Transaction Search Form: please type in any of the fields below.
Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:27 pm
Time: 8:27 pm
Results for reintegration
41 results foundAuthor: Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi Title: A Research Note: The Socio-Spatial Consequences of Inmate Release in New York City Summary: This Research Note addresses an identified research void on inmate release by examining the role of space in the resettlement of individuals who are exiting correctional facilities and are returning to urban neighborhoods. This paper focuses on those individuals who are resettling, with the aim of illuminating the potential consequences of spatial movements for individual social outcomes. Details: New York: Center for Urban Research and Policy, Columbia University, 2007 Source: Spatial Information Design Lab, Columbia University; The Open Society Institute Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 116211 Keywords: InmatesReintegrationSpatial Analysis |
Author: Braga, Anthony A. Title: Controlling Violent Offenders Released to the Community: An Evaluation of the Boston Reentry Initiative Summary: The Boston Reentry Initiative (BRI) is an interagency initiative to help transition violent adult offenders released from the local jail back to their Boston neighborhoods through mentoring, social service assistance, and vocational development. This study uses a quasi-experimental design and survival analyses to evaluate the effects of the BRI on the subsequent recidivism of program participants relative to an equivalent control group. The study found that the BRI was associated with significant reductions -- on the order of 30 percent -- in the overall and violent arrest failure rates. Details: Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government and the Rappaport Institute for Greater Boston, 2008. 24p. Source: Accessed May 8, 2018 at: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/braga_BRI_final.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/rappaport/files/braga_BRI_final.pdf Shelf Number: 116690 Keywords: MentoringPrisoner ReentryRecidivismReintegrationViolent Offenders (Boston)Vocation Education and Training |
Author: Lattimore, Pamela K. Title: Prisoner Reentry Experiences of Adult Males: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Participants in the SVORI Multi-site Evaluation Summary: The Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) funded 69 agencies in 2003 to develop programs to improve criminal justice, employment, education, health, and housing outcomes for released prisoners. This report presents findings for the adult male participants in 12 programs selected for the impact evaluation (863 SVORI participants; 834 comparison men). Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2009. 153p., app. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 116309 Keywords: Prisoner ReentryRehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Lattimore, Pamela K. Title: The Multi-site Evaluation of SVORI: Summary and Synthesis Summary: The Serious and Violent Reentry Initiative (SVORI) funded 69 agencies in 2003 to develop programs to improve criminal justice, employment, education, health and housing outcomes for released prisons. This report provides an overview of all findings from the SVORI Multi-site Evaluation. Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2009. 138p., app. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117307 Keywords: Prisoner ReentryRehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Hawkins, Stephanie R. Title: Reentry Experiences of Confined Juvenile Offenders: Characteristics, Service Receipt, and Outcomes of Juvenile Male Participants in the SVORI Multi-site Evaluation Summary: This report presents SVORI Multi-site Evaluation findings from the pre-release and post-release interviews conducted with released juveniles in four impact sites. It describes the characteristics, service receipt, and outcomes on juvenile males who participated in the SVORI evaluation. Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International, 2009. 138p., app. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 117856 Keywords: Juvenile OffendersMale Juvenile OffendersReentry (Juvenile Offenders)RehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Visher, Christy A. Title: Life after Prison: Tracking the Experiences of Male Prisoners Returning to Chicago, Cleveland, and Houston Summary: This research brief describes the experiences of 652 male prisoners in Illinois, Ohio, and Texas, who participated in the Urban Institute's longitudinal study of prisoner reentry, Returning Home: Understanding the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. The men were surveyed shortly before release from prison and interviewed two times following their release -- at two and seven months after release. This research brief describes characteristics of the men and their reentry experiences - including program participation, housing, family relationship, substance use, employment, reoffending, and reincarceration. The brief also summarizes findings from previoius Returning Home reports regarding predictors of reintegration outcomes. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2010. 6p. Source: Internet Resource; Research Brief, May 2010 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118741 Keywords: Employment of Ex-OffendersLongitudinal StudiesPrisoner ReentryReintegrationReoffending |
Author: McAlinden, Anne-Marie Title: Employment Opportunities and Community Re-integration of Sex Offenders in Northern Ireland Summary: This report considers employment opportunities and community re-integration of sex offenders in Northern Ireland. The report looks first at the international and national literature on employment opportunities and community reintegration of sex offenders, before turning to consider Northern Ireland as a specific case study. Details: Belfast: Northern Ireland Office, Statistics and Research Branch, 2009. 75p. Source: Internet Resource; NIO Research and Statistical Series; Report No. 20 Year: 2009 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 118699 Keywords: Employment, Ex-OffendersRehabilitationReintegrationSex Offenders |
Author: West, John Marcus Title: Training Offenders for Life and Work: An Assessment of Texas' Project RIO (Reintegration of Offenders) Summary: The first purpose of this study is to describe the ideal characteristics of a model offender reintegration program based on a review of the literature. The second purpose is to conduct a limited case study and assess Texas’ Project RIO (Reintegration of Offenders) using the ideal characteristics. The third purpose is to make recommendations that should assist all offender reintegration programs to assist offenders more effectively in the reintegration process. The methodologies used in this limited case study of Project RIO include document and archival analysis. The document and archival analysis include a collection of reports published by Project RIO’s operating agencies and several independent reports. Overall, Project RIO does not adhere to the practical ideal type model developed through the literature. Project RIO could improve services by: increasing requirements regarding participation in life skills and educational programming; adding a reintegrative focus to the intake assessment of the offender; creating a method for diverting offenders from a return to prison for technical violations; and developing a method for offenders to earn the reintegration of their rights. Details: San Marcos, TX: Applied Research Projects, Texas State University - San Marcos, 2007. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Paper 257: Accessed March 11, 2011 at: http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/257 Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/257 Shelf Number: 120975 Keywords: Correctional ProgramsOffenders (Texas)ReentryRehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Cnaan, Ram A. Title: Assessing Philadelphia’s Social Service Capacity for Ex-Prisoner Reentry Summary: This report presents a portrait of prisoner reentry services and needs for the City of Philadelphia. The people who need re-entry services • Every year some 40,000 people are released to Philadelphia from federal, state, and local prisons/jails. Over the years, some of them are repeating this cycle of incarceration and release. When they move back to the community, they are in need of social and human help for a long period of time. We estimate that at any given time there are 200,000 to 400,000 ex-prisoners who are in need of some kind of help. • The majority of the ex-prisoners are male (85%) and African American (70%). In Philadelphia, only 44 percent of the population is African American. • Neighborhoods with the highest numbers of those returning from prison and jail are Fairhill, North Central, Kingsessing, Frankford, Richmond, Cobbs Creek, and Tioga. These neighborhoods had more than 800 ex-prisoners return home in 2005 and accounted for more than a third of the ex-offenders mapped. (For the neighborhoods with the highest ratio and/or number of ex-prisoners, see Map 1) The serving organizations • Based on a list of 2,100 organizations, 924 were found not to exist or not to serve ex-prisoners; 487 were duplicates, and 150 refused or were inaccessible. • There were 539 organizations surveyed in this study that knowingly served ex-prisoners or had no restriction to serving them with an additional 221 service locations that provide services under the organizational structure of some of these 539 organizations. • A slight majority (52.1 %) of the organizations (281) served ex-offenders, while 47.8 percent (258) did not serve ex-offenders, but had no restrictions to doing so. • Each organization identified a primary provider type: faith-based – 16.7 percent; mental/behavioral health – 14.3 percent; employment and education – about 11 percent; HIV alcohol/substance abuse treatment, housing, and HIV/AIDS/primary healthcare, all about 10 percent; advocacy/legal and other, both around 7 percent. • Organizations that provide social and supportive services served, on average, about 5,147 clients in 2006. This number includes both those that served ex-prisoners and those that did not. This high average implies that many people in Philadelphia receive services from multiple providers. However, there little inter-agency coordination. Distribution of Services • The heaviest concentrations (nearly a third) of organizations which provide social and supportive services to ex-prisoners are in the Center City (East and West), Riverfront, and University City neighborhood-area. • The distribution of organizations available to serve ex-prisoners and the community at large is inadequate. For example, in Fairhill, which is among those neighborhoods with the highest count and density of ex-offenders, there are only seven organizations that were available to serve 1,101 ex-prisoners returning in 2005 (and many more from previous years) who reside among 16,919 adult residents. Details: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, School of Social Policy & Practice, 2007. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://www.phila.gov/reentry/pdfs/research_study.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.phila.gov/reentry/pdfs/research_study.pdf Shelf Number: 111154 Keywords: Community ServicesPrisoner Reentry (Philadelphia)Reintegration |
Author: Haas, Stephen M. Title: The Impact of Correctional Orientation on Support for the Offender Reentry Initiative Summary: Over 600,000 prisoners are released from prisons and jails each year in the US. Of these released prisoners, approximately two-thirds will be reincarcerated within three years of their release. The sheer number of offenders admitted and released from correctional institutions each year, coupled with statistics on recidivism among released offenders, has renewed interest in offender reentry and reintegration programming across the nation and here at home. As a result, West Virginia recently implemented a comprehensive strategy designed to better prepare offenders for release from prison and assist them as they reintegrate back into their communities. Implemented in July 2004, the West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative (WVORI) is designed to provide a continuum of reentry services to offenders as they transition from prison to the community. To better prepare prisoners for release and reintegration into the community, the West Virginia Division of Corrections (WVDOC) worked to develop and implement a comprehensive, new prescriptive case management system. The newly developed case management system incorporates the use of empirically-based offender assessment and classification tools as well as innovative prisoner programs and services. This report is the first in a series of research publications designed to convey the results of an ongoing process evaluation of the WVORI. The central purpose of the process evaluation is to systematically evaluate the WVORI in terms of both coverage and delivery. That is, to determine the extent to which the offender reentry initiative is reaching its intended target population and to assess the degree of congruence between the reentry program plan and actual service delivery. In short, this research is designed to ascertain the degree to which the WVORI has been fully implemented in accordance with the WV Offender Reentry Program Plan developed by the WVDOC. This first report focuses on one key aspect of program implementation — the level of support for the WVORI among WVDOC correctional staff. More specific, the research examines the influence of various demographic and employment characteristics as well as the impact of correctional staff attitudes and orientation on support for the WVORI. As a result, this report underscores the degree to which those who are charged with implementing the WVORI actually support it and sheds light on the factors that may shape correctional staff's level of support. Details: Charleston WV: Mountain State Criminal Justice Research Services, 2005. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative: Report 1: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/evaluation/program-corrections/wv-impact.pdf Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/evaluation/program-corrections/wv-impact.pdf Shelf Number: 123429 Keywords: Prisoner Reentry (West Virginia)RecidivismRehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Haas, Stephen M. Title: Implementation of the West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative: An Examination of Staff Attitudes and the Application of the LSI-R Summary: Preparing prisoners for release continues to be of utmost importance to many jurisdictions in the United States. This is partly due to a sustained increase in prison populations across the country. Over the past decade, the number of persons incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails rose from 1.6 million in 1995 to over 2.1 million persons by midyear 2005 (Harris and Beck, 2006). A consequence to this growth has been a greater number of inmates being released from correctional facilities each year. Although admissions to state correctional facilities continue to outpace releases, there has been a sustained increase in the number of prisoners released over the past several decades. Moreover, according to figures released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), this trend has continued since 2000. In a recent BJS publication on incarceration, Harris and Beck (2006) report that 672,202 prisoners were released from state prisons in 2004, up from 604,858 in 2000. This translates into an increase of 11.1% in the number of inmates released from state prisons over this five year period. Moreover, it is estimated that roughly half of all these prisoners will be reincarcerated within three years of their release (Langan and Levin, 2002). West Virginia has contributed to the national trend in prison population growth over the past decade. In fact, WV had one of the fastest growing prison populations in the nation in recent years. According to a recent report published by the BJS, WV was ranked third in the nation with an average annual growth rate of 8.2% between 1995 and 2004 (Harrison and Beck, 2005; 2006). As a result, WV's state prison population reached 5,312 inmates at the end of 2005. Moreover, the state's prison population is forecasted to continue growing at a rate of 3.2% per a year on average, reaching 6,010 inmates in 2009. As the prison population in WV continues to grow, the need for effective reentry programming and postrelease supervision becomes even more salient. This is primarily due to the large number of serious, highrisk offenders being released into communities across the state every year. In 2005, the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS) estimated that 2,157 inmates were released from WVDOC custody, up from 1,278 in 2000. As a result, the state of WV experienced a 68.8% increase in the number of prisoners released from WVDOC custody between 2000 and 2005 (Lester and Haas, 2006). Such increases have led to a record number of offenders being released to parole supervision in the state. In a single year, the number of offenders released from WVDOC custody to parole services increased by 35.6%. Between 2004 and 2005, the number of inmates paroled in WV increased from 773 to 1,048 inmates. Thus, nearly one-half (48.6%) of the 2,157 inmates released from WVDOC custody in 2005 were released on parole (Lester and Haas, 2005). Additionally, with a recent increase in the number of parole board hearings as well as continued growth in the number of WVDOC commitments and admissions, these release trends are expected to continue for some time into the future. Against this backdrop, the WVDOC began implementing a new offender reentry program across the state in 2004. The West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative (WVORI) provides a continuum of services to offenders as they transition from prison to the community. To provide a systematic mechanism for the delivery of transitional services, the WVDOC developed a new case management system that incorporates the use of empirically-based offender assessments as well as innovative prisoner programs and services. WVDOC's Prescriptive Case Management System (PCMS) is designed to enhance inmate readiness for release by prescribing institutional programming and transitional services based on the individual needs of offenders. WVDOC's approach to offender reentry is guided by a body of research that is generally known as the "what works" literature. This literature describes a series of evidence-based practices that have come to be known as the principles of effective correctional intervention. These principles identify various characteristics of effective treatment programs, including aspects of proper program implementation and service or treatment delivery. Moreover, this research views the assessment of offender risk and needs as the first step in identifying appropriate interventions and the development of effective treatment and supervision plans. As a result, the assessment of offender risk and needs serves as the foundation for the WVDOC's PCMS. However, the implementation of a new program is a complex endeavor — even if the new program is rooted in sound, evidence-based practices. Many barriers or impediments to implementation can come into play when an organization begins to launch a new initiative. In the implementation of any new program or approach, it is necessary to obtain agency-wide commitment. An organization must work to get staff buy-in and ensure that staff are adequately trained on the system and processes. In addition, it is critical that an agency ensure that staff can appropriately apply and implement the strategies or approaches that make up the new program (Street, 2004). Research has consistently shown that the proper implementation of programs is critical for achieving positive outcomes. For instance, those programs or interventions that depart substantially from the principles known to inform effective correctional programming are much less likely to observe reductions in recidivism (Hubbard and Latessa, 2004; Lowenkamp and Latessa, 2005; Wilson and Davis, 2006). As Rhine, Mawhorr, and Parks (2006: 348) point out, "If a program has been unable to adhere to the salient principles in a substantive meaningful way, the expectation of observing a significant decrease in reoffending is predictably diminished." Such departures include the failure to properly assess offenders using valid risk and needs assessments, the inability to maintain staff buyin or conformity to the new approach, and the inability to provide adequate training, monitoring and supervision of staff responsible for administering the program (Rhine et al., 2006). Given that staff such as case managers, counselors, and parole officers interact with prisoners on a daily basis, it is critical that they are supportive of new organizational initiatives and are adequately equipped to perform the tasks necessary for proper implementation. Research has consistently shown that staff have the capacity to influence the success or failure of any initiative undertaken by a correctional organization (Cameron and Wren, 1999; Flores, Russell, Latessa, and Travis, 2005; Cagan and Hewitt-Taylor, 2004; Moon and Swaffin-Smith, 1998). Thus, this process evaluation focuses on the impact of both staff attitudes and performance on the implementation of the WVORI. More specifically, this study examines two factors known to influence the successful implementation of programs — the attitudes of correctional staff and the reliable and valid application of offender risk and needs assessments to inform case planning and programming decisions. Details: Charleston, WV: Mountain State Criminal Justice Research Services, 2006. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative: Report II: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/evaluation/program-corrections/wv-implementation.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/BJA/evaluation/program-corrections/wv-implementation.pdf Shelf Number: 123430 Keywords: Corrections OfficersPrisoner ReentryRehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Haas, Stephen M. Title: The Use of Core Correctional Practices in Offender Reentry: The Delivery of Service Delivery and Prisoner Preparedness for Release Summary: The substantial increase in incarceration in West Virginia and across the nation over the past two decades has turned the attention of policymakers toward the consequences of releasing large numbers of prisoners back into society. As prison populations continue to rise, more and more offenders are making the transition from prison to the community every day. The U.S. prison population continues to grow at startling rates each year. According to a recent publication released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), the number of persons incarcerated in U.S. prisons and jails reached a record high of 2,186,230 inmates by midyear 2005 (Harrison and Beck, 2006). This record number of persons in our nation’s prisons and jails has resulted in more prisoners than ever before being released from incarceration. In 2004, 672,202 sentenced inmates were released from state prisons in the U.S., resulting in an increase of 11.1% since 2000 (Harrison and Beck, 2006). WV has also experienced tremendous growth in the number of inmates confined in state correctional facilities. Between 1995 and 2005, WV had the second fastest growing prison population in the nation. As of December 2005, WV’s correctional population was over two and one-half times its size in 1993 (Lester and Haas, 2006). At the end of 2006, a record 5,312 prisoners comprised WV’s state correctional population. With the ever growing prison population, however, there is increased pressure on the part of prison administrators and parole board members to get offenders out of custody and into the community. As a consequence, this has led to a greater number of releases and has further highlighted the need to identify effective reentry strategies and services. Both parole grant rates and the number of prisoners being released from state prisons in WV have increased in recent years. Between 2004 and 2005, there was a 10.0% increase in the number of cases being granted parole, which was the largest percent increase in parole grant rates since 2000 (Lester and Haas, 2006). The growth in the prison population, coupled with the increase in parole grant rates, has resulted in many more prisoners being released into our communities. In fact, in the first half of this decade the number of prisoners released from WVDOC custody increased by 68.8%, from 1,336 inmates released in 2000 to 2,157 in 2005 (Lester and Haas, 2006). The sheer number of WV prisoners reentering society has further underscored the need for effective transitional services. Prior research has shown that upon release from prison, these ex-offenders will encounter many barriers to successful reintegration as they try to reenter society. These barriers to reentry can manifest themselves in seemingly basic or practical needs of offenders (e.g., having social security cards reissued, obtaining a driver’s license, securing social or veteran benefits, etc.) or more arduous problems associated with mental illness or substance abuse issues. Unfortunately, the extent to which offenders are successful in dealing with these known barriers to reintegration will ultimately determine whether or not they will return to the criminal justice system. As a result, the West Virginia Division of Corrections (WVDOC) developed a comprehensive offender reentry program with the anticipation that it would significantly reduce the number of barriers that offenders will have to face upon release and thereby increase their chances for successful reintegration. The West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative (WVORI) is designed to provide a continuum of reentry services to offenders as they transition from prison to the community. Similar to other reentry programs, a key aspect of the WVORI is its focus on providing transitional services to inmates preparing for release. While offender reentry services begin as the inmate is admitted into the institution, this report centers on the community-based transition phase. During the transitional phase of the WVORI, correctional staff work closely with each other and the inmate to provide prerelease services in an effort to prepare the offender for release while identifying available community resources and programs to address the individual offender’s needs after release. Thus, a central purpose of the current study is to examine the extent to which these services are reaching a sample of prisoners nearing release. As part of a broader process evaluation, however, this report is equally interested in examining the quality of services that are being provided to inmates. While many researchers rush to examine whether reentry programs will lead to reductions in recidivism, there is also an enduring need to study whether these programs are being delivered in a manner that can be expected to work (i.e., reduce recidivism). Indeed, there is a growing body of research which illustrates that how things are done may be as important as what is done. In fact, emerging empirical evidence suggests that how correctional services are delivered can have a substantive effect on offender outcomes (Leschied, 2000). Accordingly, this report also examines how reentry services are being delivered to a sample of soon-to-be-released prisoners. Details: Charleston, WV: Mountain State Criminal Justice Research Services, 2007. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: West Virginia Offender Reentry Initiative: Report III: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 123431 Keywords: Prisoner ReentryRehabilitationReintegration |
Author: South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children Title: Rapid Assessment of Existing Practices and Mechanisms Concerning Rescue, Recovery and Reintegration of Child Victims of Trafficking between India and Bangladesh Summary: This rapid assessment examined the processes and mechanisms currently in place for the withdrawal, documentation, family tracing, repatriation, recovery and reintegration of trafficked Bangladeshi children in India, with particular attention to the protection and well-being of the child while in the care of India and Bangladesh government and NGOs. This is a process assessment, and does not investigate the policy considerations, legal implications or judicial proceedings in either Bangladesh or India that surround the issue. Details: Nepal: South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children, Undated. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 31, 2012 at http://www.saievac.info/editor_uploads/File/UNICEF%20DOCS/01%20RRRI%20Rapid%20Assessment.pdf Year: 0 Country: International URL: http://www.saievac.info/editor_uploads/File/UNICEF%20DOCS/01%20RRRI%20Rapid%20Assessment.pdf Shelf Number: 123915 Keywords: BangladeshChild TraffickingChildren, Crimes AgainstIndiaReintegration |
Author: Grella, Christine Title: Female Offender Treatment and Employment Project (FOTEP) Final Evaluation Report FY 2003-2006 Summary: The Female Offender Treatment and Employment Project (FOTEP) was initiated in 1999, following legislation requiring the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) to provide intensive training and counseling services for female parolees. The goal of FOTEP is to assist female parolees in their successful reintegration into the community following their completion of an in-prison therapeutic community substance abuse program (SAP) and discharge from prison. The FOTEP aims to promote recovery, to improve parenting skills and foster family reunification, and to assist participants in entering the workforce. Details: California Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation, 2008. 10p. Source: FOTEP Final Evaluation Report, FY03-06 DRAFT: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2012 at http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/DARS/docs/FOTEP_EvalRpt_06.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/DARS/docs/FOTEP_EvalRpt_06.pdf Shelf Number: 125245 Keywords: Community-based CorrectionsFemale Offenders (California)Parolees (California)ReintegrationVocational Education and Training |
Author: Leshnick, Sukey Soukamneuth Title: Evaluation of the Re-Integration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) Program: Interim Report Summary: The Reintegration of Ex-Offenders (RExO) initiative was launched in 2005 as a joint initiative by the Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (ETA) and the Department of Justice. RExO was set up to strengthen urban communities heavily affected by the challenges associated with high numbers of prisoners seeking to re-enter their communities following the completion of their sentences. It does so by funding employment-focused programs that include mentoring and capitalize on the strengths of faith-based and community organizations (FBCOs). In June 2009, ETA contracted with Social Policy Research Associates (SPR), and its subcontractors MDRC and the National Opinion Research Center (NORC), to conduct a random assignment (RA) impact evaluation of the 24 RExO grantees that had been in operation for more than three years. The RA study largely took place during the fifth year of these grantees' operations. A critical component of this evaluation is an implementation study, which includes two rounds of site visits to each of the 24 RExO grantees and alternative providers in their communities. This report summarizes the key findings from this implementation study; including findings on the community context and general structure of the RExO grantees; their recruitment, intake and enrollment strategies; the RA process itself; the services RExO grantees and their partners provide; the specific partnerships in place to provide services; and the services available through alternative providers (to which comparison group members were referred) in the 24 communities. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor/ETA, 2012. 167p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 14, 2013 at: http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_09.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://wdr.doleta.gov/research/FullText_Documents/ETAOP_2012_09.pdf Shelf Number: 127615 Keywords: Community OrganizationsEx-Offenders, EmploymentFaith-Based OrganizationsOffender Reentry (U.S.)Prisoner ReentryReintegration |
Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: Re/integration of Trafficked Persons: Supporting Economic Empowerment Summary: Meaningful re/integration is a complex and costly undertaking. It requires a full and diverse package of services for the individual (and often also the family) to address the root causes of trafficking as well as the physical, mental and social impacts of their exploitation. Obstacles to sustainable recovery and re/integration for trafficking victims are myriad and often specific to the socio-cultural, economic or political situation in the country where re/integration takes place. Central to any assistance programme must be a victim and human rights centred philosophy with sustainable re/integration as the measure of success. This philosophy lies at the core of the Foundation’s strategy which aims not only to support different models and approaches to re/ integration in different countries but also to analyse the strengths of the various strategies as well as any inhibitors to full re/integration success. This paper is the third of a series that aim to shed light on good practices in the area of re/integration as well as important lessons learned. With its focus on monitoring and evaluation, it addresses one of the most challenging and under-considered aspects of re/integration work. Often perceived simply as paperwork that needs to be done in order to meet donors’ requirements, monitoring and evaluation is put forward here as a major tool to systematise re/integration work and to ensure that assistance is appropriate and effective. Details: Brussels: King Baudouin Foundation; Washington, DC: NEXUS Institute, 2012. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue paper #4: Accessed May 2, 2013 at: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/Re-integration%20of%20trafficked%20persons,%20developing%20m&e%20mechanisms,%20KBF%20&%20NEXUS%202009.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/Re-integration%20of%20trafficked%20persons,%20developing%20m&e%20mechanisms,%20KBF%20&%20NEXUS%202009.pdf Shelf Number: 128604 Keywords: EconomicsHuman TraffickingReintegrationSocioeconomic StatusVictim Services |
Author: Brunovskis, Anette Title: No Place Like Home? Challenges in family reintegration after trafficking Summary: When trafficking exploitation ends, victims face a new set of challenges as they return and integrate into their home environment. A critical aspect is victims’ relationship and interaction with their family. Family provides not only emotional and social support but also (often vital) economic backstopping. Considering and accommodating family dynamics and relationships in reintegration responses has the potential to contribute substantially to more efficient and appropriate assistance and protection. At the same time, there are family tensions and issues, which can serve to undermine the reintegration process. Considering relationships within the family – with parents, children, spouses and so on – is critical in the design of reintegration responses. Moreover, socio-economic vulnerability amongst trafficking victims is well known and one of the main reasons assistance is provided. Multiple vulnerabilities can create additional strain on the family system, which, in turn, diminishes the ability to function as a safety net and a welfare provider. Tensions potentially heighten the victim’s vulnerability as it can lead to family rejection, not serving as a security net and/or not assisting her in a situation of crisis. The two main sources of additional stress on and conflict in families post-trafficking are tied to financial hardship and stigma. This report is based on interviews with victims of trafficking in Albania, Moldova and Serbia. Details: Oslo, Norway: Fafo; Washington, DC: NEXUS Institute, 2012. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 2, 2013 at: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20257/20257.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20257/20257.pdf Shelf Number: 128605 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Albania, Moldova, Serbia)ReintegrationVictim Services |
Author: Bateman, Tim Title: Resettlement of Young People Leaving Custody: Lessons from the literature Summary: This literature review aims to set out the research and practice evidence about effective resettlement services for children and young adults and can be used to inform future policy and practice to ensure service delivery is evidence based. The findings of the review will help to steer the focus of Beyond Youth Custody’s research over the duration of the programme and act as a baseline to assess how our understanding has advanced in terms of what works in facilitating the transition from youth custody to the community and beyond. In addition, the review highlights some examples of good practice, as well as the emerging key principles of effective resettlement provision. This literature review presents the findings of an analysis of research and practice literature about resettlement services for young people when they leave custody. It will act as a baseline to assess how the Youth in Focus delivery projects have advanced our knowledge of what works within youth resettlement following custody. The review also highlights some emerging principles of effective practice that will be useful for practitioners, policymakers and commissioners to ensure resettlement services are designed and delivered in a way which meets the needs of young people and consequently which reduces reoffending. The headline findings of the literature review are: •Custodial sentences have the highest reconviction rates, but more effective and better coordinated resettlement provision and planning can significantly reduce offending and public costs. •The reduction of numbers in custody has brought additional challenges in relation to resettling these remaining young people. •The transition from custody to community is an opportunity for positive change for young people, but is impeded by system failures in joint working between community stakeholders and the institution. •Key principles to inform effective practice include: ensuring continuity between custody and community; adequate preparation for release; ensuring support immediately on release; proactive engagement and collaboration with the young person; and a focus on co-ordinating partnerships of stakeholders across sectors. •Priority issues for further exploration include: continuity across the transition to adulthood; sustained engagement to and beyond the end of the licence; ensuring support without increasing licence requirements; meeting diversity in the custodial population; managing an exit from support; extending resettlement provision to the remand population; and critical consideration of alternative aims and measures for long-term resettlement success. Details: London: Beyond Youth Custody, 2013. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2013 at: http://www.beyondyouthcustody.net/resources/publications/lessons-from-the-literature/ Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.beyondyouthcustody.net/resources/publications/lessons-from-the-literature/ Shelf Number: 128679 Keywords: Juvenile Offenders (U.K.)ReentryReintegrationResettlement |
Author: Texas Juvenile Justice Department Title: Youth Reentry and Reintegration. Comprehensive Report Summary: The Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD) was created as a new state agency on December 1, 2011 pursuant to Senate Bill 653 passed by the 82nd Texas Legislature. Simultaneous to the creation of TJJD, the legislation abolished the two previous juvenile justice agencies in Texas, the Texas Juvenile Probation Commission (TJPC) and the Texas Youth Commission (TYC) and transferred all functions, duties and responsibilities of these former agencies to TJJD. In 2009, the 81st Texas Legislature required TYC to develop a comprehensive reentry and reintegration plan (Texas Human Resource Code, Section 245.0535) to reduce recidivism and ensure the successful reentry and reintegration of children into the community following a child’s release under supervision or final discharge, as applicable, from the commission. TYC's comprehensive plan known as "Cultivating Success: The Reentry & Reintegration of TYC Youth" was finalized in June 2010. As a result, a comprehensive community reentry plan is developed for each youth during their time in TJJD. TJJD’s research department has conducted an evaluation to determine whether the comprehensive reentry and reintegration plan reduces recidivism. Subsequently, a report is required no later than December 1 during even-numbered years to determine if recidivism has been reduced. This report focuses on the implementation of Texas Human Resource Code, Section 245.0535 and the results of the current outcome measures. The youth population trend, noted in Cultivating Success: The Reentry & Reintegration of TYC Youth, continues with an increase in commitment of youth with higher risk assessment scores, specialized treatment needs, violent behaviors and below grade level achievement. To address the on-going changes in population, TJJD continues to evaluate and update its reentry and rehabilitation practices and procedures. This report highlights the requirements of Texas Human Resource Code, Section 245.0535 and describes TJJDs compliance with each section. Details: Austin, TX: Texas Juvenile Justice Department, 2012. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 25, 2013 at: http://www.tjjd.texas.gov/publications/reports/2012ReentryReintegrationReport.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.tjjd.texas.gov/publications/reports/2012ReentryReintegrationReport.pdf Shelf Number: 129147 Keywords: Juvenile AftercareJuvenile Justice Systems (Texas, U.S.)Juvenile ReentryReintegration |
Author: Howard League for Penal Reform Title: Life Outside: Collective Identity, Collection Exclusion Summary: Much of the subsequent debate has singled out the involvement of children and young people in the looting and violence, although in reality the age range and backgrounds of those convicted in the courts have been considerably more diverse than was initially suspected. The debate has split in part over an emphasis on the criminal justice response to be made, and partly over an emphasis on causes. While not developed with these terrible events in mind, Life Outside makes a contribution to both aspects of this debate. Life Outside is the second substantive policy report to be produced from participation with children and young people in the criminal justice system as part of U R Boss, a five year project supported by the Big Lottery Fund. The first report, Life Inside, explored the experience of teenage boys in prison. This report picks up the story after children and young people leave custody. Taken together, the two reports spell out the failures of our current approach to youth justice. The youth justice system, dealing with children under the age of 18, has received a great deal of investment and the last Labour government introduced a network of youth offending teams up and down the country, as well as sentencing innovations such as the Detention and Training Order. Child custody numbers duly exploded and interventions previously rooted in the welfare system became increasingly punitive and linked to a culture of compliance and control that pays little heed to the chaotic nature of these young people’s lives, and which has little or no purchase over the deep and complex social problems which form the underlying causes of youth crime. Unsurprisingly, reoffending rates among children remain the highest of any age group in the penal system. The young people we spoke to make clear why the various stages of life after custody are all too often opportunities to fail, rather than a sure pathway to success. Much of what they told us confirmed the Howard League’s longstanding view that the funding directed into the youth justice system would be better directed into a welfare approach, and that downward pressure should be exerted on the system through measures such as raising the minimum age of criminal responsibility. What the young people we spoke to particularly emphasised, however, was the issue of identity and the way in which the current system sets out to reinforce the feelings of disenfranchisement and detachment from society that erodes these children’s hopes of a positive future. At its very foundation, the youth justice system is predicated on mistaken assumptions that doom those within its ambit from the very start. And the relevance of this to the public debate now raging? The collective exclusion that young people feel may well have played its part in why disorder flared on the streets of London and elsewhere this summer. But we would be wise to think twice before perpetuating responses that simply serve to exacerbate that exclusion and which fail to unpick the reasons why young people commit crime in the first place. Details: London: Howard League for Penal Reform, 2011. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2013 at: http://www.urboss.org.uk/downloads/publications/HL_Life_outside.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.urboss.org.uk/downloads/publications/HL_Life_outside.pdf Shelf Number: 129464 Keywords: Juvenile AftercareJuvenile Justice SystemsJuvenile Offenders (U.K.)Juvenile ReentryRecidivismRehabilitationReintegrationResettlement |
Author: Elliott, Ian A. Title: Evaluability Assessments of the Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) Model: Cross-Site Report Summary: According to the U.S. National Reentry Resource Center (NRRC) at least 95% of state prisoners are released back to their communities after a period of incarceration. Both criminal justice agencies and the general public are conscious of the issue of sex offenders returning to the community because of the potentially negative biological and psychiatric outcomes for victims (e.g., Andersen et al., 2008; Chen et al., 2010). Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) is a restorative justice-based reentry program for high-risk sex offenders with little or no pro-social support. There have been no rigorous large-scale outcome evaluations of COSA conducted to date. A weighted average of three significant estimated reductions attributable to COSA from smaller evaluations suggest a reduction of 77% in sexual recidivism. However, because of the varying quality of these studies it could be argued that this figure should be considered only an estimate of effectiveness. Therefore, at this time there is not enough evidence to confidently state that COSA is proven to be effective in reducing sexual recidivism. This report outlines an evaluability assessment of COSA across five sites with the goal of assessing the readiness of COSA provision in the U.S. for rigorous evaluation. The assessment aimed to clarify program intent, explore program reality, examine program data capacity, analyze program fidelity, and propose potential evaluation designs for future evaluation. An 'intended model' was developed, adapted from the Correctional Services Canada model (CSC, 2002; 2003) that sought to illustrate the espoused theory of COSA. COSA program reality was established via site visits to five locations delivering, or intending to deliver, COSA programs in the U.S.: Fresno, CA; Denver, CO; Durham, NC; Lancaster, PA; and Burlington, VT. During these site visits in-person interviews were conducted with key program personnel, other stakeholders, and any documented materials related to COSA policies and procedures were collected. All of the sites have implemented versions of the CSC model, adapted to suit their needs. The site reports suggest that VT-COSA alone could be considered to have high program fidelity, with COSA Fresno and COSA Lancaster demonstrating adequate fidelity, and Colorado COSA and COSA Durham demonstrating low fidelity. It is concluded that there are five potential obstacles that need to be addressed in order to conduct a successful experimental evaluation of COSA: (1) choice of outcomes; (2) significant differences in program implementation; (3) core member selection issues; (4) sample size, site capacity, and low baselines of recidivism; and (5) ownership of data. It is concluded that there is no methodological or ethical reason why a randomized control trial of COSA provision in the U.S. could not be conducted. The obstacles to an RCT are all such that they can be addressed with a combination of realistic tightening of program implementation, rigorous experimental control, and an increase in real-world resources. Finally, three action recommendations for future evaluative activity are presented: (1) conduct an experimental evaluation of the Vermont COSA program alone; (2) conduct an experimental evaluation that combines the Vermont COSA and COSA Fresno programs; or (3) allow the fledgling sites to develop and conduct a multi-site evaluation of COSA in the future. Details: State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University, 2013. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 23, 2013 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243832.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243832.pdf Shelf Number: 131686 Keywords: Prisoner ReentryReintegrationRestorative JusticeSex Offenders |
