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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for stealing
23 results foundAuthor: Yu, Sz-De Title: Criminal Minds Models: An Exploration of a Typology for Criminal Propensity Summary: A new theoretical framework was introduced to classify criminal propensity. The principal assumption is there is variation within criminal propensity. It means even though criminals all have criminal propensity, it does not mean they are all prone to commit crime to the same extent. This new model is called the CM Model in which criminal propensity is defined as criminal minds. There are eight CM models based on the level of the three major dimensions of criminal minds, including rationality, emotinality, and morality. A survey study was done to test this new model. The issues regarding the difference between digital piracy and stealing have also been addressed, using the CM models. In addition, the moral issue about digital piracy was examined as well. As a exploratory study, implications were suggested according to the preliminary findings. Details: Indiana, PA: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2010. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 5, 2011 at: http://dspace.lib.iup.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/2069/235/1/Sz-De+Yu.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://dspace.lib.iup.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/2069/235/1/Sz-De+Yu.pdf Shelf Number: 122300 Keywords: Criminal Behavior, Predition ofCriminal MindsCriminalityDigital PiracyStealingTheft |
Author: Harbaugh, William T. Title: Theft and Deterrence Summary: We report results from economic experiments of decisions that are best described as petty larceny, with high school and college students who can anonymously steal real money from each other. Our design allows exogenous variation in the rewards of crime, and the penalty and probability of detection. We find that the probability of stealing is increasing in the amount of money that can be stolen, and that it is decreasing in the probability of getting caught and in the penalty for getting caught. Furthermore, the impact of the certainty of getting caught is larger when the penalty is bigger, and the impact of the penalty is bigger when the probability of getting caught is larger. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper 17059: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17059.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17059.pdf Shelf Number: 125030 Keywords: DeterrencePetty LarcenyStealingTheft |
Author: Austrup, Sebastian Title: The Person Behind the "Broken Window": The Influence of the Environment and Personality on Undesired Behavior Summary: The Broken Windows Theory predicts that when disorder is present in a surrounding, people will behave in an antisocial way. How exactly a disorderly environment affect a person and which mechanisms could make the person behave in an anti-social way? Approaches regarding that topic are mostly dealt in context of the Broken Windows Theory. Popularity of this approach ranks behind its controversy. Goal of the present study was to assess the influence of the environment and camera surveillance on human behavior, moderated by a personality trait. In a 2 x 2 factorial design in which participants were confronted with a tidy and untidy setup of a room they got the opportunity to cheat for money and leave mess behind. The influence of environmental factors was stronger in people who feel their lives are being controlled by external factors, meaning they have an external locus of control. Moreover we found no damping effect on cheating of camera surveillance in our experiment nor did it raise the self-awareness of the participants. Results suggest that there has to be an extra „push“ to act antisocial in a disorderly environment, with witch has to be dealt in further research. Details: Enschede, Netherlands: University of Twente, 2011. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed August 6, 2012 at: http://essay.utwente.nl/59931/1/BSc_S_Austrup.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Netherlands URL: http://essay.utwente.nl/59931/1/BSc_S_Austrup.pdf Shelf Number: 125862 Keywords: Anti-Social BehaviorBroken Windows TheoryDisorder and CrimeLyingStealing |
Author: Morgan, Anthony Title: Effective Crime Prevention Interventions for Implementation by Local Government Summary: Councils are responsible for a range of services related to crime prevention, including managing public space and building design, providing a range of community services and developing policies that affect local businesses. More recently, there has been increasing pressure on local government to contribute to the delivery of a variety of social services and to engage in social planning. This comprehensive report is a collaboration between the Crime Prevention Division of the NSW Department of Attorney General and Justice, and the AIC. It is a large-scale systematic review of interventions to prevent a number of crime types identified as priority areas for local councils in New South Wales. Offences such as non-domestic violence related assault; break and enter; car theft; retail theft and malicious damage were reviewed against specific crime prevention methods. The AIC provided the NSW CPD with a summary of the evidence in support of interventions for each priority crime type. A number of preferred intervention types were selected that could be implemented by local councils, with the support of the CPD, in areas with a significant crime problem. This study has led to a series of handbooks to assist local government to select, adapt and implement the preferred interventions. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Public policy Series 120: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/100-120/rpp120.html Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/100-120/rpp120.html Shelf Number: 127285 Keywords: Crime Prevention (Australia)Malicious DamageMotor-Vehicle TheftPublic SpaceResidential BurglarySituational Crime PreventionStealingTheftVandalism |
