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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 2:42 am
Time: 2:42 am
Results for prohibition
3 results foundAuthor: Owens, Emily G. Title: The Birth of the Organized Crime? The American Temperance Movement and Market-Based Violence Summary: Economic theory and anecdotal evidence suggest that the absence of formal contract enforcement increases systemic, or market-based, violence in illegal markets. Lack of substantial variation in market legality has prevented empirical evaluation of the strength of this association. Using a state-level panel of age-specific homicide rates between 1900 and 1940, I demonstrate that criminalization of alcohol markets led to a compression of the age distribution of homicide victims. Specifically, homicide rates for individuals between the ages of 20 and 30 increased relative to homicide rates for individuals under 20 and over 30. The compression of the age distribution of homicide victims was most evident in northern states and in states with large immigrant and urban populations. Using modern homicide data, I show that this age specific change in homicide rates is consistent with an increase in systemic violence, supporting the argument that the temperance movement contributed to the rise of organized crime in the United States. Banning the commercial sale of alcohol appears to have had a protective effect for children and mature adults, but this came at the expense of increasing the rate of violence among young adults. Details: Unpublished paper, 2011. 43p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 10, 2012 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1865347 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1865347 Shelf Number: 124912 Keywords: Alcohol Related CrimeHomicideIllegal MarketsOrganized CrimeProhibitionViolent Crime |
Author: Fernandez, Jose Title: Breaking Bad: Are Meth Labs Justified in Dry Counties? Summary: This paper examines the influence of local alcohol prohibition on the prevalence of methamphetamine labs. Using multiple sources of data for counties in Kentucky, we compare various measures of meth manufacturing in wet, moist, and dry counties. Our preferred estimates address the endogeneity of local alcohol policies by using as instrumental variables data on religious affiliations in the 1930s, when most local-option votes took place. Alcohol prohibition status is influenced by the percentage of the population that is Baptist, consistent with the "bootleggers and Baptists" model. Our results suggest that the number of meth lab seizures in Kentucky would decrease by 24.4 percent if all counties became wet. Details: Louisville, KY: University of Louisville, 2015. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2650484 Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2650484 Shelf Number: 138605 Keywords: Drugs Methamphetamines Prohibition |
Author: Rathod, Jayesh Title: Distilling Americans: The Legacy of Prohibition on U.S. Immigration Law Summary: Since the early twentieth century, federal immigration law has targeted noncitizens believed to engage in excessive alcohol consumption by prohibiting their entry or limiting their ability to obtain citizenship and other benefits. The first specific mention of alcohol-related behavior appeared in the Immigration Act of 1917, which called for the exclusion of "persons with chronic alcoholism" seeking to enter the United States. Several decades later, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 specified that any noncitizen who "is or was . . . a habitual drunkard" was per se lacking in good moral character, and hence ineligible for naturalization. Although the "chronic alcoholism" provision was eventually removed from the grounds of exclusion, the habitual drunkard clause remains part of the statute, vexing both scholars and practitioners, and casting a shadow over many different forms of relief. This Article uncovers the complex history of the habitual drunkard clause and similar alcohol-related norms in U.S. immigration law. In so doing, the Article explores a more transcendent question: how do we explain the preoccupation with non-citizen drunkenness in U.S. immigration law and in the immigration system at large? To guide both inquiries, the Article describes changing perceptions of alcohol use in U.S. history, from colonial times, to the Prohibition Era, to the present. To accompany this historical overview, the Article describes the legal regulation of drunkenness and alcohol-related behavior, uncovering its muddled normative foundations. The Article argues that different iterations of alcohol-related regulation since the nation's founding - including, most notably, the Prohibition Era - have operated as forms of social, economic, and/or political control over non-citizens. Indeed, a complex set of factors has fueled these laws, including entrenched fears and stereotypes about immigrants, the desire to advance particular values and a vision of society, race - and class-based animus, and the simple preservation of power. These subterranean concerns continue to nourish narratives about immigrant alcohol use and its resulting ills - narratives that have captured the public consciousness, but are often untethered from empirical reality. Having detailed the history and complexity of alcohol-related norms in U.S. immigration law, the Article examines the present-day utility of the habitual drunkard clause, a provision that has endured for more than six decades. The Article urges the elimination of the clause in light of contemporary understandings of alcohol use and complementary provisions in immigration law that screen for alcohol dependence and related conduct. This legislative fix, while important, is an initial step in curbing the broader legacy of Prohibition, which persists today in the exercise of discretion in immigration enforcement, adjudication in immigration courts, and in recurring legislative proposals targeting immigrant alcohol use. Details: Washington, DC: American University Washington College of Law, 2014. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 24, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2396061 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2396061 Shelf Number: 152868 Keywords: Alcohol Drunkenness Immigration Migration Prohibition |