Author: Damooei, Jamshid Title: The Evaluation Report For Targeted ReEntry Program of the Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Oxnard and Port Hueneme Summary: Crime devastates victims, communities, and even perpetrators. Over the last several decades, the United States has faced serious problems with its criminal justice system. The population of incarcerated Americans has grown tenfold since 1970 and those who have been released from prison are more likely than not to return to prison. The vicious cycle of imprisonment, release, and imprisonment need to be reduced and if possible stopped. In the last decade, there has been renewed interest in programs that are intended to reduce the recidivism rate of released prisoners. The Targeted Reentry Program of the Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Oxnard and Port Hueneme is one such program that focuses on the needs of at‐risk juvenile offenders. The program provides services to youth offenders from the time the time they are detained in juvenile facilities through their release and reintegration with the community. The Boys & Girls Clubs of Greater Oxnard and Port Hueneme rely on several collaborators to provide specialized services that are beyond their purview. These collaborators include: - Palmer Drug Abuse Program - Ventura County Public Health - The Ventura County Probation Agency - The Coalition to End Family Violence This study has worked to collect data both from the management of and participants in the Targeted Reentry Program in order to determine the effectiveness of the services provided. Based on these findings, the program proves to be an effective resource in the lives of these young people. Participants perceive the services to be effective and they consistently utilize everything that the program has to offer. Moreover, the rates of recidivism are relatively low and they seem to be gainfully engaged in the community upon release. Data collected through studying the records of program management indicate the following: - Significant proportions (36%) of youths who have received the program services are currently employed. - 84% of those who have participated in the Targeted Reentry Program are either currently in school or they have earned academic credentials that could help them become employed. Most encouragingly, 10% are currently pursuing secondary education beyond high school. - 36% of program participants received counseling services while they were inside the juvenile facility. - 86% of those who received counseling while they were in detention continued to receive counseling after they left the facility and began reintegrating into their communities. - The vast majority of respondents (70%) received substance abuse treatment inside the juvenile facility. This is a significant finding. First, it speaks to the success and ability of the Targeted Reentry Program to provide a service to a large number of program participants. Second, it indicates just how many of the youths entering the program is in need of substance abuse treatment. The majority of participants (52%) who received substance abuse treatment within the Juvenile Facility indicate that they continued to receive such treatment after they released into the community. - 85% of those who participated in the Targeted Reentry Program were not returned to the juvenile facility after their release only for a new offense. In addition to consulting the records of program management, the research team prepared a survey that was administered to program participants. The results of the survey are as follows: - At the time respondents filled out the questionnaire, a majority (53.5%) were legal adults over the age of eighteen. - When entering the program, juvenile offenders were between the ages of 14 and 17. The largest share of respondents (46.7%) was 17 when beginning the program. - Nearly three‐fourths of respondents (73.3%) are males. - 53.3% of respondents indicate that they are full‐time high school students not currently employed. An additional 13.4% are also studying; 6.7% are attending community college fulltime while another 6.7% are attending college while working. An additional third of respondents are no longer pursuing an education. 20% are working full‐time while 13.3% are working parttime jobs. - All respondents to the survey are either working or studying. This means that all these individuals are on the path to having a more stable life. - The findings of the program participant survey are quite promising. Only 13.3% of survey respondents indicate that they have had new charges filed against them after exiting the Targeted Reentry Program for the first time. This level of recidivism is significantly less than national levels that are generally in excess of 60%. - All survey respondents believed that the Targeted Reentry Program helped them to "find [the] real sources of my [their] problems." Specifically, 60% believed the program was very successful while 40% believed it to be only successful in this regard. - All survey respondents indicated that the program changed the way they deal with their problems for the better. This is further evidence that the services of the program are helping to develop pro‐social behavior among participants. - All survey respondents indicated that the program was successful in making them more hopeful about their lives. This is the third question in which program participants indicate unanimously that the program has encouraged pro‐social behavior. - 93.3% of respondents indicate that the program successfully gave them the opportunity to meet people who care about them and their wellbeing. - All survey respondents believe that the program taught them the value of an education for a better life in the future. Such motivation may help them become more likely to take their education seriously. - 86.7% of respondents believe that the program was successful in teaching them useful skills that will help them succeed in the job market. Once again, this finding touches on the issue of employability and the need for helping these youth offenders find stable livelihoods that will encourage them to avoid criminal activity. - Another area in which the program seems to help participants is in allowing them to appreciate the importance of health living. Respondents unanimously believed that the program was successful in teaching them the importance of healthy living. Details: Oxnard, CA: Boys and Girls Clubs of Greater Oxnard and Port Hueneme, 2010. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 23, 2013 at: http://www.bgcop.org/aboutus/impact/tre_report.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.bgcop.org/aboutus/impact/tre_report.pdf Shelf Number: 131696 Keywords: At-Risk YouthBoys and Girls ClubsJuvenile OffendersJuvenile ReentryReentry (California)RehabilitationReintegrationVoluntary and Community Organizations |
Author: Willison, Janeen Buck Title: FY 2011 Second Chance Act Adult Offender Reentry Demonstration Projects Evaluability Assessment, Executive Summary Summary: Prisoner reentry remains a pressing national and local policy issue. In 2008, more than 735,000 prisoners were released from state and federal prisons across the country (West, Sabol, and Cooper 2009), and another 10 to 12 million cycle through the nation's jails each year (Beck 2006). Chances of successful reentry are low: close to 68 percent of prisoners are re-arrested within three years of release (Langan and Levin 2002).Numerous factors contribute to these high recidivism rates. In 2008, the Second Chance Act (SCA): Community Safety Through Recidivism Prevention was signed into law with the goal of increasing reentry programming for offenders released from state prisons and local jails, and improving reentry outcomes for both the criminal justice system and the individuals it serves. Since 2009, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) has awarded dozens of SCA adult offender demonstration grants to communities across the nation. The goals of the SCA projects are to measurably (1) increase reentry programming for returning prisoners and their families, (2) reduce recidivism and criminal involvement among program participants by 50 percent over five years, (3) reduce violations among program participants, and (4) improve reintegration outcomes, including reducing substance abuse and increasing employment and housing stability. In the summer of 2012, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) commissioned a four-month, intensive evaluability assessment (EA) of eight FY 2011 SCA adult offender reentry demonstration sites selected by BJA for further study. EA is crucial in determining if a project is a candidate for meaningful evaluation (Wholey, Hatry, and Newcomer 2004). At a minimum, an evaluable program must have well-defined program goals, target populations, and eligibility criteria, as well as reliable and accessible performance data, and a defensible counterfactual (Barnow and The Lewin Group 1997). Given NIJ's interest in some level of evaluation in all eight adult SCA sites, EA data collection was designed to support more nuanced evaluation recommendations than "Evaluate: Yes or No." Specifically, the EA aimed to answer two questions: is the program evaluable and if so, how, and at what level of effort. Design options were expected to address both the recommended level and type of evaluation, including the suggested mix of process, outcome, impact, and cost analyses. In addition to these EA tasks, the solicitation also requested information about site training and technical assistance (TTA) needs that BJA and the Council of State Government's National Reentry Resource Center could use to improve the provision of both. Lastly, the solicitation specified two sets of deliverables: site-specific EA reports and one cross-site final EA report. The Urban Institute (UI), and its partner RTI International, were selected to conduct the EA following a competitive process. While eight sites were initially targeted for the EA, this number expanded to ten in the spring of 2013: 1. Beaver County (PA) ChancesR: Reentry, Reunification, and Recovery Program; 2. Boston (MA) Reentry Initiative; 3. Hudson County (NJ) Community Reintegration Program; 4. Johnson County (KS) Reentry Project; 5. Minnesota Department of Corrections High Risk Recidivism Reduction Demonstration Project; 6. Missouri Department of Corrections Second Chance in Action Program; 7. New Haven (CT) Reentry Initiative; 8. Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction Healthy Environments, Loving Parents Initiative; 9. Palm Beach County (FL) Regional and State Transitional Ex-Offender Reentry Initiative; 10. Solano County (CA) Women's Reentry Achievement Program. While each program targets adult offenders under state or local custody (and about to return to the community) for comprehensive reentry programing and services designed to promote successful reintegration and reduce recidivism, there is considerable variation among the sites. Three sites focus exclusively on female offenders (Ohio, Missouri, and Solano County). One project targets individuals re-incarcerated for supervision violations (Minnesota) while another focuses on individuals with substance abuse and co-occurring disorders (Beaver County). Half of the sites target prisoners returning from state departments of correction (Connecticut, Florida, Missouri, Minnesota, Ohio), while the rest address local jail transition (Beaver County, Boston, Hudson County, Johnson County; and Solano County). Some programs front-load case management services, while others emphasize community and family supports. The composition and structure of the FY 2011 SCA projects also vary by jurisdiction with agencies outside the criminal justice system leading three of the projects (Boston, Beaver County, and Solano County). These variations in program design and intended client population type underscore the critical importance of the evaluability assessment commissioned by the NIJ. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Justice Policy Center, 2013. 12 p., app. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 28, 2014 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243978.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/243978.pdf Shelf Number: 131812 Keywords: Prisoner ReentryRecidivismReintegrationSecond Chance Act |
Author: Surtees, Rebecca Title: After Trafficking: Experiences and Challenges in the (Re)integration of Trafficked Persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region Summary: (Re)integration is a process that involves many steps after the individual's exit from trafficking. Ideally trafficked persons are identified and provided with a range of services to support their social and economic (re)integration. Many trafficked persons interviewed for this study were assisted and supported in these ways. Others were not fully supported through these stages but nonetheless did receive assistance that was valuable toward their recovery and (re)integration. Interviews with trafficked persons yielded many positive examples and experiences, including the important role played by various actors and agencies and (re)integration services in recovery and (re)integration processes. Nonetheless, many trafficked persons in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) did not have access to these "ideal" pathways and their experiences following their emergence from trafficking further exacerbated their ordeals. Many were neither identified nor assisted as victims of trafficking, which meant they did not receive support to aid in their recovery and sustainable (re)integration. Some trafficked persons received some forms of assistance but not the full package they required (and were entitled to) to move on from their trafficking experience and (re)integrate into society. Equally important, some preferred not to be assisted and declined some or all support offered to them. Understanding these diverse and complex post-trafficking trajectories sheds light on a wide range of issues and dynamics at play in the (re)integration processes in the GMS. It also highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of existing (re)integration mechanisms and processes. The study was based on in-depth interviews with 252 trafficked persons about their experiences of (re)integration, including successes and challenges, as well as future plans and aspirations. The trafficked persons interviewed for this study came from all six countries in the GMS and included men, women and children, trafficked for various forms of forced labour, sexual exploitation, begging and/or forced marriage. The study included persons who had been identified and assisted, as well as those who were not identified and/or did not receive assistance. This research study was undertaken in the context of the a region-wide (re)integration initiative under Project Proposal Concept 5 (PPC5) within the 2nd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2008-2010), which sought to assess the effectiveness of (re)integration processes and structures in the region. It continued under the 3rd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2011-2013) under Area 3, Protection. While the study is intended for anti-trafficking policymakers and practitioners in the GMS, these findings also have relevance for practitioners and policy makers in other countries and regions who are seeking to enhance their anti-trafficking response, in line with the interests and experiences of trafficked persons. Details: Bangkok: UNIAP/Nexus Institute, 2013. 252p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2014 at: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/After%20trafficking_Experiences%20and%20challenges%20in%20(Re)integration%20in%20the%20GMS.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Asia URL: http://www.nexusinstitute.net/publications/pdfs/After%20trafficking_Experiences%20and%20challenges%20in%20(Re)integration%20in%20the%20GMS.pdf Shelf Number: 132084 Keywords: BeggingForced LaborForced MarriageHuman TraffickingReintegrationSex TraffickingSexual ExploitationVictims of Crime |
