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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
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Results for sex tourism
43 results foundAuthor: Save the Children Denmark Title: Sex Offenders Without Borders: An Investigation Into the Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Children in Thailand, Cambodia and Burma in Relation to Travel and Tourism Summary: This investigation was carried out to gain more insight into the modus operandi of travelling sex offenders who sexually exploit children in Thailand, Cambodia and Burma; with particular emphasis being placed on the activities of Danish travelling sex offenders. Details: Copenhagen: Save the Children Denmark, 2009. 98p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 118228 Keywords: Human TraffickingSex OffendersSex TourismSexual Exploitation (Children) |
Author: O'Briain, Muireann Title: Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in Tourism Summary: Efforts to combat the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism have been ongoing for almost 30 years. Since the early awareness-raising campaigns, work has developed into multi-stakeholder, multi-sectoral programs including training, developing and implementing codes of conduct, and building an ethic of personal responsibility. However, the demand for children and young people as sexual partners remains, fed by poverty and social exclusion. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2008. 62p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 114866 Keywords: Child Sexual AbuseSex TourismSex TraffickingSexual Exploitation |
Author: Child Wise Australia Title: Travelling Child-Sex Offenders in South East Asia: A Regional Review - 2007/2008 Summary: This report represents the third edition of a compendium of information relating to sexual exploitation of children in tourism destinations throughout South East Asia. Details: South Melbourne: Child Wise, 2009. 39p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 118307 Keywords: Child ProstitutionSex TourismSexual Exploitation (Children) |
Author: United Nations Children's Fund. Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean Title: Prevention of Commercial sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents: Contributing to a Sustainable Tourism in Central America Summary: This report contains a collection of interventions, discussions and results of the meeting "Prevention of Cmmercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents: Contributing to a Sustainable Tourism in Central America" held on October 28-29, 2004 in San Salvador, El Salvador. The objectives of the meeting were to share knowledge, experiences and successful models in the prevention of commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the context of travel and tourism in Central America, Mexico and the Dominican Republic, as well as to promote the adhesion on the part of the travel and tourism industry to the Code of Conduct for the protection of children and adolescents against commercial sexual exploitation. Details: Panama: Child Protection Section, UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2005. 79p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: Central America URL: Shelf Number: 118721 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Grillot, Caroline Title: Street Pedophilia in Cambodia: A Survey on Phnom Penh's Suspects and Victims Summary: This report focuses on street pedophiles and vulnerable children, as both groups remain difficult to observe and approach as they mingle outside common places usually meant for sexual interactions, such as bars and brothels. The survey provides an analysis of the current environment which pedophiles benefit from in Cambodia. It focuses on western males in the Phnom Penh region who represent the majority of the offenders and also on young boys who constitute their main target. Details: Phnom Penh: Action pour les Enfants, 2005. 38p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: Cambodia URL: Shelf Number: 118626 Keywords: PedophilesPedophilia (Cambodia)Sex OffendersSex Tourism |
Author: Paillard, Helene Title: Study on Cambodia's Criminal Justice System with Focusing on Prosecuting Foreign Child Sex Offenders Summary: This survey deals with the Cambodian criminal justice system, with focus on prosecuting child sex offenders. The analysis includes: 1) the Cambodian laws that are used in the prosecution of child sex offenders; 2) the implementation of those laws in practice; 3) the limits of, and burdens on, the criminal justice system; and 4) the connections between Cambodia and other countries regarding the prosecution of child sex offenders. Details: Phnom Penh: Action pour les Enfants, 2006. 53 p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: Cambodia URL: Shelf Number: 119166 Keywords: Child Sexual AbuseChild TraffickingProsecution, Sex OffendersSex Offenders (Cambodia)Sex Tourism |
Author: ECPAT International Title: Confronting the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Africa Summary: The reports presented in this Journal examine the achievements made in recent years in the fight against sexual violence and exploitation of children in Africa. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2007. 53p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: Africa URL: Shelf Number: 119222 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual ExploitationSex TourismSexual Violence |
Author: Berardi, Giorgio Title: The Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Connection with Cases of Child-Sex Tourism in East and Southeast Asia Summary: This report presents a review of the literature on the current state of known interactions between Internet communication technology and child-sex tourism. It includes: 1) an analysis of the nature, extent and trends in the use of information technology for faciliting sexual exploitation of children, especially in East and Southeast Asia; and 2) an analysis of targeted recommendations for action by key actors to prevent and protect children from being sexually exploitation through tourism. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2010. 68p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Asia URL: Shelf Number: 119223 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sex TourismInternet SafetySex TourismSexual Exploitation |
Author: Rusu, Viorelia Title: Overview of the Child Trafficking Phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova Summary: The present study represents an attempt to present qualitative, as well as some quantitative characteristics of the child trafficking phenomenon in the Republic of Moldova. The study report includes information about the average portrait of a victim of child trafficking, factors that increase child vulnerability to involvement into child trafficking situations, main characteristic features or elements of a child trafficking crime identified — peculiarities of recruitment, transportation, forms of exploitation and criminal methods of influence/control used against children. In the study report, existing models of child trafficking are presented both at the transnational level where children-citizens of the Republic of Moldova. become subjects of exploitation in other countries, and child trafficking inside of the country. Besides, the report reflects some new trends in the evolution of the child trafficking phenomenon, and gives an analysis of its relation to the phenomenon of child sex-tourism that emerged recently in Moldova. Details: Chisinau, Moldova: International Center for Women Rights Protection and Promotion "La Strada", 2010. 71p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Moldova URL: Shelf Number: 119424 Keywords: Child ExploitationChild ProstitutionChild TraffickingHuman TraffickingSex TourismSexual Exploitation |
Author: United Nations Children's Fund, Innocenti Research Centre Title: South Asia in Action: Preventing and Responding to Child Trafficking: Analysis of Anti-Trafficking Initiatives in the Region Summary: This report presents an analysis of anti-trafficking initiatives related to children in the South Asian countries of Afghanistan, Bangaladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. South Asian children continue to be trafficked for multiple forms of sexual exploitation – including prostitution, sex tourism, child pornography, paedophilia - and labour exploitation in agriculture, factories, domestic servitude and begging, forced marriage, adoption, military recruitment and debt release. The report includes several examples of laws and policies that could be enacted to prevent children from being trafficked and to protect children once they have been trafficked. Details: Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. 70p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 8, 2010 at http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/ii_ct_southasia_analysis.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Asia URL: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/ii_ct_southasia_analysis.pdf Shelf Number: 117638 Keywords: Child LaborChild PornographyChild ProstitutionChild TraffickingForced MarriageHuman TraffickingSex Tourism |
Author: Frederick, John Title: Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of Boys in South Asia: A Review of Research Findings, Legislation, Policy and Programme Responses Summary: This paper provides an overview of research findings, legislation, policy and programme responses to prevent and respond to the sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia. The background to the paper is based on the findings from previously conducted UNICEF IRC research on child trafficking in the region, in which it was indicated that boys enjoy less legal protection than girls from sexual abuse and exploitation and less access to service for victims. While it is seen that the majority of legislation and policies that address ‘children’ adequately address ‘boys’, this paper notes areas in which the rights and needs of boys require greater focus. Among the concerns is the absence of legal commentary on legislation regarding boys’ issues and an absence of advocacy efforts to take action and amend laws to provide equal protection to boys. In some cases legislation covers only girls and women. And, although research shows that boys face nearly the same degree of sexual abuse and exploitation as girls, programming throughout the region is overwhelmingly directed at girls and women. Evidence-based information is lacking on the sexual abuse of both boys and girls and on the sexual exploitation of boys. The majority of studies to date have emphasized trafficking for sexual exploitation and have been focused on women and girls. Research on trafficking has concentrated on recruitment, transportation and sale of victims; little research has been conducted on the subsequent situations of exploitation into which children are trafficked. Some countries in South Asia are beginning to fill the knowledge gap regarding both child sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of boys. The information that is presented was mainly gathered in 2008, but it remains limited by the sources available, some of which date back several years previously. The findings are however considered to be relatively robust and consistent. The report presents concrete recommendations for strengthening legislation, policy and programmes to address this issue from a child rights based approach. It highlights that listening to boys and girls and learning from their experiences and recommendations are key to designing and implementing effective preventive and protective mechanisms. Details: Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Center, 2010. 165p. Source: Internet Resource: Innocenti Working Paper No. 2010-02: Accessed February 9, 2011 at: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp_2010_02.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Asia URL: http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp_2010_02.pdf Shelf Number: 120726 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationMale VictimsSex Tourism |
Author: Strom, Agnete Title: A Glimpse of 30 Years of Struggle Against Prostitution by the Women's Liberation Movement in Norway Summary: The Women's Front of Norway has worked against prostitution for 30 years. In 2008 a law criminalizing the purchase of a sexual act was passed in Norway. This article describes the struggle and the main actors in lobbying for the law. In the 1980s, we raised awareness of prostitution and trafficking in women in a study of the pornography industry, and targeted sex tourist agencies organizing trips to the Philippines and Thailand. In the 1990s, our members in trade unions got their unions to take a stand against prostitution and against legalizing prostitution as "work". In 2006, the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions Congress supported a law criminalizing the buyer of a sexual act; this had a strong impact on the centre-left coalition Government. We invited leaders of the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women to Norway to meet parliamentarians and trade unionists, and kept up the pressure. From the start, the focus was on ensuring that the situation for women in prostitution was ameliorated. Our demands have been for better social services and job training. Street prostitution, especially in Oslo, has been curbed, and a growth in the indoor market has not been reported. Our next task is participating in the awareness campaign "Buying Sex is not a Sport" in connection with the Soccer World Cup, South Africa, 2010. Details: Bergen, Norway: Kvinnefronten/Women's Front of Norway, 2011. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2011 at: http://www.wunrn.com/pdf/hele_filen.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Norway URL: http://www.wunrn.com/pdf/hele_filen.pdf Shelf Number: 122622 Keywords: PornographyProstitutesProstitution (Norway)Sex TourismSex Trafficking |
