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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon

Time: 8:18 pm

Results for substance abuse

109 results found

Author: Matheson, Flora I.

Title: Women Offender Substance Abuse Programming and Community Reintegration

Summary: In response to continued high levels of substance abuse problems among women offenders under federal jurisdiction, the Correctional Service of Canada implemented a newly designed multi-stage programming model for women offenders. This report presents an evaluation of the various forms of the program.

Details: Ottawa: Addictions Research Centre, Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada, 2008. 41p.

Source:

Year: 2008

Country: Canada

URL:

Shelf Number: 118156

Keywords:
Drug Abuse Treatment
Female Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Reichert, Jessica

Title: Victimization and Help-Seeking Behaviors Among Female Prisoners in Illinois

Summary: The number of women in prison has increased both statewide and nationally in recent decades. Most females in state prisons are incarcerated for drug or property offenses. Research has revealed that incarcerated women often have histories of being abused and that many are dealing with mental health issues or substance abuse. This study examines female victimization across the life course of women at three female-only Illinois Department of Corrections facilities. A random sample of 163 inmates was interviewed, and interview questions concentrated on participants' histories of substance abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, stalking and emotional abuse, trauma, and help-seeking strategies related to these issues.

Details: Chicago: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2010. 64p.

Source:

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 118302

Keywords:
Child Abuse
Emotional Abuse
Female Inmates
Sexual Abuse
Stalking
Substance Abuse
Victimization

Author: Smith, Nadine

Title: Comorbid Substance and Non-Substance Mental Health Disorders and Re-Offending Among NSW Prisoners

Summary: This report examines whether released prisoners in New South Wales with mental health disorders are at increased risk of re-offending when compared with released prisoners without mental health disorders.

Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2010. 16p.

Source: Internet Resource; Crime and Justice Bulletin, No. 140

Year: 2010

Country: Australia

URL:

Shelf Number: 119142

Keywords:
Mental Health (Australia)
Mentally Ill Offenders
Prisoners
Reoffending
Substance Abuse

Author: Dibb, Rebecca

Title: Substance Use and Health Related Needs of Migrant Sex Workers and Women Trafficked into Sexual Exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London

Summary: This study aims to establish the incidence of trafficking of women and girls into sexual exploitation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and the City of London; and to identify the countries that they come from and the routes used to traffic them into the UK. The study seeks to identify and nature and extent of safety, substance use and health related needs of trafficked and migrant women working in the sex industry.

Details: London: The Salvation Army, Research and Development Unit, 2006. 114p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2006

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 119224

Keywords:
Health Care, Prostitutes
Human Trafficking
Prostitution
Sex Workers - Prostitutes
Sexual Exploitation
Substance Abuse

Author: Pryor, Crystal D.

Title: Operation UNITE: A Qualitative Analysis Identifying Critical Factors for Implementation

Summary: UNITE is an acronym meaning Unlawful Narcotics Investigations, Treatment and Education. It reflects the three-pronged, comprehensive approach deemed necessary to combating substance abuse in Kentucky Fifth Congressional District. Of Kentucky’s 120 counties, 24 of them do not have an organized regional drug task force. Fifteen of these counties with no active drug task force are represented in the Bluegrass Area Development District’s region. Current social and political perceptions across Kentucky recognize Operation UNITE efforts as largely successful. The evaluation responded to the following research questions: What factors lead to success in Kentucky’s Operation UNITE? Are these factors transferable in treating Central Kentucky’s substance abuse problems? An open-ended interview guide was used to collect data from fifteen Operation UNITE and three partnering organizations staff. The results identified 6 critical factors needed to implement Operation UNITE: a three-prong approach, financial resources, strong employee qualities, cross training, communication mediums, and checks and balances. The data collected also identified staff perceptions of internal and external success and challenges to service delivery pathways. The study’s findings are intended to assist in understanding the collaboration, coordination, and functionality of Operation UNITE. The study recommendations the findings be considered when implementing the UNITE regional drug task force model in the Bluegrass Area Development District region.

Details: Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, Martin School of Public Policy & Administration, 2007. 58p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2007

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 119282

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Task Force
Narcotics
Substance Abuse

Author: Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo

Title: Issues in Estimating the Economic Cost of Drug Abuse in Consuming Nations

Summary: This report considers the current feasibility of constructing an estimate of the global cost of drug use. While national estimates exist for seven developed countries, most countries have yet to construct a comprehensive estimate. Furthermore, it is impossible to compare the existing national estimates because of differences in the construction, which may reflect varying political and social environments that influence the nature of use and its related harms. The report lays out a conceptual framework for initiating the construction of country-specific estimates in a fashion that would facilitate cross-national comparisons. It demonstrates the difficulty in trying to implement this framework using existing data, as current data available in the various countries suffer from inconsistencies in definitions, coverage, and measurement. The pitfalls and assumptions necessary to construct a comparable estimate using existing data, therefore, are quite significant. The report concludes that it is not possible at this time to develop a meaningful comparative estimate of the cost of drug use across countries. However, it points out that steps could be taken to improve the consistency of measurement in many of the indicators in future years through coordinated international efforts, not unlike that currently being undertaken by the EMCDDA for the European Community.

Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2009. 47p.

Source: Internet Resource; Report 3

Year: 2009

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 117656

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug and Narcotic Control
Economics
Narcotics
Substance Abuse

Author: Keaton, Sandy

Title: Families as Healers: Phoenix House San Diego's Family Services Enhancement Program

Summary: The goal of the Families as Healers (FAH) program is to strengthen and expand Phoenix House San Diego’s Family Services programming to improve the quality and access of services while enhancing a program that promotes healthy behaviors. The project, which received initial funding from The California Endowment, aimed to provide services to approximately 50 unduplicated youths between August 1, 2006, and July 31, 2008. This funding was extended with a grant from the Alliance Healthcare Foundation to enhance the specialized health and mental services as well as extend the follow-up period through September 2009. During this period the program exceeded its goal to serve 50 youth and their families, with a total of 320 youth enrolled and agreeing to participate in the evaluation. The Criminal Justice Research Division of SANDAG conducted the impact evaluation of the FAH program by analyzing data on participants at intake, exit, and six months post exit. Data showed that FAH clients were dealing with multiple issues including severe substance use, mental health symptoms, and delinquent behavior. Additionally, compared to outpatient clients, residential clients were at higher risk in most categories. Exit and data follow-up data exit showed that youth made positive gains in substance use, school/employment participation, and delinquency. This is the sixth and final report.

Details: San Diego: SANDAG (San Diego Association of Governments), 2009. 27p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 118764

Keywords:
Drug Treatment
Family Interventions
Juvenile Offenders (San Diego)
Mental Health Services
Recidivism
Rehabilitation, Juveniles
Substance Abuse

Author: Idriss, Manar

Title: International Report 2010 Crime Prevention and Community Safety: Trends and Perspectives

Summary: This report examines the impact of migration, organized crime and substance abuse on community safety. It highlights the importance of good governance frameworks for prevention and safety, training and capacity building for different sectors of the community, and the evaluation of programmes and strategies. It also emphasizes social and education approaches to crime prevention among vulnerable populations. Providing a large panorama of prevention in the world, the Report 2010 examines in particular the impact of migration, organized crime and substance abuse on community safety. It highlights the importance of good governance frameworks for prevention and safety, training and capacity building for different sectors of the community, and the evaluation of programmes and strategies. It also emphasizes social and education approaches to crime prevention among vulnerable populations.

Details: Montreal: International Centre for the Prevention of Crime, 2010. 223p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2010

Country: International

URL:

Shelf Number: 119293

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Crime Prevention
Migration
Organized Crime
Substance Abuse

Author: Lloyd, Charlie

Title: Drugs Research: An Overview of Evidence and Questions for Policy

Summary: In 2001 the Joseph Rowntree Foundation embarked upon a programme of research that explored the problem of illicit drugs in the UK. The research addressed many questions that were often too sensitive for the government to tackle. In many cases, these studies represented the first research on these issues. This study gives an overview of the projects in the programme. The topics covered include: The policing of drug possession; The domestic cultivation, purchasing and heavy use of cannabis; Non-problematic heroin use, heroin prescription and Drug Consumption Rooms; The impact of drugs on the family; and Drug testing in schools and in the workplace.

Details: York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2010. 70p.

Source: Internet Resource

Year: 2010

Country: United Kingdom

URL:

Shelf Number: 119469

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Testing
Drug Treatment
Drugs
Narcotics
Substance Abuse

Author: Katz, Charles M.

Title: Co-Occurring Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Among Recently Booked Arrestees

Summary: This special topic report examines the prevalence and characteristics of co-occurring substance abuse and mental health problems among adult arrestees in Maricopa County. The findings suggest that more than 28 percent of adult arrestees in Maricopa County are at risk for a co-occurring disorder, and they face significantly greater difficulties across a number of critical factors, including incarceration, homelessness, and victimization.

Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 2008. 16p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 22, 2010 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/aarin/aarin-reports-1/co-occurring-disorder-addendum/co-occurring-final-sept-2008.pdf/view

Year: 2008

Country: United States

URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/aarin/aarin-reports-1/co-occurring-disorder-addendum/co-occurring-final-sept-2008.pdf/view

Shelf Number: 113575

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Offenders
Mentally Ill
Substance Abuse

Author: White, Michael D.

Title: The Prevalence and Problem of Military Veterans in the Maricopa County Arrestee Population

Summary: Little is known regarding the prevalence of military veterans in the criminal justice system, the nature of their cases and prior experiences, as well how combat-related conditions such as PTSD or TBI may have contributed to their involvement in the system. Information on these issues would be tremendously useful for those seeking to facilitate returning veterans’ readjustment to civilian life (e.g., Veterans Affairs), as well as for both criminal justice policy and practice and the continuing development of Veteran’s Courts. This report seeks to address the knowledge gap in this area through an examination of 2,102 recently booked arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona. Using interview data from the Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN), the report characterizes the problems and prior experiences of military veterans, and to compare veteran and nonveteran arrestees along a range of demographic, background and criminal behavior measures. The overall objectives of the paper are to determine the prevalence of military veterans in the Maricopa County arrestee population and to assess the extent to which the arrested veterans differ from the larger arrestee population.

Details: Phoenix AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2010. 14p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2010 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/aarin/aarin-reports-1/aarin-veterans-report

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/aarin/aarin-reports-1/aarin-veterans-report

Shelf Number: 120114

Keywords:
Arrestees
Mental Health Services
Military Veterans
Substance Abuse

Author: Freisthler, Bridget

Title: Social Mechanisms of Child Maltreatment

Summary: This article begins to describe and explicate the specific mechanisms by which substance use and the substance use environment contribute to specific types of child maltreatment. These mechanisms relating alcohol outlet densities and drug market activities to child maltreatment described here include effects on social disorganization, parent's drinking and drug use behaviors, and parental supervision. By investigating potential mechanisms, new information could be obtained on the importance and role of alcohol, drugs, and their availability in the etiology of child maltreatment. This knowledge can be used to further tailor interventions to those conditions most likely to prevent and reduce maltreatment.

Details: Los Angeles: California Center for Population Research, University of California - Los Angeles, 2010. 41p.

Source: Internet Resource: PSP-CCPR-2010-018: Accessed December 3, 2010 at: http://papers.ccpr.ucla.edu/papers/PWP-CCPR-2010-018/PWP-CCPR-2010-018.SocMech

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://papers.ccpr.ucla.edu/papers/PWP-CCPR-2010-018/PWP-CCPR-2010-018.SocMech

Shelf Number: 120369

Keywords:
Alcohol Outlet Density
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Maltreatment
Drug Markets
Drug Use
Substance Abuse

Author: Mulvey, Edward P.

Title: Substance Use and Delinquent Behavior Among Serious Adolescent Offenders

Summary: The nexus between substance use and offending during adolescence has important implications for juvenile justice interventions. Many of the adolescents who get in trouble with the law have problems with substance use, and their offending is tied to their involvement with drugs or alcohol. Gaining a deeper understanding of the dynamic ebb and flow of these behaviors is critical to refining treatment approaches and more effectively targeting prevention efforts for adolescent offenders. The right intervention at the right time in the development of these offenders could forestall a lifetime of substance use and offending that fuel each other in a destructive pattern. Much work has been done on the relationship between adolescent substance use and offending, but most studies have focused on general community samples or samples of at-risk youth as they begin to engage in these behaviors. These efforts have produced a sizable literature documenting the factors related to the onset or maintenance of these behaviors independently of each other. Less research has focused on the reciprocal effects of these behaviors on each other during adolescence. Also lacking is a clear understanding of how these behaviors play out beyond the point in early adulthood when youth with established histories of offending and substance use cease one behavior or the other (see Hussong et al., 2004, for an exception). Information gathered from this vantage point, joined with extant research, will contribute to a more complete understanding of the link between substance use and offending and will enhance the knowledge base available to juvenile justice policymakers and practitioners. One OJJDP-sponsored longitudinal study offers a particularly detailed and rich picture of substance use and offending in serious adolescent offenders over time, using regular interviews conducted over a period of 7 years after court involvement. The study, Pathways to Desistance: A Prospective Study of Serious Adolescent Offenders, follows a large sample of serious (overwhelmingly felony) offenders into early adulthood, providing insight into changes across multiple life domains that contribute to offenders’ desisting from or persisting in antisocial activities (Mulvey et al., 2004) (see “About the Pathways to Desistance Study” on p. 8).1 The Pathways study is important to the juvenile justice field because serious offenders, such as those followed in this study, drive much of the policy debate in juvenile justice (Greenwood, 2006) and present the system with some of its most vexing practical challenges. Among its many goals, the study tests whether the relationships between substance use and offending observed in previous studies of community-based youth or youth in detention also hold for individuals who have more serious and/or chronic problems. The study also observes the joint desistance process for substance use and offending. This bulletin describes what is known about the relationships between substance use and offending based on extant research and the Pathways data. It is the beginning, rather than the end, of an involved story. Researchers have observed several interesting and relevant relationships between these behaviors in the sample overall and in individuals during the 2-year period following their court involvement. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how substance use and offending interact and affect the desistance process in these adolescents.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2010. 16p.

Source: Internet Resource: Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Accessed January 31, 2011 at: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232790.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/232790.pdf

Shelf Number: 120634

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Offenders
Juvenile Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security

Title: Mental Health and Drug and Alcohol Addiction in the Federal Correctional System

Summary: Correctional institutions in Canada, like those in many countries, including Norway and England, accommodate large numbers of inmates suffering from mental disorders and drug and alcohol addiction. In Canada, some 80% of offenders serving prison sentences of two years or more have problems with drugs and/or alcohol. Approximately one in ten male inmates (12%), and one in five female inmates (21%), suffer from serious mental disorders upon admission to a federal correctional institution. This is not a recent development. Research has clearly shown that the correctional community, here as in elsewhere, is in poorer health overall than the population at large. The House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security (hereafter the Committee) is concerned however about the scope of this phenomenon within Canada’s federal correctional system, and the lack of resources to enable Correctional Service Canada (CSC), which is responsible for the custody of offenders sentenced to two years or more, to meet the growing mental health and addiction needs of federal offenders. This report contains the Committee’s observations and recommendations based on its review of the policies, practices and programs adopted by CSC to provide treatment and support for federal offenders affected by mental disorders or addiction. The review highlighted the urgent need for an expansion of CSC’s capacity to meet the growing needs of these offenders. The situation demands decisive federal government action; the Committee believes this should include the immediate allocation of additional financial resources to CSC for this purpose. The CSC should in turn give priority to improving how it deals with mental health disorders and addiction issues. This is a public safety issue because offenders who fail to receive appropriate treatment while in custody are more likely to reoffend after release, thus threatening the security of all Canadians. That said, the Committee agrees with those who have testified before it that as far as possible, people suffering from mental disorders and addictions should not end up in detention because of these problems or the lack of community ressources. Correctional institutions should not be serving as hospitals by default. In general, prison is not suited to caring for people affected by such problems. Indeed, mental health experts agree that the prison environment is harmful to mental health. Moreover, because of the constraints inherent in the prison setting, therapeutic interventions are complicated and expensive. Like its witnesses, the Committee has concluded that CSC alone cannot cope with mental health and addiction problems in prisons. The criminalization and incarceration of those suffering from mental disorders or addictions is part of a broader context in which various players—government and non-government agencies—are active: the healthcare, social services and justice sectors. To avoid imprisoning people inappropriately because of their mental health disorders or addictions, all participants in the system have to work more closely together. Governments will have to establish a comprehensive, integrated and efficient mental health system based on promoting mental health and preventive care, early detection of mental disorders and addictions, access in the community to effective care and treatment and, as appropriate, the reintegration of those affected. The Committee’s study has also shed light on the need for rapid intervention, well before those concerned come into conflict with the law. When a crime is committed, there must be a capacity to assess the mental health of the accused in order to refer him or her to appropriate healthcare and support services and acquaint court officials with the accused’s requirements. The Committee shares the view of most of its witnesses that such an approach is more consistent with the rights of those suffering from mental disorders and addictions and could generate substantial cost savings in the long run. Imprisonment is expensive and generally unsuited to caring for those rendered vulnerable by mental disorders and addiction issues.

Details: Ottawa: The Committee, 2010. 97p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 3, 2011 at: http://www.hsjcc.on.ca/Uploads/commons%20report%20on%20offender%20mh%20dec%202010.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Canada

URL: http://www.hsjcc.on.ca/Uploads/commons%20report%20on%20offender%20mh%20dec%202010.pdf

Shelf Number: 120683

Keywords:
Correctional Institutions
Inmates (Canada)
Mental Health Services
Mentally Ill Offenders
Prisons
Rehabilitation
Substance Abuse

Author: Cox, Gemma

Title: Drug Use, Sex Work and the Risk Environment in Dublin

Summary: The National Advisory Committee on Drugs (NACD) provides advice to the government in relation to the prevalence, prevention, treatment/rehabilitation and consequences of problem drug use in Ireland based on its analyses of research findings and information. Action 98 of the National Drugs Strategy requires the NACD to carry out research on drug misuse among at-risk groups, including prostitutes/sex workers. In response, the NACD undertook this study to explore female and male problematic drug-using sex workers’ lived experience of risk, and how the risk environment can mediate the individual’s capacity to reduce the risk of harm. The concept of the risk environment was broadly defined as comprising risk factors that are external to the individual. Thus, the ‘environment’ encompasses not only the physical space within which drug-using sex workers live and work, but also the social, economic and policy environment. The key findings of this report are that drug-using sex workers are exposed to multiple risks and harms in their living and working lives. While the men and women interviewed implemented a range of innovative strategies to reduce their risk of harm, there is an acceptability associated with certain risk behaviours in certain circumstances. The physical, economic and social environments within which drug-using sex workers find themselves impact on their construction of ‘risk’ and ‘harm’. For example, the social organisation of risk means that what from the outside may be perceived as being risk behaviour can to members of the social network serve important social/group functions. In order to enable individuals to effectively reduce their risk of harm, policymakers and service providers need to focus and redirect interventions towards the risk environment, in particular the social situations and places in which harm is produced and reduced. As a client group, drug-using sex workers have multiple, interlocking needs that span health, social and legal issues. Therefore, addressing their wider social and situational needs such as poverty, housing, educational needs and employment prospects are as fundamental to reducing their risk of harm as addressing their drug use.

Details: Dublin: National Advisory Committee on Drugs, 2009. 208p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://www.nacd.ie/publications/Druguse_SexWork-Web.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: Ireland

URL: http://www.nacd.ie/publications/Druguse_SexWork-Web.pdf

Shelf Number: 121059

Keywords:
Prostitutes
Prostitution (Dublin, Ireland)
Substance Abuse

Author: Bromfield, Leah

Title: Issues for the Safety and Wellbeing of Children in Families with Multiple and Complex Problems: The Co-occurrence of Domestic Violence, Parental Substance Misuse, and Mental Health Problems

Summary: The factors most commonly associated with the occurrence of child abuse and neglect, and identified in families involved with child protection services, are domestic violence, parental substance abuse and parental mental health problems. The significance of parental substance misuse, mental health problems and domestic violence is made clear in the National Framework for Protecting Australia’s Children, which states “A particular focus is sustained on key risk factors of mental health, domestic violence and drug and alcohol abuse” (Council of Australian Governments, 2009). Families in which parents present with these problems are often situated within a wider context of exclusion and disadvantage (e.g., housing instability, poverty, low education, social isolation and neighbourhood disadvantage). Parents may also be struggling to come to terms with their own experiences of trauma and victimisation. These types of problems are complex, often inter-related, and chronic in nature and rarely occur in isolation. Where these problems occur within families, the families are described as “families with multiple and complex problems”. This paper investigates the separate impacts of parental substance misuse, domestic violence and parental mental health problems. It presents evidence regarding the extent to which these problems co-occur and a discussion of the wider context of exclusion and disadvantage, its causes and its consequences. Finally, it provides an overview of research and theory for working with families with multiple and complex problems.

Details: Melbourne: National Child Protection Clearinghouse, Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2010. 24p.

Source: Internet Resource: NCPC Issues No. 33: Accessed March 21, 2011 at: http://twitemail.com/users/14808835/5/attachment/20101215-%20The%20Safety%20&%20Wellbeing%20of%20Children%20in%20Families%20with%20Multiple%20&%20Complex%20Problems.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Australia

URL: http://twitemail.com/users/14808835/5/attachment/20101215-%20The%20Safety%20&%20Wellbeing%20of%20Children%20in%20Families%20with%20Multiple%20&%20Complex%20Problems.pdf

Shelf Number: 121083

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Protection
Domestic Violence
Family Violence (Australia)
Mental Health
Substance Abuse

Author: Dolev & Associates

Title: No Boundaries: The Tayside Domestic Abuse and Substance Misuse Project: Final Research Report

Summary: In 2006, the Scottish Government (then Scottish Executive) established the Multiple and Complex Needs Initiative with the aim of improving public services for people with multiple and complex needs. One of the objectives of the initiative was to understand the processes by which people with multiple and complex needs engage with services to resolve their problems, and to determine how service providers might better facilitate this process. With this objective in mind the Social Inclusion Division (formerly Social Inclusion and Voluntary Issues) provided funding for a series of pilot / demonstration projects in specific sectors which would work to address multiple needs. A pilot / demonstration project was established in August 2006 in Tayside by a consortium of partners from the domestic abuse and substance misuse sectors. The project was set-up to target women experiencing domestic abuse who also have substance misuse issues, and their children (if any). The first phase of this project consisted of a six-month research programme which aimed to validate existing anecdotal knowledge and to identify priority areas for the development of services. The project was undertaken on a Tayside wide basis, covering the three local authority areas of Perth and Kinross, Dundee City and Angus. Partners in delivery included three Domestic Abuse Forums, three Drug and Alcohol Action Teams (DAATs), and various other organisations (including Voluntary Sector organisations, Tayside police, NHS Tayside and others). The aim of the research element of the project was to identify depositional and organisational / institutional factors that positively and negatively affect the progression of women who are affected by domestic abuse and their own substance misuse at each stage of their service use (from access to outcomes), with a view to establishing: • Evidence of a link between domestic abuse and substance misuse • Incentives/barriers to accessing services • Experiences of service provision in both sectors • Experiences of partnership working between the two sectors • Links to other needs (i.e. homelessness, mental health issues). This report presents the results of a secondary analysis of data collected for the Tayside Domestic Abuse and Substance Misuse Project by a different research team. The secondary analysis was conducted by Dolev & Associates, with funding from the Scottish Government Multiple and Complex Needs Initiative. An attempt was made to identify the depositional and organisational factors which shape the experiences of women who are affected by domestic abuse and their own substance misuse at each stage of their service use from the existing data set. It is important to note, however, that this was not fully achievable due to some limitations of the data collected during the initial research project. The findings presented in this report include a review of the literature on the links between domestic abuse and substance misuse, and secondary analysis of (a) service users questionnaire; (b) Interviews with service users, and (c) Interviews with domestic abuse and substance misuse service providers.

Details: Dundee, UK: Dundee City Council, 2008. 109p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Report%20FINAL.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Report%20FINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 117820

Keywords:
Domestic Abuse
Domestic Violence
Substance Abuse
Victims of Domestic Violence, Services for
Violence Against Women

Author: Dwyer, Robyn

Title: People who Drink in Public Space in the Footscray CBD

Summary: Public drinking produces significant harms to the drinker and can negatively affect public amenity. In response to concern about public drinking in the Footscray Central Business District, in 2003 Maribyrnong City Council enacted a Local law creating an alcohol exclusion zone around the Footscray CBD. Information from drinkers was collected by DASWest in March 2004 about the zone’s likely effects and impact on public drinkers. The aim of the current research was to update the information collected in 2004. To this end information from identified public drinkers in the Footscray CBD was collected within the following domains: · Age, gender, employment and related demographics; · people’s lives - how they live, work, play and interact with one another on a day-today basis and culture; · their community (its cohesion, stability, character, services and facilities); · reasons for using public space; · the extent of the problem of being affected by alcohol and/or other drugs in public places; · links between public drinking / drug use and violence in the Footscray Business Centre and its immediate surrounds, and · ways of better supporting and engaging with individuals engaged in substance misuse and demonstrating problematic behaviour in public places. We observed public drinking in and around the Footscray CBD during the course of the research. While some of this drinking occurred within the exclusion zone, it was generally done discreetly. During the observation phase of the research we identified (and subsequently recruited) drinkers from three main social sets - drinkers who: · drank in Nicholson Street between Paisley and Irving Streets; · primarily drank in Railway Reserve; and · primarily used heroin but also consumed alcohol as they moved around the Footscray CBD. Across the three groups the majority of the sample was male, born in Australia, and self-identified as having Australian ethnicity. Most came from Footscray or its immediate surrounds and had been coming to Footscray for some years. Most of the sample reported coming to Footscray on a daily or near-daily basis. Some of the reasons given by the sample for visiting Footscray included: · social interaction to alleviate boredom and prevent loneliness; · the use of local social services (e.g. Centrelink) and businesses (e.g. cafes); · the use of local health services; · obtaining medications and management of chronic conditions; and · the purchase, or brokering of the purchase, of illicit drugs. The prominence of alcohol and drinking varied across the three social sets interviewed. While alcohol was central to the drinkers from Railway Reserve, with harmful drinking patterns reported, alcohol was an adjunct to the main activities of the other two groups. Similarly, while all groups experienced alcohol-caused harms, these were most frequently reported by the drinkers around Railway Reserve. Reported alcohol-caused violence was typically intragroup - generally oriented towards other members of each drinking group. In spite of reports of sporadic violence, the groups served significant social functions with reports of important shared experiences, trust and reciprocity evident amongst the primary drinkers. Nevertheless, these social connections were confined largely to the public sphere, with structural and personal reasons precluding invitations to one another’s homes or residences. Other public drinking settings such as hotels were generally avoided for a variety of reasons including cost, poor treatment by bar staff as well as the effect of the new smoking bans and preferences for outdoor settings. Most participants were aware of the alcohol exclusion zone, with around two-thirds reporting interactions with police about drinking in the exclusion zone - slightly less than the proportion found in previous research. Reported enforcement responses ranged from moving people on through to the issuing of fines. The effects of these fines, which may accumulate to significant amounts of money over time, on the lives of already - poor and marginalised people need to be considered in relation to the enforcement of the alcohol exclusion zone. The need for additional health and social services, or marketing of available services to the locations in which their drinking took place, was expressed by the drinkers around Railway Reserve. Further, both the observational component of the research and reports from drinkers suggested that the amenity in Railway Reserve could easily be improved through the: 1. installation of public toilets; 2. installation of public drinking fountains; and 3. maintenance of garbage disposal facilities. In general, the findings of this research are consistent with reports of local crime statistics in the year prior to the conduct of the research, which suggested falling rates of crime in Maribyrnong overall. Importantly, no incidents of violence or aggressive behaviours were seen or noted during the conduct of the research. Nevertheless, as indicated above, we have identified several ways of improving the response to public drinking in Maribyrnong.