Author: Stys, Yvonne Title: Federal Offenders with a High Reintegration Potential (RP): Characteristics and Community Outcomes Summary: Correctional systems are tasked with managing a diverse population of offenders from those who could be released from custody early in their sentence, without risk of re-offence; to those who may never be safely released. The challenge is to identify those suitable for early release through an effective assessment process. In addition to individual measures of risk, the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC or the Service) calculates a reintegration potential (RP) score; this RP classification forms the basis of the offender's correctional plan and paves the way for a specific correctional path. Given the potential value of effective assessment for identifying lower risk offenders, it is important to know whether the expected differences in the flow of offenders through correctional systems can actually be demonstrated. To do so, this research examined the characteristics of 21,746 offenders admitted to the CSC between 2002 and 2006 and recorded the success of their releases into the community until January 2010. Of this group, a total of 8,824 offenders identified at admission as being lower risk (high RP) were followed through the system from admission to release (and for those who were not successful, back to custody) in order to investigate the characteristics of these offenders and to determine if they are following a correctional trajectory that is consistent with what would be expected for this group. A profile of offenders with a high RP was created through the examination of admission information, institutional experiences, and community outcomes. These results were then compared against those who were designated as offenders with medium or low RPs in order to identify the distinct attributes of the high RP cohort. Analyses were conducted separately for four groups of offenders (study groups); non-Aboriginal males (n=16,815), Aboriginal males (n=3,731), non-Aboriginal women (n=876) and Aboriginal women (n=324). At the time of admission, both high RP non-Aboriginal offender groups were found to be significantly older than their medium and low RP counterparts. Generally, males with a high RP tended to be admitted for shorter sentence lengths than the medium and low RP groups, although this relationship did not always hold true for the women's groups. Offenders with a high RP were also generally less likely to be admitted with a violent offence, and more likely to be admitted for a drug-related offence than offenders with medium or low RPs. Examination of institutional experience revealed that only non-Aboriginal women offenders with a high RP differed from their medium RP counterparts in institutional program participation - they were more likely to start and complete programs - and only non-Aboriginal male offenders with a high RP were less likely than their low RP counterparts to complete programs. Where there were significant differences in institutional employment, the high RP groups were always employed for significantly fewer days than the other RP levels, even when time served in the institution was taken into account. The high RP Aboriginal groups did not differ from the medium RP groups and the high RP Aboriginal women group did not differ from the low RP group in terms of involvement in institutional incidents, however in all other instances, the high RP groups were significantly less likely than the medium and low RP groups to be involved in institutional incidents as the instigator/associate. When considering release types, results indicated that offenders with a high RP were generally more likely than offenders with medium and low RPs to participate in escorted and unescorted temporary absences (ETAs and UTAs), with limited exceptions for women offenders. Overall, offenders with a high RP were significantly more likely than the other RP levels to be granted day or full parole as their first release from custody, again with limited exceptions for women offenders - for example there was no significant difference in this regard when comparing high and medium RP Aboriginal women. All four high RP offender groups served a significantly smaller percentage of their sentence prior to their first release than offenders in the medium and low RP groups. Finally, survival analyses conducted to determine differences in the risk of failure upon release for the three RP levels found that for all four interest groups, offenders with a high RP were significantly more likely to be successful on release, and less likely to experience a revocation or a new offence upon release. Specifically, being an offender with a medium RP rather than an offender with a low RP was found to increase the hazard of return to custody by between 1.52 (Aboriginal males) and 2.39 (non-Aboriginal males), and being an offender with a low RP rather than an offender with a high RP increased the hazard of return to custody by between 1.93 (Aboriginal males) and 3.37 (non-Aboriginal males). In conclusion, based on these outcomes, it would appear that the designation of high reintegration potential is associated with better access to correctional resources and earlier release from prison to serve the balance of the sentence in the community. Offenders with a high RP are generally following a correctional trajectory appropriate for that RP level and are performing as would be expected in the community. However, it should be noted that not all offenders who are identified as having a high RP are actually released early, nor do they all succeed after release. This demonstrates the variability of risk within the high RP group and suggests that reintegration potential may require some adjustments to the scoring which serves to define the levels for the three groups. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2012. 122p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. R-260: Accessed May 15, 2014 at: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cn21494-eng.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cn21494-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 132371 Keywords: Early ReleaseParolePrisoner ReentryRecidivismReintegrationReoffendingRisk Assessment (Canada) |
Author: Wormith, J. Stephen Title: Homelessness Among Offenders Released from Federal Correctional Facilities in Saskatchewan Summary: A growing body of research has identified housing as a key component in the successful reintegration of offenders into the community following a period of incarceration. Federal offenders are likely to face greater challenges obtaining stable housing than provincial offenders because, by law, they have been sentenced to longer periods of custody (i.e., a minimum of two years, although most are released within 16 months). Longer time away from the community may result in additional difficulty obtaining stable housing for reasons, which include the loss of past contacts. The purpose of this project was to examine issues related to housing and homelessness of federal offenders released from custody into the Saskatchewan community. More specifically, an examination of current services available to assist offenders in finding appropriate housing, characteristics of offenders who are homeless and housing services that are needed was conducted. Three kinds of research methodology were utilized: 1. A search of Saskatchewan housing services and programs available to released federal offenders was undertaken. 2. In-depth interviews were conducted with a broad cross-section of key informants involved in housing related activities with federal offenders. 3. Data were collected from offender files and interviews with 41 inmates residing in Saskatchewan federal correctional facilities. Two sets of interviews were conducted. One interview took place prior to the offenders' release from prison and the other interview took place after they were released to communities in Saskatchewan. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted in order to address the research questions of this study. Qualitative content analyses were conducted in order to provide detailed descriptive information of the current services and the housing needs and issues of federal offenders. Quantitative research methods were used to analyze numerical data and conduct analyses to determine whether offender characteristics are related to homelessness. The use of multiple data sources and methods of analyses increases the validity of the findings. Prior to analyzing the findings that address each of the research questions, a description of the housing situation of the participants was provided. Homelessness was found to increase after incarceration. For the 11 participants interviewed in the community only, homelessness decreased to similar levels as pre-incarceration when in the community. It is difficult to state that the levels of homelessness would have decreased to the pre-incarceration levels for the whole sample since they were a more serious offender group. Therefore, the small sample size at follow-up was a limitation for this specific analysis. However, the community sample may be more representative of offenders actually remaining in the community as more serious offenders are more likely to re-offend and be re-incarcerated. The following main findings are presented as they address each of the research questions below. 1. Are there adequate housing resources and support for released offenders? To determine whether there are adequate housing resources and support for released offenders the inventory of housing services, key informant interviews and offender interviews were analyzed. The inventory of housing services available for released offenders indicated that single males who are high risk/high needs with a violent or sexual criminal history and not on parole or conditional release have the least options. Key informant interviews found that a number of positive housing programs and services are available. However, waitlists and accessibility to these programs pose a barrier to offenders trying to access them. Federal offenders stated that more housing support and resources are needed prior to their release in order to help them better establish their housing plans and avoid some of the difficulties they face when trying to obtain housing, such as finding safe and affordable accommodation. 2. How can we prevent federally released offenders from becoming homeless? Federal offenders and key informants identified factors that would prevent offenders from becoming homeless. Federal offenders stated that support/access to resources, financial assistance and accommodation was needed to prevent them from becoming homeless. Key informants stated that a central housing registry and/or an offender housing complex, housing life skills programs, less discrimination, and an appropriate minimum wage to keep up with housing costs was needed to prevent federal offenders from becoming homeless. 3. Are there characteristics that differentiate those who find stable housing from those who do not? Offenders who were homeless prior to incarceration were likely to be more violent and have higher needs than those who had more stable housing. Those who had more stable housing were also more likely to have greater community support. Furthermore, sex offenders and those who engaged in Aboriginal programming were less likely to have an adequate housing plan at release. Key informants reported that offenders who were more likely to be homeless were those who lacked finances, needed housing resources, lacked life skills, had to search for a new home, and did not have a job. 4. Is there a need for specific programs for federally released offenders? Lastly, a review of the information provided through the inventory of housing services available, key informants and federal offenders indicated the need for programs that create more accessibility to housing resources and increase pre-release planning, and the creation of a central housing registry and supportive living unit for federal offenders with no other housing options. Details: Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan, 2010. 77p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2014 at: http://www.usask.ca/cfbsjs/research/pdf/research_reports/Federal_Offenders_Housing_and_Homelessness_Final-2.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Canada URL: http://www.usask.ca/cfbsjs/research/pdf/research_reports/Federal_Offenders_Housing_and_Homelessness_Final-2.pdf Shelf Number: 132552 Keywords: Ex-OffendersHomelessnessHousingOffender ReentryReintegration |
Author: Smith, Stephanie Title: Young Men in Custody: A report on the pathways into and out of prison of young men aged 16 and 17' Summary: The broad purpose of this report was to examine young men's journeys into and out of custody. The Centre for Youth & Criminal Justice (CYCJ) was invited to undertake research to look at the pathways of young men under 18 currently in custody as identified in the action plan of the Reintegration & Transition Champions Group. This report draws together the findings of a review of mainly prison psychology files, along with some social work reports, for a total of 125 young men. These young men were aged 16 to 17 at the time of entering HMYOI Polmont during the year prior to data collection (October 2012 to September 2013) and semi-structured interviews were carried out with 11 young men who were serving sentences at the time of the data collection. Details: London: Centre for Youth & Criminal Justice, 2014. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 27, 2014 at: http://www.cycj.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Young-men-in-custody-research-report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cycj.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Young-men-in-custody-research-report.pdf Shelf Number: 133830 Keywords: AdolescentsMale Juvenile Offenders (U.K.)ReintegrationYouthful Offenders |
