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Date: November 22, 2024 Fri
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Results for sporting events
29 results foundAuthor: Braaf, Rochelle Title: Domestic Violence Incident Peaks: Seasonal Factors, Calendar Events and Sporting Matches Summary: This paper reports on a study about the possible relationships between reported domestic violence incidents and seasonal changes, calendar and football events. The study reviewed relevant international research to investigate claims around correlations between these variables. An analysis was then made of three years of domestic violence statistics from Australian states and territories, for which data were available. The analysis of Australian domestic violence data identified a correlation between higher numbers of reported domestic violence incidents and summer months and some calendar events (i.e. New Year's Day and Melbourne Cup). Australia Day, Easter, ANZAC Day and the Queen's Birthday were associated with small increases in the NSW data. No correlation between domestic violence figures and major football matches was identified in the Australian data, although it may be that the fortunes of local teams have local effects. Details: Sydney: Australian Domestic & Family Violence Clearinghouse, 2007. 20p. Source: Internet Resource; Stakeholder Paper 2 Year: 2007 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 118714 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceFamily ViolenceSeasonal VariationsSporting Events |
Author: Challenger, Rose Title: Understanding Crowd Behaviors Summary: This practical report provides a comprehensive set of good gractice guidelines for crowd events and management, and for emergency situations and evacuations. It also provides a comprehesive set of good practice guidelines for simulating crowd behaviors, as a useful tool to aid event preparation. The report ends with a number of suggestions for future research so that practice may be improved. The five volumes are: Understanding Crowd Behaviours: A Guide for Readers; Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Guidance and Lessons Identified; Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Simulation Tools; Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Supporting Evidence; and Understanding Crowd Behaviours: Supporting Documentation. Details: York, UK: Cabinet Office Emergency Planning College, 2009. 5 vols. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: Uruguay URL: Shelf Number: 116267 Keywords: Crowd ControlEvent PlanningSporting Events |
Author: Marie, Olivier Title: Police and Thieves in the Stadium: Measuring the (Multiple) Effects of Football Matches on Crime Summary: During large sporting events criminal behaviour may impact on criminal behaviour via three main channels: (i) fan concentration, (ii) self incapacitation, and (iii) police displacement. In this paper I exploit information on football (soccer) matches for nine London teams linked to detailed recorded crime data at the area level to empirically estimate these different effects. My findings show that only property crime significantly increases in the communities hosting football matches but that they experience no changes in violent offences. These results are robust to controlling for a large number of game type and outcome characteristics. There is no evidence of temporal displacement of criminal activity. Our conceptual model suggests that the away game attendance effect on crime is due to voluntary incapacitation of potential offenders. I argue that the police displacement effect of hosting a match increases property crime by 7 percentage point for every extra 10,000 supporters. Details: London: Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2010. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: CEP Discussion Paper No. 1012: Accessed November 29, 2010 at: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1012.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1012.pdf Shelf Number: 120292 Keywords: HooliganismProperty CrimeSporting EventsSports Violence |
Author: Hamilton-Smith, Niall Title: An Evaluation of Football Banning Orders in Scotland Summary: The aim of this research was to investigate the operation and effectiveness of Football Banning Orders in Scotland. This involved investigating the interpretation and application of legislation; the use of operational procedures to give effect to that legislation; stakeholder understanding and perceptions of FBOs; the effectiveness of FBOs in preventing further offending; and examining – and , if appropriate, learning lessons from – the application and use of FBOs in England and Wales. In pursuing these complex aims, it was intended that this evaluation should generate lessons and recommendations as to how the FBO scheme might be enhanced in Scotland. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Government Social Research, 2011. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 1, 2011 at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/354566/0119713.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/354566/0119713.pdf Shelf Number: 122244 Keywords: Football, Soccer (Scotland)HooliganismPublic Order ManagementSporting EventsSports Violence (Scotland) |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Managing Major Events: Best Practices from the Field Summary: One of the most important challenges facing police executives is the need to prepare their departments for major events — everything from large-scale political protest marches and sporting events to natural disasters and acts of terrorism. To some extent, this is an issue that tends to affect departments serving larger cities, as these sites are most often chosen to host major events such as the Olympics or a national political convention. However, police departments in any size jurisdiction can suddenly be called upon to respond to an earthquake, a flood, or an act of terrorism. And often, when cities or other jurisdictions host events such as a visit from the President, they need to work cooperatively with other local agencies to develop a large enough police presence to meet the demands of the event, and to coordinate travel and multiple events that may occur across jurisdictional lines. Managing major events requires police chiefs to have a good sense of vision, an ability to look into the future and imagine the types of disasters or other events that might occur in their jurisdiction. Police agencies are always busy with the daily press of responding to calls for service, investigating crimes, and solving crime and disorder problems. So it requires a certain amount of far-sightedness to find time to prepare for events that might never occur, but which could cause tremendous devastation, and to realize that the devastation could be made worse if the police are unprepared for it. PERF’s “Critical Issues in Policing” series was created to focus on issues like this. We understand that police agencies’ planning for major events is an enormous topic. Entire books could be written about various subtopics, such as crowd control techniques, police training programs for major events, or the use of social media to communicate with the public during a crisis. So this report is not a comprehensive study of all of the aspects of policing major events. Rather, this report aims to explore some of the key issues that have proved important or difficult in the real world of policing. PERF’s approach to this project, as with many other PERF initiatives, is to bring police practitioners together to discuss the issues they have encountered, the approaches that they have tried and have found either useful or unhelpful, and the lessons they have learned. More specifically, PERF identified scores of police executives who have had experience dealing with natural disasters, major sporting events such as the Olympics, national political conventions, and other major events. We invited these leaders to participate in an Executive Session at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. in November 2010, where they discussed the most critical issues they encountered and their approaches to solving the problems they faced. The bulk of this report consists of quotations from that Executive Session. Details: Washington, DC: PERF, 2011. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Critical Issues in Policing Series: Accessed September 16, 2011 at: http://www.policeforum.org/dotAsset/1491727.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.policeforum.org/dotAsset/1491727.pdf Shelf Number: 122756 Keywords: Crowd Control (U.S.)Natural DisastersPublic Order ManagementSporting Events |
Author: Ham, Julie Title: What's the Cost of a Rumour? A guide to sorting out the myths and the facts about sporting events and trafficking Summary: There has been a lot published on the supposed link between sporting events and trafficking, but how much of it is true and how much of it is useful? In this guide, we review the literature from past sporting events, and find that they do not cause increases in trafficking for prostitution. The guide takes a closer look at why this unsubstantiated idea still captures the imagination of politicians and some media, and offers stakeholders a more constructive approach to address trafficking beyond short-term events. We hope this guide will help stakeholders quickly correct misinformation about trafficking, develop evidence-based anti-trafficking responses, and learn what worked and what didn't in past host cities. Details: Bangkok: Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), 2011. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 9, 2012 at http://www.gaatw.org/publications/What's_the_Cost_of_a_Rumour-GAATW2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.gaatw.org/publications/What's_the_Cost_of_a_Rumour-GAATW2011.pdf Shelf Number: 124408 Keywords: Evaluative StudiesHuman TraffickingProstitutionSex TraffickingSex WorkersSporting Events |