Author: Byles, Dennis Title: Sentencing trends in the higher courts of Victoria 2007–08 to 2011–12. Theft Summary: This Sentencing Snapshot describes sentencing outcomes for the offence of theft and details the age and gender of people sentenced for this offence in the County and Supreme Courts of Victoria between 2007–08 and 2011–12. Except where otherwise noted, the data represent sentences imposed at first instance. A person who dishonestly appropriates any property belonging to another person with the intention of permanently depriving that person of the property is guilty of theft. Theft is an indictable offence that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years’ imprisonment5 and/or a fine of 1,200 penalty units. Indictable offences are more serious offences triable before a judge and jury in the County or Supreme Court. Theft can also be tried summarily by the Magistrates’ Court if the property involved meets certain criteria, the Magistrates’ Court considers it appropriate and the defendant consents. Theft was the principal offence in 2.2% of cases sentenced in the higher courts between 2007–08 and 2011–12. Details: Melbourne, VIC, Australia: Sentencing Advisory Council, 2013. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Sentencing Snapshot No. 137: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: https://sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/snapshot_137_sentencing_trends_for_theft_in_the_higher_courts_of_victoria_march_2013.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Australia URL: https://sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/snapshot_137_sentencing_trends_for_theft_in_the_higher_courts_of_victoria_march_2013.pdf Shelf Number: 128182 Keywords: Property CrimesSentencing (Victoria, Australia)StealingTheft Offenses |
Author: Burnett, Jennifer Title: Scrap Metal Theft: Is Legislation Working for States? Summary: Insurance companies, law enforcement officials and industry watchdogs have called scrap metal theft - including copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel and scrap iron - one of the fastest-growing crimes in the United States. State leaders have taken notice, passing a flurry of legislation meant to curb metal theft and help law enforcement find and prosecute criminals. Researchers at The Council of State Governments, in collaboration with the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, set out to determine if all that legislation is having an impact on metal theft rates. To determine if state legislation has been effective at curbing metal theft, a thorough analysis is needed that starts with an evaluation of trends in metal theft incident rates at the state level. After an evaluation of the existing research and interviews with state and local officials and law enforcement personnel across all 50 states, CSG researchers concluded that metal theft data for states are not available for analysis. Because metal theft is such a significant and widespread problem, and because accurately tracking metal theft is key to establishing evidence-based practices designed to both deter theft and to assist in the investigation and prosecution of theft, it is imperative that states evaluate ways to begin collecting these data. Moving forward, it is unlikely data will be available on a scale necessary to perform meaningful analysis unless a widespread effort is launched to create systems to document, track and report metal theft crime uniformly and consistently. CSG researchers recommend continued discussion regarding the development of a uniform tracking system for metal theft or modifications to current systems. Details: Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 2014. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2014 at: http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/MetalTheft_Final%20%2805282014%29.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/system/files/MetalTheft_Final%20%2805282014%29.pdf Shelf Number: 132652 Keywords: Metal TheftProperty TheftScrap Metal Theft (U.S.)Stealing |
Author: Schroeder, Kari Britt Title: Local norms of cheating and the cultural evolution of crime and punishment: a study of two urban neighborhoods Summary: The prevalence of antisocial behavior varies across time and place. The likelihood of committing such behavior is affected by, and also affects, the local social environment. To further our understanding of this dynamic process, we conducted two studies of antisocial behavior, punishment, and social norms. These studies took place in two neighborhoods in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. According to a previous study, Neighborhood A enjoys relatively low frequencies of antisocial behavior and crime and high levels of social capital. In contrast, Neighborhood B is characterized by relatively high frequencies of antisocial behavior and crime and low levels of social capital. In Study 1, we used an economic game to assess neighborhood differences in theft, third-party punishment (3PP) of theft, and