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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
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Results for robbers
4 results foundAuthor: Axford, Marsha Title: Homicide, Sex, Robbery and Drug Offenders in Federal Corrections: An End-of-2008 Review Summary: One of the challenges confronting all Correctional Services in recent years is the effective management of offender populations. It has long been recognized that the demographic and offence-related characteristics of these populations influence institutional conduct as well as the safe transition of offenders to the community. As the characteristics of offenders and populations change, it creates the need to develop or refine correctional interventions to best respond to the needs and risks of these offenders. For example, an increase in the number of offenders admitted to prison with drug-related offences may indicate the need to develop and offer more addictions or substance-abuse programs. Moreover, an increase in the number of offenders sentenced with violent offences is typically associated with higher levels of institutional misconduct. As a result, it is important to monitor changes in the offender population. This study provides an overview of offenders convicted of homicide, sexual, robbery and drug-related offences on December 31, 2008. Of the 22,445 offenders under the supervision of the Service on that date, 5,540 had been convicted of a homicide offence, 3,154 were sexual offenders, 6,276 had a conviction for robbery, and 6,433 offenders had been convicted of a drug-related offence. In terms of population trends, the number of offenders sentenced on a homicide offence increased by 18% in the ten years prior to December 31, 2008. Part of this increase is because offenders convicted of first- and second-degree murder will remain under correctional supervision for the remainder of their lives. The number of sexual offenders, by contrast, decreased 14% during that same era, and this may be due to a decrease in the number of these offences reported to the police in the past decade (Dauvergne & Turner, 2010). The number of CSC offenders convicted of a robbery offence followed a similar trend, having decreased 8% from 1998 to 2008. However, during the same time period, the number of offenders who had been sentenced on a drug-related offence increased by 18%. Over the past ten years for which data are reported, there were a number of noteworthy changes in the management of these offenders. First, the number of homicide and drug offenders supervised in the community increased by 431 (+25%) and 117 (4%) respectively, while there were fewer offenders from the other groups who had been conditionally released: sex offenders (-268; -22%) and those convicted of robbery (-490; -18%), In addition, more offenders were placed in maximum security units in 2008 compared to 1998. In 2008, homicide (31%) and robbery (29%) offenders were more often housed in maximum security units than drug and sexual offenders (23% each). Last, the proportion of offenders released at their statutory release date (SR) had increased for all offence types, particularly for robbery offenders (50% in 1998 versus 63.1% in 2008). Altogether, there have been some significant changes in the characteristics of the federal offender population. These changes have resulted in a number of operational changes to better manage the risks that these offenders might pose in either institutions or the community. Basing these operational changes on the latest information about the offender population will enable the Service to focus on the safe transition of these offenders to the community. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2011. 53p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 2011 No R-234: Accessed April 16, 2012 at: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/rsrch/reports/r234/r234-eng.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/rsrch/reports/r234/r234-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 124982 Keywords: Drug OffendersInmates (Canada)PrisonersRobbersSex OffendersViolent Offenders |
Author: Nwalozie, Joel Chijioke Title: Armed Robbery In Nigeria - A Qualitative Study Of Young Male Robbers Summary: This is a Nigerian study, which initially aimed to examine armed robbery culture and the youth subculture. With the employment of subcultural theory, the study became intellectually unviable in explaining the primary data. A replacement was made by seeking recourse to anomie-strain theory and control theory to explain the data. Presently, the main aim of this study is to examine the involvement of youths in armed robbery. Specifically, the study will look at armed robbery from the point of view of offenders and the factors responsible for their crime. Armed robbery is a type of robbery aided by weapon(s) to threaten, force and deprive a person or persons of the right to private, public or corporate belongings. Since the end of the Nigeria civil war (1967-1970), the offence has become a problem in the country, occurring almost on a daily basis in the urban areas more than the rural. Armed robbery can take place in residential homes, commercial places, motorways and any other place the offenders may deem necessary to operate. The current criminal climate has made it possible for armed robbers to engage in interstate criminal operations as well. Methodologically, the research is qualitative, involving semi-structured face-to-face oral interviews (open-ended) with 20 armed robbers in prison custody in Nigeria. There is also an unstructured interview with 4 members of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The analytical framework employed is interpretive phenomenology, to capture the holistic worldview of the offender sample. Secondary data comes from both the Nigeria Police Force and the Nigeria Prison Service records. Findings are presented under four systematic themes: family circumstances, economic motivations, life course engagement, and situational dynamics in carrying out a robbery. Data reveal the four most significant factors in the hierarchy of response (bad friends, money, poverty and corruption) that may account for the involvement of youths in armed robbery. Since the group of "bad friends" is the main catalyst responsible for the involvement of youths in armed robbery, the thesis concludes that this sample of respondents be regarded as a network of criminals who were strained by the unjust social structure in their native Nigeria. Besides, there is need for a Nigerian criminological theoretical framework that offers an in-depth explanation of crime in the Nigerian society. Details: Manchester, UK: School of Law, University of Manchester, 2011. 