Author: Bowen & Shannon Frontline Consulting Title: Human Trafficking, Sex Work Safety and the 2010 Games: Assessments and Recommendations Summary: In 2007, Vancouver community organizations that work on issues related to sex work partnered with the Vancouver Police Department to establish the Sex Industry Worker Safety Action Group (SIWSAG). With a grant from the Government of British Columbia and support from the Vancouver Police Department, SIWSAG retained Frontline Consulting to produce a background study on the potential impact of the 2010 Olympic Games on the trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation and on safety issues for sex workers. The study explores these issues though the experience of cities that have recently hosted mega sport events. This study represents the first step of a multiphased 2010 Impact project that is being undertaken by SIWSAG. The concepts of trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation and sex work/prostitution have yet to be uniformly defined. Each term carries differing ideological frameworks and the attributes ascribed to each vary depending on political, social and economic contexts. Trafficking and sex work have a history of being conflated and this, compounded with political and economic agendas associated with global attention, combine to produce a myriad of responses that directly affect the lives of those identified as sex workers, victims of trafficking or both. Prostitution and trafficking activities as related to mega sporting events first came to public attention in Athens (2004) and Germany (2006). An increased number of sex workers and trafficking victims were expected to ‘flood’ into these locations during their respective mega events. Neither location experienced any increase that could be attributed to their hallmark event. The commonly held notion of a link between mega sports events, TIP (Trafficking in Persons) and sex work is an unsubstantiated assumption. Trafficking is an ongoing criminalized and clandestine activity in which victims either fear coming forward or have little opportunity to do so. For complex reasons, there have been no international trafficking convictions in Canada. International victims who seek to stay in Canada face significant challenges. There have been, to date, five domestic trafficking convictions in Canada. Canadian authorities estimate that up to 800 individuals are annually trafficked into Canada for the purposes of sexual exploitation. In Canada, communicating for the purpose of prostitution, procuring and keeping a bawdy house (brothel) are federal offences. The controversial debate around legalization, decriminalization and abolition of sex work was reignited as a result of the murder and abduction of 65 women in Vancouver’s sex industry during the 1990s. Aboriginal women’s advocates emphasize that the effects of colonial violence coupled with discriminatory legislation and a diminishment of Aboriginal women’s roles in society has led to their susceptibility to violence and exploitation. In Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside (DTES), it is estimated that more than 50% of the women who work on the street are Aboriginal women. Aboriginal women constituted a majority of missing women from the DTES during the period of 1995-2000. The Downtown Eastside is an economically deprived inner city neighbourhood with residents who are battling homelessness, poverty, drug addiction and HIV/AIDS, in addition to violence and povertyrelated criminal activity. Currently, DTES residents and service providers express increasing concern about the potential treatment of residents during the 2010 Games with many fearing that the authorities may seek to displace residents in an effort to reduce the impact of negative perceptions of the neighbourhood and simplify Games security requirements. Ten Olympic host cities were selected to contribute to this study and they include: Salt Lake City, Turin, Athens, Sydney, Atlanta, Germany, Calgary and Montreal, the UK and Vancouver. Contacts were invited to take part in telephone interviews or to respond via email. Vancouver contacts had the option of participating in a facetoface interview. Researchers reviewed 200 websites; 90 media articles, 88 academically reviewed journal articles, and 35 government reports in a quest to find information related to the project’s topics. Details: Vancouver: Sex Industry Worker Safety Action Group, 2009. 150p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2012 at http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/report-human-trafficking-2010-games.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://vancouver.ca/police/assets/pdf/reports-policies/report-human-trafficking-2010-games.pdf Shelf Number: 124554 Keywords: Human TraffickingProstitutionSex WorkersSporting Events |
Author: Richter, Marlise Title: "Maybe it will be better once this World Cup has passed": Research findings regarding the impact of the 2010 Soccer World Cup on Sex Work in South Africa Summary: International sporting events are increasing in frequency and magnitude. It is estimated that the FIFA World Cup brought close to 400 000 visitors to South Africa in 2010. Little research has been conducted into the demand and supply of paid sex during big sporting events and where the topic has been explored, the focus tends to fall on speculation around human trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation, rather than on adult, consensual sex work. This research project aimed to: Assess if there is a change in the demand for or supply of paid sex during an international sporting event; Track the number of clients and potential changes in sex work activity during the World Cup; Assess sex worker fears, expectations and experiences of the 2010 FIFA World Cup; and Gather information on sex worker mobility, frequency of health care visits, access to services, vulnerability to HIV, interactions with healthcare providers and interaction with police. The research project comprised of two components: a website component and a mixed-methods component. In the website component, we conducted a three-wave telephonic survey of female sex workers in the last weeks of May (pre-World Cup), June (during the World Cup) and July (post-World Cup) 2010. A sampling frame was constructed, by listing all sex worker profiles published on www.sextrader.co.za – a website with national coverage, containing over 1000 profiles of sex workers. Additionally, we listed sex worker profiles published in the adult section of the Classifieds in local newspapers in the greater Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town areas, through the website www.iol.co.za. In each wave, after discarding duplicate profiles, random number tables were used to select sex workers, who were then telephonically contacted until at least 220 respondents had accepted to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria were insufficient English language skills to understand or answer the questions, and being a male or transsexual sex worker. Participants were asked about their age; country of origin; current work area; number of clients in the past seven days; country of origin of their last client; and condom use with their last client. The mixed-methods component of the research project employed several research techniques and included the surveying of more than 2000 sex workers in Hillbrow, Sandton, Rustenburg and Cape Town. It tracked the changes in the sex industry over the period of May – September 2010 and explored sex worker experiences of the World Cup. It specifically investigated whether there were changes in the demand and supply of paid sex in these four research sites. A cadre of sex workers were trained as fieldworkers and ten fieldworkers per site were selected to conduct the research. Fieldworkers administered surveys to sex workers at three points in time – Phase 1: Pre-World Cup period; Phase 2: During the World Cup; and Phase 3: Post- World Cup period. In addition, between 10–20 sex workers each in Cape Town, Rustenburg and Hillbrow were invited to participate in Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and a “Diary Project” during the three points in time. Participants tracked their sex work transactions, number of clients, and interactions with the police and health care during the four-month period around the World Cup. Main Findings include the following: During the 2010 World Cup period, there was a small increase in the number of female sex workers who advertised online and in newspapers; Less non-South African sex workers advertised in newspapers and online than expected; There were not significantly more clients seen per sex worker during the World Cup period; A proportion of the local clients of sex workers who advertise in newspapers may have been temporarily replaced by foreign clients during the Soccer World Cup; Reported condom use was high, at 99%; Sex workers’ demographics did not change significantly during the World Cup period, indicating no major influx of young sex workers, for example. Demand and supply of sex work remained constant across the World Cup period. Our data also does not support fears about an increase of children or foreign migrant sex workers into the sex industry during the World Cup period; Health care contact with sex workers generally decreased during the World Cup period at a time where the increased resources presented an opportunity for health care expansion; Dedicated sex work-specific health care services and increased access to female condoms could address some of sex worker vulnerability to ill-health and HIV; Police contact with sex workers remained high and included police brutality, corruption and harassment. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: UNFPA SOuth Africa, 2010. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2012 at http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SWEAT%20report%20-%20low%20res%20(2).pdf Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/SWEAT%20report%20-%20low%20res%20(2).pdf Shelf Number: 124556 Keywords: ProstitutionSex WorkersSporting Events |
Author: Jennings, Will Title: Tools of Security Risk Management for the London 2012 Olympic Games and FIFA 2006 World Cup in Germany Summary: Mega-events such as the Olympic Games and the football World Cup represent a special venue for the practice of risk management. This paper explores management of security risks in the case of two sporting mega-events, the London 2012 Olympic Games and the FIFA 2006 World Cup in Germany. The analysis progresses in three stages. First, it explores three explanations that have dominated the literature on policy instruments and tools and introduces the generic tools of government approach developed by Christopher Hood (1983). Second, it reviews the tools used for security risk management at the two mega-events. Third, it evaluates competing explanations of tool choice and degree to which these are consistent with organisational strategies of risk management at the events. The findings highlight the importance of national political systems in influencing tool choice. Details: London: Centre fo Analysis of Risk and Regulation, London School of Economics, 2009. 27p. Source: CARR Discussion Paper No. 55: Internet Resource: Accessed August 13, 2012 at http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/36539/1/Disspaper55.pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/36539/1/Disspaper55.pdf Shelf Number: 126012 Keywords: Event PlanningRisk ManagementSporting Events |