Author: Nolan, Amanda Title: Community Employment Characteristics and Conditional Release Outcome among Federal Offenders Summary: What it means Results revealed that maintenance of a community job, but not skill level of the job, was related to a reduced likelihood of recidivism. This demonstrates the importance of a focus on assisting offenders in obtaining employment they can maintain. Furthermore, offenders identified as having the potential for difficulties with maintaining stable employment should be targeted for additional employment intervention to further help them with their reintegration efforts. What we found After controlling for other factors related to recidivism, offenders who were not employed with a stable job were 3.6 times more likely to return to custody for any reason and 2.5 times more likely to return to custody with a new offence than offenders who were employed with a stable job. Skill level of community employment, however, was not found to be significantly related to conditional release outcomes. In examining characteristics that best predicted an offender's likelihood of job stability, results revealed that being of Aboriginal ancestry, having a medium or high level of risk, a low level of motivation, and a moderate or high level of need in the areas of substance abuse and community functioning were meaningfully associated with a lower likelihood of having stable employment in the community. Why we did this study The role employment plays in reintegration and in reducing recidivism has been widely acknowledged. Much remains to be known, however, regarding what underlies this relationship and what variables are most likely to affect success. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between characteristics of jobs obtained by recently released federal offenders and conditional release outcomes. What we did Participants were taken from all federal offenders released into the community on conditional release between April 1st, 2010 and March 31st, 2011. To be included, offenders had to be on the first term of their current sentence, have a follow-up time in the community of a minimum of 180 days, and be employed at least once during the follow-up period. Two community employment characteristics were examined: job stability (maintained at least one job in the community for 90 days or more) and employment skill level (had at least one job in the community that was rated as high-skilled). The total number of participants was 1,741; 94% were men and 13% were of Aboriginal ancestry. In terms of employment characteristics, 81% had at least one job that was considered stable, while 55% had at least one job that was considered high-skilled. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2014. 1p., (Full report available upon request) Source: Internet Resource: 2014 No. R-316: Accessed March 4, 2015 at: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/005/008/092/005008-0316-eng.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/005/008/092/005008-0316-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 134752 Keywords: Community Corrections (Canada)Conditional ReleaseEx-offender EmploymentPrisoner ReentryRecidivismReintegration |
Author: Nolan, Debbie Title: Youth Justice: A Study of Local Authority Reintegration and Transitions Practice Across Scotland Summary: This paper is the second of two research papers drawing on data from a survey of Whole System Approach leads in 27 of Scotland's 32 local authority areas. It aims to explore reintegration and transitions practice in these local authorities and to share practice examples. The key findings of this paper are: - Processes for sharing information with the SPS and secure care providers when a young person enters these establishments are well established. - Over 80% of respondents treated young people who are given a period of detention in secure care and had not previously been looked after and accommodated as a looked after and accommodated child. - 65% of participants stated 72 hour reviews were always held for young people aged under 18 entering secure care or custody by order of the court. The impact and purpose of these meetings was recognised but there were varying views about the interpretation of and who should attend, arrange, and chair these meetings, as well as numerous barriers to completing 72 hour reviews. - 71% of respondents stated the lead professional role was always maintained by the local authority where the child ordinarily resides while they are in secure care or custody. In addition, 70% of participants advised community based social work staff were always involved with the young person during this period, however the type and frequency of involvement varied. - All respondents advised post-release support was available to young people returning from a period of detention in secure care and custody and 77% reported that all young people have a throughcare or aftercare plan, with the type and frequency of support again varying. - 75% of respondents stated meet at the gate support was always provided if a young person under the age of 18 was not being met by a friend or family member. - Third sector agencies worked in over 90% of participants local authority areas, with the mean number of organisations 3.35. - Respondents were committed to young people remaining in secure accommodation following their 16th birthday (up until their 18th birthday) to serve the remainder or as much of their sentence rather than transferring to custody. The subsequent implications and recommendations for practice are: - Good information sharing between Social Work Services, SPS and secure care providers must continue and this should be monitored to assess quality and consistency. - All practitioners working with young people involved in offending behaviour should understand, be able to communicate and fulfil the rights and entitlements of looked after children and care leavers under the Children and Young People (Scotland) Act 2014. - 72 hour reviews should be held for every young person detained in secure care or custody and this should be monitored on a local basis and by the SPS. - The lead professional role should be maintained and fully fulfilled by the local authority for all young people in secure care and custody. - Contact by community based social work staff should be maintained. - Throughcare and aftercare plans should be in place prior to release for all young people, must incorporate the identified elements of effective throughcare, and be monitored locally. - Meet at the gate support should be provided for all young people leaving secure care or custody following a period of detention. - Efforts should be made to ensure partnership working is effective and to reduce barriers to this. - More equitable arrangement should continue to be sought between SPS, the Scottish Government, local authorities and the secure estate to ensure placement decisions for young people aged under 18 are influenced primarily by need and vulnerability rather than cost. - Training and support should continue to be made available to all practitioners involved in supporting young people in the youth justice system to understand their roles and responsibilities in respect of reintegration and transitions practice. - Further research to address the limitations of this study would be beneficial. Details: Glasgow: Centre for Youth and Criminal Justice, 2015. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 31, 2015 at: http://www.cycj.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Youth-Justice-A-Study-of-Local-Authority-Reintegration-and-Transitions-Practice-Across-Scotland-FINAL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cycj.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Youth-Justice-A-Study-of-Local-Authority-Reintegration-and-Transitions-Practice-Across-Scotland-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 136638 Keywords: Information SharingJuvenile Justice SystemJuvenile ReentryReintegrationYouthful Offenders |
Author: Duran, Le'Ann Title: Integrated Reentry and Employment Strategies: Reducing Recidivism and Promoting Job Readiness Summary: THIS WHITE PAPER is written for policymakers and practitioners engaged in the corrections and workforce development fields who recognize the need for the two systems to collaborate more closely to improve public safety and employment outcomes for people who have been incarcerated or are on probation or parole. It promotes close collaborations with reentry service providers and provides guidance on prioritizing scarce resources to more effectively reduce rates of reincarceration and joblessness. The paper also outlines principles that should drive both supervision and service decisions - decisions that can help ensure that front-line personnel's efforts are having the greatest positive effect. Employment providers are already serving large numbers of individuals released from correctional facilities or who are required to find jobs as conditions of their probation or parole. Yet the corrections, reentry, and workforce development fields have lacked an integrated tool that draws on the best thinking about reducing recidivism and improving job placement and retention to guide correctional supervision and the provision of community-based services. To address this gap, this white paper presents a tool that draws on evidence-based criminal justice practices and promising strategies for connecting hard-to-employ people to work. It calls for program design and practices to be tailored for adults with criminal histories based on their level of risk for future criminal activity. Some people question why limited resources should be focused on employing men and women who have been in prison, jail, or are on probation or parole when unemployment rates remain high across the nation for law-abiding individuals. With mounting research, it is clear there are significant benefits for our communities in working with this population. Successful reintegration into the workforce can make neighborhoods and families safer and more stable. Linking individuals who have been involved with the corrections system to jobs and helping them succeed can reduce the staggering costs to taxpayers for reincarceration and increases contributions to the tax base for community services. If releasees and supervisees are working, their time is being spent in constructive ways and they are then less likely to engage in crime and disorder in their neighborhoods. They also are more likely to develop prosocial relationships when their time is structured with work and they are able to help care and provide for their families. Employment is a point at which the goals of the criminal justice, workforce development, family services, health and human services, and social services systems can converge. With budget cuts to all these systems, resources must be focused on the right individuals (i.e., people who would benefit the most from interventions), using the right strategies that are delivered at the right time. Improved outcomes for individuals returning to their communities, for their families, and for each system's investments can be realized by better coordinating the correctional supervision, treatment, supports, and other services being delivered at that point of intersection to individuals who have been incarcerated or are on probation or parole. This white paper is meant to facilitate discussions across systems by introducing a tool that can help put such a framework for coordination in place. Details: New York: Council of State Governments, Justice Center, 2013. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2015 at: https://www.bja.gov/Publications/CSG-Reentry-and-Employment.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://www.bja.gov/Publications/CSG-Reentry-and-Employment.pdf Shelf Number: 130032 Keywords: EmploymentEvidence-Based PracticesEx-Offender EmploymentJobsPrisoner ReentryRecidivismReintegration |
Author: Mika, Harry Title: Community-based Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland Summary: The purpose of this report is to present independent evaluation findings regarding the work of Community Restorative Justice Ireland (CRJI) and Northern Ireland Alternatives (NIA) in facilitating and promoting non-violent community alternatives to paramilitary punishment attacks and exclusions relating to alleged localised crime and anti-social behaviour. A continuing legacy of the conflict in Northern Ireland (NI) has been the use of beatings, shootings and exclusions by paramilitary organisations as a response to local crime and anti-social behaviour. Over the period 1998/99 to 2004/2005, more than 1,800 paramilitary-style shootings and assaults have been recorded in NI. This report focuses exclusively on the work supported by Atlantic Philanthropies (1999-2005), particularly during the period 2003 to 2005 (Phase II) which was restricted to eight identified sites and the achievement of decreased levels of punishment attacks, leading to the end of punishment violence directed at alleged anti-social behaviour, and increased levels of reintegration into communities. Details: Belfast: Queen's University, Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2006. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 11, 2015 at: http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/sites/default/files/uploads/HMikaReport_0.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.atlanticphilanthropies.org/sites/default/files/uploads/HMikaReport_0.pdf Shelf Number: 137234 Keywords: Anti-Social BehaviorReintegrationRestorative Justice |
Author: Gordon, Liz Title: Formative Evaluation report Summary: This brief formative evaluation examines issues arising from the development of a Pillars family/whanau re-integration programme in May and June 2011. The evaluation report is to be submitted to the Department of Corrections along with the written programme and materials that have been developed into the Close to Home package. Most prisoners are parents, and most do not keep in good touch with their children and whanau through the sentence. Yet the research makes it clear that prisoners who get good support from their families/whanau are far less likely to re-offend than those who do not. A range of programmes were researched in developing the programme, and include information on what kind of programme, eligibility issues, length, content and actual and expected outcomes for the courses. This information was used in developing the structure and content of Close to Home. The programme was developed over 6-8 weeks and has been written as a programme workbook for delivery. It is summarised in this report. Features of the programme include: the use of high quality assessment tools and workbooks that have been developed for other programmes; a significant amount of work with the prisoner and whanau present; a strong focus on planning reintegration; and the use of a range of agencies through the Strengthening Families process to facilitate prisoner re-entry. This approach allows for the particular issues facing individual families to be addressed, and for families/whanau to have access to the resources of a wide range of agencies. The programme The programme involves significant pre-release work and also post-release guiding and support. Stakeholders support family/whanau re-integration, although they have a range of different views as to what it entails. There is acknowledgement that prisons currently have not focussed adequately on the role of the family/whanau, nor on the prisoner as a parent. The project materials were analysed. A wide range of good quality materials are available and will be used at various points through the pilot project. Core tools include the Time's Up workbook and the assessment tools, among others. The main findings of the formative evaluation are that a very effective programme has been assembled using a range of resources from a variety of sources. Key risks include the need to bring in a new staff member for the pilot programme phase, and the difficulties in tailoring courses to individual needs. The main risk for the pilot programme is timeliness, as all aspects of the programme will need to be complete within three months. Details: Christchurch, NZ: Pukeko Research Ltd., 2012. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: http://www.pillars.org.nz/images/stories/pdfs/formative_evaluation_of_close_to_home.pdf Year: 2012 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.pillars.org.nz/images/stories/pdfs/formative_evaluation_of_close_to_home.pdf Shelf Number: 137834 Keywords: Children of PrisonersCorrectional ProgramsFamilies of InmatesMale InmatesMale PrisonersPrisoner ReentryPrisoner RehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Irish Penal Reform Trust Title: The Vicious Circle of Social Exclusion and Crime: Ireland's Disproportionate Punishment of the Poor Summary: The purpose of this Position Paper is to emphasise the complex matrix between social exclusion and crime, in order to impress on policy makers that an effective response to crime must, at the front end, involve investment in early intervention to combat social and educational disadvantage to prevent vulnerable young people embarking on criminality in the first instance. At the back end - i.e. post imprisonment - appropriate measures should be put in place to reintegrate ex-prisoners back into society, including comprehensive assistance with housing and work or training, for the benefit of the individuals themselves, as well as the communities to which they are returning. Details: Dublin: IPRT, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 10, 2016 at: http://www.iprt.ie/files/Position_Paper_FINAL.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Ireland URL: http://www.iprt.ie/files/Position_Paper_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 137835 Keywords: At-Risk YouthOffendersPovertyPrisoner ReentryPrisonersReintegrationSocial ExclusionSocio-economic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Jannetta, Jesse Title: Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) Initiative: Phase 2 Summary Implementation Findings Summary: "TJC [Transition from Jail to Community] represents an integrated approach spanning organizational boundaries to deliver needed information, services, and case management to people released from jail. Boundary-spanning collaborative partnerships are necessary because transition from jail to the community is neither the sole responsibility of the jail nor of the community. Accordingly, effective transition strategies rely on collaboration among jail- and community-based partners and joint ownership of the problems associated with jail transition and their solutions. The TJC model includes the components necessary to carry out systems change to facilitate successful transition from jail, and it is intended be sufficiently adaptable that it can be implemented in any of the 2,860 jail jurisdictions in the United States ... despite how greatly they vary in terms of size, resources, and priorities ... One of NIC's goals for Phase 2 of the TJC Initiative was to enhance the TJC model and approach to pay greater attention to pretrial practices ... Findings from the Phase 2 process and systems change evaluation are provided in individual site-specific case study reports that focus on how TJC implementation unfolded in the specific context of each participating jurisdiction ... While the TJC Model provides a common framework for TJC work, site priorities, preexisting collaborative relationships, capacity to carry out reentry activities (and where that capacity resides), and site starting points condition how TJC proceeds. However, common themes emerged across the Phase 2 sites, as well as insight into why greater progress was realized in some places more than others. The purpose of this brief is to summarize these themes and relevant information about the sites' implementation experiences-what worked well, what was notable, and what was challenging (p. 3, 5-6, Phase 2 Summary). Seven reports comprise the Transition from Jail to Community (TJC) Initiative Phase 2 Site Reports series: Phase 2 Summary Implementation Findings by Jesse Jannetta, Janeen Buck Willison, and Emma Kurs has these sections: glossary; site implementation themes-leadership and collaboration; targeted intervention strategies; self-evaluation and sustainability; and lessons for changing systems. Implementation Success and Challenges in Ada County, Idaho by Shebani Rao, Kevin Warwick, Gary Christensen, and Colleen Owens; Implementation Success and Challenges in Franklin County, Massachusetts by Willison, Warwick, and Rao; Implementation Success and Challenges in Fresno County, California by Jannetta, Rao, Owens, and Christensen; Implementation Success and Challenges in Hennepin County, Minnesota by Willison, Warwick, and Kurs; Implementation Success and Challenges in Howard County, Maryland by Jannetta, Kurs, and Owens; and Implementation Success and Challenges in Jacksonville, Florida by Willison, Warwick, Kurs, and Christensen. Each of the above six Site Reports contain these sections ; glossary; introduction; TJC structure, leadership, and collaboration; targeted intervention strategies; self-evaluation and sustainability; and conclusion. Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2016. 7 reports Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 22, 2016 at: http://nicic.gov/library/032726 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://nicic.gov/library/032726 Shelf Number: 147472 Keywords: JailsPretrial ReleaseReentryReintegration |
Author: Leoschut, Lezanne Title: Returning to a Reluctant Sender: An Exploration into Community Attitudes Toward Diversion and Reintegration in South Africa Summary: Child and youth crime continues to be one of the primary challenges facing post-apartheid South Africa. The increasingly high numbers of young, first time perpetrators incarcerated for various minor offences is an issue that raises infinite contention worldwide. It is estimated by the Department of Correctional Services that 4% of all awaiting trial prisoners are children younger than 18 years. Moreover, 2.5% of the sentenced prison population are comprised of children under the age of 18 years. The extent of young offenders awaiting trial in the country's correctional facilities is a considerable statistic when considering that many of their offences are suitable for diversion. Advocates for children's rights have for long been engaged in the battle for the establishment of a separate system to deal specifically with first-time child and youth offenders of minor crimes. The birth of democracy in South Africa has aided the sustained action towards a new justice system which incorporates principles of restorative justice. The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 (CJA) finally came into being in 2010. Prior to this, the implementation of alternative forms of sentencing such as diversion were conducted on a small and relatively un-monitored scale under the Child Justice Bill 49 of 2002. The new act has been welcomed mainly because of the guidelines and legal framework it provides for child justice in South Africa. These guidelines include the regulations for diversion and alternative penalties for young offenders, and also outline suitable penalties based on the age, background and other factors such as the offence and religious beliefs of the young offender. Children and youth who become involved in delinquent activities at a very young age, are generally more inclined to continue along this path later on in their lives; highlighting the need for interventions to target these youths before their delinquent acts become established behavioural patterns. Incarcerating young offenders for their criminal acts fails to curb crime since these youths are only temporarily removed from society, the root causes for their behaviours are not addressed, and they often graduate to more serious offences following their time behind bars due to their exposure to other criminal elements. With the high recidivism rates as a result of youth being exposed to the criminal justice system at an early age and following criminal careers because of the criminal records received from incarceration, the advent of alternative penalties have brought a new wave of hope for reduced recidivism rates. Prior to the CJA, diversion was virtually unavailable in poorer communities and the rural areas. A shortage of diversion service providers and the lack of funding from the Department of Social Development (DSD), as well as the reluctance on the part of the criminal justice system practitioners (i.e. magistrates, prosecutors and probation officers) to refer young, first time minor offenders to diversion programmes, have exacerbated the problem of youth incarceration. An area lacking sufficient research is the extent to which communities are receptive to diversion and alternative penalties. Since the success of diversion rests principally in the community's ability to reintegrate the offender, the current dearth of literature on community experiences and attitudes toward offender reintegration, underscore the need for this small scale exploratory study. In this monograph, a brief description of the history of child justice in South Africa and the steps taken in the process of launching the Child Justice Act (CJA) (75 of 2008) developed from the Child Justice Bill (CJB) (49 of 2002) will be provided. It will, in addition, explore the applicability of the Child Justice Act in South Africa through the lens of restorative justice, which is the pillar of the Act. There will be the analysis of diversion and how this has supported the objectives of restorative justice, to alleviate the criminal justice system and reduce recidivism. Following this, the findings from the study conducted amongst 1802 participants recruited from 14 communities across three provinces in South Africa; namely Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Western Cape, elucidating community members' perceptions of diversion and reintegration will be analysed. This analysis will be useful for painting a picture of the community responses to restorative justice since the community is highly contributory to the success or failure of such programmes. Overall, the findings of the study show that across the three provinces there is a noticeable hesitancy to engage with young, first time minor offenders through restorative justice practices such as diversion on a community level. It must however be noted that participants did feel that family cohesion and support was necessary and practiced within their households to a large extent, but community responsibility to maintain peace and order and raise children well was not perceived in the same manner. Although participants were drawn from diverse communities, there is no discernible difference between responses based on community types, however, participants from KwaZulu-Natal were undoubtedly the most unreceptive of diversion and related penalties. While most participants had not experienced or witnessed crime, there were high levels of insecurity within the communities represented in this study. Two thirds (33.6%) of participants said that they felt unsafe while at home and some of these feelings of insecurity were attributed to young people’s involvement in criminal activities in their communities. The findings present very interesting insight into the possible barriers towards reducing the incidences of youths engaging in crime and applying diversion and reintegration with positive outcomes within South Africa. Details: Cape Town, South Africa: Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention, 2012. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Monograph Series, no. 10: Accessed October 19, 2016 at: http://www.cjcp.org.za/uploads/2/7/8/4/27845461/monograph_10_-_return_to_rel.pdf Year: 2012 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.cjcp.org.za/uploads/2/7/8/4/27845461/monograph_10_-_return_to_rel.pdf Shelf Number: 145896 Keywords: Juvenile Diversion ProgramsJuvenile Justice SystemsJuvenile OffendersReintegration |
Author: Lattimore, Pamela Title: National Portrait of SVORI: Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative Summary: In 2002, more than 630,000 prisoners—about 1,700 per day—were released from State and Federal prisons (Harrison and Karberg, 2004). If past trends continue, just over half of them will be reincarcerated within 3 years (Langan and Levin, 2002). This pattern, indicative of poor reintegration of prisoners into the community, has wide-ranging social costs, including decreased public safety and weakened family and community ties. The goal of the Federal Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) is to reduce the likelihood of reincarceration by providing tailored supervision and services to improve the odds for a successful transition to the community. This National Portrait of SVORI is the first in a series of publications documenting the work of the Multi-site Evaluation of SVORI. The Portrait is the final product of a preliminary assessment of all 69 sites funded under SVORI and is based on reviews of grantee proposals and workplans, telephone interviews with program directors, and visits to selected sites. Because this document is based primarily on what grantees and programs are reporting, the descriptions reflect individual variations; material included in the Portrait reflects a mixture of planned and implemented activities. The results of a full implementation assessment (currently underway) will provide analysis and richer detail on how grantees structure and operate their reentry programs. Primarily, the Portrait is intended to engage and inform local SVORI programs, practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and the Federal partners. This first section of the report provides the background and context behind the impetus for improving reentry outcomes. Section 2 provides an overview of the SVORI Multi-site Evaluation, including data collection plans and forthcoming topical reports. Section 3 provides an overview of how sites are structuring the reentry programs funded under the Initiative and describes the patterns and commonalities across sites. Section 4 concludes the report with detailed information, by grantee, on the SVORI reentry efforts in jurisdictions across the United States. Details: Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International; Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2004. 246p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2017 at: https://www.rti.org/sites/default/files/resources/nationalportraitofsvori2004.pdf Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: https://www.rti.org/sites/default/files/resources/nationalportraitofsvori2004.pdf Shelf Number: 96803 Keywords: Prisoner Reentry ReintegrationSVORI Violent Offenders |
Author: John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Prisoner Reentry Institute Title: Three Quarter Houses: The View from the Inside Summary: Three-Quarter Houses exist because they fill a crucial need by providing housing for some of New York City's most vulnerable individuals. While this housing is almost always illegal, often dangerous, and too frequently abusive, simply closing down the houses would render their occupants homeless, with potentially devastating results. Three-Quarter Houses are one of the few available options for single adults seeking housing they can afford with HRA's shelter allowance of $215 per month. Thousands of people rely on Three-Quarter Houses—far more than the city shelter system is prepared to absorb. In fact, residents specifically state that they do not want them closed down and that they do not want to go into the shelter system. Residents want Three-Quarter Houses improved. The research findings presented here indicate the urgent need for some minimum standards and some type of oversight of Three-Quarter Houses in New York City. We urge government officials and advocates to address this issue in a manner that preserves and expands truly affordable housing for single adults seeking to rebuild their lives. Details: New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 2013. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2017 at: http://johnjayresearch.org/pri/files/2013/10/PRI-TQH-Report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://johnjayresearch.org/pri/files/2013/10/PRI-TQH-Report.pdf Shelf Number: 131388 Keywords: Housing Prisoner Reentry Reintegration |