319p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 9, 2014 at: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:155586&datastreamId=FULL-TEXT.PDF Year: 2011 Country: Nigeria URL: https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:155586&datastreamId=FULL-TEXT.PDF Shelf Number: 133188 Keywords: Armed Robbery (Nigeria)Juvenile OffendersRobbersViolent CrimeYouthful Offenders |
Author: Mastrobuoni, Giovanni Title: Criminal Careers and Criminal Firms Summary: This study presents new evidence on that nature of criminal careers. Criminologists have studied and described "criminal careers" for over 80 years, beginning with 500 Criminal Careers, the landmark 1930 Glueck and Glueck study documenting the lives of the residents of a Massachusetts juvenile reform school. Our view of criminal careers differs from this long standing and esteemed research, much of which builds on Blumstein et al. (1986) and is recently reviewed in Piquero et al. (2013), in the sense that we will use the framework of labor economics to provide structure to our description of men who engage in robbery in Milan during the early 2000s. Our approach builds on the field of the "Economics of Crime" (Becker, 1968), where criminal behavior is assumed to respond to incentives, much like the behavior of workers and firms. This does not imply that only incentives matter; sociological and psychological factors are likely to matter as well but are not going to be discussed in this study. The contribution of this chapter follows from the comparative advantage that economists have in the quantitative analysis of large data sets derived from administrative records, as well as a clear understanding of concepts like endogeneity, causality, efficiency, incentives, opportunity cost, and general equilibrium. The questions we shed light on are also classics in economics: what is the relationship between age, nationality, or education and labor market entry, job mobility, or retirement? How do periods of unemployment affect future labor market activity? Does experience increase human capital, or are their simply high and low quality workers? We will use economic and econometric reasoning to think about recidivism and victim selection, and will also compare the distribution and productivity of "firms" in the robbery industry with basic facts about "legal firms" in the United States. The ultimate goal of our efforts is to derive sound policy implications that might improve the social wellbeing. There are four social "goods" that are derived from arrest, conviction, and incarceration. First, punishment deters potential criminals by increases the cost associated with criminal behavior. Second, incarceration in particular can physically prevent crime by removing offenders from society. Third, the experience of punishment can have a specific deterrent effect on established criminals, causes them to update their beliefs about the disutility associated with future punishments. Finally, knowing that a criminal has been punished provides non-criminal members of society with a sense of justice or, less diplomatically, vengeance for the committed offenses. In addition to describing the anatomy of criminal careers in Milan, we will also evaluate the extent to which governments in Milan are allocating their scarce resources in a way that achieves these goals. We address these old questions in economics and criminology in a new way, using two sources of administrative data from criminal justice agencies in Milan - the Questura di Milano and records of Dipartimento di Amministrazione Penitenziaria. Both data sources are used to highlight observed characteristics of robbers, and their robberies, that are associated with particularly destructive and socially harmful offenses, and also what characteristics are associated with harsher punishments. If judges assigned sentences in such a way that, in equilibrium, equated the marginal benefit of crime to its marginal cost, we would expect that characteristics that are associated with costly robberies are also associated with harsher punishments. Details: Unpublished paper, 2013. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/Report%202.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Italy URL: http://www.frdb.org/upload/file/Report%202.pdf Shelf Number: 135619 Keywords: Criminal CareersEconomics of CrimePunishmentRobberiesRobbers |
Author: Mastrobuoni, Giovanni Title: Optimizing Behavior During Bank Robberies: Theory and Evidence on the Two Minute Rule Summary: I use data on individual bank robberies to estimate the distribution of criminals' disutility of jail. The identification rests on the money versus risk trade-off that criminals face when deciding whether to stay an additional minute while robbing the bank. The observed (optimal) duration of successful robberies identifies the individual compensating variation of jail, called disutility of jail. The distribution of the disutility which is often assumed to be degenerate, resembles instead an earnings distribution, and highlights heterogeneity in the response to deterrence. General deterrence effects are increasing in criminal's disutility. Details: Unpublished paper, 2014. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.ceistorvergata.it/public/ceis/file/seminari/2014/mastrobuoni.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Italy URL: http://www.ceistorvergata.it/public/ceis/file/seminari/2014/mastrobuoni.pdf Shelf Number: 135622 Keywords: DeterrencePunishmentRobbersRobberyRobbery (Italy)Sentencing Enhancements |