Author: Bennington, Jude Title: Scoping Study on Violence Against Women. Report for the BIG Lottery Fund Summary: This Report presents findings from a scoping study on violence against women commissioned to help inform the BIG Lottery Fund of potential areas of intervention. The research was commissioned by the BIG Lottery Fund in March 2012 and was conducted by a team of researchers from the Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research (CRESR) at Sheffield Hallam University. The scoping study was conducted in spring 2012 and involved two key research tasks: a literature review of existing evidence; and interviews with key stakeholders engaged in the provision of services aimed at combating violence against women. The study sought to identify evidence on the following broad issues: domestic violence linked to sporting events violence among girls and young women involved in gang-related activities domestic violence in pregnancy. This report should be seen as a synopsis which aims to identify and examine some of the key issues rather than provide an in-depth and comprehensive review of all that has been researched and written about violence against women. Details: Sheffield, UK: Center for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 11, 2012 at: http://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/er_violence_against_women.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.biglotteryfund.org.uk/er_violence_against_women.pdf Shelf Number: 126677 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceGang ViolencePregnant WomenSporting EventsViolence Against Women and Girls (U.K.) |
Author: Lloyd, Belinda Title: Drinking Cultures and Social Occasions: Alcohol Harms in the Context of Major Sporting Events Summary: his report looks at the harms associated with alcohol consumption in the context of major sporting events which were explored in terms of general patterns, gender and age patterns. A range of alcohol-related harms were considered, including acute intoxication requiring medical attention, assaults, and motor vehicle accidents. The use of time series analysis allows exploration of the levels of harms associated with specific events after controlling for the impact of seasonal and temporal variations in alcohol-related harms. Across all populations examined, the peak months of the year for ambulance attendances, emergency department presentations, and hospital admissions attributed to acute alcohol intoxication were November and December, with February also being identified as a peak month among males. Consistent with the literature, Fridays and Saturdays were the days with the highest concentrations of alcohol intoxication related attendances, presentations and admissions. Varying effects were noted for major sporting events. Significantly elevated numbers of cases of acute alcohol intoxication were evident for all groups examined on the day before the Melbourne Cup, whilst elevated cases were seen for all patients and for males on the day before the AFL Grand Final. For all groups examined, elevated cases of alcohol intoxication occurred on the day of the Melbourne Cup, and also for all groups except females on the day of the AFL Grand Final and the event of the Commonwealth Games. Numbers of ambulance attendances for acute intoxication were significantly lower than expected on the day following the Melbourne Cup for all patients, and this was driven by the trend among females. Details: Melbourne: VicHealth, 2011. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2012 at http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/ResourceCentre/PublicationsandResources/alcohol%20misuse/DrinkingCultures-SportingEvents/FullReport_DrinkingCultures-SportingEvents_VicHealth-TurningPoint.ashx Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/~/media/ResourceCentre/PublicationsandResources/alcohol%20misuse/DrinkingCultures-SportingEvents/FullReport_DrinkingCultures-SportingEvents_VicHealth-TurningPoint.ashx Shelf Number: 127210 Keywords: Alcohol Abuse (Australia)Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderSporting Events |
Author: Cherti, Myriam Title: The UK's Response to Human Trafficking: Fit for Purpose? Summary: In recent years, there has been a growing concern about a potential link between major sporting events and an increase in human trafficking for the purposes of forced labour and prostitution. At the very least, it is clear that events like the Olympics provide an opportunity for host countries to reassess their anti-trafficking strategies. The aims of this short briefing paper are threefold: to provide a short overview of the available evidence about the scale of human trafficking in the UK; to review the general UK policy response to trafficking and the more specific measures designed for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games; and to examine areas within the current UK strategy that could be improved, with reference to international good practice. Quantifying the scale of trafficking to the UK is a significant challenge: estimates of the number of people trafficked to the UK have varied widely, from a few hundreds to tens of thousands. The UK’s response to trafficking has developed rapidly, and policy has come a long way from the days of ad hoc police raids and support solely through charitable-funded voluntary sector agencies. Now the UK has, in the UKHTC, a dedicated agency tasked with coordinating the British response. However, the UK continues to face significant challenges in responding to trafficking and its approach still falls short of international best practice. There are four key challenges facing the UK: identifying victims; balancing immigration management and victim protection; oversight and scrutiny; and addressing demand for trafficking and exploitation. Details: London: Institute for Public Policy Research, 2012. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2012 at http://www.ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2012/07/beyondirregularity-trafficking_July2012_9382.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.ippr.org/images/media/files/publication/2012/07/beyondirregularity-trafficking_July2012_9382.pdf Shelf Number: 127229 Keywords: Human Trafficking (U.K.)Labor TraffickingSex TraffickingSporting Events |
Author: Roe-Sepowitz, Dominique Title: Exploring Sex Trafficking and Prostitution Demand During the Super Bowl Summary: Recent reports and dozens of news articles strongly point to the Super Bowl as the most prominent national event where sex trafficking flourishes, with estimates of as many as 10,000 victims flooding host cities to be offered to willing purchasers intent on buying sex. While this has attracted a great deal of attention in the media and has served as a key point in the national dialogue on sex trafficking, support for such assertions has been sparse. While some such inquiries have been conducted capably, evidence supported research on the influence of the Super Bowl on sex trafficking has been limited. With the support of the McCain Institute, researchers from Arizona State University, and Prascient Analytics sought to investigate and understand the true impact of the Super Bowl on sex trafficking. The goal of this endeavor was to further the national discussion on sex trafficking, understand its local and national impact, and to develop a baseline understanding of regional sex trafficking trends for the 2015 Super Bowl which will take place in Glendale, Arizona. This report is the first comprehensive and systematic attempt to add clarity to a complex, national epidemic. It provides new and useful information for the sex trafficking discussion with the clear understanding that the culture of sex trafficking is subject to many influences, only one of which is large national events like the Super Bowl. In this study, the authors made a number of interesting discoveries about sex trafficking, but found no evidence indicating the 2014 Super Bowl was a causal factor for sex trafficking in the northern New Jersey area in the days preceding the game. In anticipation of the suspected impact of the Super Bowl on sex trafficking, the coalition of law enforcement responsible for public safety took the necessary steps to be prepared for an increase in activity that exceeded their norm. Both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the New Jersey State Police in New Jersey and the New York Police Department in New York City, the site of many Super Bowl related events, mounted significant investigations into sex trafficking before and during the Super Bowl resulting in the recovery of numerous victims and the arrest of numerous suspects. Details: Phoenix: Arizona State University, McCain Institute for International Leadership, 2014. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2014 at: https://ssw.asu.edu/research/stir/exploring-sex-trafficking-and-prostitution-demand-during-the-super-bowl-2014 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://ssw.asu.edu/research/stir/exploring-sex-trafficking-and-prostitution-demand-during-the-super-bowl-2014 Shelf Number: 104118 Keywords: Prostitution Sex Trafficking Sporting EventsSuper Bowl |
Author: Blowe, Kevin Title: Olympic Policing During the 2012 Security Games Summary: In the months before the start of the 2012 Olympics in Stratford in east London, there was a growing anxiety amongst Londoners about the prospect of snipers in helicopters and RAF fighters in the skies, missile launchers on tower blocks and repeated predictions that Newham would experience lockdown during peak periods. Newham Monitoring Project had also been receiving enquiries from across east London for months from local residents, particularly those working with young people, who were concerned about the massive proposed policing operation and its impact at street level. London 2012 seemed to deserve its reputation as the first 'Security Games'. The Olympics presented the largest peacetime military and security operation since 1945, with a policing and security budget of around L553m. From 2010, the number of security personnel required by Olympic organisers rose sharply to an estimated 23,700 on the busiest days, more than double the original predictions, with up to 12,000 police from forces across the country and the Ministry of Defence providing more troops deployed (in uniform) to work during the Games than were then stationed in Afghanistan. Even more CCTV was installed in a city that already had the highest level of surveillance of its citizens than anywhere in the world, whilst around $80 million was spent on the construction of an 11-mile long 5000-volt electric fence around the Olympic zone. The reason for this extraordinary level of security, the Home Office argued in its March 2011 publication 'Olympic and Paralympic Safety and Security Strategy,' was primarily the threat from terrorism: it promised 'maximum use of existing national security and intelligence structures' with the threat-level