Date: November 25, 2024 Mon

Time: 8:18 pm

Results for policing

231 results found

Author: Fleming, Jenny Title: Rules of engagement: Policing anti-social behaviour and alcohol-related violence in and around licensed premises Summary: This report provides an overview of the ways in which Australian police services are adapting their systems and developing strategies to prevent and manage alcohol-related violence in and around licensed premises. It is not an exhaustive study of police activity but a first step in identifying the strategies adopted, the boundaries within which police operate and the 'limits to the possible.' Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2008. 49p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 113266 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime Policing

Author: Scotland. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary for Scotland Title: Independent Review of Policing in Scotland: A Report for the Cabinet Secretary for Justice Summary: Policing in Scotland is facing unprecedented changes in demand and expectation, driven by both global and local events. Policing is becoming increasingly complex, with new technological developments and new policy areas. There is now also greater emphasis on partnership working, particularly at a local level through community planning. These changes emphasize the importance of ensuring there is an effective balance between delivering locally visible, accessible and familiar policing, the cornerstone of policing activity, with the specialist policing required to deal with the high impact but less frequent crimes and incidents. This review is concerned with identifying the action required to ensure Scottish police forces are properly supported and can continue to deliver effective policing across the wide range of demand and within available resources. Details: Edinburgh: 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115749 Keywords: Policing

Author: Fouche, Henri Title: Policing piracy and armed robbery of ships in South Africa's territorial waters and contiguous zone. Summary: This dissertation focuses on the policing of piracy and armed robbery against ships in South Africa's territorial waters and continguous zone. The study examines the phenomena not only in South Africa but throughout the African region, because piracy is a transnational crime which constitutes a security threat to the entire African continent. The nature and extent of piracy and armed robbery is determined as well as the consequences thereof on South African national interest. The meaning and nature of policing is examined and the effect of prevailing policing procedure, legislating, enforcing, preventing and partnershipping in the policing of piracy and armed robbery is analyzed. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: Faculty of Humanities, Tshwane University of Technology, 2006, 253p. Source: Doctoral Dissertation Year: 2006 Country: South Africa URL: Shelf Number: 117599 Keywords: Africa Armed Robbery Against Ships Legislation Piracy/Pirates Policing

Author: Coquilhat, Jenny Title: Community Policing: An International Literature Review Summary: This literature review discusses international research from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand in order to identify key elements of, benefits of, and barriers to community policing against which New Zealand projects can be compared. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2008. 52p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 117815 Keywords: Community Policing Policing

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Title: Handbook on Effective Police Responses to Violence Against Women Summary: Volence against women is a global issue of pandemic proportions, which has an impact on all societies. Violent practices against women take many different forms, which vary from country to country according to cultural, social and religious contexts and between different regions within countries. Equally, women do not form a homogenous group. Differences in ethnicity, social status, religion and age mean that women experience similar acts of violence differently. In particular, some groups of women are more vulnerable to violence and therefore require special treatment and support services. Police have long been under criticism for not doing enough to protect women from violence and for an often apathetic attitude towards the problem. This handbook is designed to assist police officers by familiarizing them with relevant international laws, norms and standards relating to violence against women and informing them about some promising practical approaches to effective police response to acts of violence against women. Details: New York: United Nations, 2010. 97p. Source: Internet Resource; Criminal Justice Handbook Series Year: 2010 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 118808 Keywords: Abused Women Domestic Violence Policing Violence Against Women

Author: Adang, Otto Title: Policing Football in Europe: Experiences from Peer Review Evaluation Teams Summary: Large scale public order police operations are a regular occurrence in almost every country, both in the context of sporting events and protest demonstrations. A model developed by Adang in 2000 for the evaluation of large scale police operations in general was developed and applied in practice during the Euro 2000 and 2004 football championships. This report presents the results from this evaluation. Details: Apeldoorn, The Netherlands: Politie - Police Academy of the Netherlands, 2008. 244p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 116476 Keywords: Crisis Management Football Hooliganism Policing Public Order Disturbances Public Order Management Sports

Author: Langton, Lynn Title: Women in Law Enforcement, 1987-2008 Summary: This report presents data from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics surveys, covering 1987 to 2007, and from the Census of Federal Law Enforcement Officers from 1996-2008. This data brief presents trends in the percent of law enforcement officers at the local, state, and federal level who are women. It compares the percent of female law enforcement officers in individual police departments with 2,000 or more sworn officers between 1997 and 2007. The report also provides the percent of female officers in 1998 and 2008 in specific federal agencies with 500 or more sworn officers. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010. 4p. Source: Internet Resource; Crime Data Brief Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119137 Keywords: Female Police Officers Law Enforcement Policing

Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services Title: Standards and Guidelines for Internal Affairs: Recommendations from a Community of Practice Summary: The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) convened the National Internal Affairs Community of Practice group comprising the LAPD and 11 major city and county law enforcement agencies. The purpose was to share and develop standards, recommendations, and best practices in Internal Affairs work, discuss differences and similarities in practice, and look at various approaches to improving individual and collective agencies' Internal Affairs practices. This report is the result of the group's work. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 76p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119259 Keywords: Internal Affairs Police Corruption Police Ethics Police Misconduct Policing

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary - Get Smart: Planning to Protect. Protective Service Review 2008 Summary: This review showed that only half of the 43 forces in England and Wales had sufficiently detailed plans for improvement in major areas of policing, including organized crime and the investigation of complex murders. The report recommends focused intervention in some forces to bring up their planning and public account of plans up to standard, with greater collaboration and consistency across the police service as a whole. Details: London: HMIC, 2009. 41p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 113535 Keywords: Police Administration Police Training Policing

Author: Victoria. Office of Police Integrity Title: Update on Conditions in Victoria Police Cells Summary: This report is based on an audit conducted in 2009 by the Professional Standards Assurance Unit of the Office of Police Integrity into conditions in the 22 catagory A police cells operated by Victoria Police. The focus of the audit was to examine facilities, systems and processes in place in the cell complexes. Details: Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer, 2010. 32p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119254 Keywords: Inmates Police Cells Police Integrity Policing Prisoners

Author: Heaton, Paul Title: Hidden in Plain Sight: What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police Summary: "This paper summarizes the existing high-quality academic research on the cost of crime and the effectiveness of police in preventing crime. It serves as a bridge to familiarizes policymakers and practitioners with current research on these issues and demonstrates how this research can be used to better understand the returns to investments in police. It demonstrates a method for comparing the costs of police personnel with the expected benefits generated by those police in terms of reduced crime. Applying the method to several real-world scenarios shows that these investments generate net social benefits. Returns on investments in police personnel are likely to be substantial." Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource; Issues in Policing: Occasional Paper Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118563 Keywords: Cost Benefit Analysis Costs of Crime Policing

Author: Frondigoun, Liz Title: Building Safer Communities: An Evaluation of the Enhanced Policing Plan in the Shettleston, Ballieston and Greater Easterhouse Area of Glasgow Summary: This research was commissioned by Strathclyde Police to evaluate the Enhanced Policing Plan (EPP) in the Shettleston, Ballieston and Greater Easterhouse area of Glasgow. This area has historically been characterized by the endemic problem of violence and gang activity. The EPP is an innovative approach to policing aimed at: reducing crime, gang and anti-social behaviour and territorialism; creating a safer environment; building public confidence; and improving community opportunities for people so that they are less likely to commit offences or re-offend. This research accordingly aimed to establish: baseline information on crime levels before and after the EPP; the views of the police, community planning partners, local small businesses, youth workers and young people about what it is like living in the East End of Glasgow; the effect gang and violent behaviour has had/is having on their neighbourhood; the community views and perceptions of the effectiveness of the EPP in tackling these behaviors, and in increasing public reassurance within the area; and what youths need to encourage them to make attitudinal changes in making life choices. Details: Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian University, 2008. 103p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 114746 Keywords: Gangs (Glasgow) Juvenile Offenders Policing Violence (Glasgow)

Author: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Title: Final Report: Public Opinion Poll on Evaluation of Police-Public Partnership in the Marzes of the Republic of Armenia Summary: The document covers the findings of the Public Opinion Poll for Evaluation of Police-Public Partnership in the Marzes of the Republic of Armenia. The main objectives of the opinion poll were as follows: evaluate the public opinion about the police; evaluate possible formats of police-public partnership; evaluate public attitude towards the police; identify public perception of the efficiency of the police work; identify the areas of policing that are positively perceived by the public; identify the areas of policing that are negatively perceived by the public; identify the role of the mass media in shaping the police-public partnership; and define the possible changes that should urgently take place in the police service. Details: Yerevan, Armenia: OSCE,2010. 138p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Armenia URL: Shelf Number: 118827 Keywords: Codmmunity Policing Police-Community Relations Policing Public Attitudes Public Opinion

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Constabulary Title: Adapting to Protest Summary: The 1st April 2009 was a unique day for the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) and the policing operation that surrounded the G20 summit was highly effective in significant respects. However, tragic events on the day led to a focus on the police approach to protest, notably the use of containment and the manner in which force was used by police. The death of Ian Tomlinson and other individual complaints are being investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC). This review, conducted at the request of the Commissioner of the MPS, concerns the policing methods used on the day. There are lessons to be learnt and issues that merit early consideration for the policing of future public order events during the remainder of the summer. The report made a number of immediate recommendations, including that police: Facilitate peaceful protest; Improve dialogue with protest groups where possible; Improve communication with the public; Moderate impact of containment when used; Improve training to equip officers to deal with the full spectrum of protest activity; and Wear clear identification at all times. Details: London: HMIC, 2009. 107p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115828 Keywords: Crowd Control Policing Protests Riots

Author: Long, Matthew Title: A Visible Difference: An Evaluation of the Second Phase of Police Community Support Officers in West Yorkshire Summary: This evaluation considers Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) in four local authority areas (6 police divisions) in West Yorkshire. All four local authorities are either currently match-funding or are in the process of agreeing match-funding for PCSOs. Data has been collected for this evaluation through a range of quantitative, qualitative and secondary data. The evaluation found that PCSOs are instrumental in tackling anti-social behaviour, low level crime and disorder. They are engaged in a diversity of roles and tasks which have become an integral part of neighbourhood policing teams. Details: Sheffield, UK: Hallam Centre for Community Justice, Sheffield Hallam University, 2006. 110p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119475 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Community Policing Police Community Support Officers Policing

Author: Frondigoun, Liz Title: An Evaluation of the Inverclyde Initiative Summary: The Inverclyde Initiative is an innovative approach to policing, focused on addressing the problem of groups of youths deemed to be at risk and the associated issues of child protection, which aimed to raise parents awareness of the activities their children are involved in; challenge youths' behaviour patterns; educate them to the dangers they are placing themselves and others in by pursuing such activities; provide them with information and opportunities to encourage them to adopt positive life choices; and inform on community opportunities to reduce the likelihood of re-offending. This research aimed to establish: baseline information on crime levels before and after the Inverclyde Initiative; the views of the police, their partner agencies, young people and their families about what it is like living in Greenock; the role of the media in disseminating and supporting this initiative; the perceptions of parents and young people on the effects of youth crime particularly that of gang, violent, and anti-social behaviour in their neighbourhoods; their views and perceptions on the success of the Initiative; what youths need to discourage them from engaging in these anti-social behaviours; and what they need to encourage them to make attitudinal changes towards making more positive life choices. Details: Glasgow: Glasgow Caledonian University, 2009. 88p. Source: Internet Resource; Report prepared for the Strathclyde Police Force Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 119539 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Gangs Juvenile Offenders Media Policing Problem Youth

Author: Mason, Ron Title: Analysis of the Tasmania Police Risk Assessment Screening Tool (RAST) Summary: Safe at Home involves a range of initiatives, expanded and new services that represent a significant change in the way the Tasmanian Government responds to family violence: family violence is treated as a crime rather than a private matter. Included in the Safe at Home Strategy was the implementation of a Risk Assessment Screening Tool (RAST) developed by Tasmania Police and the Department of Justice. The RAST is utilised by operational police at the attendance of family violence incidents to assist in assessing the risk of a victim experiencing future violence. In May 2008, Tasmania Police contracted the Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies [TILES], of the University of Tasmania, to undertake a statistical analysis of the police Risk Assessment Screening Tool [RAST] to determine the validity and reliability of the RAST with respect to the Tasmanian population. The study concluded that, whilst the current scoring system employed has modest predictive utility (AUC .602), with an increased risk of misclassification in the medium and high categories, those characteristics identified through regression modelling provided a significantly greater level of accuracy (AUC .726). This reflects good predictive utility in that it is correct in predicting repeat offending in nearly 75% of cases (i.e. in approximately 3 out of 4 cases). It should be noted that this compares favourably with other risk assessment tools. With the primary purpose of the RAST being to predict the likelihood of re-offending, the Analysis found that the most useful risk factors on the RAST are those that reflect static variables. Static variables include age, gender, criminal history and education, and tend to be objective rather than subjective. Problems identified with the present RAST included structural issues whereby risk factors may have unintended deleterious and/or cumulative effects on the likelihood of re-offending. Consequent of these conclusions, it has been recommended that a new weighting system be considered with emphasis placed on those risk factors that have a cumulative effect on re-offending. The Analysis identified potential for improvements to the RAST that could increase its predictive utility from modest to good. Details: Hobart, Tasmania: Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies, 2009. 68p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119555 Keywords: Domestic Violence (Tasmania) Family Violence Policing Reoffending Risk Assessment

Author: Bennett, Sarah Title: Procedural Justice: A Systematic Literature Search and Technical Report to the National Policing Improvement Agency Summary: This report presents the findings of a systematic literature search of procedural justice between April and June, 2009. Twenty-two keywords were identified and searched on six electronic databases and two library catalogues. Details: Brisbane: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, Griffith University, 2009. 151p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 10, 2010 at http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/NPIA%20Procedural%20Justice%20Technical%20Report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/NPIA%20Procedural%20Justice%20Technical%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 118759 Keywords: Judicial Process Literature Review Policing Procedural Justice

Author: Shah, Susan Title: Bridging the Language Divide: Promising Practices for Law Enforcement Summary: "This report presents a compendium of promising practices in overcoming language barriers in law enforcement agencies. Using phone interviews and site visits, they narrowed the search to practices at six agencies. The agencies vary in personnel size, local circumstances, and populations served. The solutions they developed range from sending officers to Mexico as part of a language learning program to using civilian volunteers as interpreters. As law enforcement agencies face challenges in serving non-English speaking communities, they can look to the agencies profiled here for examples of programs that successfully cross the language divide." Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 68p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 13, 2010 at: http:////www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e030917192-Bridging-Language-Divide.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115325 Keywords: Foreign Languages Interpreters Police Communication Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Farrell, Amy Title: Understanding and Improving Law Enforcement Responses to Human Trafficking: Final Report Summary: Though recognition of the importance and severity of human trafficking has grown in recent years, the identification and investigation of human trafficking cases remains a complex undertaking for local law enforcement. Effectively responding to human trafficking requires officers to notice and identify victims who often have been hidden from or had poor relationships with law enforcement in the past (e.g., women in prostitution, migrants, immigrant community member, and poor women). Sometimes officers may be reluctant to intervene in sex and labor trafficking situations due to a belief that victims were complicit with their own victimization. Local law enforcement response is further complicated by immigration issues since many local agencies have made a decision to not inquire about citizen status during routine policing activities as a means of building trust and confidence in the local community. Additionally, the crime of human trafficking may take backseat to other institutional priorities such as violence and drugs. Finally, officers must look at old problems or traditional crime categories such as prostitution through a different lens and therefore reclassify ‚offenders‛ such as prostitutes as victims. Since the enforcement of the law in the United States is predominately carried out by the thousands of local, county and state agencies representing diverse environments and local crime problems and coming from a variety of different organizational structures, fully understanding how law enforcement perceives and responds to the problem of human trafficking in the United States necessitates inquiry into the specific experiences of these agencies. The majority of research on law enforcement responses to human trafficking to date has focused on the experiences of a narrow number of large municipal police departments who were perceived to be most likely to come into contact with incidents of human trafficking. While this research has provided an important starting point for understanding the challenges law enforcement agencies encounter in the identification and investigation of human trafficking, it represents only the experiences of a limited number of large agencies. On the other hand, the research presented here documents in a systematic fashion, the present response of local, state and county law enforcement to human trafficking in the U.S. It provides the first description of the steps taken by local law enforcement to identify human trafficking. Additionally, it will shed light on the impact of law enforcement efforts by measuring how often identification of trafficking victims leads to their rescue and the prosecution of trafficking perpetrators. Ultimately, this research will prove instrumental in providing local law enforcement in the U.S. with the necessary tools to successfully identify, investigate and aid in the prosecution of cases of human trafficking. The project addresses four main areas: 1) the perceptions of trafficking held by law enforcement and the preparation agencies have taken to address the problem; 2) the frequency in which law enforcement identifies and investigates cases of human trafficking and 3) the characteristics of those cases investigated by law enforcement and 4) the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Details: Boston, MA: Northeastern University, Institute on Race and Justice, 2008. 256p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2010 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222752.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/222752.pdf Shelf Number: 110845 Keywords: Human Trafficking Organized Crime Police Investigations Policing Prostitution Sexual Exploitation

Author: Paulin, Judy Title: Evaluation of the Mental Health/Alcohol and Other Drug Watch-house Nurse Pilot Initiative Summary: The Watch-house Nurse (WHN) initiative began operating at the Christchurch Central and Counties Manukau Police station watch-houses on 1 July 2008 and 1 August 2008 respectively. The initiative is intended to run as a pilot project until 30 June 2010. The initiative places appropriately qualified nurses within these two watch-houses to assist the police to better manage the risks of those in their custody who have mental health, alcohol or other drug (AOD) problems. Where appropriate, the nurses also make referrals for detainees to treatment providers. This final evaluation report presents the findings about the WHN initiative during its first 18 months of operation. In doing so, it addresses the main objectives of the pilot, and intended outcomes of these objectives in turn. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2010. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 23, 2010 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2010-08-03%20WHN_evaluation_FINAL_ELECTRONIC.pdf Year: 2010 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2010-08-03%20WHN_evaluation_FINAL_ELECTRONIC.pdf Shelf Number: 119665 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse Drug Offenders Medical Care Mental Health Services Mentally Ill Offenders Nurses Policing

Author: Weisburd, David Title: The Importance of Place in Policing: Empirical Evidence and Policy Recommendations Summary: This monograph argues that the police can be more effective if they shift the primary concerns of policing from people to places. Such a shift is already underway in American policing where place has begun to be seen as an important focus of police crime prevention effort. But even in the U.S., people and not places remain the central concern of policing. Places in this context are specific locations within the larger social environments of communities and neighborhoods. They may be defined as buildings or addresses, block faces or street segments, or as clusters of addresses, block faces or street segments that have common crime problems. This report presents research which describes from both empirical and theoretical perspectives how the police can produce substantial crime prevention effects by directing their focus at small, well-defined locations with high levels of crime. The research findings presented in this report also strongly indicate that place-based policing of this kind can prevent crime using considerably less resources than more traditional policing methods. Details: Stockholm: Brottsforebyggande radet (Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention), 2010. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2010 at: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=The_importance_of_place_in_policing.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/100609/d4dd5dc1d51f6c3442a975a5f37d9ef3/The%255fimportance%255fof%255fplace%255fin%255fpolicing.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=The_importance_of_place_in_policing.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/100609/d4dd5dc1d51f6c3442a975a5f37d9ef3/The%255fimportance%255fof%255fplace%255fin%255fpolicing Shelf Number: 119686 Keywords: Crime Locations Crime Prevention Drug Trafficking Maritime Crime (Gulf of Guinea; Africa) Maritime Security Organized Crime Piracy Policing Public Safety Public Spaces

Author: Sabet, Daniel Title: Police Reform in Mexico: Advances and Persistent Obstacles Summary: At no time in Mexico’s history has there been a greater need for professional police forces. The current security crisis, which resulted in an estimated 6,587 organized crime related killings in 2009, has brought police reform to the top of the national agenda. While law enforcement should be the primary tool to address the country’s crime problems, the police are viewed as part of the problem rather than part of the solution. A brief review of the daily newspapers reveals problems such as (1) corruption and collusion with organized crime, (2) abuses of human rights in the form of torture, unwarranted search and seizure, violations to due process, and inversion of the presumption of innocence, and (3) ineffectiveness exemplified by the inability to stem the violence, poor investigation and intelligence gathering capabilities, and high rates of impunity. Evidence of these three problems has produced a deep seeded lack of confidence in the police, which ironically makes the police even less effective and further perpetuates corruption and abuse. Addressing Mexico’s security crisis will require creating an effective police force operating within the confines of the law. This chapter seeks to provide an overview of police reform in Mexico and elucidate the obstacles to institutional change. The chapter begins with an introduction to policing in Mexico and offers a brief exploration of the evidence of corruption, abuse, and ineffectiveness that plague Mexico’s various and numerous police departments. The analysis briefly considers the different approaches to reform, including a limited discretion approach, professionalization, and militarization. I then offer an overview of reform during the last three federal administrations: Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (1994-2000), Vicente Fox Quesada (2000-2006), and Felipe Calderón Hinojosa (2006-2012). The analysis concludes that considerable advances have been made but is forced to recognize that the fundamental problems of corruption, abuse, and ineffectiveness remain. To understand why, I explore the considerable obstacles that continue to serve as a challenge to reform efforts. Details: Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Mexico Institute; San Diego, CA: University of San Diego, Trans-Border Institute, 2010. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Collaboration: Accessed August 30, 2010 at: http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Police%20Reform%20in%20Mexico.%20Sabet.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Mexico URL: http://wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Police%20Reform%20in%20Mexico.%20Sabet.pdf Shelf Number: 119706 Keywords: Organized Crime Police Corruption Police Misconduct Police Reform Policing

Author: Mwenda, Albert Title: A Review of the Kenya Police Force Budget and Its Effect on Crime Management Summary: This study sets out to analyse trends in budgetary allocations and exchequer releases to the Kenya Police Force (KPF) and to examine whether or not they have impacted on citizen safety and crime management. The specific objectives of this study are to: understand the budgetary process in Kenya, focusing on the KPF budget; analyse trends in budgetary allocations to the KPF between fiscal years 1999/00 to 2003/04; compare allocations to the KPF with those to other law enforcement agencies; establish whether disparities exist between budgetary allocations to the KPF and actual expenditure; and identify police priorities based on analysis of budgetary trends. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2005. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2010 at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/kenya_budgetary_report.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/kenya_budgetary_report.pdf Shelf Number: 119710 Keywords: Criminal Justice Personnel Criminal Justice, Administration of, Economic Aspe Police Personnel Policing

Author: Thiel, Darren Title: Policing Terrorism: A Review of the Evidence Summary: The London bombings in July 2005 have changed society and how it is policed. The Government has necessarily focused its efforts on passing new legislation to improve the security of the nation, but the longer term task of illuminating the causes of terrorism committed by British nationals and the role of effective community engagement in this also needs to be urgently addressed. Establishing and maintaining the right balance between security and liberty is crucial to the health of a democratic society and an independent assessment of the impact of the new anti-terrorism legislation needs to be undertaken. This report aims to identify what is known and what is not known about contemporary terrorism; Considers how to improve the exchange of information and intelligence between communities, local police and security services; and Assesses how the police could improve levels of trust and legitimacy in communities that may be characterised by high levels of tension and alienation, particularly with regard to relationships between the police and young British Muslim men. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2009. 73p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 115292 Keywords: Policing Terrorism Terrorists

Author: Statistics New Zealand Title: Patterns in Police Apprehensions in New Zealand 2005/06 to 2008/09 Summary: Patterns in Police Apprehensions in New Zealand 2005/06 to 2008/09 uses official New Zealand police apprehension statistics between the 2005/06 and 2008/09 police fiscal years to explore three aspects of police apprehensions. Within the criminal justice system, the New Zealand Police provide the crucial first response to crime, after which offenders are filtered through the courts and, ultimately, the prison system. The initial police phase of the criminal justice system impacts upon the lives of many New Zealanders. It is important to have a clear understanding of this area, both in terms of the people affected and the resources expended. The first aspect of police apprehensions describes the offences that make up the apprehensions environment, looking at offence composition and trends. The second aspect of this report looks at the differences in resolution type, such as prosecution or warning/caution, between each type of offence, and investigates the relationship between offence seriousness and resolution type. Finally, the third aspect of this report looks at the demographic variables of age and gender in relation to the type of offence. As well as using raw volumes, the report also incorporates the Ministry of Justice seriousness scale to shed new light on the intensity of offences being committed, who is committing them, and how they are being dealt with. Details: Wellington: Statistics New Zealand, 2010. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2010 at: http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/crime_and_justice/patterns-in-police-apprehensions-in-nz.aspx Year: 2010 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/people_and_communities/crime_and_justice/patterns-in-police-apprehensions-in-nz.aspx Shelf Number: 119263 Keywords: Arrest and Apprehension Crime Statistics Policing

Author: Keller, Dennis E. Title: U.S. Military Forces and Police Assistance in Stability Operations: The Least-Worst Option to Fill the U.S. Capacity Gap Summary: Establishing an effective local police force is one of the most critical elements of successful counterinsurgency (COIN) and stability operations, but it is a task for which the U.S. Government is the least prepared and capable. The establishment of an effective police force is critical to security sector reform, justice sector reform, and the successful transition to the host nation’s security forces. But the United States lacks the institutional capacity to provide an immediate and coordinated civilian police training and advisory effort, particularly in a failed or fragile state. Because hesitation in addressing such problems causes delays in forming and training new police forces, and, even worse, emboldens corrupt and abusive locals who enable insurgents, terrorist groups, and organized criminal networks, the U.S. military must be prepared to support stability operations at regional level and below by assessing, advising, and even training police units until such time as civilian police trainers and mentors arrive on the ground. Army doctrine emphasizes the importance of community-focused civilian police forces during stability operations and suggests that clear separation of police and military roles is essential to successful rebuilding. Doctrine also recognizes that military forces may have to perform police functions during the initial response. But history is replete with examples of local police becoming targets of opportunity for insurgencies; having trained, operationally ready police is always important and no more so than in current operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. At one time, the U.S. Government had a better institutional response than it does now. From 1954 to 1974, first the International Cooperation Administration (ICA), and then its successor organization, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), established in 1961, presented balanced programs providing technical advice, training, and equipment for civil and paramilitary police organizations. In 1963, USAID established the International Police Academy in Washington, DC, to train foreign police officers. At its peak, the USAID arm had 590 permanent employees, to include staff at the International Police Academy, and advisors in 52 countries at different times. This academy graduated over 5,000 students from 77 countries until it was closed because of congressional fears that the program approved, advocated, or taught torture techniques that had damaged the image of the United States. Thus, legislation was passed that prohibited foreign assistance funds for training and financial support of law enforcement forces within or outside the United States. The reluctance to be associated with local police continues to haunt U.S. Government efforts to train police of fragile and failed states to this day. As a result, the U.S. Government continues to lack the capacity for timely deployment of civilian police trainers in the early phases of stability operations. Using military personnel to train and advise civilian police is being justifiably criticized. Military personnel, even military police, are not prepared to train and advise civilian police in most tasks. Instead, their training is skewed toward the higher end stability policing tasks such as riot control, convoy security, motorized patrolling, establishing checkpoints, and weapons training. The emphasis on such tasks makes it more difficult to transition to community-based policing. A clear delineation needs to be established between stability policing and community-based policing, with phased transitions as appropriate. Focusing only on the technical skills must cease, while instruction in such normative principles as responsiveness to the community, accountability to the rule of law, defense of human rights, and transparency to scrutiny from the outside, must be institutionalized. Such an adjustment will result in an organizational culture that abjures abuse. Such success will require embedding of quality advisors for a significant period of time, though even then expectations must be kept realistic. Details: Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2010. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Paper: Accessed September 7, 2010: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=1013 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/download.cfm?q=1013 Shelf Number: 119757 Keywords: Corruption Military Organized Crime Police Reform Police Training Policing

Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Context Driven Community Policing in Ukraine: Final Report Summary: This is the final report to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for the project on Introducing Context Specific Community Policing in Ukraine. This has been a three-year project focused on building a ‘model of best practice’ for improving the relationship between the police and the public in Ukraine and enhancing co-operation between them on crime prevention and community safety. With that purpose, the project introduced and evaluated a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas in the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. The project had four distinct objectives: To identify and understand the context within which community policing might take place within Ukraine; To introduce a number of context-specific forms of community policing within limited geographical police areas; To evaluate the effect such schemes have on the relationship between the community and the police, and on the levels of reported and recorded crime; and To develop a new module to be taught at Kharkiv University of Internal Affairs on Understanding and Implementing Community Policing in Ukraine. Details: Leicester, UK: Scarman Centre, University of Leicester, 2003. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2010 at: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/ContextDrivenCommunityPolicinginUkrainepdf/view?searchterm=policing Year: 2003 Country: Ukraine URL: http://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/criminology/people/bna/ContextDrivenCommunityPolicinginUkrainepdf/view?searchterm=policing Shelf Number: 119774 Keywords: Community Policing Police Reform Policing

Author: Murphy, Kristina Title: Policing Ethnic Minority Groups with Procedural Justice: An Empirical Study Summary: Public cooperation with police is essential for the effective management of crime and disorder in our society. Understanding factors that shape public cooperation with the police is therefore important. However, Australian and international studies show that police find it difficult to elicit cooperation from ethnic communities, this made difficult by the fact that ethnic groups display low levels of trust and confidence in the police. This study examines the role that procedural justice might play in fostering minority group perceptions of police legitimacy and their willingness to cooperate with police officers. The study uses survey data collected from Australian citizens and tests whether procedurally fair policing can enhance public cooperation among ethnic minority group members. Results indicate that cooperation appears to be mediated by people's perceptions of police legitimacy. The findings have implications for theories of cooperation, as well as for determining how the police can foster better relationships with ethnically diverse communities. Details: Geelong, VIC, Australia: Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University, 2010. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Working Paper No. 02: Accessed September 10, 2010 at: http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-02.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-02.pdf Shelf Number: 119780 Keywords: Minority Groups Police-Community Relations Policing Public Opinion

Author: Mwanika, Philip Arthur Njuguna Title: Eco-Cop: Environmental Policing in Eastern Africa Summary: The power to police, as part of statecraft , is a basic attribute of contemporary government that manifests in a vast array of sites of governance, including not only the state itself, but also areas such as the community, the household and industry, and contemporary realms such as the war against terrorism. This paper looks at a particular dominant realm of governance that is a mainstay of modern policing, i.e. the environmental protection realm, and particularly the policing component known as environmental crime management. Towards that end, this paper attempts to make sense of the policing component understood as ‘environmental policing’ and how it is operationalised in Africa. Case studies from the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa have been adopted. The question of whether the police institution in the continent should be involved in environmental protection or have an environmental enforcement component has been critically investigated against a backdrop of the political, societal, administrative and bureaucratic realities in the mentioned geo-political concerns. Details: Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2010. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Paper 215: Accessed September 17, 2010 at: http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/215.pdf Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.iss.co.za/uploads/215.pdf Shelf Number: 119827 Keywords: Environmental Protection Illegal Fishing Illegal Logging Illegal Trade Offenses Against the Environment Policing Wildlife Crimes

Author: Metropolican Police Authority Title: Race and Faith Inquiry Report. Commissioned by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London Summary: This report makes a series of recommendations to improve equalities and address diversity issues in the Metropolitan Police Service and create a new vision for the future of London’s police service. Details: London: Metropolitan Police Authority, 2010. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2010 at: http://www.mpa.gov.uk/downloads/publications/race-faith-inquiry.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.mpa.gov.uk/downloads/publications/race-faith-inquiry.pdf Shelf Number: 119835 Keywords: Police Recruitment and Selection Policing Racism

Author: Cunningham, Sonia Title: Diversity of Police Community Support Officer Recruits Compared to Police Officer Recruits in the Metropolitan Police Service Summary: Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) were first introduced in England and Wales under the Police Reform Act (2002). The Association of Chief Police Officers (2005) recognised the fundamental role of the PCSO as: to contribute to the policing of neighbourhoods, primarily through high visibility patrol with the purpose of reassuring the public, increasing orderliness in public places and being accessible to communities and partner agencies working at local level. The majority (85%) of forces surveyed in the Home Office national evaluation stated that visibility was the number one priority for PCSOs. Interacting with the public and dealing with anti-social behaviour (ASB) and low-level crime were considered to be the next most important functions. Overall, this research sought to understand why there was a difference between the proportion of PCSO and police officer recruits who were women, ethnic minorities and from a wider range of ages. Further questions were also addressed to support this: is there a difference in the diversity of those who apply to become PCSOs and those that are successful? If so, is there a similar pattern for successful police officer recruits?; what are the key reasons why people want to become a PCSO? Are there differences in these reasons by gender, age or ethnicity?; why do so many PCSOs go on to become police officers rather than applying from the outset? Details: London: Metropolitan Police Authority, 2006. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2010 at: http://www.mpa.gov.uk/downloads/publications/pcso-diversity-summary.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.mpa.gov.uk/downloads/publications/pcso-diversity-summary.pdf Shelf Number: 119836 Keywords: Police Recruitment and Selection Policing

Author: Enyimu, Joseph Title: A Review of the Uganda Police Force Budget and Its Effect on Crime Management Summary: This is a study on the impact of police funding on crime management and citizen safety in Uganda and is part of a broader study on budgetary allocations of the three police forces of East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). The study examines trends in the Government of Uganda’s (GoU) budgetary allocations over the period 1999/2000 to 2003/2004 at the global, sector and sub-sector or programme levels. The study compares and analyses the priority implications of the relationships of budget allocation over the financial period 1999/00 to 2003/04 between: The Justice, Law and Order (JLO) Sector and other sectors; The Uganda Police Force (UPF) sub-sector and other sub-sectors under the JLO sector; The different programmes under the UPF; The UPF and other government security agencies. Based on the above analysis, the study makes conclusions on: The relative priority ranking of the JLO sector budget within GoU’s overall budget and its impact on crime management and citizen safety; UPF’s funding priorities and the implications for crime management and citizen safety. Details: New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, 2006. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 22, 2010 at: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/uganda_report.pdf Year: 2006 Country: Uganda URL: http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/uganda_report.pdf Shelf Number: 119264 Keywords: Criminal Justice Administration Policing

Author: Weger, Michiel de Title: The Potential of the European Gendarmerie Force Summary: The European Gendarmerie Force (EGF) is a relatively young international organisation. In October 2007 the governments of France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands signed a treaty to formally establish it. At present in the EGF the following gendarmerie forces cooperate: the Dutch Koninklijke Marechaussee (KM), the French Gendarmerie Nationale (GN), the Italian Arma dei Carabinieri (AdC), the Portuguese Guarda Nacional Republicana (GNR), the Spanish Guardia Civil (GC) and the Romanian Jandarmeria Româna (JR). Although they have different names, all have a dual police-military character. The EGF is intended for international policing operations. Its creation has received considerable attention, but no major study seems to have been made thereon. Within the EGF and in the national capitals it is also the case that no long-term vision seems to have been developed. While being relatively insignificant at present, the EGF has the potential to become (far) more important in international security and a valuable asset for a far larger group of states, as will be argued in this paper. The basic question it intends to answer is the following: How can the potential of the EGF be used in the next 10-20 years to best serve the interests of its Member States? To find an answer to this question the EGF and its background will be described in chapter two. In the third chapter it is argued that the EGF could become a success in the kind of operations it is currently aimed at. Chapter four’s focus is on the interests of the present EGF Member States in further developing the organisation – this study analyses the options from the interests of the states involved, which are not necessarily the same as those of the participating gendarmerie forces. In chapter five the potential to expand gendarmerie cooperation in the EGF is described. Chapter six analyses the implications of long-term trends to the the EGF’s potential. This study ends with final conclusions and policy recommendations for the Dutch and other EGF Member States. Details: The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael, 2009. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2010 at: http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2009/20090400_cscp_gendarmerie_weger.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Europe URL: http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2009/20090400_cscp_gendarmerie_weger.pdf Shelf Number: 119895 Keywords: Military Police Administration Policing Security

Author: Cambridge Review Committee Title: Missed Opportunities, Shared Responsibilities: Final Report of the Cambridge Review Committee Summary: The Cambridge Review Committee was appointed to investigate the circumstances that led to the arrest of Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr. by Cambridge police Sergeant James Crowley on July 16, 2010 at Gates’s rented home on Ware Street (Cambridge, MA). The 12-member committee, chaired by Chuck Wexler, executive director of the Police Executive Research Forum, and including experts from across the nation, found that the events escalated because of misunderstandings and failed communications between the two men. Details: Cambridge, MA: The Committee, 2010. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/Cambridge%20Review_FINAL.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.cambridgema.gov/CityOfCambridge_Content/documents/Cambridge%20Review_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 119898 Keywords: Police-Community Relations Policing Race Relations Racial Profiling

Author: Title: Policing in Afghanistan: Still Searching for a Strategy Summary: Police reform in Afghanistan is receiving more attention and resources than ever before, but such increased efforts are still yet to be matched by significant improvements in police effectiveness and public confidence. Too much emphasis has continued to be placed on using the police to fight the insurgency rather than crime. Corruption and political appointments are derailing attempts to professionalise the force. The government and the international community need to reinforce the International Policing Coordination Board (IPCB) as the central forum for prioritising efforts and drive forward with much greater unity of effort. Tangible steps such as appointing a career police commissioner and establishing community liaison boards will build professionalism and wider outreach. A national police force able to uphold the rule of law is crucial to state-building and would help tackle the root causes of alienation that drive the insurgency. Details: Kabur/Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2008. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Briefing No. 85: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ICG_Afghanistan_Policing_StillSearchingForStrategy.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/ICG_Afghanistan_Policing_StillSearchingForStrategy.pdf Shelf Number: 119911 Keywords: Corruption Police Reform Policing

Author: Jamaica. Ministry of National Security Title: A New Era of Policing in Jamaica: Transforming the JCF. The Report of the JCF Strategic Review Panel Summary: The pattern and high incidence of criminality in Jamaica over recent years has sparked profound concern at the local, national and international levels. Current trends in violent crime reflect deep-rooted social problems and a lack of social cohesion. General public distrust of the police and incidences of police corruption have created an uneasy distance between the police and citizens. This hinders investigative efforts as many persons are afraid or unwilling to come forward as witnesses and a majority of serious crimes remain unsolved or unreported. The security situation and ineffective security governance arrangements undermine Jamaica’s ability to establish and maintain a viable economy that can sustain acceptable levels of well-being for the majority of its citizens. Finally, it is widely believed that the security situation is deteriorating and that decisive action is required to turn the situation around quickly and fundamentally. It is against this backdrop that, in mid 2007, the Ministry of National Security (MNS) commissioned a strategic review of the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF). A strategic review panel, comprising domestic and international experts, was established for this purpose. Our mandate was to create a new vision for security governance within Jamaica. As part of this, we were to review the governance, management structures, key infrastructure, standards and performance of the JCF and make appropriate recommendations for reform. The major objectives in accomplishing this included: • enhancement of accountability mechanisms governing the operations of the JCF; • the development of recommendations to ensure professionalism, efficiency and enhanced competence of the entire organisation; • establishment of appropriate standards in recruitment, training and professional development to ensure adherence to internationally accepted best practices; • improvement of public confidence in policing; • review of the legislative and administrative framework governing the JCF, including the Jamaica Constabulary Force Act. Our task was to develop a set of proposals that would enable the Government of Jamaica (GoJ) to meet its responsibilities towards ensuring a safe and secure Jamaica through a properly governed, professional and accountable police service working in partnership with other elements of government and civil society. Our approach involved reviewing available documentation and literature relating to JCF performance, together with a series of public consultations and discussions with stakeholders from the JCF, the Government and civil society. The consultations were intended to provide the perspectives and views of citizens and stakeholders with regards to their experience of the police and policing reform. These were supplemented by four targeted reviews commissioned to examine the legislation and policy framework supporting police governance, as well as the JCF management structure. We also reflected upon the six previous reviews of the JCF conducted over the last two decades and the efforts made by the JCF during that period to achieve a fundamental move towards becoming a modern police service. This report sets out an integrated suite of recommendations that if implemented in a coordinated fashion, will bring about this fundamental reform and enable the Government to meet is responsibility for a safe and secure Jamaica. Details: Kingston, Jamaica: Ministry of National Security, 2008. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2010 at: http://www.mns.org.jm/picture_library/pdfs/JCF%20Strategic%20Review%202008.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Jamaica URL: http://www.mns.org.jm/picture_library/pdfs/JCF%20Strategic%20Review%202008.pdf Shelf Number: 119923 Keywords: Community Policing Corruption Police Reform Policing

Author: Dziedzic, Michael Title: Haiti: Confronting the Gangs of Port-au-Prince Summary: Although ostensibly criminal in nature, the gangs of Port-au-Prince were an inherently political phenomenon. Powerful elites from across the political spectrum exploited gangs as instruments of political warfare, providing them with arms, funding, and protection from arrest. Beginning in 2006 and reaching its culmination in February 2007, the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) conducted a series of successful military and police operations against armed gangs, based in sanctuaries in Cité Soleil and other urban slums, that had terrorized the populace. The campaign resulted in the arrest of principal gang leaders and some eight hundred of their followers. UN operations followed a public announcement by Haiti’s president, René Préval, that the gangs must “surrender or die,” and a private request to the United Nations to take armed action. Préval’s call for action came after efforts to negotiate with the gangs proved futile. Antigang operations involved the Haiti National Police (HNP), the country’s only security force. HNP support for, and direct engagement in, these operations was essential to their success. Haitian police SWAT teams arrested most of the gang leaders. Although the UN assaults resulted in civilian casualties and extensive property damage, the great majority of Cité Soleil residents surveyed believed that the UN crackdown was justified. If MINUSTAH had not been willing and able to confront the gang threat, the likely consequences would have been the collapse of the Préval administration and the failure of the UN mission. The United Nations must be capable of mounting assertive operations to enforce its mandates, and it can succeed in such operations under the proper conditions if it summons the necessary resolve. MINUSTAH’s success in confronting the gang threat suggests that the conditions needed for successful mandate enforcement include unity of effort among mission leadership, local buy-in and support, actionable intelligence to guide operations, effective employment of Formed Police Units (FPUs), integrated planning of military, police, and civilian assistance efforts to fill the void left by the displacement of illegal armed groups, and holistic reform of, and international support for, the legal system. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Reprot 208: Accessed October 12, 2010 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr208.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr208.pdf Shelf Number: 119927 Keywords: Gangs Policing Violent Crime

Author: Ogilvie, James M. Title: Impact of Police Numbers on Crime Summary: The purpose of this report is to provide a review of the literature exploring the impact of police resourcing levels (i.e.: staff numbers) and deployment/activities on crime, measured through recorded crime, cleared or resolved crime, apprehension or arrests and/or prosecutions. Research examining the relationship between police numbers and crime has produced conflicting findings. While most studies have found that there is no discernable relationship, several studies suggest that police contribute to reduced crime levels through deterrence, although reductions have been found to vary on the basis of crime type. The review draws no clear conclusions about how the deployment of police (i.e., how they spend their time) impacts on crime. Both police activity and criminal activity are mutually interactive, making any connection between police numbers and crime difficult to explain. The review of the literature supports six broad conclusions: 1. Police employment and crime rates are reciprocally related, meaning that changes in either variable may have flow-on effects to the other. 2. There is evidence to support the assumption that increased crime levels lead to increased police numbers. 3. Theoretical and methodological problems in the study of police strength and crime have contributed to the conflicting results across studies. 4. There is no consistent body of evidence to support the notion that increasing police numbers is an effective method of reducing violent crime. 5. While the most consistent finding across studies is that increasing police numbers has no effect on crime levels, recent studies suggest that increased police numbers are associated with reductions in crime rates for specific crimes. 6. The effects of increased police numbers has been found to vary across a number of factors, including crime types, police activities, organisational structures and environmental demands, and the social characteristics of places. The findings outlined in this report have several implications for modelling the effects of police numbers and activities on crime. Foremost, a broader range of explanatory variables should be considered to parameterise more sophisticated and ecologically valid simulation models of police processes. Additional empirical research is required to disentangle the complex relationships between police numbers, deployment, and activities on recorded crime rates and apprehensions. This research should form the basis of future simulation modelling efforts. Details: Mt. Gravatt, Australia: Griffith University, Justice Modelling @ Griffith, 2008. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 15, 2010 at: http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/208027/Impact-of-Police-Numbers-on-Crime-2008-Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: International URL: http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/208027/Impact-of-Police-Numbers-on-Crime-2008-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 119977 Keywords: Police Officers Police Performance Policing

Author: Langton, Lynn Title: Gang Units in Large Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 2007 Summary: This report presents data from the first nationwide study of specialized police units dedicated solely to addressing gang activity. The report details the operations of gang units, including intelligence gathering approaches, investigational tactics, gang suppression techniques, law enforcement agency support work, and gang prevention activities. Other topics include the characteristics of gang unit officers, officer training and gang unit selection requirements, intelligence sharing, and gang unit collaboration with other criminal justice agencies. The report also provides information on the types of gangs and gang activities handled by gang units, and the characteristics of jurisdictions served by gang units. Highlights include the following: In 2007, 365 of the nation's large (100 or more sworn officers) police departments and sheriffs' offices had specialized gang units, employing a median of 5 officers per unit and more than 4,300 full-time equivalent sworn officers nationwide; Most gang units focused more on developing specialized knowledge about area gangs, gang members, and gang activities than on suppression and support functions; Over 60% of gang units spent the greatest percentage of time either gathering gang intelligence (33% of units) or investigating gang activities (32%) in 2007; and Nearly all (98%) specialized gang units shared criminal intelligence information with neighboring law enforcement agencies. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2010 at: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/gulllea07.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/gulllea07.pdf Shelf Number: 119994 Keywords: Gang Units Gangs Police Agencies Policing

Author: Blasi, Gary Title: Has the Safer Cities Initiative in Skid Row Reduced Serious Crime? Summary: The “Safer Cities Initiative” launched in Los Angeles’ Skid Row in September, 2006, represents one of the most intense concentrations of police resources anywhere, anytime. Although the initiative evolved from earlier plans targeting the homeless population in Skid Row, at its launch and thereafter the Safer Cities Initiative (“SCI”) was publicized as a highly successful crime reduction effort, one relying on the “broken windows” thesis. According to this theory, a crackdown on less serious violations (as in the 1,000 citations per month being written in Skid Row for littering, crosswalk violations, etc.) will lead to a reduction in more serious crime. And, indeed, crime has fallen in Skid Row. An earlier report documented the history and results of the Initiative, but raised questions about whether the observed reduction in crime was in fact the result of the SCI. Only limited data were considered, however, In order to address this question more fully, we obtained the crime report data for every serious or violent crime reported to LAPD as having occurred in LAPD’s Central Area (which includes Skid Row), between January 1, 2005 and May 21, 2008. In order to simplify statistical analysis and avoid the effects of seasonal variations in crime, we examined in detail the data regarding crimes in the year prior to the launch of SCI (September 26, 2006) and the year after. We compared the data on crimes occurring in Skid Row with those occurring in the remainder of Central Area. We found that, as to overall serious or violent crime, the reduction in crime in the SCI deployment area was not statistically significant from the reduction in the non-SCI area. When we analyzed the data for each category of crime, we found only one area of significant difference: the reduction in robberies was slightly lower in Skid Row. The size of the effect, however, was not impressive: a reduction of about 1 robbery per year for each of the 50 officers assigned to the SCI. Reducing the number of robberies by any number is a positive development. However, given that that Central Area as a whole accounts for less than 5% of the robberies in the City, and that even before SCI, Skid Row accounted for only a fraction of the robberies in Central Area, we question whether the costs of this extended deployment of officers in a 50 square block area justify the results. Details: Los Angeles, CA: University of California - Los Angeles, School of Law, 2008. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 25, 2010 at: http://cdn.law.ucla.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/missing%20files/did_safer_cities_reduce_crime_in_skid_row.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://cdn.law.ucla.edu/SiteCollectionDocuments/missing%20files/did_safer_cities_reduce_crime_in_skid_row.pdf Shelf Number: 120069 Keywords: Crackdowns Crime Prevention Homelessness Policing Robberies Violent Crime

Author: Weston, Nicola Title: Business Policing Model: Business Policing Team Summary: This document reports key findings from research undertaken to inform the development of an evidence-based approach to the policing of business communities. Whilst the police have for a long time acknowledged that some businesses are the perpetrators and victims of crime, there has been an increasing recognition that, to date, the reality of the delivery of policing services to businesses has been rather one-dimensional. That is, the approach adopted has been largely focused upon economic crime issues and has failed to grasp the heterogeneity of the make-up of business communities and their needs. The lack of nuance and texture to the policing of business communities has been bought into particularly sharp relief when set against the developments that have occurred over recent years in relation to the policing of residential communities. Through the auspices of the national roll-out of the Neighbourhood Policing programme, there have been significant improvements in the quality of service provided to residential communities and the ability of policing agencies to understand and respond to the genuine needs of these communities. The aim of the wider action research programme of which this research study is a part is to leverage a similar step-change in the way that the policing of business communities is undertaken. The ultimate goal being to design and test a model of Business Policing that can be introduced into different situations and contexts. In the current economic climate the kinds of improvements that the Business Policing Model programme is seeking to design and test are potentially very significant. The jobs and services that businesses provide, is part of the social infrastructure that contributes to the overall vitality and well-being of communities. In preventing and responding to the crimes and disorders that businesses encounter and experience, police have a key role in shaping the environment in which businesses can develop and prosper, with the associated secondary benefits that flow from such a situation. The philosophy guiding both the empirical research and the wider programme of interventions is that the starting point for the effective policing of business communities is to understand the needs and expectations of businesses in all their varied forms. It is this sense of understanding that this report seeks to facilitate. Based upon a combination of qualitative and quantitative data collected via interviews and questionnaires with businesses of different types and sizes, ranging from large multi-national corporations through to small-medium enterprises, the analysis set out herein seeks to cover the following issues: • Current experiences of crime, disorder and policing from the perspectives of businesses of different types; • Recognising that businesses and workers may have markedly different needs and expectations; • Outline potential responses to these issues that collectively would constitute the key components of a Business Policing Model. Details: Cardiff: Police Science Institute, Cardiff University, 2008(?). 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2010 at: http://www.upsi.org.uk/resources/BPM%20Research%20Phase%201.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.upsi.org.uk/resources/BPM%20Research%20Phase%201.pdf Shelf Number: 120109 Keywords: Business Community Businesses and Crime Crime Prevention Economic Crimes Policing

Author: Holgersson, Stefan Title: Dialogue Police: Experiences, Observations and Opportunities Summary: Dialogue police work is part of the Swedish National Special Police Tactics. During the last five years the Swedish Police have developed methods and approaches to policing situations which are or might become dangerous in everyday police work and at major events through implementing National Police Tactics which build on dialogue, de-escalation and non-confrontation. To handle high risk crowd events Special Police Tactics (SPT) are applied and a national reinforcement organisation consisting of police from the three largest police counties, is used all over the country when needed. The organisation consists of nationally trained commanders, uniformed police officers in mobile units, dialogue police officers, and plainclothes arrest officers and transport units. Through research in different European countries both at high risk demonstrations and football matches earlier perceptions of crowds as always being dangerous has been replaced by modern crowd psychology which focuses on processes within groups and between groups. Through this knowledge special tactics police now consists of an integrated strategie approach based on principles which can prevent and de-escalate conflicts and confrontations: knowledge, facilitation, communication as well as differentiation. By applying these principles self-policing (crowds keeping the order by themselves) can be promoted. These research based conflict reducing principles challenge the police to learn and understand more about the cultural norms of the crowds and their legitimate intentions, to facilitate peaceful protests, to communicate the intentions of the police and when crimes are committed to make interventions discriminately. One crucial factor in the development of Special Police Tactics is the dialogue police function. In this report, the author Stefan Holgersson highlights experiences, observations and possibilities which have emerged mainly during 2002-2007 of the dialogue police function within Stockholm Police Authority. The report is unique as it describes from within the police organization the developments of the dialogue function as the author is a police officer and a researcher. Examples of dialogue work are described to illustrate how the dialogue police functions as a link between the police command and organizers of demonstrations and manifestations before, during and after an event. The work is a long term one, building long term trust and making the police actions transparent and coherent. The dialogue police has an important role in informing demonstrators on how police operations focus on both contributing to peaceful protests and security and on setting limits to what is acceptable in order to avoid personal injuries and riots at major events. In the report Special Police Tactics and dialogue work is related to research and theories within crowd management. Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Police Board, 2010. 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2010 at: http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/01%20Polisen%20nationellt/Engelskt%20informationsmaterial/Dialogue_bok100630Webb.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.polisen.se/Global/www%20och%20Intrapolis/Informationsmaterial/01%20Polisen%20nationellt/Engelskt%20informationsmaterial/Dialogue_bok100630Webb.pdf Shelf Number: 120147 Keywords: Crowd Control Demonstrations and Protests Policing Riots