Details: Melbourne: Burnet Institute, Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Research, 2007. 32p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 5, 2011 at: http://www.maribyrnong.vic.gov.au/Files/BurnetInstituteReport-DrinkinginPublicSpaces.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.maribyrnong.vic.gov.au/Files/BurnetInstituteReport-DrinkinginPublicSpaces.pdf

Shelf Number: 121652

Keywords:
Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder (Australia)
Disorderly Conduct
Nuisance Behaviors and Disorder
Public Space
Substance Abuse

Author: Victoria. Sentencing Advisory Council

Title: Does Imprisonment Deter? A Review of the Evidence

Summary: Deterrence can be described as the prevention of crime through the fear of a threatened – or the experience of an actual – criminal sanction. General deterrence is aimed at reducing crime by directing the threat of that sanction at all potential offenders. Specific deterrence is aimed at reducing crime by applying a criminal sanction to a specific offender, in order to dissuade him or her from reoffending. Deterrence is only one of the purposes of sentencing in Victoria, determined by section 5(1) of the Sentencing Act 1991 (Vic). The other purposes are: punishment, denunciation, rehabilitation and community protection (incapacitation). The scope of this paper is limited to examining the sentencing purpose of deterrence only – it does not present an analysis of the evidence of imprisonment’s effectiveness in regard to other sentencing purposes. There is an overlap in some studies when measuring deterrence and incapacitation; however, the paper does not draw conclusions on the effectiveness of imprisonment as a means of reducing crime through incapacitation. Deterrence theory is based upon the classical economic theory of rational choice, which assumes that people weigh up the costs and benefits of a particular course of action whenever they make a decision. Deterrence theory relies on the assumption that offenders have knowledge of the threat of a criminal sanction and then make a rational choice whether or not to offend based upon consideration of that knowledge. Rational choice theory, however, does not adequately account for a large number of offenders who may be considered ‘irrational’. Examples of such irrationality can vary in severity – there are those who are not criminally responsible due to mental impairment, those who are drug affected or intoxicated and those who simply act in a way that is contrary to their own best interests. Research shows that the majority of offenders entering the Victorian criminal justice system have a history of substance use that is directly related to their offending. That people are not perfectly rational and do not always make decisions that are in their own best interests is supported by studies in behavioural economics. Behavioural economic theory proposes that individuals make decisions on the basis of mperfect knowledge by employing ‘rules of thumb’, rather than strict logic, and are subject to limits on their willpower. People are also subject to a great number of patterns of deviation in judgment that occur in particular situations (known as ‘cognitive biases’), which influence decision-making in predictable – but often irrational – ways. The evidence from empirical studies of deterrence suggests that the threat of imprisonment generates a small general deterrent effect. However, the research also indicates that increases in the severity of penalties, such as increasing the length of terms of imprisonment, do not produce a corresponding increase in deterrence. It has been suggested that harsher penalties do not deter because many crimes are committed in circumstances where it is difficult to identify when, or if, offenders have considered the consequences of their criminal behaviour. In addition, otherwise rational individuals are more strongly influenced by the perceived immediate benefits of committing crime and individuals ‘discount’ the cost of future penalties. A consistent finding in deterrence research is that increases in the certainty of apprehension and punishment demonstrate a significant deterrent effect. Perceptions about the certainty of apprehension, for example, may counter the ‘present bias’ and reinforce the potential cost of committing crime. This result is qualified by the need for further research that separates deterrable from non-deterrable populations. Research into specific deterrence shows that imprisonment has, at best, no effect on the rate of reoffending and often results in a greater rate of recidivism. Possible explanations for this include that: prison is a learning environment for crime, prison reinforces criminal identity and may diminish or sever social ties that encourage lawful behaviour and imprisonment is not the appropriate response to many offenders who require treatment for the underlying causes of their criminality (such as drug, alcohol and mental health issues). Harsh prison conditions do not generate a greater deterrent effect, and the evidence shows that such conditions may lead to more violent reoffending. The empirical evidence on the effectiveness of imprisonment as a deterrent to crime suggests that the purposes of sentencing should be considered independently – according to their own merits – and that caution should be exercised if imprisonment is to be justified as a means of deterring all crimes and all kinds of offenders.

Details: Melbourne: Sentencing Advisory Council, 2011. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Sentencing Matters: Accessed July 5, 2011 at: http://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/does_imprisonment_deter_a_review_of_the_evidence.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/sites/sentencingcouncil.vic.gov.au/files/does_imprisonment_deter_a_review_of_the_evidence.pdf

Shelf Number: 121964

Keywords:
Deterrence
Drug Abuse and Crime
Imprisonment
Punishment
Rational Choice Theory
Sentencing (Australia)
Substance Abuse

Author: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction

Title: 2010 Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe

Summary: This report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe presents the EMCDDA's yearly overview of the drug phenomenon. This is an essential reference book for policymakers, specialists and practitioners in the drugs field or indeed anyone seeking the latest findings on drugs in Europe. Published every autumn, the report contains non-confidential data supported by an extensive range of figures.

Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010. 108p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 16, 2011 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_120104_EN_EMCDDA_AR2010_EN.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_120104_EN_EMCDDA_AR2010_EN.pdf

Shelf Number: 122401

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction (Europe)
Drug Treatment
Substance Abuse

Author: Zahnd, Elaine

Title: The Link Between Intimate Partner Violence, Substance Abuse and Mental Health in California

Summary: This policy brief presents findings on the linkages between intimate partner violence (IPV), emotional health and substance use among adults ages 18-65 in California. Using data from the 2009 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), researchers found that of the 3.5 million Californians who reported ever being the victim of intimate partner violence (IPV), more than half a million (594,000) reported experiencing recent symptoms of "serious psychological distress," which includes the most serious kinds of diagnosable mental health disorders, such as anxiety or depression. Adult victims of IPV were more than three times as likely as unexposed adults to report serious psychological distress in the past year. Victims of IPV were also far more likely than non-victims to engage in coping strategies, such as seeking mental health care or binge drinking. These disturbing findings can aid strategies to identify, intervene with and assist IPV victims who experience emotional and/or substance use problems.

Details: Los Angeles, CA: University of California at Los Angeles, Center for Health Policy Research, 2011. 8p.

Source: Internet Resource: Health Policy Brief: Accessed September 2, 2011 at: http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/pubs/files/IPV2011PBFINAL.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.healthpolicy.ucla.edu/pubs/files/IPV2011PBFINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 122614

Keywords:
Domestic Violence
Family Violence (California)
Intimate Partner Violence
Mental Health
Substance Abuse

Author: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office ofApplied Studies

Title: The NSDUH Report: Parents on Probation or Parole

Summary: The past two decades have seen large increases in the numbers of adults involved in the criminal justice system, including those incarcerated, on probation, and on parole. Although the numbers of each of these groups increased substantially, the numbers of those on probation have increased at a much faster rate; yet, much less attention has been given to those on probation and to those on parole. Probationers and parolees often have an array of health problems, including substance use disorders. One subgroup of those on probation or parole that may be of particular concern, however, comprises parents with children under the age of 18. Although research on the substance use behaviors of incarcerated parents and their children is limited, there is even less information about the behaviors of parents on probation or parole. Gaining a better understanding of this population and its substance use problems may help to inform criminal justice personnel, family services personnel, educators, and policymakers about the needs of this population (both parents and children) and help them with service planning. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) asks respondents if, at any time during the past 12 months, they were (1) on probation or (2) on parole, supervised release, or other conditional release from prison. NSDUH also asks about use of alcohol and illicit drugs, as well as dependence or abuse. This issue of The NSDUH Report focuses on substance use and dependence or abuse among persons aged 18 or older who were living with at least one biological, step-, adoptive, or foster child aged 17 or younger. All findings in the report are annual averages based on combined 2005 to 2008 data.

Details: Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2010. 4p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2011 at: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k10/176/176ParentProbParolHTML.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k10/176/176ParentProbParolHTML.pdf

Shelf Number: 122880

Keywords:
Parents
Parole
Parolees
Probation (U.S.)
Probationers
Substance Abuse

Author: Idaho State Police. Statistical Analysis Center

Title: The Relationship Between Substance Abuse and Crime in Idaho: Estimating the Need for Treatment Alternatives

Summary: The relationship between drug abuse and crime is complex. Not all individuals who use drugs become addicted, nor do they commit violent crime. Social and economic concerns, such as crime, illness, premature death, and significant loss in productivity are all affected by alcohol and drug abuse. To understand the relationship between drug abuse and crime, this report will emphasize current research as well as drug trends occurring within Idaho. First, current research regarding reasons for drug addiction and the relationship between drugs and crime will be explored. Second, substance abuse trends within Idaho’s population from various surveys will be discussed. Third, an analysis of data coming from the criminal justice system including information from adult and juvenile arrests, incarceration, drug courts, traffic crashes, numbers involved in treatment, and mortality. A final synopsis concerning what this means for Idaho will also be addressed.

Details: Meridian, ID: Idaho Statistical Analysis Center, 2010. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 28, 2011 at: http://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/Research/documents/drugsandcrime.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://www.isp.idaho.gov/pgr/Research/documents/drugsandcrime.pdf

Shelf Number: 122935

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse and Crime (Idaho)
Drug Offenders
Drug Offenses
Substance Abuse

Author: Harwin, Judith

Title: The Family Drug & Alcohol Court (FDAC) Evaluation Project: Final Report

Summary: This report presents the findings from the evaluation of the first pilot Family Drug and Alcohol Court (FDAC) in England and Wales. FDAC is a new approach to care proceedings, in cases where parental substance misuse is a key element in the local authority decision to bring proceedings. It is being piloted at the Inner London Family Proceedings Court in Wells Street. Initially the pilot was to run for three years, to the end of December 2010, but is now to continue until March 2012. The work is co-funded by the Department for Education (formerly the Department for Children, Schools and Families), the Ministry of Justice, the Home Office, the Department of Health and the three pilot authorities (Camden, Islington and Westminster). The evaluation was conducted by a research team at Brunel University, with funding from the Nuffield Foundation and the Home Office. FDAC is a specialist court for a problem that is anything but special. Its potential to help break the inter-generational cycle of harm associated with parental substance misuse goes straight to the heart of public policy and professional practice. Parental substance misuse is a formidable social problem and a factor in up to two thirds of care cases. It is a major risk factor for child maltreatment, family separation and offending in adults, and for poor educational performance and substance misuse by children and young people. The parents’ many difficulties create serious problems for their children and place major demands on health, welfare and criminal justice services. For these reasons, parental substance misuse is a cross-cutting government agenda. FDAC is distinctive because it is a court-based family intervention which aims to improve children’s outcomes by addressing the entrenched difficulties of their parents. It has been adapted to English law and practice from a model of family treatment drug courts that is used widely in the USA and is showing promising results with a higher number of cases where parents and children were able to remain together safely, and with swifter alternative placement decisions for children if parents were unable to address their substance misuse successfully. The catalysts for the FDAC pilot were the encouraging evidence from the USA and concerns about the response to parental substance misuse through ordinary care proceedings in England: poor child and parent outcomes; insufficient co-ordination between adult and children’s services; late intervention to protect children; delay in reaching decisions; and the soaring costs of proceedings, linked to the cost of expert evidence.

Details: London: Brunel University London, 2011. 197p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 5, 2011 at: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/centres/iccfyr/fdac

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/centres/iccfyr/fdac

Shelf Number: 117329

Keywords:
Alcohol Courts
Drug Courts (U.K.)
Family Courts
Problem-Solving Courts
Substance Abuse

Author: Dolev & Associates

Title: No Boundaries: The Tayside Domestic Abuse and Substance Misuse Project: Final Research Report

Summary: The aim of the research project was to identify depositional and organisational/institutional factors that positively and negatively affect the progression of women affected by domestic abuse and their own substance misuse at each stage of their service use (from access to outcomes), with a view to establishing: · Evidence of a link between domestic abuse and substance misuse · Incentives/barriers to accessing services · Experiences of service provision in both sectors · Experiences of partnership working between the two sectors · Links to other needs (i.e. homelessness, mental health issues). The remainder of the report is set out as follows: · Chapter 2 outlines the methods used both in the initial data collection stage (carried out by a different research team) and in the secondary analysis of data (carried out by the author of this report). · Chapter 3 provides a brief overview of the literature on domestic abuse and substance misuse. · Chapter 4 examines the link between domestic abuse and women’s own substance misuse. · Chapter 5 looks at the experiences of service provision at various stages: accessing, using and leaving. · Chapter 6 explores multi-agency work between domestic abuse and substance misuse services. · Chapter 7 examines the links to other needs, in particular housing, mental health and General Practitioners. · Finally, chapter 8 discusses the main themes and issues that have emerged from the information and evidence presented in this report.

Details: Tayside, UK: Dolev & Associates, 2008. 108p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 31, 2011 at: http://www.avaproject.org.uk/media/25320/tayside%20domestic%20violence%20and%20substance%20misuse%20research%20(2008).pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.avaproject.org.uk/media/25320/tayside%20domestic%20violence%20and%20substance%20misuse%20research%20(2008).pdf

Shelf Number: 117820

Keywords:
Domestic Violence
Family Violence
Substance Abuse
Violence Against Women

Author: Iowa. Governor's Office of Drug Control Policy

Title: Iowa’s Drug Control Strategy, 2011

Summary: The 2011 Iowa Drug Control Strategy is submitted in satisfaction of Chapter 80E.1 of the Code of Iowa which directs the Drug Policy Coordinator to monitor and coordinate all drug prevention, enforcement and treatment activities in the state. Further, it requires the Coordinator to submit an annual report to the Governor and Legislature concerning the activities and programs of the Coordinator, the Governor’s Office of Drug Control Policy and all other state departments with drug enforcement, substance abuse treatment, and prevention programs. Chapter 80E.2 establishes the Drug Policy Advisory Council (DPAC), chaired by the Coordinator, and consisting of a prosecuting attorney, substance abuse treatment specialist, law enforcement officer, prevention specialist, judge and representatives from the departments of corrections, education, public health, human services, public safety and human rights. This report and strategy was developed in consultation with the DPAC.

Details: Des Moines: Governor's Office of D5ug Control Policy, 2010. 99p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 23, 2011 at: http://publications.iowa.gov/10008/

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://publications.iowa.gov/10008/

Shelf Number: 123445

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Enforcement
Drug Enforcement Policy (Iowa)
Substance Abuse

Author: Lucas, Lisa M.

Title: Prince George's County Circuit Court Adult Drug Court: Outcome and Cost Evaluation

Summary: Drug courts are designed to guide offenders identified as drug-addicted into treatment that will reduce drug dependence and improve the quality of life for them and their families. Benefits to society often take the form of reductions in crime committed by drug court participants, resulting in reduced costs to taxpayers and increased public safety. In the typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of state and local agency representatives who operate outside of their traditional roles. The team typically includes a drug court coordinator, addiction treatment providers, prosecuting attorneys, defense attorneys, law enforcement officers, and parole and probation officers who work together to provide needed services to drug court participants. Prosecuting attorneys and defense attorneys hold their usual adversarial positions in abeyance to support the treatment and supervision needs of program participants. Drug court programs can be viewed as blending resources, expertise, and interests of a variety of jurisdictions and agencies. NPC Research, under contract with the Maryland Judiciary, Administrative Office of the Courts, conducted a cost and outcome study of the Prince George’s County Circuit Court Adult Drug Court (PGCADC) program. The report includes the cost of the program and the outcomes of participants as compared to a sample of similar individuals who received traditional court processing. There are three key policy questions that are of interest to program practitioners, researchers and policymakers that this evaluation was designed to answer. 1. Do drug treatment court programs reduce recidivism? 2. Do drug treatment court programs reduce substance abuse? 3. Do drug treatment court programs produce cost savings? Information was acquired for this evaluation from several sources, including administrative databases, agency budgets, and other financial documents. Data were also gathered from PGCADC and other agency files and databases. NPC Research identified a sample of participants who entered PGCADC between August 2002 and August 2005. A comparison group was identified from individuals who were arrested on a drug court-eligible charge during the study period. These individuals did not attend drug court and instead received traditional court processing. Both the participant and comparison groups were examined through existing administrative databases for a period up to 36 months from the date of drug court entry (or equivalent for the comparison group). The two groups were matched on age, sex, race, marital status, education, prior drug use history, criminal history (including arrests and drug arrests for the 2 years prior to the study period), and drug of choice. The methods used to gather this information from each source are described in detail in the main report.

Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2008. 62p.

Source: Internet Resource. Accessed on January 15, 2012 at http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/PG_Circuit_Adult_Outcome_Cost_1008.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: United States

URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/PG_Circuit_Adult_Outcome_Cost_1008.pdf

Shelf Number: 123626

Keywords:
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Drug Courts (Maryland)
Drug Offenders
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Mackin, Juliette R.

Title: Howard County District Court Drug Treatment Court Program Outcome and Cost Evaluation

Summary: Individual drug courts are intensive interventions that involve coordination of multiple agencies and professional practitioners applying a variety of areas of expertise, intensive case management and supervision, and frequent judicial reviews. The purpose of drug courts is to guide offenders, identified as abusing substances, into treatment that will reduce drug use and criminality, and consequently improving the quality of life for participants and their families. In the typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional, sometimes adversarial roles. Benefits to society take the form of reductions in crime committed by drug court participants, resulting in reduced costs to taxpayers and increased public safety. NPC Research, under contract with the Administrative Office of the Courts of the State of Maryland, conducted an outcome and cost study of the Howard County District Court Drug Treatment Court (DTC) program. This program is a combined drug court and DUI court program, but this report will focus only on the participants who are served by the drug court side of the program. Another report will cover the DUI court participant outcomes and associated costs. Howard County District Court Drug Treatment Court (DTC) was formed in 2004, with the expansion into a dual program with DUI offenders beginning in 2005. The program has a capacity of 25 and since inception has served over 66 participants. The DTC program has four phases that can be completed by participants in a period as short as 12 months. For the 44 drug court participants included in this study who had since exited the program, either successfully or unsuccessfully, the average number of days in the program was 380 (12.5 months). Graduates spent an average of 489 days in the program (approximately 16 months), whereas non-graduates spent an average of 318 days in the program (approximately 10.5 months). Throughout the program, participants attend drug court sessions evaluating their progress, meetings with a case manager, and group and individual counseling sessions. The program requires that the individuals submit to drug testing. The DTC uses incentives and sanctions to encourage positive behaviors.

Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2010. 49p.

Source: Internet Resource. Accessed on January 15, 2012 at http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Howard_District_DTC_Outcome_Cost_0110.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Howard_District_DTC_Outcome_Cost_0110.pdf

Shelf Number: 123628

Keywords:
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Drug Courts (Maryland)
Drug Offenders
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Mackin, Juliette R.

Title: Wicomico County Circuit Court Adult Drug Treatment Court Program Outcome and Cost Evaluation

Summary: Drug treatment courts are intensive interventions that involve coordination of multiple agencies and professional practitioners applying a variety of areas of expertise, intensive case management and supervision, and frequent judicial reviews. The purpose of drug treatment courts is to guide offenders, identified as abusing substances, into treatment that will reduce drug use and criminality, and consequently improving the quality of life for participants and their families. In the typical drug treatment court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional, sometimes adversarial roles. Benefits to society take the form of reductions in crime committed by drug treatment court participants, resulting in reduced costs to taxpayers and increased public safety. NPC Research, under contract with the Administrative Office of the Courts of the State of Maryland, conducted an outcome and cost study of the Wicomico County Circuit Court Adult Drug Treatment Court (DTC) program. The Wicomico County Circuit Court Adult Drug Treatment Court Program (DTC) was created to provide intensive intervention to nonviolent felony offenders whose criminality is likely a result of their dependence on substances. Generally, prospective drug treatment court participants have not responded to regular probation and outpatient treatment. The Wicomico County DTC admitted its first participant in September 2005. At capacity, the DTC program is designed to serve 50 active participants. As of October 2009, 85 individuals had entered the drug treatment court since the program‘s inception. The DTC program has four phases, which cumulatively take 18 to 24 months to complete. During all phases, participants must comply with their individualized substance abuse treatment plan, health care instructions, medication requirements, curfew rules, and referrals made by the resource manager. They must attend drug treatment court review hearings and submit to regular drug tests. For the 37 drug court participants included in this study who had since exited the program, either successfully or unsuccessfully, the average number of days in the program was 470 (just over 15 months). Graduates spent an average of 634 days in the program (almost 21 months), whereas non-graduates spent an average of 345 days in the program (approximately 11 months). A minimum of 210 consecutive clean days are required in order to graduate. The graduation rate for this program is approximately 43%.

Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2009. 53p.

Source: Internet Resource. Accessed on January 15, 2012 at http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Wicomico_Circuit_Outcome_Cost_1209.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Wicomico_Circuit_Outcome_Cost_1209.pdf

Shelf Number: 123625

Keywords:
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Drug Courts (Maryland)
Drug Offenders
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Carey, Shannon M.

Title: Guam Adult Drug Court Outcome Evaluation Final Report

Summary: In the past 15 years, one of the most dramatic developments in the movement to reduce substance abuse among the U.S. criminal justice population has been the spread of drug courts across the country. In a typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional adversarial roles including addiction treatment providers, prosecuting attorneys, public defenders, law enforcement officers, and parole and probation officers who work together to provide needed services to drug court participants. “The emergence of these new courts reflects the growing recognition on the part of judges, prosecutors, and defense counsel that the traditional criminal justice method of incarceration, probation, or supervised parole have not stemmed the tide of drug use among criminals and drug-related crimes in America” (Hora, Schma, & Rosenthal, 1999). Guam’s drug court movement began in the mid-1990s with the emergence of the “ice” (crystal methamphetamine) epidemic. Nationwide, there was an unprecedented increase in drug-related offenses, particularly with crack cocaine, that significantly impacted the criminal justice system. Following national statistics, Guam’s increase of drug offenders, particularly “ice” offenders, rose to staggering numbers, thus impacting an already over-burdened justice system that was unprepared for this occurrence. An examination of statistics from the Guam Uniform Crime Report shows relatively high numbers of substance abuse arrests for adults, despite extremely limited law enforcement activities targeting drug crimes. In 1998, there were 418 drug-related arrests and 70% involved methamphetamine. Because of these statistics, Guam was awarded a Program-Planning Grant in 1998 and a Drug Court Implementation Grant in 2002. In August 2003, Guam held its first Adult Drug Court session. The implementation grant also provided funds for evaluation and NPC Research was hired to perform a process and outcome study of the Guam Adult Drug Court (GADC). This report contains the GADC outcome evaluation performed by NPC Research. GADC participant outcomes were compared to outcomes for a matched group of offenders who were eligible for drug court during a 2-year time period just prior to the GADC implementation. The first section of the main report is a brief summary and update of the GADC process with some new recommendation from NPC. The rest of the report contains a detailed description of the methodology used for the outcome evaluation and its results.

Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2007. 39p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 20, 2012 at http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Guam_Adult_Drug_Court_Outcome_Evaluation_Final%20_Report_0307.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: United States

URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Guam_Adult_Drug_Court_Outcome_Evaluation_Final%20_Report_0307.pdf

Shelf Number: 123700

Keywords:
Drug Courts (Guam)
Drug Offenders
Methamphetamine
Problem-Solving Courts
Recidivism
Repeat Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Marchand, Gwen

Title: Barry County Adult Drug Court Outcome and Cost Evaluation (Final Report)

Summary: In the past fifteen years, one of the most dramatic developments in the movement to reduce substance abuse among the U.S. criminal justice population has been the spread of drug courts across the country. In a typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional adversarial roles including addiction treatment providers, prosecuting attorneys, public defenders, law enforcement officers, and parole and probation officers who work together to provide needed services to drug court participants. “The emergence of these new courts reflects the growing recognition on the part of judges, prosecutors, and defense counsel that the traditional criminal justice methods of incarceration, probation, or supervised parole have not stemmed the tide of drug use among criminals and drug-related crimes in America” (Hora, Schma, & Rosenthal, 1999, p.9). In the drug treatment court movement, Michigan has been a pioneering force. The Michigan Community Corrections Act was enacted in 1988 to investigate and develop alternatives to incarceration. Four years later, in June 1992, the first women’s drug treatment court in the nation was established in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The Drug Court in Barry County began in 2001 as a response to the high number of drunk drivers coming before the court. Over time, the Barry County Adult Drug Court has emerged as a powerful force in the community in combating increasing jail and prison populations as well as social and public health problems stemming from a variety of substance abuse issues. In 2005, the Michigan Supreme Court, State Court Administrative Office contracted with NPC Research to perform outcome and cost evaluations of two Michigan adult drug courts; the Kalamazoo Adult Drug Treatment Court and the Barry County Adult Drug Court. This document describes the evaluation and results for the Barry County Adult Drug Court (BCADC).

Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2006. 61p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 20, 2012 at http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Barry%20Final%20Report_1006.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Barry%20Final%20Report_1006.pdf

Shelf Number: 123702

Keywords:
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Drug Courts (Michigan)
Drug Offenders
Problem-Solving Courts
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Rhodes, William

Title: Suffolk County Drug Court Evaluation

Summary: This report documents an evaluation of four adult treatment drug court programs located in Suffolk County, Massachusetts. The evaluation incorporates both process and impact analyses conducted by Abt Associates Inc. The process evaluation examines program caseflow and participant characteristics to describe program intake, retention, and graduation. Using a comparison group of matched probationers who did not enter drug court, the impact analysis studies the receipt of alcohol and other drug treatment services following entry into drug court; and it studies probation revocations, criminal recidivism (new arrests and new convictions), and incarceration (Houses of Correction or jails) during a follow-up period beginning one year after the probationer entered drug court.

Details: Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates Inc., 2006. 55p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 20, 2012 at http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/MASSDRUGCT_Report_FINAL061406.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: http://www.abtassociates.com/reports/MASSDRUGCT_Report_FINAL061406.pdf

Shelf Number: 123706

Keywords:
Drug Courts (Massachusetts)
Drug Offenders
Drug Treatment
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: LeCroy & Milligan Associates, Inc.

Title: Juvenile Drug Court Program Evaluation Final Report

Summary: The Arizona Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families, through the Governor’s Division of Substance Abuse Prevention, hired LeCroy & Milligan Associates, Inc. in November 1999 to evaluate several juvenile and family drug court and diversion programs that were being implemented in Arizona. The Arizona Parents Commission on Drug Education and Prevention provided partial funding for the programs through grants managed by the Governor’s Division of Substance Abuse Prevention. Three prior evaluation reports addressed evaluability assessment findings and evaluation capacity building efforts. The process and outcome evaluation findings are presented in a series of three final reports—one each for juvenile drug courts, family drug courts, and diversion programs. This report, the first in the series, presents findings only for the juvenile drug court programs. The findings for the diversion programs and the family drug court programs are presented in two separate final reports.

Details: Tucson, AZ: LeCroy & Milligan Associates, Inc., 2003. 66p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 22, 2012 at http://www.lecroymilligan.com/JDC%20final%20report%202003w%20cover.PDF

Year: 2003

Country: United States

URL: http://www.lecroymilligan.com/JDC%20final%20report%202003w%20cover.PDF

Shelf Number: 123720

Keywords:
Diversion
Drug Courts (Arizona)
Drug Treatment Programs
Juvenile Offenders
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Ottawa County Planning Department

Title: Program Evaluation - Ottawa County Sobriety/Drug Courts - (58th District Sobriety Court, 20th Circuit Adult Drug Court, 20th Circuit Juvenile Drug Court)

Summary: Over the past decade, sobriety and drug courts have been established throughout the nation as a new way to address substance abuse problems among criminal offenders. These courts seek to treat the needs of alcohol or drug-dependent offenders in a relational, non-adversarial approach, while at the same time, requiring accountability and a structured lifestyle. This balance between therapeutic and sanction-based programming has increased the popularity of these courts immensely among judges and their staff. Sobriety courts are designed primarily for offenders with serious alcohol-dependencies, while drug courts are designed primarily for offenders with serious drug-dependencies (i.e. crack, heroine, cocaine, prescription drugs, other). However, both courts can accept and process offenders who have either (or both) alcohol and drug-dependencies. The Circuit and District Court judges in Ottawa County were prompted to explore the use of sobriety and drug courts in their dockets based on the numerous positive accolades this approach to substance abuse treatment had received in recent years. Judge Susan Jonas launched the first Ottawa County District Sobriety Court in May 2004, and Judge Bradley Knoll followed with a second District Sobriety Court in October 2004. Judge Mark Feyen initiated a Juvenile Drug Court in October 2004 and an Adult Circuit Drug Court in January 2005. The team members responsible for implementing the sobriety/drug courts all have a positive view of their involvement in the sobriety/drug courts. In fact, because team members find it is more therapeutic for participants than being solely punitive, many say that this is the most satisfying work they have ever performed in the criminal justice system. Based on self-reported performance from District Sobriety Court graduates, it appears to be popular with many of the graduates as well. Since the adult sobriety/drug court programs require an average of 17 months to complete, and the courts have only been operational for 20-24 months, there are only a few program graduates who can be evaluated to determine the long-term impacts (i.e. sobriety and recidivism) of the program. Furthermore, operational issues that were recently addressed in the Juvenile Drug Court also affect the completion of the evaluation at this time. Despite the inability to look at long-term, outcome-based measures, it was still possible to assess all three courts to determine their administrative and operational performance, as well as, relative cost. In the District Sobriety Court, the total cost per participant was $6,168. As a comparison, the total average cost for a similar offender sentenced to traditional probation is $1,926, and the average cost for a similar offender sentenced to Intensive Supervision Probation in the Grand Haven District Court and in the Hudsonville District Court is $2,907 and $3,105, respectively. In the Circuit Drug Court, the total cost per participant was $14,563. At the time of this evaluation, comparison group data were not available. Since Circuit Drug Court involves participants with felony charges, it is expected that sentencing practices, program intensity, and associated expenses would be greater than Sobriety Court. In the Juvenile Drug Court, the total cost per participant was $5,285. As a comparison, the total average cost for a juvenile offender enrolled in the Juvenile Community Justice (JCJ) program is $14,698. Another issue that will need to be factored into the overall cost of sobriety/drug courts is the program expense presently being funded through grant dollars. When these grants expire, financial support will likely be sought from the County to replace 80% of grant funding presently being used for salaries, programming, drug/alcohol testing, and other program expenses. The remaining 20% of the grant funding, on average, is in the form of inkind contributions, so it will not have to be replaced. The total replacement funds needed could be as high as $866,542 beginning 2011/12. It is important to note that the outcome-based success and relative expense of the sobriety/drug court programs can only be calculated by comparing program cost, completion rates, and recidivism rates to other existing treatment programs when more data become available for analysis in 2008/09. Nevertheless, this report does provide several recommendations for administrative and operational improvements, as well as a detailed overview of the relative cost of each program.

Details: Ottawa County, MI: Ottawa County Planning Department, 2006. 65p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 22, 2012 at http://www.co.ottawa.mi.us/CoGov/Depts/Planning/pdf/SobrietyDrugCourtsEval2006.pdf

Year: 2006

Country: United States

URL: http://www.co.ottawa.mi.us/CoGov/Depts/Planning/pdf/SobrietyDrugCourtsEval2006.pdf

Shelf Number: 123721

Keywords:
Adult Offenders
Drug Treatment Programs
Drugs Courts (Michigan)
Juvenile Offenders
Problem-Solving Courts
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Mackin, Juliette R.

Title: Caroline County Juvenile Drug Court Process Evaluation

Summary: Drug treatment courts are one of the fastest growing programs designed to reduce drug abuse and criminality in nonviolent offenders in the United States. The first drug court was implemented in Florida in 1989. There were over 1,700 drug courts as of April 2007, with drug courts operating or planned in all 50 states (including Native American Tribal Courts), the District of Columbia, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam (BJA 2007). Drug courts use the coercive authority of the criminal justice system to offer treatment to nonviolent addicts in lieu of incarceration. This model of linking the resources of the criminal justice system and substance treatment programs has proven to be effective for increasing treatment participation and for decreasing criminal recidivism. The Honorable Karen Murphy Jensen, Circuit Court Judge for Caroline County, was instrumental in starting the Caroline County Juvenile Drug Court (CCJDC) program, which began in 2004. Judge Jensen took the role on voluntarily and continues to be the drug court's judge today. The CCJDC enrolled 15 participants from July 2004 through May 2007. A total of 3 participants have graduated. For the first 2½ years of the program, a part-time therapist worked with program participants one day a week. In February 2007, the program hired a full-time therapist, and capacity increased from approximately 4 to 20 participants. In 2001, NPC Research (NPC), under contract with the Administrative Office of the Courts of the State of Maryland, began cost studies of adult drug courts in Baltimore City and Anne Arundel County, Maryland. These studies were completed in 2003. Subsequently, NPC was hired to perform evaluations on 4 adult and 10 juvenile drug courts in Maryland, one of which is the CCJDC. This report contains the process evaluation for the CCJDC. Information was acquired for this process evaluation from several sources, including observations of court reviews and team meetings during site visits, key informant interviews, and focus groups. The methods used to gather this information from each source are described in detail in the main report. According to its procedures manual, CCJDC’s program goals are to: Provide quality treatment to eligible adolescents with substance abuse/use issues and adjudicated juvenile charges; Increase the educational capacity for drug court participants; Expedite the process of adjudication and entrance into the drug court program; Decrease recidivism potential of juvenile offenders in the drug court program.

Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2007. 49p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 22, 2012 at http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Caroline_Juvenile_Process_0707.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: United States

URL: http://www.npcresearch.com/Files/Caroline_Juvenile_Process_0707.pdf

Shelf Number: 123723

Keywords:
Drug Courts (Maryland)
Drug Treatment Programs
Juvenile Offenders
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Hiller, Matthew

Title: Fayette County Juvenile Drug Court Implementation Evaluation

Summary: The current evaluation describes the implementation of the Fayette County Juvenile Drug, which was planned beginning in 1999 and established initially as a pilot program in January 2001. It received funds to become fully implemented in September 2001. During this evaluation, data were collected on drug court operations and drug court participants in order to The 16 strategies pertain to collaborative planning, teamwork, clearly defining a target population and eligibility criteria, judicial involvement and supervision, monitoring and evaluation, community partnerships, comprehensive treatment planning, developmentally appropriate services, gender-appropriate services, cultural competence, a focus on strengths, family engagement, educational linkages, drug testing, goal-oriented incentives and sanctions, and confidentiality. The process evaluation concluded that the Fayette County Juvenile Drug Court had successfully incorporated these strategies in its implementation. The program staff attempts to meet the need of each participant, and the opinions and suggestions of team members are considered by the judge before making final decisions about participants. The cohesiveness of the drug court team provides a supportive and therapeutic environment that facilitates the recovery of participants. The evaluation recommends building stronger relationships with local treatment programs, increasing the involvement of participants' families, enrolling 30 percent of eligible youth each year, and developing a plan for funding the court beyond grant monies. Evaluation methods included interviews with court team members, participant observation, a focus group, and a review of program documentation. 8 figures and appended participant observation coding sheet, the participant record coding sheet, and the consent and script for the focus group.

Details: Lexington, KY: Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, 2003. 71p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 22, 2012 at http://courts.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5032E79A-6565-4E19-AB8D-C6D6AC555ADE/0/FayetteCountyJuvenileDrugCourtImplementationEvaluation2003.pdf

Year: 2003

Country: United States

URL: http://courts.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5032E79A-6565-4E19-AB8D-C6D6AC555ADE/0/FayetteCountyJuvenileDrugCourtImplementationEvaluation2003.pdf

Shelf Number: 123724

Keywords:
Drug Courts (Kentucky)
Drug Treatment Programs
Juvenile Offenders
Process Evaluation
Substance Abuse

Author: Taplin, Stephanie

Title: Child Protection and Mothers in Substance Abuse Treatment

Summary: This report presents the major findings from the Child Protection and Mothers in Substance Abuse Treatment study, a three-year study funded by NSW Community Services, Department of Family and Community Services, and the University of New South Wales. Parental substance use has received particular attention as a child protection concern in recent years, but it is an area in which there has been little research and in which a number of research questions remain unanswered. Evidence has shown that parental substance misuse is associated with high rates of child maltreatment, but substance use by a parent does not necessarily mean that they are abusing or neglecting their children. Research from overseas has also found that families in which alcohol or other drug use is present are more likely to come to the attention of child protection services, more likely to be re-reported, more likely to have children removed from their care, and more likely to have them remain in out-of-home care (OOHC) for long periods of time, than are families with the same characteristics but no substance use. A small number of overseas studies have also found that, among substance-using mothers, factors other than the severity of substance use are associated with child protection involvement. The applicability of these overseas studies to the child protection system in Australia is, however, unknown. This study provides an enhanced understanding of parenting issues and child protection involvement among women with a history of illicit drug use in Australia.

Details: Sydney, Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 2011. 82p.

Source: Technical Report Number 320. Internet Resource: Accessed on January 23, 2012 at

Year: 2011

Country: Australia

URL:

Shelf Number: 123754

Keywords:
Child Protective Services
Parents, Mothers (Australia)
Substance Abuse

Author: Visher, Christy A.

Title: The Impact of Marital and Relationship Status on Social Outcomes for Returning Prisoners

Summary: A large body of empirical literature shows that marriage reduces criminal activity. However, many of these studies were done on the general population or used data that are now decades old. Little research has examined whether relationship status affects social outcomes, including crime and employment, among a contemporary cohort of ex-prisoners. Using data collected from over 650 male former prisoners returning to three large U.S. cities between 2002 and 2005, we tested the short-term impact of marital and intimate partner status on recidivism, substance use, and employment. After statistically adjusting for self-selection into marriage or into unmarried relationships, we found that former prisoners who were married or living as married had half the odds of self-reporting a new crime and/or drug use as did those in casual, unmarried relationships. Marriage’s effect on drug use was strongest for older ex-offenders (those over age 26), suggesting that committed relationships are more beneficial for those already in the process of aging out of crime. Moreover, higher quality partnerships were associated with lower odds of drug use. Former prisoners in casual, unmarried relationships experienced outcomes similar to those with no intimate partner. Overall, the findings suggest that in-prison programs that strengthen the quality of married relationships may improve recidivism and substance use outcomes after release.

Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2009. 9p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 27, 2012 at

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 123792

Keywords:
Crime and Marriage
Family Relationships
Prisoner Reentry
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Attorney-General's Department, Australian Government

Title: National Youth Policing Model

Summary: On 2 July 2010, Minister for Home Affairs, Brendan O’Connor, welcomed agreement from all Australian police ministers to reduce, prevent and respond to youth violence and anti‑social behaviour through a National Youth Policing Model. The Model will support and enhance effective programs already in place through six high-priority strategies for youth policing. Under the Model, jurisdictions will have the flexibility to adapt responses to youth policing issues to suit local environments. The National Youth Policing Model supports the National Strategy for Young Australians, which identified youth violence and anti-social behaviour as key issues of concern for young people.

Details: Australia: Attorney-General's Department, 2010. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 28, 2012 at http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(966BB47E522E848021A38A20280E2386)~National+Youth+Policing+Model.PDF/$file/National+Youth+Policing+Model.PDF

Year: 2010

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/rwpattach.nsf/VAP/(966BB47E522E848021A38A20280E2386)~National+Youth+Policing+Model.PDF/$file/National+Youth+Policing+Model.PDF

Shelf Number: 123856

Keywords:
Anti-Social Behavior
Diversion
Juvenile Offenders
Nuisance Behaviors and Disorder
Substance Abuse
Youth Violence (Australia)

Author: Howard, Lisbeth

Title: Methamphetamine Use by Adult and Juvenile Arrestees in 2010

Summary: Interviews with adult and juvenile arrestees regarding drug use and other risky behaviors have been conducted by the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) in San Diego since 1987. This CJ Bulletin is part of a series of four presenting Substance Abuse Monitoring (SAM) data collected in calendar year 2010. Information collected from the SAM project provides useful, objective indicators regarding meth use trends over time, as well as other information regarding treatment access, distribution, and other risky behaviors of concern. As part of this effort, all arrestees who are randomly selected to participate in the SAM project and report methamphetamine (meth) use in the past 30 days are asked to complete a meth addendum. In 2010, 172 adults and 10 juveniles completed the addendum, which includes questions that pertain to how the arrestees obtain and use meth, their involvement in distribution, the effect it has on their lives, and their participation in treatment services. In 2010, this data collection effort was generously supported by the California Border Alliance Group (CBAG), County of San Diego Alcohol and Drug Services, the District Attorney’s Office, and the Public Safety Group. Their support, as well as the cooperation of the San Diego County Sheriff’s and Probation Departments, is gratefully acknowledged.

Details: San Diego, CA: Criminal Justice Division, SANDAG, 2011. 11p.

Source: CJ Bulletin: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2012 at http://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1619_13747.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United States

URL: http://www.sandag.org/uploads/publicationid/publicationid_1619_13747.pdf

Shelf Number: 123985

Keywords:
Adult Offenders
Drug Use
Juvenile Offenders
Methamphetamine
Substance Abuse

Author: Sedlak, Andrea J.

Title: Youth's Needs and Services: Findings from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement

Summary: The Survey of Youth in Residential Placement (SYRP) is the third component in the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s constellation of surveys providing updated statistics on youth in custody in the juvenile justice system. It joins the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the Juvenile Residential Facility Census, which are biennial mail surveys of residential facility administrators conducted in alternating years. SYRP is a unique addition, gathering information directly from youth through anonymous interviews. This bulletin series reports on the first national SYRP, covering its development and design and providing detailed information on the youth’s characteristics, backgrounds, and expectations; the conditions of their confinement; their needs and the services they receive; and their experiences of victimization in placement. This bulletin describes key findings from the first Survey of Youth in Residential Placement about the needs and service experiences of youth in custody. SYRP surveyed youth about their psychological state, substance abuse problems, their needs, and the services their facilities pro-vided to them. Specifically, this bulletin details youth reports regarding: their overall emotional and psychological problems and the counseling they receive in custody; their substance abuse problems prior to entering custody and the substance abuse counseling they receive in their facility; their medical needs and services; their educational background and the educational services the facility provides to them. SYRP’s findings are based on interviews with a nationally representative sample of 7,073 youth in custody during spring 2003, using audio computer-assisted self-interview methodology. Researchers analyzed youth’s answers and assessed differences among subgroups of youth offenders in custody based on their age, gender, and placement program (i.e., detention, corrections, community-based, camp, or residential treatment facilities). When other studies offered corresponding data about youth in the general population, analysts compared these data to the SYRP results for youth in custody. For more information, see the sidebar “Surveying Youth in Residential Placement: Methodology.”

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2010. 12p.

Source: OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Internet Resource: Accessed February 12, 2012 at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227728.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227728.pdf

Shelf Number: 124101

Keywords:
Education
Juvenile Offenders
Mental Health Services
Residential Treatment Centers
Substance Abuse

Author: Boyd, Carol J.

Title: Program Evaluation of Michigan Department of Corrections' Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT): A Descriptive Assessment of Prison and Community-Based Treatment Programs

Summary: The relationship between criminal behavior and substance abuse has been well documented and social systems that support a drug or criminal lifestyle share several common features. In order to address these commonalities, the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) offers several types of treatment in prison and in the community. In 1998, MDOC used federal and State monies to pilot three RSAT programs in order to test the benefits of a residential program situated in a prison setting. An independent evaluation of the RSAT programs was mandated and in 1999 the University of Michigan’s Substance Abuse Research Center, under the direction of Dr. Carol J. Boyd, began annual and independent evaluation of the three RSAT programs in MDOC. Program evaluations for the previous two fiscal years were filed with the Michigan Department of Corrections. Those reports included assessments of the developmental and implementation aspects of the programs. Since this third report covers the fiscal year of October 1, 2000 through September 30, 2001 and RSAT graduates are now out of prison and living in their communities, this report focuses on program outcomes. The original RSAT pilot envisioned 150 RSAT beds, funded through a combination of federal grant and State funds. Additional RSAT beds were funded through the availability of legislative pilot funding. As of 9/30/01, the MDOC operates two pilot RSAT programs totaling 230 beds, providing service to both male and female offenders. The goal of the RSAT programs is to reduce relapse and recidivism among substance abusing offenders through therapeutic interventions that prepare them for return to the community. The programs aim to accomplish these goals by providing six months (nine months at Macomb) of residential treatment. The therapeutic focus is on reducing both substance abuse and criminal behaviors by using a cognitive behavioral treatment model. This treatment model has an orientation phase, two intensive treatment phases and a brief segment for preparation to return to the community. The RSAT treatment units, based on the ‘therapeutic community’ living model, have been substantially modified to fit the needs of the prisons. As such, the living units are dedicated to treatment, but not entirely self-contained. RSAT participants interact with fellow prisoners in the yard, at mealtimes and on their jobs. Upon graduation residents of the RSAT programs have the option of entering a follow up treatment program in a step-down unit for up to six months. After release from prison, RSAT graduates are followed for 12 months in the community during which time they are referred for outpatient substance abuse treatment.

Details: Substance Abuse Research Center, University of Michigan, 2002. 34p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at http://www.michigan.gov/documents/040102sec306%282%29RSAT_18215_7.pdf

Year: 2002

Country: United States

URL: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/040102sec306%282%29RSAT_18215_7.pdf

Shelf Number: 124356

Keywords:
Community-based Corrections
Corrections
Drug Treatment Programs
Residential Treatment Centers (Michigan)
Substance Abuse

Author: Goldstein, Abby L.

Title: Youth on the Street and Youth Involved with Child Welfare: Maltreatment, Mental Health and Substance Abuse

Summary: Adolescents who are homeless face a variety of adverse outcomes and are at risk for concurrent mental health symptoms and substance use. Many come to the streets with a history of maltreatment, and have left home to escape dysfunctional environments, only to find themselves exposed to additional violence on the streets. Youth involved with child welfare face similar challenges and many are at risk of homelessness due to a lack of resources when transitioning out of the child welfare system. Existing research indicates that concurrent mental health symptoms and substance use, particularly among adolescents, is poorly understood and very challenging to address. The current study was designed to examine factors associated with concurrent mental health symptoms and substance use across three groups of youth: youth currently involved with child welfare; youth who were homeless with a history of involvement with child welfare; and youth who were homeless with no history of involvement with child welfare. This study is a secondary analysis of data from two datasets: the Youth Pathways Project (YPP) (data collected from 2002 to 2006) and the third year of the Maltreatment and Adolescent Pathways (MAP) Longitudinal Study (data collected between 2008 and 2009). The YPP and MAP studies include older youth (16–21 years of age) who are homeless (YPP: N = 150) and youth who are currently involved with child welfare (MAP: N = 34 and YPP: N = 35). The total sample consists of 219 youth participants: 150 who are homeless and 69 currently involved with child welfare. Comparisons between these groups were expected to contribute to an understanding of the extent to which homelessness and child welfare involvement are associated with concurrent substance use and mental health issues; it is also intended to provide useful information to professionals working with these vulnerable populations. Within the sample of youth 16 to 21 years of age who are homeless, 42.7% had a (self-reported) history of child welfare involvement. These youth were significantly more likely to have experienced childhood maltreatment than youth who were homeless with no past history of child welfare involvement. With respect to housing and partner violence, the analyses showed that very few youth currently involved with child welfare had lived without shelter for even one night in the past seven days. Living without shelter was significantly related to concurrent mental health symptoms and substance use, even when controlling for youth homelessness and child welfare involvement; youth who were homeless were much more likely to have concurrent mental health and substance use issues. All three groups of youth studied were equally likely to have been victims of partner violence and to have perpetrated partner violence in the past year. Partner violence perpetration was also associated with concurrent mental health symptoms and substance use. Regarding mental health symptoms, externalizing symptoms were much more likely to be reported by youth who were homeless; externalizing symptoms were consistently associated with substance use and problem substance use. This study illustrates that youth who lack stable housing, had a history of maltreatment, substance use or mental health symptoms and are no longer involved in child welfare constitute a vulnerable population for homelessness. As a result, increasing services with targeted interventions that address maltreatment, mental health and substance use are needed. Furthermore, it is clear that current child welfare involvement appears to exert a protective effect whereas youth living on the street with a previous history of child welfare involvement appear to be at risk. Examining the transition of exit for youth currently involved in the child welfare system who have reached the age-criteria for care should be explored as some youth may not be prepared for adulthood and independent living. Although further research is needed to clarify the chronological relationship between child welfare involvement, homelessness, mental health and substance use, the findings of this study have important policy and practice implications. In particular, creating affordable housing with built-in supports for youth with complex needs may disrupt the cycle of homelessness and help our understanding of the resilience of these youth, demonstrated in the face of extreme risk.

Details: Toronto, ON: University of Toronto, 2011. 58p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 10, 2012 at http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/aspc-phac/H129-5-2011-eng.pdf

Year: 2011

Country: Canada

URL: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2011/aspc-phac/H129-5-2011-eng.pdf

Shelf Number: 124612

Keywords:
Child Maltreatment (Canada)
Child Welfare (Canada)
Mental Health
Substance Abuse

Author: Galvani, Sarah

Title: Supporting Families Affected by Substance Use and Domestic Violence

Summary: Domestic violence and abuse is more likely than not to occur within intimate partner relationships where one partner has a problem with alcohol or other drugs (see Galvani 2010 for review). High numbers of people presenting to alcohol, drug and domestic violence services have children (ACMD 2003, Manning et al. 2009) and live within families whose members are doubly exposed to these potentially negative and damaging behaviours. Furthermore family members, be they partners, parents or children, can also be the perpetrators of domestic violence and abuse. At a time when Government policy is to ‘Think Family’ (DCSF 2009), it is vital that there is evidence from the people living and working with the overlapping issues of domestic abuse and substance use on which to base policy and practice development. This collaborative two-stage project between Adfam, Stella Project, and the University of Bedfordshire is designed to build the research evidence base with two groups of family members whose needs have not yet been adequately recognised; young people and adult family members who also provide family support services (Family Member Support Providers (FMSPs)). Stage 1 is the research project reported here, stage 2 is the development of resources for and with children and young people. The aims of the research project were: To explore the views and perspectives of family members of substance users on the relationship between alcohol, drugs and domestic abuse To develop practice and policy recommendations based on these findings and the wider literature To establish what support and resources family members need on these issues.

