hamilton, 2016. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2017 at: https://www.ojpdiagnosticcenter.org/sites/default/files/NACOLE_AccessingtheEvidence_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.ojpdiagnosticcenter.org/sites/default/files/NACOLE_AccessingtheEvidence_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 147798 Keywords: Civilian Review Boards Complaints Against Police Police Accountability Police Integrity Police Legitimacy Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Collins, Megan Title: Assessment of the Collaborative Reform Initiative in the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department: A Catalyst for Change Summary: The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) at the U.S. Department of Justice launched the Collaborative Reform Initiative for Technical Assistance for Technical Assistance (CRI-TA) in 2012 with the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (LVMPD) as the first site. Under CRI-TA, law enforcement agencies facing significant issues that may impact public trust undergo a comprehensive assessment, are provided with recommendations on how to address those issues, and receive technical assistance to implement such recommendations. Over two years have passed since LVMPD’s final CRITA report was published in May of 2014 and formal oversight was complete. The COPS Office granted the Crime and Justice Institute (CJI) at Community Resources for Justice an award to assess the extent to which the reforms that were borne of CRI-TA have had an impact and have been sustained since the formal partnership ended. This report reflects the findings of a nine-month assessment of LVMPD which examined existing data from LVMPD and collected input from 74 individuals within the Department representing a range of ranks and perspectives. In sum, we found that the CRI-TA has been an important catalyst for meaningful and sustained change at the LVMPD. The message and priorities of Collaborative Reform have permeated the entire Department, as the over 70 members of the Department with whom we spoke were generally supportive of the reforms and the work that was done under CRI-TA. Use of force was a key component of the CRI-TA in Las Vegas and the overall sentiment was that the culture of LVMPD related to use of force has evolved positively since the beginning of the CRI-TA process. In addition, the Department has made positive progress in the level of transparency around officer involved shootings. It is also clear that LVMPD is continuing to make genuine and authentic efforts to engage, communicate, and develop personal relationships with a vast cross-section of the community. While some of the changes were underway prior to CRI-TA, CRI-TA provided additional support and motivation to build upon and strengthen such changes. The LVMPD is focused on being a learning organization. They learn from experience and strive continuously to improve. Once the formal monitoring phase of CRI-TA was completed, the Department not only remained committed to the changes, they continued to further advance the work that was started under CRI-TA. Based on our review of materials, content, and interviews, all provided by LVMPD, it is evident that the Department has been committed to proactively and continuously improving, while supporting officers' and community perspectives. We believe that CRI-TA has been a vehicle for organizational transformation, which does not happen overnight and any change in the culture of a police department takes time. Indeed, LVMPD had embarked on a path of reform in 2010 and the Department’s participation in Collaborative Reform starting in 2012 further advanced and strengthened their efforts. Specific key findings are: 1. The Department has made notable and sustained efforts to make progress toward verbal and tactical de-escalation 2. The Department has made impressive progress toward increased transparency and increased information sharing around officer involved shootings (OIS) and use of force (UOF). 3. The Department has continued to make efforts to engage with the community in authentic ways. 4. The number of OIS has declined notably since the start of CRI-TA (a 36 percent reduction from 25 OIS in 2010 to 16 in 2015). However, study of OIS data over the past two decades demonstrates little long term change in the annual average number of OIS, despite year-to-year variation. 5. There has been no discernable impact on the number of officer injuries. However, the share of injured officers seeking hospital treatment has increased in recent years. The reasons for this increase are unclear as it could be the result of more serious injuries or changes in how injuries and hospital treatment are documented. 6. Strong leadership on the part of the Sheriff, both Sheriff Lombardo and Sheriff Gillespie, has been a critical factor in making many of the positive changes possible. 7. Because Department leadership has worked to ensure that individuals at all levels of LVMPD feel commitment and a sense of ownership, there are high hopes for sustainability. 8. Because the Department has instituted sophisticated systems of review related to OIS that can trigger changes in policy, training, and operations, there are high hopes for sustainability Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services , 2017. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 15, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0834-pub.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0834-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 145321 Keywords: Collaboration Partnerships Police Agencies Police Reform Police-Community Relations

Author: La Vigne, Nancy Title: How Do People in High-Crime, Low-Income Communities View the Police? Summary: In certain American communities, public trust in law enforcement, a critical ingredient in public safety, is tenuous at best. Residents of these high-crime, heavily disadvantaged communities witness and experience intensive police presence, high rates of incarceration and community supervision, and concentrated violence and question the intent, effectiveness, and equity of the criminal justice system. Indeed, police may carry out aggressive strategies that target quality-of-life infractions and drug-, gun-, and gang-related violence in ways that undermine public confidence. Perhaps not surprisingly, areas with high levels of mistrust tend to be those that are heavily policed, where police use tactics such as pretextual stops that damage their relationship with the people they are charged to protect. The results can be far-reaching: a distrust of the criminal justice system, an unwillingness to cooperate with the police, and a cynical view of the law that can perpetuate crime and victimization. The people most likely to experience high rates of violence and heavy police presence in their communities have limited resources, social capital, and political voice. Yet their voices, when amplified, can be a powerful tool that communities can leverage to hold law enforcement accountable. Integrating the authentic experiences and perceptions of community members into public safety decision-making processes is critical in efforts to promote public safety. Quite simply, reductions in violent crime are not possible without meaningful representation of—and engagement with—the residents most affected by it. This research brief aims to elevate the experiences, views, and attitudes of residents often underrepresented in research on perceptions of law enforcement—people living in high-crime neighborhoods with concentrated disadvantage. Using a unique purposive sampling methodology to represent residents in communities with the most tenuous relationships with law enforcement, we conducted in-person surveys in partnership with local organizations in six cities: Birmingham, Alabama; Fort Worth, Texas; Gary, Indiana; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Stockton, California. The purpose of these surveys was to collect baseline data on residents' views of police as part of an Urban Institute (Urban) evaluation of the National Initiative on Building Community Trust and Justice (National Initiative). But our findings serve more than an evaluation function, offering insights into the nature of community-police relations in high-crime, high-poverty neighborhoods and highlight opportunities for improvement. Our research shows that although variations exist across the six cities, respondents’ perceptions of police across measures of legitimacy, procedural justice, racial bias, relatability to police, and applied principles of community policing, on average, are extremely negative. However, residents also expressed a firm belief in and support for the law and a willingness to partner with police in public safety efforts. The variation in responses by city suggests that each city’s local context, including departmental policies and policing approaches, likely influence perceptions. This brief is organized in four sections. We first review the literature on past efforts to measure and assess community perceptions of the police; next we describe our study's methodology. We then summarize findings across the six cities in accordance with the literature, grouped by category: procedural justice, police department legitimacy, police bias, community policing, perceptions of the law, relatability to the police, and willingness to partner with police in public safety efforts. We conclude by discussing the variation in perceptions across cities and the implications for policy and practice. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2017. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 24, 2017 at: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/88476/how_do_people_in_high-crime_view_the_police.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/88476/how_do_people_in_high-crime_view_the_police.pdf Shelf Number: 141213 Keywords: Disadvantaged Communities High-Crime Areas Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Opinion Trust

Author: Shapland, Joanna Title: Developing restorative policing in Humberside, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire Summary: The project 'Developing restorative policing' is being taken forward by the Universities of Sheffield and Leeds, together with Humberside Police and the PCC for Humberside, South Yorkshire Police and the PCC for South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire Police and the PCC for West Yorkshire, and Remedi. It started in September 2015 and will finish in June 2017. This report reflects the position in the three forces in May 2016, when the fieldwork was carried out. The aims of the project are to:  develop greater understanding of restorative justice (restorative justice) principles relevant to policing and the research evidence base that informs good practices that are sensitive to the needs of victims;  foster the means and capability to institutionalise processes and mechanisms to deliver restorative justice in relation to policing, including self-evaluation of police restorative justice practices and work with partner organisations;  assist the police in identifying means for front-line officers to assess which paths to use to facilitate restorative justice and how best to introduce restorative justice to victims. The project is hence very much concerned with developing good practice in delivering restorative justice in relation to policing. We have interpreted that to mean restorative justice at the level of the police and prosecution, in which police officers involved in mainstream policing are directly involved. This is therefore primarily concerned with restorative justice pre-court, rather than restorative justice delivered pre-sentence or post-sentence. Police officers may be involved in providing information to others delivering restorative justice in later stages of the criminal justice process, but we have not included these practices in our research. The project is concerned both with adult and young offenders. There are three inter-connected stages to the project. The first stage, which has been underway since September 2015 and is the subject of this report, involves fieldwork in all three police force areas, to set out the contemporary nature and extent of restorative policing across each area. The second stage entailed comparative work in Belgium and Northern Ireland, to inform the work with the three English forces. It was the subject of a separate report delivered in August 2016 (Shapland et al. 2016). The third stage draws on both previous stages. The intention is for each police force to develop one or more new initiatives in part (or the whole) of their force area, in the light of the proposals from the research team, and to implement these initiatives from October 2016. The research team will then evaluate selected initiatives, as far as that can be accomplished in the time-frame of the project, with fieldwork running until March 2017. The final report of the project drawing together the overall findings will be submitted at the end of June 2017. As is well known, restorative justice incorporates a variety of practices and there has been considerable discussion about how it should be defined. We have therefore needed to consider how we define restorative justice for our purposes in this project. We see restorative justice as different from the broader concept of restorative practice. We have adopted the definition, similar to that proposed by Marshall (1999), as 'a deliberative process governed by principles of procedural fairness in which the parties with a direct stake in a particular offence (or incident) come together (preferably face-to-face) in a encounter collectively to resolve how to respond to the offence (or incident) such that the harm caused is acknowledged and the implications for the future of the parties are considered with an emphasis on reparation and reintegration' . This definition implicitly includes the recognition that restorative justice should be in relation to an offence, which means a criminal offence (though we are aware that conduct can be difficult to classify between a criminal offence and anti-social behaviour). This report therefore concentrates upon criminal offences, though we also mention, where relevant, measures and structures for anti-social behaviour. We also note that the Ministry of Justice defines restorative justice as 'the process that brings those harmed by crime, and those responsible for the harm, into communication, enabling everyone affected by a particular incident to play a part in repairing the harm and finding a positive way forward'. Our definition of restorative justice therefore bounds the kinds of practices we are considering to those which involve the direct victim and offender of a particular offence. We are therefore not concerned with practices or disposals which involve only action directed to the benefit of the community as a whole, or action in relation to victims or offenders of other offences, though these may have restorative intent or outcomes. We shall use the term 'restorative practices' to refer to this more indirect work. Our definition therefore includes practices such as mediation (with victim, offender and mediator/facilitator involved), conferencing (with, additionally, victim and offender supporters present at a meeting, as well as possibly police), and panels. It includes both direct face-to-face meetings and also indirect or 'shuttle' mediation where a facilitator/mediator passes communications between victim and offender of the same offence. A brief glossary of terms and definitions is set out at the end of this chapter. Details: Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield; Leeds, UK; University of Leeds, 2017. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2017 at: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.682936!/file/developing-restorative-policing-stage1-report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.682936!/file/developing-restorative-policing-stage1-report.pdf Shelf Number: 141220 Keywords: Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Restorative Justice

Author: Bright Research Group Title: Measure Y Community Policing: 2014 Annual Evaluation Report Summary: Measure Y is a voter-approved initiative that provides funding to violence prevention programs and community policing in the City of Oakland. Passed in 2004 as a 10-year parcel and parking tax, the initiative was renewed in November 2014 as Measure Z. Measure Y funding to the Oakland Police Department (OPD) supports the personnel costs of Problem Solving Officers and Crime Reduction Team Officers, as well as related training and equipment costs. Measure Y also mandates an external evaluation of funded services, which the present document provides for the funded community policing activities. Since 2008, the evaluation team has provided recommendations to OPD to strengthen the alignment and integration of its Measure Y investments with research and best practices in community policing. The evaluation focuses on the deployment of resources and quality of implementation in three major areas of best practice in community policing: Organizational Transformation, Problem Solving, and Community Partnerships. Evaluations in prior years examined Organizational Transformation and Problem Solving. This year's evaluation focuses on Community Partnerships, examining the quality of relationships between OPD and Oakland residents, particularly those in flatland neighborhoods. The evaluation also provides an update on progress toward developing accountability measures for the Problem Solving Officer (PSO) Program, and documenting the activities and approaches of Crime Reduction Teams (CRTs). Community Partnership: A core tenet of community policing is developing effective and collaborative relationships between residents and police. Police departments in diverse, urban cities like Oakland have struggled to attain legitimacy in the eyes of the community. For African American and Latino communities in particular, racial profiling, corruption, and abuse have eroded trust that police will treat them fairly and humanely. More broadly, when police departments fail to keep down crime, the public begins to doubt their effectiveness. Conversely, from a law enforcement perspective, officers interact with the most criminal and deviant elements of society. If officers do not receive recognition for their efforts to protect public safety, acknowledgement of the risks they take, or cooperation from residents in solving crimes, they develop a cynical perspective towards the community. In light of such challenges, a core goal of community policing approaches like Measure Y is to repair and strengthen community-police partnerships and police legitimacy. Measure Y's current investments reflect two primary strategies drawn from the research on community policing: first, to strengthen police-resident relationships through problem solving and community engagement; second, to restore community trust by bringing order to violence-plagued neighborhoods through violence suppression activities. 2As Oakland moves into the next phase of the initiative, it is critical to ensure that OPD strategies reflect prevention and intervention approaches - through community engagement on the one hand and violence prevention on the other. Details: Oakland, CA: Bright Research Group, 2014.62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2017 at: http://resourcedevelopment.net/_documents/Measure_Y_Community_Policing-2014_Annual_Evaluation_Report_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://resourcedevelopment.net/_documents/Measure_Y_Community_Policing-2014_Annual_Evaluation_Report_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 144745 Keywords: Community Partnerships Community Policing Crime Prevention Police Problem Solving Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Violence Prevention Violence Suppression

Author: Ibanez, Ana Maria Title: Impact of a Judicial System Reform on Police Behavior: Evidence on Juvenile Crime in Colombia Summary: This paper uses a natural experiment to identify the impact of a judicial system reform on police behavior. The study finds that, after a decrease in the severity of judicial punishment imposed on Colombian adolescents, arrest rates for adolescents in most misdemeanor crimes decreased due to a change in police behavior. The magnitude of this effect ranged between 0.08 to 0.321 standard deviations. The uncertainty on how to operate the new system, the lack of training, and the potential disciplinary sanctions led police officials to reduce arrest rates. Nonetheless, police forces learned gradually how to operate within the new system and adjusted their operations, countervailing the initial negative impact on arrest rates. We present suggestive evidence that the reduction in arrest rates and the lower sanctions increased crime incidents in cities with a large proportion of adolescents in their population. Qualitative evidence collected in focus groups with police officials supports the principal quantitative findings and contextualize the obstacles that led to the decrease in arrest rates and the perceived increase of juvenile crime based on the officials' experiences in the streets. Details: Bogota: Universidad de los Andes, Colombia - Department of Economics, 2017. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Documento CEDE No. 2017-17: Accessed May 12, 2017 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2931146 Year: 2017 Country: Colombia URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2931146 Shelf Number: 145457 Keywords: Juvenile Crime Juvenile Offenders Police Behavior Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Westervelt, Carline Title: The Insecurity of Security: A study on the effects of community policing initiatives in Cape Town's townships Summary: South Africa has always been known for its violent society. Even after the Apartheid era ended, violence remained very visible in everyday life of an ordinary South African. Even though the country is moving forward and is often seen as one of the most prosperous countries in the whole continent - demonstrated by the fact it is part of the BRICS2 countries - , it does not seem to get rid of its violent past. The South African Police Service (SAPS) has made some significant changes but is struggling with the sudden change from oppressing the political opposition to fighting crime. The SAPS does not seem to cope with the ever growing demand for their services; they arrive hours late or not at all, are ill equipped and have received too little training (Shaw 2002). Even though they are trying to improve their service constantly, they just do not deliver what is asked from them. Mainly because of this malfunctioning of the police service, a lot of different providers of safety and security have arisen: private security guards and companies, neighbourhood watches, street patrols and many more. Most of these initiatives are still monitored by the government, but there are also policing organisations/groups that are the initiative of the community itself. Details: Utrecht, NETH: Utrecht University, 2012. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 18, 2017 at; https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/254170 Year: 2012 Country: South Africa URL: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/254170 Shelf Number: 131366 Keywords: Community Policing Police-Community Relations Vigilantism