expectation of 3PP. Participants also reported their perceived neighborhood frequency of cooperative norm violation ("cheating"). Participants in Neighborhood B thought that their neighbors commonly cheat but did not condone cheating. They stole more money from their neighbors in the game, and were less punitive of those who did, than the residents of Neighborhood A. Perceived cheating was positively associated with theft, negatively associated with the expectation of 3PP, and central to the neighborhood difference. Lower trust in one's neighbors and a greater subjective value of the monetary cost of punishment contributed to the reduced punishment observed in Neighborhood B. In Study 2, we examined the causality of cooperative norm violation on expectation of 3PP with a norms manipulation. Residents in Neighborhood B who were informed that cheating is locally uncommon were more expectant of 3PP. In sum, our results provide support for three potentially simultaneous positive feedback mechanisms by which the perception that others are behaving antisocially can lead to further antisocial behavior: (1) motivation to avoid being suckered, (2) decreased punishment of antisocial behavior, and (3) decreased expectation of punishment of antisocial behavior. Consideration of these mechanisms and of norm-psychology will help us to understand how neighborhoods can descend into an antisocial culture and get stuck there. Details: PeerJ 2:e450; DOI 10.7717/peerj.450. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 13, 2014 at: https://peerj.com/articles/450.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://peerj.com/articles/450.pdf Shelf Number: 134072 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior (U.K.)CheatingNeighborhoods and CrimePunishmentSocial CapitalStealingTheftUrban Areas |
Author: Morgan, Nick Title: An evaluation of government/law enforcement interventions aimed at reducing metal theft Summary: Executive summary - While most acquisitive crimes have fallen consistently over the past five years, metal theft increased between 2009 and 2011 in line with a sharp rise in global metal prices. It then fell during 2012 and 2013. - This paper summarises results of analyses which aimed to test whether the decline from 2012 was caused primarily by the government/law enforcement interventions launched to address metal theft, or was simply due to metal prices falling back from their peak. - The analysis is based mainly on data for metal thefts held by the Energy Networks Association (ENA), though data from British Transport Police (BTP) are also used to verify the main results. The phased roll-out of Operation Tornado across England and Wales helps to identify the specific impact of the interventions, as distinct from other factors that might have contributed to the fall in metal thefts. - The analysis found that metal thefts recorded by the Energy Networks Association and by British Transport Police fell to levels far lower during 2012 and 2013 than would be expected from the drop in metal prices alone. - This implies that the interventions launched during that period, Operation Tornado and cashless trading at scrap metal dealers (described below), did contribute to a substantial reduction in the number of offences. - Analysis showed a large, statistically significant effect for the interventions even when controlling for metal prices and other factors driving acquisitive crime. - Scotland, which did not receive the interventions, had a rising trend in metal theft during the post-intervention period, according to the Energy Networks Association data. This adds further weight to the main finding, and suggests that some metal theft may have been displaced north of the border. - As with most retrospective evaluations, there are necessary limitations with both the data and the methodology employed, but these findings are in line with the limited existing evidence from other nations. Details: London: Home Office, 2015. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 80: Accessed January 28, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/398511/horr80.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/398511/horr80.pdf Shelf Number: 134480 Keywords: Crime PreventionMetal Theft (U.K.)Property Theft Scrap Metal Theft Stealing |
Author: Lammy, David Title: Taking Its Toll: the regressive impact of property crime in Britain Summary: The police and the courts are turning a blind eye to theft, burglary and shoplifting which makes up three quarters of all recorded crime committed in England and Wales, according to the Rt Hon David Lammy MP, one of the Labour party's leading Mayoral candidates. The report highlights how large swathes of property crime goes unreported, especially among independent shopkeepers, with people having little faith in the ability of the police to bring the perpetrators to justice. A poll of 400 members of the National Federation of Retail Newsagents carried out as part of the research discovered that over half of all respondents had been the victim of two or more shoplifting incidents in the preceding three months yet over a third (35%) doubted the police's ability to successfully prosecute shoplifters. Less than 1 in 10 incidents of shoplifting is reported to the police. Other figures in the report emphasise the problem: - Only two thirds of burglaries are reported to the police - Half of burglary victims never hear back from the police after reporting a crime - 19,000 incidents of bicycle theft were reported to the Metropolitan Police in 2013-14 yet only 666 (3.5%) of these thefts were