Author: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Bra) Title: Evaluation of the K-model (The Kronoberg Model) Summary: The K-model is a working model used by the police that aims to prevent young people from drinking alcohol in public places and, as an extension to this, to contribute towards reducing juvenile violence in these environments. The model was developed by the police in Kronoberg County (hence The K-model), which is one of Sweden’s 21 Counties and also one of the 21 County Police Authorities. The police’s own experiences and follow-ups of the model indicated that it was both possible to manage in a good way and had the capacity to reduce juvenile violence. . Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, 2009. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: English Summary of Bra rerpot No. 2009:5: Accessed December 2, 2010 at: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Evaluation_of_the_K_model_summary.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/091229/c81e66bdea74d8ac3314be4e8c4d531f/Evaluation%255fof%255fthe%255fK%255fmodel%255fsummary.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Evaluation_of_the_K_model_summary.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/091229/c81e66bdea74d8ac3314be4e8c4d531f/Evaluation%255fof%255fthe%255fK%255fmodel%255fsummary.pdf Shelf Number: 120360 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Sweden) Juvenile Offenders Juvenile Violence Policing

Author: Gascon, George Title: Making Policing More Affordable: Managing Costs and Measuring Value in Policing Summary: This paper tries to create space for a careful conversation about the challenge of paying for policing. It starts by asking two questions. First, what is driving up police expenditures? Are police departments growing and providing more services to more people, are the costs of providing these same services simply going up, or are other factors responsible for the increase? Second, what have cities and their residents received in return for their investment in policing? Are there fewer crimes, a greater sense of safety and more satisfaction with police services? What has happened to the bottom line in policing? How have communities benefited from the new spending? This paper tries to answer these questions by examining the costs of policing in one city, Mesa, Ariz. The authors could not collect information from enough departments across the United States to systematically compare costs in midsized cities, so this paper instead compares spending in Mesa over the last decade with the spending of neighboring cities in Arizona and with 10 similarly sized jurisdictions that shared their budget data with the authors. The paper also examines the impact of this new spending, using such conventional measures of police value as the amount of recorded crime, citizens’ sense of safety and call response times. Despite the limitations of these measures, which numerous academics, police chiefs and the Commission on the Accreditation of Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) have repeatedly pointed out, they remain the indicators that shape professional assessments of the value of policing. Because they are still the “measures that matter,” this paper relies on them to evaluate the impact of new police spending on communities. Finally, the paper considers a series of tactics now being tested in a few cities and police departments for managing the rising costs of policing, including efforts to cut spending, raise productivity and re-engineer operations. Perhaps none of these tactics, by themselves or in combination, yields a sustainable strategy for paying for policing in the future. But their consideration here should support future conversations about restructuring police services, reorganizing departments, and building new measures of the value of policing that the present financial crisis demands. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management; Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, national Institute of Justice, 2010. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing, December 2010: Accessed December 17, 2010 at: http://cms.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/programs/criminal-justice/NewPerspectivesPolicing-MakingPolicingMoreAffordable-Dec2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://cms.hks.harvard.edu/var/ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/programs/criminal-justice/NewPerspectivesPolicing-MakingPolicingMoreAffordable-Dec2010.pdf Shelf Number: 120545 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Criminal Justice Expenditures Policing

Author: Northern Ireland Policing Board Title: Human Rights Thematic Review: Children & Young People Summary: This report examines how well the police service in Northern Ireland met its human rights obligations when working with children and young people. The Review looks specifically at how the PSNI meet their human rights obligations in some key areas relating to children and young people. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Policing Board, 2011. 137p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2011 at: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/human_rights_thematic_enquiry_children___young_people_final_pdf.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/human_rights_thematic_enquiry_children___young_people_final_pdf.pdf Shelf Number: 120650 Keywords: Child Protection Human Rights (Northern Ireland) Policing

Author: Weisburd, David Title: Police Science: Toward a New Paradigm Summary: This paper urges the police to take ownership and make use of science in the policing task. The authors commend the police industry for embracing innovative management strategies and crime control and prevention policies over the last two decades, but argue that as a whole, the profession has been hesitant to adopt scientific, evidence-based policies and practices resulting in a fundamental disconnect between science and policing. The authors discuss existing research that supports their contention and lay out a proposal for a new, science-based policing paradigm. They describe the adoption this paradigm as necessary if the police industry is to "retain public support and legitimacy, cope with recessionary budget cuts, and...alleviate the problems that have become part of the policing task." Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management; Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2011. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed February 2, 2011 at: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/228922.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/228922.pdf Shelf Number: 120661 Keywords: Police Reform Policing

Author: New York City Police Department, Counterterrorism Bureau Title: Active Shooter: Recommendations and Analysis for Risk Mitigation Summary: Active shooter attacks are dynamic incidents that vary greatly from one attack to another. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) defines an active shooter as “an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area.” In its definition, DHS notes that, “in most cases, active shooters use firearms(s) and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims.” The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has limited this definition to include only those cases that spill beyond an intended victim to others. The type of police response to an active shooter attack depends on the unique circumstances of the incident. In the event of such an attack, private security personnel should follow the instructions of the first-responders from the NYPD. Because active shooter attacks are dynamic events, the NYPD cannot put forward a single set of best-practices for private security response to such incidents. However, the NYPD has compiled a list of recommendations for building security personnel to mitigate the risks from active shooter attacks. The recommendations draw on previous studies of active shooter attacks and are presented in Part II. The NYPD developed these recommendations based on a close analysis of active shooter incidents from 1966 to 2010. This Compendium of cases, presented in the Appendix, includes 281 active shooter incidents. It is organized chronologically by type of facility targeted, including office buildings, open commercial areas, factories and warehouses, schools, and other settings. The NYPD performed a statistical analysis on a subset of these cases to identify common characteristics among active shooter attacks. This analysis is presented in Part III and the underlying methodology is presented in Part IV. The analysis found a large degree of variation among attacks across some broad categories, including: sex of the attacker, age of the attacker, number of attackers, planning tactics, targets, number of casualties, location of the attack, weapons used, and attack resolution. Details: New York: New York City Police Department, 2011. 179p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 2, 2011 at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/counterterrorism/ActiveShooter.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/counterterrorism/ActiveShooter.pdf Shelf Number: 120664 Keywords: Policing Private Security Security Guards Shooting Terrorism Violent Crime Weapons

Author: Sparrow, Malcolm K. Title: Governing Science Summary: This paper argues that the emphasis on using evidence-based practices (EBP) from social science research and methodology to establish operational and program agendas for policing practice only limits and distracts from more relevant and substantive contributions from natural sciences methodology (e.g., pattern recognition); traditionally productive avenues of observation, investigation and inquiry (e.g., crime analysis); and problem-oriented policing as more effective responses to crime in communities. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management; Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2011. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed February 2, 2011 at: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232179.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/232179.pdf Shelf Number: 120671 Keywords: Crime Analysis Policing Problem Oriented Policing

Author: Great Britain. Criminal Justice Joint Inspection Title: Restriction and Rehabilitation: Getting the Right Mix. An Inspection of the Management of Sexual Offenders in the Community Summary: The proportion of sexual offenders who are reconvicted of further offending is known to be low. Nevertheless, their subsequent crimes understandably cause considerable public concern. In taking this inspection forward, we wanted to see how far the police and probation services were able to fulfil their different roles in controlling and restricting the offender, whilst at the same time offering them help to change their behaviour. In other words, whether they were able to maintain the right mix, so necessary for public protection, between Restriction and Rehabilitation in work with registered sexual offenders. We were aware, from our Offender Management Inspections of all probation trusts, that work with offenders assessed as an increased Risk of Harm to others was generally of a higher standard than that with other offenders. We were therefore not surprised to find many examples of good practice by both police and probation. These related particularly to the restrictive elements of work with sexual offenders and included: consolidating practice relating to the notification requirements for registered sex offenders; use of the sexual offences prevention order; monitoring licence conditions; and the multi-agency public protection arrangements (MAPPA) with more serious cases. The inspection, nevertheless, revealed a number of areas where practice by both police and probation could be improved. In our opinion the three main issues, all key to public protection, threatened to undermine the efficacy of work with registered sexual offenders by both the police and probation services. These were: 􀀛 engagement: some probation offender managers did not engage well with those sexual offenders who were not required to attend a Sexual Offender Treatment Programme 􀀛 communication: formal channels of communication, both within and between police and probation services, needed to be improved 􀀛 MAPPA: specifically the identification and management of level 1 cases, i.e. those subject to ‘ordinary agency management’. Details: London: Criminal Justice Joint Inspection, 2010. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 3, 2011 at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-probation/docs/Sex_Offenders_Report-rps.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.justice.gov.uk/inspectorates/hmi-probation/docs/Sex_Offenders_Report-rps.pdf Shelf Number: 120682 Keywords: Community Supervision Policing Probation Recidivism Rehabilitation Sex Offenders (U.K.)

Author: Demers, Simon Title: Vancouver Police Department Patrol Deployment Study Summary: In September 2003, the Vancouver Police Department (VPD) embarked on a strategic planning exercise, followed by a study to identify the Department’s overall staffing requirements. The result was the creation of the VPD Strategic Plan 2004-2008, which articulates the VPD’s vision of becoming “Canada’s leader in policing – providing safety for all.” The VPD Strategic Plan identified several policing priorities including implementing best practices and improving community safety by: 􀂃 Reducing property crime 􀂃 Reducing violence against the vulnerable 􀂃 Reducing violence caused by gangs and guns 􀂃 Improving traffic safety 􀂃 Reducing street disorder In October 2004, the VPD completed the long-range Staffing Report. This report presented a request for an increase of 469 officers and 170 civilian staff over and above existing authorized levels of 1,124 and 231.5 respectively over a five year period. Following the publication of the 2004 Staffing Report, the City and the Vancouver Police Board agreed to create a Steering Committee who hired a team of consultants from the University College of the Fraser Valley (UCFV) to conduct an independent review of the VPD’s staffing needs. The consultants identified an immediate need for an increase of 92 sworn officers and 55 civilians. A major concern of the consultants was the unacceptably high response times for priority 1 calls (emergency calls that require immediate police attention). They also identified a serious shortage of analytical and planning staff in the Planning and Research Section (P&R) who could conduct proper quantitative analysis.The authors of the Review of the Vancouver Police Department’s Staffing Requirements noted that the VPD did not, at the time the staffing report was prepared, have the capacity to conduct regular analysis of data on calls for service, response times and utilization rates. As well, the Department had only a limited capacity to conduct the types of analyses that would be required to determine appropriate staffing levels and conduct intelligence-led policing, a best practice in North American police services. The authors also noted that a key indicator of the ability of a police service to meet the demands for service is the response time to priority 1 calls. These are emergency or high priority calls for service that are potentially life threatening and require immediate police attention. An analysis of the VPD dispatch data revealed that the average response time for patrol units to priority 1 calls was the slowest in North America and well above the best practice of 7 minutes. The consultants underlined that these slow response times were placing the community at risk and required immediate attention. Ultimately, the Review of the Vancouver Police Department’s Staffing Requirements recommended that a study of patrol deployment be conducted in order to: 1. Determine the number of sworn officers and supervisors required now and in the immediate future. 2. Prepare a plan for deploying the required number of patrol officers and supervisors most cost-effectively, by shift and patrol area, in response to temporal and geographic incidence of crime, demands for non-crime services, and the policing approach selected by the department. 3. Develop schedules for assigning required manpower most productively and equitably. This report presents the results of this study. Details: Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Police Department, 2007. 1335p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2011 at: http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/studies/vpd-study-patrol-deployment.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Canada URL: http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/studies/vpd-study-patrol-deployment.pdf Shelf Number: 120743 Keywords: Police Administration (Vancouver, BC) Police Patrol (Vancouver, BC) Policing

Author: Toronto Police Title: School Resource Officer Program: 2008/2009 Evaluation Summary: The evaluation of the School Resource Officer Program focussed on measuring related perceptions of students, teachers/administrators, parents and SROs in those schools where a School Resource Officer was assigned. Over 11,500 surveys were distributed in October 2008 and again in May 2009. The surveys were designed to benchmark and measure changes in perception of safety in and around the schools, relations with police, student comfort with and willingness to report crime and victimization to the police, and overall value of the program. The evaluation also included an analysis of crimes and victimization in and around the schools, and a review of the activities of the School Resource Officers. The evaluation found that most students felt safe at school and in the neighbourhood around the school before (October 2008) and after (May 2009) the SRO program. Students who spoke informally to their SRO officer during the school year, and those who thought an SRO was a good idea were more likely to say they felt safe in school, while students who thought the program was a bad idea were more likely to say they did not feel safe. Student opinion of the SRO program did not have a significant effect on their perception of safety in the neighbourhood around the school. With regard to student comfort with the police, there was an increase in reporting by students who had been a victim of crime, but no similar increase in reporting to police when students had witnessed a crime. Students who informally talked to the SRO and students who approached the SRO to talk about a problem were more likely to report being the victim of a crime or having witnessed a crime. The frequency with which students approached the SRO to talk about a problem did not affect their willingness to report. Students who thought the SRO was a good idea were more likely to report victimization, while those students who thought the SRO was a bad idea were more likely to report a crime they had witnessed. The perceived relationships between students and police improved during the school year. The proportion of students who felt the relationship between police and students was good or excellent, increased from 56% to 67%; those who thought the relationship was excellent almost doubled over the school year. Almost half of the students at the beginning of the year said they wanted the SRO to make presentations at the school, and when an SRO coached a sports team or headed-up an extra curricular activity, most students believed that it was a very good/okay idea. Most administrators and teachers felt safe at school and in the neighbourhood around the school both before and after the SRO program. Similar to the students, the proportion of administrators/teachers who believed that the relationship between police and students in their school was good or excellent increased during the school year; those who believed the relationship between police and students was excellent almost doubled. Although most parents, in both October and May, were more likely to feel their child was ‘reasonably’ rather than ‘very’ safe, their perception of their child’s safety at school improved over the year. Parents at the beginning and end of the school year felt positively about having an SRO assigned to their child’s school; over 90% in October 2008 and May 2009 said it was a very good or okay idea, while only 2% said it was a bad idea. School Resource Officers felt more a part of the school management team at the end of the school year than at the start; they also felt that conditions involving supportive/positive relationships with the school administration and/or teachers were important for performing their SRO duties. The SROs identified a number of challenges to performing their duties (e.g. unwelcoming or isolated office space, lack of information, and issues related to transportation). By the end of the school year, most SROs felt that students were comfortable with them. In 2008/09 there were decreases in reported offences both on school grounds and within 200 metres of the school, over all the times that were examined. Overall, the evaluation finds that the School Resource Officer program demonstrated a number of positive effects on schools and students, particularly those students who had interacted with the SROs. The SRO program has the potential to be increasingly beneficial to crime prevention, crime reporting and relationship building, in the schools and in surrounding neighbourhoods. Details: Toronto: Toronto Police, 2009. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed March 10, 2011 at: http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/reports/2008,2009-sro_evaluation_program.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://www.torontopolice.on.ca/publications/files/reports/2008,2009-sro_evaluation_program.pdf Shelf Number: 120966 Keywords: Policing School Crime School Resource Officers (Toronto) School Safety

Author: Queensland. Crime and Misconduct Commission Title: Police Move-On Powers: A CMC Review of their Use Summary: Move-on powers enable police to issue a direction to individuals or groups to move on or leave a public place. Move-on powers are intended to give police powers to respond to antisocial behaviour and thus facilitate improved perceptions of community safety. The powers are also seen as having the potential to divert people away from the criminal justice system. Queensland Police Service (QPS) officers have had the power to issue a move-on direction since 1997. Before 2006, the use of these powers was restricted to certain geographical locations. Over time, there has been an incremental expansion of the areas in which police can apply the laws. On 1 June 2006, new laws were introduced to expand the use of move-on powers to all public places in Queensland. These new laws also required the CMC to review the use of move-on powers as soon as practicable after 31 December 2007. The statewide expansion of the move-on powers occurred at a time when public attention was focused on antisocial behaviour and the mechanisms available to police to effectively prevent and respond to such behaviour. Significantly, the then Minister for Police and Corrective Services, the Hon. J Spence, established the Safe Youth Parties Taskforce (SYPT) in response to incidents of youth parties being gate-crashed and associated youth violence. This taskforce recommended the geographical expansion of the move-on laws (SYPT 2006). The debate surrounding the expansion of the powers centred on a number of issues, most of which stem from the discretionary nature of the law and the way in which police can apply it. In the large part, move-on powers are not complaint driven but rather are used by police in the routine activities associated with the policing of public spaces. When faced with a situation involving a person’s behaviour or presence in a public place, police officers will use their discretion to determine which response is most appropriate in the circumstance. Such responses can range from doing nothing, to unofficially encouraging the individual or group to relocate, to officially directing them to move on, and to using another power to arrest. Concerns were expressed that move-on powers would be misused by police officers. In particular, it was feared that those people living and regularly moving within public spaces, such as young people, homeless people and Indigenous people, would be disproportionately affected by the move-on law and would be displaced to another public space or drawn into the criminal justice system. It was also claimed that the law would enable the police to carry out ‘back-door’ regulation of public spaces, allowing them to remove people who were seen as ‘undesirable’. Views that personal biases, prejudices and stereotyping may influence a police officer’s decision-making processes were also raised. These concerns guided our review and focused our research efforts on the following key questions: How are police using move-on powers? 2. What role do move-on powers play in policing public order? 3. What is guiding or influencing the use of move-on powers? Details: Brisbane: Queensland Crime and Misconduct Commission, 2011. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 15, 2011 at: http://www.cmc.qld.gov.au/data/portal/00000005/content/80468001292819166771.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.cmc.qld.gov.au/data/portal/00000005/content/80468001292819166771.pdf Shelf Number: 121008 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior (Australia) Disorderly Conduct Policing Public Places Public Space

Author: Filho, Claudio C. Beato Title: Crime, Police and Urban Space Summary: The Brazilian agenda of priorities in the area of public security in the last decade has focussed on the interconnections between three great subjects: (a) violent urban crime, with all the implications of disaggregation and social disorder; (b) urban space, with an emphasis on exclusion, marginality and disorganization; and (c) the police, protagonist of multiple crises and probably one of the most frequent actors in all areas of urban space. In this context, a crucial question is what has been the impact of the police in the control of the violence in Brazil’s urban centres? Few public agencies have such deep participation in the diverse environments of the cities, such frequent interaction with their inhabitants, as the police. This paper will explore the interconnections between these three dimensions of public security, analysing the experience of Belo Horizonte, a Brazilian city of two million inhabitants. We will analyze the impact of a program of police management in which the use of maps was a central strategy. The project was carried out over twenty months, and the results of the evaluation using time series analysis indicate that it had a significant impact on violent crimes rates. Details: Oxford, UK: Centre for Brazilian Studies, University of Oxford, 2005. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper No. CBS-65-05: Accessed March 15, 2011 at: http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/9356/Claudio20Beato2065.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.brazil.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/9356/Claudio20Beato2065.pdf Shelf Number: 121004 Keywords: Crime Mapping Policing Urban Areas Violence (Brazil) Violent Crime

Author: Hoffmaster, Debra A. Title: Police and Immigration: How Chiefs Are Leading their Communities through the Challenges Summary: Local police and sheriffs’ departments increasingly are being drawn into a national debate about how to enforce federal immigration laws. In many jurisdictions, local police are being pressured to take significantly larger roles in what has traditionally been a federal government responsibility. This is not a simple matter for local police. Active involvement in immigration enforcement can complicate local law enforcement agencies’ efforts to fulfill their primary missions of investigating and preventing crime. While no two communities are affected by immigration in the same way, the current system creates a number of challenges for local police, such as understanding an extremely complicated set of federal laws and policies, and working to develop trust and cooperation with undocumented immigrants who are victims of or witnesses to crime. For several years now, PERF has been focusing attention on the question of illegal immigration and its impact on local police departments. Immigration laws are federal statutes, so this is fundamentally a matter for the federal government to decide. But Congress has not been able to pass any comprehensive immigration reform legislation. Arizona’s passage in April 2010 of SB 1070, a new law designed to expand the role of local police in immigration enforcement, and the Obama Administration’s decision to challenge the Constitutionality of this state law in federal court, have focused national attention on the question of federal, state, and local enforcement of immigration laws. In the meantime, many local communities and police agencies are struggling to devise local policies and strategies that reflect their own values and are consistent with the federal government’s efforts, which seem to ebb and flow with changing Administrations. This publication explores the role of six leading police departments in their communities’ immigration debates, and how they navigated the challenges and pressures surrounding the immigration issue. Our six case-study jurisdictions were not chosen at random; these six cities have experienced some of the most contentious local battles on this issue in recent memory. The case studies were conducted between December 2008 and September 2009. The goal of this report is to provide a base of information about what police are currently doing regarding immigration enforcement. Following are brief summaries of the six case studies. Each chapter concludes with a set of lessons learned and guiding principles for dealing with immigration issues. In addition, a concluding chapter includes a set of Recommendations for Congress and the Obama Administration, and Recommendations for Local Police Agencies. These recommendations are based on the lessons learned in the six case studies as well as through a National Summit on Immigration Enforcement held in July 2009 in Phoenix. Details: Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2010. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2011 at: http://www.policeforum.org/library/immigration/PERFImmigrationReportMarch2011.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/library/immigration/PERFImmigrationReportMarch2011.pdf Shelf Number: 121077 Keywords: Illegal Aliens Illegal Immigration Immigrants Immigration Enforcement Immigration Laws Policing

Author: Lum, Cynthia Title: Police Pursuits in an Age of Innovation and Reform: The IACP Police Pursuit Database Summary: The IACP Police Pursuit Database Project is particularly timely, as pursuit policy today is influenced by additional forces than those police faced in the 1970s, 1980s, or even the early 1990s. Factors which traditionally motivated reform in this area drew attention to two often competing values: apprehending and deterring those who break the law, and ensuring the safety of all parties that potentially could be involved. This balance of crime control with safety and liability is a recurrent theme not only in police pursuits but many other activities of which a democratic and modern police agency is engaged. Such a balance can be detected in the evolution of the many legal decisions regarding police pursuits as well as in police pursuit policies. While thinking about this balance is essential in developing pursuit policy, an additional, compelling factor makes discussions of police pursuits especially timely in today’s policing environment. Specifically, there has been an increased demand and use of more proactive deployment and managerial policing innovations since the 1990s. Such innovations include directed (hot spots) patrol, problem-oriented policing, COMPSTAT, crime analysis, information-driven management, zero tolerance, community policing, and evidence-based policing, among others. These innovations change the use and symbolic meaning of police vehicles, in turn significantly altering the nature, frequency, risk, and consequences of high-speed pursuits. It is in both of these contexts – concerns of the balance between deterrence and safety, and the demands of proactive police innovations – that we frame this report. In this final report, we detail IACP’s endeavors in developing the Police Pursuit Database in light of these dual concerns. Thus, not only will we analyze the current data collected by the IACP, but we will also provide a review of existing studies of police pursuits, a discussion of contemporary pursuit policies, and present a broader framework for thinking about pursuits in an age of innovation and reform. In Section 2, we begin by offering an argument as to why this topic is especially relevant in today’s proactive policing environment of COMPSTAT, crime analysis, problem-solving, evidence-based policing, community policing, hot spot patrol and quality of life policing. Placing the discussion of police pursuits in this current context emphasizes and acknowledges that police policy does not occur in a vacuum and must be constantly informed and re-assessed by data, information, and the demands and challenges that police face. Given this new environment, we then examine what evidence does exist regarding police pursuits in Section 3 by reviewing the empirical research in this area. This review provides police managers not only with specific references to existing studies for their reference, but also a general understanding across these studies of what is currently known about the nature, characteristics, and outcomes of reported high-speed vehicular pursuits. This body of research also illustrates how concerns of safety, liability, and police professional management have been the primary force in motivating pursuit research, as opposed to new challenges and demands of proactivity. We then proceed in Section 4 with a content analysis of a sample of pursuit policies from 77 police agencies in the United States in 2007. Indeed, there have been surveys of pursuit policies conducted in the past, and we offer this analysis to present a recent update. To do this, we selected a group of police agencies who participated in the most recently published Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics Survey (LEMAS) conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics using a stratified random sampling approach and requested current written pursuit policies from the heads of those agencies. We then examine and report upon key elements of these policies to highlight the trends of current pursuit practices. The database, its participants during this testing phase, and the pursuit data itself, are then discussed and analyzed in Section 5. Although the agencies which contributed to the database during this testing phase are not a representative sample of all police agencies in the United States (as participation in submitting pursuits to the IACP database was voluntary), the pursuit records collected offer a glimpse into pursuit trends and patterns, with information related to suspects, the police officers involved, the nature of the pursuits and their outcomes. Although it is clear that the IACP data have limitations, compared to other empirical analyses that we found, it is one of the larger samples of pursuit data collected and covers a comparatively large number of agencies across thirty states. Ultimately, the analysis of the IACP data is conducted to improve the use of the database as the project moves forward. Thus, in addition to analyzing the data set to unearth its limitations, we also compare characteristics of the participating agencies with recently collected information about U.S. law enforcement agencies more generally, to understand what types of police departments would be most likely to participate in such an endeavor and who the IACP should direct its focus to increase the use of the database. The 56 participating agencies also completed a small survey conducted by the IACP in 2005 about their experiences using the database, the results of which we present in Section 5. Section 6 then provides the lessons learned from the development and use of the database during this testing phase closing with conclusions and recommendations for both the IACP and also for police agencies. Details: Alexandria, VA: The IACP, 2008. 116p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2011 at: http://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IlJDjYrusBc%3D&tabid=392 Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=IlJDjYrusBc%3D&tabid=392 Shelf Number: 121287 Keywords: Police Deployment Police Pursuit Driving Policing

Author: Royal Canadian Mounted Police Title: RCMP Canadian Firearms Program: Program Evaluation Summary: This report presents a Strategic Evaluation of the Canadian Firearms Program (CFP), in response to a recommendation contained in the Tenth Report of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts1 published in December 2006 in Chapter 4 of the May 2006 Report of the Auditor General of Canada (Canadian Firearms Program (CFP)) and in accordance with the Treasury Board policy on Transfer Payments. The first section of this report includes the profile, performance measures, evaluation, and reporting plans concerning the CFP and has been updated to reflect recent administrative changes and amendments to the day to day operations of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Canadian Firearms Program in the administration of the Firearms Act and the CFP. It also addressees the Auditor General’s recommendation that the CFP develop a results chain and improve performance reporting for the Program. The scope of the strategic evaluation is limited to direct costs incurred by the CFP and RCMP partners in the administration of the CFP (see section 2.5 for a definition of direct and indirect costs). The evaluation covers the key evaluation issues of relevance, success, cost-effectiveness and implementation of the CFP. In October 2007, members of the RCMP’s National Program Evaluation Service (NPES) began conducting provincial interviews for the Canadian Firearms Program. Most of the interviews were arranged in advance and candidates were randomly selected from large groupings where possible. Two (2) opt-in provinces were visited: New Brunswick and Ontario; and three (3) opt-out: British Columbia, Alberta and the territory of Nunavut. The following key findings were summarized from interviews and open source documents. The RCMP’s National Program Evaluation Services reviewed existing literature relating to gun policy and regulatory models, with particular emphasis on public safety issues, including suicide, accidental deaths and homicide. Details: Ottawa: RCMP, 2010. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2011 at: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pubs/fire-feu-eval/eval-eng.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/pubs/fire-feu-eval/eval-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 121309 Keywords: Firearms (Canada) Gun Policy Guns Homicides Policing Weapons

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Violent Crime in America: What We Know About Hot Spots Enforcement Summary: This report is the fourth in a series in which the Police Executive Research Forum focuses on violence in the United States and what local police agencies are doing to prevent homicides, robberies, assaults, and other violent crimes. Once again, PERF has been able to call on our member police chiefs, sheriffs, and other local police officials as well as federal agency leaders and other experts to provide answers to these questions: Are violent crime levels going up or down in your jurisdiction? What kinds of strategies and tactics are you using to fight violent crime? In particular, most of you have told us that “hot spots” enforcement is high on your list of violent crime countermeasures. Please give us all of the details you can about this. Tell us stories that illustrate what hot spots enforcement means to you. A bit of background: In 2005, police chiefs began telling PERF that violent crime seemed to be making an unwelcome comeback in the United States, following a decade in which levels of violence fell dramatically. PERF began tracking this development by conducting surveys of our member police agencies in which we asked them for their most up-to-date statistics on their violent crime levels. We also began convening Violent Crime Summits, where police officials gathered to discuss the survey findings and talk about the latest tactics that seemed effective in pushing violent crime back down. To date, we have conducted four violent crime surveys and organized three Violent Crime Summits. Here’s where we stand in the spring of 2008: Violent crime spiked dramatically in 2005 and 2006, with many jurisdictions showing double-digit percentage increases in homicides and other crimes; PERF’s surveys, while much smaller than the FBI’s massive Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system, seem to be a good sample of jurisdictions, because when the FBI released its UCR figures, they confirmed PERF’s finding of significantly higher violence in 2005 and 2006; Police agencies have responded to the higher crime levels quickly, implementing many types of programs designed to bring violent crime back down. The most common type of violence reduction strategy reported is hot-spots enforcement; It appears that the police anti-violence strategies are having an impact in many jurisdictions. PERF’s latest figures for all of 2007 show that in the same sample of 56 jurisdictions that proved accurate in 2005 and 2006, violent crime fell approximately 4 to 8 percent in all four categories tracked by PERF: homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, and aggravated assault with a firearm. Violent crime does remain volatile, however. Even though the total numbers of violent crimes in PERF’s sample of jurisdictions are down, many cities and counties are still reporting increases in violence. In fact, depending on the type of crime, our most recent numbers for all of 2007 show that 42 to 48 percent of the reporting jurisdictions reported increases in violence. Details: Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2008. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://www.policeforum.org/library/critical-issues-in-policing-series/HotSpots_v4.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/library/critical-issues-in-policing-series/HotSpots_v4.pdf Shelf Number: 121365 Keywords: Crime Clusters Crime Rates Crime Surveys Hot Spots Policing Violence Violent Crime

Author: Wales. National Assembly for Wales. Communities and Culture Committee Title: The Potential Impact of the UK Government’s Police Reform and Social Responsibility Bill for Community Safety in Wales Summary: The report explains that the "evidence provided raised a number of significant concerns as to whether the UK Government‘s proposals will, in Wales, deliver the democratic accountability it is seeking. Moreover, it raises significant questions about the wider financial implications and transparency of the UK Government‘s intended Commissioner model, issues which could have significant implications for community safety in Wales." The report recommends that the Welsh Government has a dialogue with the UK Government to persuade it to defer introducing those aspects of the bill related to the abolition of Police Authorities, and establishment of Police Commissioners and Police Crime Panels in Wales, at least until the effectiveness of their impact in England has been assessed. Details: Cardiff Bay: Communities and Culture Committee, National Assembly for Wales, 2011. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 27 2011 at: http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-guide-docs-pub/bus-business-documents/bus-business-documents-doc-laid/cr-ld8429-e.pdf?langoption=3&ttl=CR-LD8429%20-%20Communities%20and%20Culture%20Committee%20Report%20-The%20potential%20impact%20of%20the%20UK%20Government%26%238217%3Bs%20Police%20Reform%20and%20Social%20Responsibility%20Bill%20for%20Community%20Safety%20in%20Wales Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-guide-docs-pub/bus-business-documents/bus-business-documents-doc-laid/cr-ld8429-e.pdf?langoption=3&ttl=CR-LD8429%20-%20Communities%20and%20Culture%20Committee%20Report%20-The%20potent Shelf Number: 121232 Keywords: Criminal Justice Systems (Wales, U.K.) Police Reform Policing

Author: Baker, Bruce Title: Nonstate Policing: Expanding the Scope for Tackling Africa’s Urban Violence Summary: Worsening urban violence is placing increasing demands on Africa’s police departments. African police forces are typically woefully underresourced, inadequately trained, unaccountable, and distrusted by local communities, leaving them ineffective in addressing these security challenges. Nonstate or community-based policing groups often enjoy local support and knowledge, accessibility, and effectiveness. Accordingly, collaborative state-nonstate policing partnerships represent an underrecognized vehicle for substantially expanding security coverage in Africa’s urban areas in the short term at reasonable cost. Details: Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 2010. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Africa Security Brief, No. 7: Accessed May 3, 2011 at: http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/AfricaBrief-7.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Africa URL: http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/AfricaBrief-7.pdf Shelf Number: 121592 Keywords: Communities and Crime Community Collaboration Policing Urban Areas Violence (Africa) Violent Crime

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: Policing Public Order: An overview and review of progress against the recommendations of Adapting to Protest and Nurturing the British Model of Policing Summary: After a period of relative quiet in public order terms, we have seen increasing protest activity in size, frequency and spread across the United Kingdom. During 2009, and following the G20 protests that April, causes such as animal rights and climate change have continued to feature regularly in the national public order calendar. In the latter part of 2009, the Defence League protests1 and the United Against Fascism (UAF) counter protests gathered momentum – a momentum that has continued throughout 2010 and into 2011. The most recent dimension to public order policing has included the UK Uncut protests directed through Twitter2 and the protests over tuition fees; in particular, the student protests in London during November and December 2010. The schedule on page 12 is just a sample of the events taking place – evidences the change in reach and tempo. Following the student protests in London on 10 November 2010, where greater numbers gathered than had been anticipated by police, and the incursion of the Conservative Party headquarters in Millbank, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson stated that ‘the game has changed’3. The character of protest is evolving in terms of: the numbers involved; spread across the country; associated sporadic violence; disruption caused; short notice or no-notice events, and swift changes in protest tactics. After a few, relatively quiet years, this is a new period of public order policing – one which is faster moving and more unpredictable. Foreseeing the character of events will prove more difficult and, in some cases, their nature and mood will only become apparent on the day. What seems evident is a willingness to disrupt the public and test police. Police tactics have to be as adaptable as possible to the circumstances to keep the peace for all of us. The fine judgement required to strike the right balance between competing rights and needs is getting harder. HMIC’s approach has been to review the progress made in public order policing since the publication of Adapting to Protest in July 2009, and to raise further questions in relation to the need to adapt (which we will re-visit in the course of 2011). Such questions arise from the present flux in public order demands. The issues need to be aired openly, and reflected upon carefully, as they test some of the fundamentals of policing, not least the British practice of policing protest amongst the people - ‘toe to toe’. Details: London: HMIC, 2011. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2011 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/PPR/PPR_20110209.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/SiteCollectionDocuments/PPR/PPR_20110209.pdf Shelf Number: 122052 Keywords: Demonstrations Disorderly Conduct Policing Protest Movements (U.K.) Public Order Policing

Author: Baker, Bruce Title: Supporting Local Forms of Policing and Justice: Lessons from Africa and The Pacific Summary: The trend towards the pluralisation of policing concedes that state police no longer (nor should have) the monopoly in law enforcement, and that local institutions legitimately have a frontline role in the provision of security and policing services for citizens. In developed countries like Australia debate about plural policing is linked to outsourcing of policing responsibilities to the private security and corporate sectors. In Africa and the Pacific, as Baker points out, plural policing is not always a strategic policy decision to outsource policing and security, but rather is simply a reflection of local community initiative, borne of the limited capabilities of a poor and weak state. Localism, as the paper points out, brings many advantages including its complementarity with customary forms of justice and peace-building. It also has vulnerabilities (in common with public policing) to abuses of power and human rights violations. The paper applies a ‘lessons to be learnt’ format, through liberal use of boxed case-studies, with explicit articulation of the implications for international policing missions, as well as the priorities for AUSAID support for justice and law enforcement in the Pacific region. Details: Nathan, Qld: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, 2010. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing Paper: Accessed July 20, 2011 at: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Bruce%20Baker%20FINAL1_.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Bruce%20Baker%20FINAL1_.pdf Shelf Number: 122120 Keywords: Local Policing Plural Policing Police Reform Policing Private Security Privatization

Author: Tyler, Tom R. Title: Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy and Cooperation With the Police: A New Paradigm for Policing Summary: Policing involves potentially one of the most coercive interactions between the State and its citizens. Consequently, understanding the role of legitimacy is a vital issue for modern policing. But what does ‘legitimacy’ mean for policing and from where does it derive? This briefing paper examines these questions, providing an incisive and accessible summary of the key international research findings. Details: Nathan, Qld: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, 2011. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing Paper: Accessed July 20, 2011 at: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Tina%20Murphy%20Briefing%20Paper.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.ceps.edu.au/files/file/Tina%20Murphy%20Briefing%20Paper.pdf Shelf Number: 122121 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police Reform Policing

Author: Victoria. Office of Police Integrity Title: Report of Investigation into Victoria Police Crime Records and Statistical Reporting Summary: Crime statistics are used by Governments and the community as an important indicator of police performance. The demand for statistical data on crime management is driven by an assortment of needs, including measuring the effectiveness of national and local crime reduction strategies and determining the allocation of resources. Public confidence in crime data collection processes and the accuracy of published crime statistics is integral to public confidence in the policing services delivered by Victoria Police. This investigation examines the way data is recorded on Victoria Police’s Law Enforcement Assistance Program (LEAP), particularly as it relates to crime clearance rates. Director of Police Integrity, Michael Strong, commissioned the investigation in August 2009, following a referral from Ombudsman Victoria relating to an allegation that some police were involved in the falsification of police records relevant to crime clearance rates and finilisation of crime records. The investigation initially focused on one of the processes that result in a crime being recorded as ‘cleared’ - the Intent to Summons process. Although the investigation revealed evidence some police were using the process inappropriately to clear crime, the evidence does not establish that this was done corruptly to falsify crime clearance rates. Nevertheless, the investigation exposed that the Intent to Summons process used by Victoria Police is open to manipulation. Signifi cant flaws in the system are exacerbated by a lack of clear policies and instructions and inadequate monitoring processes. Details: Melbourne: Office of Police Integrity, 2011. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2011 at: www.opi.vic.gov.au/file.php?239 Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 122263 Keywords: Crime Statistics (Australia) Police, Records and Correspondence Policing

Author: Salahub, Jennifer Erin, ed. Title: African Women on the Thin Blue Line: Gender-Sensitive Police Reform in Liberia and Southern Sudan Summary: African Women on the Thin Blue Line explores how women in civil society and their female counterparts in the police are experiencing police reform processes in two conflict-affected African contexts: Liberia and Southern Sudan. It highlights the challenges of fully integrating a gender perspective into police reform as well as the many opportunities and strengths of such an approach. Two case-study chapters focus on the perspectives of Liberian and Southern Sudanese women themselves based on interviews and focus group discussions. Targeted policy recommendations are featured at the end of the book and draw on the women's perspectives and analysis conducted by The North-South Institute and our research partners in these developing countries. Details: Ottawa: North-South Institute, 2011. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2011 at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-394234.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Africa URL: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/reliefweb_pdf/node-394234.pdf Shelf Number: 122357 Keywords: Female Police Officers (Liberia and Southern Sudan Police Reform Policing

Author: Yilma, Tekabo Haptemicheal Title: Evaluating the Role of Female Police Leaders in Ethiopia Summary: My goal in this research is to develop guidelines that can help women police officers to reach the most senior managerial levels of the Ethiopian Federal Police (EFP) and to avail themselves of the opportunity to participate in the highest positions of decision-making and leadership. Related to this goal are aspects of the promotion policy of the EFP and leadership concepts. These concepts include characteristics of effective leadership, qualities of a good leader and styles of leadership. The research describes to what extent the requirements of the proclamation on selection and training are applied in practice and shows the status and rights of women police officers compared with those of male police officers. Furthermore, it clearly portrays the negative discrimination arising from cultural and gender chauvinism in relation to the status and rights of women police officers currently serving in the EFP. Finally, it explains the entry of women into policing and the duties and integration of women police officers into a police force. From this point of view, the research has indicated that women officers of the EFP have acquired considerable experience that enhances their efficiency in service delivery. Therefore, it is envisaged that leaders in senior management of the EFP will use this research to increase their understanding of the role of women officers in the EFP, by becoming more aware of the potential leadership qualities of women officers and consequently making relevant amendments to the organisational hierarchy. Details: Pretoria, South Africa, University of South Africa, 2010. 168p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 16, 2011 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4250/dissertation_yilma_t.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2010 Country: Ethiopia URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4250/dissertation_yilma_t.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 122399 Keywords: Female Police Officers (Ethiopia) Police Selection and Training Policing

Author: Arias, Enrique Desmond Title: Introductory Handbook on Policing Urban Space Summary: Over the past 20 years, Governments and civic actors have focused substantially on the question of crime and urban law enforcement efforts. It has come to be recognized that crime is unevenly distributed throughout the world. In certain countries, such as Guatemala, the homicide rate is higher than 30 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, whereas in many other countries, including in Western Europe or South- East Asia, it is more than 10 times lower. Important disparities are also observed between and within regions: in Africa, Egypt, Mauritius and Morocco have homicide rates that are lower than 3 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, far lower than those in South Africa. Discrepancies can also be significant within the same country. In Colombia, for example, the city of Tunja (population 150,000) has a rate of 7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, compared with 128 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of San José del Guaviare (population 50,000). Finally, within the same city, homicide rates can vary significantly from one neighbourhood to another. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, rates vary from 2 to 12 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, depending on the neighbourhood. A recent statistical report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) shows stable or decreasing global homicide trends over the period 2003-2008 for the majority of countries for which data is available in the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Exceptions to the trend include a number of Caribbean and Central and South American countries, including Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), which show significant increases in homicide rates. Research suggests that this may be due, in part, to increases in transnational organized crime, illicit drug trafficking and gang activity. In addition, a slight increase was seen between 2007 and 2008 in a few countries in Europe, demonstrating a need for continued vigilance and effective crime prevention action. Unfortunately, data for a number of countries in Africa and in parts of Asia are not robust enough to provide a clear picture for a useful analysis. Intentional homicide (the intentional killing of one person by another) is one of the most serious forms of crime and a key indicator of violent crime levels in a given country or region. intelligence-led policing, situational crime prevention, the “broken windows” theory and the strategy on crime prevention through environmental design. It also addresses broader principles of managing urban space to control crime and strategies for evaluating crime control programmes. The Handbook includes references to efforts to control crime in an array of countries, including Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. The overall objective of the Handbook is therefore to outline the new, innovative techniques and to explain how they have been applied to address crime problems in low- and middle-income countries. The various programmes, policies and approaches described here can provide law enforcement policymakers, front-line officers, urban planners and other city authorities as well as civil society organizations with basic information about an array of strategies and good governance practices to control crime in rapidly growing cities in low- and middle-income countries. Details: New York: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Criminal Justice Handbook Series: Accessed August 24, 2011 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/11-80387_ebook.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/11-80387_ebook.pdf Shelf Number: 122479 Keywords: Crime Prevention Crime Rates Homicides Law Enforcement Policing Urban Crime

Author: Asch, Beth J. Title: Mitigating Corruption in Government Security Forces: The Role of Institutions, Incentives, and Personnel Management in Mexico Summary: Mexico has undertaken reforms in recent years to professionalize its police. This report draws on the literature on corruption and personnel incentives and analyzes information related to police reform in Mexico. It addresses questions about the roots of corruption and the tools that could be used to mitigate corruption, with a focus on compensation and personnel management policies. It also provides an initial assessment about the effects of Mexico’s attempts at reform. The results suggest progress on some fronts. Although police corruption has remained generally stable at a high level, compared with corruption levels in other organizations, it appears to have fallen. The types of reforms being introduced are consistent with the literature on incentive mechanisms for effective workforce management, though evidence is absent on their effectiveness. The authors argue that continuity in elected officials and their policies, coordination within and between levels of government, and transparency and accountability can contribute to reducing police corruption. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR906.html Year: 2011 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR906.html Shelf Number: 122671 Keywords: Police Corruption (Mexico) Police Misconduct Police Reform Policing

Author: Title: Keeping Haiti Safe: Police Reform Summary: Haiti’s porous land and sea borders remain susceptible to drug trafficking, smuggling and other illegal activities that weaken the rule of law and deprive the state of vital revenue. Post-quake insecurity underscores continued vulnerability to violent crime and political instability. Overcrowded urban slums, plagued by deep poverty, limited economic opportunities and the weakness of government institutions, particularly the Haitian National Police (HNP), breed armed groups and remain a source of broader instability. If the Martelly administration is to guarantee citizen safety successfully, it must remove tainted officers and expand the HNP’s institutional and operational capacity across the country by completing a reform that incorporates community policing and violence reduction programs. The recent elections were only a first step toward determining the future of the country’s reconstruction and development. The real work now requires the political leadership – executive and legislative alike – to make meaningful efforts to address fundamental needs. Key to this is identification of common ground with the political opposition, grass roots communities and business elites, in order to reinforce a national consensus for transforming Haiti that prioritises jobs-based decentralisation, equal protection under the law and community security. President Michel Martelly declared Haiti open for business in his 14 May inaugural address, but a functioning, professional HNP is a prerequisite to move the country forward. Police reform has made significant strides but is far from complete after nearly five years. HNP deficiencies, along with the desire of Martelly supporters to restore the army and nationalistic opposition to the continued presence of the UN peacekeepers (MINUSTAH), contribute to proposals for creating a second armed force. Serious questions surround that problematic notion. If it is pursued, there must be wide consultation with civil society, including grassroots and community-based organisations, and particularly with victims of the old army’s abuses. But first it is paramount to continue strengthening the HNP, by: •completing recruitment, including of women, training and full deployment; •building police integrity by expediting the vetting process for all active duty officers and staff, including creating an appeals structure, so as to rid the force of those who do not meet standards because of human rights violations or criminal activity and to certify those who do, and by taking immediate action to suspend and if appropriate prosecute officers found to be involved in any serious crimes; •revising the reform plan to focus on clearly defined areas for improving the quality of security the HNP provides and building community confidence, such as the training and strengthening of specialised units, crime investigation, border patrol and community policing, while UN police (UNPOL) more actively mentor those efforts; •adopting an organic law for the state secretariat for public security that clarifies its role and those of the other executive branch bodies with responsibilities for the HNP; and •linking police reform with the reconstruction efforts currently coordinated by the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission (IHRC), by deploying better trained police to the provinces as economic decentralisation proceeds. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°26: Accessed September 10, 2011 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/B26%20Keeping%20Haiti%20Safe%20-%20Police%20Reform.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/B26%20Keeping%20Haiti%20Safe%20-%20Police%20Reform.pdf Shelf Number: 122681 Keywords: Law Enforcement Police (Haiti) Police Reform Policing Security

Author: Washington Office on Latin America Title: Tackling Urban Violence in Latin America: Reversing Exclusion through Smart Policing and Social Investment Summary: The report discusses the relative effectiveness of strategies to reduce violence in four different Latin American cities: Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Medellín in Colombia, Ciudad Juárez in Mexico, and Santa Tecla in El Salvador. The four cities are attempting to improve citizen security by combining smart policing strategies and social investment in marginalized communities most affected by crime. In Rio de Janeiro, the government sent a new community police force into favelas long dominated by criminal gangs, and then began to bring in city services. These are new efforts, in a few targeted areas. While there are some complaints about police behavior, many residents report a sense of hope about the future. Time will tell whether government investment will be sustained enough to reduce crime in the long term. In Medellín, an ambitious effort by municipal authorities to increase policing and invest in marginalized hillside communities took place during a lull in the violent competition between criminal gangs. Dramatic reductions in crime were seen for several years. Competition between drug-trafficking groups then reignited, and violence levels have crept back up, but city efforts appear to have kept the violence from returning to earlier levels. In Ciudad Juárez, the government turned to social investment when police and military intervention failed to reduce alarming levels of violence. Social programs are just beginning, and implementation has been troubled and lacks cohesion. But authorities and community groups agree that this is the direction to pursue, only with more resources and better leadership. In Santa Tecla, a multi-year effort led by the city’s mayor has developed community councils and local violence prevention programs. Homicide levels, while still high, have dropped below those of neighboring communities. Among its findings, the report highlights: •The mano dura (iron fist) anti-crime approaches that have been employed by many governments in the region don’t work. Sending police or security forces into communities that have little or no state presence and have long been plagued by violence can often make the situation worse. This is particularly true when officers act with impunity. •Policymakers must take into account that social, political and economic exclusion are the context in which crime and violence take root. Therefore, comprehensive approaches that give attention to “reversing exclusion” by bringing in social services as well as law enforcement are in order. •Citizens whose daily lives are most affected by violence must be involved in designing and implementing solutions for their communities. This means that coordination between government agencies, community groups, service providers and residents is key to developing long-term plans that will achieve a lasting reduction in violence and improvement in residents’ livelihoods. Details: Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2011 at: http://www.wola.org/publications/tackling_urban_violence_in_latin_america_reversing_exclusion_through_smart_policing_and Year: 2011 Country: South America URL: http://www.wola.org/publications/tackling_urban_violence_in_latin_america_reversing_exclusion_through_smart_policing_and Shelf Number: 122937 Keywords: Drug Trafficking Policing Urban Areas Violence (Latin America) Violent Crime

Author: Treverton, Gregory F. Title: Moving Toward the Future of Policing Summary: Some police forces think that 20 years from now they will operate much as they do today, but advances in technology and operating concepts are driving significant changes in day-to-day police operations. This book explores potential visions of the future of policing, based on the drivers of jurisdiction, technology, and threat, and includes concrete steps for implementation. This analysis is based on a review of policing methods and theories from the 19th century to the present day. Recommendations include educating personnel and leaders to build internal support for change, transitioning to shared technical platforms, and leveraging winning technologies. Because criminals will also use new technology that becomes available, the key to the future of policing will not be the technology itself; it will be the ways in which police forces adapt the technology to their needs. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011. 184p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG1102.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2011/RAND_MG1102.pdf Shelf Number: 123051 Keywords: Police Administration Police Reform Police Technology Policing

Author: Social Market Research (U.K.) Title: Views and Experiences of People with Learning Disability in Relation to Policing Arrangements in Northern Ireland Summary: This report aimed at helping to promote the rights of one of the most vulnerable groups in local society - people with learning disabilities. The report is the outcome of a major research project co-funded by the Police Ombudsman’s Office and the Policing Board into the issues faced by people with learning disabilities when dealing with the police and policing organisations. Almost 300 people with learning disabilities, along with key workers and organisations in the learning disability sector, and representatives of the police, policing organisations and criminal justice bodies were consulted during the project. The study found that people with learning disabilities had largely positive views and experiences of the police. But it also found that many instances of bullying and harassment of people with learning disabilities were likely to go unreported because the victims did not realise that they had been a victim of crime, or were unwilling to report it. The report makes a total of 24 recommendations to help ensure that the police and policing organisations respond appropriately to the needs of people with learning disabilities, and also to help combat disability hate crime. Details: Belfast: Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland and Northern Ireland Policing Board, 2011. 251p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/learning_disability_research_final_report.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/learning_disability_research_final_report.pdf Shelf Number: 123447 Keywords: Hate Crimes Learning Disabilities (Northern Ireland) Policing

Author: Moloeznik, Marcos Pablo Title: Final Report: A Comprehensive Assessment of the Municipal Police of Ciudad Juárez Summary: On September 26, 2011, the Justice in Mexico Project presented the results of its latest Justiciabarómetro survey, titled: Diagnóstico integral de la policía municipal de Ciudad Juárez (in Spanish), which was developed in collaboration with the Colegio de Chihuahua, the Colegio de la Frontera Norte, and the Comisión Nacional Para Prevenir y Erradicar la Violencia Contra Las Mujeres de la Secretaría de Gobernación. The survey builds on the findings of a similar study conducted one year earlier in Guadalajara, and was implemented for the Justice in Mexico Project by the polling firm Data Opinión Pública y Mercados (DATA-OPM). Along with the Guadalajara survey, this study of the Ciudad Juárez police department, conducted in represents one of the largest independent studies of a police force ever published in Mexico. Focusing on the border city of Ciudad Juárez, adjacent to El Paso, Texas, this study focuses on one of the country’s most important industrial cities and, at the time the survey was implemented, the most violent municipality in Mexico. This study surveyed 75% of the 3,146 municipal police officers serving the roughly 1.3 million inhabitants of Ciudad Juárez. This survey was conducted in June 2010, during the worst year of violence since rival organized crime groups began fighting for control of drug trafficking routes through this major trade corridor. In October 2010, a new mayoral administration took office, introducing new measures to improve the local police department. This study therefore provides a snapshot of the department as the new administration took over, and a useful baseline for evaluating what progress has been made over the last year. Among the key findings of the survey were severe deficiencies in training and equipment, a lack of merit-based hiring criteria and civil service protections, high levels of distrust among law enforcement personnel, and severe problems of coordination with state and federal law enforcement agencies. Over half the force indicated that they do not have the equipment that they need to do their job, including adequate police uniforms, and half said that the condition of available equipment was bad (33%) or very bad (17%). Respondents demonstrated a basic knowledge of proper law enforcement protocols, but also expressed a strong demand (47%) for more training. 85% said that they have no opportunity to practice the proper use of a firearm on a regular basis, 55% indicated that they do not receive any breaks during their shift, and a significant portion (47%) indicated that they do not have adequate time to exercise during their shift. Among various questions on law enforcement integrity, 60% of respondents indicated that honesty is the most important virtue of a police officer, but only 40% believed that it was the virtue most present on the force. Notably, on a scale of 0 to 4, roughly 65% indicated that the the level of corruption was at 2 or higher and 36% of respondents felt that the level was above 3. In terms of where corruption is located, 44% of respondents indicated that it was found at the highest levels, 29% indicated that corruption was found at all levels, and the remainder indicated corruption was found only in at lower or middle management levels. Such problems reflect systemic problems common in police departments in Mexico (as evidenced by the aforementioned survey in Guadalajara), and will no doubt take considerable time to redress. In the meantime, monitoring by the Justice in Mexico Project suggests that the security situation has improved moderately in Ciudad Juárez, with at least a 30% decline in homicides in 2011 compared to 2010. Many credit Ciudad Juárez’s newly appointed police chief, Julian Leyzaola, for achieving a dramatic drop in drug violence. As chief of Tijuana’s police department during 2007-2010, Leyzaola presided over a dramatic decline in drug related violence during his tenure in office, an achievement that many hope will now be replicated in Ciudad Juárez. This survey helps to measure many of the challenges the department faces, and sets a baseline for evaluating reform efforts over the coming years. Details: San Diego: Trans-Border Institute , University of San Diego, Justice in Mexico Project, 2011. 52p. Source: Year: 2011 Country: Mexico URL: Shelf Number: 123643 Keywords: Drug Trafficking Organized Crime Police (Mexico) Police Agencies Policing Violence