Details: Bedfordshire, UK: Tilda Goldberg Centre for Social Work and Social Care, University of Bedfordshire, 2010. 75p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2012 at: http://www.adfam.org.uk/docs/adfam_dvreport.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.adfam.org.uk/docs/adfam_dvreport.pdf

Shelf Number: 124857

Keywords:
Alcohol and Violence
Domestic Violence (U.K.)
Family Violence
Substance Abuse

Author: Blandford, Alex M.

Title: A Checklist for Implementing Evidence-Based Practices and Programs for Justice-Involved Adults with Behavioral Health Disorders

Summary: The prevalence of serious mental illness (SMI) among persons in the criminal justice system is between three and six times the rate for individuals with SMI in the general U.S. population. A recent study of over 20,000 adults in five local jails found that 14.5 percent of male inmates and 31 percent of female inmates met criteria for a SMI. If these same estimates are applied to the almost 13 million jail admissions reported in 2010, the study findings suggest that more than two million bookings of a person with SMI occur annually. Studies suggest that the co-occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders (COD) is common. In jails, of the approximately 17 percent with SMI, an estimated 72 percent had a co-occurring substance use disorder. Approximately 59 percent of state prisoners with mental illnesses had a co-occurring drug and/or alcohol problem. The overrepresentation of people with SMI or COD in the criminal justice system has a significant impact on the recovery path of these individuals, creates stress for their families, and has an effect on public safety and government spending. A significant number of individuals who receive services through the publicly funded mental health and substance abuse systems are involved, or are at risk for involvement, in the criminal justice system. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the criminal justice system is the single largest source of referral to the public substance abuse treatment system, with probation and parole treatment admissions representing the largest proportion of these referrals. There is no “one-size-fits-all” approach to advance the recovery of individuals under criminal justice supervision with substance abuse and/or mental health disorders—or to reduce their likelihood of reoffending. Treatment, support, and supervision must be tailored to individuals’ needs and risk levels. Research supports the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of some behavioral interventions for people with behavioral health issues under the supervision of the criminal justice system. Yet not all treatment is equally effective, and it’s important to ensure that individuals with behavioral health disorders have access to evidence-based practices and programs (EBPs). EBPs, when implemented as designed (i.e., with high fidelity), are critical to improve outcomes, maximize investments, and build support for further expansion of services.

Details: Delmar, NY: SAMHSA's GAINS Center for Behavioral Health and Justice Transformation, 2012. 13p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2012 at http://gainscenter.samhsa.gov/cms-assets/documents/73659-994452.ebpchecklistfinal.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://gainscenter.samhsa.gov/cms-assets/documents/73659-994452.ebpchecklistfinal.pdf

Shelf Number: 126272

Keywords:
Adult Corrections
Criminal Justice Systems
Mental Health
Mental Health Services Evidence-Based Practices
Substance Abuse

Author: Wybron, Deb

Title: ACT Women and Prisons - Invisible Bars: The Stories behind the Stats

Summary: Australia’s culture of institutionalisation remains today, in the form of prisons, remand centres, youth detention centres, mental health facilities and immigration detention centres to name a few. While this paper focuses mainly on women with lived experience of prison, it argues that prisons cannot be considered in isolation from other institutions and outside the greater context of Australia’s history. The reality is that the majority of Australians in prison today have experienced some form of institutional or out-of-home ‘care’ as young people. There is significant evidence to suggest that institutionalisation has a profoundly negative impact on people’s health and well-being, which continues long after they return to the community. Unsurprisingly, the status of Australian women with lived prison experience is frighteningly poor, with research showing that they are more likely to have mental health issues, drug and alcohol problems and to have experienced physical, emotional and sexual violence than women in the broader community. This paper presents the stories of six ACT (Australian Capital Territory) women with a variety of lived prison experiences. While these courageous women told their stories as part of this project, it is acknowledged that there are many more women, who for a variety of reasons have not yet had the opportunity to do so. Information was also gathered from eight ACT women’s service providers who regularly support women with lived experience of prison and institutionalisation. The experiences of all of these women were recorded, and the content analysed using a technique known as ‘thematic analysis.’ Through this analysis, 12 core themes and 10 sub-themes were identified in the women’s conversations. These themes are discussed and a variety of literature is presented to support and validate the women’s experiences. Following this discussion, a section is dedicated to understanding Australia’s history of institutionalisation and the impacts it has had on women with lived prison experience. The paper concludes with a statement of commitment from the agencies involved, which details how they will work together to move forward in addressing the unmet needs of these women. The information gathered in this paper provides significant insight into the impact that imprisonment and institutionalisation has had on these women’s lives. The Women’s Centre for Health Matters (WCHM) and the ACT Women and Prisons Group (WAP) hope that this information will assist counselors, social workers, case managers and other professionals who support women with lived prison experience to better meet their needs. The paper will also be a useful resource for community groups who want to undertake similar activities that allow other marginalised group to have their stories listened to.

Details: Mawson, Australia: Women's Centre for Health Matters, Inc., 2009. 48p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 13, 2012 at http://www.wchm.org.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=35769

Year: 2009

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.wchm.org.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=35769

Shelf Number: 126342

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Demographic Trends
Female Inmates (Australia)
Female Prisoners (Australia)
Inmates, Mental Health
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Prendergast, Michael L.

Title: Evaluation of the 2,000-Bed Expansion of Therapeutic Community Programs for Prisoners - Final Report

Summary: The purpose of this report is to summarize the results of the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs' (ISAP) evaluation of the California Department of Corrections (CDC) 2,000-bed therapeutic community (TC) substance abuse programs (SAPs) for prisoners (Contract Number C98,346). The report includes: the 12-month return-to-custody rates for all the 2,000-bed programs; the 6-month and 12-month return-to-custody rates for the SAP participants at four outcome study sites and the no-treatment comparison groups; the 6-month return-to-custody rates for the SAP-only participants at the four outcome study sites compared with those who went on to participate in aftercare treatment.

Details: Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Program, 2004. 26p.

Source: Library Resource: Accessed October 22, 2012 at Don M. Gottfredson Library of Criminal Justice, Rutgers Newark

Year: 2004

Country: United States

URL:

Shelf Number: 126766

Keywords:
Aftercare
Residential Treatment Centers
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment
Therapeutic Communities (TC)

Author: Landale, Sarah A.

Title: Trajectories, Transitions and Turning Points: Sports, Substance Misuse and Desistance

Summary: Despite well-established health benefits of physical exercise (Department of Health 2004; 2010; Pang et al., 2008), sport has played relatively little part in adult alcohol and drug treatment programmes. Limited research examines the contribution sporting programmes may make to people in their recovery from addiction. However, natural recovery research (overcoming addiction without formal treatment) identifies that meaningful activities are a key part of resolving alcohol and drug problems. At six-month intervals, this study conducted three individual, in-depth interviews with 19 male adults with substance misuse problems. They were engaging regularly on Second Chance, a sports programme for socially excluded groups, as part of their recovery from addiction. The study identified two patterns of behaviour. One group were desisting. In addition to Second Chance they had occupations which provided them with networks of support, and their narratives reflected hope and self-efficacy. The second group had few occupations, low self-efficacy, and high levels of anxiety, and their time was spent with other similarly situated people. Employing a developmental, life course theory of informal social controls (Laub and Sampson 2003), this study prospectively examined desistance from substance misuse in the context of Second Chance. The theory suggests that desistance and persistence from crime can be meaningfully understood by examining individuals’ routine activities, informal social controls and agency. Turning points are a key concept in life course theories, defined as change in the long term pathway which was initiated at an earlier point in time (Elder 1998). This study suggested that Second Chance was a “window of opportunity for change” (Groshkova and Best 2011:33), within which a turning point was being experienced by some of the interviewees. The turning point was an identity transformation, and this was facilitated through a confluence of meaningful routine activities, informal social controls, and, personal agency.

Details: Durham, UK: Durham University, School of Applied Social Sciences, 2011. 277p.

Source: Internet Resource: Theses: Accessed March 1, 2013 at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3623/1/Thesis_-_landale,_s..pdf

Year: 2011

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3623/1/Thesis_-_landale,_s..pdf

Shelf Number: 127746

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Desistance (U.K.)
Rehabilitation Programs
Sports
Substance Abuse
Treatment Programs

Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Title: Drug Use in Pakistan 2013: Technical Summary Report

Summary: This technical summary report on drug use in Pakistan provides baseline information on the prevalence and patterns of drug use. Although several assessments of drug use have been carried out since 1982 in Pakistan, a more comprehensive study was required to understand the extent of drug use and substance misuse. In 2010, the Government of Pakistan Departmental Development Working Party (DDWP) approved a contribution from the national development budget to support more complete research on the drug use situation. The information generated is intended to inform Federal and provincial governments, civil society, and private-sector organizations when designing and implementing effective drug demand reduction interventions including prevention, treatment, and care services that are targeted, responsive, and needs-led. Highly-stigmatized and illegal behaviours, such as drug use, can be extremely challenging to survey. Since any single direct or indirect method has inherent limitations in reliably estimating drug use prevalence, a multi-faceted approach was adopted where several methods were combined. National implementing partners conducted a total of four studies in 2012 covering all four provinces of Pakistan as well as Pakistan-administered Kashmir. A National Health Behaviour Survey (NHBS) based on a household survey approach was conducted by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (n = 51,453). Three further studies were conducted by the Centre for Global Public Health Pakistan, University of Manitoba: an assessment of problem drug users (n = 3,330); an assessment of key informants (n = 1,196) and an assessment of selected drug treatment centres. The estimates generated refer to the annual prevalence of drug use or substance misuse. That is, the proportion or percentage of the population aged 15 to 642 who used any illicit substance in the past 12 months. Estimates for drug use prevalence were calculated independently for each drug type and a combination of two or more direct and indirect methods were used, including self-reported direct estimations, the multiplier-benchmark method, and the network-scale up method. After independent calculations were generated for each drug or substance, these were summed together with the overall figure adjusted to take into account poly-drug use. This report is a technical summary of findings detailing the extent of the drug use problem in Pakistan and the consequences of drug use. In consideration of the key findings, this report also details several steps which can be taken to reduce drug use and associated problems. A full report is currently under development and is due for release in the second quarter of 2013.

Details: Vienna: UNODC, 2013. 33p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 28, 2013 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/pakistan/2013.03.01ab_Summary_Report_Drug_Use_in_Pakistan_SvdV_v1.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Pakistan

URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/pakistan/2013.03.01ab_Summary_Report_Drug_Use_in_Pakistan_SvdV_v1.pdf

Shelf Number: 128153

Keywords:
Drug Abuse Control
Drug Abuse Treatment
Drug Use and Abuse (Pakistan)
Substance Abuse

Author: Rubin, Mark

Title: Drug Offense Trends and Drug Offender Recidivism in Maine

Summary: For years, Maine’s criminal justice and public health systems have grappled with the issues of substance abuse, drug and alcohol‐related offending, and treatment for various addictions to legal and illegal substances. The body of knowledge on drug offenders and drug offenses in Maine, however, has not kept pace with the urgent need to respond to an array of drug‐related issues in communities. This new report, funded by the Department of Justice’s Bureau of Justice Statistics, and developed by the Maine Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) of the USM Muskie School of Public Service, enhances the knowledge base by public safety drug arrest trends (with comparison to other states) and recidivism rates of drug offenders admitted to probation in Maine. Key findings include: •Drug arrests increased dramatically in Maine over the last 25 years, from 1,747 in 1986 to 5,912 in 2010. The share of drug arrests as a percentage of all arrests in Maine rose from 4.1 percent in 1986 to 10.9 percent in 2010. •Arrests for marijuana offenses remained the most prevalent type of drug arrests at 58.7 percent of all drug arrests in 2010. However, the percent of marijuana arrests compared to all drug arrests declined from 80.5 percent of all drug arrests in 1995 to the 58.7 percent mark in 2010. •Drug offenders had lower rates of re-arrest for a new crime (21.9 percent) than non-drug offenders (24.4 percent) at one and two years after admission to Maine's adult probation system.

Details: Portland, ME: Maine Statistical Analysis Center, 2013. 19p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 1, 2013 at: http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/justiceresearch/Publications/Adult/Drug_Trends_and_Drug_Offender_Recidivism_in_Maine.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: United States

URL: http://muskie.usm.maine.edu/justiceresearch/Publications/Adult/Drug_Trends_and_Drug_Offender_Recidivism_in_Maine.pdf

Shelf Number: 129233

Keywords:
Drug Arrests
Drug Offenders (Maine, U.S.)
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Smith, Leslie A.

Title: Therapeutic Communities for Substance Related Disorder (Review)

Summary: Therapeutic communities (TCs) are a popular treatment for the rehabilitation of drug users. The results of this review show that there is little evidence that TCs offer significant benefits in comparison with other residential treatment, or that one type of TC is better than another. Prison TC may be better than prison on it's own or Mental Health Treatment Programmes to prevent re-offending postrelease for inmates.

Details: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006, Issue 1. 42p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 19, 2014 at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005338.pub2/pdf

Year: 2006

Country: International

URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005338.pub2/pdf

Shelf Number: 131973

Keywords:
Correctional Programs
Drug Abuse Treatment
Drug Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Lundholm, Lena

Title: Substance Use and Violence: Influence of Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Anabolic Steroids on Violent Crime and Self-directed

Summary: Interpersonal violence and suicide are major health concerns, leading to premature death, extensive human suffering and staggering monetary costs. Although violent behaviour has multiple causes, it is well known that acute substance intake and abuse increase the risks of both interpersonal and self-directed violence. This association is quite well established for alcohol, while a more ambiguous literature exists for other common drugs of abuse. For example, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), synthetic analogues to the "male" sex hormone testosterone are suggested to elicit violent and aggressive behaviour. Two studies (I and III) in the present thesis addressed the association between AAS use and being suspected or convicted of a violent crime among remand prisoners and in a general population sample, respectively. Further, using the case-crossover design to control for confounders stable within individuals, I also investigated the triggering (short-term risk) effect of alcohol and drugs such as benzodiazepines and AAS, on violent crime (Study II). Finally, a fourth study (IV) based on a large national forensic sample of suicide completers (n=18,894) examined the risk of using a violent, more lethal, suicide method, when under acute influence of alcohol, central stimulants or cannabis. The results of this thesis suggested that AAS use in itself is not a proximal risk factor for violent crime; the observed risk is probably due to the co-occurrence of abuse of other substances. Alcohol is a strong triggering risk factor for violent crime, constant across males and females as well as individuals with or without behavioral and psychiatric vulnerability. Intake of high doses of benzodiazepines is associated with an increased risk for violent crime. Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of using the lethal suicide method of jumping from a height. I conclude that mapping substance abuse patterns may inform violence risk assessment and treatment planning.

Details: Uppsala: Uppsala University, 2013. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed May 8, 2014 at: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:601819/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Sweden

URL: http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:601819/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Shelf Number: 132287

Keywords:
Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder
Drug Abuse and Crime
Substance Abuse
Suicide
Violence
Violent Crime

Author: Harwin, Judith

Title: Changing Lifestyles, Keeping Children Safe: an evaluation of the first Family Drug and Alcohol Court (FDAC) in care proceedings

Summary: This report presents the findings from an independent evaluation of the pilot Family Drug and Alcohol Court (FDAC). FDAC is an innovative approach to care proceedings where parental drug or alcohol misuse is a key feature of the case. The FDAC pilot began in January 2008 at the Inner London Family Proceedings Court in London. The pilot was funded by the Department for Education, the Ministry of Justice, the Home Office, the Department of Health and three inner-London local authorities (Camden, Islington, and Westminster) - the pilot local authorities. Since April 2012, when government funding came to an end, the FDAC specialist team has been funded by a consortium of five London authorities, including Southwark and Hammersmith & Fulham as well as the original three. The specialist team is provided by a partnership between the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust and the children's charity, Coram. Parental substance misuse is a formidable social problem and a major risk factor for child maltreatment. It is a factor in up to two-thirds of care applications and parents with substance misuse problems are often involved in repeat care proceedings in relation to subsequent children. There has also been a rise in the number of care proceedings since 2008, so the scale of the problem is substantial. FDAC has been adapted to English law and practice from a model of Family Treatment Drug Courts (FTDCs) that is used widely in the USA and shows positive results. The US national evaluation of over 2,000 cases found that, compared to proceedings in the ordinary court, more FTDC parents and children were able to remain together safely, and there were swifter alternative permanent placement decisions for children if parents were unable to stop misusing, all of which meant savings on the cost of foster care during and after proceedings. The catalysts for the UK pilot were the encouraging evidence from the US evaluation and concerns about the response to parental substance misuse through ordinary care proceedings in England. These concerns were about poor child and parent outcomes; insufficient co-ordination between adult and children's services; late intervention to protect children; delay in reaching decisions; and the soaring costs of proceedings, linked to the length of proceedings and the cost of expert evidence.

Details: Uxbridge, UK: Brunel University, 2014. 188p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2014 at: http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/FDAC_May2014_FinalReport_V2.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/FDAC_May2014_FinalReport_V2.pdf

Shelf Number: 1322487

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Maltreatment
Child Protection
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Family Courts
Problem-Solving Courts
Substance Abuse

Author: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)

Title: Drug Use and Related Problems Among Very Young People (Under 15 Years Old)

Summary: Evidence suggests that early experimentation with psychoactive substances, including alcohol and tobacco, is associated with an increased risk of developing drug problems later in life. In a Selected issue on 'Drug use and related problems among very young people-, the EMCDDA focuses on the prevalence and patterns of substance use among the under-15s and on available responses in terms of legislation, prevention and treatment.

Details: Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2007. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Selected Issue 2007: Accessed July 2, 2014 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_44741_EN_TDSI07001ENC.pdf

Year: 2007

Country: Europe

URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_44741_EN_TDSI07001ENC.pdf

Shelf Number: 132612

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Substance Abuse

Author: DrugScope

Title: It's About Time: Tackling substance misuse in older people

Summary: In general, alcohol use declines with age and use of illicit drugs is less common in older people than in their younger counterparts. However, as the Royal College of Psychiatrists highlighted in its 2011 report Our invisible addicts, the number of older people with substance use problems is increasing rapidly. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction has estimated that the number of older people with substance use problems or requiring treatment for substance misuse will more than double between 2001 and 2020. In spite of this, older people with substance use problems have historically been a marginalised group, whose particular needs have not been well met. It's about time: Tackling substance misuse in older people brings together information about older people and substance misuse - including use of alcohol, illicit drugs and prescribed and over-the-counter medications - from a range of sources, including published research and reports, service visits and a roundtable attended by academics, policy specialists, practitioners and former service users. In doing so, it aims to identify some of the key issues and problems in this area, and makes strategic and policy recommendations for change, as well as good practice recommendations for substance misuse and older people's services. Key recommendations include: - A range of interventions are needed for older people with substance use problems, from age-appropriate, non-time limited treatment and support for those who are drug and/or alcohol dependent, to brief interventions for those who are drinking at risk. Support for those with problems with prescription and/or over-the-counter medications also needs to be available. - Many of the services we visited during the research process for the briefing were delivering positive outcomes but faced a discontinuation of their funding. Independent and statutory funders and commissioners need to recognise the importance of services and interventions for older people and to consider options for sustainable funding going forward, particularly as research indicates increased prevalence and need. - Substance misuse services can implement a range of measures to help ensure the accessibility and relevance of services for older people, including specific groups or times for older people, satellite services operating out of community provision aimed specifically at older people - for instance, local support groups - and home visits. - Older people with substance misuse problems may come into contact with a number of health and social care professionals, including those working in primary care settings, older people's mental health services, residential services, and for social care providers. With particular reference to alcohol, these professionals should be trained to deliver brief interventions (IBA) and 'sensible drinking' advice to those who are not dependent, but are drinking at risk. Links with specialist support should be developed for referral of those with serious substance misuse problems.

Details: London: DrugScope, 2014. 24p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 3, 2014 at: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/Resources/Drugscope/Documents/PDF/Policy/ItsAboutTimeWeb.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.drugscope.org.uk/Resources/Drugscope/Documents/PDF/Policy/ItsAboutTimeWeb.pdf

Shelf Number: 132620

Keywords:
Alcoholism
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse Treatment
Elderly
Substance Abuse

Author: Horgan, John

Title: Drug and Alcohol Misuse Among Young Offenders on Probation Supervision in Ireland: Findings from the Drugs and Alcohol Survey 2012

Summary: This research report presents the findings from a national survey on: "Drug and Alcohol Misuse among Young Offenders on Probation Supervision in Ireland". Undertaken by the Probation Service, the survey included all young offenders, aged 20 years or less who were subject to statutory supervision on the 3rd December 2012. For the purposes of the survey, the following interventions by the Probation Service were not included under the definition of supervision: - Offenders in custody - Offenders only subject to community service orders - Offenders only referred for an assessment report - Offenders aged 21 years and over (i.e. born on or after Dec. 5th 1991) From the Probation Service data base (Case Tracking System) it was expected that the total population meeting the criteria would be 808. Questionnaires were in fact returned on 721 offenders. This 88% rate of return is comparatively high for mailed questionnaires. Of the 721 offenders on whom questionnaires were returned, 628 were identified by the Probation Officer as having misused at least one substance. This report describes the key findings from the survey and consists of four main chapters, reflecting the key objectives which were, to: - Determine the number of young offenders under probation supervision who had misused drugs and/or alcohol (Chapter 3) - Investigate the nature and frequency of drug and alcohol misuse (Chapter 3) - To examine the context within which drug and alcohol misuse occurred (Chapter 4) - To ascertain whether a relationship exists between drug misuse and offending behaviour and alcohol misuse and offending behaviour (Chapter 5) - To identify the range and nature of engagement with drug and alcohol treatment services (Chapter 6) The report concludes with a discussion of the survey's findings. The discussion explores options for more effective engagement with young offenders to promote desistance and divert young people from the criminal justice system.

Details: Dublin: Ireland Probation Service, 2013.

Source: Internet Resource: Probation Service Research Report 3: Accessed August 14, 2014 at: http://www.probation.ie/website/probationservice/websitepublishingdec09.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Drug+and+alcohol+misuse+among+young+offenders++October+2013/$FILE/Drug+and+alcohol+misuse+among+young+offenders++October+2013.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: Ireland

URL: http://www.probation.ie/website/probationservice/websitepublishingdec09.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Drug+and+alcohol+misuse+among+young+offenders++October+2013/$FILE/Drug+and+alcohol+misuse+among+young+offenders++October+2013.pdf

Shelf Number: 133060

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Offenders
Juvenile Offender Supervision
Juvenile Offenders
Juvenile Probation (Ireland)
Substance Abuse

Author: Centre for Social Justice

Title: No Quick Fix: Exposing the depth of Britain's drugs and alcohol problem

Summary: This report lays bare the reality of substance abuse and addiction in Britain today. This ongoing challenge affects millions of people and has huge costs. Alcohol abuse costs taxpayers $21 billion a year and drugs $15 billion. While costs matter, it is the human consequences that present the real tragedy. The abuse of substances is a pathway to poverty and can lead to family breakdown and child neglect, homelessness, crime, debt, and long-term worklessness. From its impact on children to its consequences for those in later life, addiction destroys lives, wrecks families and blights communities. The scale of the problem is shocking. 1.6 million people are dependent on alcohol in England alone. One in seven children under the age of one live with a substance-abusing parent, and more than one in five (2.6 million) live with a parent who drinks hazardously. 335,000 (one in 37) children live with a parent who is addicted to drugs. The Centre for Social Justice (CSJ) has been encouraged by some of the commitments contained within the Drug Strategy 2010 and by the efforts of some reformers within government. The move to a recovery-oriented system is an important step to ensuring that harm reduction is only the first step along a path to abstinence and full recovery. Challenges persist, however, as many vested interests remain entrenched within the treatment system. Supporters of substitute treatment remain unconvinced by the possibilities of full- and long-term recovery, and are resistant to reform. Alarmingly, some commissioners are withdrawing support for effective services. The CSJ has learned that 55 per cent of local authorities have cut funding to residential rehabilitation centres whilst harm reduction services that maintain people in their addiction have been preserved under the NHS ring-fence. These rehabilitation centres, which the Prime Minister has rightly backed in the past, have proved time and again to be an effective way of breaking the cycle of addiction and must be supported. In this report, we also highlight the system's lack of ambition to tackle alcohol abuse, despite its rising cost. While two-thirds of the 300,000 drug addicts in England get treatment, only a small minority (approximately seven per cent) alcohol dependants get similar help. Furthermore, by withdrawing its plans for a minimum unit price, the Government has missed an opportunity to tackle the increased availability of super cheap, strong alcohol. Parents and children, together with addicts and taxpayers, are calling for action. In this report we outline the challenges; in the coming year the CSJ will publish policy recommendations to help solve Britain's drug and alcohol crisis.

Details: London: Centre for Social Justice, 2013. 107p.