solved The paper also argues that shoplifting from smaller retailers such as newsagents has virtually been decriminalised in the eyes of the law. The Anti Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, set the threshold for a 'serious' shoplifting offence at good valued $200 or higher. Yet the median value of a shoplifting incident from a convenience store is around $40. The paper also highlights how the courts are failing to tackle the problem of repeat offending: - Half of all offenders sentenced for theft offences in the year to June 2014 had 15 or more previous convictions or cautions. This represents 62,000 offenders in one year alone - 45 per cent of offenders cautioned for theft offences had already received a caution or conviction for a previous offence - Half of all fines imposed by courts go unpaid - The only recourse a magistrate has to address non-payment of fines is six months imprisonment The report makes a series of recommendations to address property crime including: 1.Restoring ward-level neighbourhood policing teams consisting of a sergeant, two constables and three Police Community Support Officers and ensure they focus their efforts on preventing and solving local property crime. 2.Giving magistrates flexibility to enforce unpaid court fines through means other than six months imprisonment 3.Implementing a penalties escalator for repeated theft. Courts should be able to break the caution-fine-reoffending cycle by increasing the sentence for reoffending. 4.Making it compulsory for new police recruits to walk the same beat for at least a year - and preferably two years - after they complete training. 5.Introducing New York Compstat-style data sharing between police forces to pinpoint crime trends and hotspots 6.Establishing a Crime Prevention Academy to improve crime prevention expertise within police forces Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2015. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/taking%20its%20toll.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/taking%20its%20toll.pdf Shelf Number: 134947 Keywords: Bicycle TheftBurglaryNeighborhood PolicingPolicingProperty Crimes (U.K.)Repeat OffendersShopliftingStealingTheft |
Author: Anti-Slavery International Title: Trafficking for Forced Criminal Activities and Begging in Europe Summary: European states fail to protect thousands of people trafficked and forced into crime, a new study by the RACE in Europe Project lead by Anti-Slavery International claims. The report, entitled simply "Trafficking for Forced Criminal Activities and Begging in Europe" analyses the phenomenon of trafficking into crime such as cannabis cultivation, ATM theft, pickpocketing, bag-snatching, counterfeit DVD selling, benefit fraud and forced sham marriage, as well as being forced to beg. The report explores the situation in the project partner countries (Ireland, the UK, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands) and provides an overview of the rest of Europe. It exposes the dearth of systematic information and awareness about this type of exploitation amongst the policy makers and justice system actors with very few cases reported in official statistics and many victims misidentified as offenders. The findings show that the issue is more widespread than previously reported, with potentially thousands of victims being exploited through a variety of criminal activities. One of the biggest issues connected to these forms of exploitation is that the victims caught in the criminal act by the police end up being prosecuted against, whilst the real criminals remain untouched. The research found that the issue is more widespread than is currently reported, even in those countries, such as the UK, where this form of trafficking is acknowledged in national statistics. In countries where this type of trafficking has not been formally identified, NGOs and other frontline professionals are nevertheless identifying victims. The report concludes that although legislative and law enforcement tools exists at the EU level offered by Eurojust and Europol, they are underused to counter this form of trafficking. Details: London: Anti-Slavery International, 2014. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2014/r/race_europe_report.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.antislavery.org/includes/documents/cm_docs/2014/r/race_europe_report.pdf Shelf Number: 134965 Keywords: Child TraffickingForced BeggingHuman Trafficking (Europe)Organized CrimePickpocketingStealing |
Author: Kerr, John Title: The securitization and policing of art theft in London Summary: This thesis examines the securitization and policing of art theft in London within the broader theoretical framework of security governance in a globalized risk society characterised by opportunities and insecurities (Beck 1992, Beck 2009, Giddens 1999, Lupton 1999). The securitization and policing of art can be viewed as a four way amalgam; private security, the insurance industry, the public sector and self- policing by the art world itself. Within these areas are a large number of security nodes (defined on page 11) of differing sizes and influence. Art security in London is an example of the complicated configuration of modern security in which 'hybridity' (Johnston 1992) is better replaced by 'networked' or 'nodal governance' (Johnston and Shearing 2003:18). It can also be described as a co-production of preventative security. At the heart of my research is an examination of a new policing matrix and the question: who performs, manages, governs and controls the securitization