Author: Nlandu, Thierry Mayamba Title: Mapping Police Services in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Institutional Interactions at Central, Provincial and Local Levels Summary: This paper examines the roles, responsibilities and interactions between the various formal and informal institutions and stakeholders involved in the management of police services in the DRC. It identifies informal networks that influence decision-making processes and policy implementation, and provides an analysis of interactions between the Congolese population and national and international actors. It also aims to highlight both horizontal and vertical accountability mechanisms within the existing legal framework, setting out to identify any legal gaps and contradictions, which could explain overlapping mandates. The study provides interesting geographical and administrative data on national security systems, and uses a multidimensional governance approach to understand the complexity of the security sector and the interconnectedness between the relevant actors. The study concludes that stakeholders of the security and police sectors of the DRC are linked together in a web of complex and dynamic systems, characterised by discrepancies between theory and practice. It is inaccurate to think of these systems and mechanisms as working either in opposition to one another or in parallel. In fact, these systems intertwine more than they conflict, and there are significant overlaps and confusion with regard to the mandates of the existing institutions, structures and actors involved. All security services in the DRC possess a legal framework within which they must operate. The legal contradictions and loopholes identified in this paper are often the result of dubious interpretations, or even deliberate misinterpretations of existing operational provisions underlying the functioning of security services. The research concludes that there is very poor coordination between the various actors and institutions involved in the management of security services in the DRC. This creates a dysfunctional structure characterised by a culture of impunity, with only a semblance of autonomy and independence among actors, but never with regard to senior civil servants in charge of coordination. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2012. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: IDS Research Report 71; Accessed January 17, 2012 at: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr71.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: http://www.ids.ac.uk/files/dmfile/rr71.pdf Shelf Number: 123648 Keywords: Police (Democratic Republic of Congo) Police Reform Policing Security Sector

Author: Lum, Cynthia Title: Translating Police Research into Practice Summary: Eleven years ago, in one of the first Ideas in American Policing lectures, Lawrence Sherman advocated for evidence-based policing, that is, “. . . police practices should be based on scientific evidence about what works best” (1998, 2). Like other police researchers and innovative police practitioners at the time, Sherman believed that information generated from systematic or scientific research, as well as rigorous in-house crime analysis, should be regularly used by the police to make both strategic and tactical decisions. The idea of evidence-based policing seemed logical and advantageous. Why wouldn’t police tactics be based on what we know are effective strategies that reduce or prevent crime? A number of benefits could be reaped from such a rational approach. Strategies and tactics that are generated from information and based in scientific knowledge about effectiveness are more likely to reduce crime when they are employed. Similarly, if interventions have been shown to have harmful effects, police policies might explicitly discourage their deployment. Evidence-based policing also seems more justifiable in supporting police practices than other, much less scientific methods, such as best-guessing, emotional hunches, or anecdotal reflections on single cases. In turn, information-based decision making can provide legitimacy, transparency, and structure to police-citizen communications and interactions, all of which are important requirements for effective policing in modern democracies. Perhaps less obvious but equally important benefits could include advancing police information and management systems that improve efficiency. Evidence-based approaches rely on the consistent and speedy collection, management, analysis, recording, and turnaround of crime data. This reliance can force improvements in police information technology systems, which, in turn, have the potential of strengthening and making more tangible accountability systems that facilitate managerial practices, of which information is a central component. These include innovations such as Compstat, problem-oriented policing, and intelligence-led policing (see Ratcliffe 2008). Such a system seems more promising than what police leaders have previously relied upon to establish accountability—amorphous cultural norms of quasi-military hierarchy or adherence to a reactive standard operating procedures manual. Evidence-based policing could also have a broader impact on transforming cultural forces that strongly influence a reactive approach to police operations, which oftentimes paralyzes crime prevention efforts and change. Although its conceptualization and implementation seem scientific or academic, evidence-based policing could increase the motivation of patrol officers and supervisors in their daily activities. Reducing crime by using strategies more likely to be effective can reduce workload and make efforts more rational. Information-based approaches can also be problem oriented and require a team effort, giving further meaning, logic, and motivation to everyday routines. Evidence-based policing requires police to look outward for information as well, opening officers and command staff to different ideas and worldviews, and providing new challenges, interactions, and relationships that could make any workplace more interesting. Police culture has generally resisted change and external influence (O’Neill, Marks, and Singh 2008), and an evidence-based paradigm might aid in mollifying this resistance. Thus, at least in theory, evidence-based policing holds much promise. Indeed, by the time of Sherman’s Ideas lecture, a number of innovations that reflected its principles had already been implemented or were being considered (see generally, Weisburd and Braga 2006). Examples include the diffusion of crime analysis and computerized mapping in medium to larger police agencies (Weisburd and Lum 2005); the acceptance and use of some principles of Compstat by a number of agencies (Weisburd, Mastrofski, McNally, Greenspan, and Willis 2003; Willis, Mastrofski, and Weisburd 2003; Willis, Mastrofski, and Weisburd 2007); and at least an interest and sporadic efforts in conducting problem-oriented policing and hot-spot patrol. Additionally, by the time of Sherman’s lecture, Sherman, Weisburd, Mazerolle, and others had already evaluated hot-spot patrol using randomized controlled experiments (see Sherman and Rogan 1995a, 1995b; Sherman and Weisburd 1995; Weisburd and Green 1995), showing its clear advantage over existing methods of random, preventive, beat-based, reactive patrol (a conclusion recently reached by a 2004 National Research Council report). More than policing paradigms of the past, evidence-based policing and its associated tactics and tools have shown the promise of both intuitive appeal and scientific credibility. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2009. 16p. Source: Ideas in American Policing, No. 11: Internet Resource: Accesed February 14, 2012 at http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/Ideas_Lum.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/Ideas_Lum.pdf Shelf Number: 124142 Keywords: Crime Analysis Evidence-Based Practices Police Operations Policing

Author: Monroy, Matthias Title: Using false documents against "Euro-anarchists": the exchange of Anglo-German undercover police highlights controversial police operations Summary: Examination of several recently exposed cases suggests that the main targets of police public order operations are anti‐globalisation networks, the climate change movement and animal rights activists. The internationalisation of protest has brought with it an increasing number of controversial undercover cross‐border police operations. In spite of questions about the legality of the methods used in these operations, the EU is working towards simplifying the cross‐border exchange of undercover officers, with the relevant steps initiated under the German EU presidency in 2007. In October 2010 [1], “Mark Stone,” a political activist with far‐reaching international contacts, was revealed to be British police officer Mark Kennedy [2] prompting widespread debate on the cross‐border exchange of undercover police officers. Activists had noted Kennedy’s suspicious behaviour during a court case and then came across his real passport at his home. Since 2003, the 41‐year‐old had worked for the National Public Order Intelligence Unit (NPOIU) [3], which had been part of the National Extremism Tactical Coordination Unit (NETCU) since 2003. The NPOIU was formed at the end of the 1990s to surveil anarchist and globalisation groups as well as animal rights activists. NPOIU and NETCU report to the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), but recent media coverage [4] has led to the restructuring of undercover police operations in the UK with the Home Secretary withdrawing NPOIU’s mandate to lead. This decision follows on from the disclosure that some undercover officers had used sexual relationships in order to gain trust or extract information. Details: London: Statewatch, 2011. 16p. Source: Statewatch Analysis: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2012 at http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-146-undercover-exchange-protests.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-146-undercover-exchange-protests.pdf Shelf Number: 124474 Keywords: Intelligence Gathering International Cooperation International Law Enforcement International Policing Police Operations Policing Policing Networks

Author: Soares, Rodrigo T. Title: Organization and Information in the Fight against Crime: An Evaluation of the Integration of Police Forces in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil Summary: This paper explores the experience of information sharing, coordination, and integration of actions of the Civil and Military Polices in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the context of the IGESP program. The IGESP is based on the introduction of information management systems and organizational changes akin to those associated with COMPSTAT. All the evidence presented points to a causal effect of the IGESP on crime. The most conservative estimates indicate a reduction of 24% in property crimes and 13% in personal crimes. There is also evidence that the IGESP is associated with improved police response, measured by apprehension of weapons and clearance rates. We present one of the first set of causal estimates – with a clear identification strategy – of the impact of COMPSTAT-like programs. The results suggest that the coordination and informational gains represented by the program may constitute a first-order factor in a successful policy for fighting crime. Details: Unpublished paper, 2010. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2012 at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp5270.html Year: 2010 Country: Brazil URL: http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp5270.html Shelf Number: 124621 Keywords: Compstat Crime Rates Police (Brazil) Police Reform Police Technology Policing

Author: Dean, Charles W. Title: Social Work and Police Partnership: A Summons To The Village Strategies and Effective Practices Summary: The introductory chapter notes that social work/police partnerships are the next logical step in the development of community policing, since such a partnership meets the mandate to work together for the benefit and survival of the community. The second chapter provides a background overview of social work/police partnerships. It indicates that law enforcement and social work have continually served the same target groups, but with varying success. Currently, there are social work/police partnerships in several North Carolina jurisdictions that follow the crisis intervention paradigm that consists of the three stages of response, stabilization, and prevention. The third chapter profiles five social work/police partnerships that address domestic violence situations; four are in North Carolina jurisdictions, and one is in Memphis, TN. The next chapter presents observations and identifies critical concerns. It notes that the various models described focus on multi-problem households and some first-time callers with severe problems. In such situations, police act to restore order, mediate, separate if needed, stabilize the situation, arrest when warranted, and then leave, typically providing no prevention services. Social workers are involved in the coordinated response, either with the police on initial calls or the next day. They assess the situation, provide emergency service, mediate or facilitate separation when needed, read police reports, conduct background checks, refer to other agencies, and provide interim counseling until referral services begin. They monitor client progress and advocate for clients who need assistance. The fifth chapter outlines steps for communities to follow in assessing the need for social work/police partnerships; and the sixth chapter presents a checklist of effective practices for such partnerships. The concluding chapter outlines the measures that can be used to assess the effectiveness of social worker/police partnerships. Details: Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Governor's Crime Commission, Criminal Justice Analysis Center, 2000. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 25, 2012 at Year: 2000 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 124739 Keywords: Domestic Assault Domestic Violence Partnerships Policing Social Work

Author: Cramer, Sarah Title: Women's Perceptions of the Afghan National Police: Gender Dynamics of Kabul Women and Police Summary: The security needs of Afghan men and women differ. Whereas men bear the brunt of the direct impacts of conflict, women disproportionately suffer from the indirect effects such as increased levels of domestic violence, decreased access to health care and poverty. Due to this difference in security needs, gender must be taken into account when evaluating the relationship between citizens and the Afghan National Police. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung commissioned this study to examine the perceptions active women in Kabul hold of the police. Active, urban women were targeted specifically as they are more likely to interact regularly with police than women that spend a majority of their time at home. The report seeks to: i) establish a gender-focused baseline for the evaluation of community trust building and police capacity building programs; ii) identify major trends and evolutions in public perceptions of the ANP in Kabul, notably amongst women; and iii) propose pragmatic recommendations for improving the relationship between Afghan women and the police. Given its focus on active, urban women, this study is not representative of all Afghan women. It should be used as an entry point for exploration of gender dynamics in the security sector and a tool for advocating a more gender-balanced approach to supporting the Afghan National Police. KEY FINDINGS Positive police approval ratings by both women and men should not be interpreted as a sign of satisfaction with the police, but rather low expectations. The survey revealed a strong correlation between satisfaction with security and satisfaction with police, demonstrating that security is likely the primary factor considered when Kabul residents of both genders evaluate police performance. Corruption appears to be accepted as a fact of life, and does not detract from high approval of police performance (80 percent amongst women). Expectations of civilian policing are extremely low. The police are not viewed as a resource for handling Sexual or Gender-Based Violence, the most prevalent safety issue for Afghan women. The police sector appears to be advancing more quickly than Afghan society in terms of its recognition of women’s risks, needs and rights. In instances where it fails women, the ANP is simply reflecting the restrictions Afghan society imposes on itself. In addition to establishing departments, units and initiatives that specifically target the needs of women, the ANP appears to be mainstreaming women’s issues into broader policies, such as the ANP Code of Conduct. Much of the gender-related progress in the ANP is the result of pressure from the international community. The implementation of progressive policies faces considerable resistance from individuals of all ranks within the ANP and Afghan Ministry of Interior (MoI). The effectiveness of programs on gender or human rights within the ANP often hinges on the credibility of the interlocutor. Even more than religious beliefs, shared cultural, ethnic or tribal ties are the keys to this credibility, and are thus essential elements for initiatives intended to promote women’s rights within the police force. Although half of Kabul women are victims of domestic violence, most women would never turn to the police for assistance. Focus groups unanimously stated that family problems should be handled at home or with elders. Women who do seek outside aid are often shunned by their own families. As a result, victims of violence who successfully make it through the justice system often lack a support system to rebuild their lives afterwards. Given that Kabul women are considered to be the most modern and open-minded in Afghanistan, their compliance with this cultural belief and the lack of social services available to women raises serious doubts about the feasibility of addressing domestic violence via the police on a national scale in the short- or even medium-term. The necessity of women police is accepted by the ANP and Afghan society, albeit with restricted roles. For Islamic reasons, policewomen are required to conduct security checks of women. There is a growing acceptance of women investigators in Family Response Units (FRUs), which are designed to handle family-related problems. However, even with training, policewomen are often expected to fetch tea, work in the kitchen, and clean, rather than perform police duties. RECOMMENDATIONS The success of the transition in Afghanistan will depend largely on the capacity of the police to maintain law and order and build trust with communities, thereby maintaining confidence in the state. Sustainability and value for money must be constant factors for any initiatives implemented between now and the 2014 deadline. COMMUNITY LEVEL 1. Focus on community trust building, a cost-effective way to improve state-society relations Meetings between women police and civilians should be held, by the ANP and/or civil society, to improve the visibility of policewomen and the services they provide (within a safe space), to address women’s issues, and to inform women of their rights and rule of law procedures. Community meetings foster dialogue and establish trust. They also provide a forum for police and community members to: i) define their own relationship based on their needs and expectations; ii) ask questions and share concerns; and iii) feel recognised and heard. 2. Implement a badge system, a practical step for increased accountability Visible police identification would provide an inexpensive means of holding police accountable for their actions (e.g. bribery, street harassment). While there is no foolproof means of holding police accountable, the anonymity currently enjoyed by police only contributes to the culture of corruption. 3. Raise awareness of women’s rights with regards to security and related police services Public awareness campaigns should be used to better inform women and their families of women’s rights and how to defend through the formal justice system. Without knowledge of their rights, women do not have the tools to assess their security needs and interest. Campaigns should be tailored to local contexts in order to be perceived as credible. INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL 4. Support literacy programs as a primary tool for capacity building Literacy, the key tool for fighting ignorance, renders training more effective and enables self-learning down the road. It also provides police with the ability to do actual police work, which requires reading and writing skills for documenting evidence, recording testimonies, and preparing reports. 5. Train the trainers to enable future training on gender, human rights, and children’s rights Given the ANP’s high turnover rate, train the trainer programs are essential for ensuring the ANP’s capacity to train recruits later. For optimum impact, train the trainer programs should select individuals that are respected and seen as credible in the province(s) in which they work. 6. Legitimise Family Response Units (FRUs) with equipment, training, and a broader mandate FRUs, which serve women’s needs, must first be perceived as legitimate and professional within the ANP before they can be perceived as such by the public. This will require a broader mandate from the Criminal Investigation Division (CID), equipment for documenting evidence, and training. STATE LEVEL 7. Strengthen coordination between police and justice sector for improved rule of law NGOs that assist women with legal issues should be utilised as a resource for bridging the police and justice sectors. Partnerships between Family Response Units and NGOs have the potential to render the formal justice system more accessible to women and increase awareness of police services designed to handle family problems. Regulations within the justice and police sectors also need to be changed so that police and prosecutors can better cooperate on cases. Police in Afghanistan are discouraged and even forbidden in some instances from following up on a case once it has moved on into the justice sector. This removes incentives for police to perform their jobs well when collecting evidence and reporting cases. INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 8. Support civilian policing as a key to maintaining political and social unity in Afghanistan. The international community needs to take a unified stance on the importance of civilian policing. The ANP will play a crucial role (distinct from that of the ANA) in the political and social unity of Afghanistan by ensuring law at the community level and representing the national government in a way that is visible on a daily basis. Details: Berlin: Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 9, 2012 at: http://www.boell.de/downloads/WomensPerceptionAfghanistanPolice.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.boell.de/downloads/WomensPerceptionAfghanistanPolice.pdf Shelf Number: 124897 Keywords: Attitudes Towards the Police, Women Police (Afghanistan) Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Focus on the Victim: Summary Report on the ASB Call Handling Trials Summary: During 2011, the Home Office worked with eight police force areas to trial a new approach to handling antisocial behaviour calls from the public and then manage their cases. The aim was to improve the ability of forces to identify victims most at risk and to respond appropriately with their local partners. The trials represent a 'bottom-up' effort to shift practitioners' focus to protecting victims and communities, rather than just logging types of antisocial behaviour. This summary report explains the five key principles to call-handling and case-management and how the trial forces adapted them to suit their local circumstances. It summarises the results and lessons learned from the trials. The report includes annexes with sample call-handler question-sets, information-sharing agreement between the police and local agencies and case studies. Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 10, 2012 at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/asb-focus-on-the-victim?view=Binary Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/crime/asb-focus-on-the-victim?view=Binary Shelf Number: 124917 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (U.K.) Police Performance Policing Victims of Crime

Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Foreign Police Assistance: Defined Roles and Improved Information Sharing Could Enhance Interagency Collaboration Summary: In April 2011, we reported that the United States provided an estimated $3.5 billion for foreign police assistance to 107 countries during fiscal year 2009. We agreed to follow up that report with a review of the extent to which U.S. agencies evaluated and coordinated their foreign police assistance activities. As such, this report (1) updates our analysis of the funding U.S. agencies provided for foreign police assistance during fiscal years 2009 through 2011, (2) examines the extent to which DOD and State/INL assess or evaluate their activities for countries with the largest programs, and (3) examines the mechanisms U.S. agencies use to coordinate foreign police assistance activities. GAO focused on DOD and State because they have the largest foreign police assistance programs. GAO analyzed program and budget documents and interviewed officials from DOD, State, Energy, the U.S. Agency for International Development, Justice, the Treasury, and Homeland Security. GAO recommends that (1) NSC complete its efforts to define agency roles and responsibilities, and (2) the Secretaries of Defense and State establish mechanisms to better share and document information among various U.S. agencies. NSC provided technical comments, but did not comment on our recommendation. DOD concurred and State partially concurred, noting the importance of interagency collaboration. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2012. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-12-534: Accessed June 29, 2012 at: http://gao.gov/assets/600/590747.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://gao.gov/assets/600/590747.pdf Shelf Number: 125432 Keywords: Foreign Police Homeland Security Interagency Collaboration Policing

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: A Step in the Right Direction: The Policing of Anti-social Behaviour Summary: Around 3.2 million incidents of anti-social behaviour were recorded by the police in England and Wales in 2010/11. Accessible, transparent and regular information on what works best in tackling the problem will help the police to meet the needs of ASB victims, and to assess whether progress is being made. In Spring 2010, Her Majesty‟s Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) therefore conducted a review to determine how well forces understood and responded to their local ASB problems. We also surveyed more than 5,500 members of the public who had recently reported ASB to the police (taking a sample from each force area), to find out about their experiences. We committed at the time to repeating the review in 2012, to check on progress. This report summarises the national picture; individual force reports and the 2010 review is available on the HMIC website (www.hmic.gov.uk). Our 2012 survey found that victims are more satisfied than in 2010 with several aspects of the way the police dealt with the specific ASB incident they reported. Over half of victims are satisfied with how well the police deal with ASB in the local area, and almost two thirds with the overall way the police dealt with the incident they reported. Inspection work also revealed a marked improvement in terms of police leadership around ASB, and overall grip of the issue. Performance management and the use of intelligence and analysis has improved across the service, with the result that forces are now far more aware of the ASB issues facing them and their communities. We also found improvements in the way staff are briefed about ASB, and in how neighbourhood policing teams are resourced and monitored. But more needs to be done, particularly in relation to identifying and categorising different forms of ASB correctly (especially those that are personally targeted), and considering any ASB forming part of or linked to recorded crime as part of the whole ASB picture. This is currently not happening in most forces and represents a significant gap in knowledge. In addition, while all forces now have IT systems in place to help identify repeat and vulnerable victims (by automatically flagging up if they have called before), no force consistently bolsters this functionality by ensuring that tactful and targeted questioning of the caller takes place. This means they are missing an opportunity to establish if, for instance, the victim has suffered repeatedly, but has only just plucked up the courage to phone the police; or if a change in circumstances means they should now be considered vulnerable. Some of the callers who most need the police‟s help are therefore not getting the extra support they need. For this to improve, forces must ensure that call-handlers consistently check for repeat victimisation and vulnerability; and more widely, that their technology, systems and people all work seamlessly together to get help to those who need it most. In general though, there is a lot to commend. The group of 43 forces as a whole has improved its understanding and response to ASB since 2010. But when looking in more detail, the picture is mixed and there is substantial variation in practices and performance. Every force has improved in some aspects of what they do, but some more than others. And in concentrating on improving on some issues, some forces have taken their eye off the ball in respect of others. For instance, over half of forces have improved their follow up contact with victims, whilst over a third have fared less well than in 2010 in relation to checking the quality of call takers‟ performance. But overall, victims are getting a better service: and the survey results show that they have noticed. Details: London: Home Office, 2012. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2012 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/a-step-in-the-right-direction-the-policing-of-anti-social-behaviour.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/a-step-in-the-right-direction-the-policing-of-anti-social-behaviour.pdf Shelf Number: 125626 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (U.K.) Disorderly Conduct Police-Citizen Interactions Policing Problem Youth

Author: Burt, Geoff Title: From Private Security to Public Good: Regulating the Private Security Industry in Haiti Summary: Since the January 2010 earthquake in Haiti the demand for private security in Haiti has surged, says a new report [PDF] from the Centre for International Governance Innovation, a Canadian think tank. The study finds that while many countries rely heavily on private security companies to protect people and property, Haiti stands out for its heavy use of private contractors while providing little effective government oversight. Indeed, the security companies’ biggest clients include international organizations like the U.N., Western embassies and NGOs. But while international efforts have emphasized building and strengthening the Haitian infrastructure, the police force remains under staffed with 10,000 officers in a country of 10 million. About 12,000 guards work for private security firms. The report, “From Private Security to Public Good: Regulating the Private Security Industry in Haiti,” observes that the growth in private security has been driven by “the critical lack of public police personnel,” leading to a 7 to 8 percent anticipated annual growth rate for private security firms. And while private security guards, often armed with shotguns or handguns, are now a commonplace sight in Haiti’s capital of Port-au-Prince, private security firms are a surprisingly recent presence in Haiti. The report urges the Haitian government to impose laws stipulating the roles of private security companies, create strict guidelines for the licensing and storage of firearms, and provide mechanisms for the state to oversee the industry. Details: Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: The Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2012 at: http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/Paper_no9.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/Paper_no9.pdf Shelf Number: 125694 Keywords: Policing Private Security (Haiti) Security Guards

Author: Small Arms Survey Title: A Heavy Hand: The Use of Force by India’s Police Summary: India has approximately 2.4 million men and women in official policing, and their use of force is regulated both by the laws of the country and by internal rules and procedures. But there is growing consensus within India about the need for police reform. A Heavy Hand: The Use of Force by India’s Police—a new Issue Brief from the Small Arms Survey’s India Armed Violence Assessment project (IAVA)—examines the laws governing police use of force, the situations in which force is employed, the cultural factors that affect policing, lethal violence, and the prospects for effective reform. The Issue Brief’s findings include: Police are not sufficiently trained to deal with violence and challenges to their authority. Their salaries are low, with few perks, which helps foster a culture of corruption. Reported incidents of police firing on civilians rose from 791 in 2004 to 1,421 in 2010. The number of civilians killed in these incidents fell, but reported injuries grew. Indian law grants extraordinary discretionary powers of arrest to police officers. 'Encounter killings' by police—in which faked confrontations are used to justify extra-judiciary killings—are often perceived as an acceptable response to crime or terrorism. Incidents of excessive use of force by police are unlikely to be addressed until major reforms in the criminal justice system are put in place. Details: Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2012. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: India Armed Violence Assessment, Issue Brief, No. 3: Accessed August 13, 2012 at: http://www.india-ava.org/fileadmin/docs/pubs/IAVA-IB3-A-Heavy-Hand.pdf Year: 2012 Country: India URL: http://www.india-ava.org/fileadmin/docs/pubs/IAVA-IB3-A-Heavy-Hand.pdf Shelf Number: 125996 Keywords: Armed Violence (India) Police Misconduct Police Use of Force Policing

Author: Davis, Robert C. Title: Selected International Best Practices in Police Performance Measurement Summary: Historically, police agencies have measured their performance against a very restricted set of crime-focused indicators, such as crime rates, arrests, and response times. However, modern police officers must be prepared to take on a wide variety of roles, from problem-solver to counselor and provider of first aid, among many others. Therefore, performance measures should be multidimensional to capture the complexity inherent in modern policing. In this era of tight budgets and deep cuts in municipal services, local officials have prioritized police performance improvement and the collection of measurable evidence to justify budget requests. Police departments also benefit from measuring performance; the results can help officials monitor department operations, promote adherence to policies and strategic plans, and detect patterns of bias or misconduct. By defining what is measured, executives send a signal to their command about what activities are valued and what results are considered important. Performance measures can also help track the progress of individual officers, the efficient use of funds, and many other indicators of organizational health. This report describes some of the key considerations involved in designing measures to evaluate law enforcement agencies. It also includes a framework for measuring performance and a detailed review of some international best practices. Details: Santa Monica, CA: Center on Quality Policing, RAND, 2012. Source: Technical Report: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2012 at http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2012/RAND_TR1153.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2012/RAND_TR1153.pdf Shelf Number: 126023 Keywords: Evaluative Studies Police Performance Police Policies and Practices Policing

Author: Cerrah, Ibrahim Title: The European Code of Police Ethics and the Vocational Socialization of Security Personnel in Turkey Summary: Although the structure of and services provided by security sector institutions have transformed and developed through the course of history, the centrality of security in private and public spheres has remained intact. Domestic security services need to be constantly improved and amended according to dominant and current value systems so as to ensure that individuals’ rights and liberties are protected and that societies’ have a higher quality of life. As the level of welfare in a society rises, people expect the public services provided by their state to rise accordingly. Men and women of today’s world want to be more informed about, partake in and oversee the services that are designed for and paid by them. Domestic security services, like all other forms of public service, are also evaluated in the above context. Naturally, domestic security services in Turkey ought to comply with current international standards. Security sector institutions in Turkey and the services they provide are subject to parliamentary and administrative oversight both at national and local level. However, the difficulty in externally overseeing the conduct of security sector personnel is obvious. Therefore, there is an impending need for a code of ethics that security sector personnel may adopt and internalize. We live in an age where maximizing quality of life is the ultimate goal. ‘Effectiveness and efficiency’ are the basic precondition for the production of public goods and services. Although provision of security is critical for private and public life, security services should not be provided “at all costs”. Provision of security has economic and social costs, both of which have to be acceptable and affordable. “Social costs of security” refer to the impact that security services have on a society. Security measures and practices that have a negative impact on social life may be considered “effective” in deterring security threats but may not be accepted as “productive” since these measures hamper social harmony and quality of life. Security sector institutions, while performing their duties in accordance with international norms, have to act as conscientious vanguards of social harmony. Security measures that trouble the majority of Turkish society are not productive according to modern standards. Efficiency in this sense is measured according not only to state-of-the-art equipment and gear that security personnel uses but also to the personnel’s attitude, conduct, and methodology. Security personnel involved in fighting crime ought to act as guardians of social harmony also and consequently, they should receive legal as well as professional ethics training. Another aspect of the costs associated with security provision is financial. “Security at all costs” is increasingly becoming unacceptable. Both social and economic costs of security services must be affordable. Defense and security spending that is too expensive and has a negative impact on the well-being of citizens is not productive. A good comparative variable for Turkey is the ratio of defense spending to education or health budgets in developed countries. When the size of a defense budget reaches a level that threatens the well-being of a society, it will trigger an increase in crime. Crimes committed in Turkey today are predominantly the result of abject poverty and unemployment. The inextricable link between terrorism and unemployment and illiteracy proves the hypothesis that the diversion of resources from education and employment to defense contributes to a rise in crime. Consequently, during the 59th government, a law was enacted to grant the Court of Auditors the authority to monitor Turkey’s defense budget. When the corresponding bylaws are drafted and enacted, Turkey’s defense spending will be politically overseen in its entirety. Adjusting the size of the defense budget in Turkey to the standards employed by developed countries lowers the economic cost of security but the social cost of security should be treated separately. Containing the social cost of security, coined with the conduct and practices of security sector personnel, depends on education. Security sector personnel should be trained using a curriculum drafted according to modern universal values including ‘rule of law’ and ‘respect for human rights’. This can only be accomplished through continuous education. Security sector personnel ought to learn first and foremost the regulations that pertain to their individual tasks and duties. Furthermore, legal training will not suffice. Security sector personnel ought to comprehend, through the course of their legal training, the gist of the legislation governing their occupation and internalize the universal system of values that they live in. Security services is an area where its providers can enjoy greater autonomy than other public service providers. The education that security services personnel receive will determine how they will use their autonomy. However, education in this sense is not restricted to formal training given to security services personnel. Formal training should be fortified by pervasive and informal education. The process of socialization that security sector personnel experience during their training, on duty and in their private time determines to a great extent their occupational ethics and their conduct. The author of this report analyzes these matters in detail and reflects on the effects of vocational socialization on police code of ethics and on the behavior of security sector personnel. Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) has passed important laws that aim to increase the quality of domestic security services. Within these laws, a delicate balance was sought between increasing the powers of security sector personnel and decreasing the human rights violations conducted by the security sector personnel. Increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of security sector is as important as preserving sensitivity on human rights. TGNA strove to maintain this delicate balance throughout the previous legislative term. This report on European Police code of ethics, prepared with the joint effort of experts from European Union member states and Turkey, is a valuable resource for Turkish security services personnel. Moreover, the study conducted by the author on Turkish security sector personnel’s socioeconomic structure, level of education, vocational and personal socialization will help security sector personnel to better understand and define their presence and to increase the quality of the services they provide. Security personnel need to interpret their duties within a more contemporary context in order to obtain a qualified relationship with the citizenry. This report will make an important contribution to the training of security personnel in this respect. Details: Istanbul: TESEV, 2008. 105p. Source: Internet Resource: DCAF-TESEV Series in Security Sector Studies - 3: Accessed August 16, 2012 at: www.dcaf.ch Year: 2008 Country: Turkey URL: Shelf Number: 126040 Keywords: Domestic Security Personnel Police Ethics (Turkey) Policing

Author: Ipsos MORI Title: Policing Anti-Social Behaviour - the Public Perspective: Wave 2. Research Study for HMIC: Final Report Summary: This is the second wave of research into attitudes towards anti-social behaviour and the police's response, commissioned by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary to complement its inspection of how forces are tackling the problem. It sets out the perceptions of people who contacted the police to report anti-social behaviour - their understanding of 'anti-social behaviour', its impact on their lives, their perceptions of how the police and other agencies deal with it, and how they may react to similar occurrences in the future. Interviews were conducted by telephone in February-March 2012 with a random selection of 9,311 people in England and Wales who called the police to report an incident of anti-social behaviour in September 20112 ('callers' in this report). Findings are compared with those from wave one of the research which was undertaken in May-June 2010 with people who reported anti-social behaviour to the police in September 2009. Details: London: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabularly, 2012. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2012 at: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/policing-anti-social-behaviour-the-public-perspective-wave-2.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hmic.gov.uk/media/policing-anti-social-behaviour-the-public-perspective-wave-2.pdf Shelf Number: 126182 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior (U.K.) Disorderly Conduct Incivilities Nuisance Behaviors and Disorder Policing Public Opinion

Author: Braga, Anthony Title: Hot spots policing effects on crime Summary: In recent years, crime scholars and practitioners have pointed to the potential benefits of focusing crime prevention efforts on crime places. A number of studies suggest that there is significant clustering of crime in small places, or “hot spots,” that generate half of all criminal events. A number of researchers have argued that many crime problems can be reduced more efficiently if police officers focused their attention to these deviant places. The appeal of focusing limited resources on a small number of high-activity crime places is straightforward. If we can prevent crime at these hot spots, then we might be able to reduce total crime. To assess the effects of focused police crime prevention interventions at crime hot spots. The review also examined whether focused police actions at specific locations result in crime displacement (i.e., crime moving around the corner) or diffusion (i.e., crime reduction in surrounding areas) of crime control benefits. Details: Oslo: The Campbell Collaboration, 2012. 97p. Source: Campbell Systematic Reviews 2012:8: Internet Resource: Accessed September 4, 2012 at http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/2097/ Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/2097/ Shelf Number: 126251 Keywords: Crime and Place Crime Hot Spots Crime Patterns Crime Prevention Hot Spots Policing

Author: Koper, Christopher S. Title: Police Strategies to Reduce Illegal Possession and Carrying of Firearms: Effects on Gun Crime Summary: Criminal misuse of firearms is among the world’s most serious crime problems. Strategies to reduce gun violence include efforts to restrict the manufacture and sale of firearms, interrupt the illegal supply of guns, deter gun possession, reduce gun carrying in public places, toughen responses to illegal gun use, reduce demand for firearms, promote responsible ownership of guns, and address community conditions that foster gun crime. In this review, we examine research on the effectiveness of selected law enforcement strategies for reducing gun crime and gun violence. This review examines the impacts of police strategies to reduce illegal possession and carrying of firearms on gun crime. Examples include gun detection patrols in high-crime areas, enhanced surveillance of probationers and parolees, weapon reporting hotlines, consent searches, and other similar tactics. Details: Oslo, Norway: Campbell Collaboration, 2012. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Reviews 2012:11: Accessed September 13, 2012 at: www.campbellcollaboration.org Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 126329 Keywords: Gun Control Gun Violence Illegal Guns Policing

Author: Alderden, Megan A. Title: Gang Hot Spots Policing in Chicago: An Evaluation of the Deployment Operations Center Process Summary: From 2000 to 2007, Chicago experienced a significant decline in violent crime (murder, criminal sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault/battery), particularly gun-related public violence. In public discourse, this decline was attributed to the Chicago Police Department (CPO) and, in particular, to a process spearheaded by the Deployment Operations Center (DOC). The primary mission of the DOC was to analyze crime and intelligence data, identifying areas of the city believed to have a high probability for violent crime (i.e., violent crime "hot spots"). Areas identified by DOC analysts, termed Level II deployment areas, were used to guide deployment decisions for specialized units, whose responsibility was to enter designated hot spots and suppress gang, drug, and gun crime. The primary purpose of this study, funded by the National Institute of Justice, was to evaluate whether the aforementioned crime reductions could be attributed to the DOC process. To accomplish this, researchers used both qualitative and quantitative research methods, collecting data on various elements of the DOC logic model - analysis of crime and intelligence data, identification of hot spots, communication of designated hot spots to CPO personnel, redeployment of officers to hot spots, and engagement in suppression activities. CPO administrators believed that, through this process, gang, drug, and gun-related crime would be reduced. Details: Final Report to the U.S. National Institute of Justice, 2011. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2012 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/239207.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/239207.pdf Shelf Number: 126452 Keywords: Crime Hot Spots Gangs (Chicago) Gun Violence Homicides Policing Violence Violent Crime

Author: Ataiants, Janna Title: Policing People Who Inject Drugs: Evidence from Eurasia Summary: The purpose of this briefing paper is to review up-to-date evidence on the 2 Policy and Advocacy Programme Officer, Eurasian Harm Reduction Network 3 Drug Policy Coordinator, Eurasian Harm Reduction Network 1 Consultant, Eurasian Harm Reduction NetworkConsultant, Eurasian Harm Reduction Network 2 institutionalisation of police violence toward people who use drugs across the region and the implications of these practices for public health and society. The review relies on data collected from several Eurasian countries and depicts instances of police abuse against people who use drugs as systematic practices widespread across the region. The paper concludes that the quantity and quality of interactions with the police profoundly shape the behaviour of people who use drugs and result in poor public health outcomes. Details: London: International Drug Policy Consortium, 2012. 15p. Source: IDPC Briefing Paper: Internet Resource: Accessed October 1, 2012 at http://dl.dropbox.com/u/64663568/library/IDPC-briefing-paper_Policing-people-who-inject-drugs-evidence-from-Eurasia.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/64663568/library/IDPC-briefing-paper_Policing-people-who-inject-drugs-evidence-from-Eurasia.pdf Shelf Number: 126539 Keywords: Drug Use and Abuse, Injection Illicit Drugs Police Behavior, Violence Policing

Author: McCrary, Justin Title: The Effect of Police on Crime: New Evidence from U.S. Cities, 1960-2010 Summary: Using a new panel data set on crime in medium to large U.S. cities over 1960-2010, we show that (1) year-over-year changes in police per capita are largely idiosyncratic to demographic factors, the local economy, city budgets, measures of social disorganization, and recent changes in crime rates, (2) year-over-year changes in police per capita are mismeasured, leading many estimates in the literature to be too small by a factor of 5, and (3) after correcting for measurement error bias and controlling for population growth, a regression of within-state differences in year-over-year changes in city crimes on within-state differences in year-over-year changes in police yields economically large point estimates. Our estimates are generally similar in magnitude to, but are estimated with a great deal more precision than, those from the quasi-experimental literature. Our estimates imply that each dollar spent on police is associated with approximately $1.60 in reduced victimization costs, suggesting that U.S. cities employ too few police. The estimates confirm a controversial finding from the previous literature that police reduce violent crime more so than property crime. Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley, 2012. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 29, 2012 at: http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~jmccrary/chalfin_mccrary2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~jmccrary/chalfin_mccrary2012.pdf Shelf Number: 127031 Keywords: Crime Measurement (U.S.) Crime Rates Crime Reduction Police Officers Policing

Author: Frischtak, Claudio Title: Crime, House Prices, and Inequality: The Effect of UPPs in Rio Summary: We use a recent policy experiment in Rio de Janeiro, the installation of permanent police stations in low-income communities (or favelas), to quantify the relationship between a reduction in crime and the change in the prices of nearby residential real estate. Using a novel data set of detailed property prices from an online classifi eds website, we fi nd that the new police stations (called UPPs) had a substantial effect on the trajectory of property values and certain crime statistics since the beginning of the program in late 2008. We also fi nd that the extent of inequality among residential prices decreased as a result of the policy. Both of these empirical observations are consistent with a dynamic model of property value in which historical crime rates have persistent effects on the price of real estate. Details: New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Staff Report No. 542: Accessed December 3, 2012 at: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Argentina URL: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Shelf Number: 127112 Keywords: Crime Prevention Economics of Crime Favelas (Rio de Janeiro) Housing Policing

Author: Frischtak, Claudio Title: Crime, House Prices, and Inequality: The Effect of UPPs in Rio Summary: We use a recent policy experiment in Rio de Janeiro, the installation of permanent police stations in low-income communities (or favelas), to quantify the relationship between a reduction in crime and the change in the prices of nearby residential real estate. Using a novel data set of detailed property prices from an online classifi eds website, we fi nd that the new police stations (called UPPs) had a substantial effect on the trajectory of property values and certain crime statistics since the beginning of the program in late 2008. We also fi nd that the extent of inequality among residential prices decreased as a result of the policy. Both of these empirical observations are consistent with a dynamic model of property value in which historical crime rates have persistent effects on the price of real estate. Details: New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Staff Report No. 542: Accessed December 3, 2012 at: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/staff_reports/sr542.pdf Shelf Number: 127112 Keywords: Crime Prevention Economics of Crime Favelas (Brazil) Housing Policing

Author: Benavente, José Miguel Title: Identifying the Determinants of Crime Occurrence and the Deterring Impact of Police: Evidence Across Chilean Households Summary: We analyze the socio-economic and demographic determinants of crime across Chilean households. In particular, we are interested on the impact that police has on deterring crime. Novel evidence is presented and an instrumental variable correction is performed to avoid the typical reverse causality problem of police on crime. We use multilevel probit and count models to estimate different crime equations. Results indicate that socioeconomic and demographic characteristics have heterogeneous impact on crimes. In terms of police deterrence effects, our results reveal that the number of police officers has no impact on crimes suffered by families (except for burglary) while the true impact of police is determined by the workload that police must face. According to the results, a 10% increase in the workload rate (per 100,000 residents), would raise the crime rates by around 10%. Details: Santiago, Chile: University of Chile, Department of Economics, 2012. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Serie Documentos Detrabajo, SDT 348: Accessed January 30, 2013 at: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/be4549be12d184c9603db2d8bbca7c552ff366ca.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Chile URL: http://www.econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/be4549be12d184c9603db2d8bbca7c552ff366ca.pdf Shelf Number: 127446 Keywords: Crime (Chile) Economics of Crime Policing Socioeconomic Variables and Crime

Author: Weiss, Alexander Title: City of Holland, Michigan Public Safety Services Summary: In January 2009, the City of Holland, Michigan engaged a consultant to examine the delivery of public safety services in Holland. The city asked the consultants to perform a number of tasks including: • An evaluation of the management structure of the police and fire departments to determine potential consolidation of public safety management services. • A comprehensive look at both police and fire schedules to determine alternative schedules that may be more cost effective and productive. • An evaluation of developing a fully comprehensive public safety department including top management and day‐to‐day operations. • An evaluation of emergency medical services as currently provided by the fire department and alternatives to providing these services. • Evaluate support services within the police and fire departments to determine operational efficiencies and potential service provided by civilian vs. sworn police and fire officers. • Evaluate possible cooperative public safety services delivery opportunities with adjacent governmental units. • Outline procedure for implementation. • Outline cost evaluations and savings of various alternatives. This report represents the results of our inquiry. It is based on a number of sources of information including: • Extensive interviews with management and staff of the police and fire departments • Review of performance data from the police and fire departments, and from AMR the community’s EMS provider • A focus group of community leaders and key public safety stakeholders • A community forum open to the general public • Interviews with officials from neighboring jurisdictions • Site visits to the Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety. In addition, we were aided in our work by an outstanding advisory committee composed of two members of the Holland City Council, the city’s human resource and finance directors, the interim police and fire chief, two captains from the police department, three captains from the fire department, and two representatives of the police union and the fire union. Details: Evanston, ILL: Alexander Weiss Consulting, 2010. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/AWC_CityofHollandFinalReport.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/AWC_CityofHollandFinalReport.pdf Shelf Number: 128166 Keywords: Consolidation Cost-Benefit Analysis Costs of Criminal Justice Police Departments Policing Public Safety Services (Holland, Michigan, U.S.)

Author: Alemika, Etannibi E.O. Title: Criminal Victimization, Policing and Governance in Nigeria Summary: Crime victimization survey provides valuable information for understanding the extent, trend and pattern of crime victimization in a community or nation. It also provides data on the nature and perception of crime and disorder problems. Crime victimization surveys provide the government with information on citizens’ perception of the quality and problems of security, policing and governance. The principal aim of this survey is to generate reliable data on crime victimization, fear of crime, feeling of safety, policing and governance in Nigeria that can be used to develop and implement policies and strategies that will promote effective security and criminal justice administration in the country. Crime survey using a national representative sample was pioneered in Nigeria by CLEEN Foundation. This survey in 2011 is a continuation of previous rounds of crime victim survey for 2005, 2006, 2007- 2009; 2010 and published (Alemika, Igbo and Nnnorom 2006; Alemika and Chukwuma 2007; Alemika and Chukwuma 2011). Details: Lagos, Nigeria: CLEEN Foundation, 2013. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph series No. 18: Accessed April 18, 2013 at: http://www.cleen.org/Criminal%20Victimization.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.cleen.org/Criminal%20Victimization.pdf Shelf Number: 128404 Keywords: Crime Statistics Policing Victimization Surveys (Nigeria) Victims of Crime

Author: Jackson, Jonathan Title: Trust and Legitimacy Across Europe: A FIDUCIA Report on Comparative Public Attitudes Towards Legal Authority Summary: FIDUCIA (New European Crimes and Trust-based Policy) seeks to shed light on a number of distinctively ‘new European’ criminal behaviours which have emerged in the last decade as a consequence of both technology developments and the increased mobility of populations across Europe. A key objective of FIDUCIA is to propose and proof a ‘trust-based’ policy model in relation to emerging forms of criminality – to explore the idea that public trust and institutional legitimacy are important for the social regulation of the trafficking of human beings, the trafficking of goods, the criminalisation of migration and ethnic minorities, and cybercrimes. In this paper we detail levels of trust and legitimacy in the 26 countries, drawing on data from Round 5 of the European Social Survey. We also conduct a sensitivity analysis that investigates the effect of a lack of measurement equivalence on national estimates. Details: London: London School of Economics, 2013. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 18, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2272975 Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2272975 Shelf Number: 129024 Keywords: Criminal Courts Legitimacy Police Authority Police Legitimacy Police-Citizen Interactions Policing Public Confidence (Europe) Public Opinion Trust

Author: Dharmapala, Dhammika Title: Punitive Police? Agency Costs, Law Enforcement, and Criminal Procedure Summary: Criminal law enforcement depends on the actions of public agents such as police officers, but there is no standard economic model of police as public agents. We seek to remedy this deficiency by offering an agency model of police behavior. We begin by explaining why the standard contracting solutions are unlikely to work. Instead, we follow recent literature exploring intrinsic motivation and posit heterogeneity in the preferences of potential agents. Drawing on experimental evidence on punishment preferences (so-called “altruistic punishment”), in which subjects reveal a preference for punishing wrongdoers, our model identifies circumstances in which “punitive” individuals (with stronger-than-average punishment preferences) will self-select into law enforcement jobs that offer the opportunity to punish (or facilitate the punishment of) wrongdoers. Such “punitive” agents will accept a lower salary and be less likely to shirk, but create agency costs associated with their excessive zeal (relative to the public’s preferences) in searching, seizing, and punishing suspects. Under plausible assumptions, the public chooses to hire punitive police agents, while submitting them to monitoring by other agents (such as the judiciary) with average punishment preferences. Thus, two kinds of agents are better than one. We explore various implications for police shirking, corruption, and the content of the criminal procedure rights that the judiciary enforces. Details: Chicago: University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics, 2013. 55p. Source: Internet Resource: University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper No. 644 : Accessed June 26, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2278597 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2278597 Shelf Number: 129167 Keywords: Criminal Procedure Police Behavior Police Misconduct Policing

Author: Johnson, Stephen Title: Nicaragua: Lessons from a Country with a Low Crime Rate Summary: Unlike its immediate neighbors to the north in Central America, Nicaragua has made admirable strides in the area of citizen security in the last 30 years. While Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras all had been galloping toward greater citizen insecurity since the conflictive 1980s, Nicaragua has managed to keep a lid on crime. With a homicide rate of 12 deaths per 100,000 residents—half the Latin American average of 26 per 100,000 and far lower than 82 per 100,000 in Honduras—Nicaragua appears to be a model for public safety in still turbulent Central America. However, recent erosions in democratic governance in Nicaragua could easily reverse such gains. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2012. 3p. Source: Internet Resource: Hemisphere Focus: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://csis.org/files/publication/120710_Johnson_Nicaragua_HemFocus.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Nicaragua URL: http://csis.org/files/publication/120710_Johnson_Nicaragua_HemFocus.pdf Shelf Number: 129340 Keywords: Crime (Nicaragua) Crime Rates Policing

Author: Gratius, Susanne Title: Urban Violence in caracas and Rio de Janeiro: Local and European Responses Summary: Caracas and Rio de Janeiro are prominent examples of urban violence. Although local responses vary, police reform is a common strategy applied by the authorities in both cities. While the new peace police (UPP - Unidades de Policia Pacificadora [Peace Police Units]) represent a shift towards early warning and conflict prevention in Rio de Janeiro, the Policía Nacional Bolivariana [National Bolivarian Police] (PNB) operates in one district of Caracas and is still at an initial stage. Decreasing homicide rates and positive public opinion polls in Rio de Janeiro illustrate that UPPs are considered the most successful security initiative in recent decades to prevent and combat urban violence. Alarming homicide rates in Caracas, however, prove that governmental responses have not yet been successful. This report compares both experiences of communitarian policing and identifies possibilities for bilateral cooperation on public security. The publication concludes with a series of recommendations for the European Union and some proposals for the strengthening of tripartite cooperation to tackle urban violence through early warning and conflict-prevention policies. Details: Brussels: Initiative for Peacebuilding - Early Warning, 2011. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 18, 2013 at: http://www.ifp-ew.eu/pdf/201112IfPEWUrbanViolenceCaracasRioLocalEuropeanResponses.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Venezuela URL: http://www.ifp-ew.eu/pdf/201112IfPEWUrbanViolenceCaracasRioLocalEuropeanResponses.pdf Shelf Number: 129451 Keywords: Homicides Policing Urban Areas Violence (Venezuela) Violent Crime

Author: Chandrasekher, Andrea Cann Title: Police Labor Unrest and Lengthy Contract Negotiations: Does Police Misconduct Increase with Time Spent Out of Contract? Summary: This paper presents evidence of the effect of labor unrest on labor production in the policing context using data from New York City. When contract negotiations last for an extended period, old contracts can expire before new ones are approved. Working under an expired contract, or being "out of contract," can be costly for police officers both monetarily and psychologically. This paper studies the effect of time spent out of contract on police misconduct using new data and a research design that exploits the fact that different ranks of officers are out of contract at different points in time and for different lengths of time. I find evidence that incidents of police misconduct increase with the amount of time spent out of contract. Threats to identification arising from the possibility that police misconduct could also affect police time out of contract are addressed with an instrumental variables specification that instruments police contract status with firefighter contract status. The finding that police labor unrest affects police misconduct has implications both for the economics literature on the effect of labor frustration on labor production and for the criminology literature on the determinants of police misconduct. Details: Davis, CA: University of California, Davis - School of Law, 2013. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2304941 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2304941 Shelf Number: 129654 Keywords: New York City Police Department Police Labor Unions Police Misconduct (U.S.) Policing