Source: Internet Resource: Breakthrough Britain II: Accessed August 23, 2014 at: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/addict.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/UserStorage/pdf/Pdf%20reports/addict.pdf

Shelf Number: 129896

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder
Alcoholism (U.K.)
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Policy
Substance Abuse

Author: Cobb, Kimberly

Title: Going Beyond Compliance Monitoring of Drug/Alcohol-Involved Tribal Probationers

Summary: It is no secret that alcohol and substance abuse are common problems in Indian Country. While official data on crime in Indian Country is hard to come by, anecdotal data alludes to the fact that many tribal communities face overwhelming numbers of crimes either directly related to or associated with drugs/alcohol. Alcohol abuse has been associated with numerous negative consequences including crime, domestic violence, sexual assault and rape, suicide, morbidity, and ultimately mortality (Aguirre & Watts, 2010; Kovas, McFarland, Landen, Lopez, & May, 2008). However, alcohol is far from the only substance abused on tribal land. Marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and various pharmaceutical drugs are also regularly abused (NDIC, 2008). Although there has been great emphasis lately on the building or renovation of detention facilities in Indian Country, many tribal communities hold fast to the belief that they do not want to imprison their members. In fact, alternatives to incarceration, which includes probation and community supervision programs, are professed as a more "culturally compatible approach to punishment for crime" in Indian Country (Luna-Firebaugh, 2003, p. 63). Therefore, unless something tragic has occurred, those charged with drug/alcohol-related offenses will more than likely be placed on community supervision. That is where you come in as the tribal probation officer. Working with probationers is more than just identifying and controlling their risk to re-offend. As a tribal probation officer, you are "charged with ensuring public safety; holding offenders accountable for their actions; and, facilitating behavioral change in offenders" (The Century Council, 2010, pg. 8). In order to fulfill this charge, you often have to take on many roles associated with law enforcement, social work, counselor and court servant - which, at times, can have conflicting goals (Cobb, Mowatt, Matz, & Mullins, 2011). To be effective, you have to blend your duties of being an officer of the court (focused on compliance) and a probationer motivator (focused on facilitating behavior change) - both of which are necessary to fulfill the mandate of protecting public safety. In order to be effective and protect public safety over the long-term, as a tribal probation officer, you must move beyond compliance monitoring of the probation conditions ordered by the court to working with individuals on your caseload to identifying the root cause of the issues behind their drug/alcohol-related problems and intervene as necessary to put them on a better path.

Details: Lexington, KY: American Probation & Parole Association, 2014. 22p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2014 at: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/APPA/pubs/GBAITP.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United States

URL: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/APPA/pubs/GBCMDAITP.pdf

Shelf Number: 133133

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Alternatives To Incarceration
Community Based Corrections
Community Supervision
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Offenders
Indians of North America
Probation Officers (U.S.)
Probationers
Risk Assessment
Substance Abuse

Author: White, Michael D.

Title: Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network: 2013 Maricopa County Attorney's Office Report: The Prevalence and Problem of Military Veterans in the Maricopa County Arrestee Population.

Summary: This report seeks to address the knowledge gap in understanding the relationship between combat-related conditions such as PTSD and TBI and involvement in the criminal justice system, through an examination of 1,370 recently booked arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona. Using interview data from the Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN), the report characterizes the problems and prior experiences of military veterans, and compares veteran and nonveteran arrestees along a range of demographic, background and criminal behavior measures. The overall objectives of the report are to provide an ongoing estimate of the prevalence of military veterans in the Maricopa County arrestee population and to assess the extent to which the arrested veterans differ from the larger arrestee population.

Details: Phoenix AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2013. 22p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2014 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/AARIN%20County%20Attorney%202013.pdf

Year: 2013

Country: United States

URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/sites/default/files/content/products/AARIN%20County%20Attorney%202013.pdf

Shelf Number: 133136

Keywords:
Arrestees (Arizona)
Mental Health Services
Military Veterans
Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: TNS Political and Social

Title: Young People and Drugs

Summary: Drug use and drug-related problems continue to be a major concern for EU citizens, as well as being a significant public health and public safety issue. Around one quarter of the adult population is estimated to have used illicit drugs at some point in their lifetime, with cannabis the most commonly used substance. Drug experimentation often starts in the school years, and it is estimated that one in four 15-16 year-olds have used an illicit drug. Although progress has been made in recent years, drug overdose remains one of the major causes of avoidable mortality in young citizens. In recent years, the use of 'legal-highs' - currently legal substances that mimic the effect of illicit drugs - has become increasingly popular, and the European Commission is working to strengthen the EU's ability to reduce their availability, as part of an overall drug control framework . This survey builds on the work of previous reports (Special Eurobarometer 172 in 2002, Flash Eurobarometer 158 in 2004, Flash Eurobarometer 233 in 2008, and Flash EB 330 in 2011) in exploring young people's perceptions of and attitudes towards drugs, including: - Self-reported use of cannabis and new substances that imitate the effects of illicit drugs. - Sources of information about drugs, including their effects and the associated risks. - Perceived ease of availability of drugs. ▪ The perceived health risks associated with occasional or regular use of various drugs, including alcohol and tobacco. - The appropriate legal status of a range of currently illegal drugs, as well as alcohol and tobacco. - Opinions about the best ways for authorities to tackle drug problems. Results are analysed at the overall EU28 level and (where sample sizes permit) at country level, and by a range of socio-demographic groups. Where possible, comparisons are made with the results from 2011.

Details: Luxembourg: European Commission, 2014. 162p.

Source: Internet Resource: Flash Eurobarometer 401: Accessed September 4, 2014 at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_401_en.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Europe

URL: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_401_en.pdf

Shelf Number: 133173

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction (Europe)
Drug Offenders
Illicit Drugs
Substance Abuse

Author: Lattimore, Pamela

Title: Arrestee Substance Use: Comparison of Estimates from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health and the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program

Summary: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program provide information on alcohol and drug use by individuals who have recently been arrested. The studies differ in their target populations (civilian, non-institutionalized individuals vs. arrestees in 39 sites recently booked into jails) and data collection methods. This study uses 2003 ADAM and 2002-2008 NSDUH data for adult males living in the 39 ADAM sites who reported a past year arrest and 2002-2008 Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data to examine how well NSDUH covers the arrestee population and to compare estimates of drug and alcohol use and substance abuse or dependence. In general, ADAM estimates of rates of self-reported drug use were higher. The magnitude of these differences cannot be accounted for by under-coverage in NSDUH. Other possible reasons for these differences and their implications for interpreting NSDUH and ADAM data are discussed.

Details: Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, SAMHSA, 2014. 15p.

Source: Internet Resource: CBHSQ Data Review: Accessed October 2, 2014 at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2K14/NSDUHDRADAM/NSDUH-DR-ADAM-2014.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United States

URL: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/2K14/NSDUHDRADAM/NSDUH-DR-ADAM-2014.pdf

Shelf Number: 133555

Keywords:
Alcoholism
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Offenders (U.S.)
Substance Abuse

Author: Karam, Johanna

Title: Dignity, diversion, home and hope: a review of interventions for volatile substance misuse in regional North Queensland

Summary: Volatile substance misuse (VSM) refers to the practice of deliberately inhaling volatile substances for the purposes of bringing about a change in mental state. Rates of inhalant misuse in Australia are difficult to determine but are generally thought to be increasing (Usher et al. 2005). Whilst there is a growing body of literature about VSM, many papers recognise the lack of empirical research investigating the effectiveness of interventions (Skellington Orr & Shewan 2006; Konghom et al. 2010; Ridenour et al. 2007; Ridenour 2005; NHMRC 2011b; S. J. MacLean & d'Abbs 2011; CCYP 2002; d'Abbs & S. J. MacLean 2008; S. MacLean et al. 2012; NIAT 2006). Research into inhalant use interventions in Australia is dominated by investigations of petrol sniffing and other inhalant use in remote Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island communities (e.g. Cairney and Dingwall 2010; James 2004; S. J. MacLean and d'Abbs 2002; Midford et al. 2010) or capital cities (e.g. Ogwang et al. 2006; Hancock 2004; Takagi et al. 2010). In the regional cities of Central, North and Far North Queensland, young people from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island backgrounds overwhelmingly dominate the statistics of inhalant users. This necessitates a targeted, culturally appropriate place based response, as reflected in Australia's National Drug Strategy Complementary Action Plan for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy 2006). Outbreaks of inhalant use are often highly localised and spasmodic. The episodic nature of outbreaks means that often place based strategies and responses are the most appropriate (NIAT 2006). Criteria outlined by d'Abbs and MacLean (2008) included 'research and consultation to determine specific features of VSM within the local area' as a specific component of any successful intervention. Examination of interventions and applicability within the regional context was therefore deemed warranted. In April 2012, Cairns based government and non-government agencies participated in a one-day forum, facilitated by state-wide capacity building organisation Dovetail, to discuss regional VSM issues and develop an action plan to improve strategies and collaboration. Following the forum, Youth Empowered Towards Independence (YETI) received funding from the former Commonwealth Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA) to undertake a 12-month VSM-CAP (Community and Practice) project to help strengthen interventions and supports for inhalant users in the local area. YETI is a not-for-profit non-government organisation that supports young people aged 10-25 years old residing in Cairns. YETI primarily works with vulnerable young people who are at risk of, or are already engaging in the use of illicit drugs and/or alcohol. Approximately 85 per cent of clients accessing services at YETI identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. YETI recognises the importance of research and evaluation for strengthening collaborative interventions and the documentation of VSM practice responses, which are relevant to the local context. The funding ensured that research and documentation of best practice place-based interventions was able to occur. Aims of the VSM-CAP Project included; direct intervention - to reduce harms associated with VSM in the Cairns region and to provide individual support to young people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander background to reconnect with country, family and community, and; coordination and collaboration - to build community systems capacity in relation to responding to inhalant use in Cairns and Far North Queensland. This research constituted the third aim of the project. This research examined current regional VSM interventions and collated qualitative and statistical data to develop evidence-based locally responsive interventions to address VSM. The subsequent report also documents a set of practice principles, which underpin YETI's VSM response within the local context. The project identifies, explores and reports some of the issues associated with inhalant use in regional centres of North and Far North Queensland. Most importantly, the report and the associated project give a voice to the 'grass roots' people at the 'coal face' of sniffing in regional Queensland. That is, the voices of young people engaging in VSM and local place based practitioners who work with them.

Details: Canberra: Australian Government, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2014. 92p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 20, 2014 at: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/docs/YETI_dignity_diversion_home_hope.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/docs/YETI_dignity_diversion_home_hope.pdf

Shelf Number: 134178

Keywords:
At-Risk Youth
Drug Abuse and Addiction (Australia)
Drug Abuse Treatment
Inhalants
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment
Volatile Substance Misuse

Author: Davis Y. Ja Associates

Title: Peers Reaching Out Supporting Peers to Embrace Recovery (PROPSPER): A Final Evaluation Report

Summary: The Peers Reaching Out Supporting Peers to Embrace Recovery (PROSPER) program, a 4-year federal demonstration project funded through the Recovery Community Services Program (RCSP) initiative of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT)/Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), was a unique strength-based peer-to-peer recovery community for people who face the dual challenge of recovery and reentry into society from prison, and their family/significant others, in Los Angeles County. Governed and operated by peers, the program offered stage-appropriate holistic social support through a strategic mix of services comprised of a resource facility, support groups, peer-coaching, workshop/seminars, social and recreational activities, and community events. Featuring Recovery Support, Health & Wellness, and Skills to Prosper components, PROSPER enrolled and served at least 125 new Peers annually, for a total of over 500 Peers served during its four year duration. The project aimed to: - Provide a compelling alternative community to counteract negative forces in peers' lives - Build positive self concept and achievement motivation - Reinforce family/significant others' relationships and support - Amplify the treatment/recovery continuum for the target population. The goals of PROSPER's local evaluation were to: 1) assess the program's effectiveness, 2) identify best practices within the program, and 3) indicate possibilities for expanding and replicating PROSPER elsewhere in California. In addition, PROSPER's strength-based, peer-driven recovery community and the array of social supports (emotional, informational, instrumental, and associational) were designed to test the evidence that social support in the form of a peer support recovery community is a critical construct in providing the transitional resources necessary to reduce relapse and recidivism with this population.

Details: San Francisco: Davis Y. Ja and Associates, 2009. 100p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2015 at: http://www.dyja.com/sites/default/files/u24/PROSPER%20Final%20Evaluation%20Report.pdf

Year: 2009

Country: United States

URL: http://www.dyja.com/sites/default/files/u24/PROSPER%20Final%20Evaluation%20Report.pdf

Shelf Number: 135384

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction (U.S.)
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Abuse Treatment
Drug Offenders
Peers
Prisoner Reentry
Substance Abuse

Author: Lipari, Rachel N.

Title: Trends in Heroin Use in the United States: 2002 to 2013

Summary: -Heroin use remains uncommon in the United States, with an estimated 681,000 past year users in 2013 (0.3 percent of the population aged 12 or older); however, the percentage of people using heroin is higher in 2013 than it was a decade ago. -In 2013, there were 169,000 past year heroin initiates, which is similar to the number of initiates in most years since 2002. -The number of people aged 12 or older who received treatment for heroin during their most recent substance use treatment in the past year was higher in 2013 (526,000) than it was a decade ago. Since the length of the recovery process varies and often requires long-term support, people who receive treatment may no longer be past year users. -The percentage of adolescents aged 12 to 17 perceiving great risk from using heroin once or twice a week was lower in 2013 than in 2002 to 2009; while the percentage of adolescents reporting that it would be easy for them to get heroin if they wanted some was lower in 2013 than the percentages in 2002 to 2011.

Details: Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 2015. 11p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2015 at: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_1943/ShortReport-1943.html

Year: 2015

Country: United States

URL: http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_1943/ShortReport-1943.html

Shelf Number: 135388

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction (U.S.)
Heroin
Substance Abuse

Author: Australia. Auditor General

Title: Delivery of the petrol sniffing strategy in remote Indigenous communities

Summary: Through the Petrol Sniffing Strategy (PSS), the Australian Government has supported initiatives to reduce the incidence and impact of petrol sniffing in remote Indigenous communities since 2005. The key element of the PSS is to subsidise the production of low aromatic fuel (LAF) so that it replaces regular unleaded petrol (RULP) in areas at risk of petrol sniffing outbreaks, without the higher production costs acting as a barrier to its uptake. While there are many underlying causes of petrol sniffing, generally associated with young people from disadvantaged backgrounds and marginalised groups, research results have indicated that the introduction of LAF has been successful in contributing to reductions in the incidence of petrol sniffing. For this reason, additional funding has been made available by the Australian Government to expand the supply and distribution of LAF. From an initial 41 sites in June 2005, the PSS expanded and, as at January 2015, LAF was available in 138 sites associated with 78 Indigenous communities in Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory. Consistent with the policy objective of the PSS, these sites are located in regional and remote areas of Australia. While the number of sites has increased, the overall annual volume of LAF produced has largely remained stable since 2007-08 with approximately 21 megalitres being produced on average each year. No performance targets have been set in relation to the volume of LAF produced and distributed, although contracts with LAF producers allow for an annual production of up to 53 megalitres. In the most recent expansion of the PSS in 2010-11, the Australian Government provided additional funding to include 39 sites covering 11 communities in Northern Australia, with an associated increase in annual volume of production of LAF. As well as supporting extra production capacity, a significant element of the increased funding was to provide for additional storage facilities as the lack of bulk storage had been identified as the key barrier to expanding the PSS in northern Australia. Following a select tender, the department responsible for providing LAF, the then Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA), entered into contracts with two major fuel producers to supply LAF to different regions of Australia. The development of additional storage infrastructure was initially included by DoHA in the tender for fuel production, however, the department subsequently chose to enter into direct negotiations with the operators of terminal facilities in Darwin. These negotiations were anticipated to have been completed in time to allow for facilities to be operational by 1 July 2012 which, in turn, would enable the contracts for increased production to commence. Negotiations were lengthy and remained ongoing at the time the responsibility for petrol sniffing initiatives was transferred to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (PM&C) in September 2013. An agreement for capital works was subsequently executed in December 2013, which enabled work to commence on developing the required storage infrastructure. The storage facility became operational in November 2014, more than two years later than expected. As a result of the delay, implementation of the expansion fell short of the Government's initial expectations. The facility was also more expensive than first anticipated, with the contracted cost of establishing the bulk storage facility being up to $19.2 million (including GST) - exceeding significantly the initial estimates of up to $12.9 million. Following the establishment of storage facilities, additional production of LAF commenced in late November 2014 and PM&C anticipates that the annual volume of LAF produced in 2015-16 will double. The department's processes for managing existing contractual arrangements and for monitoring the delivery of LAF are largely sound. Information collected under the production and distribution agreements enables PM&C to maintain appropriate visibility over the volume of LAF supplied and the locations of sites to which it is supplied. The main approach of the PSS is to reduce the availability of RULP in high risk communities by encouraging fuel outlets serving those communities and outlets in surrounding areas to only stock LAF and create a distance buffer zone around vulnerable communities. Accordingly, PM&C monitors supply information so that sites ceasing to supply LAF can be contacted and encouraged to continue to participate in the PSS. In addition, since 2005, a contracted research provider has assessed a sample of communities periodically for incidences of petrol sniffing and the role of LAF in reducing outbreaks. As a result of these data collection arrangements, PM&C has a reasonable evidence base to support the assessment of LAF in reducing the incidence of petrol sniffing. Between 2005 and 2009, the supply of LAF was identified as a program in the Health and Ageing Portfolio Budget Statements, and DoHA reported against the number of sites providing LAF as an indicator of performance for the PSS. Between 2009 and 2014 there was no formal reporting on the progress of the strategy. While the PSS has expanded, albeit more slowly than anticipated, there has been little information publicly reported on the effect that the supply of LAF has had on reducing the incidence of petrol sniffing in Indigenous communities. Research indicates that the supply of LAF is making a positive contribution to reducing petrol sniffing. The design of the PSS, however, also acknowledges that there are limitations to taking a single approach and that other actions need to be undertaken in conjunction with the supply of LAF to successfully address the issue of petrol sniffing. In 2014, the PSS was identified in the Prime Minister and Cabinet Portfolio Budget Statements as a specific initiative to be delivered under the Safety and Wellbeing Programme, with the key performance indicator being the number of sites providing LAF. Using this narrowly-focussed indicator alone, however, will provide for only a limited assessment of performance. In view of the PSS's maturity, it is timely for PM&C to strengthen its PSS-related performance reporting by including a greater focus on assessing the impact of the PSS. The ANAO has made one recommendation to improve PM&C's accountability and reporting for the PSS. .

Details: Canberra: Australian National Audit Office, 2015. 96p.

Source: Internet Resource: ANAO Report No. 35 2014-15: Accessed May 14, 2015 at: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/anao_deliveryofthepetrolsniffingstrategyinremoteindigenouscommunities_may_2015.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Australia

URL: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/anao_deliveryofthepetrolsniffingstrategyinremoteindigenouscommunities_may_2015.pdf

Shelf Number: 135634

Keywords:
Aboriginals
Indigenous Peoples
Petrol Sniffing
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment

Author: Jules-Macquet, Regan

Title: Exploring Substance Use Among South African Adult And Young Offenders (2015)

Summary: Substance use and abuse is associated with crime and offending behaviour, as well as with generally at risk behaviour. Substance use is also associated with fatal injuries resulting from violence, road accidents, victimisation and poor societal outcomes in general. This paper reviews data extracted from the 2012 - 2013 service statistics from the National Institute for Crime Prevention and the Reintegration of Offenders (NICRO). The dataset is comprised of adults and children in conflict with the law who were referred for offender social reintegrating services. The dataset contains entries for 19 509 offenders, of which 7 190 (36.85%) indicated substance use either through self-reporting or a drug test. This paper explores the various dynamics that are presented in this group regarding, nature and frequency of substance use, types of offences committed, as well as general demographic information such as age, race and sex. The paper concludes with several recommendations regarding the implications of the data for offender social reintegration and crime prevention practice in South Africa.

Details: Cape Town: National Institute for Crime Prevention and the Reintegration of Offenders (NICRO), 2015. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2015 at: http://www.nicro.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Exploring-substance-use-among-adult-and-young-offenders-Revised-Nov-2014.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: South Africa

URL: http://www.nicro.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Exploring-substance-use-among-adult-and-young-offenders-Revised-Nov-2014.pdf

Shelf Number: 135727

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Addiction
Drug Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services

Title: Jail-Based Substance Abuse Programs

Summary: The Virginia Compensation Board conducts a survey of jails each year to gather information on inmates with mental illness. Some information on inmates with substance abuse disorders is also gathered, and included in the annual report. The most common treatment provided for inmates with substance abuse disorders is group substance abuse treatment, which the Compensation Board's 2013 Mental Illness in Jails Report defines as: "Meeting of a group of individuals with a substance abuse clinician for the purpose of providing psycho education about various substance abuse topics and/or to provide group feedback and support with regard to substance abuse issues. Examples could include AA meeting, NA meeting, or relapse prevention groups." In July 2013, for the 58 (out of 64) local and regional jails that responded to the Compensation Board's survey, 30.7% of the jail population had a known or suspected substance abuse disorder, almost of half of whom had a co-occurring mental illness. Unfortunately, according to the Compensation Board survey results, only about 20% of inmates with a substance abuse disorder receive group substance abuse treatment. It may be that others are receiving other services not counted in this survey; group substance abuse treatment is the only substance abuse service included in the Compensation Board survey. To provide additional data on jail substance abuse programs, DCJS is currently surveying jails regarding their substance abuse populations and treatment services. Data from this survey are not ready at this time, but the results will be published when the study is complete.

Details: Richmond: Virginia Department of Criminal Justice Services, 2014. 92p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Kingdom%20Life%20Report_FINAL.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United States

URL: https://www.dcjs.virginia.gov/research/documents/Kingdom%20Life%20Report_FINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 136677

Keywords:
Drug Offenders
Drugs and Crime
Jail Inmates
Mental Illness
Mentally Ill Offenders
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment

Author: Coghlan, Sarah

Title: Drug use monitoring in Australia: 2013-14 report on drug use among police detainees

Summary: Delivered by the Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC), the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program supports the National Drug Strategy through its timely provision of data on changes in alcohol and other drug consumption habits among Australian police detainees and through its monitoring and reporting of fluctuations in the illicit drug market. Since 1999, 51,748 detainees have been interviewed, of whom 37,398 also provided a urine sample that was analysed to identify licit and illicit drug use. The data gathered through DUMA has informed government policy and research, and contributed to the National Drug Strategy aims of improving health, social and economic outcomes by reducing supply, demand and harm.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. 132p.

Source: Internet Resource: AIC Monitoring Reports 27: Accessed September 5, 2015 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/mr/mr27/mr27.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Australia

URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/mr/mr27/mr27.pdf

Shelf Number: 136692

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Offenders
Illicit Drugs
Substance Abuse

Author: Glasheen, Cristie

Title: Past Year Arrest among Adults in the United States: Characteristics of and Association with Mental Illness and Substance Use

Summary: Objectives. The objectives of this study are to (1) examine the characteristics of adults with a past year arrest by their mental illness and substance use status and (2) investigate the prevalence and correlates of arrests among adults with mental illness in the general U.S. population. Previous studies suggesting that the prevalence of arrest may be higher among individuals with mental illness have typically been conducted among persons in the criminal justice setting or among individuals receiving mental health treatment and may not be representative of all adults with mental illness. Also, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of arrest among adults with mental illness in the general U.S. population. Information on this link in the general population is critical for targeting programs to those most at risk for arrest. Methods. Data are from the 2008 and 2009 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs). Past year arrest was defined as being arrested and booked in the past 12 months, not counting arrests for minor traffic violations. It should be noted that being arrested and booked does not necessarily translate to convictions or incarcerations. In addition to mental illness (none, low/mild, moderate, or a serious mental illness [SMI]), other hypothesized correlates of arrest included past year substance use and demographic characteristics. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of arrest and examine the characteristics of adults with a past year arrest. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between mental illness and arrests after controlling for substance use and demographics among all adults and among adults with any mental illness (AMI). Results. Descriptive analyses indicated that the prevalence of past year arrests was higher among adults with AMI than among adults without AMI (5.4 vs. 1.8 percent). The prevalence of past year arrest was also higher among adults with a substance use disorder (SUD) than among adults without an SUD (13.0 vs 1.5 percent). The demographic characteristics of arrestees were similar between those with and without AMI; the majority of adults who had been arrested in the past year were younger than the age of 35, male, non-Hispanic white, never married, living at or above the Federal poverty level, and had no further education beyond high school. Adult arrestees with AMI, compared with adult arrestees without AMI, were less likely to be female or non-Hispanic black and more likely to be out of the labor force. Among all adults, logistic regression models indicated that having mental illness - particularly SMI (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.36) - was significantly associated with the odds of arrest, even when models controlled for demographic factors and substance use status. Among adults with AMI, the odds of arrest were higher among adults with SMI (adjusted OR = 1.48) than among adults with low/mild mental illness, but the odds of arrests among adults with moderate mental illness were not significantly different from the odds for those with low/mild mental illness. Among all adults, having an SUD was the strongest correlate of arrest (adjusted OR = 6.44), followed by not completing high school (adjusted OR = 3.53), past year illicit drug use without an SUD (adjusted OR = 2.81), and male gender (adjusted OR = 2.70). No characteristics were associated with arrest among adults with AMI that were not also associated with arrest among all adults. Conclusions. The presence of mental illness was a significant predictor of past year arrests in the U.S. general population, even in models that controlled for substance use and other correlates. However, the presence of an SUD was the strongest correlate of past year arrest among all adults and among adults with AMI or SMI. This suggests that programs may reduce arrest and recidivism by focusing on addressing the needs of people with co-occurring mental illness and SUDs. Diversion programs and mental health and drug courts may be one way to address the needs of people with mental illness and SUDs who come into contact with the criminal justice system. Introduction Studies have consistently documented high rates of mental illness among persons involved with the criminal justice system, including jail1,2,3,4,5,6 and prison populations,2,6,7,8 suggesting that the risk of arrest may be higher for individuals with a mental illness. Some research has pointed to the "criminalization of mentally disordered behavior," whereby the limited availability of mental health services has often resulted in jails becoming the placement of last resort for persons with mental illness.9,10,11,12,13 Multiple local studies have found high rates of criminal justice contact among people receiving mental health treatment in the public mental health system.14,15 In one large study linking Los Angeles County mental health treatment records to court records, 24 percent of those who received public- or Medicaid-funded mental health treatment had at least one arrest in the 10-year period covered by the study.16 The majority of these arrests (62 percent) were for nonviolent crimes, and less than half led to convictions. Similarly, a recent study found that individuals receiving mental health treatment in the Massachusetts public mental health system had 60 percent greater odds of being arrested over the 9.5 years of follow-up than did age-matched individuals in the general population.17 The rate of arrest was greater in the treatment sample than in the general population sample (32.8 vs. 23.2 percent). Studies comparing the odds of arrest among adults with a mental illness (regardless of treatment status) and adults without a mental illness in a nationally representative household sample are lacking at this time. Additionally, few nationally representative studies have looked at the sociodemographic characteristics associated with arrest among adults with mental illness. In the aforementioned studies of arrest among persons receiving mental health treatment, the factors associated with criminal justice contact included homelessness,14 younger age,16,18 male gender,16,19 African American race,16 higher levels of impairment,14,18 and type of mental illness.16 However, these studies all focused on criminal justice contact among people receiving mental health treatment in the public mental health system. This subgroup does not represent the overall population of people with mental illness because not everyone with a mental illness receives treatment,20,21,22,23 or receives it in the public sector. To our knowledge, no study has examined the characteristics associated with arrest among those with mental illness in a national, population-based sample. One of the most consistently identified risk factors for arrest in people with mental illness is having co-occurring substance use disorders (SUDs).14,15,16 Some studies have found that the overlap between mental illness and contacts with the criminal justice system is largely due to the high co-occurrence of SUDs among those with mental illness.5,24,25,26 Thus, it is important to consider the risk of arrest associated with mental illness independent of the risk associated with SUDs. Studies using data from nationally representative samples to examine these issues are lacking. This report uses data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a nationally representative sample of persons in the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population, to examine the prevalence and characteristics of past year arrest among adults with mental illness as a benchmark for evaluating future change. Thus, this report helps fill the previously described gaps in the literature on arrests among persons with mental illness in the general population. This report works toward meeting a goal within the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's (SAMHSA's) Trauma and Justice Strategic Initiative for 2011 to 2014 to "address the needs of people with mental and substance use disorders and with histories of trauma within the criminal and juvenile justice systems."