Author: Seattle Community Police Commission Title: An Assessment of the Seattle Police Department's Community Engagement: Through Recruitment, Hiring, and Training Summary: In the July 27, 2012, MOU between DOJ and the City of Seattle, the CPC was charged with conducting an assessment of the community's "experiences with and perceptions of SPD's community outreach, engagement, and problem-oriented policing." Community engagement is a complex topic that means different things to different people. After collecting feedback across Seattle to gain direction (see Appendix I, Parts A-C), the CPC distilled the comments into 10 topics for potential analysis within the larger theme of community engagement (see Appendix I, Part D). We then prioritized three of the topics based on our understanding of the interests and concerns of the constituencies we represent. This report documents our findings from one of those topics, namely, whether SPD's policies and practices in recruitment, hiring, and training of officers promote positive engagement with people from racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities. The CPC prioritized the study of recruitment, hiring, and training because it emerged as a central community concern across all demographics. In addition, SPD is in the middle of a hiring surge, and we hoped our assessment would ultimately inform the department's practices. Specifically, we are studying SPD's policies and practices as they may affect its relations with racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities. Certainly, the CPC recognizes the importance of studying other historically underrepresented communities. Provided that we have the resources necessary, we plan to carry out future assessments along these lines. The other two topics that were prioritized and flagged for immediate study regard communications and the formal channels available to racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities to provide input to SPD, and the communication structures employed by SPD to provide output to those communities. Findings on those topics will be released in the spring of 2016. This report, meanwhile, broadly addresses the question of whether SPD's policies and practices for recruitment, hiring, and training are sufficient to assure that its personnel reflect, understand, and engage with the many racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities it serves. This is a very expansive area to cover, and our report does not have all the answers. Nevertheless, it attempts to shed light on strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement. This report does not offer any recommendations; rather, those will be formulated in the coming months in collaboration with the community and SPD. We have pursued information about the racial makeup of SPD and how it compares to the City of Seattle's population, how SPD's congruity in racial composition compares to that of other cities, the department's current goals for increasing diversity in new hires in the midst of a hiring surge, and how SPD handles recruitment and hiring with regard to racial/ethnic candidates. We have also considered whether there are unnecessary barriers for such candidates moving through the multiple hurdles of the application and selection process and whether there is identifiable attrition. In addition, we have recounted many of the expressed concerns within the communities where we conducted interviews and listening sessions. Finally, we have examined SPD's training of new officers to evaluate the level of focus placed on developing community engagement and cultural competency skills. Details: Seattle: The Commission, 2016. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/CommunityPoliceCommission/CPC_Report_on_SPD_Community_Engagement.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/CommunityPoliceCommission/CPC_Report_on_SPD_Community_Engagement.pdf Shelf Number: 146061 Keywords: Community Policing Police Education and Training Police Policies and Practices Police Recruitment Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Problem-Oriented Policing

Author: Helfgott, Jacqueline B. Title: Seattle Police Department's Micro-Community Policing Plans Implementation Evaluation: Final Report Summary: This report summarizes the results from a two-year implementation evaluation of the Seattle Police Department's Micro-Community Policing Plans (MCPP). The evaluation employed a mixed-method research design including participant observation, community focus groups, and the development and administration of the Seattle Public Safety survey. The results tell the story of the evolution of the Seattle Police Department's MCPP initiative and show how the collection of data on community perceptions of crime at the micro-community level provide a comprehensive assessment of the nature of crime in Seattle communities that can be used in conjunction with crime data to address public safety in Seattle. Implications for public safety and police-community engagement in Seattle and recommendations for further development of the SPD MCPP initiative are discussed. Details: Seattle: Seattle University Center for the Study of Crime and Justice, 2017. 158p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Police/Reports/SPD-MCPP-Implementation-Evauation-Final-Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Police/Reports/SPD-MCPP-Implementation-Evauation-Final-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 146068 Keywords: Community Policing Neighborhoods and Crime Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Safety

Author: McKitten, Rhonda Title: Where's the State? Creating and Implementing State Standards for Law Enforcement Interactions With Youth Summary: n professions where adults are in regular contact with children - such as health care, education, and day care - the state is heavily involved in setting and enforcing clear standards. Law enforcement officers are the gatekeepers for the justice system. They determine who is arrested, who is not, and who enters into the juvenile justice system and these decisions can dramatically and permanently alter a youth's educational and professional opportunities. Given the magnitude and long-term impact of encounters between youth and law enforcement, there is no reason why law enforcement agencies and officers are not subject to the same levels of accountability, training and guidance. Details: Cambridge MA: Strategies for Youth, 2017. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 16, 2017 at: http://strategiesforyouth.org/sfysite/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SFY-Report_Where-Is-The-State_053117_web.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://strategiesforyouth.org/sfysite/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SFY-Report_Where-Is-The-State_053117_web.pdf Shelf Number: 146200 Keywords: Police Education and Training Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Phillips, Douglas Title: An Investigation of Police Brutality in News Media: Media Narratives and Narrative Icons as Argumentation and Communal Identity Summary: This dissertation explores the ways in which narratives about decisive events coalesce in news media discourse, and how they function rhetorically. Specifically, this study examines how journalists frame stories about police brutality, how those frames construct versions of public narratives, and how those narrative versions can be used in discourse about issues of civic concern such as support for new community policing policies or opposition to Florida's "Stand Your Ground" law. I show how journalists' choice of semantic frames (e.g., racism, police-community relations, or criminal justice) helps to shape readers' understanding of the events and contributes to the formation of a narrative icon, a word, name, or short phrase that, absent narrative detail, indexes particular versions of a broader cultural narrative. This research is motivated by questions about the reciprocity between prior knowledge, audience expectations, and public discourse, and how those combine to shape or reinforce cultural values and communal identities. To explore these questions, I draw on scholarship in narrative theory, frame semantics, inter-textual analysis, and argument. I analyze over 1,700 newspaper articles published in the Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Sentinel, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, and New Pittsburgh Courier between 1991 and 2013 concerning incidents of police brutality, including Rodney King and Jonny Gammage, a Black man who died following a traffic stop in Pittsburgh, PA. My findings suggest three primary functions of narratives in news media discourse: as background information, as examples used to establish or illustrate a rule, or as points of comparison. For each of these functions, I consider how journalists' micro-linguistic choices frame the events in line with the values, concerns, and fears of readers. In that way, journalists suggest the most important story elements and thus perpetuate specific ways of thinking about incidents of police brutality. Moreover, as consistent references to specific story elements, these frames contribute to the formation of a narrative icon, which becomes rhetorically available for use in public arguments. In other words, journalists can interpolate the narrative versions indexed by the icon into unrelated stories using discursive constructions such as "the Rodney King incident." When this happens, readers are expected to fill in the missing narrative details by drawing on their background knowledge. The findings of this project have important implications for the study of media discourse, but their broader value lies in what they can tell us about how background knowledge takes shape and is used as a resource in public argument. In particular, critical appraisal of narrative icons suggests that readers are expected to access a trove of cultural knowledge to fully understand news stories and the sociocultural implications of the events described. In doing so, journalists and readers jointly construct and reinforce communal identities and establish credibility. Details: Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University, 2016. 273p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed June 17, 2017 at: http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1761&context=dissertations Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/722/ Shelf Number: 146222 Keywords: Journalism Media Police Brutality Police Use of Force Police-Community Relations

Author: Costello, William A., Jr. Title: The New Walking Beat: A Model Assessment Tool for Using Social Media to Enhance Community Policing Summary: Purpose: In recent years, social media has become a primary method and forum of interaction within communities. The theory and common practice of community policing requires law enforcement agencies to be engaged with all segments of the community in their efforts to preserve the peace and maintain public safety. The purpose of this applied research project is threefold. First, it describes the ideal components of an effective social media campaign in the context of community policing. Second, it assesses the Austin Police Department's (APD) social media outreach using these ideal type components. Third, based on the assessment, it provides recommendations for improving the APD's social media outreach so that the department's emphasis on community policing is maximized. A review of the literature identified three key components of an effective social media campaign in the context of community policing. These components include building community partnerships through social media, integrating social media with problem solving and integrating social media policies and procedures. Methodology: The literature identified the components of an effective social media campaign in the context of community policing. These components are used to construct a model assessment tool. This tool is used to assess the Austin Police Department's social media campaign in the context of community policing in conjunction with document analysis and semi-structured interviews to form a case study. Findings: The Austin Police Department's social media outreach adequately uses social media to enhance its community policing mission. The implementation of more formalized policies and procedures and adequately equipping the department with more trained personnel, dedicated finances and current technology to maintain an up to date and 24/7 social media presence is necessary as the department continues to grow. Details: San Marcos, TX: Texas State University, 2015. 151p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 26, 2017 at: https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/5868/CostelloWilliam.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/5868/CostelloWilliam.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 146378 Keywords: Community Policing Police and the Media Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Publicity Campaigns Social Media

Author: Campie, Patricia E. Title: Community-Based Violence Prevention Study of Safe and Successful Youth Initiative: An Intervention to Prevent Urban Gun Violence Summary: While the federal government has been steadily increasing support for funding violence prevention activities in urban centers and among older youth involved with guns and gangs, very few states have made this type of violence the focus of their crime prevention efforts. In 2010, Massachusetts invested in the Massachusetts Safe and Successful Youth Initiative (SSYI), an initiative launched in eleven cities with the highest per capita rates of violent crime. SSYI aims to reduce violence and promote healthy development and outcomes among young males, ages 14-24 who are at the greatest risk for violent offending and victimization. This report presents results from the Community-based Violence Prevention (CBVP) study of SSYI's impact on violent crime in Massachusetts. The overarching research question we examine is to what extent SSYI influenced changes in violent crime in SSYI communities and whether this influence is sustained over time. We also examine hypothesized factors related to SSYI effectiveness and resultant changes in violent crime. To explore our research questions we conducted: (1) analyses of changes in violent crime outcomes in SSYI communities in comparison with 30 other communities in Massachusetts; (2) examinations of community norms of violence and its relationship to police-community relations within each SSYI community; and, (3) investigations of the relationship between the myriad violence prevention and intervention efforts (including SSYI) and violent crime trends in Boston from 2007 to 2014. Details: Washington, DC: American Institutes for Research, 2017. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250771.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250771.pdf Shelf Number: 146385 Keywords: Community-Based Programs Crime Trends Gun Violence Gun-Related Violence Police-Community Relations Violence Prevention Violent Crime

Author: Hollywood, John Title: Fostering Innovation in U.S. Law Enforcement: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for Improving Law Enforcement Operations and Outcomes Summary: The National Institute of Justice tasked RAND to host a panel of law enforcement experts to identify high-priority needs for innovation in law enforcement, covering advances in technology, policy, and practice. The needs discussed in this report can help prioritize research, development, and dissemination efforts in ways that will provide the greatest value to law enforcement practitioners. The panel identified four top findings. First, there is a need to improve practitioners' knowledge of available research and technology, starting with a central knowledge repository and research on how to improve dissemination and training methods. Second, there is a need for practices and technologies to improve police-community relations, both to improve encounters with the public and to improve community relations more broadly. Third, there is a need to improve the sharing and use of information in a range of ways. These include means to get crime analysis capabilities to all agencies (including small and disadvantaged agencies), software development to reduce information overload, and model proposal and contract language to make systems interoperable. Fourth, there is a need to reduce backlogs in forensic processing; panelists suggested broadening U.S. Department of Justice forensic grants outside of DNA to help address the backlogs. Additional high-priority needs included further development of policies and use cases for unmanned aerial vehicles, best practices for selecting and using personal gear, and improving defenses against active shooters. The latter included improving both suspicious activity reporting processes and efforts to educate the public on responding to an active shooter. There is also a need for a review of technologies that might improve officers' health. Key Findings Four Top Themes Identified There is a demand for practices and technologies to improve practitioners' knowledge of technologies and how to use them. At the core of needs under this theme was a call for a virtual information repository: a single source for capturing and sharing law enforcement information. There is a call for practices and technologies to improve police-community relations. Very high interest in this theme is being driven largely by the social and political tensions raised in recent years, in the wake of officer-involved shootings controversies and civic unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, Baltimore, Maryland, and other jurisdictions. There is a need to improve the sharing and use of information. This includes identifying what information is most useful, to avoid the problem of officers being overloaded with information. There is a need to improve forensic capabilities. Many needs here concerned remediating forensic backlogs and lacks of resources driving them. Additional High-Priority Needs There is a need to improve a range of personal equipment and practices for using them. There is a need to develop policies and core use cases for unmanned aerial systems. There is a need to improve dispatch center operations. There is a need to improve defenses against active shooters, both to improve reporting to detect them before they attack and to improve training on how the public should respond. There is a need to identify requirements for technologies to improve officers' physical and mental health. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2017 at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1814.html Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1814.html Shelf Number: 147003 Keywords: Computers Information Technology Law Enforcement Technology Police Education and Training Police Technology (U.S.) Police-Community Relations

Author: American Civil Liberties Union of Massachusetts Title: No Tape, No Testimony: How Courts Can Ensure the Responsible Use of Body Cameras Summary: In January 2015, the Chicago Police Department launched a pilot program requiring its officers to use body-worn cameras. The program began in the wake of public outcry over violence by Chicago police officers against civilians, and a police official explained that it sought to "rebuild[] trust with the residents we're sworn to serve." In July 2016, an officer wearing one of these cameras killed Paul O'Neal, a Black teenager who allegedly stole a car and crashed it into a police cruiser. After Mr. O'Neal fled on foot, the officer fatally shot him in the back. In theory, Mr. O'Neal's final moments should have been recorded by the officer's body camera, and the recording should now be available to assist a court, a jury, or the public in deciding whether the shooting was justified. But no such video exists. The camera worn by the officer who killed Mr. O'Neal was reportedly not turned on until after the fatal shot had been fired. This incident, and others like it, have been cited as cautionary tales about how the value of body cameras can be undermined if the police cannot or will not ensure their consistent use. But police departments are not the only institutions capable of assuring the effective use of body-worn cameras. Courts can do it too. For three reasons, courts can and should encourage the police to record, when practicable, their investigative encounters with civilians. 1. Videos of police-civilian encounters have shaken public confidence in the capacity of legal proceedings to separate fact from fiction. Time and again, cases have been headed for an incorrect result - such as the wrongful prosecution of a civilian or the wrongful exoneration of a police officer - until videos surfaced that contradicted officers' versions of events. Meanwhile, there is growing evidence that witness testimony, on which courts must often rely when video is absent, can be quite flawed when used as the exclusive means of resolving disputes between police officers and civilians. Thus, when video evidence of a police-civilian encounter does not exist, legal proceedings may be less likely to get the right answer or to be respected by the public. 2. Police body-worn cameras present a viable and valuable supplement to witness testimony. These cameras are quickly becoming part of the 21st-century police uniform, with a recent survey of 70 law enforcement agencies finding that 95% of respondents had either implemented or had committed to implementing body camera programs. Body cameras can be critical to uncovering the truth when the facts of a police-civilian encounter are contested. There is also evidence that, when body cameras are consistently worn and activated, they can deter misconduct or violence from happening in the first place. 3. Courts have both a distinct interest in and a unique means of encouraging police officers to record their encounters with civilians. Courts have an interest in conducting legal proceedings that are fair, that avoid wrongful convictions and other catastrophic outcomes, and that efficiently resolve disputes. Given those interests, and given that videos of policecivilian encounters can make the difference between just and unjust results, courts should encourage, when practicable, the recording of police-civilian encounters. Rather than leave this task to police departments, whose disciplinary practices are necessarily inconsistent, courts should provide this encouragement by using tools uniquely at their disposal: jury instructions. This report proposes a model jury instruction that encourages the recording of police-civilian encounters by empowering juries to impose evidentiary consequences for unreasonable or bad faith failures to record. This instruction would tell the jury that, if it finds that the police unreasonably failed to create or preserve a video of a police-civilian encounter, it can devalue an officer's testimony and infer that the video would have helped the civilian. If the jury finds that the case involves bad faith, such as the outright sabotage of body cameras, then it should be instructed to disregard officer testimony altogether. The tools that courts can use to craft this instruction already exist. Several courts now use jury instructions to encourage the recording of custodial interrogations and drunk-driving field tests; they can and should craft similar rules for body cameras. These measures can help prevent wrongful convictions, accurately resolve allegations of police misconduct, and enhance public trust in the justice system's capacity to get it right when confronted with police-civilian violence. Details: Boston: ACLU of Massachusetts; Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley School of Law Samuelson Law, Technology & Public Policy Clinic, 2016. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2017 at: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SLTPPC_ACLU_BodyCameras_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/SLTPPC_ACLU_BodyCameras_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 147015 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Law Enforcement Technology (U.S.) Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Technology Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Surveillance Video Technology