Author: Queensland. Department of Community Safety Title: Sustaining the unsustainable : Police and Community Safety review, final report. Summary: The Police and Community Safety Review (the Review) was initiated by the Minister for Police and Community Safety in late 2012. The Review commenced on 2 January 2013 against the background Queensland public sector reform and a restructure of the Queensland Police Service undertaken by the recently appointed Commissioner.The Terms of Reference for the Review are attached. The review was to cover the two departments within the Minister's portfolio i.e. the Queensland Police Service and the Department of Community Safety. It is to be noted the Department of Community Safety is comprised of a number of discrete operational agencies - the Queensland Ambulance Service, Queensland Corrective Services, the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service (which incorporates the Rural Fire Service) and Emergency Management Queensland (which incorporates the State Emergency Service). The portfolio of Police and Community Safety has a combined budget of approximately $4 billion and more than 25,000 full-time equivalent staff. Given the size and complexity of the portfolio, the review team has taken the approach, in consultation with the Minister, to focus on interoperability across the portfolio and issues that impact on interoperability and good practice. Hence the review does not focus in detail on individual agencies, and instead is concerned with issues that prevent efficiencies, effectiveness and interoperability across the portfolio of Police and Community Safety. The Queensland Commission of Audit Report and the Callinan Review of the Crime and Misconduct Commission were also delivered during the course of the Review, as was The Malone Review into Rural Fire Services in Queensland 2013 (The Malone Review) on Rural Fire. In addition, the Queensland Government had commenced a review of the various air services contracted to several different Government agencies. The Review has been conducted independently of these initiatives, although the Review team has provided advice to the Minister on the outcomes of the Malone Review. The Review is only a review, not an Inquiry and hence had no powers to apply to its processes, such as calling for submissions and taking evidence. We relied solely upon the goodwill and cooperation of government agencies, employee representative groups, academics and other persons with a genuine desire to improve the delivery of front line services. For example, the Commissioner, South Australian Police provided a very comprehensive submission to the Review. Additionally, on 6 February 2013 the Minister for Police and Community Safety wrote to the Review team requesting the review team include in its final report a review of the 2013 flooding events, limited to the Review Terms of Reference. The Review team wrote to each agency and also received several representations although there was no general call for submissions. We sought to understand the strategic alignment of each agency as well as the level of interoperability. The Review team conducted interviews across the state with representatives from all of the portfolio agencies. The Review team either met with or conducted video conferences with several interstate and overseas agencies in Victoria, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Western Australia, South Australia and the Commonwealth agencies, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Canada. The team visited, Gatton, Cairns, Townsville, Mareeba, Emerald, Rockhampton, Logan, Gold Coast, Pine Rivers, Bundaberg and many districts within the Brisbane metropolitan area. In all, 265 interviews or meetings were conducted. During the course of conducting the Review, several submissions were made to the Public Sector Renewal Board and an Interim Report was delivered to the Minister on 27 March 2013. As sections of this report on each of the agencies were completed, they were sense checked wherever possible with members of the relevant agency and then released to government, as we were very much aware of the impending 2013-14 storm season. It is clear that over recent times most of the Department of Community Safety agencies have featured prominently in what have been a series of high profile natural disaster responses, criminal investigations, public order events and tragic fires. Some of these events have resulted in multiple deaths and/or injuries. It follows that the portfolio is a critical one for both the government and the Queensland community. It is a portfolio of agencies that is often at the centre of news stories and is therefore always high in profile. Details: Brisbane: Department of the Premier and Cabinet, 2013. 361p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 24, 2014 at: http://statements.qld.gov.au/Content/MediaAttachments/2013/pdf/Police%20and%20Community%20Safety%20Review%20Report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://statements.qld.gov.au/Content/MediaAttachments/2013/pdf/Police%20and%20Community%20Safety%20Review%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 131795 Keywords: Disasters Police Administration Police Performance Policing

Author: Great Britain. National Audit Office Title: Police Accountability: Landscape Review Summary: This report from the National Audit Office has identified a number of gaps in the Home Office's policing oversight framework, which could limit the public's ability to hold elected police and crime commissioners to account. However, even though it has been in place for only a year, the new framework has the potential to be an improvement on the system it has replaced. The Home Office introduced police and crime commissioners in November 2012 as a major reform to how police forces are governed. The Home Office set out an accountability framework for policing with the aim of balancing an increase in local autonomy with the Home Office's own need to obtain assurance that police forces are securing value for money from the funding it gives them. The NAO finds that gaps in this framework - such as the limited effectiveness of police and crime panels, and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary's lack of authority to carry out routine inspections of commissioners or their offices - could limit the degree of assurance the Home Office can take from the new accountability structure. Because police and crime panels, who scrutinize commissioners, lack powers to act on the information they receive, there are few checks and balances on commissioners between elections. The NAO report finds that the introduction of both commissioners, who hold chief constables to account, and police and crime panels, who do the same for commissioners, has increased the potential for local tensions. Nationally, six commissioners share a chief financial officer with their force, raising a potential conflict of interest. Shared chief financial officers might struggle to provide unfettered advice to both the chief constable and commissioner when they disagree. Those in the sector to whom the NAO spoke to believe that elected commissioners are potentially better able to hold police forces to account and drive value for money than the unelected police authorities they replaced. According to elected commissioners, so far there has been a significant increase in engagement with the public compared to the previous situation under police authorities. The NAO also reports that commissioners are not publishing all the data that the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 requires, limiting the public's ability to hold commissioners to account. Furthermore, being able to take performance data at only face value limits the public's ability to hold commissioners to account. The Home Office and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary are now working together to agree how to provide better information to the public. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: HC 963, Session 2013-14: Accessed January 24, 2014 at: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Police-accountability-Landscape-review.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Police-accountability-Landscape-review.pdf Shelf Number: 131796 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Performance Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Aos, S. Title: Prison, Police, and Programs: Evidence-Based Options that Reduce Crime and Save Money Summary: Since the 1990s, the Washington State legislature has directed the Washington State Institute for Public Policy to identify policies with an "evidence-based" track record of improving certain public policy outcomes. Outcomes of interest have included, among others, education, child welfare, crime, and mental health. This report updates and extends WSIPP's list of well-researched policies that reduce crime. We display our current tabulation of evidence-based prevention, juvenile justice, and adult corrections programs, and we include our initial reviews of prison sentencing and policing. As with our previous lists, we find that a number of public policies can reduce crime and are likely to have benefits that exceed costs. We also find credible evidence that some policies do not reduce crime and are likely to have costs that exceed benefits. The legislature has previously used this type of information to craft policy and budget bills. This updated list is designed to help with subsequent budgets and policy legislation. Details: Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2013. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: (Doc. No. 13-11-1901): Accessed March 12, 2014 at: http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/ReportFile/1396/Wsipp_Prison-Police-and-Programs-Evidence-Based-Options-that-Reduce-Crime-and-Save-Money_Full-Report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.wsipp.wa.gov/ReportFile/1396/Wsipp_Prison-Police-and-Programs-Evidence-Based-Options-that-Reduce-Crime-and-Save-Money_Full-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 131886 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Evidence-Based Practices Policing Prisons Sentencing

Author: Independent Police Commission (UK) Title: Policing for a Better Britain Summary: Policing for a Better Britain, the final report of the Independent Police Commission (IPC) presents a bold and radical vision of how to deliver fair and effective policing in these economically difficult times. The report aims to provide a roadmap for the professional evolution of the policy force and sets out 37 recommendations covering eight key themes: A social justice model of neighbourhood policing; Creating effective partnerships; Achieving better democratic governance; A new deal for police officers and staff; Building a police profession; Raising standards and remedying misconduct; A structure fit for purpose; and Making savings and efficiencies. Details: London: The Commission, 2013. 226p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2014 at: http://independentpolicecommission.org.uk/uploads/37d80308-be23-9684-054d-e4958bb9d518.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://independentpolicecommission.org.uk/uploads/37d80308-be23-9684-054d-e4958bb9d518.pdf Shelf Number: 131907 Keywords: Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police Policies and Practices Policing

Author: Koren, Dori Title: Social Networking for the Police Enterprise: An In-Depth Look at the Benefits, Requirements, and Challenges of Establishing a Social Networking Platform for Law Enforcement Summary: The emergence of social networking technologies has transformed the way people interact, develop social ties, exchange information, and organize their personal and professional lives. As a result, Enterprise Social Networking (ESN) platforms-which offer organizations a closed Facebook-like program to increase connectivity, reduce costs, and enhance productivity-are on the rise in both business and government. This report explores the benefits, requirements, and key challenges for implementing such a platform for the law enforcement and homeland security community. The judgments and findings are based on existing literature, extensive research, the evaluation of numerous software systems, and the consolidated perspective of 77 law enforcement leaders from 45 major agencies. Details: Major Cities Chiefs Association, 2013. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2014 at: https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/social_networking_for_the_police_enterprise__final_version_101513.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.majorcitieschiefs.com/pdf/news/social_networking_for_the_police_enterprise__final_version_101513.pdf Shelf Number: 131937 Keywords: Police Communications Police Effectiveness Police Performance Policing Social Networking

Author: Wheller, Levin Title: The Greater Manchester Police Procedural Justice Training Experiment: Technical Report Summary: This technical report outlines the design, methods and results of a two-group randomized control trial undertaken in Greater Manchester Police (GMP) between September 2011 and June 2012. It follows the CONSORT 2010 structure for reporting trials. In parallel with this report the College of Policing is publishing a practitioner paper with a greater focus on the high level findings, key implications and practical considerations for policing that arise from this work. Greater Manchester Police (GMP) decided to introduce a new training programme on communication skills following concern among Chief Officers that the force was underperforming compared to its most similar group of forces with regards to levels of victim satisfaction. An opportunity was identified through ongoing collaboration with the Research Analysis and Information Unit (RAI) to evaluate the impact of any new training intervention in GMP. Through discussions with RAI, GMP became interested in piloting an innovative training programme focussed on enhancing practical communication skills of frontline uniformed officers. The College of Policing has worked in collaboration with GMP to design the evaluation methodology, and - drawing on findings from a recent review of training and behavior change - the scenario based learning element of the course. An external provider developed the classroom content of the training course in collaboration with GMP. The trial was also a good opportunity to add to the growing body of research on the procedural justice model, which looks at the reasons why people cooperate with the police and do not break the law. While the relationships in the procedural justice model have been examined in survey data gathered from a range of different contexts (e.g. Australia, Ghana, Jamaica), relatively little attention had previously been paid so far to how to improve public perceptions of police procedural fairness. Given this gap in the research evidence, and the potential benefits of the police adopting a more procedurally just approach, this trial offered a valuable opportunity to test the impact of a communication skills training on the way officers interact with members of the public and to establish if training could lead to improvements in public perceptions of procedural fairness. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore, UK: College of Policing, 2013. 74p.; Practitioner Paper Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2014 at: http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/Technical_Report_Final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.college.police.uk/en/docs/Technical_Report_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 131991 Keywords: Communication Skills Police Training Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Procedural Justice

Author: RSA Action and Research Centre Title: Police Federation Independent Review: Final Report Summary: This progress report is an initial analysis of the evidence that the Independent Review Panel has received since April. This evidence comes from Police Federation members, representatives, and a range of stakeholders throughout the policing world. An Ipsos-MORI survey with around 12,500 respondents from within the Police Federation was conducted in September. Some of the results from this survey are presented in the report. The clear message that has emerged is that there is a strong desire both within the Police Federation and amongst external audiences for significant change. The Panel will, consequently, recommend significant reform. The report indicates the Panel's conclusions on the key characteristics that this reform should encompass if the Federation is to serve its members effectively. A final report will follow in January detailing what precise form these changes should take. Details: London: RSA, 2014. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 31, 2014 at: http://www.thersa.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1534191/RSA_Police_Federation_progress_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.thersa.org/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/1534191/RSA_Police_Federation_progress_report.pdf Shelf Number: 132027 Keywords: Police Reform Policing

Author: Donadio, Marcela Title: Public Security INDEX. Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama Summary: Security is far from a theoretical discussion. It is a vital necessity, a primary feeling that contextualizes our decisions, hopes, challenges, possibilities and difficulties. It is not a question for disputes between political factions, or a favor bestowed by political representatives, it is a policy that the State designs and sustains in order to legitimize its own existence as the guarantor of the social contract that unites citizens below a single political form. Security permits the exercise of the right to live in peace, to create and make use of opportunities to develop one's life and those of loved ones. An environment of insecurity removes that right and interrupts essential development. Various discussions of security and insecurity in a large number of countries in the Latin American region are explained by the weakness of understandings regarding the State and the rights of citizens. The State is the political representation, not the owner of aspirations, feelings, and projects; political representatives do not own the State, but instead occupy it transitionally. The energized debates and responses, and citizen demands (or their negation, as is observed in the common misrepresentations of public opinion as "perceptions that don't consider the facts") display a confused understanding of the role of representation. A change in the way in which representatives see themselves and in how citizens see them or the power that they actually have would bolster the democratic regime. In the formation of a secure living environment, and wherever a State exists, institutions play a key role. It is in them that the State lives, and through them that policies and legal frameworks are developed and laws that affect all of us applied. The strengths and weaknesses of these institutions have a wide-ranging effect on the development of a secure environment. It is this very security environment that occupies the worries and hopes of the inhabitants of a great part of Latin America, especially in the last decade with the rising rates of criminality. It is a central theme on the agenda, related with the alternatives to the construction of democratic regimes and institutions. The Public Security Index directly addresses this institutional problematic and the foundation of State capacities to provide security in the region. It advances from the premise that institutions should be incorporated into security-development analysis. A pending issue was the field of policy formulation, of capacities to manage the security sector, of the indicators of how to construct a State apparatus that, in collaboration with civil society, faces up to security problems. It is a program born from RESDAL's commitment to work towards the construction of democratic institutions, combining the capacities of those that work within the State, with those from academia and civil society, and also from the objective of providing useful tools for discussions, analysis and decision-making. This publication is dedicated to six Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. Each one has its own particular reality and wealth, and should avoid the temptation to embrace realities that are different, and it is for this motive that each is treated separately. For a better understanding and analysis, the coverage of the cases also presents transversal axis that contribute to the security environment, such as economic resources, the institutional problematic, cross-border people flows, the collaboration of the armed forces with the police, and the role of private security. Details: Buenos Aires, Argentina: RESDAL, 2013. 152p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://www.resdal.org/ing/libro-seg-2013/index-public-security-2013.html Year: 2013 Country: Central America URL: http://www.resdal.org/ing/libro-seg-2013/index-public-security-2013.html Shelf Number: 132322 Keywords: Crime Prevention Crime Statistics Law Enforcement Policing Security

Author: Cosgrove, Faye Marie Title: An Appreciative Ethnography of PCSOs in a Northern City Summary: Previous research regarding the emergence of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) has either been impact oriented (Cooper et al, 2006, Chatterton and Rowland 2005, Crawford et al, 2004) or has been concerned with their capacity to improve equality and diversity within public policing (Johnston, 2006). Despite the recent civilianisation of the patrol function (Crawford and Lister, 2004a) and increasing recognition of multiple police subcultures within the police force (Reuss Ianni, 1983, Chan, 1997, Foster, 2003), there has been little attention directed towards understanding PCSO working practices and decision making, their capacity to deliver reassurance or to the potential emergence of a distinct PCSO occupational subculture within the police organisation as a result of their differential role, remit and limited authority. This study aims to critically examine the existence and characteristics of a PCSO occupational culture and its influence upon the delivery of neighbourhood policing within a northern police force. Underpinned by an appreciative ethnographic approach (Liebling and Price, 2001), it provides an original contribution to understanding the operation of PCSOs and to existing theoretical knowledge and understanding of police (sub)cultures within the context of civilianisation and police reform. The research involved three hundred hours of participant observation of PCSO working practices, individual interviews with twelve PCSOs and two focus groups with neighbourhood police officers across two police sectors of a northern police force. The study revealed two key findings. Firstly, whilst PCSOs are able to deliver reassurance to 'vulnerable' and 'respectable' residents within target communities, the pursuit of reassurance is secondary to the demands of crime control. The pull of the performance culture and high levels of public demand for service cause PCSOs to become increasingly utilised as a reactive resource and to be deployed in tasks falling outside their remit. Second, represented as a three-fold typology of PCSO culture, the study thus provides evidence of an emerging PCSO subculture within the police organisation. Widely held aspirations to become police officers amongst PCSOs combined with an emphasis upon and value attached to crimefighting within the dominant police culture (Reiner, 2000) leads to the construction of a PCSO occupational culture that is both similar to and distinct from police officers. PCSOs endorse characteristics of the dominant culture, including suspicion, solidarity and sense of mission in their efforts to either imitate police officers or support future applications to become police officers. However, their civilian status, limited authority and differential occupational environment also lead to the construction of distinct cultural characteristics and orientations to the role. Details: Newcaastle upon Tyne, UK: Northumbria University, 2011. 354p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 7, 2014 at: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4456/1/cosgrove.faye_phd.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4456/1/cosgrove.faye_phd.pdf Shelf Number: 132626 Keywords: Police Culture Police Reform Policing

Author: Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) Title: "How Are Innovations in Technology Transforming Policing?" Summary: One of the biggest and most important challenges facing police chiefs-and a challenge that they cannot delegate to subordinates-is the need to sort through the variety of new policing technologies that have come on the scene in recent years. Technology can make policing more efficient- always a key consideration, but especially during times of budget cuts. But technology costs time and money to acquire and deploy, and there are many different technologies to choose from. Are license plate readers effective in preventing or solving auto thefts and other crimes? Or do surveillance cameras give you more bang for the buck? Should technology dollars be spent beefing up computer systems that support Compstat and predictive analytics? What about using social media to develop collaborations with businesses and community groups to fight crime? And what are the civil rights implications of these new policing technologies? It is clear that these types of questions will become even more important in coming years, as technology continues to advance and diversify. Thus, the role of technology in policing was a perfect topic for the "Critical Issues in Policing" series produced by PERF. This report, the 19th in the Critical Issues series, summarizes what we found when we brought together more than 100 police chiefs and other leaders in the field for an Executive Session in Washington last April (see Appendix for a list of participants). Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed July 17, 2014 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Critical_Issues_Series/how%20are%20innovations%20in%20technology%20transforming%20policing%202012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Critical_Issues_Series/how%20are%20innovations%20in%20technology%20transforming%20policing%202012.pdf Shelf Number: 130804 Keywords: Police Technology Policing

Author: Barrick, Kelle Title: Assessing Crime, Resident Trust, and Police Effectiveness in Tegucigalpa, Honduras Summary: According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Central American countries are faced with some of the highest homicide rates in the world (UNODC, 2007). With more than 87 homicides per 100,000 residents, Honduras is one of the region's most violent countries (Arce, 2012). Honduras's proximity to Mexico makes it highly susceptible to the influences of transnational drug trafficking organizations. Recent enforcement efforts in Mexico have disrupted and displaced drug trafficking patterns and Honduras is increasingly being utilized as a transshipment point for Andean cocaine. According to recent estimates, 42% of all cocaine entering the United States first passes through Central America (INL, 2012). Youth street gangs and concentrated levels of poverty are also assumed to be at the center of the country's ongoing struggle with crime (UNODC, 2007; Seelke, 2011). Moreover, there is evidence that the problems associated with violent crime are increasing in Honduras. Whereas violent crime has decreased in Colombia, a country notorious for its violence, in recent years Honduras has experienced a significant increase in homicides and now has the highest per capita homicide rate in the world (U.S. Department of State, 2012). To assist Honduras in addressing these public safety and security issues, the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), has provided funding to establish a Model Precinct in Tegucigalpa's San Miguel Police District. A review of documents provided by INL indicates that as part of the Model Precinct initiative, INL is working with the Polic�a Nacional de Honduras (PNH) to create a higher level of integrity in the national police force by vetting police officers using background checks and polygraph testing. Police officers will also be trained in management practices, community policing, public relations, report taking, and tactical operations. In addition, police departments will be provided with a variety of equipment, including vehicles, office equipment, tactical and technological equipment, database systems, and street surveillance cameras. INL initiatives are also attempting to prevent and reduce participation in local gangs by providing school-aged children and youth with training in the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) and Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) programs. Collectively, these Model Precinct activities are intended to result in a number of benefits for the San Miguel target area in Tegucigalpa. These include reductions in crime and gang activity, enhanced crime fighting and crime prevention capabilities for the police, and improved community perceptions and trust of the police. Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2013. 168p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2014 at: http://rti.org/pubs/hte024_baseline_english_final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Honduras URL: http://rti.org/pubs/hte024_baseline_english_final.pdf Shelf Number: 132905 Keywords: Crime (Honduras) Drug Trafficking Homicides Police Effectiveness Police-Community Relations Policing Street Gangs Violent Crime

Author: Lazzati, Natalia Title: Hot Spot Policing: A Study of Place-Based Strategies to Crime Prevention Summary: Hot spot policing is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by assigning limited police resources to areas where crimes are more highly concentrated. We analyze this strategy using a game theoretic approach. The main argument against focusing police resources on hot spots is that it would simply displace criminal activity from one area to another. We provide new insights on the nature of the displacement effect with useful implications for the empirical analysis of crime-reduction effects of police reallocation. We find that, in certain contexts, our results support the empirical findings of no displacement effects. We also propose alternative place-based policies that display attractive properties in terms of geographic spillovers of crime reduction via optimal police reallocation. Details: Unpublished paper, 2014. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2277876 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2277876 Shelf Number: 133030 Keywords: Crime Analysis Crime Displacement Crime Prevention Geographic Analysis Hot Spots Place-Based Policing Policing

Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "No Money, No Justice": Police Corruption and Abuse in Liberia Summary: Police corruption in Liberia undermines access to justice, results in human rights violations, and compromises the establishment of the rule of law in this post-conflict country. Liberian victims of crimes must pay authorities at every stage of a case investigation. Because of the prevalence of police corruption, "justice is not for the poor" is a catchphrase of many Liberians who say wealth, not guilt, often determines the outcome of criminal cases. "No Money, No Justice": Police Corruption and Abuse in Liberia documents the impact of police corruption on the administration of justice. Motorcycle taxi drivers, street sellers, and taxi drivers - whose work keeps them on the streets - are particularly vulnerable to bribery demands from the police. Police officers often arbitrarily arrest and detain and rob these workers, who typically live in poverty. Liberian police officers themselves face numerous challenges in performing their jobs. They lack essential resources, such as fuel for vehicles, and work long hours for low salaries. Commanders pressure their subordinates to make payments up the chain of command, particularly in exchange for promotion. The post-war United Nations presence in Liberia has helped reduce the incidence of torture in detention, but has not made inroads on corruption and abuses connected with extortion. To strengthen respect for basic rights and the rule of law in Liberia, Human Rights Watch calls on the Liberian government to bolster police accountability mechanisms and fulfill its promise of establishing an independent oversight board for the police. In addition, the government and foreign donors should investigate persistent logistics shortfalls that contribute to police officers preying upon the public for material support. Finally, government officials in Liberia should emphasize accountability and good governance in the security sector as essential to the country's promised post-conflict development. Details: New York: HRW, 2013. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/liberia0813_forUpload_0.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Liberia URL: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/liberia0813_forUpload_0.pdf Shelf Number: 129901 Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Police Accountability Police Corruption (Liberia) Police Misconduct Policing

Author: Martin-Roethele, Chelsie Title: Police Innovation: Enhancing Research and Analysis Capacity through Smart Policing Summary: Much research has been done on innovations in policing over the past few decades. However, little research has been done on the Smart Policing Initiative, the latest innovation in economically and financially effective crime prevention and reduction strategies. One of the key aspects of the Smart Policing Initiative is the collaboration of police agencies and research partners to more effectively address specific crime issues. The current study uses mean score comparisons and qualitative responses to evaluate this partnership to determine the extent of its value and effect. It also seeks to determine the areas of police agency crime analysis and research units that are most in need of enhancement. Findings are that the research partners are actively involved in a range of aspects involved in problem solving under the Smart Policing Initiative, and that they have positively influenced police agencies' research and crime analysis functions, and to a lesser extent, have positively impacted police agencies' tactical operations. Additionally, personnel, technology, and training were found to be the main areas of the crime analysis and research units that still need to be enhanced. Details: Phoenix: Arizona State University, 2013. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/products/police-innovation-enhancing-research-and-analysis-capacity-through-smart-policing Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/products/police-innovation-enhancing-research-and-analysis-capacity-through-smart-policing Shelf Number: 133130 Keywords: Collaboration Crime Analysis Partnerships Policing Policing Innovation

Author: Myrttinen, Henri Title: Poster Boys No More: Summary: Gender analysis of actual SSR processes is sorely lacking in the SSR literature. In 'Poster Boys No More: Gender and Security Sector Reform in Timor-Leste' Henri Myrttinen breaks new ground in examining the gender dimensions of the DDR and SSR processes in Timor-Leste, with a focus on the establishment of the police and armed forces. The paper explores issues such as: how men's roles relate to gang violence and relationships of patronage that undermine the security services, how women have been incorporated into the new security services and how the security services are addressing gender-based violence. It shows how a gender perspective can add to our understanding of many of the social processes at work in Timor-Leste and help to find solutions to some of the main security issues in the country, making recommendations for Timor-Leste's ongoing SSR processes. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), 2009. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Paper No. 31: Accessed August 29, 2014 at: http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/Poster-Boys-No-More Year: 2009 Country: East Timor URL: http://www.dcaf.ch/Publications/Poster-Boys-No-More Shelf Number: 129913 Keywords: Abusive Men Gang Violence Gender-Based Violence (East Timor) Policing violence Against Women

Author: Di Matteo, Livio Title: Police and Crime Rates in Canada: A Comparison of Resources and Outcomes Summary: There is growing public concern over the rising cost and sustainability of police services given that crime rates continue to decline. Indeed, between 2001 and 2012, the number of police officers per 100,000 population in Canada rose 8.7% while the crime rate declined by 26.3%. This study reviews the literature on the relationship between police resources and crime rates and then examines trends in crime rates and police resources in Canada. It also estimates the "efficiency" of police staffing across Canadian cities using a determinants approach that first estimates the relationship between the number of police officers per 100,000 in population and the crime rate, controlling for other factors. It then uses that relationship to estimate the predicted number of officers relative to the actual figure. The purpose is to assess whether the efficiency of municipal policing can be improved. The study finds substantial variation in the number of police officers per 100,000 of population and overall spending in cities across the country. The estimates of "efficiency" find cities of different sizes and different parts of the country ranking among the most and least efficient. Using this methodology, Kelowna, BC, Moncton, NB, and Ottawa-Gatineau, ON/QC, were found to have the most efficient staffing levels. Saint John, NB, Winnipeg, MB, and Windsor, ON, were found to have the least efficient staffing levels. There is substantial scope for police forces across Canada's census metropolitan areas (CMAs) to discover what the best practices are for creating a more efficient operation. Details: Burnaby, BC: Fraser Institute, 2014. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 25, 2014 at: http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/police-and-crime-rates-in-canada.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/publications/police-and-crime-rates-in-canada.pdf Shelf Number: 133425 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Crime Rates (Canada) Police Effectiveness Policing

Author: Perito, Robert Title: A Counterterrorism Role for Pakistan's Police Stations Summary: Violence is escalating in Pakistan, both in its megacities and along the border with Afghanistan-from terrorism, to secessionist insurgency, to sectarian conflict, to ethnic turf wars. The police station and the police who staff it, despite their historic role as a symbol of government authority and responsibility for public order, are woefully ill prepared and ill equipped to meet these challenges. This report, part of a project to increase Pakistan's capacity to combat terrorism, explores the role police stations could and should play and suggests definitive steps to that end. Summary - Terrorism, secessionist insurgency, sectarian conflict, and ethnic turf wars have convulsed both Pakistan's major cities and tribal areas along the Afghanistan border. The escalation in mega-urban centers in particular has increased the importance of the police in controlling the endemic violence. - The police station retains both its historic role as the symbol of government authority and its position as the basic law enforcement institution responsible for public order, law enforcement, and police services. Yet police stations and personnel are ill prepared and poorly equipped to meet the challenges of the country's complex, urbanized, and increasingly violent society. - Pakistani police have found themselves on the front lines, and a growing number have given their lives to protect others in the struggle against terrorist and criminal groups. The need is now urgent to empower the police through a program of positive reform that would begin with modernizing police stations and reorienting and retraining their personnel. - An effective program for police station reform would begin with assigning primacy to the police for controlling terrorism. It would include developing new organizational structures, positions, and standard operating procedures to ensure that local police understand their enhanced role and mission. It would also include improving police-public relations and networking police stations into a national information-sharing network with anti-terrorist agencies. - Creating high-profile specialized units appears to offer a quick fix to a complex and increasingly pervasive problem. The real solution, however, lies in empowering Pakistan's police stations to protect their communities from criminal and extremist violence through modernization and reform. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2014. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report 351: Accessed September 27, 2014 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR351-A-Counterrerrorism-Role-for-Pakistan%E2%80%99s-Police-Stations.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR351-A-Counterrerrorism-Role-for-Pakistan%E2%80%99s-Police-Stations.pdf Shelf Number: 133452 Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Police Reform Policing Terrorism (Pakistan)

Author: Wassel, Todd Title: Institutionalising community policing in Timor-Leste: police development in Asia's youngest country Summary: As part of ODI's Securing Communities project, which aims to understand different models of community policing around the world, this case study examines the development of community policing policy and practice in Timor-Leste. As with the Securing Communities project more broadly, the focus is on the diversity of objectives, approaches and methods of community policing, the 'messy politics' of its development and what this means for those who aim to support this policing model. This case study examines some key features of community policing policy development and practice in Timor-Leste. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2014. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8841.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/8841.pdf Shelf Number: 133620 Keywords: Community Policing (Timor-Leste) Police Reform Police-Citizen Interaction Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Fortier, Nicole Title: Success-Oriented Funding: Reforming Federal Criminal Justice Grants Summary: A new policy proposal from the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law suggests the president make broad reforms to federal grants across the country that fund state and local law enforcement. Specifically, the president should use his executive authority to recast all federal grants for criminal justice in a "Success-Oriented Funding" model, in which the flow of dollars is linked to the achievement of clear goals. Grant programs run by the federal government have a powerful role in shaping the behavior of law enforcement nationwide. "Success-Oriented Funding" would encourage practices that reduce crime and violence without recourse to unnecessary force, whether through police behavior or undue focus on arrests and incarceration. Details: New York: Brennan Center for Justice; New York University School of Law, 2014. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/SuccessOrientedFunding_ReformingFederalCriminalJusticeGrants.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/SuccessOrientedFunding_ReformingFederalCriminalJusticeGrants.pdf Shelf Number: 133624 Keywords: Criminal Justice Policy (U.S.) Federal Grants Law Enforcement Programs Police Effectiveness Policing

Author: Livingston, Stephen Title: Africa's Information Revolution: Implications for Crime, Policing, and Citizen Security Summary: Violent crime represents the most immediate threat to the personal security of most Africans. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 36 percent of all homicides globally occur in Africa. With 17 deaths per 100,000, the homicide rate in Africa is double the global average. Rates of robberies and rape in Africa also exceed global norms. The problem is worse in urban areas, with many of Africa's urban-dwellers often worrying about crime. The risk of violent crime has implications for Africa's development, governance, and stability. Crime ranks as one of the major inhibitors to investment on the continent according to private business owners. Parents choose not to send children to school rather than put them at risk in high-crime areas. Countries with higher rates of violent crime tend to make less progress in reducing poverty and expanding development. Closely linked to the threat of violent crime is the weakness of many of Africa's police forces. They are often underfunded, understaffed, and undertrained. Surveys show that a majority of Africans see police only infrequently, and therefore do not view the police as a source of protection. In addition to being ineffective in combatting crime, inadequate police training contributes to unprofessional behavior. In some cases, police are active participants in criminal activity. In others, corruption permeates the force. In still others, police use extrajudicial violence to intimidate and coerce suspected criminals, potential witnesses, and even victims. This generates high levels of distrust of the police in many African countries. The acuteness of the crime challenge has grown with rapid urbanization and the expansion of slums lacking basic services, including police presence. In many urban centers, this vacuum has been filled by gangs and organized criminal organizations that profit from extortion, kidnappings, and violence against the local population. At times these gangs are protected by corrupt police or politicians. As these criminal groups expand into trafficking of illicit goods - drugs, cigarettes, medicines, and arms - they tend to link up with transnational criminal networks, posing an even more formidable security problem. Consistently high levels of violence have far-reaching implications for how youth learn to resolve conflict-perpetuating tolerance for higher levels of violence in a society. This, in turn, fosters the acceptability of political violence and threatens the viability of democratic governance, which relies on dialogue, free speech, tolerance of opposing perspectives, and protection for minorities. The rapid expansion and accessibility of mobile communications technology in Africa is creating new opportunities for combatting crime and strengthening police accountability. Twitter, SMS, and event-mapping technologies are being used to connect communities with police and security forces as never before. This is precedent setting for many citizens, especially those in rural areas who have grown accustomed to fending for themselves. Now at least they are more able to alert one another to potential threats, mobilize the community in self-defense, and inform security sector authorities in the interest of gaining protection. In urban areas, citizens who would not normally have many interactions with the police now have a number they can call in times of trouble. Information and communications technologies (ICTs) are also connecting societies horizontally in real time. This is forging cross-regional ties and linkages that may not have previously existed and historically have emerged only with the development of a national transportation infrastructure. In the process, both economic and social integration are facilitated. This enhanced cohesiveness can contribute directly to greater stability. ICTs, often tapping into their crowdsourcing capabilities, also offer opportunities to improve police responsiveness and accountability. Crime maps provide the basis for allocating resources to match prevailing threats. They also establish a benchmark from which to assess the effectiveness of police responses. Bribe-reporting websites create a record and pattern of illegal police behavior that raise the profile of what are often treated as isolated events into a broader, measurable phenomenon requiring a policy response. While opening opportunities to enhance security and accountability, ICTs are not a panacea for resolving crime and corruption. Information is solely a tool and not the driver of reform. ICTs can be used for nefarious purposes - both by criminal organizations as well as unaccountable police forces. Rather, ICT-generated change requires an organized body of committed individuals who can use the increased accessibility of information to educate the public, engender popular participation, and press authorities for reform. It is this sustained engagement of on-the-ground actors, typically in the form of civil society organizations, that transforms information accessibility into concrete improvements in the lives of ordinary citizens. By lowering information barriers, ICTs are bringing discussion and analysis of crime in Africa out of the shadows, enhancing the potential for oversight of the security forces, and elevating citizen security. ICTs, therefore, are contributing to improved security through both internal channels via the strengthening of the state's crime data gathering capacity as well as external mechanisms to monitor, critique, and hold the security sector accountable. Details: Washington, DC: Africa Center for Strategic Studies, 2013. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Paper No. 5: Accessed October 20, 2014 at: http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ARP5-Africas-Information-Revolution1.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Africa URL: http://africacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ARP5-Africas-Information-Revolution1.pdf Shelf Number: 131514 Keywords: Crime Statistics Gang Violence Homicides Organized Crime Policing Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime Violence Violent Crime (Africa)

Author: Jackson, Brian A. Title: Police Department Investments in Information Technology Systems: Challenges Assessing Their Payoff Summary: The potential effects of information technology (IT) systems on police productivity will be driven, in part, by the match between the technology and police activities. In modern policing, how information is used for reactive response to incidents is significantly different from proactive and community-policing activities, so we expect the effects of IT to be quite different. The authors developed a logic model of police functions to guide examination of the different expected effects of IT on productivity. The logic model helped guide a statistical analysis in an effort to identify productivity and budgetary effects of different IT investments in police departments. However, even the best available data were insufficient to break down police agencies� use of the technology at a sufficient level of granularity to provide meaningful results. Future efforts to assess the effects of IT systems on law enforcement performance can benefit from the results of the logic modeling and exploratory analysis. Specifically, it is important to collect data not just on department acquisition of IT systems, but also on how the systems are used and the activities that the use is intended to support. In considering potential productivity improvement from IT use, analysts need ways to measure relative levels of effort devoted to different police functions because the role of IT as a force multiplier means that its benefits will be driven, in part, by the force available to multiply. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2014. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Assessed November 3, 2014 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR500/RR569/RAND_RR569.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR500/RR569/RAND_RR569.pdf Shelf Number: 133942 Keywords: Crime Analysis Information Technology (U.S.) Police Performance Police Productivity Policing

Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Serious and Organised Crime Local Profiles: A Guide Summary: 1.1 In its National Security Strategy in 2010 the Government made clear that serious and organised crime (SOC) is a national security threat which needs an effective cross-government and law enforcement response. 1.2 Serious and organised crime includes: trafficking and dealing in drugs, people, weapons and counterfeit goods; sophisticated theft and robbery; fraud and other forms of financial crime; and cyber crime and cyber-enabled crime. It also includes modern slavery and child sexual exploitation. 1.3 Law enforcement agency estimates tell us that over 30,000 people are engaged in serious and organised crime in this country, operating in over 5,000 groups. We think that the cost to government from their activities is at least $24 billion each year and likely to be very much more.1 That figure does not include costs to the private sector: to protect itself from serious and organised crime the financial sector alone spends $10 billion each year. 1.4 In 2010 the Government made a commitment to develop a new national law enforcement organisation - the National Crime Agency (NCA) - to co-ordinate work against serious and organised crime in this country. The NCA was launched in 2013. 1.5 At the same time the Government published a new strategy to deal with serious and organised crime which was agreed by all the ministers represented at the National Security Council. The strategy and a high level summary are available online at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/248646/Serious_and_organised_crime_strategy_pamphlet.pdf. 1.6 The strategy deliberately uses the framework developed for counter-terrorist work and has four main objectives (the 4Ps): - PURSUE: prosecuting and disrupting people engaged in serious and organised crime; - PREVENT: preventing people from engaging in serious and organised crime; - PROTECT: increasing protection against serious and organised crime; - PREPARE: reducing the impact of this criminality where it takes place. 1.7 The strategy starts from an important assumption. Neither the police nor the NCA on their own can tackle the breadth and complexity of the threat from serious and organised crime. 1.8 Like other threats to our national security, serious and organised crime requires a response across the whole of government, and close collaboration with the public, the private sector and with many other countries. 2.1 This guidance provides an overview of the development, distribution and effective use of Local Profiles on serious and organised crime. 2.2 Police forces will continue to conduct most law enforcement work on serious and organised crime. They should be supported by new local, multi-agency partnerships, including representatives from local authorities, education, health and social care, and Immigration Enforcement. The effect must be to ensure that all available information and powers are brought to bear locally against serious and organised crime. 2.3 These local partnerships will need a common understanding of the threat from serious and organised crime and how it impacts upon local communities. Reflecting relevant learning from counter-terrorism (notably the development of what are known as Counter-Terrorism Local Profiles or CTLPs) and existing good practice in serious and organised crime, we want police forces and the NCA to develop and share Local Profiles of serious and organised crime. 2.4 CTLPs have been produced since 2009, and have been subject to a comprehensive national review of their production and delivery process as well as a stakeholder survey.2 The review identified both examples of good practice and key areas for improvement. The findings were positive and provide a useful evidence base 2 National Counter-Terrorism Local Profile Review (December 2009) and Ipsos Mori (January 2010) for the content of this guidance. Key findings were that CTLPs: - are a useful and engaging resource and a catalyst for closer partnership working and local action; - are generally well received and valued, and briefings are - and should - become 'business as usual' for many force areas; - need to contain information that is relevant, up to date and localised; - should provide practical recommendations that partners can own and progress; and - should be shared more widely and with greater consistency. 2.5 This guidance is aimed particularly at the police and local partnerships that should be using Local Profiles to inform their action plans to tackle serious and organised crime. It should also be shared with other serious and organised crime partners where appropriate. Much of the information it contains will also be helpful to non-Home Office police forces, other enforcement agencies and partners in devolved administrations which are responsible for reducing the level of serious and organised crime. Details: London: Home Office, 2014. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 18, 2014 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/371602/Serious_and_Organised_Crime_local_profiles.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/371602/Serious_and_Organised_Crime_local_profiles.pdf Shelf Number: 134120 Keywords: National Security Organized Crime (U.K.) Policing Violent Crimes

Author: Lammy, David Title: Taking Its Toll: the regressive impact of property crime in Britain Summary: The police and the courts are turning a blind eye to theft, burglary and shoplifting which makes up three quarters of all recorded crime committed in England and Wales, according to the Rt Hon David Lammy MP, one of the Labour party's leading Mayoral candidates. The report highlights how large swathes of property crime goes unreported, especially among independent shopkeepers, with people having little faith in the ability of the police to bring the perpetrators to justice. A poll of 400 members of the National Federation of Retail Newsagents carried out as part of the research discovered that over half of all respondents had been the victim of two or more shoplifting incidents in the preceding three months yet over a third (35%) doubted the police's ability to successfully prosecute shoplifters. Less than 1 in 10 incidents of shoplifting is reported to the police. Other figures in the report emphasise the problem: - Only two thirds of burglaries are reported to the police - Half of burglary victims never hear back from the police after reporting a crime - 19,000 incidents of bicycle theft were reported to the Metropolitan Police in 2013-14 yet only 666 (3.5%) of these thefts were solved The paper also argues that shoplifting from smaller retailers such as newsagents has virtually been decriminalised in the eyes of the law. The Anti Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, set the threshold for a 'serious' shoplifting offence at good valued $200 or higher. Yet the median value of a shoplifting incident from a convenience store is around $40. The paper also highlights how the courts are failing to tackle the problem of repeat offending: - Half of all offenders sentenced for theft offences in the year to June 2014 had 15 or more previous convictions or cautions. This represents 62,000 offenders in one year alone - 45 per cent of offenders cautioned for theft offences had already received a caution or conviction for a previous offence - Half of all fines imposed by courts go unpaid - The only recourse a magistrate has to address non-payment of fines is six months imprisonment The report makes a series of recommendations to address property crime including: 1.Restoring ward-level neighbourhood policing teams consisting of a sergeant, two constables and three Police Community Support Officers and ensure they focus their efforts on preventing and solving local property crime. 2.Giving magistrates flexibility to enforce unpaid court fines through means other than six months imprisonment 3.Implementing a penalties escalator for repeated theft. Courts should be able to break the caution-fine-reoffending cycle by increasing the sentence for reoffending. 4.Making it compulsory for new police recruits to walk the same beat for at least a year - and preferably two years - after they complete training. 5.Introducing New York Compstat-style data sharing between police forces to pinpoint crime trends and hotspots 6.Establishing a Crime Prevention Academy to improve crime prevention expertise within police forces Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2015. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/taking%20its%20toll.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/taking%20its%20toll.pdf Shelf Number: 134947 Keywords: Bicycle Theft Burglary Neighborhood Policing Policing Property Crimes (U.K.) Repeat Offenders Shoplifting Stealing Theft

Author: Armacost, Barbara E. Title: Immigration Policing: Federalizing the Local Summary: Recent immigration scholarship has identified two features of current immigration enforcement: the "federalization" of immigration law - meaning the growing participation of state and local police in immigration enforcement - and "crimmigration" - the increasing use of immigration law as a strategy for crime control. Scholars argue that these trends are new and that they have had a negative effect on immigration regulation. By contrast, supporters of state and local immigration enforcement point out that police officers can serve as a powerful "force multiplier" by funneling the highest priority illegal aliens - criminal aliens - into the federal immigration system. They argue that this won't change the shape of ordinary law enforcement. Neither side is correct. On the one hand, neither of these features is particularly new. For decades, federal immigration officials have been partnering with state and local officials and for nearly 100 years federal law has provided for deportation based on conviction of certain crimes. What is new is that enhanced funding and expanded programing has enlarged the scope of state and local participation and thrust it into public view. On the other hand, proponents of state and local police as "force multipliers" underestimate the extent to which this increased participation distorts both federal immigration enforcement policy and state and local law enforcement policy. These distortions result primarily from one salient feature of the merged system: the fact that state and local police involved in immigration enforcement make front-end law enforcement decisions in light of the promise of back-end immigration enforcement. This has led to the use of pre-textual stops and arrests ostensibly for traffic violations or minor crimes but actually for the purpose of feeding suspected illegal aliens into the immigration enforcement system. This article demonstrates how pre-textual enforcement actions distort federal and state/local enforcement priorities and undermine political accountability. They also lead, almost inevitably, to racial profiling that is largely impervious to legal and constitutional challenge. Assuming, as I do, that immigration policing and crimmigration are here to stay, the challenge is to harness the "force multiplier" of state and local enforcement without creating the dysfunction that can accompany it. The key is to find ways to decouple state and local law enforcement decisions from the promise of immigration enforcement. This article identifies some promising responses in this direction by ICE and state and local law enforcement agencies. While these early efforts are inadequate, they may point the way forward in a world in which immigration federalism and crimmigration are here to stay. Details: Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia School of Law, 2014. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2014-60 : Accessed March 19, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2504042 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2504042 Shelf Number: 134978 Keywords: Border Control Crimmigration Immigrants Immigration Enforcement (U.S.) Policing Racial Profiling

Author: Police Foundation Title: The Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission: Final Report Summary: The City of Wilmington is the largest and the most culturally and economically diverse city in Delaware. The ability of the City to grow and improve the lives of its residents depends on its ability effectively to provide public safety. The residents, employers, and civic and community leaders with whom we speak routinely cited public safety as a principal concern affecting their decisions about where to live, where to locate their business, and how to lead the City to a better future. Like many cities, Wilmington experiences a significant amount of crime, including crimes of violence, drug crimes and nuisance crimes. However, many cities across the country have experienced significant reductions in crimes in all categories in recent years - often attributed to improved policing strategies. Wilmington is not one of those cities. According to the FBI, Wilmington ranks third in violence among 450 cities of its size and sixth among all cities over 50,000. Crime in Wilmington - and particularly homicides - has reached record numbers in recent years. Over the past decade, the City of Wilmington has averaged 118 shooting victims per year, reaching a record high of 154 shootings victims in 2013. In 2014 alone, there were 127 shooting victims and 23 shooting deaths in the City. The principal questions facing the Wilmington Public Safety Strategies Commission are why the City of Wilmington has not experienced the same crime reductions enjoyed by similarly situated municipalities across the country and what Wilmington can do about that. This report offers our examination of the strategies currently being employed by the City and the WPD, and our proposal of strategies that might be employed to better address the WPD's core mission of creating a safer Wilmington. Improving public safety in Wilmington is challenging, but it is certainly not impossible. Wilmington has three built-in advantages. First and most significantly, Wilmington has a sufficiently large police force to bring appropriate resources to bear on this issue. While we make clear in this report that there are several areas of police work that deserve additional resources, and that a reorganization of some functions would assist the Department, the WPD begins this work with a force large enough to effectively patrol and fight crime in Wilmington. Second, as the Crime Analysis and CAD Incident Analysis done by Temple University's Jerry Ratcliffe, Ph.D. make clear, "[s]mall areas of the city account for a large proportion of the crime and community harm." As a result, if appropriate strategies are brought to bear on those small areas, significant reductions in crime can be obtained. Third, many people with whom we spoke in the WPD, from the leadership to rank-and-file officers, recognize that there is a need for and opportunity to change for the better. Significant cultural and organizational changes can be made only with buy-in from those tasked with the need to lead and implement those changes, and the recognition of the need for and inevitability of change was evident in many of the law enforcement professionals with whom we spoke. Generally, we found that WPD has a respond-and-react orientation and structure that focuses on resolving calls for service rather than proactively implementing crime reduction strategies. Although WPD is sufficiently staffed, the department does not deploy sufficient officers in patrol and key investigatory functions. WPD is behind other law enforcement agencies in its use of technology (some of which it already owns) to both analyze and predict crime, as well as to provide accountability of its officers as to there whereabouts and activities. The WPD's investigatory units do not solve a sufficient number of crimes - particularly homicides - and can improve its investigatory functions and victims' services. The Wilmington community appreciates the dedication and effort of the Department's officers, but some community relationships have become strained and can be improved. All of the issues identified in this report are fixable, and none is exclusive to Wilmington. Many of the building blocks for reform are already in place - a city and community that recognizes the need for change, a WPD administration that is open to new strategies, and supportive local partners. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation, 2015. 200p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2015 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201504/WPSSC%20Final%20Report%203_31_15.pdf Shelf Number: 135155 Keywords: Crime Statistics Gun-Related Violence Homicides Police Reform Police Response Police-Community Relations Policing Policing Strategies Public Safety Violent Crime

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Defining Moments for Police Chiefs Summary: The position of police chief has always been a demanding job. A police chief must know how to run a complex organization, in many cases a very large organization. Chiefs must have strong leadership skills and a vision for meeting the needs of the community. And the stakes are high, because police have unique power and authority over people. The consequences of a mistake by any member of the organization can be catastrophic. As a result, police departments undergo closer scrutiny than other types of organizations. Since PERF's creation in 1976, one of our priorities has been to work with police chiefs to identify best practices and policies for meeting the challenges of the job. Our goal is to help police departments learn from each other about the critical issues they face. And one thing we have seen is that even in a well-run department, a department with good policies, thorough training of officers, strong leaders, and solid management systems, things can go disastrously wrong at any moment. A single officer can make a bad decision in a split-second, or a natural disaster or large-scale criminal incident can overwhelm a department�s capabilities. A police chief who responds well in a crisis can mitigate the damage, and sometimes the storyline changes as a result. Instead of focusing on the disastrous incident, the community remembers how hard the police chief and the police department worked to handle it. Unfortunately, in other cases, a slow or ill-considered response makes the situation worse. In the summer of 2014, PERF decided to hold a national conference to address these issues. We decided to name the conference "Defining Moments for Police Chiefs." We wanted to ask leading police officials, "In your career, what was the one critical moment when you really felt tested? What did you do that worked well? And looking back, is there anything you wish you could do over and do differently?" Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2015. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/definingmoments.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/definingmoments.pdf Shelf Number: 135509 Keywords: Police Administrators (U.S.) Police Performance Policing

Author: Schaefer, Lacey Title: Monitoring Offenders on Conditional Release Summary: This guide focuses on offenders; specifically, people who have already been convicted of crimes and who are under community supervision ordered by courts or correctional authorities. Although many of these individuals are not actively engaged in offending, the past behavior of people on probation and parole suggests that they have a heightened risk of committing a crime. Consequently, reducing the risks of offending for people on probation and parole can be an ingredient in sustainable solutions to crime problems. In this guide we discuss how offenders are supervised by correctional agencies while on community release. These offenders can cause problems for police (e.g., recidivate and prompt calls for service), so understanding community supervision can be extremely useful for solving such problems. This response guide provides a review of the most effective practices for monitoring offenders on conditional release. For police and their partners, this will help them better understand community supervision, and appreciate the benefits and potential hurdles in their collaborations with community corrections agencies. For probation and parole authorities, this guide may help them develop an understanding of the ways police officers can assist offender supervision and community reintegration. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, 2014. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, Response Guides Series; no. 12: Accessed May 9, 2015 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p286-pub.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p286-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 135544 Keywords: Community Supervision Offender Monitoring Offender Supervision Parolees Policing Probationers

Author: Chalfin, Aaron Title: Are U.S. Cities Under-policed?: Theory and Evidence Summary: The socially optimal number of police hinges on the extent to which police reduce the most costly crimes, which are also the most difficult to model econometrically because they are rare. In the hope of minimizing simultaneity bias, papers in the recent literature have focused on quasi-experimental approaches that disregard most of the variation in police staffing levels, compounding the modeling difficulty. We argue that the central empirical challenge in this literature is not simultaneity bias, as has been supposed, but measurement error bias. Using a new panel data set on crime in medium to large U.S. cities over 1960-2010, we obtain measurement error corrected estimates of the police elasticity, with much greater parameter certainty for the most costly crimes. Our analysis suggests that U.S. cities are in fact underpoliced. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2015 at: http://eml.berkeley.edu/~jmccrary/chalfin_mccrary2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://eml.berkeley.edu/~jmccrary/chalfin_mccrary2013.pdf Shelf Number: 135639 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Resource Allocation Police Staffing Levels Policing