raised from 'substantial' to 'severe' (which assumes 'an attack is highly likely'). A secondary threat was public disorder, heightened by the perception of a weak police response to rioting the previous summer that followed the death of Mark Duggan in August 2011. The International Olympic Committee had made it clear after the riots that it expected the British government, the Metropolitan police and other domestic agencies to ensure that the Olympics passed off without incident. Arrangements were made to fast-track the trials of people accused of offences linked to the Olympics in the same highly controversial way that had followed the disorder of the previous year, with Alison Saunders, the chief CPS prosecutor for London, explicitly linking these measures to 'the lessons of the summer riots.' With a climate of fear slowly building through state institutions and the media, we were also aware of the significant pattern of racialised social "sanitisation" and exploitation that have been a hallmark of sport mega events globally, particularly where they have been held in poorer and developing areas. Activists and academics from countries including South Africa and India, which have both hosted major sport events in recent years, travelled to the UK to share their experiences of human rights abuses and 'sweep up operations' in their localities. These had had a massively detrimental and often devastating impact on the lives of local people, leaving them homeless, unemployed or vulnerable to excessive policing or criminalisation, with a legacy of property developers and real estate owners benefiting most. These were real life stories behind the promises of employment and regeneration that had been made in each host city. We recognised that an atmosphere of intensive security, focused on the borough where Newham Monitoring Project has worked for over thirty years, had the potential to negatively impact on local people. Most military and all private security personnel would work inside the 'ticketed areas' of the event venues, but in the streets surrounding the Olympic Park in Stratford and the ExCel Centre in Canning Town, it was the prospect of a massive policing operation that was our greatest concern. Newham is one of London's poorest and most ethnically diverse boroughs with the second highest Muslim population in the UK, one that had experienced long-term state surveillance, suspicion and incidents like the bungled anti-terrorism raids in 2006 on two families living in Forest Gate, who endured a terrifying ordeal based on faulty intelligence. The borough also has one of the youngest populations in London, with 23.6% of residents in 2011 aged between 10 and 24,6 coupled with a long history of difficult relationships between young people and the police. This is particularly the case over the use of stop and search powers. Details: London: Newham Monitoring Project, 2013. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2014 at: http://netpol.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/monitoring-the-security-games-final-report.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://netpol.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/monitoring-the-security-games-final-report.pdf Shelf Number: 132168 Keywords: Event SecurityOlympic GamesPolicing DemonstrationsPublic DisorderSporting Events |
Author: Copus, Ryan Title: Entertainment as Crime Prevention: Evidence from Chicago Sports Games Summary: The concern that mass media may be responsible for aggressive and criminal behavior is widespread. Comparatively little consideration has been given to its potential diversionary function. This paper contributes to the emerging body of literature on entertainment as a determinant of crime by analyzing Chicago by-the-minute crime reports during major sporting events. Sports provide an exogenous infusion of TV diversion that we leverage to test the effect of entertainment on crime. Because the scheduling of a sporting event should be random with respect to crime within a given month, day of the week, and time, we use month-time-day-of-week fixed effects to estimate the effect of the sporting events on crime. We compare crime reports by the half hour when Chicago's NFL, NBA, or MLB teams are playing to crime reports at the same time, day, and month when the teams are not playing. We conduct the same analysis for the Super Bowl, NBA Finals, and MLB World Series. The Super Bowl generates the most dramatic declines: total crime reports decrease by approximately 25 percent (roughly 60 fewer crimes). The decline is partially offset by an increase in crime before the game, most notably in drug and prostitution reports, and an uptick in reports of violent crime immediately after the game. Crime during Chicago Bears Monday night football games is roughly 15 percent lower (30 fewer crimes) than during the same time on non-game nights. Our results show similar but smaller effects for NBA and MLB games. Except for the Super Bowl, we find little evidence for temporal crime displacement before or after the games. In general, we find substantial declines during games across crime types - property, violent, drug, and other - with the largest reductions for drug crime. We believe fewer potential offenders on the streets largely explain the declines in crime Details: Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley - School of Law; 2014. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2429551 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2429551 Shelf Number: 132325 Keywords: Crime PreventionMass MediaSporting Events |
Author: University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne Title: Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition: The Last Bet for Modern Sport Summary: The University Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne and the International Centre for Sport Security (ICSS) today released the ground-breaking results of a two-year research programme into sport corruption. It includes startling figures on the scale and scope of the sport-betting market, which is identified as the primary purpose for match-fixing. The report also provides detailed analysis of current efforts to combat corruption and presents guiding principles including practical steps that can be taken by sport, governments and betting. According to the Sorbonne-ICSS Report - 'Protecting the Integrity of Sport Competition: The Last Bet for Modern Sport' - the manipulation of sport competition and betting threatens all countries and regions, with football and cricket the sports most under siege. Other sports affected include: tennis, basketball, badminton and motor racing. The report states that the most manipulated competitions are at a national level but highlights that the 'fixing' of competition and betting is instigated at a transnational level. Size of sport betting market The report shows that manipulation takes place in the context of a growing sports economy, which now accounts for 2% of the global GDP, with a transnational sports-betting market of estimated wagers worth between $200 - 500 billion, more than 80% of which is illegal. The findings reveal: - Asia and Europe represents 85% of the total legal and illegal market - Europe makes up 49% of the legal market, whilst Asia makes up 53% of the illegal market - Legal sports betting currently delivers only $4 billion of official tax revenues for countries - More than 8,000 legal operators offer sports betting - 80% are in territories with a low rate of tax and few inspections. - The number of illegal operators is impossible even to estimate The advent of the internet has led to an unprecedented expansion of sport betting offers, with online betting now representing 30% of the global market. The sports betting market has been transformed into a multi-billion dollar industry with betting exchanges, live betting, betting on more low-profile events and derivative betting formulas, as well as higher return rates for bettors. Significantly though, the evolution of the betting regulatory models hasn't kept up, with authorities often ill-equipped to deal with the illegal and under-regulated betting, together with the related issues of manipulation and money laundering. Details: Dohar, Qatar: International Centre for Sport Security, 2014. 129p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 14, 2014 at: http://www.theicss.org/sport-integrity-forum/ Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.theicss.org/sport-integrity-forum/ Shelf Number: 132453 Keywords: CorruptionGamblingIllegal marketsMoney LaunderingOrganized CrimeSporting EventsSports Betting |
Author: Prouse, Carolyn Title: Framing the World cUPP: Competing Discourses of Favela Pacification as a Mega-Event Legacy in Brazil Summary: In November of 2010, Brazilian military and police officers rolled through the streets of Complexo de Alemao, Rio de Janeiro's largest favela, in an effort to 'take back' the community from notorious drug traffickers in time for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Given the pervasive rhetoric that the occupation of favelas by the 'pacifying' Unidade de Policia Pacificadora (UPP) program is for these mega events, what are the effects of this framing, and how is it used and contested by multiple actors? What subjects are called into being as a 'threat' through discourses regarding the UPPs, and how does this rhetoric legitimate violent practices of security by the state? Employing Judith Butler's concepts of framing and the constitutive outside, I argue that there are multiple and competing discourses that frame UPP military police interventions, which have important legacy ramifications for Brazil's mega events. In general, many international popular media accounts highly decontextualize and exoticize the space of the favela, constituting a site of threatening, yet consumable, Otherness. The state tends to construct simplistic dichotomies of space and subjects as threatening in order to legitimate its own actions. However, many favela inhabitants are reframing these constitutions to undermine the state's attempts at legitimation and bring into relief the historical and socio-political continuities of Brazilian militarization. Details: RASAALA, Vol. 3, No. 2 (2012): 17 p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 21, 2014: https://journal.lib.uoguelph.ca/index.php/rasaala/article/view/2219/2714 Year: 2012 Country: Brazil URL: https://journal.lib.uoguelph.ca/index.php/rasaala/article/view/2219/2714 Shelf Number: 132723 Keywords: Crowd ControlDrug TraffickingFavelas (Brazil)MilitarizationSlumsSporting Events |