Author: Yukon Government Title: Sharing Common Ground. Review of Yukon's Police Force : Year One Progress Report Summary: Over the past year, Yukoners from many different backgrounds and perspectives have come together in a dedicated and forward-looking effort to respond to the needs and concerns of our communities. Individuals and organizations, First Nations, police, advocacy groups, academics and government have all made vital contributions to moving forward with a new vision for policing in Yukon. Following eight months of dialogue with citizens, and with the advice of an Advisory Committee and a team of First Nation representatives, the co-chairs of the Review of Yukon's Police Force, submitted a final report entitled Sharing Common Ground to the Minister of Justice in January 2011. This progress report outlines the achievements of the many people and organizations who have contributed to the implementation of these recommendations over the first year of Sharing Common Ground. The co-chairs, representing Government of Yukon, First Nations and "M" Division RCMP, put forward 33 recommendations that provided a blueprint for establishing a new relationship between Yukon citizens and their police. The changes they called for were intended not only to fill gaps that citizens identified, but also to build on the many existing strengths that were acknowledged during the Review. Relationships are recognized as a cornerstone of trust. As relationships form and grow, those involved gain a greater understanding and appreciation for each other and come to understand how the others think and react and why they behave as they do. As relationships are strengthened, each party learns about motivations and limitations the other party faces, and most importantly, what goals, objectives and needs they have in common. The recommendations in Sharing Common Ground all add value in themselves by addressing specific needs and concerns raised by our communities. But perhaps even more importantly, as individuals and groups share these concerns and identify issues of common concern, solutions are developed and implemented in collaboration, and opportunities for these relationships to form and for understanding and trust to grow are created. A key and recurring theme during the Review was that follow-up was necessary in order to inform citizens and governments on implementation progress. This progress report outlines the achievements of the many people and organizations who have contributed to the implementation of these recommendations over the first year of Sharing Common Ground. Details: Whitehorse: Yukon Government, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2017 at: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Implementation_One_Year_Update-_May_2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Implementation_One_Year_Update-_May_2012.pdf Shelf Number: 147446 Keywords: Police Administration Police Departments Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Yukon Government Title: Sharing Common Ground. Review of Yukon's Police Force : Final Report on Implementation Summary: The public expects that police officers will act with integrity and that their conduct will be above reproach at all times. From time to time, police services fall short of this expectation. This can be due to the result of a single act by a police officer that offends public sensibility or through a more general decline in the quality of service over time. When either or both occurs, it erodes the public's trust in its policing service. In these situations, there must be independent, transparent and accessible processes that hold individual members and the organization accountable. During this Review, the Co-Chairs and members of the Advisory Committee heard that some Yukon citizens do not have trust and confidence in "M" Division. This is particularly the case in First Nation communities, and with vulnerable citizens and individuals leading high-risk lifestyles. High profile incidents at the Vancouver International Airport and in other communities in British Columbia, and incidents that took place in Yukon, have shaken the public's confidence in the RCMP. In Yukon, two incidents have focussed public attention on the RCMP: a situation where two off-duty RCMP members were charged and later found not guilty of sexual assault; and the circumstances experienced by Raymond Silverfox in the holding cells at the Whitehorse detachment in the hours prior to his death. While these high-profile incidents have caused many citizens to question how the RCMP operates in the territory, Yukon First Nations citizens in particular have concerns rooted in their relationship with the RCMP and based on personal experience or hearsay. These concerns did not arise or develop recently, but they have been heightened by recent events. We have heard many accounts of policing excellence, including stories of RCMP members going above and beyond their normal duties. The purpose of the Review is to improve the quality of policing services for all citizens in the territory. First Nations and non-First Nations citizens raised concerns that some members of the community have been subject to discrimination and cultural insensitivity. Citizens, particularly those who work directly with women in crisis, raised concerns about the RCMP's response to calls for assistance in situations involving domestic violence and sexualized assault. Citizens brought forward concerns about being treated with indifference or disrespect when interacting with the RCMP. This was particularly evident in submissions from individuals in vulnerable situations - acutely intoxicated persons and offenders with mental health and cognitive disorders such as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). A number of citizens also noted their frustrations, suspicions and lack of knowledge about the process for making a complaint against the RCMP. Even some individuals who work in the justice system were unaware of the complaint process Terms of Reference and process It was within this context that the Yukon Minister of Justice established the Review of Yukon's Police Force. The Review was Co-Chaired by a representative of the Council of Yukon First Nations; the Commanding Officer of RCMP "M" Division; and the Deputy Minister, Department of Justice, Government of Yukon. With the assistance of members of an Advisory Committee, the Co-Chairs spoke directly with over one thousand citizens of the territory to gain a better appreciation of their concerns with the RCMP and to build a process for restoring and maintaining public confidence in Yukon's police force. Terms of Reference - Terms of Reference 1: Consider measures and make recommendations to better ensure that Yukon's police force is responsive and accountable to the needs of Yukon citizens; - Terms of Reference 2: Review how public complaints relating to the RCMP in Yukon are currently dealt with and to make recommendations on any required improvements; - Terms of Reference 3: Determine the skills that Yukon officers require in order to provide policing services in Yukon communities and make recommendations to enhance training, including the potential for Yukon-based training; - Terms of Reference 4: Review the services provided by the RCMP to citizens who are in vulnerable positions, including victims of domestic violence and sexual assault, as well as individuals who are arrested and detained in custody; - Terms of Reference 5: Identify and build upon successes and best practices in the delivery of policing services to Yukon; and - Terms of Reference 6: Review and make recommendations on how best to implement in Yukon the existing RCMP policy on external investigations and reviews. The Co-Chairs and Advisory Committee members participated in public meetings across the territory. Meetings were also held with justice workers and social service providers who have regular contact with the RCMP. A special effort was made to engage First Nation citizens in the Review process. We recognized that many individuals might be reluctant to speak openly in a public forum about their experiences so we relied on third parties to arrange meetings and provide comments to us in writing. We also reached out to RCMP members, staff and volunteers, as well as former RCMP members living in the territory, to ensure that they had the opportunity to provide their perspectives on the challenges and opportunities of living and working in the north and their recommendations for moving forward. Details: Whitehorse: Yukon Government, 2014. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2017 at: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Final_Report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.policereview2010.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Sharing_Common_Ground_Final_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 147447 Keywords: Police Administration Police Departments Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Public Safety Strategies Group Title: San Francisco Police Department Foot Patrol Program Evaluation Report Summary: In January 2007, the Board of Supervisors (BOS) legislatively mandated that the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) implement a formal Foot Patrol Pilot Program in each of the ten Police Districts in the City. The Administrative Code Section 10A.1, (herein referred to as the Legislation), provides detailed program requirements including an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Foot Patrol Pilot Program. The Legislation mandated each police District assign at least one foot patrol Officer on two of the three daily watches for a total of twenty hours of foot patrol coverage per day or any combination of the equivalent number of hours, that the department maintain staffing records and engage the community in the process. The complete language of the Legislation is contained in the San Francisco Foot Patrol Implementation section of this report. The City commissioned the Public Safety Strategies Group (PSSG) to conduct an evaluation of the City's Foot Patrol Pilot Program. This report summarizes the process of the evaluation, the findings of the evaluation conducted by PSSG and outlines recommendations to assist the SFPD with implementing future foot patrols. The report is organized into the following sections: - Evaluation Approach - San Francisco Foot Patrol Legislation - Foot Patrol Implementation Findings - District Station Beats and Data - Recommendations for Foot Patrol Implementation Details: West Townsend, MA: Public Safety Strategies Group, 2008. 210p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2017 at: http://www.publicsafetystrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SFPD_foot_patrol_program_eval.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.publicsafetystrategies.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SFPD_foot_patrol_program_eval.pdf Shelf Number: 147513 Keywords: Foot Patrol Place-Based Policing Police Patrol Police-Community Relations

Author: Fontaine, Jocelyn Title: Mistrust and Ambivalence between Residents and the Police: Evidence from Four Chicago Neighborhoods Summary: Violence in Chicago has been national news as shootings and homicides have increased over the past year. Total homicides in 2016 reached levels the city has not experienced since the late 1990s (University of Chicago Crime Lab 2017); meanwhile, homicides in other large US cities have been declining or remaining steady (Freidman, Grawet, and Cullen 2016). Chicago residents have been demanding reforms to the ways police treat and interact with the public; this issue, which has been a persistent one particularly for residents of high-crime neighborhoods with heavy police presence, has been given renewed visibility after the release of video showing the killing of Laquan McDonald by a Chicago police officer. A subsequent US Department of Justice investigation of the Chicago Police Department revealed the department has problems with use of force and accountability that contribute to a lack of community trust in the department (US Department of Justice and US Attorney"s Office 2017). These issues are no doubt related: community trust in the police is an important contributor to effective crime control. While this brief is not intended to weigh in on what caused the most recent crime spike in Chicago, it does present findings that show the fractured relationship between residents of high-crime neighborhoods and the police that serve those communities. The data are based on surveys collected before the recent crime spike from residents and officers living or working in four Chicago neighborhoods that have had consistently high crime rates relative to other parts in the city. Because of the sampling methodology used for this study, our findings provide new insights on a topic that has received much empirical scrutiny: the criticality of police-citizen relationships. This brief discusses the level of mutual mistrust between residents (including those recently involved with the criminal justice system) and police officers in Chicago's 5th, 10th, 15th, and 25th police districts. Drawn from surveys of both officers and residents, the data demonstrate ambivalence between the police and the residents they serve. While the results are generally sobering, we find some potential for repairing the mistrust and pathways for building stronger police-community relationships. This brief proceeds in four sections. First, we discuss the importance of strong police-resident relationships; then, we outline the study methodology and the demographic characteristics of the sampled groups. Next, we present key findings on residents' perceptions of procedural fairness of police and support for officer behavior and actions, residents' perceptions of unreasonable stops, residents' willingness to participate in crime control, and police officers' perceptions of community cooperation and community trust. A final section summarizes the key findings and discusses the implications of our findings for police-community relationships and crime control, which are most relevant for the people living in the neighborhoods we studied and executive staff and patrol officers in the Chicago Police Department. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2017. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2017 at: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/92316/2017.07.31_legitimacy_brief_finalized_0.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/92316/2017.07.31_legitimacy_brief_finalized_0.pdf Shelf Number: 148042 Keywords: Homicides Neighborhoods and Crime Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Violent Crime

Author: Kringen, Anne Li Title: Outside the Academy: Learning Community Policing through Community Engagement Summary: Recent events highlight the need for many law enforcement agencies to focus on transparency, re-establish legitimacy, and continue to improve strained community relations. Community policing, long lauded as a potential solution to improve community-police relations, may be an important component. The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) conceptually defines community policing as a "philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problemsolving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime." The organizational components of community policing include: (1) agency management, (2) organizational structure, (3) personnel, and (4) information systems. Together, these components are envisioned as aligning to support community partnerships, proactive problem solving, and better relationships between the community and the police. Despite the conceptual definition, confusion over the practical meaning of community policing has long impacted implementation. Departments identify themselves as engaged in community policing when implementing activities such as foot patrol, opening neighborhood offices, soliciting community feedback, and reporting efforts to the community . Similarly, other specific projects, programs, and tactics such as agency-community plans, bicycle patrol, geographic assignment, citizen input and feedback, and community outreach have, at times, been classified as community policing (see e.g., Hickman & Reaves, 2001). However, community policing is better understood as an organizational strategy emphasizing citizen involvement, problem solving, and decentralization. While each of the four components forming the conceptual definition of community policing (i.e., agency management, organizational structure, personnel, and information systems) play important roles related to citizen involvement, problem solving, and decentralization, the personnel component resides at the core. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2017. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Ideas in American Policing, no. 20: Accessed November 20, 2017 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/IAP_Outside-the-Academy-Learning-Community-Policing-through-Community-Engagement.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/IAP_Outside-the-Academy-Learning-Community-Policing-through-Community-Engagement.pdf Shelf Number: 148277 Keywords: Community Policing Police Education and Training Police Legitimacy Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Wilson, Dean Title: The Station Study Report. Victoria Police and Victims of Crime: police perspectives and experiences from across Victoria Summary: This report presents the findings gathered from interviews with over 200 operational Victoria Police members. For the first time this research details police attitudes and practices in relation to seeking to provide support to victims of crime while also meeting the other demands and obligations required by their role as serving Victoria Police officers. The findings and recommendations presented in this report are focused upon recognising much of the work and practice that occurs across Victoria on a daily basis that goes largely unrecognised by Victoria Police and the Victorian community more generally, as much of the good work done by police is rarely seen or acknowledged. The release of these findings is particularly timely, only a few years after the implementation of the Victims' Charter, at a point at which Victoria Police and the Victorian community can reflect upon the extent to which service delivery standards have translated into best practice. There is significant innovation and work being undertaken in community-specific ways across Victoria in relation to victim support. There are also a range of areas in which practices and processes that have recently been implemented require rethinking in light of the lived experience of police officers working on the ground to implement these practices and protocols. The recommendations proposed in this report reflect the findings of our research and are intended to contribute towards enhancing and enriching police-victim interaction and victim experiences of the criminal justice system more generally. Details: Clayton, Vic. Faculty of Arts, Monash University, 2011. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 27, 2017 at: http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gender-and-family-violence/files/2016/04/The-Station-Study-Final-Report-2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gender-and-family-violence/files/2016/04/The-Station-Study-Final-Report-2.pdf Shelf Number: 148502 Keywords: Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Victim Services Victims of Crime

Author: De Angelis, Joseph Title: Civilian Oversight of Law Enforcement: A Review of the Strengths and Weaknesses of Various Models Summary: This overview of models of civilian oversight of police discusses the strengths and challenges of each models. All of the models reviewed use citizens (non-sworn officers) to review police conduct. A brief history of civilian oversight of police is first presented. An overview of contemporary models of civilian oversight of police notes high variability in organizational structure, wide differences in organizational authority, and the frequency of organizational "hybrids." Three categories of models of civilian oversight of police are described in detail: investigation-focused models, review-focused models, and auditor/monitor-focused models. The review concludes with considerations for implementing or reforming a civilian oversight program. Details: Washington, DC: US Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2016. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2017 at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/nacole/pages/161/attachments/original/1481727977/NACOLE_short_doc_FINAL.pdf?1481727977 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/nacole/pages/161/attachments/original/1481727977/NACOLE_short_doc_FINAL.pdf?1481727977 Shelf Number: 148683 Keywords: Civilian Review Boards Complaints Against Police Police Accountability Police Integrity Police Legitimacy Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Braga, Anthony A. Title: The Impact of Body-Worn Cameras on Complaints Against Officers and Officer Use of Force Incident Reports: Preliminary Evaluation Findings Summary: SUMMARY - The Boston Police Department collaborated with Northeastern University to develop a randomized controlled trial of its pilot implementation of 100 body worn cameras on patrol officers in 5 police districts and plainclothes officers in the Youth Violence Strike Force. - The Northeastern research team randomly allocated 281 officers into treatment (camera wearers) and control groups from these assignments. The selected officers worked the day and first half shifts and were actively providing police services to Boston residents. - The randomization procedure generated treatment (140 officers) and control (141 officers) groups that were equivalent in terms of officer sex, race, age, years on the job, shift, assignment, prior complaints, and prior use of force reports. All treatment officers were trained on the body worn camera policy and the use of the technology. - At the commencement of the pilot program, 100 of the 140 officers trained on the use of body worn cameras were assigned to wear the cameras. Over the course of the one-year intervention period, 21 officers stopped wearing the cameras due to promotions, assignment changes, medical incapacitation, resignation, and retirement. A total of 121 of the 140 treatment officers wore cameras during the pilot program. - The preliminary findings of the randomized controlled trial suggest that the placement of body worn cameras on Boston Police officers may generate small benefits to the civility of police-citizen civilian encounters. Relative to control officers, treatment officers received fewer citizen complaints and generated fewer use of force reports. - Statistical analysis revealed that the impact of body worn cameras on complaints was small but statistically-significant at a less restrictive statistical threshold. The results suggest a reduction of one complaint per month for 140 treatment officers relative to 141 control officers. The analysis indicated body worn cameras generated a small reduction in officer use of force reports that was not statistically-significant, suggesting no meaningful difference between the treatment and control groups. - These preliminary results are not final and should be interpreted with caution. The evaluation team will continue to collect data and pursue supplemental analyses to ensure that these findings are robust to different tests and model specifications. The final report will present completed analyses of the impact of body worn cameras on citizen complaints and officer use of force reports as well as analyses of impacts on police proactivity, lawfulness of police enforcement actions, and police-community relations. Details: Boston: Northeastern University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2018. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 31, 2018 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5086f19ce4b0ad16ff15598d/t/5a563546ec212d4f5bf29527/1515599174343/BPD+BWC+RCT+preliminary+impact+report.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5086f19ce4b0ad16ff15598d/t/5a563546ec212d4f5bf29527/1515599174343/BPD+BWC+RCT+preliminary+impact+report.pdf Shelf Number: 148946 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Camera Technology Cameras Law Enforcement Technology Police Accountability Police Surveillance Police Use of Force Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community relations

Author: Yokum, David Title: Evaluating the Effects of Police Body-Worn Cameras: A Randomized Controlled Trial Summary: Police officer body-worn cameras (BWCs) have been promoted as a technological mechanism that will improve policing and the perceived legitimacy of the police and legal institutions. While there is a national movement to deploy BWCs widely, evidence of their effectiveness is limited. To estimate the average effects of BWCs, we conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 2,224 Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) officers in Washington, DC. Our pre-analysis plan was publicly registered in advance. We compared officers randomly assigned to wear BWCs to officers in the control condition who did not wear BWCs. The primary outcomes of interest were documented uses of force and civilian complaints, although we also measure a variety of additional policing activities and judicial outcomes. We estimated very small average treatment effects on all measured outcomes, none of which rose to statistical significance. These results suggest that we should recalibrate our expectations of BWCs' ability to induce large-scale behavioral changes in policing, particularly in contexts similar to Washington, DC. Details: Washington, DC: The Lab @ DC, Office of the City Administrator, Executive Office of the Mayor, 2017. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: The DC Lab Working Paper: Accessed January 31, 2018 at: http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/TheLabDC_MPD_BWC_Working_Paper_10.20.17.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/TheLabDC_MPD_BWC_Working_Paper_10.20.17.pdf Shelf Number: 148947 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Camera Technology Cameras Law Enforcement Technology Police Accountability Police Surveillance Police Use of Force Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community relations

Author: Sacca, Giacomo Title: Not just another piece of equipment: an analysis for police body-worn camera policy decisions Summary: In the United States, law enforcement agencies are rapidly deploying body-worn cameras (BWCs) to increase organizational transparency and foster positive community relations. Proponents of the technology see BWCs as a tool to ensure police legitimacy and eliminate abusive conduct. Preliminary evidence identifies several benefits of using BWCs, such as: reduced citizen complaints, increased cooperation, and lower civil liability. However, emerging evidence suggests that the devices may be achieving the intended goals but with unintended consequences. BWC use may inadvertently increase use of force incidents and reduce the time that the police spend on de-escalating a situation. This thesis employs qualitative research methodology to examine how BWCs affect the ambiguous nature of police decision-making, as well as the effects of BWC use on the public, thereby investigating solutions for the frayed police-public relationship. By analyzing current data available on BWCs, examining information on human decision-making including heuristics, and completing a comparative analysis of a similar police technology-the vehicle dashboard camera-the thesis finds that BWC use can have different and changing impacts on police behavior, suggesting that variables related to human factors alter the dynamics of BWC use. The thesis provides recommendations that cover independent agency BWC evaluations, organizational training, limits on discretionary officer recording, and the practical application of automated camera systems. Details: Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2017. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 23, 2018 at: https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/56797/17Dec_Sacca_Giacomo.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/56797/17Dec_Sacca_Giacomo.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 149231 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras Cameras Police Accountability Police Behavior Police Decision-Making Police Legitimacy Police Technology Police-Community Relations