and policing? In line with Wood's (2006:230) proposed methodology, it empirically maps existing nodes and networks, assesses their operations and, lastly, proposes innovations. This has never been done before. Chapter 1 introduces the thesis by giving the background to the research, analyses what is already known about art theft and the criminals involved, and then considers the gaps in our knowledge. It finishes by examining the challenge of theorizing and researching art security. The methodology follows in chapter 2, before chapter 3 analyses the co-production of risk in the security sites and situates the threat. The subsequent four chapters examine the co-production of security. Chapter 4 analyses the public police and security, and chapter 5 private sector security, investigation and loss adjustment. Chapters 6 and 7 examine insurance as enabling risk and security, and governmental nodes enabling security beyond insurance. Chapters 8 and 9 consider the future, with chapter 8 focusing on the co-production and chapter 9 presenting final conclusions. Details: London: City University London, 2013. 300p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 20, 2015 at: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/2995/2/Kerr,_John.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/2995/2/Kerr,_John.pdf Shelf Number: 134998 Keywords: Art Theft (London)Museum SecurityStealing |
Author: Dengler-Roscher, Kathrin Title: Do Thieves React to Prices? - Evidence from Gas Stations Summary: In this paper we examine whether fuel theft reacts on prices changes. We cooperated with the State Office of Criminal Investigation Stuttgart and collected data on fuel theft. So we have a unique data set with which we can investigate if and how much fuel thieves react on price changes of fuel. We find that fuel price has a statistically significant positive effect on fuel theft. In our most extensive model we include a lagged detection rate and unemployment as further time-variant variables and control for overall crime by including a crime index. Details: Ulm, Germany: Institute of Economics, Ulm University, 2015. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2674651 Year: 2015 Country: Germany URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2674651 Shelf Number: 137140 Keywords: DeterrenceEconomics of CrimeFuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftStealingTheft |
Author: Dengler-Roscher, Kathrin Title: Do Criminals Behave Rationally? Evidence from the Franco-German Border Summary: In this paper we use a new identification strategy to provide further empirical evidence that criminals behave as predicted by rational choice theory. We collected data from German police administration to build an unique data set that contains monthly fuel thefts at gas station level. In a first step, we use exogenous variation of fuel prices to provide empirical evidence that fuel theft reacts to different fuel prices. In a second step, we find empirical evidence that this price effect is stronger when cost-reducing activities of criminals are additionally taken into account. Thereby, we observe the German border area near France where potential French fuel thieves have better opportunities to get away with fuel theft than their German counterparts. Details: Ulm, Germany: Institute of Economics, Ulm University, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 26, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712872 Year: 2016 Country: Germany URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2712872 Shelf Number: 137655 Keywords: Criminal BehaviorEconomics of CrimeFuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftRational BehaviorRational Choice TheoryStealing |
Author: Williams, Geoffrey Title: A Simple Threshold Model of Theft Summary: I propose a simple threshold strategy model of theft in which all individuals draw theft opportunities from the same random distribution, while individuals differ in terms of their actual or perceived costs of theft. I estimate the model using data from the NLSY 1997 Cohort for the years 1997-2003 with a number of specifications, including a bivariate structural model. Across all estimations covariates that measure or are closely correlated with time preferences and impatience are strong predictors of theft while measures such as opportunity cost show little or no explanatory power. The assumption of a common distribution of opportunities is not contradicted by the data. Structural and count estimations support the conclusion that unobserved heterogeneity across individuals plays a substantial role. I uncover a previously unnoticed pattern: theft is very spiky in that the median thief is active for only a brief period of less than a year in adolescence or early adulthood. Theft thus appears to be substantially a phenomenon of high impatience individuals entering a temporary period of intensified risk-taking in adolescence. Finally, and in contrast to the predictions of the literature, the two count data models favored in cases of unobserved heterogeneity perform very differently, suggesting that using count models in tandem with binary models offers more insight than using count models in isolation. Details: Unpublished paper, 2011. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 21, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1978855 Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1978855 Shelf Number: 138715 Keywords: StealingTheft |