Author: Lainez, Nicolas Title: A Foot In and a Foot Out: Sex Migration of Vietnamese Women to Singapore Summary: This study is the third in a series of three, the objective of which is to understand international mobility undertaken for the purposes of commercial sex purposes by low-skilled women from the Mekong Delta. In particular, this research addresses the migration of Vietnamese migrant entertainers to Singapore. This report is based on a five-month ethnographic investigation conducted in a boarding house of Vietnamese migrant entertainers in Singapore. It provides a unique picture of the social organization of the migration network operating between Vietnam and Singapore, and of the transient lives of Vietnamese entertainers in Singapore. The influx of migrant entertainers increased in Singapore in the early 1980s. The regional exchange network now includes women originating from all of the Southeast Asian countries. This includes Vietnamese, who appear to be a minority compared to other nationalities such as Filipina, Chinese, Indonesian and Thai. Singaporean authorities are undoubtedly concerned about the changing composition of the foreign entertainer population, and this is a contentious and sensitive issue in Singapore. At the same time, the authorities are concerned about enforcing the law on prostitution. The legislation does not criminalize the act per se. Rather, it enforces neutralization and containment in the Designated Red-Light Areas, as well as monitoring of the sex industry to keep exploitation and the spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS in check. Two-thirds of the Vietnamese migrant entertainers of the study were between 20 and 30 years old. A profile emerged in which slightly more than half originated from HCMC, and were lowly educated and unskilled. Family dissolution was an important feature, as nine women out of 16 were separated from their partners and four came to Singapore following a separation. These factors pushed half of the sampled migrant entertainers into prostitution in Vietnam before they decided to migrate. Their objective in coming to Singapore was to earn a substantial amount of money. Indeed, the expectation of high earnings was the chief pull factor due to the general assumption that Singapore is a rich “El Dorado” where foreign migrant entertainers can generate earnings of at least S$ 1000 (US$ 816) per month. This was a misconception on their part as many returned to Vietnam with less than that or empty pockets. In addition, a substantial part of the earnings – between US$ 1057 and US$ 1482 – was also used to cover travel and living expenses. The recruitment process of Vietnamese migrant entertainers reveals a complex network of exchange that links the Vietnamese operators within Singapore with the migrant entertainers in Vietnam. This informal and clientelist network is composed of migration brokers and their long-standing customers who introduce and assist new customers in the transnational movement between Vietnam and Singapore. The brokers are able to expand their customer base by incorporating the networks of their previous customers, who in turn become peers of the new recruits. The network appears to be a well-organized and non-exploitative voluntary exchange system. It functions effectively because of the symbiotic relationship between the migration brokers and the migrant entertainers. One of the key findings of this research is that trafficking for sexual exploitation of Vietnamese sampled women and minors to Singapore is irrelevant. As described in the report, three factors created transience in the life of the entertainers. Firstly, all entertainers entered Singapore on 30-day Social Visit Passes. This scheme does not allow foreign visitors to engage in any form of employment, including prostitution. Officials from the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) routinely refuse entry and expel Vietnamese female travelers suspected of coming to Singapore to work in the prostitution industry. Vietnamese migrant entertainers typically rely on professional migration brokers who provide services to enable their customers to slip through the net of the ICA. Secondly, after the expiry of their 30-day Social Visit Pass, the migrant entertainers of the study faced two options: they could either return to Vietnam or extend their stay in Singapore. The majority sought to avoid raising the suspicions of the immigration authorities and returned home for a few months, before coming back to Singapore. Those wishing to extend their stay had several methods at their disposal: extending the social visit pass, exiting and returning to Singapore to obtain a new social visit pass, acquiring a Performing Artist Work Permit, or getting genuinely or fraudulently married to a Singaporean citizen or permanent resident. The decision to extend the stay depended on personal motivations and financial resources, as well as on the availability of services provided by the Vietnamese migration broker and Singaporean sponsors. Lastly, the Anti-Vice Enforcement Unit (AVEU) relies on raids and on deportations as key mechanisms to control foreign prostitution in Singapore. Red light areas like Geylang, Joo Chiat and Orchard Towers are regularly raided, and arrested entertainers are deported to their home country at their own expense. As a consequence of these three factors, the Vietnamese migrant entertainers of the study were constantly straddling Singapore and Vietnam. They were only allowed to stay in Singapore for 30 days at any one time and upon the expiry of the pass, they would return to Vietnam, with the intention of returning at another time. Consequently, while living in Singapore, they were either looking for ways to extend their stay, or thinking about their return to Vietnam. This was pervasive: upon arrival, they were already thinking about the return trip, and vice-versa. They lived lives of transience and evanescence. In fact, even when they were physically in one space, they were mentally in the other. Details: Ho Chi Minh City: Alliance Anti-Trafic, 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report No. 3: Accessed January 10, 2012 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/lainez_nicolas_footout_0112.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Asia URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/lainez_nicolas_footout_0112.pdf Shelf Number: 123542 Keywords: Human TraffickingProstitutesProstitutionSex TourismSexual Exploitation |
Author: Schuster, Martina Title: Discourse on prostitution and human trafficking in the context of UEFA EURO 2012: Academic study of discourse and campaigns in the run-up to the 2012 European Football Championship finals as the basis for advising decision-makers Summary: This study focuses on the themes of sex work, sex tourism and human trafficking in the UEFA EURO 2012 host countries, Poland and Ukraine. It is designed to provide UEFA and local stakeholders with an academic basis for their preparations for the event and to serve as a starting point for networking, media work, activities and campaigns linked to these themes. The study expressly aims to help prevent sensationalist media reporting that might lead to a deterioration of the working and living conditions of sex workers. It also opposes the portrayal of UEFA EURO 2012 as a cause of violations of women’s rights, such as abduction, trafficking and rape. Analysis of previous international sports events, such as the 2006 World Cup in Germany1 and the 2010 World Cup in South Africa does not suggest that major football events lead to a rise in human rights violations of this nature. Nor is there any evidence that demand for sexual services increases as a result of such events. An international academic study of discourse in the run-up to the 2010 World Cup in South Africa and of what actually transpired during the tournament, for example, showed that the predicted sharp increase in the offer of sexual services failed to materialise, as did the feared rise in human trafficking (see Delva et al. 2010). Details: Amsterdam, The Netherlands: La Strada International, European Network Against Trafficking in Human Beings, 2010. Source: First Report: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at Year: 2010 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 123931 Keywords: FootballHuman TraffickingProstitution (Europe)Sex TourismSex TraffickingSex Work |
Author: Jennings, Kathleen Title: UN Peacekeeping Economies and Local Sex Industries: Connections and Implications Summary: “Peacekeeping economies” have not been subject to much analysis of either their economic or socio-cultural and political impacts. This paper uses a gendered lens to explore some ramifications and lasting implications of peacekeeping economies, drawing on examples from four post-conflict countries with past or ongoing United Nations peacekeeping missions: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Liberia, and Haiti. The paper is particularly concerned with the interplay between the peacekeeping economy and the sex industry. It examines some of the characteristics and impacts of peacekeeping economies, arguing that these are highly gendered – but that the “normalization” of peacekeeping economies allows these effects to be overlooked or obscured. It also contends that these gendered characteristics and impacts have (or are likely have) broad and lasting consequences. Finally, the paper considers the initial impacts of UN efforts to tackle negative impacts of peacekeeping economies, particularly the zero-tolerance policy against sexual exploitation and the effort to “mainstream” gender and promote gender equality in and through peacekeeping. The paper suggests that the existence and potential longterm perpetuation of a highly gendered peacekeeping economy threatens to undermine the gender goals and objectives that are a component of most peace operations. Details: Brighton, UK: MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex, 2009. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: MICROCON Research Working Paper 17; Accessed May 8, 2012 at: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/RWP17_KJ_VNR.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/RWP17_KJ_VNR.pdf Shelf Number: 125177 Keywords: Human TraffickingProstitutionSex TourismSex WorkersSexual Exploitation |
Author: Lee, Samuel Title: Human Trafficking and Regulating Prostitution Summary: The effect of prostitution laws on human trafficking and voluntary prostitution is subject to debate. We argue theoretically that neither legalization nor criminalization can simultaneously protect voluntary prostitutes and unambiguously reduce trafficking. We propose an alternative, “hybrid” policy that achieves both objectives and restores the free market outcome that arises in the absence of trafficking: legal, strictly regulated brothels combined with severe criminal penalties for johns who buy sex outside of them. If a regulator wants to eradicate all prostitution instead, the optimal policy criminalizes all johns. Criminalizing prostitutes is ineffective and unjust because it fails to eradicate trafficking and penalizes victims. We consider cross-border trafficking, sex tourism, social norms, and political support for prostitution laws. The model predicts that the female-male income ratio is a key determinant of how much prostitution is involuntary, the consequences of prostitution laws, and the political will to enact or enforce them. Details: New York: Stern School of Business, New York University, 2012. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 5, 2012 at: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://web-docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingandRegulatingProstitution.pdf Shelf Number: 125471 Keywords: Human TraffickingProstitutionSex TourismSex WorkSexual Exploitation |
Author: Squire, Jason Title: Sri Lanka Research Report The Sexual Abuse, Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Children in Sri Lanka Summary: Sri Lanka is famed for the proverbial three S’s: Sun, Sea and Sand. In the north and east of the country, the government has been engaged in armed conflict for over 25 years with the secessionist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Relative to the other countries of South Asia, the Sri Lankan government over the last 40 years has been able to provide adequate social services to its population: the country has the best educational system in South Asia, with a relatively high attendance of children in school, and health services that reach the majority of the population. People’s access to media is high throughout the country. At the same time, the ongoing civil war and decrease in the strength of the agricultural economy, which supports approximately 75% of the population, have resulted in increased rural poverty. In response to this, the government has engaged in two primary economic strategies, both of which have had a direct impact on the sexual abuse and commercial sexual exploitation of children. The first strategy has been the promotion of external labour migration for women. Sri Lanka has the highest proportion in South Asia of females working abroad for employment, and these comprise primarily women who have young children. The consequent absence of female caregivers has resulted in a reduction of protection for children in the home, in turn resulting in what many consider to be a high level of domestic sexual abuse. The second economic strategy supported by the government has been the development of an international tourism industry, initiated in the 1970s. National and international tourism are mainly concentrated around the western, north central, central and southern provinces. Tourism is one of the main income-generating activities for the country. While benefiting the economy, the growth of tourism coupled with low levels of child protection, the prevalence of domestic child sexual abuse and increasing rural poverty is thought to have contributed to the growth of child sex tourism (CST) in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka gained notoriety for the availability of child sex in the 1980s. Since then, many local NGOs and international agencies have been active in raising the issue as a concern and developing projects around the issues. To date, the majority of interventions and research on the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and child sex tourism have focused on the ‘destination’ end of the situation – that is, the locations where sexual exploitation take place. Fewer interventions and less research have been conducted on the ‘source’ side of the situation – that is, in the families and communities from which the exploited children originate. Details: Lausanne, SWIT: Terre des hommes, 2008. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 9, 2012 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trafficking_report_srilanka_17_12_08.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Sri Lanka URL: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/trafficking_report_srilanka_17_12_08.pdf Shelf Number: 114895 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sex TraffickingChild Sexual Abuse (Sri Lanka)Child Sexual ExploitationHuman TraffickingSex Tourism |