Details: Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012. 11p.

Source: Internet Resource: CBHSQ State Review: Accessed September 17, 2015 at: http://archive.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DataReview/DR008/CBHSQ-datareview-008-arrests-2012.htm

Year: 2012

Country: United States

URL: http://archive.samhsa.gov/data/2k12/DataReview/DR008/CBHSQ-datareview-008-arrests-2012.htm

Shelf Number: 136803

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Offenders
Mentally Ill Offenders
Recidivism
Substance Abuse

Author: Nigg, Claudio R.

Title: State Epidemiological Profile: Selected Youth and Adult Drug Indicators

Summary: Background: The State of Hawaii Epidemiological Profile: Selected Youth and Adult Drug Indicators was developed as one of the services provided by the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Division (ADAD) Epidemiology Team. The ADAD Epidemiology Team is a partner of the Strategic Prevention Framework Partnerships for Success (SPF-PFS), which is funded through a federal grant provided by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The purposes of this profile are identifying Hawai'i's status of drug use by youth and adults, detecting trends of drug use, and providing information in a user-friendly format for planning and implementation of drug use prevention and treatment programs. Methods: The drug-related indicators in this profile were selected based on SAMHSA's National Outcome Measures (NOMs). In order to report those selected indicators, Hawaii Youth Risk Behavior Survey (Hawaii YRBS) and National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) were utilized as primary data sources in this profile. Results and Findings: The overall prevalence rates of each drug-related indicator among high school students in 2013 were: 18.9% for 30-day marijuana use; 10.4% for trying marijuana before age 13 years; 6.5% for ever using cocaine; 9.2% for ever using inhalants; 8.0% for ever using ecstasy; 3.4% for ever using heroin; 4.3% for ever using methamphetamine; and 12.9% for ever using prescription drugs without a doctor's prescription. The findings indicated that there were no significant differences in drug indicators for youth (high school students or individuals aged from 12 to 17) in Hawai'i since 2007 except that rates of ever having used ecstasy were slightly but significantly higher in 2011 than 2009. Marijuana was the most prevalent illicit drug among youth with 18.9% reporting that they had used it in the past 30 days (2013). Prescription drugs and inhalants were two most common substances that were ever used by youth (12.9% and 9.2%, respectively in 2013). The least common illicit drug was heroin with 3.4% of youth reported that they had ever used it (2013). There were no sex differences for any youth drug indicator in any year from 2007 to 2013. Overall, no significant differences by grade were seen for any drug indicator except for prescription drug misuse (use without a doctor's prescription), in which 12th graders had higher rates than 9th graders in 2011 and 2013. Native Hawaiians, Caucasians, and other Pacific Islanders generally had the highest rates of youth drug use. The overall prevalence rates of each drug-related indicator among adults in 2010-2011 were: 6.9% for 30-day marijuana use; 22.1% for ever using cocaine; 10.4% for ever using inhalants; 9.4% for ever using ecstasy; 2.5% for ever using heroin; 7.1% for ever using methamphetamine; and 13.6% for ever using prescription drugs without a doctor's prescription. There were no significant differences in adult drug indicators for Hawaii since 2007. Other than marijuana use (data of ever having used marijuana is not available, but 6.9% of adults in Hawaii reported that they had used marijuana in the past 30 days in 2010-2011), rates of ever having used illicit drugs were highest for cocaine (22.1%) followed by prescription pain relievers (13.6%), and lowest for heroin (2.5%) in 2010-2011, the most current year available. Program Recommendations: Prevention efforts should be strengthened in response to the fact that the prevalence rates of illicit drugs have not changed in the past seven years. Focus should be on marijuana use and prescription drug misuse as usage rates for these substances are relatively high (prevalence - 10%) among youth and the interventions should equally target both boys and girls since there were no sex differences in any indicator. To reduce health disparities among ethnic groups in Hawaii, culturally appropriate and evidence-based programs are strongly recommended, especially for the groups with the highest rates, such as Native Hawaiians and Caucasians, and other Pacific Islanders. For the drugs with relatively lower prevalence rates such as cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, or methamphetamine, interventions that are highly targeted towards people at greatest risk are recommended. Moreover, prevention programs should be provided to middle school students in order to lower the prevalence rates in high school students. Prevention efforts for adults also should be strengthened since prevalence rates of illicit drugs have not significantly changed in the past seven years. Focus should be on marijuana, and other drugs with relatively high lifetime use rates (prevalence - 10%), such as cocaine, pain relievers, and inhalants. More young adults (aged 18 - 25) than older adults (age 26 and older) perceived no risk or slight risk of experiencing adverse health effects from marijuana use, which may indicate that young adults have an increased risk of marijuana use. Thus, it is recommended that communities have prevention interventions specifically designed for young adults and focus on risks and negative health outcomes of marijuana consumption.

Details: Honolulu: Department of Public Health Sciences University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2014. 81p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2016 at: http://health.hawaii.gov/substance-abuse/files/2013/05/2014State_Drug_Profile_Youth_Adults.pdf

Year: 2014

Country: United States

URL: http://health.hawaii.gov/substance-abuse/files/2013/05/2014State_Drug_Profile_Youth_Adults.pdf

Shelf Number: 137787

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse Prevention
Drug Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Trust for America's Health

Title: Reducing Teen Substance Misuse: What Really Works

Summary: A significant number of students try alcohol, tobacco or other drugs as teenagers. More than 65 percent of students have used alcohol, more than 40 percent used illegal drugs and around one-quarter used cigarettes at some point before entering or while in high school. While the number of teens who regularly misuse or develop substance use disorders has been decreasing over time, overall levels are still too high. More than 90 percent of adults who develop a substance use disorder began using before they were 18-years-old. Substance misuse can have long-term adverse effects on physical and mental health, academic and career attainment, relationships with family and friends and establishing and being a connected part of a community. For decades, substance misuse strategies focused on individual willpower to "just say no" or intervening once a person already has a serious problem. But, the evidence shows that if the country is going to maintain a continued downward trend in substance use - it will require a greater emphasis on: 1) preventing use in the first place; 2) intervening and providing support earlier after use has started; and 3) viewing treatment and recovery as a sustained and long-term commitment. More than 40 years of research exists from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and other experts that supports this approach, but there has been a disconnect in implementing the science into real-world practice. A prevention-oriented approach - building positive protective factors and reducing risk factors - can decrease the chances of tweens and teens initiating, regularly using or developing an addiction to alcohol and/or drugs. This approach not only lowers the chances for substance misuse, but also has a bigger impact, since similar underlying root causes have also been shown to contribute to increased likelihood of poor academic performance, bullying, depression, violence, suicide, unsafe sexual behaviors and other problems that can emerge during teenage years.

Details: Washington, DC: Trust for America's Health, 2015. 100p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2016 at: http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH-2015-TeenSubstAbuse%20FINAL.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United States

URL: http://healthyamericans.org/assets/files/TFAH-2015-TeenSubstAbuse%20FINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 137805

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse Prevention
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Prevention
Substance Use

Author:

Title: Drug use monitoring in Australia: an expansion into the Pilbara

Summary: The link between the use of alcohol, other drugs and crime continues to be a concern in communities throughout Australia. In regional Western Australia, little is known about the patterns of substance use and crime. In an attempt to better understand a regional offending population and their alcohol and drug use, the Australian Institute of Criminology's Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) project was utilised to collect such data in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. In South Hedland (regional Western Australia), 51 police detainees were interviewed and compared with a sample of 209 Perth (metropolitan Western Australia) detainees. The findings indicated that while illicit drug use among those interviewed in a regional setting was significantly lower across most drug types, alcohol use was higher. Of particular concern were the levels of risky drinking reported by South Hedland detainees and their assertion that alcohol contributed to their current detention. These findings are important in providing a better picture of alcohol and drug use in a regional population and will assist in shaping prevention and response strategies.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2016. 13p.

Source: Internet Resource: Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, No. 504: Accessed February 11, 2016 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi504.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Australia

URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi504.pdf

Shelf Number: 137843

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Substance Abuse

Author: Rosario, Giselle

Title: Evaluation Summary of the Velocity Adventure Program

Summary: Velocity is an adventure-based program aimed to reduce anti-social behaviour, increase attachment to school, and reduce substance-use among at-risk youth. It was identified as a promising intervention that helps youth overcome adversity, create and enhance their connections in the community, and make healthy lifestyle choices. Velocity is based on research that demonstrates the effectiveness of outdoor adventure-based programs in helping troubled youth channel their energy into more positive behaviours. Velocity targets youth, aged 13 to18 years, who are at risk of, or who have already been involved in criminal activity. The program addresses key risk factors associated with involvement in crime, including aggressive and anti-social behaviour, substance abuse, and poor attachment to school. The program has three chronological components: - Group-building day trip adventures (e.g. kayaking, rock-climbing) to establish program expectations, build relationships with staff and promote group cohesiveness; - 7-day Adventure Camp with activities in a remote setting (e.g. zip-lining, horseback riding) in combination with life skills and personal development activities; and - Engage-Connect-Shift, which provides ongoing adventure day trips, individual support from project workers and workshops. Velocity's programming was comprised of trust and communication activities, goal-setting, life skills, experiential learning, high adventure pursuits and health promotion. Youth were also provided with individual support, community referrals and on-going encouragement towards healthy lifestyles. The length of the program was one year including the selection process. Selection of youth participants into the program involved two referral forms and all data was documented in a data system.

Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2015. 13p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research Report: 2015-R012: Accessed March 22, 2016 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r012/2015-r012-eng.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: Canada

URL: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2015-r012/2015-r012-eng.pdf

Shelf Number: 138381

Keywords:
Adventure Programs
Anti-Social Behavior
At-Risk Youth
Juvenile Delinquents
Recreational Programs
Substance Abuse

Author: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Title: Municipal Courts: An Effective Tool for Diverting People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders from the Criminal Justice System

Summary: The Sequential Intercept Model (SIM) is a tool that enables communities to create coherent strategies to divert people with mental and substance use disorders from the criminal justice system. The mapping process associated with SIM . focuses on five discrete points of potential intervention, or "intercepts" (Munetz & Griffin, 2006): 1: Law enforcement; 2: Initial detention/first court appearance; 3: Jails/courts; 4: Reentry from detention into the community; and 5: Community corrections, probation, and parole. Much has been written about four of these intercepts. For example, the Crisis Intervention Team model has been disseminated broadly as a strategy to improve law enforcement interventions at Intercept 1. Mental health courts, drug courts, and other treatment courts have become an increasingly common part of the judicial landscape and define much of the conversation at Intercept 3. Reentry from jail or prison, Intercept 4, has become a core topic in general discussions regarding correctional policies at the federal, state, and local levels. SAMHSA's SSI/SSDI Outreach, Access and Recovery) (Dennis & Abreu, 2010) ease reentry on release from jail or prison. And while many communities lack much in the way of resources at Intercept 5, a literature has emerged that discusses specialized probation as a strategy to ensure longer community tenure (Skeem & Manchak, 2008). While each intercept presents opportunities for diversion, Intercept 2 may hold the most unexplored potential. This is because it is at Intercept 2 (initial detention and first court appearance) that the vast majority of individuals who come into contact with the criminal justice system appear. Many of these individuals have a mental illness and co-occurring substance use disorders; these are the individuals whom communities often try to divert. However, for a variety of reasons discussed below, this intercept is often overlooked. The purpose of this document is to turn community attention to the possibilities that Intercept 2, especially when the first appearance is at a municipal court, presents for diversion. The optimal diversion strategies that are most often overlooked and involve municipal courts are at first appearance (Intercept 2).

Details: Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2015. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 7, 2016 at: http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA15-4929/SMA15-4929.pdf

Year: 2015

Country: United States

URL: http://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content//SMA15-4929/SMA15-4929.pdf

Shelf Number: 138598

Keywords:
Alternatives to Incarceration
Diversion Programs
Drug Offenders
Mentally Ill Offenders
Substance Abuse

Author: Kevin, Maria

Title: A Process Evaluation of the Intensive Drug and Alcohol Treatment Program (IDATP). Study One: Program Establishment, Design and Appropriateness

Summary: NSW 2021 Priority Action Establish dedicated metropolitan drug treatment facilities focussed on treatment, rehabilitation and keeping drugs out of prisons Foreward The CSNSW Intensive Drug and Alcohol Treatment Program (IDATP), an initiative of the current NSW government which opened in February 2012, is the largest prison -based residential drug treatment program in the southern hemisphere. While drug treatment had been available in NSW prisons for more than 20 years, the NSW government identified the need to strengthen drug treatment for prisoners and provide a new approach to rehabilitation. At the time of writing, the IDATP was an intensive nine-month program, targeted at medium to high risk male prisoners with drug abuse pr oblems and related dynamic criminogenic needs. The program aimed to prevent relapse to drug use and reoffending. It also aimed to improve the social functioning, health and well-being and post-release prospects of participants. Aside from its large capacity, what distinguished the IDATP's design from the existing programs was an intensive structure combined with a greater emphasis on the integration of a range of interventions and techniques. It operated as a modified therapeutic community, which was deli neated into three explicit program stages - Orientation, Treatment and Maintenance. These treatment stages were designed to bring about incremental degrees of psychological and social learning. The primary modalities were the community living units, therapeutic groups , education, employment, pharmacotherapy and aftercare. As of July 2014, the program had been continually operational for 30 months. More than 300 male prisoners had participated in the program and the women's program - Yallul Kaliarna had recently opened. This preliminary study endeavoured to examine program establish ment, design and appropriateness. The next phase of the evaluation will examine how well the context of the program has been implemented.

Details: Sydney: Corrective Services NSW, 2015. 92p.

Source: Internet Resource: Research Publication No. 54: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.correctiveservices.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Related%20Links/publications-and-policies/cres/research-publications/idapt-process-study-one-report-2014.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Australia

URL: http://www.correctiveservices.justice.nsw.gov.au/Documents/Related%20Links/publications-and-policies/cres/research-publications/idapt-process-study-one-report-2014.pdf

Shelf Number: 139911

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Treatment
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment

Author: Indiana State Epidemiology and Outcomes Workgroup

Title: The Consumption and Consequences of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs in Indiana: A State Epidemiological Profile 2015

Summary: This report represents the tenth official State Epidemiological Profile completed by the SEOW. As in past years, we have updated the core set of analyses to reflect the most recent data available. In order to make the report most useful for state and local policymakers and service providers, we present detailed information and descriptive analyses regarding the patterns and consequences of substance use both for the state and, whenever possible, each of Indiana's 92 counties. Prescription drug abuse remains a significant problem in Indiana, and we continue to work closely with the State Board of Pharmacy, reviewing data on dispensation of controlled substances to identify geographic patterns.

Details: Indianapolis: Center for Health Policy at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI): 2016. 228p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 25, 2016 at: http://www.healthpolicy.iupui.edu/PubsPDFs/2015%20State%20Epidemiological%20Profile.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: United States

URL: http://www.healthpolicy.iupui.edu/PubsPDFs/2015%20State%20Epidemiological%20Profile.pdf

Shelf Number: 140033

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Prescription Drug Abuse
Substance Abuse

Author: Schmitz, Stephanie J.

Title: A Multiple Indicator Analysis of Drug and Alcohol Use in LaPorte County: 2008-2012

Summary: Overall Drug Treatment Trends Drug treatment trends show mostly stable cocaine and methamphetamine episodes, while the increase in heroin and other opiates has increased tremendously and alcohol treatments have dropped significantly. In spite of these changes, the most common substance for which LaPorte area residents entered treatment continues to be alcohol. In both 2008 and 2011, the most recent year data was available, alcohol treatment admissions compromised the largest percentage of admissions. - The most common illicit substance for which LaPorte County residents sought treatment in 2011 was for heroin, which increased by more than 560% over a three year period. - Combined, treatment admissions for opiate pills and heroin use represented 46% of all illicit drug treatment episodes in LaPorte County in 2011. This percentage was just 29% in 2008. - Opiate pill treatment admissions increased 250%, from 16 cases in 2008 to 56 in 2011. This represents a tripling in opiate pill treatment admissions. Alcohol Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data While alcohol treatment episodes still comprise nearly half of all admissions in LaPorte County in 2011, these numbers represent a significant decline from 2008 numbers, when alcohol made up nearly threefourths of all treatment admissions. - The number of individuals admitted for alcohol use disorder decreased by 17%, from 295 cases in 2008 to 244 cases in 2011. - Individuals under aged 30 made up slightly more than 40% of all alcohol treatment episodes, and this percentage remained relatively stable over time. - The majority of people entering treatment for alcohol in LaPorte County (75%) was white in both 2008 and 2011. - The most notable change in alcohol treatment admissions occurred among women, as their admissions for alcohol treatment increased 14% from 2008 to 2011. - Treatment admissions for males decreased 28% from 2008 to 2011. - Data from the Sherriff�s Office demonstrated a 46% decrease in Operating While Intoxicated (OWI) arrests in four years, from 334 arrests in 2008 to 180 arrests in 2012. - Public drunkenness offenses also decreased by 45% during the years 2008 to 2012. - Michigan City Police also saw significant decreases in the numbers of individuals arrested for OWI offenses - nearly 60% in the four year period 2008 to 2012. - Among juvenile probationers, the number of ABC status offenses (underage alcohol use) decreased by 12%, from 196 in 2008 to 173 in 2012. - In 2012, only 5 of the 10 fatal car collisions that occurred in LaPorte County were the result of alcohol, down from 8 in 2008 and 10 in 2011. Heroin Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data Heroin treatment admissions exploded from 2008 to 2011, making heroin the most significant emergent drug threat to LaPorte County over the past several years. Treatment admissions for heroin increased by 560% in just three years, from 20 admissions in 2008 to 132 admissions in 2011. - The majority of people entering treatment for heroin -75% - were under age 30 in 2011. Age of first use is a significant concern because the trajectory of heroin use and dependency can result in considerable long-term health and financial consequences for the individual. - Heroin appears to be problem among only white individuals in LaPorte County. Of those entering treatment for heroin in 2011, all admissions excluding one multiracial individual, were for white LaPorte County residents. No African American individuals entered treatment for heroin in 2011. - Women and men were equally likely to enter treatment for heroin in 2011 (63 versus 69), invalidating the assumption that only males use �hard drugs� like heroin. Findings from the key informant interviews also verify that women are as likely to report heroin use as men. - LaPorte City Metro Operations data indicates that the largest increases in drug arrests were heroin-related offenses, which increased 290%, from 10 arrests in 2008 to 39 arrests in 2012. Marijuana Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data Marijuana treatment admissions in LaPorte County more than doubled during the 2008-2011 period. The number of LaPorte residents receiving treatment for marijuana increased by 126%, from 46 episodes in 2008 to 104 episodes in 2011. - The majority of people receiving treatment for marijuana were under age 30 in 2008 and 2011. In 2008, those under the age of 30 comprised 76% of marijuana treatment episodes, while in 2011, this number had dropped slightly to 69%. - The fastest growing treatment admissions occurred among the 30 to 39 year old age cohort. This cohort comprised only 15 percent of treatment episodes in 2008, but rose to nearly 25% in 2011. - Treatment admissions for African American individuals increased more rapidly than treatment episodes for whites during 2008-2011. However, white individuals made up the majority of treatment episodes in both 2008 and 2011. - Women made up about one-fourth of marijuana admissions in 2008, but made up about onethird of marijuana treatment admissions in 2011 - Michigan City Metro Operations data showed that marijuana arrests increased about 50%, from 142 arrests in 2008 to 192 arrests in 2012. - Among juveniles, Michigan City Metro Operations data demonstrated a 65% increase in marijuana possessions offenses, from 20 arrests in 2008 to 33 arrests in 2012. Opiate Pill Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data In addition to heroin, opiate pills such as Vicodin, oxycodone and others, represent a significant drug problem in LaPorte County. As has been noted in current research, approximately 75% of new heroin users transition to heroin following a period of opiate pill use. Once the pills become difficult or costly to acquire, it becomes easier and less expensive to use heroin. Key informants have suggested that this is happening in the LaPorte treatment population well. Therefore, the opiate pills users of today may become tomorrow�s heroin users. - Key informant interviews among hospital staff and law enforcement indicated that opiate pill use was an increasing � and serious � problem in the county. - Treatment admissions for other opiate pills increased significantly from 2008 to 2011. In just three years, these admissions rose 250%, from 16 individuals in 2008 to 56 individuals in 2011. - Patients treated for opiates tended to be significantly older than patients treated for heroin use. In 2011, about 51% of those treated for opiates, excluding heroin, were aged 30 and older. The most rapid growth in treatment episodes occurred among the 30 to 39 age cohort. Although the number of cases was small, the number of admissions among this cohort increased 700%, from 2 cases in 2008 to 16 cases in 2011 - The majority of those entering treatment for opiates other than heroin in 2011 were White, with just two cases reporting another race besides White and 6 cases unreported. No African Americans in LaPorte were admitted into treatment for opiates in 2011. - In 2011, the number of women entering treatment for opiates surpassed the number of men entering treatment for opiates (33% versus 23%). This differs from the gender profile in 2008, as males and females entered treatment for opiates at the same rate during that year. - Arrests for opioid pills reported by LaPorte City Metro Operations increased 480%, from 5 arrests in 2008 to 29 arrests in 2012. Cocaine Indicators: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data While cocaine treatment admissions increased slightly, they remained lower than treatment admissions for most other drugs except methamphetamine. The low number of cocaine treatment admissions in LaPorte County coincides with national treatment trends indicating a reduction in cocaine treatment admissions overall. As more individuals initiate to heroin and opiate use, the number of individuals seeking treatment for cocaine should continue to decrease over the next few years. - In 2011, nearly half of all individuals admitted to treatment were age 30 or older. This suggests that cocaine users in LaPorte County are an aging cohort overall, and key informant interview data with treatment providers support this hypothesis. However, there is a bimodal distribution among those admitted to treatment for cocaine in LaPorte County. The two largest cohorts were those in their 20s (12 cases) and those in their 40s (13 cases) in 2011. - Treatment admissions among white individuals increased during this time period, while treatment admissions among African American individuals remained stable. Overall, whites were much more likely to enter treatment for cocaine than were African Americans (26% versus 10%). - Females were more likely than males to be admitted to treatment for cocaine in both 2008 and 2011. Females comprised 60% of the LaPorte cocaine treatment admissions in 2008 and 2011 and males comprised 40% of the cocaine treatment admissions during those years. - LaPorte City Metro Operations data showed a dramatic 55% reduction in arrests for cocaine, from 62 arrests in 2008 to 28 arrests in 2012. - Michigan City Metro Operations data also showed a 45% decline in the number of arrests for cocaine possession, from 20 arrests in 2008 to just 11 in 2012. Methamphetamines: Treatment and Law Enforcement Data Methamphetamines are a decreasing problem in LaPorte County. Several years ago, the county was asked to prepare for the possibility of methamphetamine production and use among residents, particularly because the county does include some rural communities and these are the areas hardest hit by methamphetamine use. Since that time, the methamphetamine problem has remained very small and seemingly very contained. As of 2011, there were just 4 treatment episodes related to methamphetamine. Law enforcement indicators remain stable. We expect that methamphetamine use, arrests and production labs should continue to remain stable or decline over the next few years. Drugs and Mortality in LaPorte County Interview and data retrieved from the coroner�s office indicates that in 2012, 35 individuals died from an accidental drug overdose. Of these deaths, 57% included death from heroin alone (5 cases) or in combination with another drug (15). About 43% of deaths due to drugs in the county were unrelated to heroin use. These data suggest that heroin related mortality is a large and growing problem in LaPorte County. Further, the number of individuals who died from drug-induced causes was significantly greater than those killed by alcohol-related car collisions or from alcohol period.