Author: Heinonen, Justin A. Title: Home Invasion Robbery Summary: This guide begins by describing the problem of home invasion robbery and reviewing factors that increase its risks. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local home invasion robbery problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about these from evaluative research and police practice. In general, home invasion robberies have the following five features: - Offender entry is forced and/or unauthorized (except in some drug-related robberies) - Offenders seek confrontation (i.e., the intent is to rob) - Confrontation occurs inside dwellings - Offenders use violence and/or the threat of violence - Offenders demand and take money and/or property There are several common motives for home invasion robberies. The most obvious is to steal valuable items, such as cash, drugs, or property, which can be sold for cash. Another is retaliation, such as against a rival drug dealer, gang member, or domestic partner; robbery is part of the retaliation. Another is sexual assault in which robbery is committed incidentally. In some communities, home invasion robberies are principally drug rip-offs in which the target is cash or drugs, or both, and both offenders and victims are involved in the illegal drug trade. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Specific Guides Series; Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, no. 70: Accessed July 22, 2016 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/home_invasion_robbery.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/home_invasion_robbery.pdf Shelf Number: 130310 Keywords: BurglaryHome InvasionRobberyStealing |
Author: Khadjavi, Menusch Title: Deterrence Works for Criminals Summary: Criminal law and economics rests on the expectation that deterrence incentives can be employed to reduce crime. Prison survey evidence however suggests that a majority of criminals are biased and may not react to deterrence incentives. This study employs an extra-laboratory experiment in a German prison to test the effectiveness of deterrence. Subjects either face potential punishment when stealing, or they can steal without deterrence. We confirm Gary Becker's deterrence hypothesis that deterrence works for criminals. Details: Kiel, Germany: Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 2014. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Kiel Working Paper no. 1938: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/deterrence-works-for-criminals/KWP1938_Deterrence%20works%20for%20criminals_Khadjavi.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Germany URL: https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/deterrence-works-for-criminals/KWP1938_Deterrence%20works%20for%20criminals_Khadjavi.pdf Shelf Number: 145426 Keywords: DeterrencePrisonPunishmentStealingTheft |
Author: Galiani, Sebastian Title: Crime and Durable Goods Summary: Crime and the durability of goods are strongly connected issues. However, surprisingly, they have been studied separately. This paper explores the relationship between the production of durable goods and crime from a theoretical perspective and draws important conclusions for both topics. Crime affects the consumer and producer surplus and thus the behavior of consumers, firms, the market equilibrium, and, in turn, the social optimum. Lower durability of goods reduces the incentive to steal those goods, thus reducing crime. When crime is included in the standard framework of durable goods, even without considering the negative externalities of crime, perfect competition does not provide the optimal durability level. When considering different stealing technologies, perfect competition either over-produces durability or produces zero (minimum) durability. The monopolist under-produces durability regardless of the stealing technology considered. If crime externalities are taken into account, the socially optimal durability level is reduced and gets closer to that which prevails under monopoly. The model presented in this paper implies that the durability of goods, and the market structure for those goods, can be an effective instrument to reduce crime. In particular, making the durability of a good contingent upon that good being stolen is likely to increase welfare. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series, no. 22788: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22788.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22788.pdf Shelf Number: 145005 Keywords: ConsumersProperty CrimeStealingTheftUnemployment and Crime |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "All Thieves Must Be Killed": Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwanda Summary: State security forces in Rwanda summarily killed at least 37 suspected petty offenders and forcibly disappeared four others between April 2016 and March 2017, in what appears to have been part of a broader strategy to spread fear, enforce order, and deter any resistance to government orders or policies. Most victims were accused of stealing items such as bananas, a cow, or a motorcycle. Others were suspected of smuggling marijuana, illegally crossing the border from the Democratic Republic of Congo into Rwanda, or of using illegal fishing nets. Based on 119 interviews conducted in Rwanda, including with witnesses, family members and friends of victims, "All Thieves Must Be Killed:" Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwandadocuments how the military, police and auxiliary state security units carried out the killings, sometimes with the assistance of local civilian authorities. No effort was made to investigate the killings or hold the perpetrators