Author: Giacomantonio, Chris Title: Making and Breaking Barriers: Assessing the Value of Mounted Police Units in the UK Summary: While the use of mounted police (i.e. police horses and riders) can be traced back to before the advent of the modern police service in 1829, very little is known about the actual work of mounted police from either academic or practitioner standpoints. In recent years, mounted units have come under resource scrutiny in the UK due to austerity measures. Some forces have eliminated their mounted capacities altogether, while others have developed collaborative or mutual assistance arrangements with neighbouring forces. The relative costs and benefits of the available options - maintaining units, merging and centralizing mounted resources, or eliminating them in whole or part - cannot at present be assessed confidently by individual forces or by national coordinating agencies. To address this limitation in available evidence, the Association of Chief Police Officers' Mounted Working Group commissioned a project to consider ways in which the relative value of mounted police work may be measured and understood, as well as provide evidence testing the value of mounted police in various deployment scenarios. This main report details the multi-method and exploratory research undertaken for this project, and examines mounted police in neighbourhood policing, football policing and public order policing in festival and demonstration settings. The report also includes a full account of the research activities designed to understand the costs of mounted policing, and an international survey of senior mounted police in other countries. Details: Santa Monica, C: RAND; Cambridge, UK: University of Oxford, 2015. 156p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 8, 2015 at: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR830/RAND_RR830.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR800/RR830/RAND_RR830.pdf Shelf Number: 135186 Keywords: HorsesMounted PoliceNeighborhood PolicingPublic Order ManagementSporting Events |
Author: Brackenridge, Celia Title: Child Exploitation and the FIFA World Cup: A review of risks and protective interventions Summary: This review was commissioned by the Child Abuse Programme (CAP) of Oak Foundation, a large international philanthropic organisation. It forms part of CAP's effort to win societal rejection of practices such as the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents around major sporting events (MSEs), and to embed prevention and protection from exploitation as a permanent concern for global sports-related bodies. This review is intended to inform action in countries that host MSEs and to provide some suggestions on how hosting countries can avoid past pitfalls and mistakes in relation to child exploitation, especially economic and sexual exploitation. Importantly, it also acts as a call to action by those responsible for commissioning and staging MSEs, such as FIFA and the IOC, to anticipate, prepare for and adopt risk mitigation strategies and interventions. Positive leadership from these culturally powerful bodies could prove decisive in shifting hearts, minds and actions in the direction of improved safety for children. A three-pronged research design was adopted: more than 70 experts in NGOs, sport organisations and government departments were approached for interviews; a systematic search of relevant literature was conducted; and, several case studies were selected from past child protective interventions associated with MSEs. The work was intended to discover the extent of the evidence base supporting protective interventions associated with MSEs that address risk mitigation in general and child economic and sexual exploitation in particular. The many benefits of MSEs for child development related to learning, healthy lifelong physical activity, civic pride and multi-cultural sensitisation are well documented. These benefits should obviously be weighed against concerns about child exploitation and MSEs. The review found that: - some commercial enterprises associated with MSEs - both legal and illegal - still use child labour; - children are frequently victims of the community displacement typically associated with MSEs; - child sexual exploitation linked to MSEs appears to be hidden behind other social problems such as diverted services, family stress, poverty and domestic violence; - human trafficking for sexual exploitation associated with MSEs appears adult-focussed, responsive to advocacy interventions and difficult to measure. Where it does occur it is likely to mask harms to children. Whilst the risks of child exploitation were found to have increased during some of MSEs, the examples discussed all highlight the universal rarity of reliable empirical data concerning child exploitation around these events. In future, robust research designs, focused specifically on children, are essential in order to verify the many assertions that were uncovered. Responses to minimise the impact of risks for children associated with MSEs were found to be wide-ranging. It is evident from the literature, and from our consultations, that dedicated child-focussed responses are scarce. Very few programmatic or advocacy interventions are age-specific and most address general rather than particular risks. Also, human trafficking appears to overshadow all other risks in relation to the attention, resources and priority afforded to it by programmers, irrespective of the relative significance of this risk for children. There is very little material on programmes and advocacy related specifically to child labour, child sexual exploitation and displacement. This skew in the literature opens up interesting issues for future research. Importantly, it also masks the fact that children are all-too-often victims when adults close to them are exploited. So, whilst many of the initiatives described in the review are targeted at adults it should be recognised that they can also have important prevention benefits for children. Details: London: Brunel University London, Brunel Centre for Sport, Health and Wellbeing, 2013. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 30, 2015 at: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/369273/Child-Protection-and-the-FIFA-World-Cup-FINAL.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/369273/Child-Protection-and-the-FIFA-World-Cup-FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 135428 Keywords: Child ProtectionChild Sexual AbuseChild Sexual ExploitationSporting Events |
Author: ICF GHK Title: Study on Possible Ways to Improve the Exchange of Information on Travelling Violent Offenders Including those Attending Sporting Events or Large Public Gatherings Summary: The aim of this assignment was to inform EU decision-making on the possible ways of improving the exchange of information between Member States on travelling violent offenders (TVO) in connection with major events, including large public gatherings and sporting events. The assignment: "Analysed and provided an overview of the types of events which have been subject to unlawful disruption by TVO crossing national frontiers;" Analysed the law enforcement authorities of needs in relation to information on TVO in connection with major events, particularly regarding content on the subjects, format and time; "Analysed the different sources of information on TVO at national and EU level;" Provided a detailed analysis and description of how information exchange on TVO has occurred across the EU, particularly through the analysis of major events; Provided a detailed identification and analysis of the reasons for unsatisfactory exchange of information related to TVO; Analysed ways of providing a definition of the term TVO at EU level and proposed at least three definitions; Examined, described and evaluated different non-IT based options in order to improve the exchange of information on TVO; and Examined, described and evaluated IT based solutions in order to improve the exchange of information on TVO. Details: Birmingham, UK: ICF GHK, 2013. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Final Report for Directorate-General for Home Affairs: Accessed August 24, 2015 at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/policies/police-cooperation/general/docs/study_on_improving_the_info_exchange_on_travelling_violent_offenders_march_2013_en.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Europe URL: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/documents/policies/police-cooperation/general/docs/study_on_improving_the_info_exchange_on_travelling_violent_offenders_march_2013_en.pdf Shelf Number: 136563 Keywords: Information SharingSporting EventsTravelling CriminalsViolent Offenders |
Author: Eisenhauer, Simone Title: Managing event places and viewer spaces: Security, surveillance and stakeholder interests at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa Summary: This thesis explores the security risk management and commercial organisation of public urban spaces at the 2010 FIFA World Cup (FWC) in South Africa. Extending knowledge of how commercial interests intersect with security risk management of public urban spaces at sport mega-events, this study examines these concepts in a developing world context. Using a neoliberal theoretical lens and drawing on the concepts of Festivalisation and Disneyisation, the research contributes to academic scholarship in the areas of both sport and event management. This is achieved through a critical examination of security and commercialisation strategies in 'public spaces' at a sport mega-event, namely, public viewing areas (PVAs) and commercial restricted zones (CRZs). The research problem was investigated by means of an inductive interpretive qualitative case study approach. The selected event was the 2010 FWC, and within this event an indepth case study of Cape Town was selected for examination. Multiple sources of evidence included government, management, and media documentation. In addition, semi-structured interviews were drawn upon to generate a narrative of the roles and interests of three key stakeholders (the event owner, event sponsor and event host) in the process of strategically managing PVAs and CRZs. The government's policies, decisions, and actions associated with staging of the 2010 FWC reflected new and exemplary forms of neoliberal urban governance in concert with intensified levels of policing and securitisation. The measures taken to combat ambush marketing were of particular note. FIFA's requirements on the host city facilitated decisions about public and private spaces that redefined public policies and rules. Intensification of spatial and social fragmentation and greater exclusion resulted; in other words, the evidence demonstrates the phenomenon of the 'FIFA-isation' of public space. Rhetoric from event owners and city authorities on the benefits of hosting the FWC claimed intended outcomes, which were the exact opposite of what eventuated. Details: Sydney: University of Technology, Sydney: 2013. 364p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 18, 2015 at: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/research/bitstream/handle/10453/23538/02whole.pdf?sequence=5 Year: 2013 Country: South Africa URL: https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/research/bitstream/handle/10453/23538/02whole.pdf?sequence=5 Shelf Number: 136811 Keywords: Public SafetyPublic SpacesRisk ManagementSecuritySporting EventsWorld Cup |