Author: Straub, Frank Title: Advancing Charlotte: A Police Foundation Assessment of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department Response to the September 2016 Demonstrations Summary: The September 20, 2016, officer-involved shooting of Keith Lamont Scott, and the subsequent demonstrations in Charlotte, took place within a milieu of similar events in cities across America. Protests in New York, Ferguson, North Charleston, Baltimore, Minneapolis, Baton Rouge, and Dallas demonstrated the increasing anger and frustration within communities of color and growing tension in community-police relations. In the most extreme instances, protestors destroyed property and engaged in acts of violence. While the demonstrations that took place nationally were in response to an officer(s) use of lethal force, each demonstration and the subsequent law enforcement response provides lessons learned for the involved jurisdictions, and the nation. Many of the underlying issues that precipitated the demonstrations are similar: a police officer(s) used lethal force in incidents involving individuals of color; previous officer-involved shooting incidents which remained unresolved in the eyes of the community; historical racial challenges; socioeconomic immobility; perceived accountability and transparency issues; and, fragile relationships between the police and communities of color. The protests ignited by the officer-involved shooting of Keith Lamont Scott, and similar events across the nation, "focused the collective attention [in Charlotte] on the stark racial, ethnic and economic divides that exist in ... [the] community but are rarely openly discussed." The issues and tension also created an opportunity that activists from outside the city leveraged to further their national agenda and to cause chaos in Charlotte. The influence and reach of social media fueled the embers of distrust and ignited the emotions of the community and the nation. The particular elements leading to racial violence have changed over the years. While race riots occur in the context of a convoluted mix of social, economic, and cultural factors, policing consistently remains a crucial piece of the equation. It would be overreaching to designate police action as the sole factor in race riots; nevertheless, the importance of the police in preventing and effectively responding when disorder occurs can hardly be overstated. The City of Charlotte requested that the Police Foundation conduct an independent review of the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department's (CMPD) response to the demonstrations that occurred following the September 20, 2016 officer-involved shooting. While the Police Foundation assessment team heard from the community that the issues in Charlotte go far beyond those that are within the scope of this review, the city's request demonstrates their desire to learn from these events and to use this assessment, in part, to help the city heal and move forward in a constructive manner. To ensure a comprehensive review of the incident response, the Police Foundation assessment team conducted interviews with city government officials, CMPD command staff and officers, and community leaders and members. The team also conducted a review of incident documentation and other relevant materials, as well as policy analysis. Finally, the Police Foundation assessment team conducted research on national policing best practices, model policies and promising programs to include in the report. The City of Charlotte publicly released the draft report on September 19, 2017. Since the public release of the first draft, the Police Foundation assessment team met with Mayor Roberts and members of Charlotte City Council individually, met with the City Manager, attended and presented the report at a public City Council meeting, and made note of council members' comments and requests. The assessment team also held an in-person community listening session and three meetings--one in-person and two via conference calls--with the Community Stakeholder Group. This final document reflects the comments, requests, and feedback gathered during those meetings. The Police Foundation assessment team found that the CMPD acted appropriately overall and in accordance with their policies and procedures. However, the review identified areas where the CMPD could improve its policies, practices, and operations to strengthen the department's relationship with the community it serves, with the goal of preventing and improving its response to future instances of civil unrest, should they occur. The review also highlights the importance of collaboration and communication between the City of Charlotte administration, the City Manager, and the CMPD prior to critical incidents. The report is organized by "pillars" under which critical issues are discussed and recommendations provided: - Pillar 1: Policies, Protocols & Strategies; - Pillar 2: Training & De-Escalation; - Pillar 3: Equipment & Technology; - Pillar 4: Social Media & Communication; - Pillar 5: Transparency & Accountability; and - Pillar 6: Police-Community Relationships. Communities across the country, including Charlotte, are working to address the complex issues of race, intergenerational poverty, barriers to economic opportunity, disparities in the criminal justice system, and other long-standing challenges. The City of Charlotte's political and community leaders, City Manager and the CMPD are to be commended for their genuine interest in identifying collaborative and constructive steps to acknowledge the impact of the mix of social, economic, and cultural factors that contributed to the demonstrations as well as the CMPD's efforts to prevent and respond to civil unrest. The CMPD should also be commended for the work that they have done to bridge the gap with the Charlotte Community. Their Constructive Conversations Team program can serve as a national model for tangible programs that have the potential to improve police-community relationships, both in Charlotte and elsewhere. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2018. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2018 at: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Advancing-Charlotte-Final-Report.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Advancing-Charlotte-Final-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 149406 Keywords: Civil Disorder Demonstrations Officer-Involved Shooting Police Use of Force Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Disorder Public Order Management Riots and Demonstrations

Author: Development Services Group Title: Interactions Between Youth and Law Enforcement: Literature Review Summary: Police-youth contact consists of any face-to-face interaction between a youth and one or more law enforcement officers, including sworn officers serving in municipal police departments; sheriff's departments; state police; and special jurisdiction agencies such as transit, park, and university police (Hyland, Langton, and Davis 2015). Contact can be youth-initiated or police-initiated and may occur in programmatic settings, such as police-led programs (e.g., police athletic leagues), or through day-today interactions in community and school settings (Hurst 2007; Goodrich, Anderson, and LaMotte 2014). Some interactions also occur when youths are victims of crime. As gatekeepers to the justice system, police-youth contact can result in informal solutions such as programs and services that divert youth away from system involvement, or arrest and further entry into the criminal and juvenile justice systems (Worden and Myers 2000; Brown, Novak, and Frank 2009; Goodrich, Anderson, and LaMotte 2014). Such decisions during contact with youth can shape the options available to other juvenile justice decision makers in the system (Liederbach 2007). Police-youth contact occurs often and is most frequent for youths between the ages of 18 and 24 (Eith and Durose 2011). Despite the importance and prevalence of such interactions, limited research has been dedicated to understanding the dynamics of encounters between police and youth (Brown and Benedict 2002; Thurau 2009). Though official police data provides useful context for understanding the prevalence of police-youth contact, the data does not provide information on police-youth interactions in terms of the nature of the incidents or how youth behaviors affect the actions of police officers, and vice versa (Skogan and Frydl 2004; Mastrofski, Snipes, and Supina 1996). Most research focuses on factors that influence the decisions made after juveniles have been arrested (Allen 2005) or youth attitudes toward police (Brick, Taylor, and Esbensen 2009; Flexon et al. 2016; Hagan, Shedd, and Payne 2005; Hardin 2004; Brunson and Weitzer 2009; Wu, Lake, and Cao 2015). While most researchers agree that age and race are factors that consistently influence youth attitudes toward police, there is also no consensus on other factors (e.g., gender, social class) that influence youth attitudes toward the police or when such factors begin to influence police-youth interactions (Brown and Benedict 2002). There has also been little research on how youth behaviors and decision-making influence police-youth contact (Brunson and Weitzer 2011), or on how officers' concerns for community safety and their own safety influence these interactions. This literature review will discuss the research relevant to interactions between police and youth. Topics in this review include the prevalence of police-youth interactions, factors that influence such interactions, the role of law enforcement in the juvenile justice system, and the outcome evidence of programs developed to help improve police-youth encounters. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2018. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2018 at: https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Interactions-Youth-Law-Enforcement.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Interactions-Youth-Law-Enforcement.pdf Shelf Number: 149414 Keywords: Evidence-Based Programs Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Youth Interactions

Author: Watts, Brad Title: Evaluability Assessment of the NAFI Youth and Police Initiative Training, Final Report Summary: This report details the results of an Evaluability Assessment of the Youth-Police Initiative (YPI) training program conducted by the Center for Human Services Research with support from the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. The purpose of this evaluability assessment (EA) was to gauge the YPI program's readiness for evaluation and provide recommendations and technical assistance to prepare for an outcomes-based evaluation. - A five-task EA model originally developed for criminal justice programs guided the project's research methodology. The five tasks are 1) study the program history, design, and operation; 2) watch the program in action; 3) determine the capacity for data collection; 4) assess the likelihood that the program will reach its goals and objectives; and 5) show why an evaluation will or will not help the program and its stakeholders. - The YPI program model brings together youth and police to provide training on how to interact with each other and resolve conflicts. The approach has much in common with literature on attitude toward police and police legitimacy and has some roots in conflict resolution theory. - The YPI program has evolved during a decade of operation from a police-training model to a youth-oriented approach. Program design and approach quickly evolved from a police-oriented training for recent academy graduates (after the first two rounds of implementation) to a youth-oriented program within a community-based setting. There has been some ongoing variation in the details of implementation, which could challenge efforts to evaluate the program. - The YPI program has demonstrated capacity to collect data directly from participants. Pre- and post-training surveys have been collected from youth and police participants, and the YPI program has engaged in a pilot of longer-term follow-up surveys during this study. - Past data collection has not always been consistent. The program has used varying data collection forms. As part of the study, new data collection forms utilizing fieldtested measures of attitude change have been created and implemented. - The original stated goals of the YPI program are broad and ambitious, but may be difficult to achieve. Research on similar programs suggests that it is possible to change the attitudes and behaviors of individuals, but difficult to alter community-level impacts such as outcomes related to community violence or overall rates of conflict between youth and police. - Observation of YPI program training sessions revealed that implementation mostly matches the program model. The sessions were small (14 youth, 9 officers), focused on developing youth presentation and leadership skills, and used hands-on scenarios and interactions to build relationships between police and youth over a short period of time. - YPI program data suggests that improvement in attitude has occurred amongst participating youth. Data from existing surveys was analyzed to determine if changes occurred in the desired or expected ways over time. The change in youth ratings suggests that it should be possible to measure attitude-based outcomes in a future evaluation. - Analysis of past data found no change in police attitudes. However, it should be noted that police officers generally gave the program good ratings for helping to build trust, developing positive relationships, and helping them to see youth in a more positive light. Evidence on attitude change amongst police officers participating in the YPI program was limited by the small number of surveys available. - YPI program staff and other stakeholders are interested in evaluation. The benefits of a future evaluation include continuous program improvement, the ability to provide robust evidence to interested communities and police departments, and the possibility of developing into an "evidence-based" program model. Major Recommendations - The program goals and logic model should be revised to reflect a focused set of attainable outcome goals. Many of the YPI program's original goals are ambitious but may be difficult to achieve. Suggested goals that are more tightly aligned with program activities include changing participants' attitudes, improving ability of participants to handle youth-police interactions, creating a positive training experience, reducing negative youth-police interactions, and reducing criminal involvement among youth participants. - New data collection forms and protocol should be implemented. During the study new forms were created and piloted with measures related to the suggested goals and outcomes. It is also recommended that the YPI program create and maintain a consistent database of all survey responses that will help support future evaluation efforts. - Outcomes should be measured over a longer period of time. In addition to new forms for pre/post training data collection, new draft follow-up questionnaires were also created to capture medium-to-long-term outcomes. It is recommended that these follow-up surveys be conducted with both youth and police participants approximately threemonths after the training sessions are completed. Additionally, future evaluation efforts could be aided by the collection of crime data reports on youth participants for a period of several months after program participation. Details: Albany, NY: CENTER FOR HUMAN SERVICES RESEARCH UNIVERSITY AT ALBANY STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK. 2017. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 15, 2018 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/251113.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/251113.pdf Shelf Number: 149478 Keywords: Juvenile Mentoring Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Juvenile Relations Youth Programs

Author: Henning, Kris Title: Perceptions Regarding Public Safety in Portland's King Neighborhood: Research Brief Summary: The Portland Police Bureau (PPB) is partnering with Portland State University (PSU) and neighborhood groups to develop new strategies for improving police-community relations and reducing crime. Our most recent initiative seeks to provide residents with greater voice in where PPB officers work in their neighborhood and what steps the City takes there to address public safety concerns. The King neighborhood in Northeast Portland was chosen as the starting point for this work following a recent gang related shooting at King School Park. Officers from North Precinct had already begun outreach to the community and they wanted additional input from the residents on how to best address public safety issues in the area. In October and November (2015) all known households in the King neighborhood were mailed a letter inviting the adult occupants to participate in an online survey. The survey covered three main topics: First, residents were asked to identify their top public safety concerns and locate these concerns on a map of the King neighborhood. Second, residents were asked whether they supported or opposed various actions the city might take in responding to these issues. A third set of questions were asked to establish baseline measurements for PPB's ongoing efforts to reduce the fear of crime and improve police-community relationships. This report provides the findings from the King survey. The results will be used by PPB and other agencies to develop tailored community safety initiatives for the neighborhood. Details: Portland, OR: Portland State University, 2016. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2018 at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1008&context=cjpri_briefs Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1008&context=cjpri_briefs Shelf Number: 149501 Keywords: Neighborhoods and Crime Police-Community Relations Public Safety

Author: Henning, Kris Title: Community Attitudes Regarding Public Safety in Portland's Parkrose Neighborhood Summary: The Portland Police Bureau (PPB) is partnering with Portland State University (PSU) and neighborhood groups to develop new strategies for improving public safety and police-community relations. The current initiative seeks to provide residents with greater voice in where police work in their neighborhood, what problems they address, and how they intervene. We also hope to provide residents, businesses, and community organizations with data they can use to leverage additional resources for improving public safety in their neighborhood. This report focuses on the Parkrose neighborhood. Parkrose is located in the Northeast section of Portland (i.e. North of Burnside Ave. and East of the Willamette River). PSU's Population Research Center estimates that there were 6,363 residents living in the neighborhood in 2010, a 5.5% increase from 2000. For additional information on the neighborhood, contact the Parkrose Neighborhood Association. In July 2016 all households in the Parkrose neighborhood were mailed a letter inviting the adult occupants to participate in an online survey. Additional invitations were delivered in-person by PPB officers and the link to the online survey was in several newsletters and community-oriented websites. The questionnaire asked residents to identify their primary public safety concerns, whether they supported or opposed various actions the city might take in responding to these problems, and for ideas on improving police-community relationships. Three hundred and forty-nine surveys were submitted and analyzed for this report. Key Findings - Social disorder (e.g., noise, squatters, trespassing, panhandlers, and prostitution) property crime, and drugs/alcohol were the top public safety concerns identified by Parkrose residents completing the online survey. - Respondents to the survey demonstrated a high degree of agreement regarding the areas within their neighborhood that have public safety concerns. This includes the corridors running east to west surrounding NE Sandy Blvd and NE Prescott St. - People from Parkrose who completed the survey feel considerably less safe walking alone in their neighborhood than the average city resident. Moreover, the majority of survey respondents reported that public safety in Parkrose had declined over the past 12 months. - The majority of respondents expressed confidence with the Portland Police and felt the Portland Police treat people in the neighborhood with respect. People felt this could continue to be strengthened through non-investigatory foot patrols, community meetings, and expanded police participation in community events. Details: Portland, OR: Portland State University, 2017. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2018 at: https://www.pdx.edu/criminology-criminal-justice/sites/www.pdx.edu.criminology-criminal-justice/files/PDF-Files/Research/PPB_PSU%20Public%20Safety%20Survey_Parkrose%202016_Final%20Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.pdx.edu/criminology-criminal-justice/sites/www.pdx.edu.criminology-criminal-justice/files/PDF-Files/Research/PPB_PSU%20Public%20Safety%20Survey_Parkrose%202016_Final%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 149503 Keywords: Neighborhoods and Crime Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Public Attitudes Public Safety

Author: Stewart, Greg Title: Community Attitudes Regarding Public Safety in Bend, Oregon Summary: Bend, Oregon is the largest city in Deschutes County and the seventh largest city in Oregon. Portland State University's Population Research Center estimates that Bend had a population of 83,500 residents in 2016. Both the city and county as a whole have seen considerable growth over the past 10 years. The city's residential population rose 8.8% from 2010 while the county increased by 12.0%. The Bend Police Department (BPD) provides the city with 24/7/365 police services. In May of 2017 the BPD employed 94 sworn officers and 28 civilian staff distributed across three major divisions: Patrol, Investigations, and Support. BPD's Five-Year-Strategic Plan (2015 to 2020) calls for the agency to address two specific goals with regard to the community: 1) building trust and confidence in the BPD, and 2) increasing engagement with Bend's businesses, organizations, and residents. These goals are core principles of community policing, an organizational philosophy that seeks to proactively address conditions that give rise to crime, disorder, and fear by building problem-solving partnerships with community members. In early 2017, Chief Jim Porter and the BPD partnered with Portland State University's Criminology & Criminal Justice Department to conduct a survey of Bend residents. The purpose of the survey was to provide feedback on the agency's recent performance in achieving the community oriented goals of the strategic plan and to provide direction for the coming years. Key Findings - Most respondents to this survey reported feeling safe in their neighborhood, in the nearest park and in Downtown Bend during the daytime. Perceptions of safety were considerably lower at night for Downtown Bend and for the nearest park. - BPD received high performance ratings for being available when needed, dealing with problems that concern the community, and for reducing crime. Lower ratings were given for reducing traffic crashes. - Respondents reported a high level of confidence and trust in the BPD and the vast majority said they are willingness to work with the BPD to address public safety problems. - Nearly all of the respondents contacted by the BPD (i.e. given a traffic ticket or warning, interviewed regarding a crime, etc.) reported that they had been treated with respect, that the officer(s) involved listened to them, showed concern, and explained his/her actions. - Traffic offenses, harassment, and trespassing were the most frequently cited public safety issues for the past 12 months. Looking forward, however, residents cited violent crime, property crime, and traffic offenses as the top priorities for the coming year. - The majority of respondents support additional police patrols for evening hours and CCTV cameras to address problems downtown Bend. Details: Portland, OR: Portland State University, 2017. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 19, 2018 at: https://www.pdx.edu/criminology-criminal-justice/sites/www.pdx.edu.criminology-criminal-justice/files/PDF-Files/Research/PSU%20Public%20Safety%20Survey_Bend_2017_FINAL.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.pdx.edu/criminology-criminal-justice/sites/www.pdx.edu.criminology-criminal-justice/files/PDF-Files/Research/PSU%20Public%20Safety%20Survey_Bend_2017_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 149505 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Public Attitudes Public Safety