accountable. In many cases, local military and civilian authorities admitted to residents, often during public meetings, that they had killed a suspected petty offender and that all other thieves and other criminals in the region would be arrested and executed. Authorities warned victims' family members and friends not to inquire about what happened, and not to grieve. Family members were too afraid to seek justice. Human Rights Watch calls on the Rwandan government to end summary executions of suspected criminals and to hold those responsible to account. Commanders implicated in the abuses should be suspended immediately pending a judicial investigation. The government should also make clear public statements forbidding anyone from the state security forces from intimidating or threatening victims' family members. Details: New York: HRW, 2017. 40p., app. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2017 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/rwanda0717_web_1.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Rwanda URL: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/rwanda0717_web_1.pdf Shelf Number: 146753 Keywords: Capital Punishment Executions Extrajudicial Executions StealingTheft Thieves |
Author: Meini, Bruno Title: Gasoline Drive-Offs Summary: This guide deals with "gas drive-offs"-a form of theft in which motorists intentionally drive away from a convenience store or gasoline service station without paying for gas they have pumped into their tanks. Gasoline Drive-Offs reviews factors that are correlated with an increased risk of this crime occurring, and then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local gas drive-off problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about these from research and police practice. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Specific Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police: Guide No. 67: Accessed January 29, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p244-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p244-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 130308 Keywords: Fuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftStealingTheft |
Author: Kirchmaier, Tom Title: Prices, Policing and Policy: The Dynamics of Crime Booms and Busts Summary: In many historical episodes, the extent of criminal activity has displayed booms and busts. One very clear example is the case of metal crime, where in the face of big increases in value driven by world commodity prices, the incidence of metal thefts in the UK (and elsewhere) rose very sharply in the 2000s. Early in the current decade, they fell sharply again. This paper studies the roles of prices, policing and policy in explaining these crime dynamics. The empirical analysis shows sizeable and significant metal crime-price elasticities, in line with the idea that changing economic returns do shape crime. However, the rapid upward and downward trends are not only due to price changes. Their temporal evolution is also explained by changes in policing and policy. On the former, a difference-in-differences approach is used to document an important role of policing as a consequence of an anti-metal crime operation introduced in 2012. On the latter, the introduction of the Scrap Metal Dealers Act 2013 is exploited to study the impact of policy on the economic activity of scrap metal dealers in England and Wales. Results from our difference-in-differences specification suggest that the tougher regulatory system introduced by the policy hindered the economic activity of pre-existing dealers, reflecting the reduced market size for potential metal criminals to sell what they have stolen. Details: Unpublished paper, 2018. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 8, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=3149413 Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Papers.cfm?abstract_id=3149413 Shelf Number: 150107 Keywords: Metal TheftProperty TheftScrap Metal TheftStealing |
Author: Beck, Adrian Title: Beyond Shrinkage: Introducing Total Retail Loss Summary: While the word 'shrinkage' or 'shortage' has been in use for more than a 100 years to describe retail 'losses', it does not enjoy a universally agreed upon definition in terms of what is included and excluded when it is used, nor how the value of losses should be calculated. Often used to describe the difference between anticipated and actual levels of retail inventory, where the root causes of losses are typically unknown, it has become a catch all term used by the industry to describe a wide variety of retail-related losses, some of which relate as much to lost margin as they do lost stock. This lack of a universally agreed definition has led to existing industry surveys on shrinkage generating data which can be highly problematic to benchmark against, especially when it is unclear what types of loss have been included or excluded by respondents. In addition, the rapidly changing nature and scale of the risks retailers are now facing further undermines the applicability of the current ways in which losses are being defined and measured. This is particularly the case with the increasing use of new technologies and retail formats, which are generating new types of losses. Moreover, retailing is now able to generate a broader range of data points across the entire value chain - gone are the days when differences in anticipated and actual store stock levels were the only data game in town - new sources of data are now available to better understand how a broader range of