Author: Hevanamage, Veyoma Title: Global Monitoring Status of Action Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: Thailand. 2nd Edition Summary: The Agenda for Action against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children provides a detailed framework and categories of actions to be taken by governments in partnership with civil society organizations and other relevant actors for combating commercial sexual crimes against children. Broadly, these actions are focused on: 1) Coordination and Cooperation; 2) Prevention; 3) Protection; 4) Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reintegration; and 5) Child Participation. The Agenda for Action is thus the formal and guiding structure used by governments that have adopted it and committed to work against CSEC. As such, the Agenda for Action is also the main organising framework for reporting on the status of implementation of the Agenda as seen in the World Congress II of 2001, the Mid-Term Review meetings held between 2004 and 2005 and the World Congress III in 2008. It has been used in the same way to structure and guide the research, analysis and preparation of information presented in these reports on the status of implementation of the Agenda in the individual countries. Preparatory work for this 2nd Edition report involved a review of the literature available on sexual exploitation for each of the countries where ECPAT works. A number of tools were prepared, such as a detailed glossary of CSEC terms, explanatory literature on more difficult themes and concepts and a guide to relevant CSEC related research tools, to assist researchers in their work and to ensure consistency in the gathering, interpreting and analysing of information from different sources and parts of the world. Desktop research has shown a continuing lack of information in the areas of Recovery, Rehabilitation and Reintegration. After extensive efforts to collect information relevant to these areas for each of the countries covered, it was decided that as this information was not consistently available, the reports thus focus only on those areas of the Agenda for Action where verifiable information can be obtained. Thus, the report covers: Coordination and Cooperation; Prevention; Protection and Child and Youth Participation, and where information on recovery, rehabilitaton and reintegration, was available, it has been included under the country overview. These 2nd Edition Reports also reflect a greater focus on integrated and inter-sector collaboration for the realisation of the right of the child to protection from sexual exploitation, including the need nationally for comprehensive child protection systems. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 3, 2012 at: http://www.ecpat.net/A4A_2005/PDF/EAP/A4A2011_EAP_Thailand_FINAL.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Thailand URL: http://www.ecpat.net/A4A_2005/PDF/EAP/A4A2011_EAP_Thailand_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 126549 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual Exploitation (Thailand)Sex Tourism |
Author: Ospina, Maria Title: Sexual Exploitation of Children and Youth Over the Internet: A Rapid Review of the Scientific Literature Summary: The role of the Internet in the health and wellbeing of children and youth is just beginning to emerge as a priority topic in the public health research agenda. Public policy attention has recently focused on the impact of this medium on the attitudes, behaviour, and health of young people. Among the potential risks, the sexual exploitation and abuse of children and youth over the Internet is of substantial concern. Children and youth can be abused over the Internet in many ways: Internet-initiated grooming for purposes of sexual abuse (that is, online sexual solicitation), the possession, production, and distribution of Internet-based abuse images of children and youth, Internet-based receipt by children and youth of abuse images, and Internet-initiated incitement of or conspiracy to commit sexual abuse of children and youth through activities such as sex tourism and prostitution. These Internet-related sexual exploitation activities directly or indirectly result in offline situations of sexual abuse directed toward children. The need exists to identify the most vulnerable population of children and youth who are at risk of online sexual exploitation over the Internet, and to determine whether prevention and intervention programs for online sexual exploitation have been evaluated in the scientific literature. The objectives of this rapid review were: 1) to provide a descriptive overview and synthesis of information regarding the state of research on the frequency, effects, and risk factors for sexual exploitation of children and youth over the Internet; 2) to identify and evaluate the evidence available in the scientific literature on the assessment tools for children and youth who have been sexually exploited via the Internet; 3) to identify and evaluate the evidence available in the scientific literature on the safety, efficacy, effectiveness, economic, social, legal, or ethical aspects of prevention and therapeutic strategies for sexual exploitation of children and youth via the Internet; and 4) to map the health care, educational, and community resources available in Alberta and Canada regarding Internet safety and prevention of child and youth abuse and exploitation via the Internet. Details: Edmonton, AB, Canada: Institute of Health Economics, 2010. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2012 at: http://www.ihe.ca/documents/Online%20Sexual%20Exploitation.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.ihe.ca/documents/Online%20Sexual%20Exploitation.pdf Shelf Number: 126666 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationComputer CrimesInternet CrimesPornographySex Tourism |
Author: Binazzi Daniel, Alice Title: Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in Travel and Tourism in the Dominican Republic - An Anthropological Perspective Summary: The present study is part of a reflection of a wider field research work carried out in the Dominican Republic on exploitation phenomena of children and adolescents. This research is based on a three-month field work and on a retrospective ethnography of previously acquired local meanings. The formulated hypothesis was that the eventual existence of stereotypes and discriminations experienced in local society, could lead to the exploitation of children and adolescents. The objective of this study particularly focuses on identifying and interpreting local social norms and cultural flows, involving children and adolescents, which can contribute, together with other root-causes, to the creation of the pre-conditions for sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in prostitution and, in particular, in travel and tourism. Also, a deeper understanding of local cultural flows can strongly support and enhance aid effectiveness. This study has been carried out according to an anthropological approach that intends to go beyond the statistical investigation by sample method and provides an in-depth qualitative analysis. The qualitative analysis of the anthropological approach, through its ethnographic field work, often has the merit of contributing to integrate further quantitative research approaches. Details: Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden, 2011. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 16, 2012 at: http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/content/library/documents/sexual-exploitation-children-and-adolescents-travel-and-tourism-dominican- Year: 2011 Country: Dominican Republic URL: http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/content/library/documents/sexual-exploitation-children-and-adolescents-travel-and-tourism-dominican- Shelf Number: 126709 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual Exploitation (Dominican Republic)Child TraffickingSex Tourism |
Author: Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV and AIDS Title: Prostitution, Sex Work and Transactional Sex in the English-, Dutch- and French-Speaking Caribbean: A Literature Review of Definitions, Laws and Research Summary: Sex work in the Caribbean is multifaceted, covering a range of activities including brothel, club, tourist-oriented, and street-based prostitution, exotic dancing, and escort services. The aim of this project was to conduct a review of literature and legislation on sex work in the Caribbean for the period 1999-2009 in order that the Pan Caribbean Partnership against HIV/AIDS (PANCAP) could better understand the ways in which sex work activities are organized, legislated, and defined throughout the region. Details: Greater Georgetown, Guyana: PANCAP/ CARICOM, 2009. 108p. 2009. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 28, 2012 at: http://www.pancap.org/docs/World_Bank_Studies/Prostitution_Sex_Work_and_Transactional_Sex_Report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Central America URL: http://www.pancap.org/docs/World_Bank_Studies/Prostitution_Sex_Work_and_Transactional_Sex_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 127024 Keywords: ProstitutesProstitutionSex TourismSex Work (Caribbean)Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
Author: United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking Title: Cambodia: Exodus to the Sex Trade? Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Women's Working Conditions and Opportunities Summary: The objective of this research was to measure increases in human trafficking and exploitation in Cambodia as a result of the financial crisis, specifically, the trafficking of women and girls into the entertainment sector. Retrenched garment factory workers and female members of vulnerable rural families were two key populations of interest. Data was collected in April-May 2009 using a survey in Khmer, administered to 357 women and girls aged 15-49 currently working in Phnom Penh’s entertainment sector, including brothel workers, street workers, karaoke workers, and massage parlor workers. Information was collected on their family background; the conditions of their current work and how they got into it; debts they have incurred along the way, to whom, and for what; indicators of exploitation; and information on their previous job and why they left. Details: Phnom Penh, Cambodia: UNIAP, 2009. 7p. Source: SIREN Report CB-04: Internet Resource: Accessed December 2, 2012 at: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb-04.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Cambodia URL: http://www.no-trafficking.org/reports_docs/siren/siren_cb-04.pdf Shelf Number: 127101 Keywords: Human Trafficking (Cambodia)Sex TourismSex Trafficking (Cambodia)Sexual ExploitationSexual Exploitation (Cambodia) |
Author: Terre des hommes Title: Webcam Child Sex Tourism. Becoming Sweetie: A novel approach to stopping the global rise in Webcam Child Sex Tourism Summary: Rising Internet usage rates and persistent poverty in the developing world have fostered the emergence of a rapidly growing new form of online child sexual exploitation. "Webcam Child Sex Tourism" (WCST) takes place when adults pay or offer other rewards in order to direct and view live streaming video footage of children in another country performing sexual acts in front of a webcam. WCST enables predators to sexually abuse children in other countries with ease and frequency using their Internet-connected personal computers. And despite the fact that WCST is prohibited by international laws and most national criminal codes, the enforcement of those laws has so far been lax. Terre des Hommes Netherlands works to end child exploitation and to assist victims around the world. In recent years, we have been overwhelmed by the surging number of child victims of WCST in the Philippines. The psychological damage that exploitation through WCST has on children is profound and permanent. We recognize that victim assistance alone cannot stop the expansion of such a rapidly growing form of child exploitation. That knowledge motivated us to undertake this study in search of a solution that governments around the world can apply to reduce the global demand for WCST. Key facts: The United Nations and the US Federal Bureau of Investigation estimate that there are 750,000 predators connected to the Internet at any moment. Those predators contribute to a vast global demand for WCST. Moreover, an estimate that tens of thousands of children in the Philippines alone are exploited through WCST, suggests that this form of long-distance child abuse appears to take place with great frequency. However, the alarming fact that only six predators have ever been convicted for engaging in WCST should inspire shame and immediate action by governments around the world. This is a problem that urgently needs the world's attention. Insight: The vast global demand for WCST provides incentives for criminals, impoverished parents, and vulnerable children in developing countries to capitalize on the opportunity to raise their income by increasing the "supply" of children who perform webcam sex shows for money or other rewards. Taking targeted action to reduce the global demand for WCST