Author: Kenny, Daryl Evan Title: A Force for Good: Exploring the future of non-crime policing Summary: Crime is promoted by the government as being the primary task of the police, yet such a focus marginalizes the extraordinary prominence and relevance of many non-crime policing activities. This research highlights the breadth and complexity of those duties, filling a gap in the literature by exploring the possible future of non-crime policing. The research draws on extensive literary sources and utilizes quantitative data covering eight years of public calls made to the Staffordshire Police. The research includes qualitative data obtained from thirteen semi-structured interviews with individuals who have extensive policing experience. The research found that public demand for policing declined over the reviewed period, with staffing levels in Staffordshire dropping and government funding falling drastically. There were marked increases in 'concern for safety' incidents, 'suicides' and cases involving individuals suffering mental health crises. The research explored policing from a historical perspective drawing on European and British history, ancient and modern, in order to help shine a light on prospective future developments. The research suggested that policing is torn between those who feel that non-crime matters are important and those who think that policing should be largely crime-focused. Concerns were raised about the on going politicization of policing, the extended police hierarchy and the impact of neo-liberalism on non-crime demand. Non-crime policing appears to be moving incrementally towards pluralization and privatisation, though it could also help initiate a more unified, internationalized policing service built around human rights. All futures remain open and it is up to all of us to decide what that future will ultimately be. Details: Portsmouth, UK: University of Portsmouth, 2016. 183p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 3, 2018 at: https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/7009801/DCrimJ_Thesis_Daryl_Kenny_265705._FINALv1.2..pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/7009801/DCrimJ_Thesis_Daryl_Kenny_265705._FINALv1.2..pdf Shelf Number: 149665 Keywords: Police Officers Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Amnesty International Netherlands Title: Police and Minority Groups Summary: In 2016, PHRP finalized the third paper of the short paper series on Police and Minority Groups. Police have a duty to protect people against crime, and this includes protection against crime motivated by discrimination. They are furthermore obliged not to commit any acts of discrimination themselves in carrying out their law enforcement duties. However, in many instances law enforcement officials fail in both regards: they can sometimes have the role of the perpetrator, actively discriminating for example by means of ethnic profiling, harassment, or through the excessive use of force against certain groups, or they fail to effectively protect people from crimes motivated by discrimination ("hate crimes") or to investigate such crimes. Any such conduct has damaging consequences. In a specific situation, it leads to a violation of the human rights of the person(s) concerned. On a wider scale, it leads to the loss of confidence in police by minority groups, fostering a climate of mutual mistrust or even hostility that can be self-reinforcing. There are, however, solutions and ways to address these issues, and good practices can be found in numerous countries and contexts to improve the relationship between police and minority groups. The PHRP team looked at a variety of European countries, to outline and analyse some of the most common issues as well as to introduce possible solutions and examples of good practice on how to counter the problem. To that end, the paper addresses some general considerations about the relationship between police and minority groups as well as specific issues that are common concerns in the interaction between police and minority groups, namely hate crimes, ethnic profiling and preventing and addressing discriminatory police misconduct. Details: Amsterdam: Amnesty International, 2016. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Police and Human Rights Programme - Short paper series No. 3: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/short-paper-series-no-3-police-and-minority-groups Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands URL: https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/short-paper-series-no-3-police-and-minority-groups Shelf Number: 149684 Keywords: Minority Groups Police Misconduct Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Minority Relations

Author: Elkins, Alexander B. Title: Battle of the Corner: Urban Policing and Rioting in the United States, 1943-1971 Summary: Battle of the Corner: Urban Policing and Rioting in the United States, 1943-1971 provides a national history of police reform and police-citizen conflicts in marginalized urban neighborhoods in the three decades after World War II. Examining more than a dozen cities, the dissertation shows how big-city police brass and downtown-friendly municipal elites in the late 1940s and 1950s attempted to professionalize urban law enforcement and regulate rank-and-file discretion through Police-Community Relations programs and novel stop-and-frisk preventive patrol schemes. These efforts ultimately failed to produce diligent yet impartial street policing. Beginning in the late 1950s, and increasing in severity and frequency until the early 1960s, young black and Latino working-class urban residents surrounded, taunted, and attacked police officers making routine arrests. These crowd rescues garnered national attention and prepared the ground for the urban rebellions of 1964 to 1968, many of which began with a controversial police incident on a crowded street corner. While telling a national story, Battle of the Corner provides deeper local context for postwar changes to street policing through detailed case studies highlighting the various stakeholders in reform efforts. In the 1950s and 1960s, African-American activists, block clubs, residents, and politicians pressured police for effective but fair and accountable tactical policing to check rising criminal violence and street disorder in neighborhoods increasingly blighted by urban renewal. Rank-and-file police unions fought civilian review boards and used new collective bargaining rights to stage job actions to obtain higher wages. They also obtained "bill of rights" contract provisions to shield members from misconduct investigations. Police management took advantage of newly-available federal and local resources after the riots to reorganize their departments into top-down bureaucratic organizations capable of conducting stop-and-frisk on a more systematic scale. By the early 1970s, a rising generation of urban black politicians confronted skyrocketing rates of criminal violence, armed militants intent on waging war on the police, and a politically-empowered rank-and-file angry and combative over the more intense threats and pressures they faced on the job. Battle of the Corner breaks ground in telling a national story of policing that juxtaposes elite decision-making and street confrontations and that analyzes a wide range of actors who held a stake in securing order and justice in urban neighborhoods. In chronicling how urban police departments emerged from the profound institutional crisis of the 1960s with greater power, resources, and authority, Battle of the Corner provides a history and a frame for understanding policing controversies today. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, 2017. 606p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 9, 2018 at: http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/481958/ Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/481958/ Shelf Number: 149738 Keywords: Crowd Control Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Disorder Riots Urban Areas and Crime Urban Policing

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Operational Strategies to Build Police-Community Trust and Reduce Crime in Minority Communities: The Minneapolis Cedar-Riverside Exploratory Policing Study Summary: The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), and the Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) designed, implemented, and evaluated a three-anda-half-year project that took place in the Cedar-Riverside area of Minneapolis that explored a new approach to policing in minority communities. The project's approach is built on the foundational concepts of procedural justice and legitimacy. The Cedar-Riverside neighborhood provided a unique laboratory for testing the approach in a challenging, real-world setting. Cedar-Riverside has the largest population of East African (primarily Somali) immigrants in the United States, largely resulting from the influx of refugees entering the U.S. in the 1990s. Many residents still speak their native language and follow traditional culture and customs from their homeland. Furthermore, residents' perceptions of government and particularly the police have been tainted by the corruption and abuse these refugees witnessed or experienced in their native Somalia and other countries. Fear and misunderstanding between East African residents and the criminal justice system in Minneapolis (especially the police) have been and continue to be major challenges. The objective of this project was to test the idea that crime prevention and enforcement efforts of police departments are strengthened when the police actively strive to improve their relationship with the community by using every interaction as an opportunity to demonstrate civil, unbiased, fair, and respectful policing. Given the diversity and unique challenges of Cedar-Riverside, it is believed that if the concepts of procedural justice and legitimacy can be successfully implemented there, they can be applied in a broad range of other communities throughout the United States. Initially conceived as a police-community project only, it became apparent early on that to fully implement and test the principles of procedural justice and legitimacy, other elements of the Minneapolis justice system would need to be included as well. MPD's partners in this effort included not only the Cedar-Riverside community, but also the Minneapolis City Attorney's Office, Hennepin County Attorney's Office, and Hennepin County Department of Community Corrections and Rehabilitation (probation). In addition, BJA and PERF brought in two nationally-recognized consultants to advise on the project: Dr. George Kelling, co-author of the "Broken Windows" model and renowned police researcher, and Dr. Tom Tyler, Professor of Law and Psychology at Yale Law School and a leading advocate for applying the principles of procedural justice to policing. This collaborative team designed, implemented, and evaluated evidence-based crime reduction tactics in the Cedar-Riverside area, resulting in a system-wide prototype that we believe can be replicated in other areas Details: Washington, DC; PERF, 2017. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed April 12, 2018 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/MinneapolisCedarRiverside.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/MinneapolisCedarRiverside.pdf Shelf Number: 149790 Keywords: Evidence-Based Policing Immigrant Communities Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Minority Relations

Author: Hart, Bill Title: Confidence and Caution: Arizonans' Trust in the Police Summary: National surveys, as well as an Arizona poll commissioned for this report, indicate that most Americans do trust police. But a closer examination of the relationship between police and public finds it to be remarkably complex, resting as it does on a fundamental ambivalence that both sides bring to it. Police, on one hand, are sworn to "serve and protect" the public, but in doing so regularly must discipline and compel some of them. The public, on the other hand, must obey officers and rely on them; but many also acknowledge that they sometimes resent and even fear the police. This report addresses the issue of trust in police in three ways: reviewing national and Arizona-focused research literature; analyzing the results of 10 focus groups across the state; and providing the findings of a random-sample opinion poll of all Arizona adults. Details: Phoenix: Morrison Institute for Public Policy, School of Public Affairs, College of Public Programs, Arizona State University, 2007. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 18, 2018 at: https://morrisoninstitute.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/ConfAndCaution-AzTrustInPolice.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: https://morrisoninstitute.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/ConfAndCaution-AzTrustInPolice.pdf Shelf Number: 117091 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: United States Conference of Mayors Title: Community Conversations and Other Efforts to Strengthen Police-Community Relations In 49 Cities Summary: Following tragic shootings in Baton Rouge, Falcon Heights, and Dallas that rocked the nation, on July 13 in the White House, President Obama had a four-hour conversation with mayors, law enforcement officials, the faith community, civil rights leaders and activists about ways to keep people safe, build community trust, and ensure justice for all Americans. For nearly four hours they discussed: - Ways that all sides of our communities - activists, police, local officials - can work together to protect both the peace and first amendment rights at protests. - How we can effectively police neighborhoods ravaged by violence, improve law enforcement hiring practices, and make sure we're not asking our police to do too much. - How, when tragedies do occur, we can act in a way that honors all members of our communities. President Obama is encouraging all Americans - no matter who they are or where they live - to do whatever they can to foster these conversations and find solutions for their communities. He asked The U.S. Conference of Mayors and the National League of Cities to help make these conversations occur - in 100 cities in 30 days. Our organizations agreed to do this and have been working with the White House to encourage mayors and other local officials to convene community conversations on race relations, justice, policing and equality. The response has been overwhelming. One hundred and five cities have told our two organizations that community conversations and other activities have occurred and/or are planned. This report is a compilation of the information on these activities that mayors in 49 cities in 30 states have sent to the Conference. It demonstrates that mayors took the President's challenge seriously and that many important efforts are underway in our cities. Details: Washington, DC: United States Conference of Mayors, 2016. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2018 at: https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/nwitimes.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/5/2c/52c4ddd2-39d8-5605-b2a7-b0d0db50f98c/57ab5c69b6ad2.pdf.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://bloximages.chicago2.vip.townnews.com/nwitimes.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/5/2c/52c4ddd2-39d8-5605-b2a7-b0d0db50f98c/57ab5c69b6ad2.pdf.pdf Shelf Number: 150029 Keywords: Community Policing Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Patterson, Colin Vincent Title: NYPD Application of Stop, Question, and Frisk: Effects on Citizens Attitudes towards the Police and Police Community Relations Summary: Between 2004 and 2012, the New York City Police Department conducted more than 4.4 million stop, question, and frisks on predominately Black and Hispanic males. The purpose of this quantitative, multiple regression correlational study was to examine the effect of Stop, Question, and Frisk on citizens attitudes towards the police of citizens of New York City who resided in high crime neighborhoods. This study measured the effects of Stop, Question, and Frisk in the dimensions of cooperation, specific trust, and general attitudes toward the police. This study was completed by conducting an anonymous online survey consisting of 52 questions in English, delivered by Survey Monkey Targeted Audience Collector to 110 participants, both male and female 18 years of age or older. To address the research questions, linear regressions were used to explore the relationships between race, trust, and cooperation. The results of the regression for research question one on trust was statistically significant, suggesting that there was a difference in the level of trust with police between Black or Hispanic and Other races. The regression for research question two on cooperation was not statistically significant, suggesting that there was not a difference in the level of cooperation with police between Black or Hispanic and other races. The results of the study indicate that the participants' reason for not trusting the police, was due to the perceived disrespect they felt was portrayed towards them by police officers they had interacted with. However, although they did not trust the police they were willing to cooperate with the police. Lack of trust between the police and the citizens they serve may negatively impact police community relations. The results may be different in a time-lag longitudinal study. More research is needed to determine if racial disparity in the level of trust in the police exists while simultaneously examining the level of cooperation among a similar population sample in other high crime communities across the United States of America. Details: San Diego, California: Northcentral University, 2017. 170p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 11, 2018 at: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1973128645?pq-origsite=gscholar Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://search.proquest.com/docview/1973128645?pq-origsite=gscholar Shelf Number: 150154 Keywords: Police Legitiimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Stop and Frisk Stop and Search

Author: Murray, Kath Title: Police reform and public confidence in Scottish policing: 2012 ti 2015. An analysis of Scottish Social Attitudes survey data Summary: This report examines public confidence in Scottish policing, and public awareness of police reform between 2012 and 2015. Capturing public attitudes immediately prior to and following the amalgamation of Scotland's eight police forces in April 2013, the report provides original insights into how public attitudes towards Scottish policing changed during the early years of police reform. Note that the findings cannot be generalised beyond the four-year survey period (2012 to 2015). The analysis is based on Scottish Social Attitudes (SSA) data collated by ScotCen Social Research as part of the annual SSA survey series. This is a nationally representative, face-to-face survey of adults living in Scotland. For the purposes of this report, the sample is aged eighteen years or over. The survey module on police reform and public confidence was sponsored by the Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR), Police Scotland, the Scottish Police Authority and ScotCen Social Research. The analysis shows that public confidence in policing - as measured by whether respondents thought that the local police did a good job or bad job - remained relatively stable between 2012 and 2014. Public confidence ratings then fell significantly between 2014 and 2015. The timing of this downturn, around two years after police reform, indicates that the shift was not influenced by the idea of a single force per se. Instead, the analysis suggests that the results may reflect perceived changes to on the ground police practice, including a perceived reduction in local police presence. There is also evidence of regional convergence in public confidence ratings, with initially higher confidence ratings in the East and North in 2012 converging with lower ratings in the West (which remained broadly unchanged) across the four-year period. These findings might cautiously be read as evidence of a West/Strathclyde policing model taking hold in the early reform years. Looking at the relationship between police contact and public confidence in local policing, the analysis suggests that police-initiated encounters (for example, being questioned on the street or searched) may be associated with lower ratings of local policing. While no data are available on the quality of these interactions, the findings nonetheless underscore the importance of fair and proportionate policing. While the results suggest that a visible police presence is broadly welcome, by the same token it is also clear that the type of interaction matters. Analysis of the relationship between socio-demographic factors and confidence in local policing show that for the most part, the associations are relatively weak or not statistically significant, with few clear trends. Details: Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2018. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2018 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/SSA%20_2012_2015_Public_confidence_and%20police%20reform.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/SSA%20_2012_2015_Public_confidence_and%20police%20reform.pdf Shelf Number: 150261 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Opinion

Author: Geller, Amanda Title: Policing America's Children: Police Contact and Consequences Among Teens in Fragile Families Summary: Recent high-profile incidents of police violence and misconduct have brought widespread attention to long-standing tensions between police departments and the communities they serve. Policy shifts over the past 20 years have led to the broad adoption of "proactive" policing, which emphasizes active engagement of citizens at low levels of suspicion. Police use investigative stops, citations, and arrests to detect and disrupt low-level disorder or other circumstances interpreted as indicia that crime is afoot. However, these encounters rarely uncover illegal activity, and in many cities are characterized by stark racial disparities. Such encounters threaten the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities targeted. Due largely to data constraints, little is known about the experiences of youth stopped by the police, and the current national picture of policing and its implications for youth is unclear. I use new data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey (FFCWS) to measure the extent, nature, and health implications of police contact among a cohort of contemporary urban teenagers. I find that FFCWS teens have extensive police exposure: more than 75% report a police officer stationed at their school, and more than 25% report personal experience with the police. This contact is racially disparate, and often severe. Observed racial disparities in both a binary indicator of stop experience and a measure of police intrusion are robust to controls for adolescent behavior and their peer context. Further, I find that adolescents' experiences with the police are significantly associated with multiple indicators of adverse mental health, suggesting that police contact has the potential to drive or exacerbate health disparities among urban teens. Details: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, 2017. Source: Internet Resource: Working Papers wp18-02-ff: Accessed May 18, 2018 at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/pri/crcwel/wp18-02-ff.html Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://ideas.repec.org/p/pri/crcwel/wp18-02-ff.html Shelf Number: 150262 Keywords: Fragile Families Police-Community Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Juvenile Relations Proactive Policing