Author: Katsarova, Ivana Title: Match-fixing: Issues and policy responses Summary: As sport has grown increasingly popular worldwide, it has become a greater target for individuals and groups of people wishing to take advantage of its lucrative aspects. A conservative Interpol estimate for the period 1 June 2012 to 31 May 2013 indicates that match-fixing - i.e. the manipulation of results of sporting contests, or elements within a game - has been reported in over 70 countries across six continents, for football alone. Globalisation has further aggravated the phenomenon, with transnational criminal organisations taking advantage of changes in regulations, and flaws in legal and judicial systems. Various sports have been affected by match-fixing, even though most cases occur in cricket, football, and tennis. Contests are not always rigged by individual players or referees; some cases involve coaches, club managers, and more unexpectedly, maintenance staff. Match-fixing is often linked to gambling, with criminal networks exploiting unregulated gambling markets, notably in Asia. In the EU, the Framework Decisions on combatting corruption and the fight against organised crime underpin the operational work carried out by Europol and Eurojust. However, their provisions are still insufficiently well enacted by EU countries. The impact of international legal instruments, such as the United Nations and Council of Europe conventions, is also limited, since their provisions are not mandatory. In this context, the International Olympic Committee, due to its political, social and sporting authority, appears as a key factor in the continuing fight against manipulation in sport. Details: Strasbourg: European Parliamentary Research Service, 2016. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Briefing: Accessed April 8, 2016 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/580891/EPRS_BRI(2016)580891_EN.pdf at: Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/580891/EPRS_BRI(2016)580891_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 138607 Keywords: CorruptionGamblingOrganized CrimeSporting EventsSports Betting |
Author: Vandenberg, Layne Title: Police Pacification of Rio de Janeiro Favelas in the Context of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Summary: In 2006, FIFA announced Brazil as the host of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. To heighten security measures for the Cup, the Rio de Janeiro state government created the Unidade de Policia Pacificadora (Police Pacification Unit or UPP) to regain territorial control of poor communities - called favelas - that were governed by criminal groups in the government's absence. The UPPs diverge from traditional policing practices as they utilize proximity policing in favelas to create a more permanent presence with the hope of eliminating drug traffickers and generating trusting relationships with the communities they serve. The implementation of the UPP has failed because UPPs decrees conceptualize the program within existing police structures and rely on the same policing methods used in the past. While the UPPs have successfully fulfilled their goal to reduce some forms of lethal violence in favelas, it has been unsuccessful in establishing positive relationships between residents and police that allow for the complete integration of favelas into Rio de Janeiro society. Despite this imperfect and incomplete integration, favela residents have made their voices heard, thus increasing their participation in civil society and opening a necessary social discourse about police expectations and inequality. I argue that the UPPs, although a short-term strategy, must implement stronger institutional organization and social programming to change policing methods and positively impact the favela communities. Details: Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2015. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 26, 2016 at: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/112118/laynevdb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2015 Country: Brazil URL: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/112118/laynevdb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 139229 Keywords: FavelasNeighborhoods and CrimePolicingSlumsSporting Events |
Author: Deutsche Sportjugend im Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund e.V. Title: Prevention of sexual and gender harassment and abuse in sports Initiatives in Europe and beyond Summary: Sport is currently a disputed social terrain: on the one hand it exposes individuals and society to positive values, but at the same time it also bears the potential to be harmful. Therefore, we believe that one of the main tasks of the European sporting movement is to work towards safeguarding the integrity of sport. Focusing on preventive measures and investing continuously into the education of European sportsmen and women, especially in our European youth sector, plays a vital role in accomplishing this long-term goal. Concerted European action is required to effectively promote the ethical values inherent to sport and in order to truly offer all individuals and groups in society equal opportunities to participate in and enjoy the benefits of sport. Bringing together a European project network and finding common denominators between various actors and bodies at different levels of the European sporting, social and scientific environments is a challenging task that is easily underestimated in terms of the resources necessary for such a project to run smoothly. Despite the fact that European coordination often means compromising, adjusting and adapting in previously unforeseen ways, initiating and being involved in projects such as this one always allows an organisation to grow and develop its capacities, networks and know-how. The November 2012 conference "Safer, better, stronger - Prevention of Sexual Harassment and Abuse in sports" is the final stage of the EU-funded project "Prevention of sexualised violence in sports - Impulses for an open, secure and sound sporting environment in Europe" and a contribution to provide a platform not only for strengthening transnational and crosssector cooperation, but also for sensitising and raising awareness at all levels of the complex social environment that surrounds the problem of harassment and abuse. Bringing together individuals and organisations with differing competences is an ideal occasion to foster networking among experienced actors and beginners alike, to link European resources, to learn from and support each other as well as to encourage future collaboration. As a main outcome of this project, this catalogue of initiatives from Europe and beyond will support this intercultural learning to develop Details: Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Sportjugend, 2012. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 25, 2016 at: http://www.whiteribbon.at/documents/227622494.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://www.whiteribbon.at/documents/227622494.pdf Shelf Number: 139821 Keywords: Gender-Based ViolenceSexual AbuseSexual HarassmentSporting EventsSports Violence |
Author: Brackenridge, Celia Title: Child Exploitation and the FIFA World Cup: A review of risks and protective interventions Summary: Ahead of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, a new report by Brunel University London reviews the risks of child exploitation around major sporting events, and the protective measures in place (or lacking) to prevent their occurrence. While major sporting events are not themselves a direct cause of an increase in child exploitation, their organisation gives rise to conditions that lead to child labour and child sexual exploitation, including human trafficking to this end. The report is intended not only for future host countries to recognise the need for protection policies by looking at past pitfalls, but also for global sports-related bodies such as FIFA and the International Olympic Committee to establish child protection criteria as a requirement of bidding for all major sporting events. Details: Uxbridge, UK: : Brunel University London, 2013. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2016 at: http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/10635/1/FullText.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/10635/1/FullText.pdf Shelf Number: 130033 Keywords: Child Human TraffickingChild ProtectionChild Sexual ExploitationSporting Events |
Author: Jetter, Michael Title: Good Girl, Bad Boy: Corrupt Behavior in Professional Tennis Summary: This paper identifies matches on the male and female professional tennis tours in which one player faces a high payoff from being "on the bubble" of direct entry into one of the lucrative Grand Slam tournaments, while their opposition does not. Analyzing over 378,000 matches provides strong evidence for corrupt behavior on the men's tour, as bubble players are substantially more likely to beat better ranked opponents when a win is desperately needed. However, we find no such evidence on the women's tour. These results prevail throughout a series of extensions and robustness checks, highlighting gender differences regarding corrupt and unethical behavior, but also concerning collusion. We especially find evidence for collusion once monetary incentives are further increased. Finally, the market for sports betting does not seem to be aware of this phenomenon, suggesting a market imperfection and further confirming our suspicion of irregular activities in men's tennis. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor, 2015. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: IZA Discussion Paper No. 8824: Accessed September 14, 2016 at: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8824.pdf Year: 2015 Country: International URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp8824.pdf Shelf Number: 147865 Keywords: AthleticsCheatingSporting EventsSports Betting |