Details: Chicago: Roosevelt University, 2013. 128p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2016 at: https://www.roosevelt.edu/CAS/CentersAndInstitutes/IMA/Publications.aspx

Year: 2013

Country: United States

URL: https://www.roosevelt.edu/CAS/CentersAndInstitutes/IMA/Publications.aspx

Shelf Number: 147890

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse Treatment
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment

Author: Indig, Devon

Title: Comorbid substance use disorders and mental health disorders among New Zealand prisoners

Summary: Introduction Mental health and substance use disorders are known to be substantially higher among prisoners than in the general population. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and co-occurrence of mental health and substance use disorders among New Zealand prisoners. Methods This study used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire 4+ (PDQ-4) to assess the prevalence of mental health and substance use disorders. The study sample included 1209 New Zealand prisoners across 13 prisons. This report presents the prevalence for the 12-month and lifetime diagnosis of mental health and substance use disorders including breakdowns by gender, age and ethnicity. Comparisons have been provided where possible for the general population using the 2006 New Zealand Mental Health Survey (unless noted otherwise) or the 1999 New Zealand Prisoner Mental Health Study. Results Mental disorders  Nearly all (91%) prisoners had a lifetime diagnosis of a mental health or substance use disorder and 62% had this diagnosis in the past 12-months.  Female prisoners were significantly more likely to have a 12-month diagnosis of any mental disorder than male prisoners (75% compared to 61%).  General population comparison: Prisoners were three times more likely than the general population to have a 12-month diagnosis of any mental disorder (62% compared to 21%). Anxiety disorders  Just over one in five (23%) prisoners had an anxiety disorder diagnosis in the past 12-months, while 30% had a lifetime anxiety diagnosis.  Female prisoners had a significantly higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder compared to males for both 12-month and lifetime diagnoses, with over half (52%) of women having a lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis.  General population comparison: A lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder diagnosis was four times higher among prisoners (24%) than in the general population (6%).  Prison population comparison: The lifetime prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder was just over 1% in the 1999 prisoner mental health study which had increased to nearly 9% in 2015, while the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder had also increased from nearly 2% in 1999 to nearly 6% in 2015. Mood disorders  Nearly a third (32%) of prisoners had a lifetime diagnosis of any mood disorder, while 24% had a 12- month mood disorder diagnosis.  When compared to other ethnic groups, Māori prisoners had the lowest prevalence of lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder (17%).  General population comparison: The 12-month prevalence of any mood disorder was three times higher for prisoners (24%) than in the general population (8%).  Prison population comparison: When compared to the 1999 prisoner mental health study, the lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder decreased slightly (from 23% to 21%), the lifetime prevalence of bipolar increased from 2% to 11%, and dysthymia increased from 1% to 5%. Substance use disorders  A substantial majority of prisoners (87%) had a lifetime diagnosis of a substance use disorder, and just under half (47%) had a 12-month diagnosis of a substance use disorder.  Marijuana was the most prevalent drug of abuse with 24% of prisoners having a lifetime diagnosis, while stimulants were the most common drug of dependence with 23% having a lifetime diagnosis.  General population comparison: Prisoners were seven times more likely to have a lifetime prevalence of any substance use disorder compared to the general population.  Prison population comparison: The prevalence of stimulant abuse and dependence (combined) had increased nearly 10-fold since the 1999 prisoner mental health study, from 4% reported in the 1999 study to 38% (15% for abuse and 23% for dependence) in 2015. Eating disorders  The lifetime prevalence of eating disorders among prisoners was 5%, while 3% were found to have a 12-month diagnosis.  The prevalence of eating disorders was twice as high among female prisoners as among male prisoners, for both 12-month (7% compared to 3%) and lifetime (10% compared to 5%) diagnoses.  General population comparison: Prisoners were seven times more likely to have a 12-month eating disorder diagnosis than the general population (3% compared to 0.5%).  Prison population comparison: The lifetime prevalence of eating disorders increased five-fold (from 1% to 5%) from the 1999 prisoner mental health study to the 2015 study. Comorbidity  One in five (20%) of prisoners were found to have a 12-month diagnosis of a comorbid mental health and substance use disorder, while 42% were found to have a lifetime comorbidity diagnosis.  Comorbidity was higher among women than men, for both 12-month and lifetime diagnoses.  There was little variation by ethnicity for the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of comorbidity, with the highest rates found among prisoners of European descent.  Prisoners with a lifetime diagnosis of a substance use disorder had almost half (48% compared to 93%) the prevalence of comorbidity compared to people with a lifetime anxiety disorder. Multiple disorders  Two-thirds (66%) of prisoners were found to have two or more lifetime diagnoses of a mental or substance use disorder, while 31% were found to have two or more 12-month diagnoses.  A higher proportion of female prisoners (72%) compared to male prisoners (65%) had a lifetime diagnosis of two or more mental health and substance use disorders.  A high proportion of prisoners diagnosed with a lifetime anxiety (84%) or mood (81%) disorder were found to have a lifetime diagnosis of three or more disorders, compared to 40% of prisoners with a substance use disorder.  General population comparison: Prisoners were nearly four times more likely to have two or more 12- month diagnoses of mental health and substance use disorders than the general population (30% compared to 8%). Personality disorders  One in three (33%) prisoners was found to have a clinically significant personality disorder, with a slightly higher prevalence among men than women.  The most common personality disorders detected were paranoid (15%), antisocial (11%), obsessive compulsive (10%) and borderline (9%).  The highest prevalence (46%) of personality disorders were found among prisoners with a lifetime comorbid mood disorder diagnosis.  Prison population comparison: The lifetime prevalence of personality disorders was nearly twice as high (60% compared to 33%) among New Zealand prisoners in 1999 compared to the current 2015 study. Psychosis symptoms  The lifetime presence of psychosis symptoms (such as seeing visions and hearing voices) was present in 13% of prisoners, and in 7% of prisoners in the past year.  Prisoners with a lifetime diagnosis of an anxiety (23%) or mood (20%) disorder had the highest prevalence of ever experiencing symptoms of psychosis compared to 13% overall.  Prison population comparison: The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia and related disorders was estimated to be 6% in the 1999 prisoner mental health study, while 12% of prisoners were found to report symptoms of psychosis in 2015. Psychological distress  Over one in four (28%) of prisoners experienced psychological distress in the past 30 days.  There were significantly higher rates of psychological distress among female (47%) compared to male (27%) prisoners.  The prevalence of psychological distress was more than twice as high (60% compared to 28%) for prisoners with a 12-month diagnosis of an anxiety disorder compared to the total.  General population comparison: Prisoners were nearly five times more likely (28% compared to 6%) to have experienced psychological distress in the past 30 days compared to the general population from the 2013/14 New Zealand Health Survey. Suicidal behaviours  Over one-third (35%) of prisoners had ever thought about suicide, 17% had ever made a suicide plan and 19% of prisoners had ever attempted suicide.  Female prisoners had higher rates of suicidal behaviours than men, including ever thinking about suicide (44% compared to 34%) and ever attempting suicide (29% compared to 18%).  General population comparison: Prisoners had higher rates of suicidal behaviours than people in the general population, including being twice as likely to have ever thought about suicide (35% compared to 16%) and four times as likely to have ever attempted suicide (19% compared to 5%). Mental health treatment  Nearly half (46%) of prisoners diagnosed with a 12-month mental health or substance use disorder had received some form of mental health treatment in the past year.  Female prisoners had significantly higher rates of mental health treatment than males for nearly all disorders, including 60% of women with a 12-month diagnosis of any mental disorder obtaining mental health treatment compared to 45% of men.  Pacific peoples were substantially less likely to access health services for their mental health than prisoners of European descent (33% compared to 54%).  General population comparison: Fewer than half (46%) of prisoners with a 12-month diagnosis of any mental disorder received some form of mental health treatment in the past year, which was slightly higher (39%) than found in the general population. Conclusions In summary, prisoners had high rates of mental health and substance use disorders including high rates of comorbidity which were often undetected and under-treated. The findings of this report provide important evidence to assist with identifying areas for improved detection, early intervention, treatment and rehabilitation and diversion away from the criminal justice system. In particular, the findings suggest that improved integration of mental health and substance use disorder treatment would be an important strategy for improving the health and reducing re-offending among prisoners.

Details: Wellington: New Zealand Department of Corrections, 2016. 93p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 8, 2016 at: http://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/846362/Comorbid_substance_use_disorders_and_mental_health_disorders_among_NZ_prisoners_June_2016_final.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: New Zealand

URL: http://www.corrections.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/846362/Comorbid_substance_use_disorders_and_mental_health_disorders_among_NZ_prisoners_June_2016_final.pdf

Shelf Number: 145371

Keywords:
Drug Offenders
Mental Health
Mentally Ill Offenders
Prisoners
Substance Abuse

Author: Westermaier, Franz G.

Title: The Impact of Lengthening the School Day on Substance Abuse and Crime: Evidence from a German High School Reform

Summary: In the 2000s, a major educational reform in Germany reduced the academic high school duration by one year while keeping constant the total number of instructional hours before graduation. The instructional hours from the eliminated school year shifted to lower grade levels, which increased the time younger students spend at school. This study explores the impact of the reform on youth crime rates and substance abuse using administrative police crime statistics, administrative student enrollment data, and a student drug survey. The staggered implementation of the reform in different Lander -age-groups allows for a difference-in-difference approach. I find that the reform resulted in a decline in crime rates, which is almost exclusively driven by a reduction in violent crime and illegal substance abuse. Regarding the latter, the rate of illegal cannabis consumption strongly declined; however, no significant effect is detected on cannabis dealers or the consumption of other illegal drugs. The survey evidence further suggests that decreased cannabis consumption was not driven by a shift of consumption into 'school hours'. The results point to an 'incapacitation' effect of schooling due to the increased instructional hours at lower grade levels.

Details: Berlin: DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, 2016. 34p.

Source: Internet Resource: Discussion Papers no. 1616: Accessed November 17, 2016 at: https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.546486.de/dp1616.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Germany

URL: https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.546486.de/dp1616.pdf

Shelf Number: 144857

Keywords:
Crime Rates
Drug Abuse and Crime
Marijuana
School Reform
Substance Abuse

Author: Leslie, Ellen

Title: Alcohol use and motivations for drinking among types of young adult illicit stimulant uers

Summary: Drinking among young adult users of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) during episodes of ecstasy and methamphetamine use is reported to have a number of possible functions, such as mitigating the unwanted effects of the drugs, enhancing intoxication and pleasure, and increasing drinking capacity. While there is evidence to suggest a high prevalence of risky drinking among users of ATS in Australia, little is known about how they combine their use of ATS with the consumption of alcohol or why they do so. This paper considers how ATS users consume alcohol during ecstasy and methamphetamine use, and also addresses alcohol abuse and dependence among low-risk and at-risk ATS users. At-risk users are more likely to have experienced alcohol abuse and dependence during adolescence or early adulthood, suggesting that higher-risk use of ATS may be linked with problematic drinking patterns. The paper suggests that problematic behaviour relating to alcohol and ATS use is interlinked, and may be important in developing appropriate policy responses.

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2016. 15p.

Source: Internet Resource: Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice, no. 515: Accessed December 5, 2016 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi515.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Australia

URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/tandi_pdf/tandi515.pdf

Shelf Number: 140281

Keywords:
Alcohol Related Crime, Disorder
Drug Abuse
Illegal Drugs
Substance Abuse

Author: Harwin, Judith

Title: After FDAC: Outcomes 5 Years Later

Summary: This report presents the findings from a continuation study of outcomes of cases heard in the first Family Drug and Alcohol Court (FDAC) in England. It builds on earlier findings reported in 20142 . It provides information on child and maternal outcomes at the end of the care proceedings using a larger number of FDAC cases than before. It also has a longer followup period, reporting on outcomes up to five years after the end of proceedings. This is the first report in which the longer term outcomes of non-reunified FDAC mothers and their children five years on are also presented. The FDAC evaluation team has been following up the same cohort of cases that entered the London FDAC between 2008 and 2012 and similar cases entering ordinary care proceedings in the same court over the same period (140 FDAC and 100 comparison). It provides a unique opportunity to track cases with the aim of finding out whether the FDAC approach achieved better substance misuse and family reunification outcomes than ordinary court and service delivery.

Details: Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University, 2016. 89p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 25, 2017 at: http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/cfj-fdac/files/2016/12/FDAC_FINAL_REPORT_2016.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://wp.lancs.ac.uk/cfj-fdac/files/2016/12/FDAC_FINAL_REPORT_2016.pdf

Shelf Number: 145423

Keywords:
Child Abuse and Neglect
Child Maltreatment
Child Protection
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Family Courts
Problem-Solving Courts
Substance Abuse

Author: Sedlak, Andrea J.

Title: Survey of Youth in Residential Placement: Conditions of Confinement

Summary: This report, the third in the series, presents findings from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement (SYRP) about the conditions of confinement for youth in a range of different facilities and progams. Results focus on the structural and operational characteristics of these environments and indicate how youth offenders are distributed across various programs and facilities of different size and complexity. These findings provide answers to a number of questions about the characteristics and experiences of youth in placement, including: - How are youth grouped in living units and programs? - Which youth are placed together? - What activities are available in each facility? - How accessible are social, emotional, and legal supports? - What is the quality of the youth-staff relationships? - How clear are the facility's rules? - How clear is the facility's commitment to justice and due process? - What methods of control and discipline do staff use? The data derive from interviews with a nationally representative sample of 7,073 youth in 2003, using audio-computer-assisted-self-interview (ACASI) methodology. Facility administrators provided additional information about placement contexts, either while planning the data collection or in verifying or updating answers on their latest Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC) survey. The SYRP sample was drawn from the full population of state and local facilities identified by the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and Juvenile Residential Facility Census surveys. SYRP youth resided in a nationally representative selection of 205 eligible, responsive facilities listed on the census as of 2002. These included detention and corrections facilities; community-based facilities such as shelters, group homes, and independent living programs; and camp programs, such as boot camps and forestry camps. The SYRP survey team interviewed the youth between the beginning of March and mid-June 2003. All SYRP findings use the youth as the unit of measurement. Each participant is weighted to reflect the number of youth he or she represents in the national population of youth in placement. These weights allow the sample youth (n=7,073) to provide estimates about the full placement population (estimated at more than 100,000 youth, on a given day in 2003). All SYRP reports present findings in terms of estimated numbers (rounded to the nearest multiple of 10) and percentages (rounded to the nearest whole percent) in the national population of youth in residential placement. Thus, this report describes how the population of youth in placement is distributed across different placement settings.

Details: Rockville, MD: Westat, 2017. 71p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 13, 2017 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250754.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: United States

URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/grants/250754.pdf

Shelf Number: 146073

Keywords:
Juvenile Detention
Juvenile Inmates
Juvenile Offenders
Mental Health Services
Residential Treatment Centers
Substance Abuse

Author: Curtin University. National Drug Research Institute

Title: The Social Costs of Methamphetamine in Australia 2013/14

Summary: Australia has one of the highest documented rates of methamphetamine use in the world, with about 2.1% of the population aged 14 years and over reporting they have used methamphetamine in the past year. Recent changes in the purity and form of methamphetamine have resulted in a significant rise in public concern and media interest in the harms associated with the consumption of methamphetamine. As documented in this report, methamphetamine consumption is associated with a diverse range of harms and costs to individual drug users, their families and wider society. The objective of this project was to estimate the cost of methamphetamine use to Australia for a specific year (2013/14) rather than the future costs arising from use in that year, due to limitations in the available data and the level of uncertainly concerning future outcomes. Thus, other than years of life lost due to premature mortality, the costs do not include costs for treating chronic health conditions or lower levels of productivity over the lifespan. The harms and costs of drug use are substantially increased for dependent drug users compared with other users(Moore, 2007). We based our analyses on an estimated 160,000 dependent methamphetamine users and 108,000 regular nondependent users (Degenhardt et al., 2016a). There are also estimated to be 240,995 people in Australia who use methamphetamine occasionally (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2014a). Finally, we excluded the private costs incurred by non-dependent methamphetamine users. However, the private costs or the "internalities" of dependent drug use were quantified but not added to the overall total. The report identified a range of prevention, supply reduction, harm reduction and treatment initiatives targeting the use of methamphetamine. In 2013/14 school based programs were the major prevention approach, with no substantial general population programs being identified in that year. Supply reduction programs were evident at the local level, through jurisdiction level policing or initiatives such as ProjectStop, which aims to limit access to precursor chemicals through the purchase of some over-the-counter medicines. Nationally, there were initiatives to regulate the commercial supply of chemicals and products that could be used in clandestine laboratories. The major harm reduction initiatives were existing programs that aim to reduce harms from injecting drug use (e.g. needle and syringe programs) that also involve some users of methamphetamine. However, treatment programs, such as withdrawal management, counselling services and residential rehabilitation, were the largest cost items in this area. Chapter 4 provides costing for these items.

Details: Perth, Western Australia: The Research Institute, 2016. 200p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 27, 2017 at: https://ndri.curtin.edu.au/local/docs/pdf/publications/T246.pdf

Year: 2016

Country: Australia

URL: https://ndri.curtin.edu.au/local/docs/pdf/publications/T246.pdf

Shelf Number: 147843

Keywords:
Costs of Drug Abuse
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse Treatment
Methamphetamine
Substance Abuse

Author: Kearley, Brook W.

Title: Long Term Effects of Drug Court Participation: Evidence From a 15-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Summary: Substance use disorders and related negative outcomes are on the rise in America. Among jail and prison populations, approximately half of all inmates meet DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence or abuse. Two decades of drug court research indicate that these specialized courts reduce recidivism among participants when compared to traditional probation processing. However, few high quality studies have been conducted and important gaps in our understanding of the model�s effectiveness and population suitability remain. Additionally, little is known regarding the long-term impacts of drug courts or the courts� effects on outcomes beyond recidivism and drug use. One of the most rigorous primary studies to date is the randomized trial of the Baltimore City Drug Treatment Court (BCDTC). Three-year follow-up data from this study showed that participation in the program reduced recidivism and that subjects self-reported less crime and substance use than did controls. This dissertation compares 15-year recidivism, incarceration, and mortality outcomes for the 235 BCDTC subjects. Additionally, it compares differences in recidivism growth over time between the two conditions. The work extends one of the few randomized trials of an established drug court and includes a group of offenders with substantial criminal and substance abuse histories. Findings suggest that participation in Baltimore City�s Drug Treatment Court resulted in significantly fewer arrests, charges, and convictions across the 15-year follow-up period, to include several crime-specific differences in arrests and convictions. Originating court was shown to moderate the effect of drug court participation for convictions, such that those participating in the Circuit drug court had significantly better outcomes than those participating in the District drug court. Drug court participants also had significantly lower rates of growth over time in both arrests and convictions. While differences were sustained across the 15-year period, differences in the rate of growth did not appear to increase over time as hypothesized. Participation in Baltimore City�s Drug Treatment Court did not have a significant effect on total days of sentenced incarceration, nor did it have an impact on mortality risk

Details: University of Maryland, 2017. 146p.

Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 3, 2017 at: https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/19454

Year: 2017

Country: United States

URL: https://drum.lib.umd.edu/handle/1903/19454

Shelf Number: 148023

Keywords:
Drug Courts
Drug Offenders
Problem Solving Courts
Recidivism
Rehabilitation
Substance Abuse

Author: Great Britain. HM Inspectorate of Probation

Title: New Psychoactive Substances: the response by probation and substance misuse services in the community in England

Summary: The prevalence of NPS is hard to quantify for several reasons. Synthetic drug manufacture is not geographically constrained and this prevents an estimation of the volume of such drugs being manufactured worldwide. Users of NPS often don't know what they are taking, and in some cases they have been misled, with NPS passed off as more conventional drugs such as ecstasy. In addition, GPs, accident and emergency departments, probation services and the police do not specifically record NPS use. While the overall size of the NPS market is small in comparison with other drugs, an increasing number of countries are reporting seizures of NPS. There is also growing recognition of the harm associated with NPS use - often the result of crude manufacturing techniques and unpredictable dosage levels. As a result, they can be more lethal than other drugs. Concern is also rising about their use among marginalised populations such as prisoners and street homeless, attracted by the availability and low cost of NPS. Treatment options are more limited than with other substances, for example opioids, where substitutes are available. In most cases, treatment involves psychosocial interventions to help people consider the health risks and the costs of using NPS, and to help them make behavioural changes to reduce harm and moderate their drug use. We came across two areas using clinical detoxification to help manage withdrawal from NPS use. Overall, inspected areas did not have a good enough understanding of the prevalence of NPS use at a local level or what may work for those using NPS. While the UK government has issued advice and guidance for commissioners and substance misuse services, in the main, strategies have focused on crisis management to address emergencies. While local management relationships between substance misuse services and probation providers were good, probation engagement at a strategic level was less consistent. Where the strategic response was appropriately coordinated, for example in Newcastle, it included longer-term actions for agencies to work together and address NPS-related concerns locally. They were also more likely to be collecting NPSspecific data. Partnership working was strongest in probation teams that worked in collaboration with other agencies, such as Integrated Offender Management, and in cases where service users had court-imposed or licence conditions to engage with substance misuse services. In other cases, work was often being done in isolation. We found the assessments and plans completed by substance misuse services sufficient overall. In line with Public Health England guidance, substance misuse services worked with the individual symptoms and not specifically on the drug that the individual used. We were told that this national guidance that NPS users should be treated the same as other drug users was the reason that NPS-specific training had not been rolled out to all keyworkers - we found that this had led to a significant gap. Without specific training, keyworkers relied on their more experienced colleagues and their own research to increase their knowledge and understanding. The most skilled practitioners had developed NPS toolkits, which were then used in individual work with service users. Where these were being used, we found that there was more awareness of the risks and effects of using NPS. However, many NPS users were not accessing available services. All the cases we inspected were known either to have used or be currently using NPS, yet probation assessments lacked sufficient information to explore the pattern, level and funding of NPS use. Many users experienced problems with housing, mental health, relationships and finances. Some had lost placements in hostels or housing tenancies for reasons that were often related to their NPS use, but responsible officers rarely identified this. In the process, those who lost their accommodation ended up on the streets, sleeping rough in an environment where NPS were easy to obtain and frequently used. Worryingly, probation providers did not routinely consider the risks associated with NPS use to groups such as children, staff, prisoners or the wider community, despite there being enough known about the unpredictable behaviour that could be displayed by those using the drugs. Two Community Rehabilitation Companies had developed short-duration substance misuse interventions. NPS use was only covered to a basic standard, with many attendees being better informed than responsible officers. We found no evidence that the Building Skills for Recovery accredited programme, which is designed to reduce offending behaviour and problematic substance misuse, was used for NPS users by either the National Probation Service or Community Rehabilitation Companies. Responsible officers were rarely able to talk to NPS users about their symptoms and consolidate work undertaken by substance misuse services. While probation providers were making appropriate referrals to substance misuse services, these were not always responded to in a timely fashion. Service user engagement was often sporadic and responsible officers did not do enough to support NPS users to re-engage. We found poor-quality information-sharing. Prisoners were being released into the community often with no information shared about their NPS use in prison, and release plans did not meet the needs of the prisoner in relation to their substance misuse. We found good recording of information by substance misuse keyworkers who had access to probation IT systems. In many cases, however, we found that substance misuse services held information that would have improved the quality of probation assessments and plans but was not being shared. NPS users were disengaged from services, insufficient progress had been made to address NPS use and in many cases no other work was taking place either. NPS users lacked trust in the help and support available, and many turned to using NPS to forget their problems. Confidence, knowledge and awareness were the key areas that affected the quality of work for both probation and substance misuse services. While some training had been provided, this was often not sufficient for practitioners and was no longer up to date. As a result, responsible officers and many substance misuse keyworkers were not confident enough to undertake harm minimisation work with NPS users. While clinical guidance is available, not enough has been provided to inform professionals working with NPS users on community orders in the criminal justice system.

Details: Manchester, UK: Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Probation, 2017. 59p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 30, 2017 at: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/cjji/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/New-Psychoactive-Substances-report.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/cjji/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/11/New-Psychoactive-Substances-report.pdf

Shelf Number: 148589

Keywords:
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Offenders
Drug Treatment
Probation Officers
Probationers
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment
Synthetic Drugs

Author: Patterson, Eileen

Title: Drug use monitoring in Australia: 2015 and 2016 report on drug use among police detainees

Summary: Established in 1999, the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program is funded by the Australian Government and is the nation's largest and longest-running ongoing survey of police detainees across the country. DUMA currently operates at five data collection sites and comprises two core components: a self-report survey including a range of criminal justice, demographic, drug use and drug market participation information; and voluntary urinalysis, which provides an objective measure for corroborating reported recent drug use (within 48 hours of arrest). This biennial report is part of the Australian Institute of Criminology's (AIC) Statistical Report series and aims to describe the DUMA data collected between January 2015 and December 2016 (herein referred to as 2015-16) at five sites: Adelaide (South Australia), Brisbane (Queensland), Perth (Western Australia) and Sydney (Bankstown and Surry Hills, New South Wales).

Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2018. 98p.