that is sustained by online predators will effectively reduce the growing number of child victims who constitute the "supply" side of the trade. Our research: What started as research into the WCST trade led us to a viable solution to this global problem. We began the research for this report by gathering information about the nature of the phenomenon of WCST: the physical and online environments in which it takes place, the global trends that have fostered its emergence, and the legal status of WCST in international law and in the national criminal and penal codes of 21 countries. We found that the legal framework prohibiting WCST widely exists, but governments are not adequately enforcing their own child protection laws when the victims are located outside of their borders. Highlighting that point is our finding that only six predators worldwide have been convicted for engaging as customers in WCST. That finding led us to wonder how often WCST actually takes place online. Four Terre des Hommes Netherlands researchers spent 10 weeks posing as prepubertal Filipino girls on 19 public chat rooms. During that short period, a total of 20,172 predators from 71 countries committed crimes by soliciting the researchers, whom the predators believed to be minors, for paid webcam sex performances. But 20,172 crimes in a sample of 19 chat rooms likely reflects only a small fraction of the number of crimes actually taking place every day when we consider the US Federal Bureau of Investigation's estimates that there are 40,000 online chat rooms on which predators lurk. Moreover, WCST takes place on social networking sites, adult webcam sites and online dating sites, in addition to chat rooms. It is likely that WCST takes place tens of thousands of times each day. The finding that WCST is such a common crime on public chat rooms led us to investigate whether law enforcement agencies are not adequately enforcing existing child protection laws because they are unable to identify predators engaging in WCST. We found that identifying predators seeking webcam sexual performances from children can be achieved through the use of a proactive investigation technique. During the 10 weeks spent collecting data, the four Terre des Hommes Netherlands researchers identified 1,000 predators seeking webcam sex performance from children on public chat rooms. They were identified using only information available in public online databases and data provided by predators. No computer hacking or illegal methods were applied. Instead, we just asked predators to provide identifying information under the fictional pretext-a technique known as "social hacking." The following report is the most comprehensive study on WCST undertaken to date. However, the findings of our research, while alarming, only provide a small glimpse into how vast the phenomenon of WCST actually is. While we cannot extrapolate conclusions about the global prevalence of WCST, we do prove that there is a very high incidence of predators seeking WCST on 19 public chat rooms in a 10-week period. Furthermore, based on our analysis of trends in technological developments and other forms of child sexual exploitation, we predict that the WCST trade will continue to grow and spread to other countries if governments around the world do not take immediate action. If action is not taken, we fear that WCST will spiral as far out of control as the online child pornography industry, which is now a multi-billion dollar international trade that law enforcement agencies cannot reign in. Call to action: Currently, law enforcement agencies are hobbled by reactive investigation policies-they investigate crimes against child victims of WCST only after children report the crimes. But, for a number of reasons, children do not report these crimes very often. We call on government agencies in charge of justice to immediately adopt proactive law enforcement policies that empower law enforcement agencies to patrol public online spaces known to be hotspots for WCST and to prosecute predators committing these crimes without waiting for children or parents to report them. Details: The Hague: Terre des Hommes, 2013. 113p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2014 at: http://www.terredeshommes.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Webcam-child-sex-tourism-terre-des-hommes-NL-nov-2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.terredeshommes.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Webcam-child-sex-tourism-terre-des-hommes-NL-nov-2013.pdf Shelf Number: 132541 Keywords: Child Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationComputer CrimesInternet CrimesSex Tourism |
Author: Terre des hommes Title: Fullscreen on View: An exploratory study on the background and psychosocial consequences of webcam child sex tourism in the Philippines Summary: In recent years Terre des Hommes Netherlands observed the steady rise of a new form of child sexual exploitation. One that is enabled and fuelled by rapid technological advances, increasing global connectivity, persisting poverty rates, and growing disparity in the global distribution of resources. Terre des Hommes Netherlands received alarming signals from collaborating project partners from the Philippines that new commercial child exploitation trades are evolving and spreading parallel to rising global Internet access rates and developments in communications technology. In child prostitution 'hotspots', like Cebu City in the Philippines, various forms of commercial child exploitation shifted from offline to online, making child abuse material more accessible and more anonymously consumable for a larger number of offenders around the world. Terre des Hommes Netherlands' project partners reported a shift in child prostitution from the streets, bars, restaurants and other public places to hidden venues where children are engaged in sexual interactions with foreigners through webcams. Those children are not only exposed to and engaged in activities that are illegal, they also fall under the radars of organizations involved in helping these children. Furthermore, parents become harder to reach because of the in-house nature of the activities. Webcam child sex tourism, as Terre des Hommes Netherlands calls this phenomenon, is proliferating in the Philippines and spreading quickly. Through the internet, adults offer payment or other rewards to view and direct live streaming video footage of children in the Philippines performing sexual acts in front of a webcam. Similar to child sex tourism, adults seek contact with vulnerable children in other countries for sexual purposes and in doing so dodge the law in their own countries. All it takes is a computer, Internet connection and a web camera or mobile phone. The fact that webcam child sex tourism operations are organized and configured in many different locations makes them harder to discover and much more difficult for gathering evidence against perpetrators. Webcam child sex tourism remained undiscovered until 2011 when the Philippines successfully prosecuted its first case against two Swedish nationals and three Filipinos (BBC, 2011). Children involved in webcam child sex tourism generally perform webcam sex shows from their home computers, from Internet cafes, or from what are known as "cybersex dens": buildings in which women and children are kept, often against their will, in windowless dungeon-like settings. In the Philippines, police raids against such dens are increasingly common. 40% of the victims of webcam child sex tourism have family members who either are involved in webcam sex operations themselves, or who are aware of the child's involvement in webcam sex. In areas like Cordova and Taguig, both located in Cebu province, webcam sex operations have become widespread and family members are aware that there is a lot of money to be earned from it. A description of the nature and extent of the phenomenon has to date never been completed. Details: The Hague: Terre des Hommes, 2013. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 26, 2014 at: http://www.terredeshommes.nl/upload/dossier/download/TdH-Fullscreen_on_View-Webversie_DEF.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Philippines URL: http://www.terredeshommes.nl/upload/dossier/download/TdH-Fullscreen_on_View-Webversie_DEF.pdf Shelf Number: 132543 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Heineman, Jenny Title: Sex Industry and Sex Workers in Nevada Summary: Las Vegas has long been known as the symbolic center of the commercial sex industry. Nevada is host to the only legal system of prostitution in the United States. From the early legalization of quickie divorce and marriage to the marketing of its large resorts, sexuality has been a key component of Nevada's tourist economy. If trends continue, for good or for ill, the sex industry will be an even larger part of the economy in the future. The sex industry refers to all legal and illegal adult businesses that sell sexual products, sexual services, sexual fantasies, and actual sexual contact for profit in the commercial marketplace. The sex industry encompasses an exceedingly wide range of formal and informal, legal and illegal businesses, as well as a wide range of individuals who work in and around the industry. This report will review the context in which sexually oriented commercial enterprises have flourished, discuss general trends in the Nevada sex industry, and make policy recommendations. Details: Las Vegas: UNLV Center for Democratic Culture, 2012. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2014 at: http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=social_health_nevada_reports Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=social_health_nevada_reports Shelf Number: 133470 Keywords: Prostitution (Nevada)Sex IndustrySex TourismSex Workers |
Author: Foundation SCELLES Title: Sexual Exploitation: Prostitution and Organized Crime Summary: Today, prostitution is a phenomenon that surpasses borders. Flows of human beings go from one country to another, from one continent to another in order to be forced to practice prostitution or to purchase sex. Women, children, and men as well, under the pressure of distress and with the hope of a better future, leave their own country and get caught in the nets of traffickers who exploit them all over the world. In Cambodia, prostitutes come from China, Vietnam, and also from Eastern Europe. Australia, considered a well-known center of Asian prostitution, has prostitutes who are citizens of countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, and China. Canada witnesses the arrival of victims coming from Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. And in France, in 2011, the dismantling of more or less 40 criminal networks in Paris, Caen, Bordeaux, Strasbourg brought rescued victims from Colombia, China, Ecuador, Nigeria, and Romania (among other countries). Prostitution today also involves flows of customers, mainly men, who cross borders in order to find attractive sexual offers. Not one continent is spared: Budapest, Riga, and Kiev became sex tourism destinations in the same way that Bangkok, Goa, or Manila did. And customers take advantage of all occasions: professional seminars, sporting events... In 2011, the number of prostitution ads on a well known website in the US increased almost of 136% during the week preceding the Superbowl. And during the annual fair for marine entrepreneurs in Hamburg, prostitution offers doubled along with the hourly rates for hotel rooms... Finally, thanks to the development of new technologies, prostitution completely ignores geographical borders. Henceforth, solicitation is done by SMS through the use of cellphones. Social networks are used to promote meetings for the purpose of paid sex. The routing of victims around the world is done through the systematic use of numerical exchanges. Customers carefully analyze websites comparing prices for sexual services. Traffickers recruit their potential victims on websites created by escort girls who think they are independent. Details: Paris: Economica, 2012. 382p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2015 at: http://www.fondationscelles.org/pdf/rapport_mondial/sexual_exploitation_prostitution_Fondation_Scelles.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.fondationscelles.org/pdf/rapport_mondial/sexual_exploitation_prostitution_Fondation_Scelles.pdf Shelf Number: 136281 Keywords: Human Trafficking Organized Crime Prostitutes Prostitution Sex TourismSex Workers Sexual Exploitation |