Author: Ruddell, Rick Title: The Economics of Canadian Policing Five Years Into the Great Recession Summary: Since the start of the Great Recession in 2008 there has been a growing interest in applying business models and cost-benefit analyses to policing, especially in terms of holding police services more accountable for their performance as publically funded agencies. A review of the policing literature reveals an increased number of references to value for money (Barton & Barton, 2011) and return on investment from dollars spent on policing (Boyd, Geoghegan & Gibbs, 2011; Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary [HMIC], 2013). Police and political leaders, as well as academics have used the economic crisis as an opportunity to advance the issues of reimagining or re-envisioning policing. While Canada has weathered the worst of the economic crisis that started in 2008 with fewer negative effects than our counterparts in the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and the United States, there has been a growing concern about the increasing costs of policing, which has been called unsustainable by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (2013). Every Canadian municipality is grappling with increasing demands for civic services, including policing, and few local politicians want to increase taxes. With respect to the Ontario Provincial Police, for instance, changes in the manner in which their costs are recovered from municipalities have led to a growing concern from rural community leaders: Brennan (2014, n.p.) noted that "prior to 1998 rural municipalities did not pay for policing." These debates are not isolated to Ontario, and city counselors throughout the nation are trying to balance public safety and their ability to pay for policing. Containing policing costs while ensuring that core policing services (e.g., those related to emergency response, criminal investigations and enforcing laws) are of key importance to policymakers and members of the Canadian policing industry. This is evidenced by an increased focus on the "economics of policing" in the research literature (see Griffiths & Stamatakis, 2012; Leuprecht, 2014; Ruddell & Jones, 2013), and several conferences and summits held throughout 2013-2014 (Charlottetown in January and September, 2013 and Vancouver in March 2014). Topics related to the economics of policing have been addressed at the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police 2013 annual meeting and were a key subject addressed by the Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security throughout 2013. In many respects, funding for Canadian policing is more stable than in other English-speaking common-law nations. Police services throughout the United States have been experiencing funding cutbacks and some jurisdictions disbanded their police services in favour of contract policing (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012), while other municipalities have replaced publically operated police with private police agencies. In the United Kingdom, policing budgets are projected to be cut by as much as one-third. Given these funding shortfalls, police leaders in these nations are being forced to rethink the manner in which services are delivered, who will deliver them, and how to best manage cuts to police budgets without threatening core policing services. Canadian police services have the luxury of time to scan the environment for threats as well as opportunities for change, and learn what the police in other nations are doing in response to budget cutbacks. It is possible that the lessons learned from our counterparts will enable Canadian police services to better leverage their resources. Former Public Safety Minister Vic Toews, speaking at the Economics of Policing Summit in January 2013, observed that, "Police services face two options - they can do nothing and eventually be forced to cut drastically, as we have seen in some countries; or they can be proactive, get ahead of the curve, and have greater flexibility in designing and implementing both incremental and meaningful structural reforms." As part of a proactive strategy that examines the economics of policing in the Canadian context, a key goal of this study is to review the economics, management, and policing literatures to identify current trends in respect to the relationships between economics and policing, including how police services in other nations have managed austerity. The main findings from this review are that: - There were 11 recessions between 1948 and 2011 and each one had a different set of causes, economic consequences, as well as recovery times and these three factors influence crime rates in an inconsistent manner. - The global economic recovery has been slow and another downturn could have a significant impact upon the Canadian economy, and in turn, police funding. - Police services in the United Kingdom and the United States have responded to the latest recession by streamlining operations and attempting to reduce demand. - While police services in other nations have been successful in preserving core functions after budget cuts there is some question as to whether these strategies are sustainable over the long-term. - Long-term austerity policing may negatively influence citizen perceptions of the police and has been shown to reduce the morale of police service staff in the United Kingdom. - Cost-benefit analyses consistently reveal that investing in policing is a cost-effective public policy. - Recent research demonstrates that officer effectiveness can be enhanced through directed patrol or "hot spots" policing. - The RAND cost of crime calculator shows that adding police officers in jurisdictions with high crime rates is a good investment in public safety. - Applying the RAND calculator to Saskatchewan policing shows a return of $1.70 for every additional dollar spent on police officers. - Deploying officers in traffic enforcement roles demonstrates a greater cost saving benefit to society than in general duty policing. - Crime reduction strategies must be developed at the local level, as an approach that is effective in one jurisdiction may be unsuccessful when exported to another community. - The current recession has led to many scholars calling for a 'reengineering' or 'remaking' of police operations although there is little consensus on what those changes should entail or who should decide what changes should occur. - Most policing studies focus upon big city policing and there is almost no published research on best practices, cost effectiveness or measuring the performance of rural police services. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2014. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn80407908-eng.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn80407908-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 135694 Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis Costs of Criminal Justice Economics and Crime Economics of Policing Police Administration Policing

Author: Ruddell, Rick Title: Austerity Policing: Responsing to Crime During Economic Downturns Summary: Governments at all levels are grappling with the challenges of increasing demands on police services at the same time that their budgets are threatened with cuts. Although Canada's economy has weathered the financial crisis that started in 2008 with fewer disruptions than in the United Kingdom or the United States, there are signs that global economic conditions, especially in the European Union, continue to be uncertain and those challenges could have a substantial impact upon economic conditions in Canada. Economic uncertainty can have an impact on all government services, including policing. Not only are police budgets under increasing scrutiny but economic disruption, such as high rates of unemployment or inflation, may contribute to an increased demand for police services. Public Safety Canada (2012) identified the following challenges associated with Canadian policing costs: Increasing demands on police combined with decreasing crime rates; Escalating policing costs that are increasingly unsustainable in the current fiscal environment; Limited clarity on how police funding is spent and its efficiency and effectiveness, and the; A need for coordination, focus and leadership. The importance of containing policing costs while ensuring that core policing services (e.g., those related to emergency response, criminal investigations and enforcing laws) are not jeopardized was a key issue examined at the Economics of Policing Summit in January 2013. In many respects, funding for Canadian policing is more stable than in other English speaking common-law nations. Police services throughout the United States have been experiencing funding cutbacks and some jurisdictions have disbanded their police services in favour of contract policing (U.S. Department of Justice, 2012). In the United Kingdom, policing budgets are projected to be cut by as much as one-third. Given these funding shortfalls, police services in those nations are being forced to rethink the manner in which services are delivered, who will deliver them, and how to best manage cuts to police budgets without threatening core policing services. Canadian police services have the luxury of time to scan the environment for threats as well as opportunities for change, and learn what the police in other nations are doing in response to budget cutbacks. It is possible that the lessons learned from our counterparts will enable Canadian police services to better leverage their resources. Former Public Safety Minister Toews, speaking at the Economics of Policing Summit in January 2013, observed that: Police services face two options - they can do nothing and eventually be forced to cut drastically, as we have seen in some countries; or they can be proactive, get ahead of the curve, and have greater flexibility in designing and implementing both incremental and meaningful structural reforms. It is critical that all levels of government and the entire policing community be engaged in innovation and reform efforts, so that we can turn a fiscal challenge into an opportunity to sustain our police services and better serve Canadians. As part of a proactive strategy that examines the economics of policing in the Canadian context a key goal of this study is to review the economics, management, and policing literatures to identify current trends in respect to the relationships between economics and policing, including how police services in other nations have managed austerity. The main findings from this review are that: - There were 11 recessions between 1948 and 2011 and each one has a different set of causes, economic consequences, as well as recovery times and these three factors influence crime rates in an inconsistent manner. - The global economic recovery has been slow and another downturn could have a significant impact upon the Canadian economy, and in turn, police funding. - Police services in the United Kingdom and the United States have responded to the latest recession by cutting costs and attempting to reduce demand. - While police services in other nations have been successful in preserving core functions there is some question as to whether these strategies are sustainable over the long-term. - Long-term austerity policing may negatively influence citizen perceptions of the police and contribute to lower morale of police service staff. - Cost-benefit analyses consistently reveal that investing in policing is a cost-effective public policy. - The RAND cost of crime calculator shows that adding police officers in jurisdictions with high crime rates is a good investment in public safety. - Crime reduction strategies must be developed at the local level, as an approach that is effective in one jurisdiction may be unsuccessful when exported to another community. - The current recession has led to many scholars calling for a "reengineering" or "remaking" of police operations although there is little consensus on what those changes should entail or who should decide what changes should occur. - The newly developed full-circle community safety model may be a useful framework for evaluating police performance. - Most policing studies focus upon big city policing and there is almost no published research on best practices, cost effectiveness or measuring the performance of rural police services. Details: Regina, SASK: University of Regina, Collaborative Centre for, Justice & Safety, 2013. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/ccjs_austerity-policing-1028.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/ccjs_austerity-policing-1028.pdf Shelf Number: 135695 Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis Economics of Crime Economics of Policing Economy Police Administration Policing Socioeconomic Conditions and Crime

Author: Jones, Nicholas A. Title: First Nations Policing: A Review of the Literature Summary: Although there are almost 70,000 police officers in Canada, fewer than 2,000 are directly engaged in Aboriginal policing (Burczycka, 2013). While representing a very small proportion of all Canadian officers and policing budgets, the manner in which First Nations communities are policed has profound long-term implications for the residents living there, especially given the high rates of crime and victimization in many of these places. The populations at risk of victimization are not isolated to the First Nations territories, and crimes often displace into other adjacent urban and rural communities. In addition, most Aboriginal Canadians live off-reserve and some of these individuals move between their home communities and urban areas. As a result, the after-effects of an offence may be felt in places far away from where they originated, making this an issue of importance to all Canadians. In order to better understand the challenges of Aboriginal policing, this review first presents a context that includes a review of Aboriginal population trends and the demographic characteristics of that population. The fact that the Aboriginal population is the fastest growing population group in Canada, and the youngest, has long-term implications for police services both on- and off-reserve. Consistent with other research, we found that rates of crime and victimization on many First Nations were very high. In addition to the impacts on victims, high crime rates have a corrosive effect on community relationships and especially opportunities that are lost. When responding to the after-effects of crimes that have already occurred and trying to prevent future offences consumes much of the creativity of a community, leaders lose opportunities to work toward job creation, promoting healthy lifestyles and relationships, helping youngsters succeed, or spending scarce resources on developing a community's infrastructure rather than repairing the damages caused by crime. Having established a context for this study, a historical overview of Aboriginal policing in Canada is presented. This is an important undertaking as academics, policymakers and practitioners often forget the lessons of history. As a result, crime prevention or reduction strategies that were unsuccessful in the past are sometimes re-introduced and unless there have been changes in the way that these 'recycled' interventions are delivered - or the context into The social phenomenon of First Nations peoples moving between the reserve and urban centers is called "churning." which they are delivered - we are often destined to repeat the mistakes of the past. An additional challenge of delivering police services in a nation as culturally, geographically and regionally diverse as Canada is that an intervention that is successful or promising in one jurisdiction might not be as successful in another province, community or First Nation. Consequently, by learning the lessons of history we are less likely to be confronted with unforeseen or unanticipated outcomes after new crime reduction strategies are introduced. It has been said that the past is prologue and our review of the historical context for Aboriginal policing revealed that many of the challenges that existed in the past are present today, such as a lack of resources for police services or the difficulty in engaging communities in the informal regulation of activities that bolster the social fabric and help reduce crime. The historical review is followed by an overview of the evolution of Aboriginal policing in Canada and in that section; the following policy-related areas where our knowledge is not fully developed were identified: - Resourcing / Funding - Administrative Capacity - Policing Arrangements - Aboriginal Policing as a Distinct Policing Model - Responding to Crime and Victimization The gap in our understanding of these five issues is due to a lack of timely and relevant research. In some cases, the answers to these questions might already exist, but researchers have not taken the time to collect and analyze this information and then report it back to police organizations. One of the challenges of policing research is that most of the studies that occur take place in urban areas, and this focus on 'big city' policing does not help us understand evidence-based practices or "what works" in responding to rural crime or best practices in Aboriginal policing. A second challenge is that policing research is also fragmented in Canada and there is a lack of coordination that reduces duplication and decreases efficiency. Our analyses revealed that there are three distinct types of agencies policing Aboriginal communities and peoples and that each type faces a different set of challenges that are shaped by their role and geographic location as well as organizational size and history: - Large networked police organizations, such as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and Surete du Quebec (SQ) of which we have a good understanding of their priorities and information about these agencies is generally available. The RCMP, specifically, provides enhanced police services to First Nations communities through Community Tripartite Agreements (CTA), i.e., agreements between the federal and provincial governments, and one or more First Nation communities. - Self administered Aboriginal police services (SA), that range from small stand-alone agencies such as the File Hills First Nations Police Service (under ten officers) to larger regional police services such as the Nishnawbe-Aski Police (NAPS), of which we have comparatively less understanding of their practices and their approaches to policing. - Specialized Aboriginal policing programs delivered by municipal or regional police services, such as the Aboriginal Peacekeeping Unit in Toronto and the Diversity and Aboriginal Policing Section in Vancouver, of which we have almost no understanding of their priorities, practices or inter-relationships with other Aboriginal policing services. Each of these police services is apt to respond to the challenges of crime in a different manner and it is likely that some of the crime reduction strategies developed by these organizations are very effective, although this information has not been consistently disseminated to the policing and academic communities. In respect to crime-reduction strategies, it is possible that responding to the knowledge gaps identified above can be addressed by better understanding best practices in other English-speaking common law nations, such as Australia, New Zealand and the United States as these countries also have large Aboriginal populations and legacies of British colonialism. Section V provides a brief overview of Aboriginal policing models in these nations. Again, we find that many strategies appear promising, but there is a lack of research-based information about whether these approaches are effective crime reduction strategies, and to a lesser extent, how to deliver these services in a cost-effective manner. Aboriginal policing is part of the larger Canadian policing environment - one that is evolving in ways that may have strong implications for police services overall (Murphy, 2007). Currently, Canadian policing is in a period of transition, due in large part to a global process in the adoption of private-sector managerial and organizational values and strategies in the hope of producing greater fiscal accountability, cost efficiency, return on policing investments and value for money (Ruddell & Jones, 2013). Given these larger social and political forces, the next few years will shape the future of Aboriginal policing. In March 2013, the federal government announced that federal funding for the First Nations Policing Program (FNPP) would be extended for the next five years, and this time-frame provides the funding stability for First Nations, Aboriginal stakeholder groups, federal and provincial policymakers and police leaders to chart the course for the future. Addressing the policy-related questions raised in this review of the literature provides these stakeholders a framework that will provide the evidence-based information needed to inform that undertaking. Details: Regina, SK: Collaborative Centre for Justice and Safety, University of Regina, 2014. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/aboriginal-policing-literature-review-092014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/aboriginal-policing-literature-review-092014.pdf Shelf Number: 135697 Keywords: Aboriginals Evidence-Based Practices Indigenous Peoples Police Administration Policing Policing Minority Groups

Author: Jones, Nicholas A. Title: The Duty to Disclose. The Challenges, Costs and Possible Solutions: Final Report Summary: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in holding public safety services such as the police more accountable for their performance as publically funded agencies (Ruddell and Jones, 2014). As a result, there has been a determined and focused search for cost efficiencies within the criminal justice system. One area where there has been an increase in workload and costs is due to legal requirements associated with pre-trial disclosure. While Cowper (2012) noted that the disclosure ruling in the Supreme Court's R. v. Stinchcombe (1991) decision was predicted to result in an increased number of pre-court resolutions, which has not always been the case. Malm, Pollard, Brantingham, Tinsley, Plecas, Brantingham, Cohen and Kinney (2005, p. 13) reported that disclosure requirements have, in some cases, had a "debilitating, effect on police resources." Given the inter-related nature of the justice system, it is not difficult to see how this costly requirement also impacts upon the operations and budgets of Public Prosecutor Units as well. The Stinchcombe decision has resulted in justice agencies having to balance the requirements of the court ruling to ensure just and fair outcomes for the accused, while seeking strategies to ameliorate the increased workload they have experienced. The purpose of this report was to shed light on the practice of disclosure in Saskatchewan using information collected from justice-system practitioners and stakeholders, as well as practitioners from other provinces. Based on an analysis of their observations, four broad recommendations were generated that incorporated suggestions from the Saskatchewan participants, while also giving consideration to best practices reported by officials from other provinces who are grappling with similar issues. These recommendations fall under the broad themes of: 1) legal issues and requirements, 2) standardization of disclosure packages, 3) electronic forms of disclosure, and 4) transcription. Details: Regina, SK: Collaborative Centre for Justice and Safety, 2014. 329p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/duty-to-disclose-final-with-cover-to-ps.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.justiceandsafety.ca/rsu_docs/duty-to-disclose-final-with-cover-to-ps.pdf Shelf Number: 135698 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Effectiveness Police Performance Policing

Author: Tepe, Markus Title: Cops for Hire? The Political Economy of Police Employment in the German States Summary: In times of an alleged waning of political business cycles and partisan policymaking, vote-seeking policymakers can be expected to shift the use of political manipulation mechanisms towards other policy domains in which the macro-institutional environment allows them greater leverage. Public employment generally, and police employment specifically, are promising domains for such tactics. Timing the hiring of police officers during election periods may increase votes, as these are 'street-visible' jobs dealing with politically salient issues. Law-and-order competence signaling makes police hiring especially attractive for conservative parties. Testing these electioneering and partisanship hypotheses in the German states between 1992 and 2010, we find that socio-economic variables such as population density strongly determine police employment. But incumbents also hire more police officers before elections, while conservative party power increases police numbers. Subjectively 'immediate' forms of crime (issue salience) and perceived causes of crime such as immigration are also positively associated with police numbers. Details: Unpublished paper, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031003 Year: 2012 Country: Germany URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2031003 Shelf Number: 135801 Keywords: Crime Reduction Hiring Practices Police Recruitment and Selection Policing Political Patronage

Author: Campbell, Isla Title: What makes great police leadership? What research can tell us about the effectiveness of different leadership styles, competencies and behaviours. A Rapid Evidence Review Summary: The purpose of this paper is to present a review of the current evidence base on what makes a great police leader - in terms of leadership styles, behaviours and competencies. It focuses on internal police leadership for all ranks from first line-managers (sergeants) to chief executives (chief constables/ commissioners) and summarises findings from relevant UK and international research studies published in English over the last three decades (1979 - 2008.) An extensive systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant research evidence that reported outcomes and impact of police leadership. Think pieces and research papers that did not report on such outcomes were excluded. The resulting list of 23 research studies have been reviewed by the NPIA research team and their findings summarised in this paper. Leadership is a complex research area and across all sectors there is ambiguity over which styles and behaviours are the most effective. Difficulties of linking leadership with organisational outcomes are particularly pronounced for the police, since common police performance measures are affected by multiple confounding factors. The findings of this review are, therefore, largely based on perceptions of what makes a great police leader. There is virtually no reliable evidence of what impacts police leadership styles and behaviours make on the ground. Details: National Policing Improvement Agency, 2011. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2015 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Great_Police_Leader_REA.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/Great_Police_Leader_REA.pdf Shelf Number: 131142 Keywords: Police Administration Police Behavior Police Effectiveness Policing

Author: Amiot, Michel Title: Jamaica Constabulary Force: Three Year Anti-Gang Strategic Plan Summary: In 2009, the Ministry of National Security (MNS) held a Symposium on Criminal Gangs in Jamaica. Among the key findings were: - Over the past two decades, Jamaica has experienced an increase in criminal gang activity, especially in the Kingston Metropolitan Area, where on average 80% of all murders occur annually; - The signing of a Peace Treaty between feuding gangs in St. Andrew Central, the control of bus terminals in Spanish Town by the major organized gangs and the rise of several gangs in St. James and Clarendon highlight the phenomena of gangs as an ongoing social crisis that critically and directly impacts on the state of crime and public safety in Jamaica; - Gangs are seen to be involved not only in traditional forms of criminal activity but also have expanded their range of activities to include sophisticated and technologically driven crimes; - The Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) estimated that there were at least two hundred (200) established gangs operating in Jamaica, mainly comprising of young men between the ages of 16 �V 30 years old1. Intelligence estimates showed that one hundred and twenty (120) of these gangs were actively engaged in shootings, murders, and other serious crimes such as car-jacking and theft, robberies, extortions, contract killings, and drug and gun smuggling; and, - Despite the impact that gangs have on crime in Jamaica, there remain gaps in the understanding of the structure and organization of gangs, how gangs might be defined in the Jamaican context, and consequently how the issues might be effectively dealt with to ensure public safety and a reduction in crime and violence. The following three-year Anti-Gang Strategic Plan combines the following 12 strategic measures: - Establish a gang unit within Organized Crime Investigation Division (OCID); - Establish a dedicated uniformed gang enforcement unit in each of the 19 Geographic Divisions; - Develop and dedicate covert evidence gathering and covert tactical resources within the current Flying Squad; - Designate one company of the Mobile Reserve as a Gang Response Unit; - Conduct Gang Specific Training; - Strengthen the intelligence gathering and dissemination process; - Create operational Implementation Working Group; - Widen and strengthen Social Services umbrella group, under PIOJ's Community Renewal Program (CRP) as a basic coordination mechanism; - Ensure that S&JWG adapted, empowered and motivated to oversee implementation of anti-gang Strategic Plan; - Establish or strengthen a fully operational, independent and universal body, with the official mandate and competence to investigate and prosecute all Economic & Financial Crime offenders, wherever they may be in Jamaica; - Strengthen the Judiciary; and, - Employ an Anti-Gang programme manager. Details: Kingston: Jamaica Constabulary, 2011. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 29, 2015 at: http://www.santarosa.fl.gov/coad/documents/threeyearantigangstrategy.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Jamaica URL: http://www.santarosa.fl.gov/coad/documents/threeyearantigangstrategy.pdf Shelf Number: 135800 Keywords: Anti-Gang Prevention Crime Prevention Gang Violence Gangs Homicides Policing

Author: U.S. President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Title: Interim report of The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing Summary: Trust between law enforcement agencies and the people they protect and serve is essential in a democracy. It is key to the stability of our communities, the integrity of our criminal justice system, and the safe and effective delivery of policing services. In light of the recent events that have exposed rifts in the relationships between local police and the communities they protect and serve, on December 18, 2014, President Barack Obama signed an Executive Order establishing the Task Force on 21st Century Policing. In establishing the task force, the President spoke of the distrust that exists between too many police departments and too many communities - the sense that in a country where our basic principle is equality under the law, too many individuals, particularly young people of color, do not feel as if they are being treated fairly. "When any part of the American family does not feel like it is being treated fairly, that's a problem for all of us," said the President. "It's not just a problem for some. It's not just a problem for a particular community or a particular demographic. It means that we are not as strong as a country as we can be. And when applied to the criminal justice system, it means we're not as effective in fighting crime as we could be." These remarks underpin the philosophical foundation for the Task Force on 21st Century Policing: to build trust between citizens and their peace officers so that all components of a community are treating one another fairly and justly and are invested in maintaining public safety in an atmosphere of mutual respect. Decades of research and practice tell us that the public cares as much about how police interact with them as they care about the outcomes that legal actions produce. People are more likely to obey the law when they believe those who are enforcing it have the right - the legitimate authority - to tell them what to do. Building trust and legitimacy, therefore, is not just a policing issue. It involves all components of the criminal justice system and is inextricably bound to bedrock issues affecting the community such as poverty, education, and public health. The mission of the task force was to examine how to foster strong, collaborative relationships between local law enforcement and the communities they protect and to make recommendations to the President on how policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust. The president selected members of the task force based on their ability to contribute to its mission because of their relevant perspective, experience, or subject matter expertise in policing, law enforcement and community relations, civil rights, and civil liberties. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 109p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2015 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/interim_tf_report.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/taskforce/interim_tf_report.pdf Shelf Number: 135831 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Schwartz, Matthew Title: Policing and (in)security in fragile and conflict-affected settings: A review of perspectives on policing in sub-Saharan Africa Summary: Developed for the Knowledge Platform Security & Rule of Law, this paper presents series of thematic discussions derived from the literature on policing in a number of African countries. Taking a developmental and human security perspective, the paper focuses on the diffuse networks of non-state and state providers that serve as the primary safety and security providers for a vast majority of communities. While hybrid policing systems vary in capacity and end-user satisfaction, traditional statutory policing structures are generally characterized by severe dysfunction, politicization, and abuse with impunity. Considering the diverse challenges faced by many national police actors on the continent, the paper questions the efficacy of prevailing state-centric security assistance programs and their overwhelming focus on strengthening "enforcement" capacities. It cautions donors to take a more considered approach to ensure their police assistance activities are supporting the protection- not the predation- of local communities. Details: Washington, DC: Global Center on Cooperative Security, 2015. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 2, 2015 at: http://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/policing-and-in-security-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Africa URL: http://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/policing-and-in-security-in-fragile-and-conflict-affected-settings.pdf Shelf Number: 135844 Keywords: Police Reform Policing

Author: U.S. Law Enforcement Equipment Working Group Title: Recommendations Pursuant to Executive Order 13688: Federal Support for Local Law Enforcement Equipment Working Group Summary: On January 16, 2015, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13688, "Federal Support for Local Law Enforcement Equipment Acquisition" (EO), to identify actions that can improve Federal support for the appropriate use, acquisition, and transfer of controlled equipment by State, local, and Tribal law enforcement agencies (LEAs). The EO established a Federal interagency Law Enforcement Equipment Working Group, which consulted with stakeholders and deliberated to develop the recommendations described in this report. - Establishment of Federal Government‐wide Prohibited Equipment Lists. The Prohibited Equipment List identifies categories of equipment that LEAs will not be able to acquire via transfer from Federal agencies or purchase using Federally‐provided funds (e.g., Tracked Armored Vehicles, Bayonets, Grenade Launchers, Large Caliber Weapons and Ammunition). The Prohibited Equipment List will take effect upon transmission of the recommendations to the President. - Establishment of Federal Government‐wide Controlled Equipment Lists. The Controlled Equipment List identifies categories of equipment (e.g., Wheeled Armored or Tactical Vehicles, Specialized Firearms and Ammunition, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Riot Equipment) that LEAs, other than those solely serving schools with grades ranging from kindergarten through grade 12, may acquire if they provide additional information, certifications, and assurances. While inclusion on these lists would not preclude an LEA from using other funds for such acquisitions, the Working Group's report urges LEAs to give careful consideration to the appropriateness of acquiring such equipment for their communities. - Harmonization of Federal Acquisition Processes. All Federal equipment acquisition programs must require LEAs that apply for controlled equipment to provide mandatory information in their application, including a detailed justification with a clear and persuasive explanation of the need for the controlled equipment, the availability of the requested controlled equipment to LEA in its inventory or through other means, certifications that appropriate protocols and training requirements have been adopted, evidence of the civilian governing body's review and approval or concurrence of the LEA's acquisition of the requested controlled equipment, and whether the LEA has been or is in violation of civil rights and other statutes, regulations, or programmatic terms. Ongoing coordination among the various Federal agencies will ensure that a uniform process is in place to assess the adequacy of the justification in each application. - Required Protocols and Training for LEAs that Acquire Controlled Equipment. LEAs that acquire controlled equipment through Federal resources must adopt General Policing Standards, including community policing, constitutional policing, and community input and impact principles. LEAs also must adopt Specific Controlled Equipment Standards on the appropriate use, supervision, evaluation, accountability, transparency, and operation of controlled equipment. LEAs must train its personnel on General Policing and Specific Controlled Equipment Standards on an annual basis. - Required Information Collection and Retention for Controlled Equipment Use in Significant Incidents. LEAs must collect and retain certain information when the LEA uses controlled equipment in operations or actions that are deemed to be Significant Incidents. LEAs also must collect and retain information when allegations of unlawful or inappropriate police actions involving the use of controlled equipment trigger a Federal compliance review of the LEA. Upon request, the LEA must provide a copy of this information to the Federal agency that supplied the equipment/funds. This information also should be made available to the community the LEA serves in accordance with the LEAs applicable policies and protocols. - Approval for Third‐Party Transfers or Sales. LEAs must receive approval from the Federal agency that supplied the funds or equipment before selling or transferring controlled equipment. Third‐party LEAs acquiring controlled equipment must provide to the Federal Government the same information, certifications, and assurances that were required of selling/transferring LEAs. Sales or transfers to non‐LEAs are restricted to certain types of controlled equipment that do not pose a great risk of danger or harm to the community if acquired by non‐LEAs. - Increase Federal Government Oversight and Compliance. The Federal Government will expand its monitoring and compliance capabilities to ensure that LEAs acquiring controlled equipment adhere to protocols, training, information collection and retention, and other requirements proposed by the recommendations this report. Additionally, the Federal Government will create a permanent interagency working group to, among other things, evaluate the Controlled and Prohibited Equipment Lists for additions and deletions, track controlled equipment purchased with Federal resources, develop Government‐wide criteria for evaluating applications and conducting compliance reviews, and sharing information on sanctions and violations by LEA applicants. The United States Digital Service will assist Federal agencies in the creation of a database that tracks information about controlled equipment acquired through Federal programs. These recommendations, if accepted and approved by the President, will be implemented by the beginning of Fiscal Year 2016 (October 1, 2015); the Prohibited Equipment List will take effect upon transmission of the recommendations to the President. The recommendations on protocols, training, acquisitions, and transfers and sales to third parties apply to all items on the Controlled Equipment List and are triggered when an LEA acquires controlled equipment using Federal resources beginning in Fiscal Year 2016. Within 45 days after the President receives these recommendations, Federal agencies will meet with stakeholders to further discuss the specifics of the recommendations and receive feedback on the potential approaches to implementing them. By the end of Fiscal Year 2015, Federal agencies will provide an update to the President on the progress of implementing the recommendations and any additional recommendations, suggestions, or clarifications to be considered based on stakeholder feedback. Details: Washington, DC: The White House, 2015. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 3, 2015 at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/le_equipment_wg_final_report_final.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/docs/le_equipment_wg_final_report_final.pdf Shelf Number: 135862 Keywords: Law Enforcement Equipment Police Equipment Policing Policing Policies and Practices

Author: Alrahoomi, Juma Title: The Policing of Money Laundering: The Role of Dubai Police Summary: This thesis examines trends and issues in the policing of money laundering in Dubai focusing on the role of Dubai Police in money laundering control. It acknowledges that money laundering is a global phenomenon and Dubai is not an exception. It explores the existing governmental initiatives aimed at addressing money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Whilst the unit of analysis in this thesis is the Emirate of Dubai, the thesis also considered the impact of regional (GCC) and international legislations and regulations (UN and FATF) on the policing of money laundering in Dubai. It is argued in this thesis that the major problem with policing of money laundering in Dubai is the lack of accountability of the AMLSCU that plays a leading role in the fight against money laundering. In addition, the information sharing amongst various government agencies and financial institutions is extremely poor. Where information pertaining to money laundering cases is shared, they are inconsistent and haphazard. Consequently, the government is facing problems to effectively combat money laundering in the Emirate. Other factors identified as major impediments are the lack of national database of money laundering cases which can be shared amongst the Police, the Customs Authority and the AMLSCU of Central Bank of UAE. The thesis also argues that poor training and lack of multi-agency/ interagency working is making the work of Dubai police difficult. Finally, it is argued that an a formal, integrated and intelligence-led information sharing model such as the UK National Intelligence Model (that draws on the importance of multi-agency working, information sharing and accountability) can serve as a more effective approach to the policing of money laundering in Dubai. Details: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Northumbria University, 2011. 302p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 8, 2015 at: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4455/1/alrahoomi.juma_phd.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Arab Emirates URL: http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/4455/1/alrahoomi.juma_phd.pdf Shelf Number: 135920 Keywords: Financial Crimes Money Laundering Policing

Author: Kumar, Manoj Title: Identifying Effective Measures to Combat Organized Crime in Post-conflict Nepal: A Case Study from Kathmandu Summary: In 2006 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed between the state of Nepal and the Communist Party of Nepal (also known as the Maoists). This agreement signified the end of a decade long armed conflict and Nepal transitioned into a post-conflict phase. Since the signing of this agreement, Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, has witnessed a tremendous rise in organized crime and there has been a relatively low level of public trust in the police. Ineffective mechanisms used by the police to deal with organized crime have caused public trust and confidence to decline further. Although a number of studies have been made to understand the security situation in Nepal, no studies have been conducted that focus on the growing levels of organized crime, specifically in Kathmandu. This study focuses on identifying the factors responsible and the measures that can be adopted to deal with organized crime in Kathmandu. This study also makes an effort to understand the trends and patterns of the organized crime, which is critical to gain a comprehensive understanding of the security of the nation. This study is based on the rising trend of organized crime and low levels of security caused by organized crime in Kathmandu. Both qualitative and quantitative data was gathered for this study. Results from the desk review of secondary data and the opinion survey conducted with police officers serve as quantitative data while data gathered from focus-group discussions and reflection sessions serve as qualitative data. The research activities were structured in three cycles. The first cycle included the crime data analysis of the five years before and the five years after the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). In the second cycle, two separate focus-group discussions were held where the findings of the opinion survey were further discussed with two police groups; one with the senior police officers and the other with junior officers participating in the Post Graduate Diploma in Police Sciences (PGDPS) Course. Research findings show that the Nepal Police are encountering compounding problems due to the post-conflict situation and that the measures used by police to deal with organized crime are impeding the ability of the police to gain support and cooperation from the public. Details: Siem Reap, Cambodia: Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 20, 2015 at: http://www.centrepeaceconflictstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Identifying-Effective-Measures-to-Combat-Organised-Crime.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Nepal URL: http://www.centrepeaceconflictstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Identifying-Effective-Measures-to-Combat-Organised-Crime.pdf Shelf Number: 136108 Keywords: Law Enforcement Organized Crime Policing

Author: Northern Ireland. Comptroller and Auditor General Title: Continuous Improvement Arrangements in Policing Summary: Background Section 28 of the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 requires the Board to make arrangements to secure continuous improvement in the way in which its functions, and those of the Chief Constable, are exercised, having regard to economy, efficiency and effectiveness. The Board is required to prepare and publish a performance plan for each financial year, detailing how the continuous improvement arrangements are to be implemented. Under the Act, the Board must also prepare and publish a performance summary. This report from the C&AG reviews the systems underpinning the plan and performance summary. It is not an audit of PSNI's performance. Main Findings The C&AG gave an unqualified audit opinion on the Policing Plan for 2014-15 and the performance summary for 2013-14. - The Policing Plan 2013-14 included 28 measures of performance for PSNI, spread across four main themes. Overall, PSNI achieved 18 (64 per cent) measures, with the remaining 10 measures (36 per cent) not achieved. - Based upon the information contained within the Board's Annual Report, the C&AG said that it is difficult to form a firm conclusion as to the overall performance achieved in 2013-14. He added that he has commented in previous years on the lack of additional explanatory information provided and it is now time that this matter was addressed. - The 2014-15 Plan consists of 11 outcomes, with 29 associated performance measures. There has been a significant increase in the number of performance measures which have been expressed in quantitative terms compared to the previous Policing Plan. - There remain areas where further development of the measures is desirable. In particular, there are a number of targets which focus on measuring activities rather than outcomes, and a number of targets expressed in terms of a general level of improvement rather than specifying the level of improvement to be achieved. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Audit Office, 2015. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 29, 2015 at: http://www.niauditoffice.gov.uk/continuous_improvement_2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.niauditoffice.gov.uk/continuous_improvement_2015.pdf Shelf Number: 136253 Keywords: Police Administration Police Performance Policing

Author: International Crisis Group Title: The Future of the Afghan Local Police Summary: The Afghan Local Police (ALP) began as a small U.S. experiment but grew into a significant part of Afghanistan's security apparatus. In hundreds of rural communities, members serve on the front lines of a war that is reaching heights of violence not witnessed since 2001, as insurgents start to credibly threaten major cities. The ALP also stand in the middle of a policy debate about whether the Kabul government can best defend itself with loosely regulated units outside the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) structure. The mixed record suggests that the ALP contribute to security where local factors allow recruitment of members from the villages they patrol and where they respect their own communities. But such conditions do not exist in many districts. The ALP and pro-government militias are cheap but dangerous, and Kabul should resist calls for their expansion. Reforms are needed to strengthen oversight, dismiss ALP in the many locations where they worsen security and incorporate the remaining units into the ANSF. Since 2001, when intelligence officers arrived in northern Afghanistan to raise local militias against the Taliban, the U.S. presence has been associated with a proliferation of irregular or semi-regular forces backed by American sponsors. None has approached the scale of the ALP, which has perhaps 29,000 men deployed in 29 of 34 provinces. Its predecessors were invented to meet short-term tactical requirements, such as assisting counter-terrorism teams in border regions; the ALP is a broader effort to correct strategic problems in the war against the Taliban. U.S. planners realised they were sending Afghan forces into rural communities that treated them as outsiders because of their tribe, ethnicity or urban background. Senior Afghan officials were reluctant to endorse community-based units, in part because they circumvented central government authority, but also because they resembled militias that had contributed to the civil wars of the 1990s. President Hamid Karzai eventually accepted the ALP concept after insisting the armed villagers would at least nominally be categorised as "police" and answer to the interior ministry. He approved a 10,000-man roster as a two- to five-year temporary measure to address growing instability, although the program rapidly expanded. Five years later, officials in President Ashraf Ghani's government are considering plans to increase the roster to 45,000 and seeking money to continue the program after the scheduled September 2018 expiration of U.S. funding. U.S. and Afghan security officials also continue experimenting with other irregular units. Abdul Rashid Dostum, the first vice president and an ex-militia leader, has publicly called for a new force of 20,000. Already, security officials are attempting to raise about 5,000 militiamen in at least seven provinces as a stopgap against rising insecurity. Afghan officials who feel qualms about hastily-raised forces with little training may lose the internal argument if insurgent attacks continue growing in 2015-2016 as forecast, leading to more pressure for quick fixes. However, the ALP program has not improved security in many places and even exacerbated the conflict in a number of districts. A minority of villagers describe it as an indispensable source of protection, without which their districts would become battlegrounds or insurgent havens, but it is more common to hear complaints that ALP prey upon the people they are supposed to guard. Such behaviour often provokes violence: in 2014, an ALP officer was three to six times more likely to be killed on duty than his ANSF counterpart. At times, this reflected the way ALP units have become a central part of the war, singled out by Taliban as important targets. In other places, the high rate resulted from abuses - extortion, kidnapping, extrajudicial killings - that instigated armed responses. Teachers who feel outraged by ALP behaviour and pick up guns to attack an ALP outpost may have no connection to insurgents and may quickly return peacefully to civilian life. Such cases illustrate how ALP can inspire conflict, instead of quelling it. The chequered history suggests further expansion of such forces would be a mistake, but an abrupt halt to the program would give insurgents a military edge, and ex-fighters might also be drawn to banditry and other forms of lawlessness if not carefully reintegrated into society or the ANSF. New policies are needed to extend ALP units with proven good behaviour, while reducing the overall force and ultimately ending the program. The mix of interventions required - strengthened oversight and integration into ANSF of units that would remain after poor ones are disbanded - includes additional training, vetting and discipline. Many domestic and international actors should be empowered to identify where the ALP contributes to instability, including the councils of elders originally convened to approve the program. Oversight mechanisms should have power only to reduce or eliminate ALP where the program is not working, not authorise bigger rosters or shift resources to new locations. Only a minority of the existing ALP would likely pass muster in such a stringent system, but those remaining should receive pay increases equivalent to those received by the national police (ANP), and adequate support from the government and international community. Washington's allies have been reluctant to get involved with the program, but they should set aside their concerns as ALP members become bona fide policemen and leave behind the ALP's history as a U.S. military project. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2015. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Report No. 268: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/268-the-future-of-the-afghan-local-police.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/pakistan/268-the-future-of-the-afghan-local-police.pdf Shelf Number: 136338 Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Police Behavior Police Education and Training Police Effectiveness Police Performance Police Reform Policing

Author: Young, Suzanne Title: Gender, Policing and Social Control: Examining Police Officers' Perceptions of and. Responses to Young Women Depicted as Violent. Summary: In Britain, there have been growing concerns over the increasing female prison population and treatment of girls and women by the criminal justice system (see Carlen and Worrall, 2004; Hedderman, 2004; Batchelor, 2005; Hutson and Myers, 2006; Sharpe, 2009). In particular, there has been a rising female prison population in Scotland which has been associated with greater punitive controls over the behaviour of women (McIvor and Burman, 2011). The British press have depicted a social problem of certain young women becoming more violent and have attributed this to women's liberation, particularly in the night time economy (MacAskill and Goodwin, 2004; Gray, 2006; Evening News, 2008). These concerns have attracted widespread media and political attention leading to a steady growth in academic research exploring the apparent rise of violent young women (Burman et al., 2003; Burman, 2004b; Batchelor, 2005). Despite this, there are relatively few studies that examine responses to young women with an emphasis on violent offences. Furthermore, there is a lack of research that has examined the role police officers have played in the control and depiction of young women's violence. This research investigates the perceptions of and responses to young women depicted as violent from police officers in Scotland. Thirty three qualitative interviews were carried out with front line police officers in 2008 to investigate social control mechanisms employed to regulate the behaviour of young women. The research utilised feminist perspectives to develop an understanding of how young women deemed as violent face formal and informal mechanisms of social control from police officers. The study challenges the apparent increase in violence among young women and instead argues that institutional controls have contributed to young women being labelled as violent. Changes in police practices and zero tolerance approaches towards violence have resulted in a net widening effect that has impacted on the number of young women (and men) being brought to the attention of the police for violent offences. It is argued that this mechanism of institutional control could be a contributing factor towards the rise in the number of young women being charged for violent offences. Police discretion on the basis of gender did have an influence on arrest practices for some of the officers, but there was insufficient evidence to suggest the police officers responded any harsher or more lenient towards women. However, what was apparent was that police officers believed women needed to be 'controlled'; they perceived them as more unmanageable than men and this defiance towards authority resulted in women being arrested. Women depicted as violent remain to be categorised on the basis of socially constructed gender norms and it is argued that this mechanism of discursive control continues to locate violence within the realm of masculinity. In conclusion, women who are depicted as violent are portrayed as unfeminine and in need of greater social control which is exercised through both formal and informal measures by police officers. Details: Stirling, UK: University of Stirling, 2011. 281p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 11, 2015 at: http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/3572#.VfMkgU9FDcs Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/3572#.VfMkgU9FDcs Shelf Number: 136723 Keywords: Female Offenders Gender-Related Violence Policing Violent Crime

Author: Elek, Bojan Title: Towards More Effective Police Cooperation Between Serbia and Kosovo Summary: The process of normalisation of relations between Serbia and Kosovo has surfaced as a top priority for the EU's approach to enlargement in the Western Balkans. Belgrade and Pristina have embarked upon a laborious road to negotiate outstanding technical and political issues, under the auspices of an EU mediated dialogue. Although the EU's shiniest trophy thus far, the April 2013 Brussels Agreement, heralded a positive breakthrough in relations between the two sides, its implementation has met with significant obstacles on the ground. A number of issues are yet to be addressed at the bilateral level, including both political matters (to be negotiated under Chapter 35 of the accession talks) and technical questions stemming from the process of harmonising national legislation with the EU acquis. The most important issues are encapsulated by Chapter 23 (Judiciary and Fundamental Rights) and Chapter 24 (Area of Freedom, Security and Justice). Within the latter the European Commission explicitly requested from Serbia to raise cooperation with Kosovo to the same level as with any other neighbouring country for a number of policy areas, including police cooperation. Although an elaborate web of mechanisms for exchange of information is in place, the establishment of direct police cooperation remains to be addressed as a part of the Belgrade-Pristina dialogue. Police cooperation is still at a nascent level, which significantly affects the ability of the competent authorities to enforce the law and fight organised crime, while also having detrimental effects on the level of human security in the region. Based on the analysis of the Serbian Government's strategic approach to the transposition and implementation of the best EU standards and practices in the area of police cooperation and also taking into account agreements already reached and mechanisms put in place, a set of recommendations is proposed to Belgrade and Pristina, as well as to the EU institutions. Details: Belgrade: Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2015. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Brief: Accessed November 16, 2015 at: http://www.bezbednost.org/upload/document/towards_more_effective_police_cooperation_between_.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Serbia and Montenegro URL: http://www.bezbednost.org/upload/document/towards_more_effective_police_cooperation_between_.pdf Shelf Number: 137290 Keywords: Organized Crime Police Effectiveness Policing

Author: El-Enany, Nadine Title: Justice, Resistance and Solidarity: Race and Policing in England and Wales Summary: This edition of Perspectives focuses on racism and policing in Britain. It brings together academics, practitioners and activists to examine, and offer their outlook on, the state of policing and its effects on black and minority ethnic communities in Britain today. In recent years the US has been in the spotlight for police killings of black men and women, including the 2014 killings of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tanisha Anderson in Cleveland, Ohio, and Eric Garner in New York, as well as the protest movements which have followed. Britain is no stranger to racialised police violence. Following these and other fatal police shootings, solidarity protests with the "BlackLivesMatter" movement drew attention to the long list of unaccounted-for deaths of black men and women in Britain. Systemic and institutional racism persists in policing despite its recognition in the Macpherson Report more than fifteen years ago. In Britain, black and minority ethnic people are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system at every level, from arrests to stop and search, to imprisonment, to deaths in custody. Successive governments' counter-terrorism policies have resulted in racial profiling and over-policing of Muslim and Asian communities, and have fed a pervasive Islamophobia now affecting British and other European societies. Contributors to this collection have tackled these issues head on from multiple perspectives, incorporating the voices of those affected by racialised policing and those who campaign on their behalf, together with scholars in the field. Each of their short contributions seeks to provoke critical reflection and forward-thinking on key issues where race and policing intersect. The collection is organised into three parts. The first, Taking Stock - The State of Policing, sets out the key contemporary issues in race and policing within a historical context. The second part, Racism and Counter-Terrorism, examines the racial and religious profiling that is at the heart of counter-terror policing in Britain and examines the impact this is having on Asian and Muslim communities in particular. The final part, Considering a Way Forward, brings together accounts from grassroots and community organisations of their experiences and strategies when taking up the challenge of scrutinising and seeking accountability for police actions. Included in this part are comparative perspectives on practice and policy from across Europe. Details: London: Runnymede, 2015. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Runnymede Perspectives: Accessed November 28, 2015 at: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Race%20and%20Policing%20v4.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/Race%20and%20Policing%20v4.pdf Shelf Number: 137350 Keywords: Minority Communities Police Accountability Police Reform Policing Racial Profiling Racial Profiling in Policing Racism Terrorism

Author: New York City Police Department Title: Broken Windows and Quality-of-Life Policing in New York City Summary: VIBRANT AND DENSE, New York City is inhabited by people from every continent and every country, speaking every language in every accent, representing every culture and every creed. It "orbits around eight million centers of the universe," as New York's poet laureate Billy Collins once wrote. Today that figure is closer to 8.4 million, and doesn't include the additional millions who come each day, to work, or visit, or otherwise enjoy America's greatest city. Mayor Bill de Blasio and I have pledged to make a safer, fairer city for residents and visitors alike, and this report describes one of the main tools for doing so: quality-of-life policing. Details: New York: NYPD, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 3, 2015 at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/qol.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/analysis_and_planning/qol.pdf Shelf Number: 137429 Keywords: Broken Windows Police Effectiveness Police Performance Police Policies and Practices Policing Urban Areas

Author: Njuguna, Esther Title: Matching needs with resources: National Police Reserve and community security in Kenya's frontiers Summary: One of the key challenges faced by communities in Kenya's arid and semi-arid lands (ASAL), such as those in Isiolo and West Pokot counties, is the lack of proper management of the National Police Reserve (NPR) involved in providing security to communities. This has significantly contributed to the misuse of firearms - identified by locals as a significant security concern. Saferworld has been working with local communities in West Pokot and Isiolo counties to improve people's access to security services and their ability to hold local government institutions to account, especially in the use of firearms. This report analyses the needs of the NPR to determine what level of investment would be appropriate to make the NPR a more effective outfit for community security in the ASAL. The report focuses on the problems faced by the NPR, particularly in relation to their ability to respond to public demand for effective security provision. It highlights the challenges faced by the NPR and identifies lessons and opportunities for improving the professionalism and accountability of the NPR as a key security agency in the ASAL. Details: London: Saferworld, 2015. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2016: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1018-matching-needs-with-resources-national-police-reserve-and-community-security-in-kenyas-frontiers Year: 2015 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1018-matching-needs-with-resources-national-police-reserve-and-community-security-in-kenyas-frontiers Shelf Number: 137470 Keywords: Gun Violence Guns Policing Public Safety

Author: Norton, Blake Title: An Assessment of the St. Louis County Police Department. Collaborative Reform Initiative Summary: The nation was jarred by events that occurred in 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri; Staten Island, New York; Cleveland, Ohio; and in 2015 in Baltimore, Maryland. These events - which followed officer-involved incidents in these American cities and around the nation - exposed deep divides between communities and their police departments. As the discord reached a fever pitch, law enforcement agencies nationwide began the process of self-evaluation, reflecting on policies and practices and implementing innovative strategies to better engender community policing principles, build trust, and allay fear. The St. Louis County Police Department (SLCPD), with 8551 authorized sworn commissioned officer positions, is responsible for providing police services to an estimated population of approximately 407,000 county residents. The population served increases to approximately 1 million when accounting for the fact that the department also provides contracted law enforcement services to 66 municipalities, 12 school districts, and five other organizations within the county. The department provides both full service contracts - in which the SLCPD is the sole police agency for a municipality and provides all police services - and dedicated patrol contracts that require the SLCPD to provide requested police services. Approximately 60 departments in the St. Louis region serve 90 municipalities. These 60 departments possess widely differing resources, and they provide protection across significantly diverse geographic and demographic communities. This amalgam of departments also creates a web of overlapping jurisdictions, policies, and practices. In addition, the SLCPD operates the St. Louis County and Municipal Police Academy (CMPA), a regional police training facility that provides training to many law enforcement agencies in the area. Finally, mutual aid agreements in the region allow Missouri officers to respond to emergencies outside of their jurisdictions. This interdependent yet fragmented approach to policing in the area creates challenges for the SLCPD in building trusting relationships with the community. The relationship each independent municipal police department has with its community directly affects the relationship the SLCPD has with the community at large. In its civil rights investigation of the Ferguson Police Department (FPD),6 the U.S. Department of Justice found heavy police enforcement existed to generate revenue through fines and fees. This culture of heavy, sometime "aggressive," enforcement has led to strained community relations because of abusive policing and municipal court practices beyond just the FPD. The consequence for the SLCPD is a lack of trust by the community that exacerbated tensions during demonstrations following the shooting death of Michael Brown. For this reason, Chief Jon Belmar of the SLCPD requested the assistance of the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS Office) in identifying ways that the SLCPD could improve its relationship with the St. Louis community. The COPS Office and the SLCPD established the following goals to assess and reform the policies, practices, and related processes in the SLCPD, taking into account national standards, best practices, current and emerging research, and community expectations: - Improve the recruitment, selection, and hiring processes to address minority underrepresentation in the department (chapter 4). - Enhance basic academy and supervisor in-service training with a specific focus on fair and impartial policing, community engagement, and partnership development (chapters 5-7). - Strengthen the policies, practices, training, and response for handling protests and mass demonstrations, including de-escalation training (chapter 8). - Improve the process quality for traffic stops and searches to prohibit racial profiling (chapter 9). - Reduce use of force and injuries to both officers and citizens (chapters 10-11). - Develop a comprehensive communication strategy for SLCPD personnel and community partners that will serve to increase transparency about SLCPD police practices (chapter 12). Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2015. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 21, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p316-pub.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p316-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 137581 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police Policies and Practices Police Reform Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Carswell, Sue Title: Formative Evaluation of the Christchurch Metro Police Safety Order Project Summary: This report presents the findings of a formative evaluation of the Christchurch Metro Police Safety Order Project. The project is a joint collaboration between the New Zealand Police, Stopping Violence Services (SVS), Battered Women's Trust (BWT), Otautahi Maori Women's Refuge (OWR), West Christchurch Women's Refuge (WWR) and Aviva (formerly known as Christchurch Women's Refuge). The Metro PSO Project commenced as a pilot project on the 25th December 2012. The evaluation examines pilot implementation from January - December 2013. Police Safety Orders (PSO) were introduced nationally on the 1st July 2010 by the Domestic Violence Amendment Act 2009 (Domestic Violence Act insertion Part 6A, sections 124A - 124S). A PSO is issued by Police at family violence events to persons at risk of committing family violence (bound person) where there is no arrest; however an officer has reasonable grounds to believe that temporary separation is necessary to ensure the safety of persons at risk in the household. A PSO aims to deescalate a violent situation as the person bound by the order has to leave the household and cannot contact the persons at risk or the children who reside with them. The effect of the PSO can last up to five days. The Christchurch Metro Police Safety Order Project aims to improve safety within families by providing early intervention/prevention services to bound persons within the PSO timeframe where possible. The intervention services are provided by Stopping Violence Services, who contact bound persons to provide brief intervention including planning safety strategies to reduce the likelihood of family violence. SVS offers bound persons free access to further SVS services and information about other services they can access. The SVS approach is based on enabling people to take responsibility and be accountable for their behaviour. The Metro Project is based on a collaborative approach towards family safety and complements the crisis intervention already provided by Refuges to persons identified as being at risk on Police family violence reports (POL1310) where a PSO had been served. Similar to Refuge, SVS endeavour to contact bound persons as soon as possible services separately to avoid any inadvertent disclosure of information that may compromise safety. The pilot is integrated into the Family Violence Interagency Response System (FVIARS) and the FVIARS coordinator has oversight of referral processes. Bound persons are under no obligation to engage with SVS services and any engagement would be voluntary. The timing of offering intervention services was hypothesised as optimal for engagement as the bound person may be more receptive and motivated to engage shortly after receiving a PSO. The pilot has been managed by an interagency Project Management Team including NZ Police, SVS and Refuges, and is supported by an Advisory Group from the wider sector. A cross-agency professional supervision group supports operational staff after the incident. Details: Christchurch, NZ: Te Awatea Violence Research Centre, University of Canterbury, 2014. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2016 at: http://www.vrc.canterbury.ac.nz/docs/Formative%20Evaluation%20of%20Christchurch%20Metro%20Police%20Safety%20Order%20Project%2028.3.14.pdf Year: 2014 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.vrc.canterbury.ac.nz/docs/Formative%20Evaluation%20of%20Christchurch%20Metro%20Police%20Safety%20Order%20Project%2028.3.14.pdf Shelf Number: 137775 Keywords: Battered Women Collaboration Family Violence Family Violence Prevention Policing Protection Orders Victims of Family Violence Violence Prevention