Author: Renouf, Hazel Title: Resettlement experiences of street sex-working women on release from prison Summary: Leaving prison is a challenging process for women. For street sex-working women, these challenges are exacerbated by the complexity of their needs. This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of street sex-working women, together with the views of professionals from community-based projects who have supported this group in the transition from custody to the community. The research particularly focuses on the resettlement needs of street sex-working women on release from prison, the factors which support the resettlement process and the areas for development. The completed study provides a foundation for future research into the development of policy and practice relating to street sex-working women and their experiences of custody, release - All participants identified the importance of women needing a home to go to on the day of their release from prison. Being housed immediately after leaving prison was seen by both service user and professional participants as key to ensuring that other vital services, including support around health and addiction, were put in place. - All of the service users interviewed had substance misuse issues. All professional and service user participants viewed support around substance misuse as one of the most important aspects of release planning and support. - Despite histories of profound trauma being prevalent among street sex-working women in prison, participants highlighted that there was insufficient trauma-specific support in the custodial setting. Most professionals felt that this was something that should be addressed before the day of release and then continued in the community. - The violence inherent within street sex work was recognised by both professionals and service users. This violence was identified as posing a significant risk to the personal safety of street sex-working women, both on the day of their release and thereafter. - For most of the service users interviewed, their circumstances in the community had felt so unsafe that being in prison was viewed as a more desirable alternative. However, for some bullying and the possibility of being assaulted by other inmates were very real fears. - All participants called for more robust and effective release planning and cited examples or had personal experience of where this had not happened. Service users felt strongly that by having services in place in good time prior to the day of their release, they would feel more supported, more motivated and increasingly likely to engage. Women serving short sentences or recall periods in custody were seen as less likely to have services in place for the day of their release. - Most service users described challenges around accessing welfare benefit payments, as benefit systems did not allow for funds to be made immediately available on the day of release. - Very few of the service users interviewed were met by a support service at the prison gates on the day of their release, although all said they would have valued this support. - Sex work projects played a vital role in supporting street sex-working women both on the day of their release and on an on-going basis. Long-term, intensive support was seen as vital when supporting street sex-working women leaving prison. Support needed to be made available for extended periods after the day of release and tailored to meet the needs of the individual. - Street sex-working women require support around their substance misuse issues throughout the resettlement process. - Further consideration should be given to the practice example contained within this study with a view to replicating this model across other geographical areas. - Street sex-working women need access to safe and supported housing on the day they are released from prison. - Therapeutic support needs to be made available to street sex-working women in prison and continued after release in the community. - Awareness training should be made available to all professionals who are involved in supporting street sex-working women. - Service design needs to be adapted to reflect the needs and circumstances of street sex-working women. - Changes need to be made to the current welfare benefits system to allow prisoners to be able to apply for benefits before the day of their release. - Street sex-working women should be recognised as a vulnerable group and given priority access to services on release from prison. Details: London: The Griffins Society, 2016. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Research paper 2016/01: Accessed October 9, 2017 at: http://www.thegriffinssociety.org/system/files/papers/fullreport/griffins_research_paper_-_2016-01_updated_final_28.09.2017.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.thegriffinssociety.org/system/files/papers/fullreport/griffins_research_paper_-_2016-01_updated_final_28.09.2017.pdf Shelf Number: 147619 Keywords: Prostitutes Prostitution ReintegrationSex Workers |
Author: DeVeaux, Mika'il Title: Fitting-in: How Formerly Incarcerated New York City Black Men Define Success Post-Prison Summary: The problem of community reintegration emerged following the rise of the US prison population, which began in in the 1970s, disproportionately affecting US-born African American men. In this qualitative study, the researcher examined the perceptions of 17 formerly incarcerated New York City African American men to understand how they defined post-prison success after having been in the community at least three years in the wake of the era of mass (hyper) incarceration. During the study, the researcher employed a constructivist grounded theory (Charmaz, 2006) approach using data from semi-structured interviews to identify factors that enabled these African American men to make the social and psychological adjustments needed to get on with their lives post-release. Success, as defined by the men in the study, meant fitting-in to their home communities as if they had never been in prison. The findings of this study demonstrate that success is a construct inclusive of material, social, and psychological components. A number of themes emerged from the data that respondents attached importance to that the researcher linked to each component of success and subsequently related to the fitting-in process. The eligibility requirements for this study, which limited participation to men who had been out of prison at least three years, restricted generalizability of the results and suggest that length of time since release likely influenced definitions of success. This dissertation concludes proposing research to examine potentially influencing issues related to time upon definitions of success, post-prison achievements, and the psychological effects of the incarceration experience and its relationship to African American men's post-prison experiences. These findings can enhance social work practice with justice-involved African American men, enable social workers to better understand this population, and encourage the development of additional methods to address the psychological challenges related to post-prison adjustment likely to contribute to their well-being. Details: New York: City University of New York, 2017. 243p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 23, 2018 at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1822/ Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1822/ Shelf Number: 149548 Keywords: African American MenEx-OffendersPrisoner ReentryPrisoner RehabilitationReintegration |
Author: Holmberg, Stina Title: Reintegration assistance after prison: Follow-up on the Prison and Probation Service's work with special reintegration assistance measure Summary: Within three years of release from prison, two out of five persons commit a new offence sanctionable by prison or probation. For most of these individuals, recidivism occurs within several months after they have left prison (Bra 2017). In order to reduce the risk that individuals who are released commit new offences in connection with release, the Swedish Prison and Probation Service can grant reintegration assistance at the end of their sentence. These measures smooth the transition between prison and life at liberty, and entail a gradual reduction of the Prison and Probation Service's control over the client. The four so-called special reintegration assistance measures are: - day release; - treatment period; - halfway house; - enhanced day release. Bra has been instructed by the Government to follow up on the Prison and Probation Service's work with reintegration assistance. In conjunction with this instruction, the Government instructed the Prison and Probation Service at the end of 2015 to develop and strengthen its work with reintegration assistance. Bra's instruction requires us to follow up on the progress of the Prison and Probation Service's development work and to track the scope and nature of the reintegration assistance. We are also meant to report on any impediments to well-functioning and knowledge-based reintegration assistance work. Special attention is to be paid to any differences in working methods in various parts of the country, differences between men and women, and differences for persons from different language backgrounds. The crime victim aspects are to be highlighted, where relevant. Finally, Bra is, as necessary, required to suggest ideas for further development of the reintegration assistance efforts. As a basis for the study, Bra has visited 13 different facilities ' prisons with various security classifications, detention centres, day release offices, halfway houses, and treatment homes. We have interviewed a total of 100 individuals, both staff and clients, at these facilities. Interviews have also been conducted with a number of individuals at the headquarters of the Prison and Probation Service, as well as with other strategically important individuals. In addition, Bra has had continual contact with representatives from the Prison and Probation Service's working group for the development work. Our quantitative source material includes both the Prison and Probation Service's existing statistics and a special order in respect of clients who were released from prison. Bra has also been given access to unpublished data from a study which was conducted on the Prison and Probation Service's research unit. In addition to the above, a survey of the literature in the form of previous studies and evaluations has been conducted. Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Bra), 2018. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: English summary of Bra report 2017:15: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://www.bra.se/download/18.10aae67f160e3eba62919667/1517917740405/2017_15_Reintegration_assistance_summary.pdf Year: 2028 Country: Sweden URL: https://www.bra.se/download/18.10aae67f160e3eba62919667/1517917740405/2017_15_Reintegration_assistance_summary.pdf Shelf Number: 149687 Keywords: ParoleesPrisoner ReentryProbationersRecidivismRehabilitationReintegrationReoffending |
Author: Love, Margaret Title: Reducing Barriers to Reintegration: Fair Chance and Expungement Reforms in 2018 Summary: Executive Summary In 2018, 30 states and the District of Columbia produced 56 separate laws aimed at reducing barriers faced by people with criminal records in the workplace, at the ballot box, and elsewhere. Many of these new laws enacted more than one type of reform. This prolific legislative "fair chance" track record, the high point of a sixyear trend, reflects the lively on-going national conversation about how best to promote rehabilitation and reintegration of people with a criminal record. As in past years, approaches to restoring rights varied widely from state to state, both with respect to the type of relief, as well as the specifics of who is eligible, how relief is delivered, and the effect of relief. Despite a growing consensus about the need for policy change to alleviate collateral consequences, little empirical research has been done to establish best practices, or what works best to promote reintegration. The most promising legislative development recognizes the key role occupational licensing plays in the process of reintegration, and it was this area that showed the greatest uniformity of approach. Of the 14 states that enacted laws regulating licensing in 2018, nine (added to 4 in 2017) adopted a similar comprehensive framework to improve access to occupational licenses for people with a criminal record, limiting the kinds of records that may be considered, establishing clear criteria for administrative decisions, and making agency procedures more transparent and accountable. The most consequential single new law was a Florida ballot initiative to restore the franchise to 1.5 million people with a felony conviction, which captured headlines across the country when it passed with nearly 65 percent of voters in favor. Voting rights were also restored for parolees, by statute in Louisiana and by executive order in New York. The largest number of new laws - 27 statutes in 19 states - expanded access to sealing or expungement, by extending eligibility to additional categories of offenses and persons, by reducing waiting periods, or by simplifying procedures. A significant number of states addressed record clearing for non-conviction records (including diversions), for marijuana or other decriminalized offenses, for juveniles, and for human trafficking victims. For the first time, the disadvantages of a separate petition-based relief system were incorporated into legislative discussions. Four states established automated or systemic record-sealing mechanisms aimed at eliminating a "second chance gap" which occurs when a separate civil action must be filed. Pennsylvania's "clean slate" law is the most ambitious experiment in automation to date. Other states sought to incorporate relief directly into the criminal case, avoiding the Pennsylvania law's technological challenges. Three additional states acted to prohibit public employers from inquiring about criminal history during the initial stages of the hiring process, Washington by statute, and Michigan and Kansas by executive order. Washington extended the prohibition to private employers as well. A total of 33 states and the District of Columbia now have so-called "ban-the-box" laws, and 11 states extend the ban to private employers. Four states expanded eligibility for judicial certificates of relief. Colorado's "order of collateral relief" is now the most extensive certificate law in the nation, available for almost all crimes as early as sentencing, and effective to bar consideration of conviction in public employment and licensing. Arizona, California, and North Carolina made more modest changes to facilitate access to this judicial "forgiving" relief. The District of Columbia established a clemency board to recommend to the President applications for pardon and commutation by D.C. Code offenders. Governors in California and New York used their pardon power to spare dozens of non-citizens from deportation, and California also streamlined its pardon process and made it more transparent. Moving in the other direction, Nebraska authorized sealing of pardoned convictions, and Maine made both pardon applications and pardon grants confidential. The legal landscape at the end of 2018 suggests that states are experimenting with a more nuanced blending of philosophical approaches to dealing with the collateral consequences of arrest and conviction. These approaches include forgiving people's past crimes (through pardon or judicial dispensation), forgetting them (through record-sealing or expungement), or forgoing creating a record in the first place (through diversionary dispositions). While sealing and expungement remain the most popular forms of remedy, there seems to be both popular and institutional resistance to limiting what the public may see respecting the record of serious offenses, and a growing preference for more transparent restoration mechanisms that limit what the public may do with such a record, along with standards to guide administrative decisionmaking. Details: New York, NY: Collateral Consequences Resource Center, 2019. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 11, 2019 at: http://ccresourcecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Fair-chance-and-expungement-reforms-in-2018-CCRC-Jan-2019.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: http://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/01/10/press-release-new-report-on-2018-fair-chance-and-expungement-reforms/ Shelf Number: 154132 Keywords: Ban the BoxClean Slate LawCriminal RecordExpungementFair ChanceFelony ConvictionParoleesRecord SealingRehabilitationReintegrationRestoring RightsVoting Rights |