Author: Hawken, Angela Title: Offenders on the Move: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism Summary: More children are at risk of sexual exploitation than ever before, particularly in travel and tourism, a two-year global study by ECPAT has revealed. The report, entitled Offenders on the Move: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism 2016, has found that an increase in global tourism and improved accessibility of information technology have escalated the threat of sexual exploitation in every country in the world. Children in the UK and Europe, long seen as source countries for travelling child sex offenders, have also experienced an increased risk of sexual abuse by foreign and in-country travelling offenders. The study cites more than 60 reports from around the world on regional trends and institutional responses, building one of the most comprehensive analyses of sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism. It notes that persistent power imbalances, corporate travel culture, community-based tourism, weak child protection commitments and institutional silence have fuelled the risks posed to children by travelling offenders, whether "situational" or "preferential". Details: Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2016. 154p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2016 at: http://www.ecpatusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Global-Report-Offenders-on-the-Move-Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.ecpatusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Global-Report-Offenders-on-the-Move-Final.pdf Shelf Number: 139120 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Beaulieu, Catherine Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Regional Report: North America Summary: The travel and tourism industry plays an important role in the region's economies, contributing CA$84.3 billion (4.5%) to Canada's GDP; in the U.S the industry yielded around US$2.16 trillion. In 2013 Americans spent US$748 billion on domestic travel, a figure expected to reach US$903 billion by 2017. A main concern in relation to SECTT is the extensive infrastructure available (multiple lodging and transportation alternatives), providing an enabling environment for travelling child sex offenders (TCSOs), including foreign tourists and domestic travellers. Both countries "send" TCSOs, particularly to Latin America and the Caribbean, and appear to also be becoming destinations: TCSOs from Europe have been identified in both countries. Both foreign TCSOs in the region and North Americans abroad abuse positions as teachers, volunteers or humanitarian workers and engage in volun-tourism to find victims. American and Canadian offenders have victimised children in orphanages in countries as diverse as Cambodia, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya and Nepal. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2016. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2016 at: http://www.ecpatusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Regional-Report-North-America.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.ecpatusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Regional-Report-North-America.pdf Shelf Number: 139121 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: ECPAT International Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism: Regional Report: Southeast Asia Summary: In 2014, Southeast Asia had the fastest growth in tourism worldwide. SECTT by foreigners was first highlighted here, sparking global efforts to combat the crime. Traditional destinations such as Thailand and the Philippines still attract TCSOs, while Cambodia, Indonesia and Vietnam are becoming key destinations and Myanmar is at risk as it opens up to tourists. While the focus has long been on foreign tourists, male nationals account for the vast majority of offenders. Special Economic and Free Trade Zones in some countries have been identified as locations for SECTT and the region is seeing more webcam-based child sex tourism. No country has a specific plan or designated agency to tackle SECTT. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: ECPAT International, 2016. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/regional/southeast-asia/ Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/regional/southeast-asia/ Shelf Number: 139224 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sex TourismSex TourismSexual Exploitation |
Author: ECPAT International Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Country Specific Report: South Africa Summary: At the First World Congress Against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in Stockholm in 1996, governments first recognised the commercial sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (CSECTT) as a global crime of epidemic proportion. Since then, much work has been done by international organisations, governments and tourism stakeholders to combat CSECTT. The increasing cross-border movement of people, consumerism, globalisation and new technologies, however, have enabled CSECTT to evolve and manifest in new forms. Often a high influx of tourists and travellers increases the problem, especially in developing countries where poverty and socio-economic inequalities are persistent. Some African countries are considered emerging tourism destinations for child sexual offenders. It is difficult to obtain statistics or figures on the scale and scope of such violations due to the lack of studies or research as well as the hidden nature of the phenomenon. According to ECPAT International's African network members, South Africa is one of the countries most affected by CSECTT in the African region. ECPAT Germany, in cooperation with Bread for the World and Fair Trade Tourism (FTT), published a report entitled Don't Look Away: Be Aware and Report the Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism in December 2013. This assessment of CSECTT, the first of its kind in South Africa, provides an overview of the problem in the country's tourism industry. This report is intended to strengthen the Don't Look Away report and thus enhance efforts to protect children from being sexually exploited by travellers and tourists. As part of the research to develop this supplementing report, key stakeholders from the child protection, public and tourism sectors in five provinces of South Africa were interviewed for their perceptions of the extent of CESCTT in South African tourism as well associated public, private and civil society responses. The report is divided into five sections. The first looks at the methodology used to collect data for the report, while the second section identifies limitations and associated implications for the study and defines and reviews relevant terminology in relation to CSECTT in South Africa. The third section focuses on stakeholders' perceptions and opinions of CSECTT in South Africa. It looks at whether CSECTT is considered by respondents to be an issue, their views on which children are vulnerable to becoming victims of the crime and impressions of potential offenders as well as their opinions on the role that information and communication technology has in aiding CSECTT. The fourth section presents an overview of the level of awareness and opinions of the respondents on services available to protect and assist victims and their perceptions of the relative strengths and weaknesses of current responses to reports of CSECTT, including the role of the criminal justice system. The final section draws conclusions and recommendations based on the findings of this research to improve the protection of children from CSECTT in South Africa. Details: Pretoria: Fair Trade Tourism, 2015. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Country-report-South-Africa.pdf Year: 2015 Country: South Africa URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Country-report-South-Africa.pdf Shelf Number: 139225 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sex Tourism Sex Tourism Sexual Exploitation |
Author: ECPAT International Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Regional Report South Asia Summary: More children than ever are at risk of being sexually exploited by travellers and tourists and no country is immune. Since the early 1990s when evidence came to light that European nationals were sexually abusing and exploiting children in developing countries, sharp increases in travel and tourism have multiplied the opportunities and venues available to travelling child sex offenders worldwide. An emerging destination for international tourists, South Asia recorded an impressive seven percent growth in the arrival of foreign visitors in 2014. Moreover, domestic travel has steadily increased within the region, thanks to a flourishing middle class. Hence, tourism is now a major source of income for many South Asian countries. The increased travel and the explosion of the internet and mobile technology has afforded perpetrators anonymity and hidden pathways to groom children and seduce them via social media and internet games. Likewise, new travel and tourism services like home-stays, voluntourism and the shareconomy have increased this anonymity and heightened children's vulnerability. However, progress has been made since the First World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children held in Stockholm in 1996. Twenty years later, world leaders from nearly every country in the world have approved global targets to address the sexual exploitation of children in the Sustainable Development Goals, which replace the Millennium Development Goals from 2016 onwards. Thus, goal 16 of the SDGs, namely to "promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels", is notably to be reached by "ending abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture of children" as stated in Target 16.2. The world has recognised that we cannot allow children to fall victim to this devastating experience, which has life-long consequences on their mental and physical well-being. This report provides an updated picture of the environment in which sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism persists in South Asia and proposes a set of recommendations to improve government, non-government and private sector responses to prevent and combat this crime. As such, it will assist in the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals related to children's right to live free from sexual exploitation. After twenty five years of working on the issue, ECPAT cannot emphasise enough how important it is to join efforts and take advantage of multi-sector cooperation to fight this deplorable trend. This report is an open invitation to work with ECPAT and its partners and join the fight against sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism because together we can eliminate this crime and make childhood safe again. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Regional-Report-South-Asia.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Regional-Report-South-Asia.pdf Shelf Number: 139960 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Bochkor, N.P. Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Ukraine Summary: How did Ukraine appear in the list of countries where commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is common? It is difficult to answer, because the problem is hidden and its reasons are comprehensive. Ukraine does not have a chance to solve the problem before it is thoroughly studied. The study "Sexual exploitation of children in Ukraine: situation and counteraction" was conducted by the authors of International Women's Rights Center "La Strada-Ukraine". This work is a part of a global study on sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism in 15 countries within the framework of the project initiated by ECPAT - Netherlands. The aim of the study is to analyze the current situation with sexual exploitation and violence against children, especially in tourism, pornography, prostitution, trafficking and early marriages, and also develop recommendations to improve it. The study used a variety of methods, such as statistical, sociological, comparative and legal study, empirical methods. One of the basic principles of the study is the respect to children's rights according to the requirements of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Despite the fact that children at first sight often seem to provide sex-services voluntarily, the responsibility lies on the adult who exploits a child by engaging in sexual activities and violates child rights. Other important principles of the study are non-discrimination, equality, human rights approach, and child and youth participation. The research uses the following sources of information: content analysis of the web sites, analysis of legislation and administrative documents of state authorities, secondary analysis of information, desk-research of the related studies conducted in Ukraine. For example, data used for the content analysis consists of different texts obtained online by establishing specific searching parameters. The sample included texts that are topically related to combinations of the following key words: "Ukraine," "sex," "tourism," "women," "dating," "tour," "children," "girls." Furthermore, snowball sampling was used to obtain relevant texts; hypertext links provided access to related articles and comments. The vast majority of studied texts are in English. Publications and reports which were prepared in Ukraine during the last five years were analyzed. Among them - Annual Human Rights Report "Human rights in Ukraine" in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 prepared by nongovernmental organizations; researches conducted by different institutions on the request of UNICEF Ukraine; reports of the Ombudsman for Children under the President of Ukraine etc. Special attention was paid to the desk research of the materials and texts of sociological and criminological studies such as "Child sex tourism in Ukraine: attempt of situational analysis", "Where and how can be assisted victims of domestic abuse? Results of the monitoring of special institutions", "Legal Study to identify inconsistencies between Ukraine national legislation and provisions of the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child", publications of ECPAT International etc. The research uses findings of the following publications: "Scientific and practical comment to the Law of Ukraine on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings", "Correspondence of Ukrainian legislation to the provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings". Moreover, the research analyzes anti-trafficking legislation and experience of its implementation, as well as the legislation against sexual exploitation of children and experience of its practical implementation. Analysis also focused at activities against sexual exploitation of children and assistance to them initiated by civil society and international organizations. The study was conducted when Ukraine was facing the difficult times. Hostile aggression against Ukraine took place immediately after the Revolution of Dignity, and the East of the country is in the state of undeclared war actively supported by the Russian Federation. The deterioration of the social and economic status, activity of illegal armed groups, destroyed system of social protection in Donets and Luhansk oblasts, including protection of children, lead to the increasing problem with sexual exploitation of children. The survey among experts allows assuming that in current social and political situation CSEC might become more urgent, and estimating the impact of the military conflict and its consequences. At the end, there are some recommendations to legislation, activities of related state agencies and local authorities, international and civil society organizations. Details: La Strada Ukraine, 2015. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-UKRAINE.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Ukraine URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-UKRAINE.pdf Shelf Number: 147885 Keywords: Child PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: International Childrens Center (ICC) Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Turkey Summary: Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is one of the most heinous forms of child rights violations in in the world including in Turkey. While, in Turkey, national and local reports and studies mostly focus on sexual abuse of children, findings related to commercial sexual exploitation of children are extremely limited. There is almost no publication on this issue that contains evidence based information with the exception of few recent doctoral dissertations, reports by civil society organizations submitted to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child under the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Pornography, a study conducted by the ECPAT International and Yeniden Saglik Association in 2006 and annual rights monitoring reports of the Human Rights Association. One reason for this scarcity is the fact that what CSEC consists of is not understood well and that the offence mostly takes the form of an underground activity committed by criminal enterprises difficult to spot. This report explores only one form of CSEC in Turkey as a contribution to a global study conducted by ECPAT International and its members all over the world Details: Ankara, Turkey: ICC, 2015. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: file:///C:/Users/pschultze/Downloads/3.-SECTT-TURKEY.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Turkey URL: file:///C:/Users/pschultze/Downloads/3.-SECTT-TURKEY.pdf Shelf Number: 140303 Keywords: Child PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Solian, Ahmad Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Indonesia Summary: GLOBAL STUDY ON SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN TRAVEL AND TOURISM COUNTRY-SPECIFIC REPORT INDONESIA Indonesia is one of the world's major tourism destinations. It attracts millions of tourists every year from all over the world, including many local visitors. The high tourism rate in Indonesia is influenced by easy access to its nationwide tourist attractions, high volume of flights and cheap accommodation. The rising number of both local and foreign visitors has led to an increased demand for entertainment facilities, most notably in the sex trade. Research on child sex tourism in Indonesia conducted by ECPAT Indonesia found that, on the whole, Indonesia did not recognise or offer sex tourism in its popular destinations, although many manipulated the tourism industry to sexually exploit children. Details: Jakarta, Indonesia: ECPAT Indonesia, 2016. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/countries/Indonesia/ Year: 2016 Country: Indonesia URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/category/countries/Indonesia/ Shelf Number: 140304 Keywords: Child PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Maskhulia, Mariam Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Georgia Summary: The Public Health Foundation of Georgia (PHF) conducted a qualitative research on Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Georgia (CSEC), which contributed to the Global Study on the Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism (SECTT) that ECPAT International is currently undertaking. Implementation of the research was possible in the frames of the project "Reducing Violence against Children, with special focus on sexual exploitation of children and child sex tourism", which is carried out by PHF in partnership with Defence for Children - ECPAT Nederland. The research aimed at exploring the situation of children who are victims or at-risk of commercial sexual exploitation, social context in which such exploitations take place and what are the legal protections put in place to address the problem. Toward this end, twophase interventions were implemented. The first phase covered the desk-review process. In the second phase in-depth interviews with practitioners and decisionmakers, who work for and with children, were carried out and focus-group discussions were also held. The research found out that very little attention is given to CSEC, except the trafficking where extensive measures have been put in place both on legal and victims' protection levels. However, other manifestations of CSEC, such as child prostitution, child pornography and exploitation of children in travel and tourism have not yet deserved sufficient attention. This is a very first attempt to examine the CSEC nature in Georgia. Given research provides a general overview of the problem in Georgia and gathers opinions from child protection experts. It is believed that this report will serve as a pushing factor for further relevant and immediate actions to be undertaken in this direction towards going more into depth of the problem and setting up meaningful and feasible actions that will be carried out by responsible agencies in coordination. Unfortunately, children's protection from various manifestations of commercial sexual exploitation and sexual abuse is weak in much of the world despite the universal ratification of the CRC. Often, a harmonized legal framework is not accompanied by necessary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY changes to ensure implementation of effective policies, public awareness raising/prevention programs, professional training, services and practice. The nature of programmatic responses to child protection focus more on intervention than prevention, addressing the symptoms rather than improving the underlying systems that have failed to protect children. Taking into account the long-term consequences of commercial sexual exploitation of children, one could estimate why this issue is of current importance and why we should contribute to the protection of children from all its manifestations. Bearing in mind the gravity of CSEC crimes and its impact on children globally, the Committee on the Rights of the Child elaborated a separate Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (hereinafter "OPSC" or "Optional Protocol"). Also comprehensive regional instrument was enacted to protect children from all forms of sexual abuse and exploitation, namely Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse (hereinafter "Lanzarote Convention"). There are number of measures and action plans developed on the global level, which call on states to undertake specific measures towards combating CSEC, particularly: The Stockholm Declaration and Agenda for Action, Yokohama and Rio World Congresses and call for global commitment. All children are at risk of violence, but the Global Survey confirms that today, as in 2006, the most vulnerable children are those at greatest risk of violence: those with disabilities, those who migrate, those who are confined to institutions, and those whose poverty and social exclusion expose them to deprivation, neglect and, at times, to the inherent dangers of life on the streets. The major problem of CSEC is its hidden nature. Nonreporting is the greatest challenge, which triggers numerous problems for the victims and their future life and unfortunately these life-long problems cannot be evaluated to understand the actual devastation of individual's lives across the universe. Georgian society is also facing the problem of non-reporting. The majority of the pull and push factors to CSEC unfortunately exist in Georgia thus provides ground to believe that the issue is more severe than it seems in reality. The ground for prioritizing CSEC exists in Georgia; however a political will is necessary to integrate this problem into the mainstream of relevant child protection and welfare policies and appropriate action plans. Unfortunately, no information is available on the situation of children from the separatist regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. What is known that rule of law and social protection of local population is quite weak, which raises sufficient doubt that children from these regions are likely to be affected by all forms of violence and exploitation. Summary of key findings: - There is a lack of evidence-based information on CSEC in Georgia, thus making it extremely difficult to provide substantial analysis of the issue; - The biggest challenge and the utmost need is that CSEC is not acknowledged as a problem in Georgia and efforts are directed towards combating trafficking in persons, while all other manifestations of CSEC are not sufficiently addressed; - There are some measures against sexual violence but under the boarder context of violence against children and specific measures for sexual abuse or CSEC are very limited or do not exist at all; - Child professionals in Georgia do not have special knowledge how to address the needs of children who are engaged in prostitution and services, social benefits and support programs offered by the Government or NGOs cannot 'compete' with lifestyle pursued by these children; - The average age of child's engagement in prostitution is 14-15 years and unplanned pregnancy among these children is common; - Professionals who work with children come into contact with children engaged in prostitution indirectly, i.e. interact with children who live or work on the streets in terms of fulfilling their basic needs, and not because of their engagement in prostitution; - Professionals necessitate knowledge not only in how to identify children affected by various forms of CSEC, but how to work with those who are already engaged in prostitution, are victim of child pornography, etc. This is a request of the professionals who see child prostitution as a problem, but do not have specialised knowledge and skills on the issue; - Preventive measures "not enough" and reporting mechanisms inadequate for responding CSEC needs; - There is a problem with the enforcement of CSEC-specific legislation and practice does not properly ensure rights of child to protection and rehabilitation. Details: Tbilisi, Georgia: Public Health Foundation of Georgia (PHF), 2015. 64. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-GEORGIA.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Georgia URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-GEORGIA.pdf Shelf Number: 147887 Keywords: Child PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Pruneda, Olalla Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: China Summary: China is home to 274 million children, the second largest child population in the world. Over the past three decades, the country has experienced remarkable progress in poverty alleviation and living standards, including the realisation of universal access to primary education and a drastic reduction in child mortality. However, growing regional disparities and migration are having a great impact on the lives of more than 100 million Chinese children today. Of them, 36 million have migrated to the cities with their parents with no right to education or health care services in the urban areas where they live. Meanwhile, nearly 70 million of them have become the so-called "left-behind children", in the care of relatives in their home villages. Away from the protection of their parents or unable to register as legal residents of China's cities, they are the most vulnerable children in China today, running the risk of being trafficked, sexually exploited or dragged into other forms of forced labour. With 14 per cent of the world's children, the "high prevalence of sexual exploitation and abuse against children, including rape" in China is an issue of paramount importance for all concerned with children's wellbeing. In the midst of China's outstanding economic growth and the resulting deep social transformations, a new trend is emerging which places new challenges for the protection of children. It is the growth of China's domestic tourism market and the country's consolidation as the fastest-growing tourism source market on a global scale. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Today nearly one in ten tourists in the world is Chinese. All forecasts suggest that the growing trend will continue over the next few years and "will surely continue to change the map of world tourism", in the words of the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Secretary-General, Taleb Rifai. Chinese travellers are the biggest spenders globally since 2012. Neighbouring countries and regions are expected to remain as the preferred destinations for Chinese tourists in the coming years, with Hong Kong, Macau, South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan leading the way at present. Within China, domestic travel spending (90.9 per cent) is far more important than foreign visitor spending (9.1 per cent). Furthermore, the economic weight of the domestic tourism and travel sector keeps growing, generating 9.3 per cent of its GDP and employing 64.4 million Chinese in 2013.9 Tourism development is mostly taking place in ethnic minority regions such as Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet, drawing on the folklorisation of these groups by representing them as an 'exotic' other. In the light of this ethnic tourism trend, the local population of ethnic minority areas appear to pin their hopes of further economic development on the increasing arrival of urban Han Chinese. The conflation of these trends with growing regional disparities, which are leading hundreds of millions to move to China's cities and industrial areas in search of a better job, create an unprecedented challenge to ensure the protection of children's rights. In addition, a traditional preference for sons has resulted in a skewed sex ratio of 118 boys born for every 100 girls as of 2014. As a result of this preference and the in 2015 abolished one-child policy, Chinas population appears to be "aging and increasingly male". This seems to suggest that the demand for prostitution and forced marriages will most likely keep increasing over the coming decades. With the country's economic growth, its entertainment industry has developed rapidly on the more developed eastern coast of the country as well as in tourist spots across the country. China's business culture involves frequenting entertainment venues as a necessary step in building trust among business partners. The presence of teenagers in entertainment venues where sex services are offered to tourists and travellers seems a recurrent problem as Chinese society sees an erosion of the family values rooted in the Confucian tradition. However, we still have very limited data on the magnitude and features of this growing problem in China. Further research is needed to better understand who are the children most adversely affected, who are the offenders and how they operate, as well as what else can be done to enhance the protection of children's rights. In early 2015, important steps are being taken to remove the stigmatising "soliciting underage prostitution" crime to replace it for statutory rape. However, the Criminal Law still makes no specific reference to the crime of facilitating the prostitution of boys under 18 or girls between 14 and 18 years of age. This report aims to shed new light on the heinous crime of sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism in China and by Chinese travellers abroad by reviewing research conducted to date by academics, governments, international organisations and NGOs. It hopes to help identify the gaps of what we know about this phenomenon at present in order to encourage further research and improve existing laws and policies to better protect children and ensure their recovery and reintegration. It is our shared responsibility. Details: Bangkok: ECPAT International, 2015. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-CHINA.pdf Year: 2015 Country: China URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-CHINA.pdf Shelf Number: 147888 Keywords: Child PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: ECPAT Brazil Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. County-Specific Report: Brazil Summary: People who have suffered from the enduring societal scourge of sexual exploitation of children (SEC) have urgently and tirelessly campaigned alongside advocates to eradicate SEC and the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism (SECTT) while never forgetting the devastating impact the phenomenon reaps upon nations, communities, families and the children themselves. In Brazil, modern-day slavery and child labour are rampant. Many have raised concerns as to the effects of mega sports events on the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) in a country already facing such challenges. As is well-known, Brazil was home to the FIFA World Cup in 2014 and is about to be host to the Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games this year. With the surging number of tourists and travellers - tourism in Brazil tripled in June 2014, when the World Cup took place -, members of civil society organisations feared that more children would be at a greater risk in certain areas of the country. Despite acknowledging that perhaps no increase in CSEC was registered, improvements in this area have not been achieved either . Furthermore, the development and expansion of the internet has facilitated travel while granting anonymity to a growing number of sexual exploitation networks, enabling them to develop new ways to escape identification by existing protection systems. Details: Rio de Janeiro: ECPAT Brazil, 2015. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-BRAZIL.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Brazil URL: http://globalstudysectt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/3.-SECTT-BRAZIL.pdf Shelf Number: 140307 Keywords: Child LaborChild PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sex TourismChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSex Tourism |
Author: Segundo, Marcio Title: Men, women and the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in four Brazilian cities: results from a qualitative and quantitative study Summary: Confronting sexual violence, sexual abuse, sex tourism, and the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (CSECA)1 has relied upon efforts from civil society and the Brazilian state alike in order to make the goal of children's and adolescents' rights a reality. The phenomenon of CSECA involves cultural, social, economic, political, and legal factors. Aspects related to subjectivity, culture, values, norms and social representation connect CSECA to other, wider-reaching aspects of social life. Recognizing such social determinants' influences on practical culture and values becomes an important step toward social mobilization against CSECA. To promote further understanding of the practices and factors associated with CSECA, Promundo, with the support of Oak Foundation, carried out a qualitative and quantitative study to map and understand men and women's perceptions of CSECA in four Brazilian cities, seeking to understand to what extent the attitudes of men and women contribute to its perpetuation. Of the 602 men interviewed in Rio de Janeiro for this study, 14% said that they had engaged in sexual relations with minors under 18 years of age. And almost half of men who responded affirmatively to having had sexual relations with young girls between 12-17 years of age responded that engaging in such activity was a way for them to feel young. In addition, the percentage of men who affirmed to have had friends who had engaged in sexual relations with adolescents was more than double among those subjects who had engaged in sexual relations with adolescents than among those who had not. These results lead us to infer that peers have a major influence on other men to engage in transactional sexual relations with adolescents. The study also found that, in the case of sexual relations with adolescents under 18 years of age, children and adolescents were blamed for transactional sex and their behavior morally condemned: 41% of men in Rio and 46% of women affirmed that they considered sex work involving minors an act of "adolescent prostitution" as opposed to sexual exploitation. This may reflect a perception that the practice of CSECA as connected to a perceived "availability" of adolescents for transactional sex. Both men and women, on the other hand, condemned the participation of the youngest subset of adolescents in transactional sex. Here, the delineating factor was age. A majority condemned men who had transactional sex with adolescents between 12 and 14 years of age, placing the blame squarely on the men who abused them. Respondents often used terms such as 'animal,' 'crazy,' and 'sick' for men who had sex with girls in this age range. In addition, many respondents reacted with indignation at the behavior and created parallels between those children and the children with whom they live such as sisters and daughters and younger children victimized by men. When asked about male adolescent prostitution, there was a greater intolerance, or a greater tendency to "blame the victim." The blame for the practice fell on the boys and not with the government or the procurer - indicating a clear difference in gender perception between girls as victims and boys as having the agency to decide whether or not to participate in sex work. Simultaneously, these results lead us to affirm that, in legal terms, there is ample recognition of the fact that children and adolescents should be protected from all forms of abuse and sexual exploitation. Respondents hold the government responsible as enforcers of laws and measures that should punish adults who engage in sex with children and adolescents. The study also shows that many men who reported having had sex with underage adolescents also reported that they had had a romantic relationship with the adolescent (mostly girls), in effect alleging intimacy as a way to feel less exploitative. A number of men reported that they were unable to have sexual relations after having made a verbal agreement with the girl- again highlighting the tremendous ambiguity that men feel about this practice and providing a point of entry for prevention. The study also highlights the need to train health care professionals, educators, and members of the justice and legal system about the attitudes and practices of adults who sexually exploit children and adolescents, as well as the need for such professionals to reflect on their own attitudes toward the practice. Details: Rio de Janeiro: Promundo/Oak Foundation, 2012. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2017 at: https://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Men-Women-and-the-Commercial-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-and-Adolescents-in-Four-Brazilian-Cities.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: https://promundoglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Men-Women-and-the-Commercial-Sexual-Exploitation-of-Children-and-Adolescents-in-Four-Brazilian-Cities.pdf Shelf Number: 131619 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Exploitation Juvenile Prostitution Male Prostitution Sex Tourism |
Author: ECPAT International Title: Regional Overview: The Sexual Exploitation of Children in Southeast Asia Summary: Southeast Asia has a booming economy and is undergoing impressive growth in a number of sectors. For example, the region has one of the world's fastest growing internet markets, currently with 260 million users and a projected 480 million users by 2020. Mobile connections account for 130% of the population. The continued growth of international arrivals in the region is largely due to increasing numbers of intra-regional and inter-regional tourists and travelers. According to data of the UNWTO, Thailand recorded the world's highest growth in international tourist receipts in 2016. Such developments should result in positive changes in the lives of children - and indeed, significant progress has been made on a number of child rights indicators in the region. Nevertheless there is a dark and disturbing downside to this growth. The proliferation of the internet and related communication technologies has significantly expanded opportunities for child sex offenders to plan their travel, to communicate anonymously with other child sex offenders, to access, produce and disseminate child sex abuse images, and to engage in online sexual encounters with children without them even having to leave their homes. As technology evolves, forms and modus operandi of exploitation also evolve. The rapid growth in travel and tourism increases the number of children vulnerable to sexual exploitation. In the pursuit of economic development, a number of Southeast Asian countries have allowed large-scale foreign investment in tourism and other sectors and the proliferation of Special Economic and Free Trade Zones. These positive economic developments often are accompanied by the building of casinos and entertainment venues including bars and brothels, which can be high-risk locales for children. This report highlights both the domestic and international dimension of the sexual exploitation of children. The vast majority of child sex offenders in Southeast Asia are nationals of the countries of the region, the victims primarily girls. Yet emerging evidence also suggests that a considerable numbers of boys are abused and that foreign child sex offenders are increasingly accessing children through voluntary or professional positions in schools, orphanages, and child care centres Details: Bangkok: ECPAT, 2017. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2018 at: http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Regional-Overview_Southeast-Asia.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Asia URL: http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Regional-Overview_Southeast-Asia.pdf Shelf Number: 149499 Keywords: Child PornographyChild ProstitutionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationInternet CrimeOnline VictimizationSex TourismSex Trafficking |
Author: Guelbart, Michelle Title: No Vacancy for Child Sex Traffickers Impact Report Summary: Child sex trafficking is a problem across the United States. Children as young as 12 and 13 are integrated into the sex industry and are bought and sold alongside adults. While the hospitality industry is not responsible for the exploitation, it does have an important role to play in helping to stop it. Thirteen years ago ECPAT-USA set out to engage the United States travel and tourism industry in protecting children from sex trafficking. This report shows the results of that effort. An evaluation study conducted by the NYU Wagner Graduate School of Public Service has collected data demonstrating the results of this work. We now know that half of all hotels in the U.S. have training about how to prevent and disrupt child sex trafficking and at least 35% of those have ECPAT-USA training. Additionally, most hotel properties received training from their parent companies, which reinforces the efficacy of partnering with hospitality brands to reach properties on the ground level. This impact report described has four sections. The first is a discussion about why and how ECPATUSA works with the hospitality industry. The second section is a description of the resources and tools that are now available to the hospitality industry throughout the United States. These have been made possible because of the industry's willingness to invest resources into creating and disseminating them. The third section is a description of the extent and impact of training now available to the hospitality industry in the U.S. The fourth and final section contains recommendations for how to continue and expand the success that has been achieved. Details: Brooklyn, NY: ECPAT-USA, 2017. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 5, 2018 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594970e91b631b3571be12e2/t/59c9b6bfb07869cc5d792b8c/1506391761747/NoVacany_Report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594970e91b631b3571be12e2/t/59c9b6bfb07869cc5d792b8c/1506391761747/NoVacany_Report.pdf Shelf Number: 150474 Keywords: Child ProstitutionChild Sex TraffickingChild Sexual ExploitationChild TraffickingHotel SecurityHotels and CrimeSex Tourism |