Author: Curtis, Irene Title: The use of targets in policing Summary: Policing needs to change to respond to the challenges of the future, including the changing nature of crime, the increasing range and complexity of demand, continued financial constraints and the rapid pace of technological change. As forces adapt to changing circumstances, performance frameworks will also need to adapt to help the police make decisions to meet these challenges - and to understand whether or not they are succeeding. Numeric targets have seen extensive use in policing for many years, as part of both local and national police performance frameworks. The Public Service Agreements (PSAs) of the 1990s in particular created a slew of national targets in policing and across the public sector more widely. Since then, problems associated with targets such as 'gaming' and 'perverse incentives' have been well documented and targets have gradually been dropped by many forces. The last of the national targets in policing (for increasing public confidence and targets for response times, included in the policing pledge) were removed by the Home Secretary in 2010. This review aims in the first instance to understand the extent to which targets - and their associated behaviours - persist and has involved desk research, interviews, force visits and a survey of police officers and staff. Over 6,000 people completed the survey and, while methodological limitations mean the results needs to be interpreted with caution, the fact that so many officers and staff took the time to respond is telling of how strongly many feel about this subject. Details: London: Home Office, 2015. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2016 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/466058/Review_Targets_2015.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/466058/Review_Targets_2015.pdf Shelf Number: 137802 Keywords: Crime Statistics Decision-Making Evidence-Based Practices Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police Problem-Solving Police Reform Policing

Author: van der Laan, Franca Title: The Future of Police Missions Summary: The current security situation in the world, and specifically the zones of instability that surround and affect Europe, provide the Netherlands with many good reasons to contribute police capabilities to international crisis management missions. The EU, UN and OSCE struggle with both quantitative and qualitative personnel shortages when it comes to deploying police in missions. In qualitative terms, the increasing complexity of police mandates in missions, the multi-dimensional approach to security sector reform and other forms of crisis management and the shift of attention from observation and monitoring missions to mentoring, training, and capacity-building missions asks for high quality experts and senior leaders. NATO will continue to need police capabilities that can operate under a military command structure for the performance of its executive police duties, and, in exceptional cases, for urgent SSR tasks, in conflict situations where no other actors are present that can take up these tasks. Providing that the efforts in creating stability are successful, police deployment in multilateral operations abroad can prevent or reduce future spill-over effects from the crises these operations address. With both the Royal Marechaussee and the Netherlands' Police as donor organisations, the Netherlands has a broad and well developed policing toolkit that can in many ways meet, or adapt to, the demand of the IOs. In order to match the increasing demand for police contributions, increasing the contribution of NP and/ or KMar staff to multilateral operations should be taken into consideration. The study argues to focus these contributions on a set of niches that fits both the IOs' demand and national (security) policy objectives. More specialisation can enhance the quality of deployed staff or teams, it can streamline the relative competency discussion between the KMar and NP and it would sharpen the profile of the Netherlands as a supplier of policing capabilities. Details: The Hague: The Clingendael Institute, 2016. 141p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 19, 2016 at: http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/The%20Future%20of%20Police%20Missions.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands URL: http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/The%20Future%20of%20Police%20Missions.pdf Shelf Number: 137921 Keywords: Crisis Management National Security Police Effectiveness Police Policies and Practices Policing

Author: Wheller, Levin Title: The Greater Manchester Police procedural justice training experiment: the impact of communication skills training on officers and victims of crime Summary: A growing body of research has shown that people's motivations to cooperate with the police and not break the law are shaped more by feeling the police have legitimate authority, and share the same values, than by people's perceived risk of being caught and punished. Given public perceptions of fair treatment are at the root of police legitimacy, improved police-public interactions over the long term could help reduce crime. There is limited evidence on which interventions can improve public perceptions of fair treatment by the police. The Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) reported in this paper tested the impact of training on the perceived quality of interactions between the police and crime victims in Greater Manchester. The intervention focused on developing officers' practical communication skills. In total, 339 officers were randomly assigned to the treatment group (to receive the training) and 237 to the control group (to not receive the training). As the officers were assigned at random, differences between the groups after the training can be directly attributed to the intervention. RCTs are considered the 'gold standard' in evaluation research as they can establish 'cause and effect' relationships. Main findings Officer attitudes An online survey measured officer attitudes post-training. The intervention was found to have had a positive effect on four out of eight possible outcomes, with no effect on the remaining four. Officers in the treatment group were more likely than those in the control group to: hold positive views about delivering quality of service; recognise the value of building empathy and rapport with victims; and report making decisions that involved victims in the process. Officer behaviour Officer behaviour was assessed post-training in a realistic role-play exercise. The intervention was found to have had a positive impact, with officers in the treatment group scoring significantly higher than those in the control group on a 'quality of interaction' scale. In terms of fair treatment, these officers were more likely to give victims a choice about how the incident was to be dealt with (a 14 percentage point difference). A higher proportion were also rated as 'good/excellent' in terms of their overall performance (48% compared to 22%). Victim perceptions An existing force survey was used to measure the perceptions of crime victims who had contact with officers in the trial. The intervention was found to have had a significant positive effect on a 'quality of interaction' scale. No effect was found for overall victim satisfaction and willingness to cooperate with the police. Given that most victims were already satisfied and cooperative, it was unlikely the training could produce an effect size large enough to be detected by the survey. It is possible, therefore, that the training might have had a bigger effect in more challenging encounters where public perceptions of the police are more varied. Conclusions The trial showed that training which seeks to teach officers a series of practical techniques and improve their general communication skills can be effective at improving the victim experience. While some of the effects were relatively small, the overall pattern of results points consistently to training having had a positive impact on outcomes. Findings from across the outcome measures suggest that - rather than officers adopting specific techniques or skills they were taught on the course - training instead encouraged a more general shift in the way officers approached interactions with the public. Officers in the treatment group developed a greater awareness of the need to listen to and empathise with victims of crime - resulting in improved public perceptions. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore, UK: College of Policing, 2013. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2016 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/GMP%20Practitioner_Paper_Final.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/GMP%20Practitioner_Paper_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 138148 Keywords: Communication Skills Police Behavior Police Training Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Procedural Justice

Author: Bruce, David Title: Unfinished Business: The architecture of police accountability in South Africa Summary: The African National Congress that emerged in South Africa after its unbanning in February 1990, the return of its exiled members and 'surfacing' of those who had been operating underground, was a political party with little expertise in the field of policing. But the first formal positions on policing issues that emerged from its 1992 policy conference, articulated in the ANC policy document Ready to govern, gave substantial emphasis to police accountability. Not only did this say that the new police service would be 'accountable to society and the community it serves through its democratically elected institutions' but also that policing should be 'based on community support and participation' and that policing priorities would be 'determined in consultation with the communities they serve'. To some degree these ideas were carried forward. An elaborate architecture of oversight of police was established by means first of the 'interim' Constitution that came into effect on 27 April 1994, and then by the 1995 South African Police Service Act and the 1996 'final' Constitution. Police in South Africa are indeed by law accountable to democratically elected institutions. At first it may also have appeared that direct accountability to communities was to become a central building block of policing in South Africa. Major emphasis was given to the role of Community Police Forums (CPFs) in the 'interim' Constitution, their foremost function described as 'the promotion of accountability of the Service to local communities.' But there was one factor that trumped all others in shaping the structure of control of police that emerged in South Africa. The police had been principal instruments of maintaining apartheid and were seen as potentially a key threat to the transition, particularly if they remained in the hands of regionally powerful groups opposed to full democracy. Police reform, it was understood, needed to take place at a national level. Fearing that 'the devolution of powers to the regions would insulate lower levels from change' the ANC believed that the South African Police 'could only be reformed from the centre'. At a conference in 1992 for instance, one of the key architects of ANC policy on the police argued that a regionalised system of policing 'would lead to jurisdictional problems and inadequate civilian control' and that 'a more centralised force would also ensure that uniform standards could be applied to police conduct'. The ANC's position was thus that a regionalised system of policing 'would be dangerous as it would allow transformation to take place at different speeds across the country and would offer the opportunity for regionally-based political parties to use the police for their own ends'. It therefore resisted any model of government that conceded substantial levels of regional autonomy in relation to the police. This, it feared, would enable regions to resist its transformative agenda, at worst feeding into the danger of regional instability and secession. Ironically, despite the fact that their erstwhile political masters were in favour of a regional system9, senior South African Police (SAP) officials who were involved in discussions over the structure of policing in South Africa were inclined to align themselves with the ANC position, as regionalising the police would undermine their own 'ability to control change'. This paper raises questions about whether the strongly centralised system of governance of police that has emerged in South Africa as a result of decisive influence of these concerns continues to be functional to policing in South Africa. As a result of the process of en masse recruitment over recent years the SAPS now employs over 190 000 people, making it one of the biggest police services in the world. Centralised political control over such a large bureaucracy may have drawbacks such as limiting the potential for responsiveness, innovation or new ideas. In the US for example it is apparent that the highly decentralised system of policing has supported innovation and experimentation and the advancement of policing. This paper is not however concerned to advance the US or any other model of policing governance but to focus on the current architecture of control of policing in South Africa and examine questions about possibilities for strengthening this architecture in such a way as to support a greater degree of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness within the policing system. Details: Cape Town: African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF), 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Paper no. 2: Accessed April 14, 2016 at: http://www.apcof.org/files/9437_Brief2Unifnished%20Business.pdf Year: 2011 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.apcof.org/files/9437_Brief2Unifnished%20Business.pdf Shelf Number: 138667 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police Reform Policing

Author: Flanagan, Andrew Title: Review of Governance in Policing: To Cabinet Secretary for Justice Summary: Andrew Flanagan, Chair of the Scottish Police Authority (SPA) has today made 30 recommendations for improvement in the practice of governance arrangements for policing in Scotland. Publishing his Review of Governance in Policing, which was commissioned by the Cabinet Secretary for Justice on 3 September 2015, Mr Flanagan's report concludes that having an arms-length body in the SPA providing a separation from politics and policing is an appropriate model for governing a national police service. His report recommends improvements to ensure representatives of local communities feel sufficiently listened to regarding local policing, are able to input effectively into the development of national policy issues, and have a way of recording their 'voice' on the quality and effectiveness of Police Scotland's engagement with them. The report's other main findings include: - SPA to strengthen its governance procedures and review with the Scottish Government and Police Scotland how working arrangements and protocols reinforce the positioning and authority of the SPA. - Clearer definition of the SPA's areas of responsibilities and how it conducts its business. - Review of the underlying systems and processes used by Police Scotland to provide information with a view to improving clarity and enhancing the quality of analysis and benchmarking. Details: Glasgow: Scottish Police Authority, 2016. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2016 at: http://www.spa.police.uk/assets/128635/337350/337362 Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.spa.police.uk/assets/128635/337350/337362 Shelf Number: 138693 Keywords: Police Policies and Practices Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Painter, Anthony Title: Safer Together: Policing a global city in 2020 Summary: 'Safer together: policing a global city in 2020' is an analysis based on an extensive consultation, wide-ranging research, and the RSA's public service and institutional reform specialisms. It is an ambitious set of proposals to generate a public conversation about the future of London's safety - a critical component of its success as a global city. Following an extensive engagement with 500 of the most senior Met officers and others throughout the service and a consultation involving more than seventy external organisations, Safer Together establishes a shared mission. This mission involves public agencies, the voluntary sector, companies, the public and the police themselves. In a context of severe budgetary constraints and a changing pattern of crime, which is becoming more complex, the risk for London is that all those involved in its safety could be overwhelmed. The report outlines an approach that relies on deeper co-operation, better use of information and 'what works' analysis, and more extensive engagement of the police with London's communities and members of the public who need its support. The RSA proposes: - A Community Safety Index for London that will combine objective measures of crime and incidence of risk and harm with subjective measures such as feelings of safety, absence of anti-social behaviour and neighbourhood quality. - A London Policing Impact Unit that would combine operational, academic, and strategic knowledge. The Impact Unit would analyse data and learn from on-the-ground experience of 'what works'. These lessons would then be applied in the Met. A representative Citizens' Panel would inform its work. - New forms of collective impact to focus on particular challenges should be extended. These will broaden and widen the Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub approach where agencies work in close cooperation. This means a permanent engagement on shared issues of concern such as domestic violence, mental health, or anti-social behavior. - A deepening of the Met's engagement with victims and witnesses, for example through greater deployment of restorative justice and greater analysis of victim needs and more continuous communication with them. Only through devolution of more powers over the criminal justice system to London can this take place convincingly. And there is a need for deeper community engagement - especially through the Safer Neighbourhood Boards and through the smart use of social media. 'Safer Together' is a considered yet ambitious response to the challenges of next few years in London. It provides a wider lens for current concerns on the future of public services and the public's relationship with them. It will be of interest to all those involved in changes to the public sector and those who rely on these changes succeeding - the public themselves. Details: London: RSA Action and Research Centre, 2015. 78p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2016 at: https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/reports/safer-together-policing-a-global-city-in-2020/ Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/reports/safer-together-policing-a-global-city-in-2020/ Shelf Number: 138955 Keywords: Community Participation Crime Prevention Neighborhoods and Crime Police Effectiveness Policing Public Safety Urban Areas

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Advice from Police Chiefs and Community Leaders on Building Trust: Summary: The last 18 months have been traumatic for the policing profession and for communities across the nation, with issues of use of force being questioned. To address these issues, the Police Executive Research Forum has been working to devise new training programs for police officers, emphasizing concepts of de-escalation, crisis intervention, and "slowing situations down" in order to give officers more time to evaluate what's happening, consider their options, get additional resources to the scene, and devise effective responses that minimize use of force. The national upheaval in policing since Ferguson is not only about issues of policing and training regarding use of force. Equally important is the impact on the level of trust by community members in their police departments. So we invited police chiefs and community leaders to a national conference in Washington, and asked them to discuss what's going on in their cities, particularly with respect to issues of force and the level of trust in the police. We wanted to know how they see what's going on in their city, and how they feel about what's happening nationally. And to the extent that community leaders and police chiefs could tell us that they have solid relationships of trust, we wanted to ask them for their best advice about how they reached that point. To get this project under way, we contacted PERF's member chiefs, invited them to participate in a one-day meeting, and asked each participating chief to invite one community leader to the meeting. We wanted frank, candid discussions that would produce useful information and guidance, so we asked each chief to choose a community leader who is not necessarily your biggest fan, but who has credibility in the community. Details: Washington, DC; PERF, 2016. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed May 24, 2016 at: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/policecommunitytrust.pdf Shelf Number: 139149 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Vandenberg, Layne Title: Police Pacification of Rio de Janeiro Favelas in the Context of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Summary: In 2006, FIFA announced Brazil as the host of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. To heighten security measures for the Cup, the Rio de Janeiro state government created the Unidade de Policia Pacificadora (Police Pacification Unit or UPP) to regain territorial control of poor communities - called favelas - that were governed by criminal groups in the government's absence. The UPPs diverge from traditional policing practices as they utilize proximity policing in favelas to create a more permanent presence with the hope of eliminating drug traffickers and generating trusting relationships with the communities they serve. The implementation of the UPP has failed because UPPs decrees conceptualize the program within existing police structures and rely on the same policing methods used in the past. While the UPPs have successfully fulfilled their goal to reduce some forms of lethal violence in favelas, it has been unsuccessful in establishing positive relationships between residents and police that allow for the complete integration of favelas into Rio de Janeiro society. Despite this imperfect and incomplete integration, favela residents have made their voices heard, thus increasing their participation in civil society and opening a necessary social discourse about police expectations and inequality. I argue that the UPPs, although a short-term strategy, must implement stronger institutional organization and social programming to change policing methods and positively impact the favela communities. Details: Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2015. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/112118/laynevdb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: Brazil URL: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/112118/laynevdb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 139229 Keywords: Favelas Neighborhoods and Crime Policing Slums Sporting Events

Author: Berkmann von der Wehl, Candice Title: The Impact the Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) have on Rio de Janeiro's favelas Summary: Historically, many types of public security reform policy have been tried and implemented in Brazil, ranging from demilitarizing the police; new penal codes; strengthening internal accountability systems, and restructuring police forces; but so far, seemingly the most promising and popular approach has been community oriented policing (COP). Leaving behind the more traditional, militaristic styles of policing that dominate police discourse throughout the region of Latin America, COP is a preventive approach based on the idea that society is the first line of defence against crime and insecurity. It focuses on the causes of crime, which can motivate citizens, to engage in police community partnerships, and it attempts to use crime statistics more effectively. The focal points of this paper, therefore, is to investigate community oriented policing in Brazil, known as Unidade de Policia Pacificadora (UPP), and to critically assess its strengths and weaknesses in the context of urban landscapes of Rio de Janeiro in the 21st Century. The paper will seek to compare public security reform critiques, as well as make an in depth analysis of what factors determine the success or failures of police reform endeavours, particularly, those in El Salvador and Brazil. Theses critiques are centred around short term initiatives that fail to identify the main problems inherent with police in Latin America; the international community's requirements for 'democratic police'; and the states' inability to alter the culture of 'non-questioning military hierarchy. Details: Leiden, NETH: Leiden University, 2016. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 27, 2016 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/38205/The%20Impact%20the%20Pacifying%20Police%20Units%20have%20on%20Rio%20de%20Janeiro%27s%20favelas.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2016 Country: Brazil URL: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/38205/The%20Impact%20the%20Pacifying%20Police%20Units%20have%20on%20Rio%20de%20Janeiro%27s%20favelas.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 139233 Keywords: Favelas Neighborhoods and Crime Policing Public Security Slums Violent Crime

Author: Sinclair, Georgina Title: Identifying the Challenges, Lessons Learned, and Good Practices for Effective Policing with Communities in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States Summary: This briefing paper summarises discussions and syndicate exercise presentation material developed by police practitioners during a five-day course entitled 'Policing with Communities in Fragile and Conflict Affected States' (FCAS), delivered by Strategic Expertise International (SEI) in association with SIPR, Police Scotland and the Stabilisation Unit in January 2016. This course formed part of a European Union Police Services Training (EUPST II) programme designed to support police officers working in EU and other international operations. The overall objective of the exercise was to increase practitioner knowledge of the connected issues, build their capabilities, understanding and skills as well as the development of key guiding principles for policing communities within FCAS as observed within this briefing paper. The outcomes were limited due to time constraints but provide initial considerations from which a framework of guiding principles could be envisaged. Details: Dundee, UK: Scottish Institute for Policing Research, 2016. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: SIPR Briefings, No. 17: Accessed June 28, 2016 at: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Briefing17.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.sipr.ac.uk/downloads/Briefing17.pdf Shelf Number: 139438 Keywords: Community Policing Police Legitimacy Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: McCullough, Debra R. Cohen Title: American Policing in 2022: Essays on the Future of a Profession Summary: American Policing in 2022 - Essays on the Future of a Profession is a collection of essays by law enforcement leaders across the country on their perspectives on what policing might/could/should look like 10 years from now. Included are contributions from several current and former CEOs from CALEA Accredited law enforcement agencies. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139638 Keywords: Community Policing Law Enforcement Police Reform Policing

Author: O'Shea, Liam Title: Police Reform and State-Building in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia Summary: This dissertation provides an in-depth study of police transformation in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union. It draws upon interviews with police, NGO workers, politicians and international practitioners, and employs a comparative-historical approach. Contra to democratic policing approaches, advocating the diffusion of police power and implementation of police reform concurrently with wider democratisation, reform was relatively successful in Georgia after the 2003 Rose Revolution because of state-building. The new government monopolised executive power, fired many police, recruited new personnel, raised police salaries and clamped down on organised crime and corruption. Success also depended on the elite's political will and their appeal to Georgian nationalism. Prioritisation of state-building over democratisation limited the reform's success, however. The new police are politicised and have served elites' private interests. Reform has failed in Kyrgyzstan because of a lack of state-building. Regional, clan and other identities are stronger than Kyrgyz nationalism. This has hindered the formation of an elite with capacity to implement reform. The state has limited control over the police, who remain corrupt and involved in organised crime. State-building has not precipitated police reform in Russia because of the absence of political will. The ruling cohort lacks a vision of reform and relies on corruption to balance the interests of political factions. The contrasting patterns of police reform have a number of implications for democratic police reform in transitioning countries: First, reform depends on political will. Second, institutionalising the police before democratising them may be a more effective means of acquiring the capacity to implement reform. Third, such an approach is likely to require some sort of common bond such as nationalism to legitimate it. Fourth, ignoring democratisation after institutionalisation is risky as reformers can misuse their power for private interests. Details: St. Andrews, Scotland: St. Andrews University, 2014. 343p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/5165 Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/5165 Shelf Number: 139812 Keywords: Police Reform Policing

Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: College of Policing: three years on Summary: 1.The College of Policing was launched in December 2012 as a professional body to develop the knowledge, standards of conduct, leadership and professionalism required by police officers and police staff in England and Wales. The College is a company limited by guarantee and an Arm's Length Body of the Home Office. It is operationally independent of the Home Office. 2.The College was established as part of the Coalition Government's programme of wider reform of the structure of policing bodies. The College took on a number of responsibilities from the now defunct National Policing Improvement Agency and the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), particularly with regard to training and the setting of policy. ACPO's replacement, the National Police Chiefs' Council, has responsibilities on the operational side. As of 31 March 2015 the College had a total of 485 directly employed staff; 51 agency/contract staff; and 152 secondees. 3.This inquiry is part of our regular scrutiny of the College of Policing. Our predecessor Committee first considered the role of the College in 2013 as part of a broader examination of Leadership and Standards in the Police Service. It then undertook a follow-up inquiry Evaluating the new architecture of policing: the College of Policing and the National Crime Agency in 2014-15. Our predecessors were concerned that the Board of the College lacked diversity and the necessary skills required for its role. The Committee heard that the College was not able to communicate directly with members of police forces and found that, partly as a result of this, there was a lack of recognition of the College amongst police officers and inconsistencies in approach to its guidance from Chief Constables. We have pursued a number of these themes in this follow-up inquiry. 4.In addition to the College of Policing witnesses, Chief Constable Alex Marshall, Chief Executive and Rachel Tuffin, Director of Research, Knowledge and Education, we took evidence from the Police Federation of England and Wales and the Police Superintendents Association of England and Wales, and Phil Gormley, Chief Constable of Police Scotland. We also benefited from the Royal College of Nursing and the Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences sharing their experience with us. We are grateful to everyone who contributed to our inquiry. Details: London: House of Commons, 2016. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Fourth Report of Session 2016-17: Accessed July 29, 2016 at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/23/23.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmhaff/23/23.pdf Shelf Number: 139895 Keywords: Police Education and training Police Reform Policing

Author: Saferworld Title: Politics and Policing: Understanding the impact of post-conflict political settlements on security reforms in Kenya Summary: What role do political actors and politics play in shaping development outcomes? The concept of the 'political settlement' is increasingly prominent in peacebuilding discussions. This report focuses on Kenya: an important case study for understanding the of role political dynamics in determining the pace and nature of security sector reform. Kenya's post-election violence in late 2007 and early 2008 - where police were found to have committed human rights abuses - triggered the development of an ambitious blueprint for security reform, including the professionalisation and transformation of the national police service. Kenya's political elite committed to delivering changes in police structure and behaviour through the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 (NARA), as well as the Constitution of Kenya 2010. Reforms and changes were subsequently detailed in a significant number of new policing laws such as National Police Service Commission Act 2011, National Police Service Act 2011 and Independent Police Oversight Authority 2011. But how did the political elite, national police institutions and pro-reform actors interact to make police reform a reality? And what impact did that process have on security transformation in practice? This report highlights how control over the police service emerged as one of several key battlegrounds on which a power struggle took place within the Kenyan political elite reshaped by NARA. And after 2013, when the Act came to an end, new political coalitions sought to influence reform measures challenging centralised control over senior police appointments and strategy. The September 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack in Nairobi - and increasing fears around violent extremism - were context for legitimising the reassertion of central control over the police. This report provides a context-specific and policy-relevant application of the 'political settlements' concept in Kenya. Findings have implications for a number of people and institutions engaged in the security sector reform process; suggesting a need for realistic and politically aware programming based on analysis of the policing context and the conditions in which transformation is likely to take place. Details: London: Saferworld, 2016. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1082-politics-and-policingaunderstanding-the-impact-of-post-conflict-politicalasettlements-on-security-reforms-in-kenya Year: 2016 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/view-resource/1082-politics-and-policingaunderstanding-the-impact-of-post-conflict-politicalasettlements-on-security-reforms-in-kenya Shelf Number: 139917 Keywords: Peacebuilding Police Reform Policing Security

Author: Marques, Paul R. Title: Assessing the Ability of the Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs to Support the Afghan Local Police Summary: RAND researchers assess the ability of the Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs (MOI) to support the Afghan Local Police (ALP) program; evaluate the range of logistics, personnel management, and training activities essential to the success of ALP's local security mission; and identify lessons from support to the program that might prove useful when undertaking similar efforts to help build local security forces in the future. This analysis relies primarily on interviews conducted in Afghanistan in 2013 and 2015 with Coalition and Afghan officials involved in the ALP program. To a lesser extent, the analysis draws on quantitative logistics and personnel reporting. While some MOI and Coalition initiatives have fared better than others and some are still a work in progress, our research shows some positive results - in the form of recruits processed and vetted, equipment received, forces paid, and candidates trained - with limited Coalition assistance since the end of 2014. However, examples of improved capabilities do not yet equate to an institutional commitment and capacity to sustain the ALP program. Still, for future U.S. government efforts to assist foreign partners in building the capacity of their local security forces, there are important insights that can be derived from the experience of transitioning ALP to full Afghan control. Key Findings Logistics, Personnel Management, and Training Activities Have Progressed but Still Need Work - With Coalition assistance, MOI has made strides to improve its logistics practices and results. The Coalition's 2012 initiative to eliminate bottlenecks when providing ALP with initial equipment was mostly successful. Since the transition of the program to full Afghan control in 2014, the Coalition's ability to assess ALP's logistic situation has been significantly curtailed. Available information indicates that some ALP districts are receiving adequate levels of supplies while others face substantial shortages. More needs to be done if the Afghans are to acquire sufficient capacity to requisition, track, store, transport, distribute, and maintain necessary quantities of ALP equipment and supplies. - Afghans have begun to acquire and demonstrate many of the capabilities necessary to successfully manage ALP personnel. For example, Afghan elders, government officials, and contractors are currently handling all ALP recruiting, vetting, and in-processing tasks with no assistance from the Coalition. Despite these hopeful signs, the deteriorating security situation in parts of Afghanistan has contributed to the development of local militia groups, some of which use the ALP banner but do not follow the rigorous personnel management procedures that are the hallmark of the ALP program. - The state of ALP training is good compared with the situation in the rest of the Afghan police force. As of early 2015, approximately 86 percent of the ALP force had attended a formal training course. Nevertheless, there are still security and logistics concerns in transporting ALP guardians to regional training centers. Thus, many Coalition advisers we spoke to agreed that a hybrid training system -- with local and regional aspects -- was the best option for the future. Recommendations - Advisers must take account of the operating environment and work in concert with various partners. U.S. advisers must do their best to first understand the lay of the land and then recommend a support plan that either circumvents or erodes potential blockages. - Pull-based logistics systems often take a long time to evolve; therefore, rather than attempting to make the immediate leap to a first-tier, pull-based stock replenishment system, donors should consider simpler alternatives that account for the partner's level of resources, literacy, technical competence, communications, and data availability, and then transition to a mature pull-based system at an appropriate pace. - Managing dispersed forces requires a balance between local autonomy and central oversight. Advisers and host-nation officials need to find a balance between encouraging local leaders to take charge of the daily management of local security forces and ensuring that the former raise and employ the latter appropriately and continue to provide adequate support to them. - Centralized training has advantages, but a hybrid system may work best over the long term. To accomplish this, advisers should perform a comprehensive assessment of the training needs of all of the elements of the police force and, along with host-nation officials, develop training plans that employ a combination of regional training centers, local training venues, and mobile training teams. - If politically feasible, a multi-level coalition advisory structure should be maintained until the host nation has an assured sustainment capability. This would permit coalition advisers to continue to work with headquarters officials and local leaders on resolving management issues pertaining to the police and military. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2016. 114p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 27, 2016 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/RR1399/RAND_RR1399.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/RR1399/RAND_RR1399.pdf Shelf Number: 140061 Keywords: Military Forces Police Education and Training Policing

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Austin Police Department: Patrol Utilization Study. Final Report Summary: The Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) was retained by the City of Austin to provide the Austin City Council and City Executives with recommendations for an innovative, sustainable method to determine current and future police department staffing needs. The objectives of the study include: reviewing the current demand for sworn law enforcement, including calls for service, investigative workload, staffing for special events, and utilization of support staff; examining benchmarks for police staffing that are used in a sample of U.S. cities with populations from 500,000 to one million; gathering information on local community expectations regarding perceptions of safety, crime reduction strategies, community policing, and patrol utilization; recommending a methodology for the calculation of police staffing needs that can be updated and replicated by city staff in the future; and providing recommendations regarding three- to five-year staffing projections based on the community-based goals. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2012. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2016 at: https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/PERF_Final_Report_-_Austin.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Police/PERF_Final_Report_-_Austin.pdf Shelf Number: 147896 Keywords: Police Administration Police Effectiveness Police Patrol Police Staffing Police Workload Policing

Author: Pelgrim, Riekje Title: Witchcraft and Policing: South Africa Police Service attitudes towards witchcraft and witchcraft-related crime in the Northern Province Summary: In the last two decades, the Northern Province of South Africa has experienced hundreds of so-called witch attacks: violent assaults in which individuals or groups of people are accused of practicing witchcraft. Since the mid 1980s, the attacking and killing of people believed to be witches has become an increasingly problematic social issue in this part of the world. Narrations of witchcraft related violence have been numerous in the press, police reports and the academic world. South African newspapers and television have covered the issue of witchcraft related problems extensively: a quick review of backdated articles and television programmes reflects the ever-growing social problem caused by the belief in witchcraft. During my six-month fieldwork period in the Northern Province, both The Mirror and the Soutpansberger, two local weekly newspapers, carried on average one witchcraft related article per edition. Even the Mail & Guardian and the Sowetan, national newspapers of substantial influence and objective reputation, have published numerous articles dealing with witchcraft related issues. Additionally, police reports of witchcraft related crime have been numerous. Statistics show that between 1990 and 2001, the number of witchcraft related cases has increased from an estimated 50 cases per year to over 1300 a year. As a result, special attention has been paid to this type of crime: the South Africa Police Service (SAPS) has been collecting statistical data and organising rallies and workshops. In this manner, the police have tried to raise awareness regarding the serious consequences of this type of crime and hope to diminish it. Awakened by these statistics, the social unrest and the subsequent media attention during the late 1980s and the early 1990s, the new national ANC government felt that it needed to address this situation. In an attempt to combat the ever-growing problems caused by the belief in witchcraft, it appointed a special research committee in 1995: the Commission of Inquiry into the Witchcraft Violence and Ritual Murders in the Northern Province of South Africa. Through means of unstructured interviews this commission - headed by Professor Ralushai - conducted extensive research regarding the subject of witchcraft and its related problems. The overall findings however were very limited and disappointing due to, inter alia, a complete lack of theoretical foundation and ambiguous methodology. Despite the fact that some recommendations in the fields of education and legislation were made, no constructive steps were ever taken and, like so many other research reports, the Ralushai findings ended up on a government shelf collecting dust. Compared to the media, the SAPS and the national government, the academic world has seriously fallen behind in its attention and concern for contemporary witchcraft related problems in the Northern Province of South Africa. Most scientific studies regarding witchcraft beliefs and their related social consequences are exceptionally dated. Although anthropologists studied the general topic of witchcraft beliefs extensively during the twentieth century, most data regarding the belief in witchcraft in the Northern Province dates back to fieldwork that was conducted during the 1930s and 1940s (Niehaus 2001: 1). Particular ethnic groups, such as the Sotho, the Tswana and Lovedu, were studied in those years by scholars like Junod and Krige, and their studies are to this day regarded as blueprints for Northern Province witchcraft beliefs. Although more recent data regarding these beliefs has been provided by scholars like Hammond-Tooke, Ritchken, Stadler and Delius during the 1980 and even 1990s, real in-depth anthropological studies regarding Northern Province witchcraft beliefs and especially their serious social consequences in the Northern Province leave much to be desired. In an effort to both fill this theoretical gap regarding witchcraft beliefs in the Northern Province, and to collect empirical data regarding specific witchcraft accusations, a research programme named 'Crossing Witchcraft Barriers in South Africa' was set up in 1997 as part of the South Africa-Netherlands Research Programme on Alternatives in Development (SANPAD). The aim of SANPAD programmes has been to stimulate alternative academic research in South Africa in the area of cross-fields of developments. The research project 'Crossing Witchcraft Barriers in South Africa' was based at the University of the North in South Africa and supported by the University of Utrecht in The Netherlands. Its aims were to establish an interdisciplinary study of witchcraft beliefs and witchcraft accusations in South Africa. At first, this programme was carried out by about a dozen senior students and junior staff from the University of the North in cooperation with members of the University of Utrecht. Researchers from different disciplinary backgrounds - sociology, psychology, anthropology, theology and religious studies - were engaged in fieldwork to find out from all parties involved what exactly happens in specific witchcraft related cases, and what their background and consequences are. As part of this project, I was invited as the only non-South African to partake in this research project in the Northern Province. During two periods of three months in 2001, I conducted research regarding the topic of the belief in witchcraft and in particular its relation to policing and legislation. Before going into the finer details of my research however, I will describe the problems caused by the Northern Province witchcraft belief, in order to contextualise the research question. Details: Leiden, NETH: African Studies Centre, 2003. 170p. Source: Internet Resource: African Studies Centre Research Report 72 / 2003 : Accessed September 28, 2016 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12920/ASC-075287668-076-01.pdf?sequence=2%20- Year: 2003 Country: South Africa URL: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12920/ASC-075287668-076-01.pdf?sequence=2%20- Shelf Number: 146159 Keywords: Criminal Law Policing Violence Witchcraft

Author: Lieblich, Eliav Title: The Case Against Police Militarization Summary: The police and the military are different. That much is common ground. Yet, in recent times the police have become increasingly militarized. Unsurprisingly, many find this process alarming and disconcerting, and call for its reversal. However, while most of the objections to police militarization are framed in instrumental arguments, these are unable to capture the fundamental problem with militarization. This Article remedies this shortcoming, by developing a novel and principled argument against police militarization. Contrary to arguments that are preoccupied with the consequences of militarization, we argue that militarization undermines our basic understanding of the nature of the liberal state. Consequently, the real problem with police militarization is not that it brings about more violence or abuse of authority - though that may very well happen - but that it is based on a presumption of the citizen as a threat, while the liberal order is based on precisely the opposite presumption. A presumption of threat, we argue, assumes that citizens, usually from marginalized communities, pose a threat of such caliber that might require the use of extreme violence. Viewed through the prism of the presumption of threat, the problem of police militarization becomes apparent. Perceived as threatening, the policed community is subjected to militarized forces, and thus effectively marked as an enemy. This mark, in turn, leads to the policed community's exclusion from the body politic. Crucially, the pervasiveness of police militarization has led to its normalization, thus exacerbating its exclusionary effect. Indeed, whereas the domestic deployment of militaries has always been reserved for exceptional times, the process of police militarization has normalized what was once exceptional. Details: Unpublished paper, 2016. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 28, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2840715 Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2840715 Shelf Number: 146108 Keywords: Civil Rights Militarization Police Militarization Policing War on Drugs

Author: Friesendorf, Cornelius Title: Militarized versus Civilian Policing: Problems of Reforming the Afghan National Police Summary: It is difficult to establish the right relationship between military and civilian elements when reforming the police forces in conflict and post-conflict regions. Principles of civilian and democratic Security Sector Reform (SSR) emphasize the need to separate the military and the police. Nevertheless, everyday reality in many places does not allow the realization of this ideal type. The police must adopt a robust stance in order to close security gaps and proceed against well organized armed criminals or insurgents. In the context of police-building and police reform in fragile states, this means that the police must be as civilian as possible and as military as necessary - with regard to their equipment, approach, structure and duties. The rapid militarization of the police can cause problems. It can lead to a rift between the police and the public which prevents the development of a relationship of trust that is so important for police work. External actors in Afghanistan are in the process of transferring the responsibility for security to Afghan institutions. By the end of 2014, the Afghan security forces are to combat insurgency and protect the state and its citizens. Donors are therefore investing huge sums, not only in training and equipping the Afghan National Army (ANA), but also in building the Afghan National Police (ANP). This report studies the transition from civilian to military-dominated police-building in Afghanistan. From 2002, Germany was the lead nation responsible for coordinating international assistance for police-building. The German police programme in Afghanistan was designed as a sustainable project with a civilian approach. However, Germany only invested relatively little funds in the building and reform of the ANP. This reflected the initially rather limited involvement of the international community as a whole in Afghanistan. The United States' Afghanistan policy relied on cooperation with the warlords as well as on the military regime in Pakistan. This policy served to strengthen the armed opposition forces. Once it became clear that the building of the ANP was not progressing quickly enough, the USA de facto assumed the lead role in police-building in Afghanistan. This meant a change of paradigm from a civilian-based police reform to a military-based police reform. Militarization was accelerated by the USdominated change of strategy in favour of counterinsurgency in 2009. The report refers to the problems of the dominance of military elements in building the ANP. It is not clear whether the militarization of the ANP has significantly improved the chances of survival for members of the Afghan police. What is certain is that militarization cannot solve the problem of the weak legitimacy of the Afghan state. There is still a lack of trust between the public and the police, especially as the ANP is inadequately equipped to prevent or solve crimes. Moreover, the possible long-term consequences of militarization are problematic: It is easier to militarize the police now than it will be to drive out the spirit of militarization at a later date. The militarization of the ANP is therefore at the best ineffective and at the worst counterproductive. Only a police force which the people trust can be effective. Apart from describing the shift away from a civilian police model and studying the reasons for this transition, the report also has a normative aim: It emphasizes the need for advancing civilian police-building. The preconditions for this in Afghanistan are everything but ideal. The argument that police reform - and SSR in general - must take second place to strengthening the ANP is wrong, however. After all, it was precisely the neglect of police reform that contributed to the deterioration of the security situation in the first place. Police reform can only be sustainable if it is linked to reforms in police administrative structures and supervisory authorities. The rapid, militarized build-up of the police can only create stability in the short term, if at all. The regular police force - the Afghan Uniformed Civilian Police (AUCP) - should concentrate on preventing and solving crime. Admittedly, in Afghanistan this calls for certain military elements in training and equipment so that the police are able to protect themselves from attacks. However, only an understanding of civilian police work can establish an atmosphere of trust between the public and the police. Various steps are necessary to realign police reform in Afghanistan. Civilian police experts, not soldiers, should dominate the strategic approach to police reform. Furthermore, measures must be taken to tackle the shortage of civilian instructors, partners and mentors as quickly as possible. It is also important to support the ANP in the long term. The two to three-year project cycles that are normal for international cooperation are usually not sufficient for sustainable police reform, among other things because they do not give local stakeholders sufficient planning security. Many further steps are necessary to improve police work in Afghanistan. These include the reform of the Ministry of Interior Affairs, the clear demarcation of areas of responsibility vis-a-vis other security players, and closer intermeshing with the justice sector. Furthermore, the difficult balancing act between (military) self-defence and the openness of the police towards the public requires regional adjustments. These must be accompanied by training contents and police work that are in touch with the people, as well as by literacy campaigns. This report does not call for a new police strategy but for a gradual realignment of the reform of the Afghan police that will serve the needs of the Afghan people better than efforts to militarize the police. Details: Frankfurt: Peace Research Institute, 2011. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2016 at: http://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif102.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_downloads/prif102.pdf Shelf Number: 147751 Keywords: Militarization Police Reform Policing

Author: Finkenbinder, Karen Title: Fostering a Police Reform Paradigm Summary: Of all the myriad of lessons learned in recent conflicts, the importance of police forces, to counter insurgencies and maintain security, is well-recognized. The police may be civilian, military or combination of types of police. Numerous articles, studies, and books have been published about all aspects of police reform but this monograph takes a different approach. It combines the theoretical with the applied and provides practical and historical applications of police reform. The authors have diverse experiences - Ms. Finkenbinder, a career in municipal and state policing before moving into academia; Professor Millen, a retired Army officer and PKSOI Security Sector Reform analyst, and Colonel Lowe, a senior military police officer with 23 years of experience as a teacher, staff officer and commander. Combined, they have more than sixty years of experience teaching, mentoring and reforming police. Precisely, because of this, they understand that police reform is more than a checklist of outputs. It requires a paradigm shift from being focused on policing tasks to one that understands the rational and moral foundation of police forces and how they fit into society. Police reform needs to know the distinction between the Rule of Law and Rule by Law and how the latter can be used to perpetuate evil in the name of the state. Police reform needs a blueprint for building stabile police organizations and that blueprint is doctrine. But, none of it matters without the practical application involved in hiring the right people for the right tasks. The authors have tried to balance the philosophical, doctrinal and practical considerations to encourage a police reform paradigm - one that is based upon human rights, yet respectful of cultural differences. Details: Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Press, 2013. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Papers, Accessed September 30, 2016 at: https://www.pksoi.org/document_repository/doc_lib/PKSOI_Paper_Fostering_a_Police_Reform_Paradigm_(18-Jun-13).pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: https://www.pksoi.org/document_repository/doc_lib/PKSOI_Paper_Fostering_a_Police_Reform_Paradigm_(18-Jun-13).pdf Shelf Number: 140533 Keywords: Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police Reform Policing

Author: de Leon-Escribano, Carmen Rosa Title: Capabilities of Police and Military Forces in Central America -- A Comparative Analysis of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras an d Nicaragua Summary: A difficult transition to a new paradigm of Democratic Security and the subsequent process of military restructuring during the nineties led El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua to re-consider their old structures and functions of their armed forces and police agencies. This study compares the institutions in the four countries mentioned above to assess their current condition and response capacity in view of the contemporary security challenges in Central America. This report reveals that the original intention of limiting armies to defend and protect borders has been threatened by the increasing participation of armies in public security. While the strength of armies has been consolidated in terms of numbers, air and naval forces have failed to become strengthened or sufficiently developed to effectively combat organized crime and drug trafficking and are barely able to conduct air and sea operations. Honduras has been the only country that has maintained a proportional distribution of its armed forces. However, security has been in the hands of a Judicial Police, supervised by the Public Ministry. The Honduran Judicial Police has been limited to exercising preventive police duties, prohibited from carrying out criminal investigations. Nicaragua, meanwhile, possesses a successful police force, socially recognized for maintaining satisfactory levels of security surpassing the Guatemalan and El Salvadoran police, which have not achieved similar results despite of having set up a civilian police force separate from the military. El Salvador meanwhile, has excelled in promoting a Police Academy and career professional education, even while not having military attaches in other countries. Regarding budgetary issues, the four countries allocate almost twice the amount of funding on their security budgets in comparison to what is allocated to their defense budgets. However, spending in both areas is low when taking into account each country's GDP as well as their high crime rates. Regional security challenges must be accompanied by a professionalization of the regional armies focused on protecting and defending borders. Therefore, strong institutional frameworks to support the fight against crime and drug trafficking are required. It will require the strengthening of customs, greater control of illicit arms trafficking, investment in education initiatives, creating employment opportunities and facilitating significant improvements in the judicial system, as well as its accessibility to the average citizen. Details: Miami: Florida International University, Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center, 2011. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Western Hemisphere Security Analysis Center. Paper 10. Accessed October 6, 2016 at: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=whemsac Year: 2011 Country: Central America URL: http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=whemsac Shelf Number: 140540 Keywords: Drug Trafficking Illicit Arms Military Organized Crime Policing Public Security Violence

Author: Fielding, Marcus Title: War, Law and Order: Case Study: Australian Whole-of-Government Efforts to Develop Security and Criminal Justice Sectors Summary: This paper begins with a description of an Australian Special Forces raid in Afghanistan where civilians were killed and wounded. The subsequent White Paper prompted several questions: What exactly are 'situations of armed conflict short of conventional war'? How does the Australian Defence Force (ADF) 'establish a secure environment in conflict zones'? What role should the ADF play in a 'stabilization' situation? And what can we do to further develop a 'whole-of-government' effort? And have we adequately organized, trained and equipped Australian forces 'for conflicts within societies'? To answer these questions, this paper examines how the Australian Government can assist another state government to restore and maintain public security by developing capacity in its security and criminal justice sectors. But this paper is not just about Australia because Australia's experiences are not unlike those being experienced by the United States, the United Kingdom, and others. This is particularly relevant as the Asia-Pacific region is becoming more of an area of an interest to U.S. National Security. This paper first examines the origins, nature and prevalence of intra-state conflicts. It shows that one common feature of the ADF's interventions over the last few decades has been that forces have often been deployed in support of another state government, and in many instances the immediate and essential task has been to assist in restoring and maintaining public security. Details: Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2012. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Papers: Accessed October 6, 2016 at: https://knxup2.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=719206 Year: 2012 Country: Afghanistan URL: https://knxup2.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=719206 Shelf Number: 147820 Keywords: National Security Peacekeeping Policing Public Security

Author: Weisburst, Emily Title: Safety in Police Numbers: Evidence of Police Effectiveness and Foresight from Federal COPS Grant Applications Summary: Understanding the impact of police on crime is critical to designing policies that maximize safety. In this paper, I use a novel estimation approach to measure the impact of police hiring, which exploits variation in federal Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) hiring grants, while also controlling for the endogenous decisions of police departments to apply for these grants. Using data from nearly U.S. 7,000 municipalities, I find that a 10% increase in police employment rates reduces violent crime rates by 13% and property crime rates by 8.5%. The model also provides suggestive evidence that law enforcement leaders are forward-looking. Details: Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Economics, 2016. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2845099 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2845099 Shelf Number: 145111 Keywords: Economic of Crime Police Effectiveness Police Hiring Police Staffing Policing

Author: Krzalic, Armin Title: The Citizens' Opinion of the Police Force: The Results of Public Opinion Survey Conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina Summary: The police happens to be most trusted part of the system of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- more than half of the population has confidence in this institution. However, the image of the police among the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided -- while the opinion of some is quite positive, others list corruption, lack of politeness and discomfort as things that first come to mind at the mention of police officers. In the opinion of the population, one of the biggest problems with the police is the excessive influence of politicians on their work. The police officers are, thus, perceived as protectors of the interests of political parties instead of those who are there to serve the citizens. Citizens believe that corruption in the police force is widespread, but when we look at individual parts of the institution we see that this assessment varies and pertains mostly to traffic police, border police (especially the customs officers) and the closest associates of ministers of interior affairs. Citizens say that the process of employment in the police also happens to be problematic, i.e. that employment is gained through friends, family members, political connections and bribery. The number of those who say that they would report cases of corruption in the police, if they had the opportunity, is quite small. Such an attitude best illustrates the image of the police in public, that is, its disappointment with their work and lack of interest in their affairs. Details: Sarajevo: Centre for Security Studies, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2016 at: http://css.ba/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina-The-Citizens-Opinion-of-Police-Force-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bosnia and Herzegovina URL: http://css.ba/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina-The-Citizens-Opinion-of-Police-Force-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 144835 Keywords: Police Corruption Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Policing Public Opinion

Author: Major Cities Chiefs Association Title: Discussions on the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing: How Police Agencies are Using the Report, How Police Agencies are Implementing the Recommendations, Police Agencies' Reactions to the Recommendations, and the Value of Understanding Histo Summary: To discuss the progress made in implementing the recommendations of the Final Report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing one year after its publication, the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA) held three Police Executive Leadership Series meetings in May 2016. These round table sessions were hosted in Nashville, Tennessee; Arlington, Texas; and Tucson, Arizona, and were attended by law enforcement leaders, rank-and-file police officers, and task force members. The sessions were highly productive: There was a spirited exchange of ideas, open sharing of experiences, and recommendations for overcoming obstacles. There was also mutual agreement on many issues. This report details the discussions and includes suggestions that can be helpful to local government and other stakeholders as well as law enforcement. In addition to practical guidance for adopting the task force report's recommendations, it provides descriptions of innovative programs and lessons learned that can be of value to all agencies and their communities. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Police Executive Leadership Series: Accessed November 8, 2016: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p352-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p352-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 145320 Keywords: Law Enforcement Police Reform Policing

Author: Lum, Cynthia Title: An Evidence-Assessment of the Recommendations of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing — Implementation and Research Priorities. Summary: The Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing is one of the most significant documents for law enforcement in modern history. The Task Force was charged by President Obama in 20142 to "examine ways of fostering strong, collaborative relationships between local law enforcement and the communities they protect and to make recommendations to the President on the ways policing practices can promote effective crime reduction while building public trust". Within six pillars—building trust and legitimacy, policy and oversight, technology and social media, community policing and crime reduction, training and education, and officer wellness and safety—the Task Force presented 156 recommendations and action items to law enforcement agencies and the federal government with the goal of strengthening democratic policing in a complex and diverse society. Of these 156 recommendations, approximately 63 were directed toward federal agency implementation, while 87 were relevant for state and local law enforcement agencies. Another six recommendations and action items were relevant to both the federal government and to state and local agencies. Where should law enforcement agencies begin in implementing these recommendations? Which recommendations should be prioritized for action, for policy implementation, or for more research? With a grant from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Institute for Community-Police Relations of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP)3 has collaborated with researchers from George Mason University’s (GMU) Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy4 to create an evidence-based Blueprint for 21st Century Policing. The research team was charged with reviewing existing research knowledge about those Task Force recommendations relevant to state and local law enforcement, highlighting promising efforts based on research knowledge, and identifying issues that need more research and testing. Including research in the conversation about law enforcement policy and practice—an idea known as evidence-based policing—has become an important value of law enforcement. Evidence-based policing is based on the idea that research knowledge is an essential part of police decision-making and can provide expertise and an objective perspective for a complex profession. Toward those ends, the goal of this assessment of the research knowledge behind the Task Force recommendations is to provide information about what we know from research about those recommendations and what more needs to be learned through police-research partnerships to advance them. Details: Fairfax, VA: Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason University. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2016. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2016 at: http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://cebcp.org/wp-content/evidence-based-policing/IACP-GMU-Evidence-Assessment-Task-Force-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 141088 Keywords: Evidence-Based Practices Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Broderick, Elizabeth Title: Cultural Change: Gender Diversity and Inclusion in the Australian Federal Police Summary: On 22 August 2016, AFP Commissioner Andrew Colvin released the report Cultural Change: Gender Diversity and Inclusion in the Australian Federal Police, following an independent review of the organisation by former Sex Discrimination Commissioner, Elizabeth Broderick. The report followed extensive consultation with more than 1,000 AFP members over the past six months. A number of key themes emerged during the review process: the importance of strong leadership to cultural reform; the differential impacts of AFP culture on men's and women's experiences; high rates of sexual harassment and bullying in the AFP; barriers to and opportunities for increased women's representation in the AFP workforce; and, the challenge of combining a police career with family. The review highlights strong and courageous leadership as an essential ingredient of cultural change. While many in the AFP described the organisation as a supportive and respectful workplace, the rates of sexual harassment and bullying reported in the survey were alarming. Overall, 29% of survey respondents reported being subjected to at least one work-related incident of sexual harassment in the last five years, with 64% of survey respondents reporting being subjected to workplace bullying over the same period. Details: Canberra: Elizabeth Broderick & Co.: Australian Federal Police, 2016. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2017 at: https://www.afp.gov.au/sites/default/files/PDF/Reports/Broderick-Report-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: https://www.afp.gov.au/sites/default/files/PDF/Reports/Broderick-Report-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 145540 Keywords: Diversity Female Police Officers Law Enforcement Policing Workplace Bullying Workplace Harassment

Author: Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency Title: Police System in Pakistan: Position Paper Summary: In Pakistan, the crisis of law and order has worsened over the years. Unfortunately, the primary law-enforcing agency of Pakistan has been deemed as progressively incapable of managing its increased obligations, especially in overcoming serious crimes and combating terrorism. The Police in Pakistan suffer from much criticism for their inefficiency, public dealing, and are often accused of corruption and politicisation. Since independence, there has been no real or significant progress to reform and restructure the police system inherited from colonial times. Very few attempts at reform have been made thus far, which have also been criticised as outmoded and ineffective on the ground. A case in point is the Police Order of 2002, promulgated on 14 August 2002, which replaced the more than century-old Police Act of 1861 in all four provinces of Pakistan. However, this promulgation does not extend to the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) or Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). This Position Paper highlights specific crippling elements of the implementation machinery of the police system that include: politicisation in the process of induction and promotions, budget constraints, and weak infrastructure amongst others. The few civil society initiatives taken by NGOs in police reform and in addressing the stigma of this institution in Pakistan has contributed towards raising awareness of policing practices and performance, exposing misconduct and calling for transparency and effective accountability of police, as well as championing reform. However, despite all efforts on the ground, the desired reforms can only be initiated at the policy level through a dedicated strategy for reform which accounts for key variables such as structure and balance of power between federal and provincial governments, and between provincial and local governments; role of institutions such as judiciary, military, and political parties in administrative affairs of the country; the role of public prosecutors and defence lawyers; the leadership of police at a particular point in time; and, attempts towards strengthening the legitimacy of police from an adversarial institution to one enjoying community and public confidence. The Position Paper provides a set of recommendations to bring about reforms in the police system of Pakistan. The policy of 'putting the customer first' would certainly improve confidence of the public and portray an evident commitment to augment standards of public safety and police accountability. This would require the police leadership to lead and manage to achieve, at the very least, the following key objectives: 1. Security of tenure to police key appointment holders 2. De-politicisation of police 3. Adequate provision for strategic capacity building of police 4. Substantial change in the work ecology of police, especially for lower ranks 5. Adequate police budget 6. Transformation of police from a public-frightening force to a public-friendly service organisation It is pertinent to re-organise this institution so that it may become politically neutral, non-authoritarian, accountable and approachable by the community, proficiently well-organised, and, last but not least, an effective instrument of the Rule of Law. Political will and strong-minded police leadership is crucial to complete this journey of reforms. Details: Islamabad: PILDAT, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2017 at: http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/ROLR/PoliceSystemofPakistan_PositionPaper.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.pildat.org/Publications/publication/ROLR/PoliceSystemofPakistan_PositionPaper.pdf Shelf Number: 146984 Keywords: Police Agencies Police Reform Policing