Author: Lepp, Annalee Title: 2010 Winter Games Analysis on Human Trafficking Summary: Between February and August 2010, GAATW Canada researchers conducted a qualitative research project, funded by Public Safety Canada, on possible increases in transnational and domestic human trafficking in British Columbia in connection with the 2010 Vancouver Olympic and Paralympic Games. Research involved examining available data on the link between trafficking in persons and previous mega sporting events, analyzing media, online, and public discussions that focused on human trafficking prior to and during the Olympic Games, and conducting telephone, in-person, and e-mail interviews with 61 key informants, federal and provincial representatives, enforcement personnel, members of non-governmental organizations, as well as legal and human rights advocates. In the process of investigating the main research question, the research team also considered the dynamics of pre-Olympic anti-trafficking discourses and campaigns, what trafficking in persons prevention measures were implemented by governmental, enforcement, and non-governmental sectors and the reported effectiveness of those strategies, as well as the key recommendations that emerged from interview participants. The interview data provided contrary evidence about whether or not there were indications that human trafficking had occurred prior to and during the 2010 Olympic Games. Nonetheless, without out ruling the possibility that human trafficking for the purposes of labour and sexual exploitation might have evaded detection with the risk of domestic trafficking into the commercial sex sector specifically mentioned, the vast majority of informants across stakeholder sectors suggested that they had no specific knowledge of or that there was no concrete and verifiable evidence of trafficking in persons for the purposes of sexual or labour exploitation linked to the 2010 Olympic Games. In addition, as of the end of August 2010, no trafficking in persons cases connected to the event had reached the level of investigation. There was also no strong evidence of a significant spike in male demand for paid sexual services during the Olympic Games. In the absence of evidence-based research, which has systematically assessed the fan base of or measured male demand for paid sexual services during mega sporting events, it is unclear whether this was a feature unique to what some interviewees described as a more "family-oriented" event like the Winter Olympics or mega sporting events more generally. Available data suggests, however, that during presumably less "family-centred" international sporting events like the 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cups, the anticipated or forecasted level of demand did not materialize. The key recommendations that emerged from the interview data included the following: - Examine the histories of and the lessons learned from previous international sporting events as well as the policies and practices implemented by other host nations/regions. This would include an analysis of the anticipated fan base. - Engage in an early assessment of the risk of human trafficking in the host country/region/city using an evidence-based approach, and develop appropriate prevention strategies accordingly. Labour trafficking should receive equivalent attention to trafficking in persons for the purpose of sexual exploitation, and prevention initiatives, including guiding principles for employers, should be initiated during the infrastructure and venue construction phase. - Establish mechanisms based on a consistent definitional methodology to track trafficking in persons information, data, and measurements, and conduct data collection prior, during, and after the event. - Strategic planning and implementation should include the development of a clearly defined human trafficking prevention plan with milestones and benchmarks, the fostering of partnerships, networks, coordination, and information sharing among relevant government agencies, enforcement bodies, and with NGOs, and the establishment of appropriate investigative protocols and referral mechanisms to monitor the situation on the ground and to respond to the support needs of trafficked persons. Key partnerships and consultations on strategic planning should also involve Indigenous, youth, sex worker, and migrant worker organizations/advocates as well as grassroots community-based groups. - In consultation with relevant NGOs and community-based partners, ensure that relevant and funded service strategies are in place to serve the needs of trafficked persons, as well as irregular migrant workers (including free and confidential legal advice and representation, interpreters, and translation). - Conduct targeted trafficking in persons awareness training of enforcement personnel (police officers, immigration and border officials), criminal justice officials, labour inspectors, first responders and NGO partners, as well as private sector employers and employees in such areas as construction, hospitality services, and transportation. This instruction should also include "sensitivity training" of all security and enforcement officers seconded to the event. Special attention should be paid to non-discriminatory treatment of foreign nationals at ports of entry and temporary foreign workers regardless of labour site, as well as to the rights, safety, and needs of marginalized, stigmatized, vulnerable, and diverse local populations whose lives and work might be negatively impacted by the influx of tourists, an enhanced security and enforcement apparatus in their communities, as well as by certain anti-trafficking interventions. - Devise and initiate a national or regional trafficking in persons public awareness campaign, with input from all relevant community stakeholders. Such a campaign should be accurate, evidence-based, and adhere to the principle of "do no harm." While the above recommendations are consistent with those found in assessments of other mega sporting events, two additional themes emerged from the interview data. The first focused on the important need to foster collaborative partnerships and consultations on strategic planning with communities with on-the-ground knowledge of trafficking in persons and those whose lives and work might be adversely affected by the enhanced security and enforcement presence and anti-trafficking interventions during international sporting events. In the context of the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver, the beginnings of such a model was evident and could be extended to include other grassroots, community-based representatives. The second theme concentrated on the critical necessity to adopt an evidence-based strategic approach and practice. Applicable to governmental, enforcement, and non-governmental agencies, this underlying principle would shape the planning and implementation of human trafficking prevention strategies, public awareness and media campaigns, as well as necessary assistance measures for trafficked persons should the need materialize. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2013. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9,. 2017 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/wntr-gms-2010/wntr-gms-2010-eng.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Canada URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/wntr-gms-2010/wntr-gms-2010-eng.pdf Shelf Number: 131176 Keywords: Forced LaborHuman TraffickingOlympicsProstitutesProstitutionSex WorkersSporting Events |
Author: Cooper, Kate Title: Exploitation and Trafficking of Women: Critiquing narratives during the London Olympics 2012 Summary: his report was commissioned by the Central American Women's Network (CAWN) to inform its work around the role of civil society and the media in shaping public understanding of different forms of exploitation experienced by women, in particular migrant women, in the context of major sporting events. It is based on an extensive study of press coverage of the issues of trafficking and exploitation of women during the London Olympics 2012 and examines critically the range of narratives underlying the approach to these issues in the print media. In addition, the report includes in-depth analysis of the campaigns mounted by five civil society organizations (CSOs) and compares the different approaches and strategies applied in each case, assessing the reasons for the varying degrees of success of each, respectively. An important aim of the study was to identify lessons and draw up recommendations based on the experience of the London Olympics that can be applied to other forthcoming major sporting events. The report highlights the fact that dominant narratives about trafficking not only conflate issues of trafficking with those of immigration and sexual exploitation but also frequently fail to employ the necessary analytical rigour. Prior to the Olympics, narratives circulated within Westminster and in the media predicting a rise in the number of women that would be trafficked to London for the London Olympics. The forecasts involved extremely large numbers and focused in the main on an expected rise in the number of women to be trafficked for sexual exploitation. During this period, many migrant women 'seen' in London, particularly those who could be characterized as 'exotic', were assumed to be trafficked into the capital for the Olympics and to be controlled by criminal gangs. Media reports circulating around this time (and in general) illustrate the very negative and stereotyped ways in which migrant women are portrayed, particularly in the tabloid press. However, the ensuing 'moral panic' about trafficking and sexual exploitation was not backed up by any evidence. Indeed, a body of evidence already existed prior to the Olympics demonstrating that major sporting events do not contribute to a rise in the incidence of trafficking for sexual exploitation. It is unclear why no one in government seemed aware of such research. The prediction that London would be 'flooded' with 'sex slaves' proved to be a myth. Indeed, the numbers of actual Victims of Trafficking (VoTs), as defined in the Palermo Protocol, was low during the Olympics - as it had been prior to the event. Over time, attention has been drawn to this discrepancy by a wide variety of stakeholders: CSOs, sex worker rights activists, academics and some journalists from the broadsheets. Yet despite the existence of this by now wellestablished counter-narrative that questions and contradicts the prevalent assumptions, the dominant framework within which most trafficking continues to be constructed is that of sexual exploitation. At the same time, very little attention was given in both government discourse and the media either to the global inequalities that drive women to seek a better life abroad or to the benefits the economies of richer countries enjoy because of the role that migrants play in providing cheap labour. In particular, the role of the UK's trade and development policies in perpetuating and deepening these inequalities was not examined in any of the mainstream narratives. Nor was any understanding shown of the fact that restrictive immigration policies contribute to migrant women's vulnerabilities