losses are impacting upon retail businesses. Given all of this the Retail Leaders Industry Association's Asset Protection Leaders Council, commissioned research to look at how the retail industry currently understands the nature and extent of all the potential types of losses they presently experience, with a view to developing a new definition of loss and associated typology fit for the 21st Century retailing landscape. This report puts forward a new definition of 'Total Retail Loss' together with a typology made up of 33 categories of loss that span the entire retail environment, from shop theft in physical retail stores to frauds in corporate headquarters. It offers a unique way of thinking about how a much broader range of losses impact upon retail businesses, differentiating between the 'costs' of being a retailer and the 'losses' that negatively impact business profitability. In addition, the report offers detailed definitions of each of the categories of loss with a view to improving the accuracy of future benchmarking exercises. It is believed that by using Total Retail Loss, retail businesses in general, and loss prevention practitioners in particular, will be able to not only better understand the impact of current and future retail risks, but also make more informed choices about the utilization of increasingly scarce resources. For loss prevention specialists, it provides a unique opportunity to build upon and reinforce the critical role they can play in becoming agents of change within their retail businesses. Details: Arlington, VA: Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA), 2016. 61p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 23, 2018 at: https://www.rila.org/protection/resources/BeyondShrinkageReport/Documents/Total%20Retail%20Loss%20Report.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: https://www.rila.org/protection/resources/BeyondShrinkageReport/Documents/Total%20Retail%20Loss%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 153067 Keywords: Crime Against Businesses Employee Theft Loss Prevention Retail Crime Retail Stores Shoplifting StealingTheft |
Author: Joyce, Chris Title: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design in Supermarkets: A New Product or Past its Sell by Date Summary: Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a crime reduction approach that aims to prevent crime through the design (pre-build) or manipulation (post-build) of the built environment. A staple food within the research pantry of academia and suggested as a main ingredient in the recipe to design out crime, yet rarely considered for the interior space of supermarkets and how the principles may deter shoplifters from committing crime. A space or environment is predominantly designed with the end user in mind; home buyers, the driver of a car, employees within an office, those that are the benefactors of a process that makes the user feel comfortable in their surroundings and induced to continue to use them. This is largely the case for the retail environment. However, some shoplifting offenders are committing offences in the same space each day. So, who are the main benefactors and users of the design and layout of retail environments - the shopper or the shoplifter? This research draws upon the experience of ex-shoplifters (n=5) in exploring their considerations, attractions and behaviour when committing theft from shop offences, specifically in supermarkets, in order to elicit how their decision-making is influenced by environmental design and physical cues. It also explores the principles utilised by the interior space designers of supermarkets (n=2), in order to identify where designing out crime currently features within the process of determining the layout of the supermarket environment. The findings of the research suggest that the principles of CPTED are applicable within the supermarket environment and that the behaviour of offenders could be influenced by the effective implementation of these principles. However, there is also a need to dispel the haze of ambiguity encircling some of the components of CPTED to assist clarity of application, understanding amongst practitioners and to encourage their subsequent use. Details: Huddersfield, England: University of Huddersfield, 2018. 89p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2019 at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161338684.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161338684.pdf Shelf Number: 154996 Keywords: Crime Prevention Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Crime Reduction Shoplifter Shoplifting Stealing |
Author: Retail BC Title: Preventing Violence, Robbery, and Theft: A Guide for Retail Owners, Managers, and Workers Summary: This book describes key risks and how to prevent violent incidents in the workplace. It addresses issues such as shoplifting, robbery, and abusive customers. It also includes information on what to do if an incident occurs in your workplace. The book contains numerous forms, including a suspect and vehicle identification sheet, a safety and security checklist, and an incident investigation report. Details: Vancouver, BC, Canada: Retail BC, Retail Council of Canada, WorkSafe BC, 2012. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/books-guides/preventing-violence-robbery-and-theft Year: 2012 Country: Canada URL: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/books-guides/preventing-violence-robbery-and-theft Shelf Number: 156086 Keywords: Crimes Against BusinessesRetail TheftRetail WorkersRobberyShopliftingStealing |