Author: ECPAT International Title: Global Monitoring report on the status of action against commercial sexual exploitation of children Summary: ECPAT International has released a global monitoring report on the commercial sexual exploitation of children. The report provides information and analysis on more than 50 specific country situations and an assessment of the efforts made, and still needed, to protect children from sexual exploitation. Children of all ages are under threat from abusers and exploiters. The changing nature of the means used to meet adult demand for sex with children and the fragmented action being taken to protect them, has maintained this threat. Ten years after the scale of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) was first acknowledged at the First World Congress against CSEC, this report shows that legal measures alone are not enough to stop the demand. Analysis of countries around the world shows that poverty, low levels of education and political and civil unrest still force huge numbers of children into sexual exploitation. At the same time, new consumer culture and media influence are redefining the boundaries of social belonging, creating profound pressures which can propel children into the hands of adults who will use their bodies and exploit children's search for resources to meet these expectations. While the children are often wrongly blamed, the role of the perpetrator who exploits them through abuse of power and wealth goes largely unnoticed and unaddressed. Only half of the countries examined have child prostitution laws that carry penalties for exploiters and in most cases, prosecution is constrained by the necessity to prove rape, coercion or corruption of minors. While the global awareness of child sex tourism has led to improvements in prevention and protection mechanisms, the dramatic growth in low cost airline routes and increase in worldwide tourism have facilitated the ease with which abusers can access children without constraint in virtually any destination. Likewise, developments in information technology are seeing multi-billion dollar growth in child pornography materials and the number of adults accessing images of child abuse. The children they seek to entrap can now be victimized from anywhere in the world with very few countries putting sufficient protection measures in place. ECPAT research has found that less than 25 per cent of countries have a dedicated and current National Plan of Action (NPA) to combat the various forms of commercial sexual exploitation of children. Of those which do, many NPAs contain weak goals and objectives and have no assigned resources for implementation. Details: Bangkok : ECPAT International, 2006. v.p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 2, 2018 at: https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/global-monitoring-report-status-action-against-commercial-sexual-exploitation Year: 2006 Country: International URL: https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/global-monitoring-report-status-action-against-commercial-sexual-exploitation Shelf Number: 106486 Keywords: Child Prostitution Child Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Exploitation Sex Tourism |
Author: ECPAT Netherlands Title: Global Study on Sexual Exploitation of Children in Travel and Tourism. Country Specific Report: India: West Bengal Summary: India is home to the biggest child population in the world. The country has an approximate of 44O million children, thus constituting more than 40% of the total population. With more than one-third of its population below 18 years, India has the largest young population in the world. Thus the onus is on the Government as well as the larger society to ensure a safe and healthy environment for the development of its children. According to a report titled "Children in India 2012 - A Statistical Appraisal" by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India; there has been a decline of 5.05 millions in the population of children aged 0-6 years during the decade 2001-2011. In India about 1.83 Million children die annually before the completion of their fifth birthday, most of them owing to avertable causes. This simply highlights the meagre health care facilities available to infants and children in the country. The census also noted an increase in the number of child labourers from 11.28 million in 1991 to 12.66 million in 2001. The report also highlighted an upsurge in the rates of crimes against children, with a notable rise in crimes such as Kidnapping and Abduction, Rape, Foeticide and Procuration of Minor Girls, with Maharashtra accounting for 74% of the total buying of girls for prostitution and West Bengal accounting for 77% of the selling of girls for prostitution, during the reporting period. Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children is a global phenomenon that is rampant in the Indian subcontinent as well. The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children is defined as the "sexual abuse where any form of compensation in cash or in kind is made to the child or a third person(s). The child is treated as a sexual and commercial object." Simply put, Commercial sexual exploitation of children occurs when individuals buy, sell or trade sexual acts with minor girls, boys or transgendered children. Trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation, especially of children is a highly profitable business and is recurrent in all parts of the Indian society. Another form of child sexual exploitation is the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism. Sex tourism includes the sexual exploitation of children by International and Indian tourists. Children selling trinkets on the beaches, street children, children working in shops in tourist locations etc. are often vulnerable to this kind of exploitation. Sex tourism is often facilitated by travel agencies, tour guides, hotels and other related business. Moreover, cheaper air fares, opening up of newer locations and better connectivity as well as the dissemination of the internet to all corners of the world has provided easy access to child abusers looking for cheap sex with young victims. Tourism has been a major social phenomenon of societies all over the world. It is driven by the natural desire of every human being to gather new experiences as well as to be entertained. Travel and tourism is the largest service industry in India. It is expected that the tourism sector's contribution to the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will grow at the rate of 7.8 % yearly in the period of 2013-2023. The Indian tourism sector has been thriving in the recent years owing to the improved connectivity to and from the country. Also, better lodging and communication facilities at the tourist destinations in India have been important factors that have contributed to the increase in Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA). However, Tourism does not only entail a positive impact on local cultures. The commercial sexual exploitation of children and young women has paralleled the growth of tourism in many parts of India. Though tourism is not the exclusive cause of sexual exploitation, it often generates the demand for commercial sex and also provides easy access to it. In several situations, children and young adults are trafficked and sold into brothels on the margins of tourist areas and often fall prey to commercial sexual exploitation and paedophilia. In other situations, many young women as well as children often trade their bodies in exchange for expensive gifts and easy money from tourists. Details: Netherlands: ECPAT Netherlands, 2016. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2019 at: https://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/3.-SECTT-INDIA-WEST-BENGAL.pdf Year: 2016 Country: India URL: https://www.ecpat.org/resources/ Shelf Number: 156993 Keywords: Child Labor Child Pornography Child Prostitution Child Sex Tourism Child Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Exploitation Sex Tourism |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Office for South Asia Title: India Country Report: To Prevent and Combat Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Women Summary: Traffi cking of human beings, especially of women and children, is an organized crime that violates basic human rights. As per the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Traffi cking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, traffi cking is defi ned as any activity leading to recruitment, transportation, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or a position of vulnerability. Traffi cking as a crime has seen an increasing trend especially in the last two decades globally. Human traffi cking has been identifi ed as the third largest source of profi t for organized crime, following arms and drug traffi cking, generating billions of dollars annually at the global level. Traffi cking takes places for various purposes such as labour, prostitution, organ trade, drug couriers, arms smuggling etc. However, these cannot be seen in isolation as they have a crosscutting nexus and linkage, which compounds the constraints faced in tackling the problem. It is also seen that while the methods used for traffi cking such as coercion, duping, luring, abducting, kidnapping etc. are commonly cited, it is the social and economic constraints of the victims that make them most vulnerable. With growing globalization and liberalization, the possibilities and potential for traffi cking have also grown. People tend to migrate in search of better opportunities. Though this is a positive trend, it has also led to the emergence of other complex issues such as smuggling of people across borders and unsafe migration by unscrupulous touts and agents. While trafficking has severe implications on the psycho-social and economic well-being of the victim, highly adverse ramifications are also seen on the society and the nation. By denying the victims their basic rights to good health, nutrition, education and economic independence, the country loses a large number of women and children as victims to this crime, who otherwise would have contributed productively to its growth. A growing concern is that trafficking has an adverse impact on the problem of HIV/AIDS too. Some studies have revealed that the longer the confinement in brothels, the greater is the probability of the victims contracting HIV/AIDS due to poor negotiation for safe sex methods. The country has to incur huge costs for health and rehabilitation as well as for law enforcement. Trafficking - Situation in India India is a Republic comprising 28 States and seven Union Territories, and has a population of more that one billion. The Constitution of India envisages a parliamentary form of government and is federal in nature, with unitary features. The States of India vary greatly in terms of language, culture, religion and tradition. Over the years, India has emerged as a source, destination, and transit country for traffi cking for varied purposes such as for commercial sexual exploitation and labour. While intra-country traffi cking forms the bulk of the traffi cked victims, cross-border traffi cking also takes place, especially from Nepal and Bangladesh. Women and children are also traffi cked to the Middle Eastern countries and other parts of the world for purposes of cheap labour and commercial sexual exploitation. The number of traffi cked persons is diffi cult to determine due to the secrecy and clandestine nature of the crime. However, studies and surveys sponsored by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) estimates that there are about three million prostitutes in the country, of which an estimated 40 percent are children, as there is a growing demand for very young girls to be inducted into prostitution on account of customer preferences. A few alarming trends that have emerged in recent years are sexual exploitation through sex tourism, child sex tourism, paedophilia, prostitution in pilgrim towns and other tourist destinations, cross-border traffi cking (especially from Nepal and Bangladesh) etc. Substantial efforts have been made in the last decade or so in the area of Anti-Human Traffi cking by government institutions/state machinery, the civil society organizations, the judiciary and the law enforcement authorities. The purpose of this India Country Report is multi-pronged: Primarily, it documents the journey traversed by India in addressing the issues of traffi cking in women and children from World Congress II (WCII - Yokohama, 2002) to World Congress III on Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (WCIII - Rio de Janeiro, 2008)1. It elucidates the good practices in the area of anti-human traffi cking in the country and also acknowledges the efforts of the government, civil society organizations, international, bilateral and multilateral agencies, survivor groups, as well as dedicated individuals in the country to combat this heinous crime. Finally, the document also explicates the processes through which prevention, protection and prosecution efforts, towards anti-human traffi cking, have evolved in India. The report will not only be a tool for presenting the anti-human traffi cking efforts in India at the World Congress III (Rio de Janeiro, November 2008), but also act as an advocacy document to identify and infl uence future programming. Details: New Delhi, India: United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India, 2008. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Year: 2008 Country: India URL: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/India%20Country%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 157008 Keywords: Child Sex TourismExploitationForced LaborIndiaProstitutionSex TourismSex TraffickingSex WorkTrafficking in Persons |