and potential exploitation. Finally, no account was taken of the fact that the percentage of migrant women in the UK is scarcely higher today than it was a few decades ago. Even though the number of VoTs is low, migrant women in the UK face a wide range of problems. The London based Latin American Women's Rights Service is a CSO that works at the grassroots with women from Latin American countries who find themselves in a variety of exploitative situations. Because the official definition of VoT is very narrow, LAWRS encounters few women who are helped by trafficking legislation and believes that the law is too restrictive and should be replaced by a broader approach in which the human rights of all migrant women are addressed. Stop The Traffik, a government-funded inter-governmental campaign, was set up to address the predicted rise in trafficking during the period of the Olympics. Although the premise was false, the initiative is to be commended for encompassing other forms of trafficking apart from trafficking for sexual exploitation, thus breaking somewhat with he narrow focus on prostitution. However, while the campaign itself achieved high visibility, the number of reports of suspected trafficking was extremely low, a result that throws into question the government's strategy on this issue and, indeed, the utility of the trafficking legislation as a means of addressing exploitation. X:talk, the third CSO examined in this report, is a sex workers organisation, which was concerned that the government would use the wildly exaggerated predictions of a rise in the number of women trafficked into the UK for the purposes of sexual exploitation as an excuse to aggressively police, raid and shut down some workplaces within the sex industry. Such practices have been shown time and again to endanger the lives of all sex workers by displacing them from their peers, from regular clients and from the outreach services that keep in contact with them. The 'abolitionist' take on sex work and associated narratives, prevalent in the current and previous governments, obscure the wider reality that trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation is one out of a wide range of exploitative situations in which migrant women can find themselves. In addition, the focus on sexual exploitation, rather than on sex work as work, results in less meaningful intervention. Current narratives about the issue are mostly constructed within a framework of implicit moral disapproval, which fails to address the important health and safety concerns of all sex workers, whether migrant or not. Moreover, it appears that government officials, both within the current and previous governments, subscribe to a particular brand of feminist ideology that that does not recognise or respect the agency of women who choose to become sex workers. Thus, despite the success of its media campaign from the perspective of press coverage, the x:talk campaign was not successful in achieving one of its main policy aims, namely a moratorium on the policing of sex workers during the period under analysis and, indeed, x:talk was excluded from wider debates around these issues. Migration is a development strategy for millions of women all over the world who seek out work in different parts of the service sector and other informal spheres in order to subsist. Restrictive immigration policies and a focus on trafficking and sexual exploitation do nothing to alleviate their vulnerability. What is needed is an approach that addresses and is able to legislate against the whole range of different forms of exploitation that take place in workplaces both in the UK and further along global supply chains. However, there were some examples of a more integrated approach with a focus on wider exploitation and the human rights of women: the multi-agency Human Trafficking and London 2012 Games Network, as well as the Play Fair Campaign, of which War on Want was a key part. War on Want's campaign, contributed both to the work of the Network and to Playfair and drew attention to the shocking labour conditions of many workers, mostly women, in the factories producing goods for export to the UK during the Olympics. A wide range of events ensured that their campaign figured in the media, though much ingenuity and imagination were required to gain the press's interest. This makes a marked contrast with the widespread coverage in the tabloid press of 'sex trafficking', in which any piece of news was seen as a hook for carrying yet another story on the issue. Responding to these difficulties in relation to attracting press interest, War on Want successfully developed a range of different media strategies, involving the innovative use of social media as a means of communicating directly with its supporters. The fourth campaign studied is the one developed and coordinated by Anti-Slavery International in collaboration with the Institute for Human Rights and Business. Entitled The Staff Wanted Initiative, this campaign sought to address exploitative working conditions in the poorly regulated sectors of construction, domestic work, cleaning, catering and hospitality during the London Olympics. This initiative helped business identify who is controlling cheap labour, how it is coming in and the level of workers' pay. This focus on workers' rights, rather than anti-immigration, trafficking or the abolition of any particular sector of work, serves as an example of good practice for employers in other areas of poorly regulated or informal work. This report argues that governments would do better to focus on the human rights of all migrants in the UK, not just those who fall into the restrictive definition of 'trafficked' people and many of whom experience exploitation in many different forms. In order for this change to occur, CSOs will need to work effectively together not only by campaigning against particular legislation but by also exerting pressure to counter particular ideologies that impede a reasoned and rational debate. This is particularly the case with sex work which, if it were conceptualized as "work", would lead to the formulation of holistic approaches based on global justice and the human rights of all migrant workers. During the London Olympics 2012 the campaigns analysed in this report experienced various degrees of success. Factors linked to success rates include: the visibility of these CSO during the Olympics, their ability to work with other CSOs and agencies, the palatability of their message and their effectiveness in getting their message out using various media outlets. In some cases, the use of social media allowed them to communicate directly to their public, reducing the importance of the conventional media. Nonetheless, high level campaigns in which CSOs were able to work together effectively and which managed to gain high media visibility stood the highest chance of effecting change. This is how, for example, the Playfair Campaign 2012 was able to insist on corporations disclosing their supply chains. But the strategy needs to be further developed if change is to occur at the level of ideology and legislation and the first step is for all CSOs to find a common, integrated narrative that focuses on global justice and the human rights of all women and to use this as a campaign framework. Based on the above analysis, the report concludes with recommendations directed at CSOs, governments and corporations. These recommendations are aimed at protecting the human rights of all women and ensuring responsible actions and media coverage during future sporting events around the world. Details: London: Central America Women's Network. 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 28, 2017 at: http://www.cawn.org/assets/Exploitation%20and%20Trafficking%20of%20Women_.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.cawn.org/assets/Exploitation%20and%20Trafficking%20of%20Women_.pdf Shelf Number: 131504 Keywords: Human TraffickingMigrant WomenOlympicsSex TraffickingSexual ExploitationSporting Events |
Author: Taylor, Jirka Title: Violent and Antisocial Behaviour at Football Events: Review of interventions Summary: Disorder and violence at football matches are well-recognised issues that have attracted considerable attention in the media as well as among policymakers and practitioners. In an effort to prevent and respond to the phenomenon, numerous strategies and interventions have been implemented by relevant stakeholder groups, including police and other security professionals, football clubs and associations, fan organisations and local and national governments. However, despite the wide range of tools available, there are gaps in the understanding of the current state of practice and its effectiveness. This rapid evidence review responded to these gaps through a focused, structured literature search and aimed to provide a critical assessment of previous research into these issues. The review observed a multitude of strategies that can be and have been implemented to counter antisocial behaviour at football matches. They can broadly be grouped into four categories: 1) organisation of the venue (e.g. equipping stadiums with cameras, seating-only arrangements), 2) organisation of the events (e.g. arranging transport for away fans; setting up early kick-off times); 3) approaches to policing (e.g. dialogue-based policing, police liaison teams); and 4) laws, policies and partnerships (e.g. higher penalties for hooliganism, cooperation with fan associations). With respect to the effectiveness of these interventions, the review found that the existing evidence base (at least as captured by the parameters of the review) is underdeveloped. The review found evidence pertaining only to a subset of interventions. Of the studies offering an effectiveness assessment, the majority faced notable methodological limitations. Key Findings There is positive evidence for the effectiveness of utilising security cameras and mandatory transport arrangements for visiting fans, early kick-off times and policing approaches aimed at establishing dialogue and lines of communication with fans in reducing disorder. Interventions that do not appear to be effective include fan registration schemes as a precondition for a ticket purchase and alcohol bans within stadiums, city-wide alcohol bans and bans on alcohol consumption while in transit to the stadium. Details: Cambridge, UK: RAND Europe, 2018. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 27, 2018 at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2532.html Year: 2018 Country: Europe URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2532.html Shelf Number: 150950 Keywords: Alcohol-Related Crime, DisorderAntisocial Behavior Camera SurveillanceDisorderly ConductFootball Hooliganism Soccer Sporting Events Sports Violence VandalismViolence Prevention |