Author: Davenport, Aaron C. Title: An Evaluation of the Department of Defense's Excess Property Program: Summary: The Defense Logistics Agency's (DLA's) Law Enforcement Support Office (LESO) provides excess Department of Defense property � everything from desks to rifles to airplanes � to local, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies (LEAs) across the United States. Because of the sensitive nature of some of the material transferred to LEAs, LESO has been the subject of congressional, Government Accountability Office, and public scrutiny for almost two decades. Recent events � including the 2014 Ferguson, Missouri, protests � increased interest in the program. Opponents of the program argued that LESO was at least partially responsible for what they perceived to be an increased militarization of the police, while proponents believed that this program not only made police and citizens safer but exemplified good stewardship of taxpayer dollars. The 2017 National Defense Authorization Act required an evaluation of the LESO program, which provides thousands of LEAs with millions of dollars of excess property annually. The authors of this report find that LESO manages an efficient program that effectively reuses excess property, benefits the law enforcement community, responds diligently to oversight, and is faithful to congressional intent. However, these efforts are unlikely to resolve perceptions that the program contributes to the militarization of police. Defining what is or is not appropriate militarization of police forces and addressing concerns of how the excess property is employed and its effect on community policing is beyond the authority of DLA. This report presents three optional paths ahead. Key Findings Amount and value of transfers In fiscal years (FYs) 2015 to 2017, over 2.2 million uncontrolled items (e.g., tools, office furniture) worth nearly $1.2 billion, and over 3,000 controlled items (e.g., drones, aircraft) worth nearly $775 million, were transferred to 2,790 state and local LEAs, 174 federal LEAs, and 22 tribal LEAs. LEAs requisition more uncontrolled property than controlled property. Types of items transferred From hand warmers to laptops to rifles, over 7,000 unique types of items were transferred to LEAs through the LESO program in FYs 2015 to 2017. The authors found no clear relationship between LEA size and equipment acquisitions, though nearly two-thirds of mine-resistant ambush protected vehicles were acquired by LEAs with fewer than 100 sworn officers. Suspensions and terminations During FYs 2014 to 2016, there were 268 LEA suspensions and 24 LEA terminations from the program; the most frequent reasons were missing weapons, lack of compliance, and protracted issues regarding missing weapons. DoD repurchase of "excess" equipment Without access to all of DoD's purchasing data across all DoD components over the five-year period, a full analysis is not possible. Program perceptions LEA representatives generally endorse the program, citing the ability to obtain assets they might not be able to afford otherwise. Surveys using RAND's American Life Panel revealed that 48 percent of respondents were unaware of programs providing LEAs with excess military equipment and that 46 percent were in favor of limiting the equipment provided in some way. Recommendations Maintain the status quo: We find that the LESO program is professionally managed, with some recurring issues, but overall there is appropriate attention to managing to congressional intent. Modify program emphasis and distribution of controlled equipment: Maintain the status quo with a few modifications, such as removing the emphasis on drug, border, and terrorism missions and ensuring that LESO is not the first provider of potentially controversial and high-visibility controlled equipment � though this would put a financial burden on smaller, less-resourced LEAs. Shift responsibility for controlled equipment to another organization: Move distribution approval and oversight responsibility from DLA to another organization � most likely the Department of Justice, which is better positioned to assess the impact of the program on policing. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2018. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 25, 2018 at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2464.html Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2464.html Shelf Number: 150367 Keywords: Police Equipment Police-Community Relations

Author: Liddell, Marg Title: Evaluation of the Walking Alongside Program (WAP) Summary: This report on the evaluation of the Flemington and Kensington Community Legal Centre's (FKCLC) Walking Alongside Program (WAP) presents findings on the extent to which the outcomes of the program have fulfilled its objectives to date. The WAP is a socio-legal support program for young people of Sudanese and other African migrant/refugee backgrounds pursuing police accountability through often long-running legal actions. It was developed as an adjunct to the FKCLC's Police Accountability Project (PAP)in recognition of its client group's vulnerability and need for ongoing support. The outcome objectives this evaluation set out to measure include enhanced legal, health and educational outcomes; enhanced police accountability; improvements in health and well-being; enhanced community capacity, safety and resilience; reduction in social exclusion and barriers to justice; and whether the WAP is an effective model for replication. A qualitative approach to the evaluation was taken involving interviews and case file analysis. Academic and policy literature on the themes of hope, social exclusion, wellbeing, and community capacity was reviewed as these represent important aspects of the migrant/refugee resettlement experience. While the complexity and overlap of these concepts is acknowledged in the literature, a general consensus emerges about their core meanings, as we discuss. We also consider the literature on therapeutic jurisprudence since this principle underpins the FKCLC�s approach to its work. The assumption is that legal processes and interactions can have both harmful and helpful consequences. The FKCLC clearly sees its role as remedying any harmful effects and promoting access to justice for individuals and communities in the inner west region of Melbourne and beyond. These themes are central to the WAP and highlight the important role this kind of program plays to ensure that migrants and refugees in the Flemington and Kensington area (and elsewhere) are welcomed, supported and treated as equal members of our multicultural society. That is not, however, to downplay or disregard the rich diversity within and between communities. The emphasis on participant-driven evaluation in the literature cautions against adopting predetermined constructs or measures. We acknowledge, therefore, that the construct 'refugee youth' itself "can mask the diverse ways in which a young person from a refugee background experiences the world" (Brough et al. 2003: 195): as a young black person, man, woman, migrant, refugee, African, Somalian, Sudanese, Nuer, Dinka, Shilluk, for example. The literature highlights the need to allow and encourage interviewees to give voice to their own experience, rather than impose preconceived measures upon them. Also that in-depth narrative accounts provide a rich source of qualitative data about both individual and shared experience. We prepared interview questions that were designed to elicit and capture narrative accounts of the views and experiences of WAP participants, their family members, and support professionals. Thematic content analysis of the qualitative data provided the basis for this evaluation. A total of thirteen interviews were conducted. The very low take-up rate for interviews with WAP participants - only four were possible - reflects these young people's vulnerability, disengagement, and the difficulty gaining access to this group. Some of the professionals interviewed referred to a period of six to nine months needed to gain their trust. This timeframe extended beyond that available for the evaluation. Interview data was therefore supplemented by analysis of twenty WAP files, which enabled the researchers to obtain a broader picture of the role of the youth engagement officers (YEOs) as well as a view on whether the overall objectives of the WAP had been met. Difficulties also arose in locating family members to interview, with only one coming forward. Eight professionals were interviewed: three from FKCLC, and five support professionals who worked with the same group of young people or with other disengaged youth in the Western region. Although the sample was small, data from the file analysis and individual interviews indicated that most of the objectives of the WAP were being met. Frequent accolades of the YEO, both past and current, related especially to their unconditional care and positive regard for the young people and their families, and their ability to work collaboratively with other services to provide holistic case management. Interviews with professionals reflected a deep understanding of the WAP client group and many referred to this group's vulnerability and disengagement from family, community and the service system. The professionals commented on the value of the PAP and the WAP and the importance of the notion of 'walking alongside' people engaged in protracted human rights litigation. All professionals indicated that the YEO was able to undertake tasks that they were often unable to, due to the flexibility of the YEO's role in providing unlimited and unconditional support, regardless of the client's situation. They believed that, without the YEO, many of the young people would not have pursued or continued with their police accountability cases. The advocacy role of the YEO was pivotal in raising awareness of the plight of the people linked to both the WAP and the PAP. This was reinforced with examples of over-policing and discrimination. While there were criticisms of police there were also comments that some police engaged positively with African young people in inner west Melbourne. The overwhelming view expressed was that more police needed to understand and be prepared to engage in an appropriate and respectful manner with African migrants/refugees. WAP participants interviewed indicated the value of the program, with reference to the YEO's ability to �stick with� them or "hang in there" with young people "no matter what." Participants felt that this helped the young people combat a sense of helplessness and to feel empowered, more confident to pursue their rights. For some this had translated into an ability to advocate for themselves and others, leading their peers in ways to effectively respond to police and to become model responsible citizens. Testament to the YEO's commitment was that WAP clients maintained and/or resumed contact with them. Support and interpretation of court proceedings by the YEO enabled the legal and non-legal proceedings to be brought together and this reduced the stress for the WAP clients. This was important for not just the FKCLC staff but for other staff working with the WAP clients. All those interviewed, including the WAP clients, felt that there was value in the WAP concept being replicated in other community legal centres. They felt that as well as human rights and police accountability cases it could be extended to support people involved in criminal and civil litigation. This was reinforced in comments that the YEO was able to provide systemic advocacy and be inclusive and collaborative in her work with a range of services, both legal and non-legal. Without the WAP the participants felt that "things would return to the way they were" and this would mean a reduction in police accountability. It would also mean that young people would have no place to go when they felt that they were being targeted or discriminated against. All interviewees referred to there being insufficient funding and time for the current YEO position. All thought that the funding should be extended as this would give the YEO greater capacity to assist more young people, as well as advocate for change in the way that young people are dealt with in legal, criminal and civil proceedings. While the data sets were small, sufficient information emerged to determine that the WAP objectives were being met, and to support the recommendation that the program be continued and extended. Recommendations From the findings of this evaluation, we recommend the following: 1. The Youth Engagement Officer (YEO) should be funded to cover more days of the week - currently the position is funded for three days. 2. Consideration should be given to employing an additional YEO. 3. The funding for the Walking Alongside Program (WAP) should be extended to include more time: - to work with police to improve the collaborative relationships between police and the young people being supported by the WAP - while this is currently being undertaken by the Chief Executive Officer of the Flemington Kensington Community Legal Centre (FKCLC) there is clearly a role for a YEO in this process; - to be able to provide support to more people over more days of the week; - to make improvements to the internal procedures in managing the cases; - so that collection of information from the point at which the Youth Engagement Officers commences contact with the Police Accountability Program and vice versa can be documented and internal file sharing and file management can be streamlined. 4. Consideration should be given for FKCLC to take a leadership and advocacy role to assist other Community Legal Centres to undertake legal and non-legal advocacy work. This could include: - Human rights and public interest litigation - Criminal and civil litigation. This emphasis should be on the collaborative role of the YEO to facilitate, support and advocate for program participants' access to the range of services required to meet their wider social and emotional needs. 5. FKCLC and the YEO should use these findings to continue to raise awareness, as Higgs (2013) suggests, of: - the value of giving young people hope to develop pathways away from behaviours that are harmful to themselves and others; - the need to recognise and acknowledge injustices that many young people experience and work to remedy these to improve their overall well-being; - the need to establish more inclusionary practices so that young people can feel part of a community of care, within the broader community. 6. Recognising that the FKCLC has helped clients to become advocates and peer leaders, we recommend this model be expanded to train other young people as mentors to work alongside the YEO and the community. 7. While the study was small there were sufficient comments on police behaviour to suggest that police training be enhanced to include anti-bias training. A recent example of six young African men being asked to leave an Apple store suggests that such bias is a wider community problem. 8. Further qualitative research (such as life narratives and participant observations- see Fangen 2010) is required to explore and raise awareness of the problems African youth and their families encounter in settling in a new country, given the traumatic experiences they have often faced in their home country. Details: Melbourne: RMIT University, 2015. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 31, 2018 at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diana_Johns/publication/304269475_Evaluation_of_the_Walking_Alongside_Program_WAP/links/576b612808aef2a864d211ae/Evaluation-of-the-Walking-Alongside-Program-WAP.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Diana_Johns/publication/304269475_Evaluation_of_the_Walking_Alongside_Program_WAP/links/576b612808aef2a864d211ae/Evaluation-of-the-Walking-Alongside-Program-WAP.pdf Shelf Number: 150413 Keywords: Asylum Seekers Migrants Police Accountability Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Police-Juvenile Relations Refugees

Author: Higgins, Andy Title: The Future of Neighbourhood Policing Summary: Neighbourhood policing is widely regarded as the 'bedrock' of British policing. However, as forces have adapted their operating models to new funding and demand challenges, the form in which it is delivered has diversified, and in some places diminished. Concerns have been raised that the ability of the police to prevent crime may be undermined if neighbourhood teams are eroded. 'Hybrid' roles (for example, combining neighbourhood functions with response or investigation work) have been introduced and some officers are no longer attached to specific localities. The meaning of neighbourhood policing is becoming more ambiguous and agreement on what it is and how it should function risks breaking down. At the same time, many neighbourhoods are themselves changing, becoming more diverse and dissimilar. Arguably, their policing needs are becoming more difficult to identify and understand. The focus of policing has also changed, with new emphases on 'hidden' harm and vulnerability. These have been added to or superseded previous local policing objectives such as promoting public confidence, providing visible reassurance and tackling crime and antisocial behaviour in public spaces. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2018. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2018 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TPFJ6112-Neighbourhood-Policing-Report-WEB.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/TPFJ6112-Neighbourhood-Policing-Report-WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 150430 Keywords: Community Policing Neighborhood Policing Police Accountability Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Community Relations

Author: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Wisconsin Advisory Committee Title: Hate Crime and Civil Rights in Wisconsin Summary: The Wisconsin Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights submits this report regarding hate crimes in Wisconsin, and their impact on communities targeted because of their race, color, age, religion, or disability. The Committee submits this report as part of its responsibility to study and report on civil rights issues in the state of Wisconsin. The contents of this report are primarily based on testimony the Committee heard during two public hearings; one held in Madison, WI on September 12, 2013; the other held in Milwaukee, WI on August 29, 2016. This report details civil rights concerns relating to the incidence of and response to hate crime in the state. Primary concerns included victim underreporting; a lack of trust and collaboration between communities and law enforcement which may result in unequal protection of the law; respect for First Amendment rights to free speech; and the high burden of proof necessary to successfully prosecute bias-motivated crimes. From these findings, the Committee offers to the Commission recommendations for addressing this problem of national importance. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2017. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2018 at: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/08-17-Wisconsin-hate-crimes.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/08-17-Wisconsin-hate-crimes.pdf Shelf Number: 150437 Keywords: Bias-Motivated Crime Civil Rights Abuses Hate Crimes Police-Community Relations Prejudice