Author: Burton, Dominique Title: CNA Out Front: The Impact of Policing Reforms on Local Government Summary: Police reform is a national topic and interest. The term has been used for decades to encompass the many changes within policing and law enforcement departments across the country, yet it is still important and valuable today to evaluate police practices and learn how to bring about change— both intended and unforeseen. To have comprehensive evaluations and a holistic view of advancement in policing, involvement from local organizations and government agencies is crucial. Local governments play a large role in implementing resources for police departments, and their understanding and interpretation of police reform needs to be assessed as the country pushes for more departmental development. CNA, a not-for-profit organization focused on using operational analysis and applied research to solve complex issues faced by law enforcement, communities, and governments at all levels, is involved in police reform on a number of fronts. In August 2016, CNA hosted an Executive Session in Arlington, VA, to facilitate a discussion among a diverse group of representatives of local agencies and law enforcement practitioners on the impact of policing reforms on local government. 1 Law enforcement practitioners discussed the growing demand for departments to achieve more in areas such as training and technology. Representatives from local government expressed their need for a police force to reach the standards illustrated in the Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing2 , but they also discussed the constraints that limited the agencies to allocating more resources. Each group of participants engaged with candor and, in many cases, expressed complementary ideas and solutions. In summarizing this Executive Session, we hope to garner greater interest, stimulate curiosity, and foster open-mindedness regarding the future of policing in America. We encourage readers to appreciate the forthrightness of the presenters and audience participants. Partnerships between law enforcement agencies and local government are prevalent due to organizational structures, yet discussions about direct impacts have not always been communicated between both parties, though such conversations are happening with the help of agencies such as CNA to facilitate them. The August 2016 Executive Session, titled The Impact of Policing Reforms on Local Government, was the sixth in a series sponsored by CNA. The participants in this Executive Session offered numerous suggestions for future session topics, which we are currently considering. If you are able to suggest any additional topics after reading this summary, please send them to the CNA Justice Team at SMARTJustice@cna.org. Details: Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2016. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 17, 2017 at: https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/CIM-2016-U-014066.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/CIM-2016-U-014066.pdf Shelf Number: 146987 Keywords: Police Agencies Police Reform Policing

Author: Shapland, Joanna Title: Developing restorative policing in Humberside, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire Summary: The project 'Developing restorative policing' is being taken forward by the Universities of Sheffield and Leeds, together with Humberside Police and the PCC for Humberside, South Yorkshire Police and the PCC for South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire Police and the PCC for West Yorkshire, and Remedi. It started in September 2015 and will finish in June 2017. This report reflects the position in the three forces in May 2016, when the fieldwork was carried out. The aims of the project are to:  develop greater understanding of restorative justice (restorative justice) principles relevant to policing and the research evidence base that informs good practices that are sensitive to the needs of victims;  foster the means and capability to institutionalise processes and mechanisms to deliver restorative justice in relation to policing, including self-evaluation of police restorative justice practices and work with partner organisations;  assist the police in identifying means for front-line officers to assess which paths to use to facilitate restorative justice and how best to introduce restorative justice to victims. The project is hence very much concerned with developing good practice in delivering restorative justice in relation to policing. We have interpreted that to mean restorative justice at the level of the police and prosecution, in which police officers involved in mainstream policing are directly involved. This is therefore primarily concerned with restorative justice pre-court, rather than restorative justice delivered pre-sentence or post-sentence. Police officers may be involved in providing information to others delivering restorative justice in later stages of the criminal justice process, but we have not included these practices in our research. The project is concerned both with adult and young offenders. There are three inter-connected stages to the project. The first stage, which has been underway since September 2015 and is the subject of this report, involves fieldwork in all three police force areas, to set out the contemporary nature and extent of restorative policing across each area. The second stage entailed comparative work in Belgium and Northern Ireland, to inform the work with the three English forces. It was the subject of a separate report delivered in August 2016 (Shapland et al. 2016). The third stage draws on both previous stages. The intention is for each police force to develop one or more new initiatives in part (or the whole) of their force area, in the light of the proposals from the research team, and to implement these initiatives from October 2016. The research team will then evaluate selected initiatives, as far as that can be accomplished in the time-frame of the project, with fieldwork running until March 2017. The final report of the project drawing together the overall findings will be submitted at the end of June 2017. As is well known, restorative justice incorporates a variety of practices and there has been considerable discussion about how it should be defined. We have therefore needed to consider how we define restorative justice for our purposes in this project. We see restorative justice as different from the broader concept of restorative practice. We have adopted the definition, similar to that proposed by Marshall (1999), as 'a deliberative process governed by principles of procedural fairness in which the parties with a direct stake in a particular offence (or incident) come together (preferably face-to-face) in a encounter collectively to resolve how to respond to the offence (or incident) such that the harm caused is acknowledged and the implications for the future of the parties are considered with an emphasis on reparation and reintegration' . This definition implicitly includes the recognition that restorative justice should be in relation to an offence, which means a criminal offence (though we are aware that conduct can be difficult to classify between a criminal offence and anti-social behaviour). This report therefore concentrates upon criminal offences, though we also mention, where relevant, measures and structures for anti-social behaviour. We also note that the Ministry of Justice defines restorative justice as 'the process that brings those harmed by crime, and those responsible for the harm, into communication, enabling everyone affected by a particular incident to play a part in repairing the harm and finding a positive way forward'. Our definition of restorative justice therefore bounds the kinds of practices we are considering to those which involve the direct victim and offender of a particular offence. We are therefore not concerned with practices or disposals which involve only action directed to the benefit of the community as a whole, or action in relation to victims or offenders of other offences, though these may have restorative intent or outcomes. We shall use the term 'restorative practices' to refer to this more indirect work. Our definition therefore includes practices such as mediation (with victim, offender and mediator/facilitator involved), conferencing (with, additionally, victim and offender supporters present at a meeting, as well as possibly police), and panels. It includes both direct face-to-face meetings and also indirect or 'shuttle' mediation where a facilitator/mediator passes communications between victim and offender of the same offence. A brief glossary of terms and definitions is set out at the end of this chapter. Details: Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield; Leeds, UK; University of Leeds, 2017. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2017 at: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.682936!/file/developing-restorative-policing-stage1-report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.682936!/file/developing-restorative-policing-stage1-report.pdf Shelf Number: 141220 Keywords: Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Restorative Justice

Author: Vovak, Heather Title: Examining the Relationship between Crime Rates and Clearance Rates Using Dual Trajectory Analysis Summary: Police agencies dedicate large amounts of resources, and place a great deal of importance, on criminal investigations and solving crimes. However, very stable clearance rates over time in the U.S., coupled with highly fluctuating crime rates begs the question of whether there is actually a relationship between these efforts and crime rates. Specifically, if police improve their ability to solve crimes, does this have any effect on crime rates over time? A deterrence relationship might indicate that an increase in clearance rates leads to a decrease in crime rates. However, while some prior research indicates evidence of a deterrent effect when examining the relationship between crime rates and clearance rates, other research using various methods has found that crime and clearance rates move in the same direction, or have found no clear relationship between crime and clearance rates. Details: Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, 2016. 123p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 28, 2017 at: http://digilib.gmu.edu/jspui/bitstream/handle/1920/10536/Vovak_gmu_0883E_11240.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://digilib.gmu.edu/jspui/bitstream/handle/1920/10536/Vovak_gmu_0883E_11240.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 144596 Keywords: Clearance Rates Crime Rates Criminal Investigation Policing

Author: Coupe, Timothy Title: An Evaluation of the Effects of Police Resources and Incident Solvability on Crime Detection Summary: This study examines the relationships between incident solvability, resources and crime detection. It involves critical examination of existing studies, and the development of solvability and resourcing concepts and a resourcing-solvability theoretical model. The application of resources to the investigation of solvable incidents explains detection levels and the origins of solvability lie in offender characteristics and environments, which affect profiles of solvable offences across jurisdictions. Solvability varies between different sorts of crime and within the same offence types. It limits crime detection and determines the amount of resources needed to clear an offence. Resources enable the potential for detection due to solvability to be realised. The detection of low and medium solvability offences and the benefits of larger amount of resources being directed at highly solvable offences are at odds with prior research, while levels of offence solvability and potential detections have been under-estimated. Details: Cambridge, UK: University of Cambridge, Faculty of Law, 2014. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: University of Cambridge Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 46/2014. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2481100 Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2481100: Shelf Number: 144635 Keywords: Crime Detection Criminal Investigation Detection Policing

Author: Selth, Andrew Title: Police Reform in Burma (Myanmar): Aims Obstacles and Outcomes Summary: Despite all the publicity that Burma has received since the inauguration of a hybrid military-civilian parliament in 2011, and the launch of an ambitious reform program by President Thein Sein, there are some important issues which seem to have escaped serious study. It has become clear, for example, that the new government wishes not only to reinvigorate plans to expand and remodel the Myanmar Police Force (MPF), but also to give it a more distinctive civilian style and ethos, and see it take greater responsibility for some key aspects of the country's internal security. Indeed, such steps will be essential if Burma is to strengthen the rule of law and make an orderly transition to a genuine and sustainable democracy. The armed forces (Tatmadaw) will remain responsible for external defence and for counter-insurgency campaigns against armed ethnic groups. However, it seems to be envisaged that, as part of the broad democratisation process, the MPF will assume a greater role in terms of law enforcement and the maintenance of internal order. Already, there are more blue uniforms than green uniforms on the streets protecting VIPs and standing static guard outside diplomatic missions. The police can also be expected to play a larger part in quelling civil unrest, with the army only called upon to provide aid to the 'civil' power during emergencies, as occurred in Arakan (Rakhine) State in 2012 and Meiktila in 2013. To this end, the MPF is being expanded, restructured and modernised. It is already larger and more powerful than it has been since the colonial era, but the goal is a force of over 100,000 men and women, with 34 'combat' battalions. Recruitment and officer corps entry standards have been raised. At the same time, the MPF's doctrine and training programs are being changed to give greater emphasis to 'community-based policing' by unarmed officers working in close cooperation with the civil population. This approach is not completely new to Burma but, if fully and successfully adopted, it will be in stark contrast to the tough paramilitary style of policing that has characterised the force since General Ne Win's 1962 coup. As the Indonesian example has shown, however, such a transition will be neither quick nor easy. Burma's armed forces remain very powerful. There will be some areas, such as intelligence collection and internal security operations, where the interests of the MPF and Tatmadaw will overlap. The respective roles, responsibilities and associated benefits of the two institutions may be sorted out - probably in the Tatmadaw's favour - but there is likely to be friction. Also, there are cultural issues in the police force which will take a long time to resolve. Corruption and the abuse of power, for example, are deeply-rooted problems that will be difficult to eradicate. Until they are, the force's relations with the general population will remain problematical. Should the MPF be able to reinvent itself, however, it has the potential to make a major contribution to Thein Sein's reform program and the development of a more democratic, stable and humane society in Burma. Also, as an important civilian body answerable to the public through an 'elected' government, its behaviour - and treatment by the government - will be important indicators of progress in current attempts to implement the rule of law in Burma and make the security forces more accountable for their actions. Details: Brisbane: Griffith University, Griffith Asia Institute, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Regional Outlook Paper, No. 44: Accessed April 6, 2017 at: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs20/Selth-2013-Police_Reform-red.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Burma URL: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs20/Selth-2013-Police_Reform-red.pdf Shelf Number: 144725 Keywords: Criminal Justice Reform Police Corruption Police Reform Policing Rule of Law

Author: Subramanian, Ram Title: To Protect and Serve: New Trends in State-Level Policing Reform, 2015-2016 Summary: In 2015 and 2016, 34 states and the District of Columbia passed at least 79 bills, executive orders, or resolutions to change some aspect of policing policy or practice. This is significant, since policing reform is largely the province of local jurisdictions or specific police departments. In contrast, in the three years prior to the study period-between 2012 and 2014-there were few pieces of state legislation that dealt with policing. In reviewing legislative activity over the last two years, the Vera Institute of Justice found that states focused reform efforts in the following three areas: > improving policing practices around use of force, racial profiling, and vulnerable populations; > documenting police operations through the increased use of body-worn cameras, enhanced protections for public recordings of police, and new requirements for maintaining and reporting data on police operations; and > improving accountability in instances of police use of force and misconduct cases, especially those incidents that result in death. By providing concise summaries of representative legislation in each area, this report aims to inform policymakers and members of the public who are looking to understand state-level changes in policing policy and practice. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2017. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: https://www.vera.org/publications/protect-and-serve-policing-trends-2015-2016 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.vera.org/publications/protect-and-serve-policing-trends-2015-2016 Shelf Number: 144751 Keywords: Deadly Force Police Accountability Police Administration Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police Reform Police Use of Force Policing

Author: Lamont, Emily Title: Police Officers in Schools: A scoping study Summary: In recognition of the growing role of police officers in schools, the NFER funded a scoping study of practice in this area. The study explored the range of ways that police are working with schools, the impacts of this kind of work, the challenges experienced and the key ingredients for success. Drawing on a literature review, interviews with representatives from the police and education sectors (including those with a professional interest in this area), case-study visits to schools and a small-scale online survey of headteachers. Key Findings: Police working in schools results in a wealth of benefits for the police, for schools, their teachers and pupils, and for the wider community. This kind of work often arises through efforts to: reduce the prevalence of crime, anti-social behaviour and victimisation of young people; provide safe school communities; develop relationships between the police and young people and their communities, and identifying, targeting and accessing 'at risk' or vulnerable children and young people. Police work with schools in a range of ways, which can vary by where they are based, the number of schools they work with, the roles they take on in school, and the time dedicated to it. Difficulties encountered can include: negative perceptions of the police; unclear role definition and confusion over role boundaries; isolation of officers from their police colleagues; maintaining officer consistency and availability; and difficulties concerning working hours. Key ingredients for success include: presenting the initiative to the school and community in a positive way; understanding and appreciation of different agency cultures; mutual trust; clear, jointly developed protocols; shared vision and mutual understanding; joint line management; strategic support; and careful deployment of the 'right' officer for the job. Details: Slough, Berkshire, UK: National Foundation for Educational Research in England and Wales, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: https://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/PCOX01/PCOX01.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.nfer.ac.uk/publications/PCOX01/PCOX01.pdf Shelf Number: 144753 Keywords: Policing School Crime School Resource Officers School Safety

Author: Small Arms Survey Title: Policing in South Sudan: Transformation Challenges and Priorities Summary: Over the past three years, ongoing conflict in South Sudan has fundamentally reshaped donor engagement with the security sector. In the wake of the conflict that began in December 2013, major bilateral donor support was suspended to the security services, including the police. More recent efforts to support transitional security arrangements under the terms laid out in the Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in South Sudan (ARCSS), signed in August 2015, have been met with criticism in the face of persistent conflict and human rights abuses. Although the South Sudan National Police Service (SSNPS) is meant to serve as the lead agency for internal security, some operational responsibilities have fallen to competing security services and ethnically aligned militias. These include rival factions within the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and the National Security Service (NSS). The SSNPS is among the weakest and most under-resourced security services in South Sudan. Even before December 2013, donor efforts to support police transformation were fraught with challenges. While donors piloted a community-focused approach to police reform, the SSNPS essentially continued to operate as a paramilitary force. Police recruits receive paramilitary training, use military ranks, and are legally mandated to support the SPLA by order of the president. Interviews with police commanders suggest that the high number of militias integrated into the SSNPS after independence has also had a negative impact on overall command and control. In addition, the economic crisis facing South Sudan has intensified predatory behaviour towards civilians in an environment that lacks accountability for human rights abuses. In the absence of broader political and economic reforms, donor engagement with the police under the terms laid out in the ARCSS is unlikely to curb rampant insecurity and crime. Based on extensive in-depth interviews with the police leadership, rank-and-file SSNPS, donors, legal and security experts, and civil society groups, this Issue Brief reviews the state of the police in South Sudan in order to draw attention to shortcomings that may be addressed as part of ongoing donor engagement with the SSNPS. Key findings of this Issue Brief include: South Sudan lacks a culture of democratic policing. Police officers generally do not have a clear enough understanding of their mandate to distinguish themselves from the SPLA. Since the conflict erupted in 2013, high levels of insecurity throughout the country have reinforced a paramilitary style of policing. The SSNPS faces many of the same challenges as the SPLA, including low salaries and delayed payments, high levels of illiteracy, inadequate training on human rights, and a culture of impunity. The SSNPS has far less access to resources and essential equipment than the SPLA. In the absence of adequate oversight and accountability, some police officers form predatory relationships with the very communities they are charged to protect. There is little access to justice for victims of human rights violations, which has reinforced a culture of impunity. Cronyism and entrenched patronage networks undermine the overall effectiveness of the police force. In some cases, favouritism prevents promising junior officers from advancing while permitting militia members to be integrated into the SSNPS. As a result, it is even more difficult to professionalize the police force and to establish clear lines of command and control. The formation of the Joint Integrated Police (JIP), a transitional security arrangement required by the ARCSS, has proceeded without due transparency measures or consultations with communities or civil society groups. Moreover, it is unclear how opposition forces will participate in the JIP given the split within the Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition (SPLM-IO). Donor efforts to implement the transitional security arrangements laid out in the peace agreement despite ongoing conflict in South Sudan are unlikely to succeed in the absence of renewed political negotiations and broader political and economic reforms. Details: Geneva, SWIT: Small Arms Survey, 2017. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: HSBA Issue Brief: Accessed April 8, 2017 at: http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/issue-briefs/HSBA-IB26-Policing-in-South-Sudan.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Sudan URL: http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/issue-briefs/HSBA-IB26-Policing-in-South-Sudan.pdf Shelf Number: 144755 Keywords: Police Accountability Police Administration Police Effectiveness Police Reform Policing

Author: Kiedrowski, John Title: The Civilianization of Police in Canada Summary: This report examines the purported benefits and challenges of employing civilians instead of sworn police officers to do different types of police work in Canadian police services. The key research question is what, if any, are the economic benefits (in terms of actual net savings achieved) and non-economic benefits of civilianization of employees working in administration, special uniformed services, investigative services, and specialized technical areas. The report's main focus is a practical one: to provide information useful to police executives, police boards and municipal governments in developing policy with regard to how civilian employees can be most cost-effectively and efficiently deployed to achieve major policing objectives. The research was carried out through a comprehensive literature review of civilianization in Canada, the United States (U.S.), and Great Britain. Twenty one police services responded to the survey while ten participated in follow-up interviews. Civilians were most likely to be employed in administration and specialized support and least likely in uniformed services and investigative services. While the lower salaries and benefits paid to civilians compared to sworn officers do offer some cost savings, the lower pay and lower status of civilians in police organizations is associated with problems in morale and employee turnover. A key finding of both the literature review and empirical research is that the overall costs of policing may not be reduced as the number of sworn officers does not necessarily decline with increased hiring of civilian employees. Indeed, the overall number of police personnel (both sworn and civilian) continues to rise and with it increased costs. A barrier to civilianization is the continued reluctance, for a variety of reasons, on the part of police executives and police associations as well as police boards and other governance bodies to reduce the numbers of uniformed sworn police officers, even with increased civilian staff hiring. The literature also suggests that when employee cuts have been made the preference is to cut civilian employees and not sworn officers. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2017. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2015-R042: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r042/2015-r042-en.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r042/2015-r042-en.pdf Shelf Number: 144775 Keywords: Civilian Employees Civilian Police Officers Costs of Policing Police Reform Policing Private Security

Author: Association of Municipalities Ontario Title: Building a new public safety model in Ontario. AMO's Policing Modernization Report Summary: For the past three years, the Association of Municipalities of Ontario (AMO) has been a member of the Future of Policing Advisory Committee being led by the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services (MCSCS). The Committee consists mainly of Ministry officials, police chiefs, police officers, and various police association representatives. This is a laudable initiative. However, it should be noted that the Committee's work is rooted in a consensus seeking process. This has limited the scale and scope of many draft recommendations and the Committee's advice to the Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services. AMO fundamentally believes in the need to advance the agenda of reform. This paper is designed to broaden the discussion and inject a change of pace in shaping the future. The issue of cost has certainly been a catalyst. Whether negotiated or arbitrated or through the accumulation of years of incremental increases - cost is without a doubt, shining a bright light on this public service. When we combine cost with aging legislation and standards, demographic shifts, and the immediate challenges on the horizon, we find ourselves returning to a basic question: how do we want to be policed? What should it look like? To talk about the future, AMO established a task force of mayors and police board representatives from across the province to explore key questions about policing. The task force interviewed experts, reviewed the best academic research available, sent representatives to the 2015 Summit on the Economics of Policing and Community Safety in Ottawa, and had thorough and lengthy discussions on specific issues about the future of policing. What follows are a series of topics and some recommendations on the path forward. These ideas are not set in stone; they are a starting point for municipal and provincial elected officials and others. These recommendations, many borrowed from experts outside the municipal realm, represent the consensus of the task force. Details: Toronto: The Association, 2015. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 11, 2017 at: https://www.amo.on.ca/AMO-PDFs/Reports/2015/AMO-Policing-Modernization-Report-Final-2015-04-27.aspx Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: https://www.amo.on.ca/AMO-PDFs/Reports/2015/AMO-Policing-Modernization-Report-Final-2015-04-27.aspx Shelf Number: 144787 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Performance Police Reform Policing

Author: Sayigh, Yezid Title: Dilemmas of Reform: Policing in Arab Transitions Summary: Struggles over the security sector have been central to the politics of every Arab state that has undergone transition in the wake of armed conflict or political upheaval since the early 1990s. And wherever pre-transition elite coalitions have been neither forged anew nor replaced, security sectors no longer clearly serve a dominant political, social, and economic order. In these contexts, generic Western models of security sector reform cannot adequately resolve the dilemmas revealed by Arab states in transition and can do no more than alter these sectors superficially. Systemic change is needed, but the political and institutional brittleness of Arab states in transition presents a significant obstacle. Dilemmas of Policing in Arab States in Transition - Constitutional frameworks in these states are degraded and politics are polarized, which prevents the effective governance of security sectors. -State capacity is in decline, undermining the ability of policing to help uphold the social order and moral economy. - These governments' renewed emphasis on counterterrorism has intensified long-standing patterns of violent behavior and impunity in the security sector, reinforcing the sector's resistance to reform while prompting the public to acquiesce to the restoration of authoritarian practices. - Declining state resources, increasingly informal economies, and deepening illegality have raised the costs of reforming and professionalizing security sectors. These trends have also incentivized security sectors' implication in corruption and collusion with criminal networks and armed actors, stiffening the sectors' resistance to reform. - Growing numbers of citizens have turned to alternative forms of community policing and mechanisms based on customary law, but these systems are eroding, often giving way to hybrid, militia-based structures. Challenging Future - Security sector reform cannot take place unless political elites and leading institutional actors see a shared interest in it. In the absence of this, security sectors have fractured along sectarian, ethnic, and partisan lines, or have asserted their complete autonomy in pursuit of their own agendas. - Generic transparency rules and oversight frameworks recommended in conventional reform approaches cannot tackle corruption or illegal economic activity in the security sector. Arab states in transition are especially unwilling to undertake necessary but risky reforms or to impose accountability. - The rehabilitation and reform of security sectors requires a nonpartisan approach and depends on reaching a reasonable consensus on the components of the social order and the principles of an acceptable moral economy. Without this, the technical assistance and training routinely offered in conventional reform programs will be of little value. Details: Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, 2016. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2017 at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CEIP_CMEC61_Sayigh_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CEIP_CMEC61_Sayigh_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 145050 Keywords: Informal Economy Law Enforcement Police Reform Policing Security Forces Terrorism

Author: Council of Europe Title: Report to the Government of the United Kingdom on the visit to the United Kingdom carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) Summary: The CPT's 2016 periodic visit to the United Kingdom provided an opportunity to review the treatment of persons held in adult and juvenile prisons and police custody in England for the first time since 2008. It also looked at immigration detention. Further, the visit had a specific focus on in-patient adult psychiatry and medium and high secure forensic psychiatry establishments in England. A good level of co-operation was received from both the national authorities and the staff at the establishments visited. However, on a few occasions, access to places of detention was delayed, and the CPT underlines that better coordination is needed to ensure that access to all establishments is rapid and information about the Committee's mandate is disseminated more widely. More generally, in light of the principle of co-operation, the CPT trusts that prompt and effective action is now taken to address long-standing recommendations such as prison overcrowding. Law enforcement agencies The CPT's delegation found that most people deprived of their liberty by the police were treated in a correct manner. It did, however, receive some allegations of verbal abuse from officers towards detained persons at the moment of apprehension and during transport to custody suites and of handcuffs being applied excessively tightly at the time of arrest. The CPT recommends that the United Kingdom authorities make it clear that verbal abuse towards detained persons is unacceptable and that handcuffs should never be applied excessively tightly. The CPT notes that there appeared to be no uniform approach to the use of means of restraint across the 43 police forces in England and Wales and it recommends that the safety of the use of 'spit helmets', velcro fixation straps and Emergency Response Belts in police custody suites be reviewed. Moreover, the CPT recommends that 'Pava' spray should not form part of the standard equipment of custodial staff and should not be used in confined spaces. In general, persons deprived of their liberty by the police were afforded the safeguards laid down in PACE Code C. However, several deficiencies were observed such as a protection vacuum when arrested persons had to wait for up to two hours in holding rooms before their detention was formally authorised and before they were informed of their rights by custody sergeants. The CPT recommends that all detained persons should be fully informed of their rights as from the very outset of their deprivation of liberty (and thereafter of any authorised delay) and current deficiencies impeding the complete recording of the fact of a person's detention should be rectified. Access to a lawyer and a doctor or nurse was generally being facilitated promptly in all police establishments visited. However, there was a lack of respect for lawyer-client confidentiality during consultation by telephone at Southwark and Doncaster Police Stations. As regards custody records, the CPT recommends that whenever a person is deprived of their liberty this fact is formally and accurately recorded without delay and without misrepresentation as to the location of custody, which was not the case at the TACT suite at Paddington Green Police Station. The material conditions of the custody cells in the police establishments visited were generally of a good standard. There was, however, a lack of access to natural light in many cells and most establishments visited were not equipped with proper exercise yards. The conditions at Paddington Green 'TACT' Suite, in particular, were inadequate and needed upgrading. Adult and juvenile prisons The CPT welcomes the recent recognition of the need for profound reform of the prison system at the highest political level. The CPT's delegation discussed the nature and scope of the prison reform agenda with the authorities, where it stressed the problem of violence in prisons. In the view of the CPT, taking resolute action to tackle the problem of violence in prisons in England and Wales is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of other elements of the authorities' reform agenda. The CPT recalls that the adverse effects of overcrowding and lack of purposeful regime have been repeatedly highlighted by the Committee since 1990. Over the last 25 years, the prison population has nearly doubled, and almost all adult prisons now operate at or near full operational capacity and well above their certified normal capacity. The CPT emphasises that unless determined action is taken to significantly reduce the current prison population, the regime improvements envisaged by the authorities' reform agenda will remain unattainable. The CPT's delegation received almost no complaints about physical ill-treatment of inmates by staff in the prisons visited. Nevertheless, it did receive a few complaints about verbal abuse and observed tense relations between staff and inmates. It was, however, deeply concerned by the amount of severe generalised violence evident in each of the prisons visited, notably inter-prisoner violence and attacks by prisoners on staff. Injuries to both prisoners and staff, documented over the previous three months, included inter alia cases of scalding water being thrown over victims and 'shank' (make-shift knife) wounds, and frequently required hospitalisation and in one case resulted in the death of an inmate. The CPT examined the violence through the prism of three criteria: recording incidents of violence, responding to such incidents and specific measures taken to reduce violence. Despite the considerable number of instruments established to capture data regarding violent incidents, there were systemic and structural weaknesses in the documentation process. At both Doncaster and Pentonville Prisons, the delegation gained the impression that the actual number of violent incidents appreciably exceeded the number recorded. This issue appeared to be particularly acute at Doncaster Prison, where the delegation established that some violent incidents had either not been recorded or recorded as being less serious than they were in practice. Moreover, the delegation observed first-hand that violent incidents were not always reported by staff. While the number of recorded violent incidents at all prisons visited was alarmingly high, the CPT believes that these figures under-record the actual number of incidents and consequently fail to afford a true picture of the severity of the situation. Further, inmates at both Doncaster and Pentonville Prisons complained that staff responded slowly to violent incidents. This fuelled a feeling of fear and a perception of a lack of safety among inmates. The consequence was a lack of trust in the staff's ability to maintain prisoner safety. As a start, the CPT recommends that the time taken to respond to inmates' call bells be improved. The CPT is also not convinced of the effectiveness of the specific ongoing measures initiated to reduce and prevent violence and recommends that a far greater investment in preventing violence be undertaken. The CPT's findings in the establishments visited indicate that the duty of care to protect prisoners was not always being discharged given the apparent lack of effective action to reduce the high levels of violence. The cumulative effect of certain systemic failings was that none of the establishments visited could be considered safe for prisoners or staff. The CPT recommends that concrete measures be taken to bring prisons back under the effective control of staff, reversing the recent trends of escalating violence. At Cookham Wood YOI, the high levels of violence were managed primarily through locking juveniles up for long periods of time, on occasion for up to 23.5 hours per day; greater investment in establishing more small specialised units to manage juveniles with complex needs should be made. The CPT underlines that many aspects of prison life are negatively affected by the state of overcrowding in the prison system. For example, living conditions in the prisons visited, in particular Pentonville Prison, were adversely affected by the chronic overcrowding: cells originally designed for one prisoner now hold two. Equally, overcrowding also significantly affects the regime. The delegation found that the regimes in all prison establishments visited were inadequate, with a considerable number of prisoners spending up to 22 hours per day locked up in their cells. Many inmates stated that the long lock-up times contributed to a sense of frustration. The CPT recommends that steps be taken to ensure that inmates attend education and purposeful activities on a daily basis, with the aim that all inmates on a normal regime spend at least eight hours out-of-cell. At Cookham Wood YOI, juveniles on a normal regime spent on average only five hours out of their cells each day. The situation was particularly austere for those juveniles who were placed on 'separation' lists (denoted by vivid pink stickers of 'do not unlock' on their cell doors), who could spend up to 23.5 hours a day locked up alone in their cells. In the CPT's view, holding juveniles in such conditions amounts to inhuman and degrading treatment and all juveniles should be provided with a purposeful regime and considerably more time of cell than is currently the case. As regards the provision of health-care in the prisons visited, the delegation noted that health-care staffing levels were, with a few exceptions, adequate and there was generally good medical documentation of injuries. Medical screening of prisoners upon arrival was of a good quality and carried out promptly. That said, medical confidentiality was not always respected. For example, medication was given to prisoners in corridors or dispensed through a hatch in view of other prisoners. Also prisoners continued to be systematically handcuffed during hospital transfers; the CPT reiterates that handcuffs should only be applied after an individualised risk assessment. Delays in prisoners with mental-health problems being transferred to psychiatric hospitals, in some cases for several months, remain a problem. Further, the placement of prisoners with acute mental health conditions in segregation units is inappropriate. The CPT recommends that prisoners suffering from severe mental illnesses are transferred immediately to an appropriate mental health facility. In this connection, high priority should be given to increasing the number of beds in psychiatric hospitals to ensure that in-patient health-care units, such as the one at Pentonville Prison, do not become a substitute for the transfer of a patient to a dedicated facility. Further, all prison staff should be trained to recognise the major symptoms of mental ill-health and understand referral procedures. Details: Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2017. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 22, 2017 at: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168070a773 Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=090000168070a773 Shelf Number: 145160 Keywords: Correctional Health Human Rights Juvenile Detention Centers Mental Health Services Police Behavior Policing Prison Conditions Prison Violence

Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Houston Police Department: Operational Staffing Model Summary: The Houston Police Department (HPD) contracted with the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) and JUSTEX Systems, Inc. to conduct a study of the operational staffing for the Police Department. The focus of the study is on those elements of the department that provide direct services to the people of Houston (i.e., the operational units). The study included a review and assessment of the following units (See Organizational Chart, page 10): -- Field Operations: o Units assigned to Houston's 13 geographically-based Patrol Divisions - Units assigned to the Traffic Enforcement Division -- Strategic Operations: o Units assigned to the Airport Division, which provides services for the George Bush Intercontinental Airport and the William P. Hobby Airport - Units assigned to the Special Operations Division, which provides patrol operations for the Central Business District and Downtown -- Investigative Operations: - Units assigned to Criminal Investigations Command - Units assigned to Special Investigations Command The City of Houston, with a population close to 2.2 million in 2012, is the fourth largest city in the U.S. Only New York, Los Angeles and Chicago are larger in population. Houston also is big geographically and has a diverse population. Its status as the largest U.S. city in proximity to the U.S.-Mexico border adds complexities and challenges that the city's leaders must deal with daily. The Houston Police Department is the fifth largest police department in the country, with approximately 5,300 officers. (Philadelphia, the fifth largest city, has the fourth largest number of police officers.) Similar to other law enforcement agencies, approximately 80 percent of Houston's officers are in operational units. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2014. 207p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 22, 2017 at: https://www.houstontx.gov/hpd_staffing_report-2014may.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.houstontx.gov/hpd_staffing_report-2014may.pdf Shelf Number: 146339 Keywords: Police Administration Police Department Police Officers Policing

Author: Wheller, Levin Title: 'What works' in organisational change and business improvement? A Rapid Evidence Assessment Summary: The police service is currently facing a considerable challenge: to maintain service delivery in the light of substantial budget cuts. The service needs to be able to respond flexibly to adapt to the economic climate. Many forces are adopting business improvement techniques to examine current practices and explore where there may be scope to change processes to release savings. In some cases this requires large scale organisational change, shifting from operating in a culture where resources were plentiful and financial management was the preserve of headquarters staff, to one where they are scarce, tightly controlled and all staff are being asked to take some responsibility for efficiency savings. The NPIA Research Analysis and Information Unit (RAI) were commissioned to establish what is known about successful organisational change and business improvement to support the changes forces are being asked to make and inform NPIA programme activity in this area. This paper presents the methods used and cumulative findings of two Rapid Evidence Assessments (REAs) designed to examine what is known about effective organisational change and business improvement practices. A summary paper presenting key findings from these REAs and implications for practice is available here (summary report). Practitioners may also find it useful to look at the Continuous Improvement Self-Assessment Matrix (CI-SAM) which was developed based on findings from the REAs and workshops with practitioners. The matrix describes the elements necessary to achieve continuous improvement, together with a clear indication of the types of behaviours that should be in place in order to achieve higher levels of organisational performance and development. The first REA was conducted within a very tight timescale and was limited to systematic review evidence in order to meet time constraints. From 797 references identified by the searches, this 'review of reviews' identified 5 relevant papers which together cover a limited pool of robust experimental studies. In response to the lack of experimental evidence on this subject RAI carried out a second REA, this time relaxing the inclusion criteria to include individual evaluative studies with a minimum of a before and after measure. The second REA was conducted over a two-month period, following systematic principles, but is not exhaustive and is likely to be biased towards published sources rather than grey (unpublished) literature. The time constraints inevitably resulted in a tightly restricted scope, limited to published evidence for which electronic abstracts were available and contained within databases held by the National Police Library or obtainable from the British Library by the cut off date. The REA only covered papers published in the last twenty years, resulting in a risk that any older 'classic' studies of organisational change or business improvement may not be included. Over 11,000 references were identified by the initial searches for the second REA, and after sifting these abstracts, 178 full papers were requested. Of these, 134 were received by the cut off date. Further review of these papers found only 36 papers met the inclusion criteria (representing 0.3% of initial abstracts identified, and 27% of papers received). This paper draws together the findings from both REAs and is therefore based on a total of 41 papers, 5 studies identified in the first 'review of review' together with 36 papers from the second REA. Details: Ryton-on-Dunsmore, UK: National Policing Improvement Agency, 2012. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2017 at: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/What_works_organisational_change_business_improvement_-_full_report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://whatworks.college.police.uk/Research/Documents/What_works_organisational_change_business_improvement_-_full_report.pdf Shelf Number: 146493 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Costs of Policing Police Administration Police Reform Policing

Author: Great Britain. House of Commons. Home Affairs Committee Title: New Landscape of Policing Summary: Key points Key points made by the committee include: It is unacceptable that, more than a year after the Government announced it was phasing out the National Policing Improvement Agency, it still has not announced any definite decisions about the future of the vast majority of the functions currently performed by the Agency. Spring 2012, when the Agency is due to be phased out, is little more than six months away. The committee is not persuaded that the Government can meet this timetable and recommends that it delay the phasing out of the Agency until the end of 2012. After the Olympics, the Home Office should consider making counter-terrorism a separate command of the New National Crime Agency. Counter-terrorism is currently the responsibility of the Metropolitan Police. The Government must urgently appoint a head of the new National Crime Agency. A Professional Body for policing, as proposed by Peter Neyroud, could ultimately become a useful part of the policing landscape, but the Government will need to win the hearts and minds of police officers and staff to convey coherently the nature and role of the new body. The proposed new Professional Body must be inclusive from the outset and not just involve officers of ACPO ranks. Individual police officers and staff need to believe that this is their body. Collaboration between police forces offers clear financial and operational benefits. The Home Office should be more active in encouraging and supporting forces to collaborate with one another. IT across the police service as a whole is not fit for purpose, to the detriment of the police's ability to fulfil their basic mission of preventing crime and disorder. The Home Office must make revolutionising police IT a top priority. The committee states that Tom Winsor's review of pay and conditions is having an inevitable impact on morale in the police service, but believes it is possible to do more to mitigate this. The committee commends the work of Jan Berry, the former Reducing Bureaucracy in Policing Advocate, in emphasising that reducing bureaucracy in the police service is not simply about reducing paperwork but addressing the causes of that paperwork and bringing about a change in culture in the police service. The committee urges the Home Secretary to meet Jan Berry to discuss how to take her work forward. Details: London: The Stationery Office, 2011. 2 vol. Source: Internet Resource: Fourteenth Report of Session 2010-12 Accessed July 1, 2017 at: http://www.parliament.uk/policing-priorities Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.parliament.uk/policing-priorities Shelf Number: 146492 Keywords: Police Administration Police Legitimacy Police Performance Police Reform Policing

Author: Myrtle, John Title: Addressing the Role of Police in the Protection of Human Rights: the UN Seminar, Canberra, 1963 Summary: Introduction On 12 May 1963, Australia's leading scholar of jurisprudence and international law, Professor Julius Stone of the University of Sydney's Law School, delivered a broadcast on ABC Radio, 'Australia looks to the world: the police and the people'. His comments were occasioned by his recent attendance at the United Nations Seminar on the Role of the Police in the Protection of Human Rights, held in Canberra. Stone had attended the Seminar as an observer representing the International League for the Rights of Man. Stone asked rhetorically why an international meeting dealing with issues such as police arrests, wiretapping, police interrogation of suspects and universal fingerprinting was related in any way to the United Nations and international affairs. He answered in two ways. At one level there was a need to address gross violations of human rights which had grave international repercussions. He cited egregious provisions of the South African Government's apartheid legislation; and the brutality of police in Alabama in dealing with black Americans demonstrating for recognition of their human rights. From another perspective, in the 20th century the importance of human rights of men and women had been the focus of international laws and treaties. These were the contexts for the 1963 UN Seminar. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved at the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. The Declaration has become a symbol of that organisation's aspirations. Its enactment into binding institutional and governing norms has been a prolonged process, and continues. For one recent historian of human rights in the post-war world, the first two decades of the United Nation's life were a record of failure. It was not the United Nations, argues Samuel Moyn, but the social movements emerging from the disillusion of the Cold War years, that enlivened human rights as a contemporary political agenda. Yet these were also years in which the organisation institutionalised a commitment to advancing human rights when it established a Division dedicated to the issue. The 50th anniversary of the Canberra UN Seminar on the Role of the Police in the Protection of Human Rights offers a compelling opportunity to reconsider the emergence of human rights as a norm shaping criminal justice principles and practice since the Second World War. The event was unprecedented and its agenda potentially explosive. The institutional and political constraints on the advancement of the human rights agenda in such a forum nevertheless proved formidable. Looking back from 2013 we have the advantage of hindsight in appraising this unusual event. We also face the challenge of understanding its limitations. In the account that follows we consider the hopes that were held for the UN Seminar, the course of its deliberations, and observe the scope of debate around its outcomes at that time. Details: Brisbane : ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security, 2013. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 2, 2017 at: http://apo.org.au/node/35805 Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/node/35805 Shelf Number: 130024 Keywords: Human Rights Human Rights Abuses Police Behavior Police Policies and Practices Policing

Author: Sokwanele Title: "I Can Arrest You": The Zimbabwe Republic Police and Your Rights Summary: The swearing in of Zimbabwe's coalition government on February 11, 2009 took place five months after the signing of the power-sharing agreement and almost a year after the flawed and violence-ridden 2008 elections. In his inauguration speech, the new Prime Minister, Morgan Tsvangirai, said that the "culture of entitlement and impunity ... must end." Two years later, in their report of March 2011, titled: "Perpetual Fear - Impunity and Cycles of Violence in Zimbabwe", Human Rights Watch (HRW) wrote that human rights abuses and restoration of the Rule of Law, politically motivated violence and the lack of accountability for abuses remained a serious problem. HRW warned that members of the security forces, ZANU-PF and groups allied to ZANU-PF continued to commit human rights violations, including arbitrary arrests and abductions, beatings, torture and killings of members and supporters of the former opposition party, the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), and those critical of the ZANU-PF and its officials. Today in Zimbabwe, more than three years into the shaky and widely discredited power-sharing arrangement, arrests are escalating, corruption is rampant, human rights violations are rising once more and the Rule of Law has not been restored. All indicators are there to alert Zimbabweans, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the international community that an increasingly desperate and unpopular ZANU-PF is gearing up for the next election. This report focuses on the risk of arrest at the hands of the partisan Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP) under the command of Commissioner-General Augustine Chihuri, who has publicly acknowledged his allegiance to ZANU-PF. Chihuri has served as police head since 1993 and his contract has been renewed by President Mugabe 13 times since 1997. Chihuri is a member of Joint Operations Command (JOC), the junta which continues to control Zimbabwe. In a country where the Rule of Law is no longer operational and the security forces operate with impunity, every citizen is vulnerable. A chance remark in a taxi, at a pub or even at a funeral could lead to arrest and possible incarceration in one of the country's disgracefully maintained jails. Those who stand up for their rights and join demonstrations or canvass for political parties other than ZANU-PF face possible arrest, severe beatings and torture in custody. Bribery and corruption have become rampant. In a survey published by Transparency International in 2011, Zimbabwe ranked 154 out of 182 countries in terms of its level of corruption. The ZRP topped the list as the most corrupt institution and stood out as the biggest recipient of bribes among service providers. The proliferation of roadblocks across Zimbabwe's appallingly maintained road network has lead to growing frustration among road users due to the inevitable delays and the demands for bribes from increasingly brazen police officers. Although one of the most important roles of a roadblock should be to reduce the number of vehicle accidents, their contribution is seen as questionable - and rather as a money-making racket both for the police force per se and also for individual self-enrichment. The controversy surrounding the roadblocks extends beyond bribery and corruption to their more sinister roles during elections: their use as a mechanism for blocking food aid to opposition strongholds, for stopping people injured in election violence from seeking medical help and to prevent opposition officials and activists from canvassing or holding rallies. After explaining the legitimate roles of roadblocks, the report gives advice to citizens on their legal rights and provides recommendations on how to deal with police harassment and implicit or overt requests for bribes. In a section describing corruption within the ZRP as "endemic", the report provides examples in a range that includes plundering stolen properties, collusion with bag snatchers, extorting bribes from taxi drivers, demanding bribes at roadblocks, protection rackets, perverting the ends of justice, setting up diamond syndicates and murdering illegal or unlicenced miners for financial gain. Judges have also criticised police investigations of cases where vital information given to the police by State witnesses has been omitted from formal witness statements produced in court in favour of the defence. Furthermore, ZANU-PF members who have murdered MDC supporters have been freed on bail and remain at liberty. The evidence of good policing is the absence of crime. It must be subject to the Rule of Law, rather than the wishes of a powerful leader or party. It can intervene in the life of citizens only under limited and carefully controlled circumstances - and it is publicly accountable. The report explains the differences between civil policing and political policing. It also defines secret policing, where an authoritarian regime uses the police as an agent of political oppression. Citizens within a police state experience restrictions on their mobility, and on their freedom to express or communicate political or other views - which are subject to police monitoring or enforcement. The police force of Zimbabwe, the Zimbabwe Republic Police (ZRP), was created by Chapter IX of the (Independence) Constitution of 1979, signed at the Lancaster House Conference. It is governed by the Constitution of Zimbabwe - which has been amended 19 times over the past 33 years - and by the Police Act. The current head of the ZRP, Commissioner-General Augustine Chihuri, has served as police head since 1993 and has had his contract renewed by President Mugabe 13 times since 1997. The ZRP is bound by many international human rights standards. It is also a member of SARPCCO, a regional professional association which is committed to disseminating best practices and raising the standard of policing, including the respect for human rights. Not only is the ZRP guilty of perpetrating gross human rights, with many of the victims being opposition activists and supporters, but it is also guilty of abusing its own members. Zimbabweans and the international community were shocked in June 2009 when a secretly filmed two-minute video on You-Tube showed ZRP recruits being beaten while undergoing 'training' in Harare. Each recruit was forced to lie down and was then beaten by 'trainers' with batons, some more viciously than others, a process reportedly referred to as 'pay day'. The concept of "The Rule of Law", and the differences between "The Rule of Law" and "Rule by Law" are explained, with reference to the Constitution - and to people's rights according to the Constitution. The conclusion warns the ZRP that it faces millions of US dollars worth of law suits from political activists and human rights defenders who are claiming compensation for torture, wrongful arrest or abduction. Furthermore, a South African High Court ruled on May 8, 2012 that the South African authorities must investigate Zimbabwean officials who are accused of involvement in torture and crimes against humanity in Zimbabwe. Details: Zimbabwe: Sokwanele, 2012. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/Sokwanele-report-i-can-arrest-you.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Zimbabwe URL: http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/Sokwanele-report-i-can-arrest-you.pdf Shelf Number: 146699 Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Police Behavior Police Brutality Police Corruption Policing

Author: Muntingh, Lukas Title: Understanding impunity in the South African law enforcement agencies Summary: This paper analyses the underlying structural and functional reasons for de facto impunity in South African law enforcement with specific reference to the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). While the legislative framework presents no major obstacles to holding state officials accountable for gross rights violations, it remains a rare event that officials are prosecuted and convicted for assault, torture and actions resulting in the death of criminal suspects and prisoners. The paper argues that the reasons for prevailing impunity in respect of rights violations perpetrated by state officials are found across a broad spectrum. These relate firstly to South Africa's historical development and in particular the security forces inherited by the Government of National Unity (GNU) in 1994. The failure by the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) to prosecute apartheid-era perpetrators of rights violations following the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) set a particular benchmark that left victims frustrated and, more importantly, a prosecutorial approach tolerant of rights violations. Important legal and policy developments in the police and prison system faltered in material ways and this further undermined accountability. Post-1994 governments' response to or lack thereof, in respect of obligations under international human rights law and treaty monitoring bodies left much to be desired, thus further strengthening a perception that the state is not accountable. At the functional level it is argued that the state has failed to regard the high incidence of rights violations as a systemic problem and rather opted to focus on managing the media fall-out when high profile violations surface. The manner in which the NPA has dealt with rights violations perpetrated by law enforcement officials clearly indicate that it is reluctant to prosecute, but it has also not been called to account for this trend and explain the reasons why recommendations by oversight structures to prosecute are in the overwhelming majority of cases not followed. Impunity is also enabled by the erratic enforcement of the internal disciplinary codes in SAPS and DCS. Statistics show great variation from year to year, indicative that managers in these two departments do not enforcement discipline in a consistent manner. With reference to designated oversight structures, it is observed that recommendations to these two departments are seldom followed. This is particularly the case with SAPS and the Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD). Civil litigation against the two departments in respect of rights violations result in substantial costs to the tax payer, yet the two departments have not regarded this as the result of systemic problems and opted to contest these claims individually. As a result of de facto impunity, law enforcement is increasingly suffering from a legitimacy crisis and public confidence in these institutions are probably at all-time low. To address impunity it is required that transparency and accountability be strengthened to ensure that the transformative ideals of the Constitution are realised. Details: South Africa: Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative (CSPRI) c/o Community Law Centre, 2013. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/understanding-impunity-in-the-south-african-law-enforcement-agencies Year: 2013 Country: South Africa URL: http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/understanding-impunity-in-the-south-african-law-enforcement-agencies Shelf Number: 146703 Keywords: Corrections Officers Human Rights Abuses Law Enforcement Police Accountability Policing Prison Guards Prisons

Author: Skogan, Wesley G. Title: Job Satisfaction Among Civilians in Policing Summary: There has been very little research on the role of civilians in police work, despite the fact that civilians represent a growing presence in police departments. The number of civilians employed by police departments varies greatly, as do the tasks they perform. This report from the National Police Research Platform examines workplace satisfaction among civilian respondents to surveys conducted in 19 cities. The agencies surveyed range greatly in size, from dozens to thousands of employees, and they serve a diverse collection of communities. On average, 18 percent of their employees are civilians, but that figure ranges from less than 10 percent to the high 40s. This analysis combines responses from just over 700 civilian employees, including those whose jobs range from parking enforcement and data entry to planning, budgeting and technical support. It describes how satisfied they are with their jobs, and then examines some of the factors that contribute to job satisfaction among civilians in police work. Details: Chicago: National Police Research Platform, 2011. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 2, 2017 at: http://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/static/f/733761/10444477/1296183358957/Job+Satisfaction+Among+Civilians+in+Policing+FINAL.pdf?token=N2o6z68sFosL%2FRtX5Tb1mbcifHQ%3D Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 147634 Keywords: Civilian Employees Job Satisfaction Policing

Author: Rice, Lindsey Jade Title: The Wrong Side of the Frontline: Exploring the Utilisation of Civilian Investigators by Police Forces across England and Wales Summary: he key aim of this thesis is to examine the roles being undertaken by non-warranted civilian investigators (CIs) in relation to those of warranted police detectives (DCs) working within police forces across England and Wales (E&W). Formally introduced by the Police Reform Act 2002, CIs are non-warranted members of police staff charged with assisting warranted officers with their investigative enquiries. Specifically, the research examines the extent to which CIs can be considered in terms of being a 'junior partner' or a 'paraprofessional' role to that of their warranted detective counterparts. The study employed a mixed methods research design and drew upon data collected via a series of semi-structured interviews with police officers and police staff, observation and a semi-structured survey which was sent to all of the 43 police constabularies across E&W. Findings point to the widespread yet inconsistent uptake of the CI provision by police forces across the country. Overall, CIs were found to be contributing to the investigation of most crime types including the most serious in some instances (e.g. murder, rape and domestic abuse). However, the research also draws attention to a high level of disparity in the utilisation of CIs between forces. The research found that in some units CIs have become increasingly utilised in tasks outside of their intended 'supportive' remit and, in some cases, are in fact being afforded a role which is almost identical to that of warranted police detectives. Despite the evolving nature of their role and evidence of continued 'mission creep', findings suggested that CIs continue to enjoy a secondary and in some respects outsider status within the police organisation, enjoying only marginal valuing and limited integration. These conditions are currently being sustained by the 'civilian' designation of CIs alongside powerful actors in the field of policing and politics and the weakness or absence of any alternative (or convincing) narrative on how effective investigation might be achieved. This research provides a much-needed insight into the impact of recent civilianising trends on 'core' areas of police service provision. It also contributes to a growing body of information on the increasing significance of the role now being played by private security in public policing and more specifically, to the blurring of occupational and sectoral boundaries with regard to the provision of 'professional' criminal investigation in E&W. The thesis concludes by arguing that the utilisation of CIs may be instigating a renegotiation of the boundaries surrounding the role of the warranted police detective and in turn, the dilution of professional orthodoxies in the investigative specialism. The uncertain future trajectory of the CI role may, in coming years, encourage disputes over the title and role of the 'detective', as recognition of the proficiency of CIs continues to call into question the legitimacy of the warranted detective's claim to professional jurisdiction in respect of contemporary criminal investigation. Details: Sheffield, UK: University of Sheffield, School of Law, 2016. 450p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 17, 2017 at: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13721/1/Lindsey%20Rice%20-%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13721/1/Lindsey%20Rice%20-%20PhD%20Thesis.pdf Shelf Number: 147701 Keywords: Civilian Employees Criminal Investigation Detectives Policing