Author: Skogan, Wesley G. Title: Police and the Community Summary: One Platform survey was developed to gauge the origins and depth of support for community policing. In addition to their own views, this includes officer�s perceptions of management support for this approach and the extent to which they think their peers in the department support community policing. Working as they do in seemingly hierarchical (but in fact highly decentralized organizations) the extent to which officers' "hearts and minds" are committed to community policing can play a role in the quality - and even the longevity - of neighborhood-oriented programs. The Survey The survey was conducted in 11 cities, and more than 1,230 officers participated. Survey content was drawn from extensive research in the field by Platform researchers and others, though some items were newly constructed. Some communities involved were prosperous and racially homogeneous, while others were home to diverse populations and large pockets of poverty. The city in this study with the worst problem had a 2009 violent crime rate that was 16 times that of our safest city. The agencies ranged from fewer than 50 total employees to those with several thousand officers. Most respondents were working on the front line: 70 percent held the rank of police officer, and 85 percent of those surveyed held field rather than back-office assignments. Half were under age 40, 17 percent were women, and racial minorities made up 37 percent of those responding. Response rates for the survey ranged from 12 percent to 97 percent; they were highest in smaller agencies, and over all averaged 48 percent. We do not identify particular agencies in this report, but instead focus on general trends and lessons for practice. Details: s.l.: National Police Research Platform, 2011. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2018 at: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089086/1299437173320/Police+and+the+Community.pdf?token=SjONJDm0hnjA9hdgzszSm3Eyc4Y%3D Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089086/1299437173320/Police+and+the+Community.pdf?token=SjONJDm0hnjA9hdgzszSm3Eyc4Y%3D Shelf Number: 150440 Keywords: Community Policing Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Rosenbaum, Dennis P. Title: Community-based Indicators of Police Performance: Introducing the Platform's Public Satisfaction Survey Summary: The National Police Research Platform is seeking to advance knowledge of policing by looking both inside and outside of police agencies. The external question addressed by the Platform is, "How well are departments performing during their encounters with the public?" Hence, we are field testing alternative community survey methods as tools to evaluate the quality of policing on the streets. Public satisfaction surveys have been developed by the Platform team to achieve several goals. First, there is a need for validated measures of police-civilian encounters that can be used as standardized benchmarks or indicators of organizational excellence at the local, regional and national levels. Second, these methods are designed to generate timely feedback regarding police performance that can be used by local agencies to assist them in building smarter, evidence-based learning organizations. Third, these methods will address the growing public demand to have a voice in government services. Creating a visible mechanism for community input will go a long way toward building trust, transparency, and legitimacy. Police organizations that have strong community support understand the need to meet public expectations. In the 21st century, community stakeholders expect the police to reduce crime and be fair and sensitive to the needs of persons they encounter. The public and policy makers also expect better systems of accountability for police behavior. Finally, in today's economic environment, police executives are seeking "smarter" and more efficient methods of policing, relying on better evidence to achieve organization goals and garner public support for police initiatives. To achieve these goals police executives will need to be responsive to a new "information imperative" and work with researchers to "measure what matters" to their constituents. To achieve organizational effectiveness in crime reduction, Compstatlike systems have been adopted to measure police performance in assigned areas using traditional crime indicators such as arrests, crime incidents, clearances and calls for service. To achieve the newer goal of fairness and equity in police performance, however, experts have argued that data systems will need to incorporate new measures of the quality of police activity. Furthermore, in separate surveys of employees as part of the National Police Research Platform, eight out of 10 police officers reported that their agency is "more interested in measuring the amount of activity by officers (e.g. number of tickets or arrests) than the quality of their work." Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice, National Police Research Platform, 2011. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2018 at: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=i2OZS7uynBF8WFqFCl2191rK3LA%3D Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/11089087/1299437174827/Public+Satisfaction.pdf?token=i2OZS7uynBF8WFqFCl2191rK3LA%3D Shelf Number: 150448 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Performance Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Holihen, Katie Title: Park Ridge's Success Story on Going Beyond Crisis Intervention Team Training: Building Whole-Community Responses to Mental Health Summary: As community-based mental health services go unfunded or lack sufficient resources, the safety net for people with mental illness has been essentially eliminated. At the community level, emergency rooms and law enforcement have become the new front doors to what remains of our mental health system, operating as the first point of contact for people in crisis or with chronic mental illness. As such, there is a pressing need for education and collaboration between these parties, as well as with the larger community. Specifically, in regards to law enforcement, agencies need to examine how to best manage officers' increasingly frequent contact with individuals with mental illness, including how to interact with them in a safe and compassionate way. Lack of training can quickly lead to the misinterpretation of intent of individuals in crisis, which, as seen in several high-profile officer-involved shootings across the country, could be the difference between life and death. Make no mistake, law enforcement as a profession has advanced considerably in its response to calls for service involving people with mental illness, in part because of the implementation of specialized police responses (SPR),1 which fall primarily into two categories: (1) the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Model, which was founded by the University of Memphis and was first implemented in Memphis, Tennessee,2 and (2) law enforcement and mental health co-responder teams, which was pioneered in Los Angeles County, California. As a cornerstone program for improving responses to people in crisis, the CIT Model, also known as the Memphis Model, and its affiliated training have been implemented in hundreds of police jurisdictions nationwide. Developed in the late 1980s, the CIT Model works to improve both officer and community safety by providing officers with relevant training and to reduce reliance on the criminal justice system by building stronger links within the mental health system. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2018. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2018 at : https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0856-pub.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0856-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 150818 Keywords: Community Oriented Policing Community Participation Crisis Intervention Mental Health Services Mentally Ill Persons Police and the Mentally Ill Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Elliott, Vivian Title: Lessons to Advance Community Policing: Final Report for 2014 Microgrant Sites Summary: COPS Office Microgrant Initiative to support law enforcement in implementing innovative community policing projects. This program aims to provide small-grant seed funding (up to $100,000) to state, local, and tribal law enforcement to develop and test programs and strategies in a real-world setting and to help spur innovation within law enforcement agencies and across the profession. While these microgrant projects are smaller than other federally funded grant programs, they offer the benefit and flexibility of allowing law enforcement agencies to implement innovative initiatives that they would otherwise not have the resources to undertake. In 2014, the Microgrant Initiative sought to fund new projects under four major categories: (1) Building trust with communities of color; (2) Implementing cutting-edge strategies to reduce violence; (3) Countering violent extremism; and (4) Protecting vulnerable populations. The following 10 awards were funded: -- City of Chicago, Illinois - The Gang School Safety Team Program -- City of Los Angeles, California - The Leveraging Innovative Solutions to Enhance Neighborhoods Program -- City of Park Ridge, Illinois - Beyond CIT: Building Community Responses to People with Mental Health Problems -- City of Reno, Nevada - The 360 Blueprint Program -- Colorado Springs (Colorado) Police Department - The Assisting Elders Program -- El Paso County (Texas) Sheriff's Department - Teens and Police Service Academy -- North Las Vegas (Nevada) Police Department - Making North Las Vegas a Better Place to Live Initiative -- Seattle, Washington Police Foundation Seattle - Neighborhood Policing Plan Project -- Texas Department of Public Safety - Interdiction for the Protection of Children -- University of Wisconsin at Madison - The First 45 Days Initiative To assist agencies in capturing and documenting promising practices resulting from their microgrant projects, the COPS Office created the role of microgrant coordinator and provided funding to CNA to fill that role. CNA maintained regular contact with the microgrant sites to capture lessons learned and successes from their projects and to assist, as needed, with the implementation of their projects through technical assistance and guidance. These promising practices are captured and shared in this report. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2018. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0848-pub.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0848-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 151231 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Tsuruoka, Sonia Title: Arlington, TX: A Community Policing Story; A Guide for Law Enforcement and Community Screenings Summary: This guide is designed as a tool for law enforcement and community groups to facilitate screenings and discussions of the 28-minute Not In Our Town film Arlington, TX: A Community Policing Story. Produced in collaboration with the COPS Office, the film follows the Arlington Police Department as it navigates its own series of tragedies: a gang-related death and officer-involved shooting death of two teens and the deaths of five officers ambushed in the neighboring city of Dallas, Texas. Discussion of these tragedies provides law enforcement leaders, criminal justice practitioners, academic researchers, and community advocates around the country with an opportunity to challenge and subsequently reimagine the landscape of the criminal justice system. This guide provides discussion questions and tips for organizing internal law enforcement agency and community screenings, information about procedural justice and legitimacy, and supplemental resources. Used together, the film and guide can help agencies work together with personnel and community members to initiate conversations about trust building, procedural justice, and institutional legitimacy in order to improve relationships between police and the communities they serve. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2018. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/ric.php?page=detail&id=COPS-P367 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/ric.php?page=detail&id=COPS-P367 Shelf Number: 151232 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing Media Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Hyland, Shelley Title: Body-Worn Cameras in Law Enforcement Agencies, 2016 Summary: Presents data on body-worn camera (BWCs) use and non-use in general-purpose law enforcement agencies for 2016. Data from agencies with BWCs include number acquired, deployment, policy coverage, access to footage, and obstacles to use. For agencies without BWCs, data include alternate types of recording devices, primary reasons for not obtaining BWCs, and consideration of BWCs in the next 12 months. Highlights: - In 2016, 47 percent of general-purpose law enforcement agencies in the United States had acquired body-worn cameras (BWCs). - The main reasons (about 80 percent each) that local police and sheriffs' offices had acquired BWCs were to improve officer safety, increase evidence quality, reduce civilian complaints, and reduce agency liability. - Among agencies that had acquired BWCs, 60 percent of local police departments and 49 percent of sheriffs' offices had fully deployed their BWCs. - About 86 percent of general-purpose law enforcement agencies that had acquired BWCs had a formal BWC policy. Details: Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2018. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 9, 2018 at: https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/bwclea16.pdf Year: 208 Country: United States URL: https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6426 Shelf Number: 153890 Keywords: Body-Worn Camera Policy Body-Worn Cameras Civilian Complaints Law Enforcement Agency Liability Law Enforcement Technology Officer Safety Police Accountability Police Surveillance Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: New York University School of Law, Policing Project Title: Report to the NYPD Summarizing Public Feedback on its Proposed Body-Worn Camera Policy Summary: In the coming months, the New York Police Department (NYPD) will launch a 1,000-camera pilot body-worn camera program, as required by the federal district court in the Floyd v. City of New York stop-and-frisk litigation. To ensure that its program responds to the interests and concerns of the communities it serves, the NYPD asked the Policing Project to assist the department in soliciting public input regarding its proposed body-worn camera policy. This report summarizes the public feedback received. Beginning on June 29, 2016, the Policing Project posted the NYPD's proposed policy online, along with a brief policy fact sheet highlighting its main points. Individuals and organizations were invited to share their feedback in one of two ways: by taking a brief questionnaire, or by submitting more detailed written comments. All of the materials - which were translated into seven languages in addition to English - were available at www.nypdbodycameras.org. The comment period ran for 40 days, concluding on August 7. The Policing Project received just over 30,000 questionnaire responses - 25,126 of which were from individuals who identified themselves as living, working, or attending school in New York. (We did not include in our analysis the nearly 5,000 responses we received from individuals who presumably were from outside of New York City.) We also received 50 sets of written comments from individuals and organizations. We describe at length below the feedback we received, but in summary: - Body-Worn Camera Program: Respondents overwhelmingly were in favor of body-worn cameras, and expressed the hope that use of the cameras would improve police-community relations, enhance officer and public safety, and improve the conduct of both officers and members of the public during police-citizen encounters. - Activation: Respondents generally were of the view that officers should be required to record a greater number of interactions than currently is called for in the NYPD's draft policy. Nearly two-thirds of respondents said that officers should be required to record all interactions with members of the public, and just over eighty percent favored recording whenever an officer approaches someone as part of the investigation of criminal activity. - Notification: A large majority of respondents said that officers should be required to notify people when cameras are recording, both in public and when entering a private residence. However, most of these respondents supported delaying that notification until officers felt it was safe to provide it. - Officer Review: More than two thirds of respondents said that officers should not be permitted to review their own body-camera footage until they have filled out a report describing the incidents - particularly when an officer is involved in a use of force. Throughout the report we use "Floyd litigation" to refer to three related cases - Floyd v. City of New York, Ligon v. City of New York, and Davis v. City of New York. The latter two cases challenged the NYPD's criminal trespass enforcement practices in New York City Public Housing as well as buildings enrolled in the Trespass Affidavit Program (TAP). - Public Access: Respondents urged the NYPD to establish a clear and streamlined process by which the subject of a body-worn camera recording could ask to see the footage. Respondents also favored releasing body-worn camera footage of high-profile incidents involving officers and members of the public either immediately, or after an internal investigation is complete. As we explain in the next section of the report, the solicitation of public comment on police department policies is in its infancy in the United States. The process described here - which occurred over a very short period of time, in the country's largest city - could not have been accomplished without substantial efforts by the NYPD, the plaintiffs' lawyers in the Floyd litigation, and numerous public officials and community groups. These efforts were entirely commendable, and resulted in substantial input from tens of thousands of New Yorkers. Details: New York: Policing Project, New York University School of Law, 2016. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 1, 2019 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a33e881b631bc60d4f8b31/t/59ce7edfb0786914ba448d82/1506705121578/Report+to+the+NYPD+Summarizing+Public+Feedback+on+BWC+Policy.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.policingproject.org/dispatches/2017/9/21/nypd-asks-policing-project-to-gather-public-input-on-body-cameras Shelf Number: 154767 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras New York Police Department Police Accountability Police Surveillance Police-Community Relations Public Opinion Stop-and-Frisk Litigation

Author: Kalyan, Kirat Kaur Title: Stop and Scrutinise: How to improve community scrutiny of stop and search Summary: It is irrefutable that citizens should enjoy freedom of movement and an expectation of an uninterrupted private life; these protections underpin our democracy and uphold our fundamental human rights. These expectations are acutely relevant to the use of stop and search and it is essential that all powers exercised by the police are used lawfully, only when necessary and are proportionate, but more importantly, that they are seen to be so. The assessment and recommendations set out in this report provide a valuable commentary on the expectations communities have as to how the police should operate when tackling violent crime and upholding the law, as well as providing an important reminder that policing is underpinned by public consent. As well as providing a constructive interpretation on the value of stop and search powers and the importance of active monitoring arrangements, the report provides helpful examples of where police forces and communities have successfully come together to stimulate improvements in police operational activity as well as promote confidence that officers are acting in the public interest and with proper regard to the Codes of Conduct that govern their powers and the use of force. Details: London: Criminal Justice Alliance, 2019. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing: Accessed March 4, 2019 at: https://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CJA-Stop-and-Scrutinise-2019.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.barrowcadbury.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CJA-Stop-and-Scrutinise-2019.pdf Shelf Number: 154795 Keywords: Police Behavior Police Misconduct Police Use of Force Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Stop and Search

Author: McLean, Kyle Title: Body-Worn Cameras in South Carolina: Law Enforcement Executives' Views Concerning Use, Politics, and Outcomes Summary: Below is a brief overview of the key findings on body-worn cameras (BWCs) described in this report. The findings are organized by the specific section of the report from which they come. Current BWC Use in South Carolina Law Enforcement Agencies - Approximately 50% of agencies in our sample reported currently using BWCs on a daily basis. - Most (81%) executives reported that BWCs were assigned to individual officers (i.e., they were not shared by multiple officers). Financial Considerations - Over 70% of respondents in the sample indicated that their agency received a cost estimate for BWCs. - Within the sample, the average estimated cost for purchasing BWC equipment was $63,284 per agency (i.e., among respondents that indicated their agency received an estimate). Data storage, on average, was estimated at $21, 216 per agency. Both estimates, however, include wide variation across the sample given differences in agency size. - Based on information provided by 79 agencies regarding the estimated cost of BWC equipment, it would cost the state of South Carolina nearly $5 million dollars to implement BWCs in these agencies. This figure represents only a small portion of agencies in the state and, as such, the actual cost of BWC equipment purchase would be much higher. - Based on information provided by 68 agencies regarding the estimated cost of BWC data storage, it would cost the state of South Carolina more than $1.4 million dollars annually to store BWC data in these agencies. Again, this figure represents only a small portion of agencies in the state and, as such, the actual cost of BWC data storage would be much higher. - Based on available data obtained in our sample, the average price for BWC equipment is about $910 per officer. The average price for data storage is about $315 per officer per year. - Within our sample, we estimate that more than 5,300 officers in responding agencies are not currently wearing a BWC on a daily basis. Accordingly, we estimate that it would cost about $4.9 million to outfit these officers with BWCs. This would then lead to an estimated yearly cost of about $2.1 million to maintain data storage capabilities of these BWCs. - 21% of respondents indicated that their agency would need to hire (or has hired) new personnel to manage BWCs. - Over 62% of executives indicated that sworn officers would have duties reallocated (or have had duties reallocated) to manage BWCs. Over 68% of respondents indicated that administrative personnel would have duties reallocated (or have had duties reallocated) to manage BWCs. BWC Policies - Across the entire sample, about 40% of respondents indicated that their agency developed one or more policies related to BWCs. - About 11% of agencies that do not currently use BWCs reported having some type of policy concerning BWC use. - About 32% of respondents in agencies that currently use BWCs indicated that their agency does not currently have a BWC policy. - Among the agencies that reported having a BWC policy, only 6% indicated that policy required officers to always have their BWCs recording. - All agencies that reported having a BWC policy indicated that policy specifies certain situations in which BWC are required to record. - More than 76% of the agencies that reported having a BWC policy indicated that there are some situations in which policy prohibits recording. - Traffic stops, emergency and routine calls for service, foot pursuits, vehicle pursuits, and suspect interviews were the situations most likely to have BWC recordings take place among agencies that reported having specific BWC policies. - Among agencies with BWC policies dealing with who can access footage (N=41), more than 90% of respondents indicated that officers are allowed to review BWC footage prior to filling out reports or making official statements. - Among agencies with policies concerning how long they should store BWC footage, more than 70% indicated that non-evidentiary recordings are kept for less than one year. Conversely, evidentiary recordings are kept indefinitely by nearly three-quarters of responding agencies. BWC Outcomes - Questions were asked regarding respondents� perceptions of BWC outcomes generally (global perceptions, which tap into views regarding BWC impact on law enforcement in general), as well as in their specific jurisdiction (jurisdiction-specific perceptions, which tap into views concerning how BWCs will impact the respondent�s own jurisdiction). - With regards to the global perceptions of BWC outcomes: -- Respondents most commonly agreed that BWCs would result in positive outcomes for several commonly measured metrics such as fewer use-of-force incidents, fewer citizen complaints, fewer instances of officer misconduct, and fewer civil settlements regarding officer misconduct. -- Additionally, respondents most commonly agreed that BWCs would also protect officers from frivolous complaints, improve officer interactions with the public, improve the public's trust in the police and help law enforcement be more accountable to the public. -- On the other hand, respondents most commonly disagreed that BWCs would make citizens more likely to comply with officers' orders and reduce assaults on officers. Details: Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, 2015. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2019 at: https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/criminology_and_criminal_justice/documents/2015_census_report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/criminology_and_criminal_justice/documents/2015_census_report.pdf Shelf Number: 155220 Keywords: Body-Worn Camera Policy Body-Worn Cameras Civilian Complaints Cost Analysis Law Enforcement Agency Liability Law Enforcement Technology Officer Safety Police Accountability Police Surveillance Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Barela, Brian Paul Title: Understanding the Effects of Body Worn Cameras on Police Interactions with the Public: Impact on number of Assaults on Officers and Use of Force Complaints Against Officers Summary: Incidents of reported excessive or improper use of force by Law Enforcement Officers (LEO) during interactions with the public have revealed significant rifts in relationships built on mutual trust and respect. The community/law Enforcement relationships may be redeemed by the implementation of a body-worn camera (BWC) program. BWC use has been a repeated suggestion to aid Law Enforcement (LE) professionals to increase public trust through transparency by law enforcement professionals, civic and community leaders. However, since body-worn cameras have become a new presence as a reliable law enforcement tool, there is little research on their real-life application and ability to positively change human behavior for both the public and law enforcement. The purpose of this explorative study is to examine the relationship between the wearing of body worn cameras and their ability to change behaviors of citizens and the law enforcement officers in the Las Vegas Metro Police Department (LVMPD). It is hypothesized that a body-worn camera program would impact the actions of private citizens and LEOs through declines in citizens' complaints against officers as well as through reductions in assaults on police officers. The results showed significant reductions on assaults, but not on citizens' complaints. Limitations and practical implications of the results will be further discussed. Details: Colorado Springs, CO: University of Colorado, 2017. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed March 29, 2019 at: https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10976/166727/Barela_uccs_0892N_10292.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://mountainscholar.org/bitstream/handle/10976/166727/Barela_uccs_0892N_10292.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 155221 Keywords: Body-Worn Camera Policy Body-Worn Cameras Civilian Complaints Law Enforcement Agency Liability Law Enforcement Technology Officer Safety Police Accountability Police Surveillance Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations

Author: Chicago. Office of Inspector General Title: Review of the Chicago Police Department's "Gang Database" Summary: The Public Safety Section of the City of Chicago's Office of Inspector General (OIG) has concluded a review of the Chicago Police Department's gang-related data, commonly referred to by the public as the "gang database." OIG's review found that while the Chicago Police Department (CPD or the "Department") deploys a host of strategies, tactics, and technology in relation to gangs, it does not have a unified, stand-alone "gang database" as publicly perceived. Instead, the Department collects and stores information on individual and geographic gang involvement through a multitude of internal databases, forms, visualization tools, and repositories. CPD also receives gang-related data generated by external agencies. Therefore, any effort to address public concern over the purpose and practices associated with the Department's collection and use of gang information must begin with an accurate understanding of the various components and current technological limitations. OIG's review found that: 1) CPD lacks sufficient controls for generating, maintaining, and sharing gang-related data; 2) CPD's gang information practices lack procedural fairness protections; 3) CPD's gang designations raise significant data quality concerns; and 4) CPD's practices and lack of transparency regarding its gang designations strain police-community relations. OIG offers 30 recommendations on the utility, collection, maintenance, sharing, impacts, and data quality of CPD's gang designations. In response, CPD agreed with OIG's findings and largely concurred with many of OIG's recommendations and partially concurred or disagreed with others. Details: Chicago: Author, 2019. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2019 at: https://igchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/OIG-CPD-Gang-Database-Review.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://igchicago.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/OIG-CPD-Gang-Database-Review.pdf Shelf Number: 155367 Keywords: Criminal Justice Data Gang Violence Gangs Information Database Police-Community Relations Racial Bias Youth Gangs

Author: New York University School of Law, Policing Project Title: Report to the Los Angeles Police Commission Summarizing Public Feedback on LAPD Video Release Policies Summary: The Los Angeles Police Commission ("Commission" or "Police Commission") serves as the "board of directors" for the Los Angeles Police Department ("LAPD" or "Department"), with the authority to establish polices for the LAPD and oversee its operations. The Commission is reviewing the LAPD's policy on releasing video footage of "critical incidents," including any incident in which an officer fires his or her gun or a person dies in police custody. As part of that process, the Commission asked the Policing Project at New York University School of Law ("Policing Project") to help gather feedback on whether, when, and how, video footage of critical incidents should be made publicly available. This report summarizes the feedback received. Members of the general public and LAPD personnel were invited to provide feedback in several ways: by completing a brief questionnaire, submitting more detailed written comments, attending community forums, and participating in officer focus groups. The questionnaire, and other materials, including a video release policy FAQ, were available in English and Spanish at www.LAPDVideo.org. The questionnaire and comment period ran for 46 days, from March 23 through May 7. The questionnaire asked demographic questions including the respondents' race, age, and income, as well as whether the respondent was a member of law enforcement. There were not sharp divergences among respondents along demographic lines. The one exception-evident both in the questionnaire responses and in other sources of input - was that significant disagreement emerged in general between law enforcement and members of the general public. We note these differences where pertinent. The Policing Project ultimately received 3,199 questionnaire responses from individuals who lived, worked, or attended school in Los Angeles, including 532 responses from individuals self-identifying as law enforcement officers. The Policing Project also received 20 sets of written comments from individuals and organizations, representing the views of 27 organizations in total. Additional feedback was provided at 5 community forums and 8 officer focus groups. The ACLU of Southern California submitted a petition on the subject with the signatures of 1,773 individuals. Some key themes emerged from the process, which we elaborate upon briefly below and in great detail in the report that follows. In general, both officers and members of the public agreed that video should be released to the public, for reasons of transparency, accountability, and trust. However, the public favored releasing video within a relatively shorter release time (30-60 days), and generally preferred that release be automatic as opposed to decided on a case-by-case basis. It is not that members of the public failed to appreciate that various factors might mitigate for or against a decision to release video in a particular case. Rather, the public evinced a lack of confidence or trust in existing public institutions to make the correct decision on a case-by-case approach. (In addition, some members of the public expressed the view that many of the factors that were identified as counseling against release could be addressed by speeding up the pace of investigations or taking other ameliorative measures.) LAPD officers and officials, for their part, tended to have somewhat more faith in public institutions, and to believe that release should not occur until the LA Police Commission reaches a decision as to the propriety of the officer's conduct (often up to a year at present), or the District Attorney decides whether any criminal charges will be filed (in some instances as long as two years after the incident). Still, LAPD officers joined the public in expressing concern about "politics" affecting the decision whether to release video coverage. Details: New York: Author, 2017. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 12, 2019 at: http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/public%20feedback%20project%20lapd%20video%20release.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://assets.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/public%20feedback%20project%20lapd%20video%20release.pdf Shelf Number: 155377 Keywords: Criminal Evidence Police Accountability Police Evidence Police Legitimacy Police Policies and Procedures Police Surveillance Police Videos Police-Community Relations

Author: Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Title: New Era of Public Safety: A Guide to Fair, Safe, and Effective Community Policing Summary: The Leadership Conference Education Fund today launched a new campaign, "New Era of Public Safety" featuring groundbreaking tools to increase trust, fairness, justice, and mutual respect between police departments and the communities they serve. The campaign guidebook and toolkit offer community-centered policy solutions to equip U.S. communities and police departments with best practices and recommendations for adopting 21st century policing models, including tools for advocacy. The campaign launch will include a Washington, D.C. kickoff event, featuring leading voices in activism, law enforcement, and journalism. "Repeated instances of police brutality and misconduct have shaken our nation," said Vanita Gupta, president and CEO of The Education Fund. "These incidents have deepened our distrust in law enforcement and reinforced the belief that all people are not policed equally. With this comprehensive guide and toolkit, we hope to renew trust in our nation's law enforcement by providing tools to put communities first as they work to keep everyone safe." True public safety requires that communities and police departments work together, and solutions should be driven by each community, working with the departments that serve them. The Education Fund's "New Era of Public Safety" campaign, report, and toolkit provide more than 100 recommendations to reform policing. These recommendations outline a road map for 21st century policing that equips law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve with the knowledge and tools they need to keep communities safe. Report recommendations include: End "broken windows policing" and other models that emphasize quantity over quality. Maintain and optimize a range of community partnerships. Tailor policing strategies to meet the needs of specific neighborhoods. Encourage communities to participate in the development and delivery of community policing training. Ensure officers inform community members of their rights to refuse or revoke consent and to document it. Develop stand-alone policies for fair and objective interactions with specific groups. Collect, analyze, and publicly report data relating to bias-based policing. The Education Fund also named Dallas, Texas and Minneapolis, Minnesota as inaugural jurisdictions to implement "New Era" recommendations. These pilot projects will provide local advocacy and strategic partnerships for organizations and activists to implement best policing practices through issue-centered campaigns. The Education Fund will launch the campaign at an event on March 28 at 5:00 p.m. ET at the Eaton Hotel in Washington, D.C. The event will feature remarks from Education Fund President & CEO Vanita Gupta, and a panel discussion moderated by the Washington Post's Wesley Lowery, and featuring Camden County Police Chief Scott Thomson; Center for Policing Equity Co-Founder and President Phillip Atiba Goff; and Judith Browne Dianis, executive director of Advancement Project. The event will be live-streamed here, with a chance for online viewers to submit their questions. A collaborative assembly of community advocates and law enforcement served as contributing authors throughout the process. They include: Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP; the Policing Project at NYU School of Law; Ron Davis, partner, 21CP Solutions, LLC, and former director of the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ); Scott Thomson, chief of the Camden County Police Department, and president of the Police Executive Research Forum; and Sue Rahr, executive director, Washington State Criminal Justice Training Commission. These experts provided key insights into the development of the report. Andrea Ritchie and Wesley Ware contributed to the concept and content for the toolkit. Julio A. Thompson also provided significant and invaluable contributions to the report. Details: Washington, DC: Author, 2019. 416p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2019 at: https://policing.civilrights.org/ Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://policing.civilrights.org/ Shelf Number: 155431 Keywords: Civil Rights Community Policing Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Public Safety

Author: McLively, Mike Title: A Case Study in Hope: Lessons from Oakland's Remarkable Reduction in Gun Violence Summary: In 2012, after several failures and facing great pressure from community activists, Oakland city leaders committed to launching a citywide violence reduction strategy, known as Oakland Ceasefire, with the help of technical experts from the California Partnership for Safe Communities (CPSC). Oakland Ceasefire is an ongoing partnership between community members, social service providers, and law enforcement officials, who work together to reduce violence, build police-community trust, and improve outcomes for high-risk individuals. The strategy has five main components: Analysis of violent incidents and trends, referred to as a problem analysis, to identify individuals at the highest risk of participating in serious violence. Oakland's problem analysis revealed a number of misconceptions about the city's violence dynamics. It also showed that only 400 individuals-just 0.1% of Oakland's total population-were at the highest risk for engaging in serious violence at any given time. Oakland Ceasefire partners intervene with this population. Respectful, in-person communications with high-risk individuals to warn about the risks of ongoing violence and provide a genuine offer of assistance. With Oakland Ceasefire, these communications primarily take the form of call-ins, interventions in which stakeholders communicate with small groups of those most at risk of serious violence, and custom notifications, a personalized method of heading off imminent violence. Relationship-based social services provided to high-risk individuals through the Oakland Unite network of community-based organizations. Oakland Unite is a unique city agency that uses taxpayer money to fund organizations that provide services like intensive mentoring, economic and educational training, and direct assistance to victims of violence and their families. Narrowly focused law enforcement actions by the Oakland Police Department's (OPD) Ceasefire Section, in addition to ongoing, department-wide training in the principles of procedural justice and other strategies to improve police-community relationships. Since reforming its approach to violence, OPD has seen a dramatic increase in its homicide solve rate, while use-of-force incidents and complaints against the department are on the decline. An intentional management structure built around regular communication between Oakland Ceasefire partners and city leaders to stay on top of changing violence dynamics and track progress toward yearly violence reduction goals. Regular meetings include weekly shooting reviews, bimonthly coordination meetings, and performance reviews led by Oakland's mayor. Details: San Francisco: Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, 2019. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 25, 2019 at: https://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Giffords-Law-Center-A-Case-Study-in-Hope-Lessons-from-Oaklands-Remarkable-Reduction-in-Gun-Violence.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Giffords-Law-Center-A-Case-Study-in-Hope-Lessons-from-Oaklands-Remarkable-Reduction-in-Gun-Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 155505 Keywords: Community-Based Organizations Gun Violence Gun-Related Violence Oakland Ceasefire Operation Ceasefire Partnerships Police-Community Relations Violence Prevention Violent Crime

Author: Dehbi, Chadia Title: EUCPN Toolbox Series No 14: Community-Oriented Policing in the European Union Today Summary: This toolbox is a joint European Crime Prevention Network (EUCPN)/European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training (CEPOL) publication and differs from other available handbooks on community-oriented policing (COP). It describes a number of recent good practices from EU Member States with regard to COP. The objective of this toolbox is to support policymakers and practitioners, in particular police chiefs and senior management within police organisations, in achieving a successful COP strategy. The importance of strategic engagement with the philosophies of COP has been heavily emphasised by experts in the field. The focus on COP at the European level was initiated by Austria, as chair of EUCPN, through the Vienna Process and, as President of the Council of the EU, by introducing the topic at informal Standing Committee on Operational Cooperation on Internal Security and Justice and Home Affairs Council meetings. COP is deemed to be relevant to all EU Member States and is widely implemented across the EU, albeit to different extents and in different forms. While COP continues to develop, providing positive outcomes for public and police, defining it remains a challenge. The concept is notorious for its multiple and sometimes divergent definitions. This is especially true in the European context, with COP being implemented in different ways in the EU. To meet this challenge, we looked at Unity, a Horizon 2020 project on COP that had encountered the same problem. Despite the many definitions and different approaches, the researchers did find common elements. By considering these elements in relation to other research findings, Unity created a framework for identifying and exploring COP across Europe. This framework is called the Six Pillars of COP: trust and confidence building, accountability, information sharing and communication, addressing local needs, collaboration, and crime prevention. Through an analysis of the current literature and in-depth discussions with experts in the field, we have identified important factors for the successful implementation of COP. We have used scientific insights and experiences in the field to draw up clear and easily understandable guidelines, in the form of 10 key principles. 1. COP is a built-in component of a larger government system. A police organisation does not operate in isolation but is part of a larger framework and depends on several forms of support from the supervising government. Therefore, it is important for politicians and policymakers to understand COP, communicate about it, equip the police organisation with the necessary resources to successfully implement it and provide other government institutions with the necessary mandate to participate in the COP approach. 2. COP is a commitment. This commitment encompasses a change in management style, reducing the resistance of the police subculture to change and building greater awareness of the conditions under which police officers work. If the COP approach is not accepted by the entire police organisation, it will be merely an add-on to reactive police practice, which will not yield the expected results. COP should be viewed as a more efficient way of working, in terms of both time and effort, rather than as an additional task for the police to carry out. 3. COP requires qualitative measurement. There has been growing acceptance of community-based outcomes such as community safety, perception of fear and calls for service. Qualitative outcome criteria such as levels of public satisfaction and public cooperation and the sustainability of community projects should be introduced and should be prioritised over quantitative criteria. Police officers who are willing to learn new skills should be considered for incentives such as promotion opportunities and should have their achievements formally recognised. 4. There is a new generation of COP projects that rely on technology. Research findings have stressed the importance of using these ICT tools to facilitate communication and interaction, and not as a replacement for them. In addition, it should be borne in mind that the priority in using these tools should be to improve communication and interaction between police and public, and not to gather intelligence. 5. Police officers need to be properly trained to make COP work. CEPOL defines training and education as two separate notions. Successful COP depends more on the educational than on the training status of the police officers involved. With this distinction in mind, we identified five target groups to be trained or educated: government, police leadership/management, COP officers, ordinary police officers and communities. 6. COP should always be locally embedded and adapted to the local situation and social context. Research shows that the social context has a major impact on the meaning, interpretation and implementation of policing practices. In regions where there is historical distrust, restoring trust may take decades. Therefore, COP should be seen as part of a larger shift from a police force to a police service, with the police operating for and in the community. 7. The presence and familiarity of the police are a crucial aspect of COP. It is important that sufficient time is taken for the community to get to know the police officers and for the police officers to understand how the community operates. Encounters between police and public are crucial for the quality of the relationship. 8. The police should learn about and address local needs. A problem-solving approach that aims to structurally reduce crime and increase safety is an important aspect of COP. To learn about local needs, it is important to avoid a one-sided perspective when gathering information on the concerns of a community. To address local needs, it is important to determine the underlying causes of problems and to focus on recurring patterns of incidents, rather than on isolated ones, treating them as a group of problems. 9. Collaborative security production is when several actors work together in order to accomplish a shared vision of security. The police collaborating with the public for the purposes of problem solving can reduce perceived disorder as well as increasing trust in and the perceived legitimacy of the police. Intra-governmental cooperation is needed, since solving community problems is a task that involves all relevant state agencies, with close cooperation required. If the public and other actors take more responsibility in a collaborative approach towards security, it has the potential to allow police forces to concentrate resources on other core tasks. 10. Two-way communication between police and public should be encouraged. Effective, appropriate and timely communication is vital for a successful COP approach. COP should encompass a variety of innovative approaches to reach hard-to-reach target groups that may have little social capital. Furthermore, it is important to explain COP to the public in clear language by focusing on COP initiatives in their community, what their own role is in COP and what they can expect. Research has shown that people who are well informed about policing tend to have more positive opinions of the police. The concept of COP has taken root in various EU Member States, but in different forms, using different interpretations and under different labels. There is not yet a shared basic pan-European understanding of COP, let alone a unified European approach. Essentially, adequate resources are needed to reach a common EU vision on COP: that is, what is required is enough time and resources to tap into all the relevant scientific publications available across the EU, involve the right advisors and include community perspectives. Moreover, additional efforts should be made to understand and harness the full potential of the EU and its knowledge and experience with regard to COP. First, it is recommended that a naming convention to be used within the EU be agreed upon. Second, the large variety of languages within the EU is culturally enriching; however, it also creates a barrier to sharing existing insights across the EU. Additional efforts to translate relevant material (e.g. executive summaries of relevant studies and reports) are necessary to share knowledge more widely in the EU. We hope that police chiefs and senior management within police organisations, and other policymakers and practitioners, will use this toolbox to achieve successful COP strategies. Political and organisational buy-in is important, since the implementation or improvement of COP requires structural and cultural change within the police organisation. Finally, the question of the extent to which COP has a place in the larger Security Union should be discussed. It may have the potential to make a significant contribution to the Security Union, and should be considered in that light. Details: Brussels, Belgium: European Union Crime Prevention network (EUCPN), 2018. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2019 at: https://eucpn.org/document/toolbox-14-community-oriented-policing-european-union-today Year: 2018 Country: Europe URL: https://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/toolbox_cop.pdf Shelf Number: 156154 Keywords: Community Engagement Community-Oriented Policing Europe European Crime Prevention Network Law Enforcement Police Practice Police-Community Relations