Author: Montgomery, Ruth Title: The Use of Private Security Services for Policing Summary: Over a decade ago, the Law Reform Commission of Canada (2002) opened a dialogue on the trend in the growth of private policing in Canada. A continued rise in police expenditures, combined with economic downturns, have contributed to pressure being placed on police services around the world to become more effective and efficient. This has resulted in a growing interest in discussing the value of privatizing or civilianizing functions of public police services (Public Safety Canada, 2012). This study examines the intersections between private security and public policing, with an emphasis on those functions that private security are now performing that have traditionally been performed by the public police, as well as cooperative efforts between public police and private security. METHOD The research included a literature review of the roles and responsibilities of private security and public police in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, a review of relevant Canadian legislation, and interviews with key individuals in Canadian government, private security, policing, and police governance organizations. FINDINGS There is the potential for private security to play an important role in community safety and addressing issues of crime and social disorder. Research evidence as to the effectiveness of police-private security initiatives in preventing crime and reducing disorder is mixed. A key factor in the success of these initiatives is management; that is, ensuring there is open communication among the parties, the integrity of the initiative, effective supervision of police and private security officers, and protocols for evaluation. In all of the jurisdictions reviewed, a major challenge is that the core functions of the police have not been defined. This makes it difficult to identify the parameters of the role and responsibilities of the public police, and to determine the niche for private security, working in partnership either with the police, or in an outsourcing or privatization arrangement. There are a number of key factors that are important to the success of police-private security partnerships: 1) a common interest in reducing a specific crime or crime set; 2) effective leadership, with personnel with authority from each partner organization driving participation; 3) mutual respect; 4) information sharing based on high levels of trust in confidentiality; 5) formal meetings of consultation and communication; and, 6) a willingness to experiment and consider all ideas. These processes seem to be in their infancy in Canada. The tiered policing system in Alberta is perhaps the best current example of a system-wide framework for police-private security collaboration. Ideally, police-private security partnerships would be a component of strategic plans that identify areas where collaboration between public police and other groups in the community can be undertaken, monitored, and evaluated. Cost should be one of only several metrics that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of these collaborative partnerships and of outsourcing. Given the unique role of the police in society, other metrics including the legitimacy of the police, the community's view of the various initiatives, and the sustainability of collaborative partnerships must be examined. It is evident that the size and scope of activities of new private security services is expanding. Despite this, there are few, if any, protocols in place to ensure communication and information sharing between these units, many of which are staffed by ex-police and security officers, and the public police. Similarly, there is no information on the size of these units, their budgets, and their activities. At present, these firms seem to inhabit a parallel universe to both public police and traditional private security firms. It is often assumed that privatizing and outsourcing traditional police tasks will result in reductions in the numbers of sworn police officers. Public police-private security collaboration may, on the other hand, result in innovative initiatives that previously did not exist. Little attention has been given to the legal framework within which private security firms operate. There has been little attention given to developing compliance standards and structures for a regulatory regimen. There is also considerable variability across jurisdictions in provisions for enforcement where regulations do exist. Most often, sanctions involve revoking operating licenses. In the absence of a national, provincial or territorial strategic plan for private security, there has also been a failure to develop mechanisms to ensure effective oversight of private security. This has a number of consequences, including an inability to ensure that private security companies are not vulnerable to organized crime, unethical and/or illegal behaviour. The movement to expand the role of private security is occurring in the absence of empirical research studies that would reveal the nature and extent of cost savings, the effectiveness, and the sustainability of policeprivate sector partnerships, outsourcing, and privatization. Cost savings are most often assumed rather than demonstrated. Within the larger context of the economics of policing, there is no published data on the relative cost-effectiveness of private versus public police. The absence of evaluation research on private policing in Canada precludes an informed discussion on proposals for expanding the activities of private policing companies. As well, it is difficult to assess the proposals that are made by private security companies to assume responsibilities currently managed by public police, or to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies that are being proposed by private security firms. There is a need to know more about what private security personnel are doing, the rationale for their activities, and whether these rationales are supported by empirical data. There is no information on the ethics of private security, the values of private security officers, and the private security subculture - all key facets in the study of public police. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2015. 100p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2015-R041: Accessed October 17, 2017 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-R041/2015-R041-en.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-R041/2015-R041-en.pdf Shelf Number: 147706 Keywords: Costs of Criminal Justice Partnerships Policing Private Policing Private Security Privatization Security Officers

Author: Finkenbinder, Karen Title: Social Capital, Policing and the Rule-of-Law: Keys to Stabilization Summary: Social Capital, Policing and Rule-of-Law: Keys to Stabilization reflects a breadth of U.S. Army War College Strategy Research papers in which students tackled tough issues. The danger in compiling student papers is that an anthology can become a set of isolated, disconnected, anecdotal experiences. We have tried to select those that best describe the essentials of stability tasks and activities and the role they play in our success, failure, or combination thereof, in current and future operations. Stabilization is a process in which personnel identify and mitigate underlying sources of instability to establish the conditions for long-term stability. While long-term development requires stability, stability does not require long-term development. Therefore, stability tasks focus on identifying and targeting the root causes of instability and by building the capacity of local institutions. Stability, ultimately, aims to create conditions such that the local populance regard the overall situations as legitimate, acceptable, and predictable. These conditions consist of: the level of violence; the functioning of governmental, economic, and societal institutions; and the general adherence to local laws, rules, and norms of behavior. Sources of instability manifest themselves locally. First, instability stems from the decreased support for the government, a result of the government failing to meet the expectation of the locals. Second, instability grows from increased support for anti-government elements, a situation that usually occurs when locals see spoilers as those helping to solve the priority grievance(s). Lastly, instability stems from the undermining of the normal functioning of society when the emphasis must be on a return to the established norms. Stability tasks and activities are not things that we have only been doing in Iraq and Afghanistan. There is a long-time recognition that we have been doing this "other stuff" for a long time. But the term(s) keep changing. Professor Bill Flavin, the Chief of Doctrine, Concepts, Education and Training (DCET) at PKSOI and one of the Army's foremost experts in stability operations, has been keeping track of the various terms used to describe stability tasks and activities over the past fifty years. This list includes terms such as: attenuated conflict, nation building, marginal military operations, indirect war, lower-level war, brush fire war, low intensity conflict, constrained operations, and ambiguous war. But the essential message has not changed. That being: there is something, other than offense and defense, that the military always winds up doing. We may not know what to call it, but we know it when we see it. But because we do not know what to call it - we often try to hide it under the rug and keep tripping over it. Only then do we deal with it. But in the interim, we have lost the competencies required to do it well. My fear, and others, is that as we become leaner, we will forget how painful it was to trip over the rug and, once again, lose our hard-earned competencies in the stability arena. Details: Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2013. 314p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Papers: Accessed October 21, 2017 at: http://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/1284.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://publications.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/1284.pdf Shelf Number: 147837 Keywords: Policing Rule-of-Law Social Capital

Author: Scottish Government. Social Research Title: Evaluation of Police and Fire Reform: Year 2 Report Summary: In 2016, the first report on the evaluation of police and fire reform in Scotland reported that there was plausible and credible evidence of progress being made towards achieving the long-term aims of reform and strong evidence of the establishment and functioning of new processes, structures, projects and programmes. But the Year 1 report also highlighted some important evidence gaps. The documentary evidence was largely process rather than outcome focused; oriented to 'producer' rather than 'consumer' perspectives; focused on strategic rather than operational matters; and offered national rather than local perspectives. It was also noted that senior representatives of Police Scotland and the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (SFRS) frequently invoked the notion of a reform journey that begins with 'preparing', moves on to 'consolidating' and 'integrating', and concludes with 'transforming'. At that time both services saw themselves in the consolidation and integration phase of the journey. Against that backdrop, the four local case studies drawn on in this Year 2 report form a key element of the evaluation, providing the opportunity to hear the voices of those experiencing reform 'on the ground', exploring how national changes are playing out at a local level and examining the extent to which different contexts play a part in facilitating (or hindering) the objectives of reform. This report provides insights into the local experiences of consolidation and integration. In each case study area, qualitative interviews and focus groups were used to capture the experiences and perspectives of different stakeholders in the reform process including local police officers and firefighters, the public, councillors and council staff, and community and third sector organisations. Interviews with police and fire officers were conducted between June and August 2016 and those with other groups took place between June and December 2016. The case studies were selected to include both urban and rural communities, areas with high and low crime rates, and with levels of greater and lesser deprivation. In each area the focus has been on assessing the perceptions of the impact of reform on delivering a local service, accessing specialist support and national capacity, and on strengthening connections with communities. How people think and feel about reform as an important part of the social reality under investigation: although perceptions should not always be read at face value, they do need to be taken seriously as an essential part of the wider terrain of reform. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2017. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 14, 2017 at: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00523031.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0052/00523031.pdf Shelf Number: 148164 Keywords: Police Administration Police Reform Policing

Author: Bell, Brian Title: Fighting Crime: Cant he Police do more with less? Summary: - There were just over 3.7 million crimes recorded by the police in England and Wales in 2013-14, a fall of 21% since 2008-09. - The decline is even more substantial using another measure of crime: the Crime Survey of England and Wales (in which respondents report whether they have been victims of crime, and which therefore includes crimes not reported to the police). This shows a fall of 29% since 2008-09, though the number of crimes is higher, at 7.3 million. - Over the same period, the number of police officers has fallen by just over 16,000, a drop of 11%. There has been an even larger decline in the numbers of police staff and Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs). - The evidence suggests that fewer police officers would tend to lead to a rise in crime. Given the reduced crime figures, this suggests that either the productivity of the police has risen or fewer people are turning to crime - or both. - On productivity, there is evidence that forces have realised substantial efficiency gains and are policing in a more effective way. - On criminal behaviour, there are long-run trends, such as an ageing population, that point in the direction of reduced criminality. In addition, technological change appears to have reduced some opportunities available to criminals. - Whether the pace of reductions in the police workforce that have occurred so far can be sustained without slowing - or reversing - the decline in crime is an open question. Details: London: Centre for Economic Performance. London School of Economics and Political Science, 2015. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2017 at: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/EA031.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/EA031.pdf Shelf Number: 148270 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Performance Policing

Author: Wilson, Dean Title: The Station Study Report. Victoria Police and Victims of Crime: police perspectives and experiences from across Victoria Summary: This report presents the findings gathered from interviews with over 200 operational Victoria Police members. For the first time this research details police attitudes and practices in relation to seeking to provide support to victims of crime while also meeting the other demands and obligations required by their role as serving Victoria Police officers. The findings and recommendations presented in this report are focused upon recognising much of the work and practice that occurs across Victoria on a daily basis that goes largely unrecognised by Victoria Police and the Victorian community more generally, as much of the good work done by police is rarely seen or acknowledged. The release of these findings is particularly timely, only a few years after the implementation of the Victims' Charter, at a point at which Victoria Police and the Victorian community can reflect upon the extent to which service delivery standards have translated into best practice. There is significant innovation and work being undertaken in community-specific ways across Victoria in relation to victim support. There are also a range of areas in which practices and processes that have recently been implemented require rethinking in light of the lived experience of police officers working on the ground to implement these practices and protocols. The recommendations proposed in this report reflect the findings of our research and are intended to contribute towards enhancing and enriching police-victim interaction and victim experiences of the criminal justice system more generally. Details: Clayton, Vic. Faculty of Arts, Monash University, 2011. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 27, 2017 at: http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gender-and-family-violence/files/2016/04/The-Station-Study-Final-Report-2.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/gender-and-family-violence/files/2016/04/The-Station-Study-Final-Report-2.pdf Shelf Number: 148502 Keywords: Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing Victim Services Victims of Crime

Author: Police Reform Organizing Project Title: Changing the NYPD: A Progressive Blueprint for Sweeping Reform Summary: For the past twenty years, under the mayoralties of Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has increasingly engaged in various practices which are illegal and unconstitutional. These tactics are counterproductive, in that they decrease trust in and cooperation with the police, and have had an especially harmful impact on the city's most vulnerable and defenseless populations: African-American and Latino youth, LGBT persons, the homeless, mentally ill people, Muslims, street vendors, and sex workers. The NYPD's highly controversial stop-and-frisk policy and other aggressive policing tactics have engendered deep antagonism between the NYPD and many New Yorkers, as was clearly manifested in the results of the recent mayoral election. On August 12, 2013, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York found that the NYPD's stop-and-frisk practices are unconstitutional. In Floyd v. City of N.Y., the court held that the NYPD carried out these practices in an invasive and racially discriminatory manner in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. Noting that over eighty percent of the 4.4 million people the NYPD stopped and frisked between January 2004 and June 2012 were African-American or Latino, the court called for comprehensive reform of the NYPD's practices to protect the rights and liberties of all New Yorkers. The federal court ruling touched a nerve for communities across the city victimized by stop-and-frisk. The issue of the NYPD's harsh and aggressive policing tactics generally and stop-and-frisk specifically, became major focal points of the 2013 mayoral campaign. Mayor Bill de Blasio, along with other leading candidates in the Democratic Party's primaries, called for comprehensive reform of the NYPD's policies. On October 31, 2013, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals stayed the Floyd ruling and its accompanying reforms pending the City's appeal. During the mayoral election campaign, Bill de Blasio vowed to withdraw the City's appeal upon taking office. He followed through on that pledge on January 30th when he announced that the City had reached an accord with the plaintiffs in the suit. The landmark stop-and-frisk ruling and the accompanying public support for NYPD reform present an ideal opportunity for Mayor de Blasio and his new Police Commissioner William J. Bratton to implement a rights-based policing program that works in partnership with communities. This report is meant to serve as a resource to help guide the de Blasio/Bratton administration through the tricky waters of managing meaningful reforms in NYPD policing practices and policy. Part I highlights straightforward policy shifts that Mayor de Blasio and Police Commissioner Bratton can immediately implement with little political or bureaucratic risk or opposition. These reforms include disbanding the peddler squad that harasses street vendors, establishing community intervention teams that work with mental health professionals to respond to people in psychiatric crisis, eliminating police confiscation of condoms in someone's possession as evidence of prostitution, ending the practice of arresting homeless people for 'quality of life' offenses, and dismantling the NYPD's often illegal arrest of individuals on criminal trespassing charges in public housing and private apartment buildings enrolled in "Operation Clean Halls." Part II presents longer-term and expansive institutional reforms. The section details the need for a paradigm shift in NYPD policing, one that reorients the NYPD from punitive policing and an aggressively enforced, illegal quota system towards promoting public safety and working in partnership with communities. This part proposes community-oriented problem-solving measures that engage and collaborate with neighborhood leaders, residents, local service programs, community centers, and places of worship. Such an approach will also entail enhanced and multifaceted oversight of the NYPD that should bring together community groups, the recently-created Inspector General, the court monitor mandated by the Floyd decision, the City Council, and the Mayor's Office. Part III recommends reforms in what has been in recent years the toxic culture of the Department, reforms that will result in significant changes in practices, including strengthening the NYPD liaison office for LGBT communities, legalizing and regulating the sale and possession of small amounts of marijuana, ending the unwarranted surveillance of New York's Muslim communities, and ensuring robust protection of First Amendment rights for all New Yorkers. Details: New York: PROP; Walter Leitner International Human Rights Clinic; Leitner Center for International Law and Justice; Fordham University School of Law; 2014. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 13, 2018 at: http://www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/A-Blueprint-for-NYPD-Reform.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.policereformorganizingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/A-Blueprint-for-NYPD-Reform.pdf Shelf Number: 149120 Keywords: Community-Oriented Policing Police Administration Police Reform Policing Stop and Frisk

Author: Allnock, Debbie Title: Evidence-based models of policing to protect children from sexual exploitation Summary: Key Messages  CSA was named as a national threat in England and Wales in March 2015.  CSE, particularly online CSE, is now mentioned in the strategic policing requirement.  Policing activity to respond to CSE has accelerated in recent years.  Inspections have found evidence of good practice and improvements to policing of CSE, but have also documented on-going challenges facing the police.  Inspections show that police forces are not using their disruption powers to full effect and research shows that information sharing between police and local authorities can be a major barrier to safeguarding children from CSE.  Information on the number of CSE convictions is not readily available: police do not receive intelligence about all CSE-related crimes; many cases are never reported and there are inconsistent approaches to record keeping between and within forces. That said, published offence data for 2015/16 shows an increase in reporting of all sexual offence categories compared to 2014/15.  Published research about 'what works' in policing to obtain prosecutions is absent.  This is the first study of its kind to document the ways in which some police forces in England have structured their CSE responses.  This is also the first study of its kind to assess the features of CSE policing responses in relation to the outcomes for victims.  Despite this, understanding of the relationship between policing responses and prosecution outcomes remains elusive in light of problematic data recording within police and CPS systems. Details: Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: University Of Bedfordshire, The International Centre: Researching Child Sexual Exploitation, Violence and Trafficking, 2017. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2018 at: https://www.beds.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/571145/Evidence-based-models-of-policing.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.beds.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/571145/Evidence-based-models-of-policing.pdf Shelf Number: 149149 Keywords: Child Pornography Child Prostitution Child Protection Child Sexual abuse Child Sexual Exploitation Policing

Author: Kenny, Daryl Evan Title: A Force for Good: Exploring the future of non-crime policing Summary: Crime is promoted by the government as being the primary task of the police, yet such a focus marginalizes the extraordinary prominence and relevance of many non-crime policing activities. This research highlights the breadth and complexity of those duties, filling a gap in the literature by exploring the possible future of non-crime policing. The research draws on extensive literary sources and utilizes quantitative data covering eight years of public calls made to the Staffordshire Police. The research includes qualitative data obtained from thirteen semi-structured interviews with individuals who have extensive policing experience. The research found that public demand for policing declined over the reviewed period, with staffing levels in Staffordshire dropping and government funding falling drastically. There were marked increases in 'concern for safety' incidents, 'suicides' and cases involving individuals suffering mental health crises. The research explored policing from a historical perspective drawing on European and British history, ancient and modern, in order to help shine a light on prospective future developments. The research suggested that policing is torn between those who feel that non-crime matters are important and those who think that policing should be largely crime-focused. Concerns were raised about the on going politicization of policing, the extended police hierarchy and the impact of neo-liberalism on non-crime demand. Non-crime policing appears to be moving incrementally towards pluralization and privatisation, though it could also help initiate a more unified, internationalized policing service built around human rights. All futures remain open and it is up to all of us to decide what that future will ultimately be. Details: Portsmouth, UK: University of Portsmouth, 2016. 183p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 3, 2018 at: https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/7009801/DCrimJ_Thesis_Daryl_Kenny_265705._FINALv1.2..pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/7009801/DCrimJ_Thesis_Daryl_Kenny_265705._FINALv1.2..pdf Shelf Number: 149665 Keywords: Police Officers Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Steinberg, Jonny Title: Sector Policing on the West Rand: Three Case Studies Summary: In December 2003 SAPS National Commissioner Jackie Selebi issued a Draft National Instruction on sector policing. This monograph examines how sector policing has been interpreted and implemented on the West Rand. Sectors in the three station precincts are studied - Randfontein, Roodepoort and Kagiso. Sector policing - international and domestic context Sector policing emerged in the early 1970s as one among a host of experiments to address a crisis in American policing. Police leaders and scholars had gone right back to basics and asked what it is that the police do to reduce crime. The endeavour to answer this question has produced a host of policing innovations in the last 30 years. These innovations can be divided into four categories: 1) hotspot or targeted patrolling, 2) controlling risk factors, 3) problem-oriented policing (POP), and 4) community policing (COP). Sector policing is an eclectic composite. It includes COP and POP as its core, definitional components, but it usually includes targeted patrolling and risk factor identification as well. COP is a form of policing that mobilises civilians into crime prevention projects. It has been successful when trained on specific problems. POP borrows from the philosophy of public health interventions and applies it to policing. It 'vaccinates' an area against micro-crime patterns by identifying and managing their causes. The form sector policing takes is shaped in no small part by the host policing culture that receives it. In recent years, South African policing has been characterised by a strong, active national centre, and uneven policing on the ground. The SAPS has come increasingly to rely on high density, high visibility paramilitary policing operations - precisely the sort of policing that a force with a strong centre and weak personnel can execute with accomplishment. Sector policing has been billed as a project to transcend these limitations - to restore grassroots policing. Details: Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2004. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Monograph No. 110: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono110.pdf Year: 2004 Country: South Africa URL: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono110.pdf Shelf Number: 149685 Keywords: Community Policing Crime Analysis Crime and Place Crime Hotspots Policing Problem-Oriented Policing

Author: Barham, Derek Emilio Title: Same Destination, Different Journey: A Comparative Study of Public Order Policing in Britain and Spain Summary: Public order policing is about power and control. The preservation and maintenance of order is a defining characteristic of the sovereign power. It is a highly political activity which is also emotive, controversial and reflects national culture and identity. Public order policing asks serious questions of the police and represents the most contentious policing activity in modern democratic states. The purpose of this study is to increase and improve current knowledge of public order policing by comparing the policing of disorder in Britain and Spain. It reviews two high profile incidents, the 2011 London Riots and the 2014 "22M" Protests in Madrid, using a fusion of Waddington's "Flashpoints Model" and Herbert's "Normative Orders" to comparatively analyse the incidents. The study is supported by a comprehensive literature review and interviews with experienced police public order commanders. This thesis concludes that British public order policing is in need of considerable reform to improve operational effectiveness, efficiency and professionalism. It identifies several key themes which contributed to the inability of the Metropolitan Police to respond effectively to the serious disorder and criminality which proliferated across 22 of London's 32 boroughs in August 2011. These include the need to review British public order tactics, invest in the training of specialist public order units and improve the understanding of crowd psychology. Practical recommendations are suggested which would refine, enhance and improve the ability of the British public order policing model to respond to the challenges of serious disorder in the twenty first century. Details: London: London Metropolitan University, 2016. 316p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 20, 2018 at: http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1016/1/BarhamDerek_ComparativeStudyOfPublicOrderPolicingInBritainAndSpain.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Europe URL: http://repository.londonmet.ac.uk/1016/1/BarhamDerek_ComparativeStudyOfPublicOrderPolicingInBritainAndSpain.pdf Shelf Number: 149871 Keywords: Demonstrations Disorderly Conduct Policing Protest Movements Public Order Policing

Author: West, Darrell M. Title: Benefits and Best Practices of Safe City Innovation Summary: Public safety is an important aspect of contemporary life. In a world that is chaotic, dangerous, and volatile, it is hard for there to be economic prosperity and social cohesion without some degree of safety. People need security in order to live day-to-day and undertake business and communications. This is especially the case in regard to cities. According to UNICEF, 70 percent of people around the world will live in cities by the Cities face a variety of implementation challenges, such as poor funding, infrastructure difficulties, public resistance, a lack of technical expertise, and privacy and security concerns. Implementation of public safety solutions represents a major challenge in many different places, and it is crucial for leaders to overcome these barriers in order to achieve the benefits of public safety innovation. Solutions such as CCTV cameras, police body cameras, integrated command centers using broadband trunking, social media safety alerts, and predictive data analysis show great promise as tools for law enforcement. Many factors affect technology innovation in the public sector. This includes the level of financial investment, crime rates, safety considerations, openness to technology solutions, and the strength of the digital infrastructure in particular countries. But government policy is especially important because officials make investments that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of public sector operations. The way in which they handle modernization strategies matters a lot in terms of innovation and service delivery. There are many opportunities for cities to build their economies and promote social inclusion through public safety innovation. Cities can encourage greater innovation by increasing budget investments in digital infrastructure, building public support, using crowd-sourcing platforms to encourage citizen participation, breaking down organizational stovepipes through technology, overcoming organizational resistance, making data openly available, deploying data analytics, integrating solutions, figuring out how to balance privacy and security concerns, and identifying opportunities for improvement. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Technology Innovation (CTI) at Brookings, 2017. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 26, 2018 at: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/safe-city-innovation_final.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/safe-city-innovation_final.pdf Shelf Number: 149914 Keywords: Body-Worn Cameras CCTV Police Accountability Police Technology Police Use of Force Policing Public Safety Public Security Video Surveillance

Author: Great Britain. Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary Title: PEEL: Police effectiveness 2017 A national overview Summary: As part of our annual inspections of police effectiveness, efficiency and legitimacy (PEEL), HMICFRS assessed how effective police forces are at keeping people safe and reducing crime. This inspection focused on five areas of policing: How effective are police forces at preventing crime, tackling anti-social behaviour and keeping people safe? How effective are forces at investigating crime and reducing re-offending? How effective are forces at protecting those who are vulnerable from harm, and supporting victims? How effective are forces at tackling serious and organised crime? How effective are the forces' specialist capabilities? This report presents a national overview of themes identified in inspections of all 43 police forces in England and Wales. The national overview report is accompanied by separate reports on each force, based on inspections carried out from September to November 2017, and data provided by forces. The effectiveness assessment follows on from reports on efficiency and legitimacy in 2017, which together make up the three pillars of the annual PEEL assessment. Details: London: HMIC, 2018. 131p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 30, 2018 at: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/peel-police-effectiveness-2017-1.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/peel-police-effectiveness-2017-1.pdf Shelf Number: 149958 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Legitimacy Police Performance Policing

Author: Eagly, Ingrid Title: Lexipol: The Privatization of Police Policymaking Summary: This Article is the first to identify and analyze the growing practice of privatized police policymaking. In it, we present our findings from public records requests that reveal the central role played by a limited liability corporation - Lexipol LLC - in the creation of internal regulations for law enforcement agencies across the United States. Lexipol was founded in 2003 to provide standardized policies and training for law enforcement. Today, more than 3,000 public safety agencies in thirty-five states contract with Lexipol to author the policies that guide their officers on crucial topics such as when to use deadly force, how to avoid engaging in racial profiling, and whether to enforce federal immigration laws. In California, where Lexipol was founded, as many as 95% of law enforcement agencies now rely on Lexipol's policy manual. Lexipol offers a valuable service, particularly for smaller law enforcement agencies that are without the resources to draft and update policies on their own. However, reliance on this private entity to establish standards for public policing also raises several concerns arising from its for-profit business model, focus on liability risk management, and lack of transparency or democratic participation. We therefore offer several recommendations that address these concerns while also recognizing and building upon Lexipol's successes. Details: Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, 2018. 87p. Source: Internet Resource: UCLA School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 18-09; Criminal Justice, Borders and Citizenship Research Paper No. 3142035: Accessed May 8, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3142035 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3142035 Shelf Number: 150099 Keywords: Community Policing Criminal Justice Reform Immigration Policing Police Training Policing Privatization

Author: Levine, Kate Title: Discipline and Policing Summary: A prime focus of police reform advocates is the transparency of police discipline. Indeed, transparency is one of if not the most popular accountability solutions for a wide swath of policing problems. This Article examines the "transparency cure" as it applies to Police Disciplinary Records ("PDRs"). These records are part of an officer's personnel file and contain reported wrongdoing from supervisors, Internal Affairs Bureaus, and Citizen Complaint Review Boards. This Article argues that making PDRs public is worthy of skeptical examination. First, it problematizes the notion that transparency is a worthy end-goal for those who desire to see police reform in general. Transparency is often seen as a solution with no downside, but this Article argues that, in the realm of PDRs, it comes with at least two major tradeoffs: first making PDRs public will not lead to the accountability that advocates seek, and in fact may cause retrenchment from police departments. Second, transparency on an individual level necessarily comes with major privacy tradeoffs. The problem with individualized transparency is not theoretical. in fact, it has been much critiqued by scholars in a different but comparable realm: the wide dissemination of criminal records. PDRs and criminal records have similar problems: due process issues, inaccuracy, arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement, and permanent reputational harm. Indeed, the rhetoric used by law enforcement to defend their privacy rights sounds almost identical to the critiques scholars make of criminal record transparency. This Article argues that the comparison of PDRs and Criminal Records is instructive because it allows us to view criminal records through a new lens. As with criminal record publication, forced PDR transparency will likely not solve the problems advocates hope it will. Thus, the Article concludes that a more nuanced regime should be put in place for PDRs, and that advocates should use law enforcement rhetoric to support a more privacy-protective regime for criminal records. Details: Unpublished paper, 2018. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3130980 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3130980 Shelf Number: 150124 Keywords: Criminal Procedure Police Accountability Police Discipline Policing

Author: Ferreira, Leonardo Nogueira Title: Do police reduce "crime"? An analysis through social disorder data Summary: There is extensive literature that attempts to relate increased policing to the reduction of crime. The main difficulty is to isolate the causal effects of police presence on crime due to the clear endogeneity problem, since areas with higher crime rates tend to receive more police. However, in 2012, New York City experienced a completely exogenous raise in policing near some Jewish institutions after the occurrence of a terrorist attack in a Jewish school in Toulouse, in France. Using data from social disorder, we assessed whether the impact of increased policing was significant in regions that received more protection. Among the seven categories of incidents analyzed, drinking, noise and blocked driveways showed statistically significant reduction. Details: Unpublished paper, 2015. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed Mary 23, 2018 at: https://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/53151/lacea2015_police_reduce_crime.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/53151/lacea2015_police_reduce_crime.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 150326 Keywords: Crime Prevention Crime Reduction Policing Social Disorder

Author: Yesberg, Julia Title: Affect and Trust as Predictors of Public Support for Armed Police: Evidence from London Summary: Police in England, Scotland and Wales operate largely unarmed, and have done since the formation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. However, recent terror attacks and concern over serious violent crime have prompted increased funding for armed officers and even calls for routine arming of police. In this paper we present results from the first in-depth study of public attitudes toward the arming of more police. Starting from the assumption that most people have little concrete knowledge of the potential benefits and risks of doing so, we show that trust, and particularly affective responses to the idea of armed police, are central in shaping support for the routine arming of more officers. A range of other sociological and psychological variables are also important, but only in as much as they are correlated with trust and, again, particularly affect. Our findings have implications not only for this specific policy development, but also wider consideration of lay reactions to changes in police policy and technology. Details: London: University College London - Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, 2018. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 27, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3191056 Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3191056 Shelf Number: 150712 Keywords: Armed Police Police Legitimacy Police Use of Force Policing

Author: National Sheriffs' Association Title: Cross-Deputization in Indian Country Summary: Jurisdiction in Indian country has long been complicated by multifaceted tribal, state, and federal laws, policies, and court decisions, making it difficult for law enforcement to effectively address many types of criminal offenses. Whether the victim and perpetrator belonged to a tribe, where the crime took place, and other circumstances must be considered before any action can be taken. But recent changes in tribal, federal, and state law have enabled tribal law enforcement to enforce a broader array of state and federal crimes by cross-commissioning and cross-deputizing their officers. This report - based on the work of the National Sheriffs' Association, which assembled a cross-deputization advisory panel - examines the jurisdictional and legal limits of cross-deputization and how it has been implemented in various law enforcement agencies in Indian country. It also describes some of the most promising practices and provides sample documents and agreements. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2018. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p363-pub.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p363-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 150869 Keywords: American Indians Indians of North America Indigenous Peoples Law Enforcement Native Americans Policing

Author: Ash, Elliott Title: Local Public Finance and Discriminatory Policing: Evidence from Traffic Stops in Missouri Summary: This paper provides evidence of racial variation in local governments' traffic enforcement responses to budget stress using data from policing agencies in the state of Missouri for the years 2001 through 2014. Like previous studies, we find that local budget stress is associated with higher citation rates. In addition, we find that there is an increase in traffic-stop arrests. However, we find that these effects are concentrated among white (rather than black or Hispanic) drivers. This statistical difference is robust to the inclusion of a range of covariates for traffic stops and to the inclusion of local population features interacted with year. These results are consistent with a model where traffic police selectively target higher-income drivers to compensate for budget stress. Also consistent with this view, we find that the racial difference in citation and arrest rates is highest where the white-to-black income ratio is highest. Details: Columbia Public Law Research Paper, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3192562 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/SSRN-id3192562.pdf Shelf Number: 151485 Keywords: Law Enforcement Policing Racial Disparities Traffic Stops

Author: Couto, Joe Title: Gay. Female. Cop. The Intersectionality of Gender and Sexual Orientation in Police Culture Summary: Police culture has traditionally been defined as heterosexual and hypermasculine in character (Franklin, 2007). Research into the lived workplace experiences LGBTQ police officers consistently identifies challenges in such areas as workplace harassment and discrimination because they do not fit into the police culture�s �norm�. (Hassell & Brandl, 2009; Jones & Williams, 2013). We posited that female police officers who identify as LGBTQ face additional challenges when compared to their heterosexual, female counterparts because their experiences of LGBTQ female officers is co-determined by their gender and their sexual orientation (Boogaard & Roggeband, 2010). A total of 40 female LGBTQ police officers completed a survey on their lived experiences. Subsequently, 10 survey respondents participated in two focus groups to further consider their lived experiences in these areas. An Appreciative Inquiry model was used to guide the focus group discussions. Our research found that being �female� and being �gay� exposes police officers to some similar challenges in terms of both their gender and their sexual orientation, specifically workplace harassment and having to conform to masculine �norms� (e.g., act tough). However, the research also suggests that these and other challenges in a police environment based on sexual orientation is not as overt as that based on gender. This may be due to one�s sexual orientation not be a �visible� characteristic (as gender or race would be) and thus less subject to overt harassment and other negative workplace experiences. Details: Canada: University of Guelph-Humber, 2018. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3200082 Year: 2018 Country: Canada URL: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/SSRN-id3200082.pdf Shelf Number: 151484 Keywords: Gay Law Enforcement Culture Law Enforcement Officers Lesbian LGBTQPolicing, Police Culture Policing

Author: Kirchmaier, Tom Title: Murders in London Summary: In this short paper we focus on gaining insights into the current homicides wave in London. Our key findings are, first, the infection point for the increase in murders occurred in mid-2016, hence much later than generally discussed. Second, the MPS's own Public Attitudes Survey is a very good lead indicator for the spatial distribution of murders in London the following year. This is, when listening to the responses of young black people who consider knife crime a major issue in the area. Third, there appears to be a structural break in 2016 - hence around the time of the inflection point - when gang activity in a London ward explains murders more strongly than in previous years. Finally, gangs appear to operate in areas with higher unemployment and high population density. Furthermore, higher median house prices correlate positively with gang activity, possibly because of contested markets for drugs. All of our analyses are based on publicly available data. Details: S.L., 2018. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3211350 Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/SSRN-id3211350.pdf Shelf Number: 151481 Keywords: Crime Gangs Homicide Knife Murder Policing

Author: Skidmore, Michael Title: More than Just a Number: Improving the Police Response to Victims of Fraud Summary: INTRODUCTION Fraud is estimated to make up 31 per cent of all crime in England and Wales, with 3.24 million fraud offences estimated to have taken place in the twelve months to March 2018. Research has found that 45 per cent of fraud victims felt that the financial loss they experienced had an impact on their emotional wellbeing and 37 per cent reported a significant psychological or emotional impact. Despite the scale and impact of the problem, it is widely agreed among policymakers, academics and law enforcement officials that fraud and the harms it causes are not prioritised by the police. This study is intended as a response to this imbalance between the scale and impact of fraud and the response it receives from policing. Its aim is to achieve a better understanding of the police response to fraud, to consider how appropriate this is and to suggest how policy and practice could be improved. To achieve this aim, the research set out to answer the following questions: - How is the police response to fraud organised across national, regional and local agencies? - How do police forces and partner agencies prioritise fraud? - Who is affected by fraud and what support is available to them? - How do the various organisations and agencies work together to respond to fraud and what roles and powers do they have to achieve this? - What impact has the internet had on the nature and volume of fraud? - What is being done to protect victims and identify vulnerability in local areas? - What determines whether the response to fraud is effective or not and what are the barriers to this? - Are there examples of emerging good practice which, if replicated, would improve the overall effectiveness of the response to fraud? In order to gain a full understanding of the subject, the research looked at the fraud response from both a local and national perspective. The majority of the locally based research was conducted in three police force areas - Avon and Somerset, Kent and Essex. Work included interviews with local practitioners, analysis of local data sets and a survey of the local police workforce. The research also included interviews with regional and national stakeholders, a survey of fraud leads across police forces across England and Wales and analysis of national fraud data sets. Details: London, UK: The Police Foundation, 2018. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/publication/more-than-just-a-number-improving-the-police-response-to-victims-of-fraud/ Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/more_than_just_a_number_exec_summary.pdf Shelf Number: 154180 Keywords: England Financial Loss Fraud Law Enforcement Police Response Policing

Author: Geller, Amanda Title: Police Contact and Mental Health Summary: Although an effective police presence is widely regarded as critical to public safety, less is known about the effects of police practices on mental health and community well-being. Adolescents and young adults in specific neighborhoods of urban areas are likely to experience assertive contemporary police practices. This study goes beyond research on policing effects on legal socialization to assess the effects of police contact on the mental health of those stopped by the police. We collected and analyzed data in a two wave survey of young men in New York City (N=717) clustered in the neighborhoods with the highest rates of involuntary person-police contact. We focus on two indicia of mental health, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder, and assess their association with two dimensions of experience with the police: the quantity and intensity of police contact. Panel regression models indicate that, controlling for past police contact and mental health, recent police contact � specifically the extent of police intrusion in a recent "critical" stop - is associated with increased levels of anxiety symptoms, and both quantity and intensity of recent stop experience are significantly associated with increased PTSD symptoms. Additional analyses suggest that particular types of intrusion respondents experience may be a stronger determinant of subsequent health than the quantity of stops reported. Details: New York: Columbia University, 2017. Source: Internet Resource: Columbia Public Law Research Paper No. 14-571: Accessed January 25, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3096076 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3096076 Shelf Number: 154403 Keywords: Legal Socialization Mental Health Police Behavior Police-Citizen Interactions Policing

Author: Offerdahl, Thomas G. Title: A Systematic Analysis of the Challenges of Policing Senegal: The Role of the Police in Democracy Summary: Little is known about the role of the police in Africa, and even less about the police in francophone African countries. Intrastate conflicts and peace-building after the Cold War tied policing to personal security, democracy, and sustainable development. Senegal has a stable democracy and police forces that were established prior to Senegalese independence in 1960, but it is still uncertain if they can become a police force that contributes to national and personal security capable of dealing with human and narcotic trafficking, transnational crimes, and international terrorism. This study investigates the challenges facing the Senegalese police forces and their impact on the Senegalese national and personal security environment. The primary police services face challenges with resources, capacity, terrorism, and transnational crime. The major finding is that the centralized structure of the Senegalese police, controlled by a semi-authoritarian president and the political elites, prevents the police from becoming a public safety institution able to address matters of personal security. This dynamic isolates the police from the Senegalese citizens and atrophies their ability to combat crime, preventing their development into a public safety institution. Details: Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton, 2016. 107. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2019 at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1029883.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Senegal URL: https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/50607 Shelf Number: 154387 Keywords: Africa Law Enforcement National Security Police Policing Public Order Senegal Terrorism Transnational Crime West Africa

Author: O'Rourke, Simon Title: Operating at the Speed of Challenge: Adaptive C2 as a New Paradigm for Police Command and Control at Critical Incidents Summary: "Failure is not an option" is a title chosen by Gene Kranz for his 2000 book detailing his time as the Flight Director in NASA's Mission Control Centre. It could just as easily describe community and government expectations of the police during a significant law enforcement event. Policing agencies use a variety of terminology to describe such incidents. To simplify, this paper will use the term 'critical incident' to cover the range of incidents for which some form of police command and control (C2) framework is likely to be required. A critical incident is defined as, "Any incident where the effectiveness of the police response is likely to have a significant impact on the confidence of the victim, their family and/or the community" (Metropolitan Police, 2016, p. 2). This definition clearly encapsulates the importance of the police relationship with the community and how pivotal trust is to that relationship. How police are perceived to have performed during high profile incidents, where there are clear community expectations will have significant long term impacts. It is therefore incumbent upon police organizations to ensure that the commanders they deploy to a critical incident are the right people, capable of performing at highest levels. Details: Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Kennedy School, 2018. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 9, 2019 at: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/research-initiatives/crisisleadership/files/ORourke_Leonard_OperatingAtTheSpeedOfChallenge_web20180611.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.aipm.gov.au/engage/article/operating-speed-challenge Shelf Number: 154369 Keywords: Command and Control Community Relationships Incident Law Enforcement Police Policing

Author: Richardson, Rashida Title: Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice Summary: Law enforcement agencies are increasingly using algorithmic predictive policing systems to forecast criminal activity and allocate police resources. Yet in numerous jurisdictions, these systems are built on data produced within the context of flawed, racially fraught and sometimes unlawful practices ('dirty policing'). This can include systemic data manipulation, falsifying police reports, unlawful use of force, planted evidence, and unconstitutional searches. These policing practices shape the environment and the methodology by which data is created, which leads to inaccuracies, skews, and forms of systemic bias embedded in the data ('dirty data'). Predictive policing systems informed by such data cannot escape the legacy of unlawful or biased policing practices that they are built on. Nor do claims by predictive policing vendors that these systems provide greater objectivity, transparency, or accountability hold up. While some systems offer the ability to see the algorithms used and even occasionally access to the data itself, there is no evidence to suggest that vendors independently or adequately assess the impact that unlawful and bias policing practices have on their systems, or otherwise assess how broader societal biases may affect their systems. In our research, we examine the implications of using dirty data with predictive policing, and look at jurisdictions that (1) have utilized predictive policing systems and (2) have done so while under government commission investigations or federal court monitored settlements, consent decrees, or memoranda of agreement stemming from corrupt, racially biased, or otherwise illegal policing practices. In particular, we examine the link between unlawful and biased police practices and the data used to train or implement these systems across thirteen case studies. We highlight three of these: (1) Chicago, an example of where dirty data was ingested directly into the city's predictive system; (2) New Orleans, an example where the extensive evidence of dirty policing practices suggests an extremely high risk that dirty data was or will be used in any predictive policing application, and (3) Maricopa County where despite extensive evidence of dirty policing practices, lack of transparency and public accountability surrounding predictive policing inhibits the public from assessing the risks of dirty data within such systems. The implications of these findings have widespread ramifications for predictive policing writ large. Deploying predictive policing systems in jurisdictions with extensive histories of unlawful police practices presents elevated risks that dirty data will lead to flawed, biased, and unlawful predictions which in turn risk perpetuating additional harm via feedback loops throughout the criminal justice system. Thus, for any jurisdiction where police have been found to engage in such practices, the use of predictive policing in any context must be treated with skepticism and mechanisms for the public to examine and reject such systems are imperative. Details: Unpublished paper, 2019. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 19, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3333423 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3333423 Shelf Number: 154662 Keywords: Civil Rights Police Data Police Misconduct Policing Predictive Policing Racial Bias

Author: Capers, I. Bennett Title: Afrofuturism, Critical Race Theory, and Policing in the Year 2044 Summary: In 2044, the United States is projected to become a "majority-minority" country, with people of color making up more than half of the population. And yet in the public imagination-from Robocop to Minority Report, from Star Trek to Star Wars, from A Clockwork Orange to 1984 to Brave New World - the future is usually envisioned as majority white. What might the future look like in year 2044, when people of color make up the majority in terms of numbers, or in the ensuing years, when they also wield the majority of political and economic power? And specifically, what might policing look like? This Article attempts to answer these questions by examining how artists, cybertheorists, and speculative scholars of color-Afrofuturists and Critical Race Theorists-have imagined the future. What can we learn from Afrofuturism, the term given to "speculative fiction that treats African-American themes and addresses African-American concerns [in the context of] techno culture?" And what can we learn from Critical Race Theory and its "father" Derrick Bell, who famously wrote of space explorers to examine issues of race and law? What do they imagine policing to be, and what can we imagine policing to be in a brown and black world? Details: New York: Brooklyn Law School, 2019. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Brooklyn Law School, Legal Studies Paper No. 586: Accessed April 25, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3331295 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3331295 Shelf Number: 155511 Keywords: African Americans Big Data Critical Race Theory Fourth Amendment Policing Surveillance

Author: American Civil Liberties Union of DC Title: Racial Disparities in D.C. Policing: Descriptive Evidence from 2013-2017 Summary: Racial disparities pervade criminal justice systems across the country; Washington, D.C. is no exception. The District of Columbia's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) recently provided extensive arrest data for the years 2013 to 2017 in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Open the Government and ACLU-DC. An examination of that data by the ACLU Analytics Team revealed a pattern of disproportionate arrests of Black people that persists across geographic areas and offense types. It also showed that MPD arrests thousands of people every year for relatively minor offenses. This report analyzes these trends and proposes steps for addressing them. Details: Washington, DC: American Civil Liberties Union of DC, 2019. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 7, 2019 at: https://www.acludc.org/en/racial-disparities-dc-policing-descriptive-evidence-2013-2017 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.acludc.org/en/racial-disparities-dc-policing-descriptive-evidence-2013-2017 Shelf Number: 156213 Keywords: Arrests Law Enforcement Policing Racial Disparities Racial Profiling Racism

Author: Betts, Peter Title: Home Office Police Front Line Review: Workshops with Police Officers and Police Staff Summary: Background: In 2018 the Home Office initiated the Front Line Review of Policing (subsequently referred to as the Review), to provide police officers, police staff and Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) throughout England and Wales an opportunity to share their ideas for change and improvement in policing. The Review consisted of several workstreams of primary and secondary research and engagement activities. The activities included a series of workshops with frontline police officers and staff from all police forces in England and Wales. The Home Office asked the Office for National Statistics (ONS) to conduct these workshops, providing the Review with independent qualitative research expertise. Objectives: The objectives of the workshops were to explore the front line's views and experiences relating to the four pillars of the Review - wellbeing, professional development, leadership and innovation - and gather their suggestions for changes to improve the working lives of officers and staff. The themes identified in this research would be used by the Home Office and wider policing partners to develop policy recommendations. Topics not in the scope of the Review included pay and resourcing, with other work being done to address these challenges. This report forms one appendix to the overall Review report document. The other appendix documents include a Home Office Technical Annex, an evidence review and academic papers. Note that in addition to this full report on the workshops, there is a summary report. Details: London: Office for National Statistics, 2019. 225p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2019 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/815103/flr-workshops-with-police-officers-and-staff-full-report.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/front-line-policing-review Shelf Number: 156944 Keywords: Law Enforcement Police Community Support Officers Police Officers Police Staff Policing

Author: Betts, Peter Title: Home Office Police Front Line Review: Workshops with Police Officers and Police Staff - Summary Report Summary: Background: In 2018 the Home Office initiated the Front Line Review of Policing (subsequently referred to as the Review), to provide police officers, police staff and Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) throughout England and Wales an opportunity to share their ideas for change and improvement in policing. The Review's research and engagement activities included a series of workshops with frontline police officers and staff from all police forces in England and Wales, conducted by the Office for National Statistics (ONS). The workshop objectives were to explore views and experiences relating to four pillars - wellbeing, professional development, leadership and innovation - and gather suggestions for changes to improve the working lives of officers and staff. The findings would be used by the Home Office and wider policing partners to develop policy recommendations. Topics not in the scope of the Review included pay and resourcing, with other work being done to address these issues. This summary report provides a high level overview of the workshop participants' experiences, views and suggestions for change relating to the themes discussed. The full report provides comprehensive details of the findings. Details: London: Office for National Statistics, 2019. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2019 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/815254/flr-workshops-with-police-and-staff-summary-chapter.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/front-line-policing-review Shelf Number: 156945 Keywords: Law Enforcement Police Community Support Officers Police Officers Police Staff Policing

Author: Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the RCMP Title: Chairperson-Initiated Complaint and Public Interest Investigation regarding Policing in Northern British Columbia: Chairperson's Final Report after Commissioner's Response Summary: BACKGROUND: Concerns have been raised in recent years by individuals, and human rights and civil liberties organizations, about policing in northern British Columbia. A number of reports have been released, including a 2011 report by the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, the 2012 report of the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry, led by the Honourable Wally T. Oppal, and a 2013 report by Human Rights Watch. These reports, as well as specific police-related incidents in northern British Columbia, garnered significant media and public attention. CHAIRPERSON-INITIATED COMPLAINT: On May 15, 2013, in consideration of the concerns raised by human rights and civil liberties organizations with respect to policing in northern British Columbia and the specific police-related incidents in the area, the then Interim Chair (now Chairperson) of the Commission for Public Complaints Against the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (now the Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, hereinafter "the Commission") initiated a complaint and public interest investigation into the conduct of RCMP members involved in carrying out policing duties in northern British Columbia. Details: S.L.: Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police), 2017. 220p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2019 at: https://www.crcc-ccetp.gc.ca/pdf/northernBC-finR-en.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Canada URL: http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.852204/publication.html Shelf Number: 155904 Keywords: Civil Liberties Complaints Human Rights Police Behavior Police Misconduct Police-Citizen Interactions Police-Community Relations Policing

Author: Corruption Watch Title: Corruption in Uniform: When Cops Become Criminals Summary: We live in a time where we have to keep our guard up every living moment and it seems farfetched to think of a time in history where the momentary lapse in concentration was forgivable. These days, if you relax your vigilance in South Africa, you may well become a crime statistic. For those who can afford it, their troubled minds find comfort in the knowledge that their loved ones, belongings and premises are protected by a well-paid security corporation. The privileged among us know that every mobile phone in their possession is configured with a panic button, outside walls bear a buzzer and camera for guests or pests to announce themselves, entrances and exits are remotely accessed, fences are wired with live copper, and neighbourhood streets are patrolled by armed guards in vehicles. Meanwhile, the less fortunate, the downtrodden, the poorest, are resigned to believing that the ever-thinning veil of the South African Police Service (Saps), with 1,146 stations manned by almost 193,300 men and women, will protect everyone, regardless of class, race, gender or sexual orientation, against crime and corruption. This is despite the fact that the very same institution's conscience may still be battling past demons, when it operated as a paramilitary force to subjugate the majority of citizens. Its present-day reputation also leaves much to be desired as it is rocked year in and year out by scandals of impropriety, shady dealings with the criminal world, and patronage steeped in political factionalism. For this reason, our first edition of the sectoral report focuses on policing. We, as Corruption Watch, wish to share with you a snapshot of the corruption reports we have received since inception in early 2012 up to the end of 2018, wherein ordinary people have spoken out against the questionable actions of Saps. It is a tragic story to tell, but it is one that needs to be heard because, as much as it is our mandate as a civil society organisation to collect these accounts, so too must we ensure that these accounts find expression in our multifaceted advocacy approaches. We firmly believe that when these issues are taken seriously and all people's complaints are treated fairly, justly and equally, it will lead to the restoration of the police system in South Africa. Hence, as we work towards our goal, we should not only ensure that all complaints receive a uniformly attentive approach, but also take a uniform stance against corruption, working with the same objectives in mind. Details: Johannesburg, South Africa: Corruption Watch, 2019. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2019 at: https://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Police-sectoral-report-June2019.pdf Year: 2019 Country: South Africa URL: https://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Police-sectoral-report-June2019.pdf Shelf Number: 157061 Keywords: Citizen Complaint Corruption Police Behavior Police Misconduct Policing

Author: Hollywood, John Title: Fostering Innovation to Respond to Top Challenges in Law Enforcement Summary: An expert workshop of law enforcement executives and researchers identified several high-priority needs with respect to challenges and issues facing law enforcement. According to the panel members, law enforcement should - identify and assess the existing and proposed best practices for physical, mental, and emotional support opportunities for law enforcement officers, families, and agencies; - develop early identification and intervention systems that can help agencies and officers get ahead of potential problems; - conduct research to identify what the sources of stress are and their likely impact on officer health and wellness; - conduct research to identify how public-sentiment monitoring tools and services, along with appropriate law enforcement interventions, can best be used to improve police-community relations; - develop systems to automate and accelerate review of evidence and generation of reports; - conduct realistic street-level research into interaction skills that are rooted in the practical reality of how most law enforcement scenarios evolve; - conduct research to identify the sets of skills, abilities, and experiences that are most useful to have in today's policing environment; - develop a continually updated inventory of law enforcement information analysis tools. This process should also highlight gaps in the available tools. Details: Santa Monica, California: RAND Corporation, 2019. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 3, 2019 at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2900/RR2930/RAND_RR2930.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2930.html Shelf Number: 158118 Keywords: Community Engagement Law Enforcement Mental Health Police Officer Wellness Police-Community Relations Policing