Source: Internet Resource: Statistical Report 04: Accessed April 24, 2018 at: https://aic.gov.au/publications/sr/sr4

Year: 2018

Country: Australia

URL: https://aic.gov.au/publications/sr/sr4

Shelf Number: 149873

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Abuse and Crime
Drug Offenders
Illicit Drugs
Substance Abuse

Author: Wood, Ed

Title: Weakest in the Nation: Colorado's DUID Laws are the Weakest in the Nation; Why and How to Fix that

Summary: Executive Summary Two facets of the Driving Under the Influence of Drugs (DUID) problem are of concern. First, DUID drivers kill and maim innocent victims. Second, DUID victims often fail to see the same kind of justice that is delivered to drunk driving victims because laws designed to deal with alcohol impairment do not work well for drug impairment. Driving Under the Influence (DUI) is not just about alcohol, and DUID is not just about marijuana. Whereas in years past, alcohol was the only impairing substance commonly found in drivers, today�s forensic laboratories report that polydrug impairment is more common than impairment by either alcohol alone or marijuana alone. Although alcohol and marijuana are the most commonly found drugs in drivers involved in fatal crashes, they are very frequently found in combination, often with narcotics, depressants, stimulants, and other drugs. Public knowledge about drunk driving is widespread but frequently wrong. Knowledge about drugged driving is far less common and even more commonly wrong. The public in general fails to understand the DUI arrest process and the difference between DUI and DUI per se. Until the last few years, driving has become increasingly safer. The average person will be involved in a fatal crash only about once every 85 lifetimes. So when drivers are warned that an activity like drinking alcohol, using drugs or texting and driving can increase the risk of a fatal crash, drivers can and do ignore such warnings. And they usually get away with it. This explains why so many messages to avoid drunk, drugged or distracted driving are ineffective. Marijuana-impaired driving is of particular concern not because of its inherent danger, but because of its increasing prevalence and a commonly held false belief that stoned driving is not dangerous. Marijuana-impaired driving is less deadly than drunk driving, just as a .22 caliber bullet is less deadly than a .45 caliber bullet. But all four can and do kill. Blood tests or breath tests have been used successfully to assess alcohol impairment for decades. But alcohol is the only drug for which there is a strong correlation between impairment and blood or breath concentrations. For marijuana�s impairing delta 9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), virtually all scientific research has demonstrated that even though higher doses of THC impair more than lower doses of THC, there is absolutely no correlation between THC impairment and blood levels of THC. Individuals can develop a tolerance to some of the impairing effects of drugs, including alcohol, marijuana and opioids. But tolerance to some of a drug's impairing effects does not make the individual tolerant to all impairing effects. Addicts and other heavy users of drugs can be just as impaired as novice users. Colorado�s DUID laws are considered the weakest in the nation for several reasons: 1. The 5 nanogram per milliliter permissible inference level for marijuana�s THC ensures that most THC-impaired drivers who test below 5 ng/ml will not be convicted of DUI. 2. The 5 ng/ml permissible inference level does not guarantee that THC-impaired drivers who test above 5 ng/ml will be convicted of DUI. 3. Colorado relies upon a very stringent statutory definition of DUI that is difficult to prove in court: "the person is substantially incapable" of safe driving. 4. Colorado has a lower offense of Driving While Ability Impaired (DWAI): "affects the person to the slightest degree� similar to the statutory DUI definition of some other states. But although vehicular homicide due to DUI is a Class 3 felony, vehicular homicide due to DWAI is not even a misdemeanor. 5. Colorado tests a minority of DUI suspects and drivers involved in fatal crashes for drug presence. Therefore, the prevalence of drug impaired driving is not well understood. 6. Colorado provides a statutory presumption of innocence for drivers testing below a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.05, which fails to recognize that a non-impairing dose of alcohol combined with a non-impairing dose of THC can impair a driver. The following statutory changes are recommended to improve Colorado�s DUID laws: Transformative changes 1. Change the THC permissible inference law to a Tandem per se law. 2. Require evidentiary drug testing of any driver who tests positive for drugs on a preliminary drug test; and evidentiary drug testing of all drivers involved in fatal crashes. 3. Implement oral fluid testing: roadside non-quantitative preliminary oral fluid testing if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the driver may be impaired by drugs; evidentiary laboratory oral fluid testing as an alternative to blood testing to prove the presence of an impairing substance. Improvements 1. Redefine DUI for drugs similar to Vermont�s recent definition. 2. Establish zero tolerance for all psychotropic drugs in drivers under the age of 21. 3. Reclassify penalties and misdemeanors to criminalize vehicular homicide or assault due to DWAI; make vehicular homicide or assault due to careless driving a felony. 4. Impose the same requirements and sanctions for drug testing that currently apply to alcohol testing. 5. Eliminate the statutory presumption of innocence for a BAC below .05 if psychotropic drugs in addition to alcohol are present. 6. Enhance penalties for polydrug impairment. 7. Eliminate alcohol sanctions for drug impairment convictions. 8. Implement electronic warrants to reduce delays in taking blood samples. 9. Adopt National Safety Council forensic testing recommendations. 10. Include officer-collected evidence from the scene of arrest in the Division of Criminal Justice reports. The above recommendations are offered as a menu, not as a package, since the effects of some recommendations overlap.

Details: Colorado, 2018. 170p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 5, 2018 at: http://www.duidvictimvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Weakest-in-the-Nation.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: http://www.duidvictimvoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Weakest-in-the-Nation.pdf

Shelf Number: 151476

Keywords:
Driving Under the Influence
Driving Under the Influence of Drugs
Driving While Drunk
Policy Change
Substance Abuse

Author: McClure, David

Title: Insights from Early State Efforts to Address the Opioid Crisis: Opioid Policymaking Insights and Experiences from the First Seven States Participating in the National Governors Association's Prescription Drug Abuse Reduction Policy Academy

Summary: In recent years, the precipitous rise in opioid overdose fatalities in the United States has led to the widely held view that the problem has reached the level of a crisis or epidemic. However, the opioid problem has been simmering for many years, and state policymakers have been working to address this issue long before it prompted widespread public recognition. Looking back at the early opioid-related policy efforts in several states-when options were more resource-constrained-reveals valuable reflection points for lawmakers continuing to address the problem. This brief summarizes common insights and experiences of state policymakers working to address opioid issues, collected in 2015 from the first seven states to participate in the National Governors Association's Prescription Drug Abuse Reduction Policy Academy. This brief is intended to provide a retrospective on states' efforts to curb opioid misuse from 2012 through 2015.

Details: Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2018. 19p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2018 at: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99032/insights_from_early_state_efforts_to_address_the_opioid_crisis.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.urban.org/research/publication/insights-early-state-efforts-address-opioid-crisis

Shelf Number: 152986

Keywords:
Drug Abuse
Opioid
Prescription Drug Abuse
Substance Abuse

Author: Governing Institute

Title: Confronting a Crisis: A Practical Guide for Policymakers to Mitigate the Opioid Epidemic

Summary: Ninety-one Americans die every day from opioid overdoses. Victims come from all walks of life: a 19-year-old mother of two from Panama City, Fla., a 28-year-old Army sergeant from upstate New York, a 49-year-old juvenile court mediator from Arizona. For some, addiction started in their youth. For others, it began after an injury or surgery when a doctor prescribed opioids for pain. Opioids, a class of drugs that includes everything from prescription medications, like oxycodone, morphine, tramadol and fentanyl, to illegal drugs like heroin, have led to a public health crisis. The addictive nature of opioids and overprescribing are fueling the epidemic. In the last 15 years, the number of opioids prescribed and sold in the U.S. has quadrupled, even though the amount of pain Americans report is the same. Opioids were involved in more than 33,000 deaths in 2015, but the crisis continues to grow. Drug overdose deaths have significantly increased in Massachusetts, Florida, New York, North Carolina, West Virginia and more than a dozen other states. The opioid epidemic is a public health crisis that is tearing families apart and ruining lives. It also puts an incredible burden on government, including law enforcement agencies, justice departments and the foster care system, as children are orphaned or removed from parents and caretakers struggling with addiction. Though some states are taking significant steps to address the problem, they face continuing challenges in preventing future overdoses and addictions. Some experts contend there isn't nearly enough state or federal funding to combat the epidemic. Others say there are so many stakeholders involved that it's difficult to know where to begin to coordinate efforts. However, collaboration among state and local leaders, public health experts, health care providers, insurers and others is critical. There isn't one off-the-shelf solution to curb the epidemic, but policymakers are taking action to address the crisis and save lives. This handbook will detail those efforts and outline other steps policymakers can take to help mitigate the opioid crisis.

Details: California: Governing Institute, 2017. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2018 at: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/GOV17_HANDBOOK_BCBS_V.PDF

Year: 2017

Country: United States

URL: http://www.governing.com/papers/Confronting-a-Crisis-A-Practical-Guide-for-Policymakers-to-Mitigate-the-Opioid-Epidemic-81958.html

Shelf Number: 153137

Keywords:
Drug-Related Deaths
Illegal Drugs
Opioid Crisis
Opioid Epidemic
Policy Recommendations
Prescription Medication
Public Health Crisis
Substance Abuse

Author: Shelp, Frank E

Title: Problem Gambling among Drug and DUI Court Clients in GA

Summary: Research has demonstrated that PG is associated with participation in criminal acts (McCorkle, 2002; Meyer & Stadler, 1999), involvement in the criminal justice system (NORC, 1999), and substance and alcohol abuse (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005). The current study assessed the prevalence and correlates of PG within a population in which these risk factors are compounded: Adults mandated to participate in drug and DUI courts due to criminal activity fueled by substance abuse. Limited resources devoted to the prevention and treatment of PG highlight the need to increase efforts to identify high risk populations which can be targeted for interventions, thus limiting potential harm and costs associated with PG. This study assessed PG among over 600 clients from 18 different Drug and DUI courts in GA, which collectively serve all types of GA counties (urban, urbanizing, suburban, rural growth, and rural decline). Furthermore, the sample was diverse in age, gender and ethnicity. Thus, the sample should be fairly representative of all Georgia drug/DUI court clients.

Details: Atlanta, GA: Georgia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities, 2010?. 2p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 23, 2018 at: http://www2.gsu.edu/~psyjge/Fact/Drug_Court_04_10.pdf

Year: 2010

Country: United States

URL: http://www2.gsu.edu/~psyjge/Fact/Drug_Court_04_10.pdf

Shelf Number: 153107

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Driving Under the Influence
Drug Courts
DUI
Gambling
Problem Gambling
Substance Abuse

Author: Douglas, Bob

Title: We All Pay the Price: Our Drug Laws are Tearing Apart Australia's Social Fabric, as Well as Harming Drug Users and Their Families

Summary: In March 2018, Australia21 held a national summit of 36 experts in drug treatment, drug law, community welfare and the social effects of drug use, to explore the ways drug policies and practices across Australia impact on our society. The purpose of the day-long Roundtable meeting at Victoria's Parliament House was to build on the conclusions of three previous high level Roundtable summits on Illicit drug policy that Australia21 had initiated since 2012. All 36 participants were sent a discussion paper entitled "Can we impact positively on apparently intractable social problems through improved social policy to address the currently illegal drugs?" The paper argued that our current drug policy settings, with their heavy emphasis upon drug prohibition and drug law enforcement, produce harmful outcomes for people who use drugs, as well as their families and indeed, the broader community. Problems associated with illicit drugs in our community are complex, multifactorial and interrelated, and there was firm consensus among the Roundtable group that some of these problems are more the result of our drug policies than the drugs themselves. The prohibition of specified drugs perversely promotes criminal markets, encourages the growth of prison populations and damages the lives of many Australian families. The group shared evidence of current drug laws directly and disproportionately harming people who are convicted for personal use and possession, as well as having many other adverse consequences for income security, housing, parenting, child protection, domestic and family violence, family breakdown, mental health, employment, crime, social welfare, recreation, road safety and the environment. They noted that drug offences are dealt with inconsistently, so Australians in some jurisdictions are more likely to be negatively impacted than others. The group also expressed overarching concerns about the diversion of scarce human and financial resources from managing health and social issues into drug law enforcement that is unproductive, wasteful and too often harmful. Ultimately, we all pay the price for policies that are poorly targeted and even counter-productive to harm reduction. There is no magic bullet for solving problematic drug use, but there is a vast amount of strong evidence and international experience to support an approach which treats it primarily as a health and social issue and not as a criminal matter. The group noted the success of this approach in Portugal, with significant reductions in harms since its adoption in 2001. While recognising the different circumstances in the two countries, the group agreed that implementing a similar approach would be desirable for Australia, contributing to a more just, more harmonious, more inclusive and more compassionate society. The participants agreed that a range of diverse social outcomes could be improved rapidly and efficiently through a combined strategy of: - identifying drug use as a health and social issue and therefore removing criminal sanctions for personal use and possession; and - concentrating drug law enforcement on the activities of those who illegally manufacture, import, promote and traffic in drugs; and - redirecting any savings from a narrower law enforcement focus into treatment and rehabilitation; and - creating new infrastructure to build treatment and rehabilitation services, as a key pillar in the management of drug dependence. It was also agreed that long-term legalisation of drugs should be a carefully evaluated, incremental process, commencing with officially recognised "decriminalisation" of some currently illicit drugs and removal of sanctions for possession and use of specified limited amounts of the substances. The aim would always be to manage the inevitable ongoing use of psychoactive drugs so as to reduce the harm done to users and the community at large. It was recognised that after many decades of prohibition, this approach will seem counter-intuitive to some members of the community. Even some colleagues in the health and social services sectors will not yet be comfortable about supporting the removal of criminal sanctions for use and possession. Also, if the community is ambivalent or opposed, it will be very difficult for even those politicians convinced of the need for drug law reform to initiate and support the legislative action necessary for change. So this new approach would require more than just an act of legislation. It would need substantial collaboration across the health, welfare and drug law reform communities. It would need a campaign with clearly defined aims that are attractive to Australians and have tangible benefits for the entire community. It would need a nuanced communication program that deals effectively with public fears and uncertainties about giving up a punitive approach and appearing to be "soft on drugs and crime." Achieving such bold change is usually difficult and often slow, so it would also need bold leadership. Consequently, the Roundtable focused much of its discussion on what it would take to bring the Australian community along the path to reform. Several priorities emerged: - Show how a focus on law enforcement and criminalisation feeds disadvantage in already vulnerable groups and hurts the whole community. - Acknowledge community fears about drugs and demonstrate the benefits of supporting more access to prevention and treatment rather than relying heavily on punishment as the way to reduce harm from drugs. - Reframe how drug use and people who use drugs are seen in the community so the discussion is about 'us' not 'them', and communicate this in ways which appeal to different demographics and political frameworks. - Listen to the issues and concerns raised by the broader health and social services sector and engage with them on their own terms to support drug law reform. - Share information, work in collaboration across a network of agencies and individuals committed to the reform of policy and practice around drugs, and support each other and the champions of change, including those politicians willing to step up for reform. The group agreed to support the development of collaborative networks of leaders, researchers and peak bodies in the health and social welfare field in order to promote acceptance in Australia of evidence-based approaches to managing drug use. As a first step, the participants issued a public statement calling on Australia's federal, state and territory governments to treat drug use primarily as a health and social issue and to remove criminal sanctions for personal use and possession of illicit drugs - warning that there are complex two-way interactions between the punitive approach to drug use and problems including poverty, social disadvantage, unemployment, homelessness, family violence, child protection interventions, mental illness, stigma, discrimination and suicide. Since the Roundtable, the launch of the Noffs Foundation�s Take Control campaign and Uniting�s Fair Treatment campaign have provided further encouraging examples of whole-of-sector approaches. The Roundtable was co-hosted by Victorian parliamentarian Fiona Patten, a member of a seven person Victorian parliamentary inquiry which tabled the report of its year-long study into illicit drug policy a few days after the Australia21 summit. That report proposed very substantial reforms to drug policy and contained 50 recommendations for change, including Recommendation 13, that the Victorian government should "treat the offences of personal use and possession of all illicit substances as a health issue rather than a criminal justice issue". The hope is that this action proposed to the Victorian Parliament will be considered in other states and territories as well. In summary, the personal use and possession of drugs in specified limited amounts should no longer be dealt with under criminal law, but instead should be treated primarily as a health and social issue. To do this, substantial investment will be needed across Australia in local prevention, treatment, rehabilitation and harm reduction services. Law enforcement should restrict its drug focus to criminal trafficking of substances. In the longer term, and with due consideration given to local and international evidence, the objective may be to legalise, regulate and tax selected psychoactive drugs - as happens with currently legal drugs like alcohol, nicotine and therapeutic opioid preparations. The political and other difficulties of achieving these reforms should not be underestimated, but nor should the costs of continuing current policy: we all pay the price.

Details: Melbourne, Australia: Australia21, 2018. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 9, 2018 at: http://australia21.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/J3271_We-all-pay-the-price-WEB.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: Australia

URL: https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/publications/?id=35805&title=We+all+pay+the+price%3A+our+drug+laws+are+tearing+apart+our+social+fabric%2C+as+well+as+harming+drug+users+and+their+families

Shelf Number: 153891

Keywords:
Decriminalization
Drug Abuse
Drug Law
Drug Policies
Drug Reform
Drug Treatment
Drug Use
Harm Reduction
Legalization
Rehabilitation
Substance Abuse

Author: Harris, Katharine Neill

Title: The Drug Overdose Epidemic: Not Just about Opioids

Summary: The rise in opioid-related overdose deaths in the last two decades is widely regarded as an epidemic that originated with the overprescribing of prescription pain relievers in the late 1990s. But a research study published in the September issue of Science suggests that the opioid overdose crisis is actually part of a larger trend that started 40 years ago. In the study, researchers mapped drug overdose deaths in the U.S. from 1979 through 2016. The authors analyzed data from the National Vital Statistics System on 599,255 deaths in which the main cause of death was listed as accidental drug poisoning. The authors found that drug overdose fatalities have been increasing dramatically since 1979, stating that "this exponentially increasing mortality rate has tracked along a remarkably smooth trajectory for at least 38 years," suggesting that "the current wave of opioid overdose deaths may just be the latest manifestation of a more fundamental longer term process." Within this broad trend of steady growth, there is significant variation in terms of the specific drugs involved and the populations most affected by drug overdose deaths. Currently, the population most at risk for cocaine overdose is aging black males living in urban counties, while methamphetamine-related deaths skew toward white and rural male populations. For opioid-related deaths, age is a defining feature of variation in risk patterns. Deaths involving heroin and synthetic opioids are higher for people between the ages of 20 and 40, especially white males living in urban counties. In contrast, prescription opioid deaths are higher among those 40 to 60 years old, especially white females living in rural counties. Nearly every region of the country, except for the northern Midwest, has been a "hot spot" for drug overdose deaths in the last few years. Despite some limitations, this analysis provides strong evidence for the existence of a protracted drug epidemic that requires both immediate and long-term interventions. The finding that the relatively recent increase in opioid-specific overdoses may be a particularly intense manifestation of a more persistent problem implies that a major feature of the government response to opioid-involved overdoses - restricting the supply of prescription painkillers - does little to stem the overall uptick in drug-related fatalities. The fact that the increase in overdose deaths has remained constant despite varying trends for specific drugs also suggests that factors often thought to drive the overdose epidemic, such as a rise in drug use or an overabundant drug supply, are not sufficient explanations.

Details: Houston, TX: Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy, 2018. 5p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 17, 2018 at: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/dc464f15/bi-brief-110118-drug-overdoseepidemic.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/media/files/files/dc464f15/bi-brief-110118-drug-overdoseepidemic.pdf

Shelf Number: 153877

Keywords:
Cocaine
Drug Overdose
Drug Use
Methamphetamine
Opioid Epidemic
Opioids
Prescription Drug Abuse
Rural Crime
Substance Abuse

Author: Colquhoun-Flannery, Claire

Title: Examining the Efficacy of the Building Skills for Recovery (BSR) Programme for Substance-Misusing Offenders in Custody in England and Wales

Summary: Building Skills for Recovery (BSR) is a substance misuse intervention that has been designed to reduce offending behaviour and dependent substance misuse with an eventual goal of recovery. As little research has been carried out to explore the efficacy of BSR, this study aimed to measure change in the treatment targets of impulsivity, locus of control and problem solving in 1,702 BSR participants in custody, particularly clinically significant change. The impact of readiness to engage in treatment on programme completion was also explored.

Details: London, U.K.: Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, 2018. 7p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 18, 2018 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/764651/examining-efficacy-building-skills-recovery-programme.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/examining-the-efficacy-of-the-building-skills-for-recovery-programme-for-substance-misusing-offenders-in-custody

Shelf Number: 154065

Keywords:
Building Skills Recovery
Drug Abuse
Drug Use
Impulsivity
Intervention
Locus of Control
Recidivism
Reduce Offending
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Intervention

Author: Stone, Katie

Title: The Global State of Harm Reduction 2018

Summary: In 2008, Harm Reduction International (HRI) released the first Global State of Harm Reduction, a report that mapped responses to drug-related HIV, viral hepatitis and tuberculosis (TB) around the world for the first time. The data gathered for the report provided a critical baseline against which progress could be measured in terms of the international, regional and national recognition of harm reduction in policy and practice. Since 2008, the biennial report has become a key publication for researchers, policymakers, civil society organisations, UN agencies and advocates, mapping harm reduction policy adoption and programme implementation globally. Over the last decade, reports of injecting drug use and the harm reduction response have increased; harm reduction programmes are currently operating at some level in almost half of the 179 countries in the world where injecting drug use has been documented. With patterns of drug use globally continuing to evolve, Harm Reduction International reached out in 2017 to civil society networks across the world to ask what they wanted to see in this report. The 2018 Global State of Harm Reduction report has a broader scope, containing information on: - The number of people who inject drugs and the number of people imprisoned for drug use (where data is available). - Needle and syringe programmes (NSP), opioid substitution therapy (OST), HIV and hepatitis C and TB testing and treatment for people who use drugs, in both the community and in prisons. - The harm reduction response for people who use amphetamine-type stimulants, cocaine and its derivatives, and new psychoactive substances. - Drug-checking in nightlife settings. - Harm reduction for women who use drugs. - Drug consumption rooms. - Drug-related mortality and morbidity and the overdose response, as well as naloxone peer distribution in the community and naloxone provision in prisons. - Developments and regressions in funding for harm reduction. This report and other Global State of Harm Reduction resources can be found at www.hri.global.

Details: London: Harm Reduction International, 2018. 176p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 18, 2018 at: https://www.hri.global/files/2018/12/11/global-state-harm-reduction-2018.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: International

URL: https://www.hri.global/files/2018/12/11/global-state-harm-reduction-2018.pdf

Shelf Number: 154070

Keywords:
Cocaine
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Drug Consumption Facilities
Drug Use
Harm Reduction
HIV
Methamphetamine
Naloxone
Substance Abuse

Author: MacDonald, Morag

Title: Service Provision for Detainees with Problematic Drug and Alcohol Use in Police Detention: A Comparative Study of Selected Countries in the European Union

Summary: Introduction Over the last two decades drug use has greatly increased. As a result increasing numbers find themselves in police detention: most of these detainees are vulnerable individuals and the recognition of their substance misuse problem is now perceived (in the UK) as important and is receiving local and national attention. Accurate assessment of substance-misuse-associated morbidities, including the degree and severity of dependence, and of the need for medical intervention, is essential, because both intoxication and withdrawal can put detainees at risk of medical, psychiatric and even legal complications (Royal College of Psychiatrists and Association of Forensic Physicians 2006,ii). Despite the expanding illicit drug industry and advances in law enforcement, which have led to an increase in the proportion of problematic drug and alcohol users coming in contact with the criminal justice systems throughout Europe, there is still little research about police detention (Van Horne & Farrell 1999), specifically in considering police forces' response to the problem and the treatment of problematic drug and alcohol users in police detention (MacDonald 2004). Official statistics have shown an increase in the number of problematic drug and alcohol users across Europe and in Central and Eastern Europe. Recreational use and experimentation are becoming a central part of youth culture. Problematic drug and alcohol users represent a small minority of the whole population. However, this sort of use is responsible for the vast majority of associated harm, in personal, economic and social costs. This study explores legislation, policy and practice for problematic drug and alcohol users during police detention in eight countries in the EU.

Details: Helsinki, Finland: European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, 2008. 28p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 9, 2019 at: https://www.heuni.fi/material/attachments/heuni/papers/6KtnJ9l4J/HEUNI_papers_27.pdf

Year: 2008

Country: Europe

URL: https://www.heuni.fi/en/index/publications/heunipapers/serviceprovisionfordetaineeswithproblematicdrugandalcoholuseinpolicedetentionacomparativestudyofselectedcountriesintheeuropeanunion.html

Shelf Number: 154049

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Detainees
Drug Use
Europe
Illicit Drugs
Police Detention
Substance Abuse

Author: Parliamentary Ombudsman, The, Norway

Title: Visit Report: The Klokkergarden Collective 6-8 June 2017

Summary: The Parliamentary Ombudsman's National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) visited the Klokkergarden Collective "Klokkergardenkollektivet" on 6-8 June 2017. The Klokkergarden collective is one of several long-term institutions under the foundation "Stiftelsen Klokkergarden". The foundation was established in 1980 with the objective to rehabilitate young people with substance abuse and behavioural problems. The Klokkergarden Collective is in Asnes municipality in Hedmark county and can accommodate 15 persons between the ages of 13 and 18. The institution is approved for placement without the young person's consent. The physical surroundings at the collective appeared to be good, and there seems to be a broad range of activities on offer for the young people, both at and outside the institution. The Parliamentary Ombudsman also had the impression that the young people were given good opportunities to help to decide which activities they wanted to participate in. The institution also had good procedures in place for safeguarding the health of the young people upon arrival and during their stay. The collective had made few administrative decisions on the use of force in the past year. However, the institution made many decisions to limit freedom of movement and the use of electronic means of communication in 2016. It seemed that such decisions were made routinely when the young people arrived at the institution. It was also found during the visit that the record-keeping practice had potential for improvement. A review revealed shortcomings in the records, including the fact that any alternative measures that had been considered/tried before the use of force were rarely recorded. It was also found that the institution had a practice of grounding the young people in their rooms if they overslept. This is a clear violation of young people's right to autonomy and privacy and increases the risk of them feeling isolated. Those who overslept in the morning and failed to appear downstairs by 8.45 had to stay in their rooms for the rest of the day. This included having to eat their meals in their rooms. Nor were they allowed to participate in social activities organised outside the house. No administrative decision was made regarding this restriction even if the grounding involved a clear restriction on the young people's freedom of movement inside and outside the institution. The Klokkergarden Collective had a practice of taking the young people on what they referred to as 'motivational trips' as part of their treatment. According to the institution plan, the purpose of such trips is to enable the young people to concentrate on working on conflicts or problems that have developed quickly or over time, without being disturbed. The institution stated that the motivational trip meant that 'a young person leaves the institution together with two adults for a limited period in order to keep an overview of and focus on special tasks.' The institution plan lists four main reasons for organising a motivational trip: reintegration after an escape; special care of a young person after substance abuse; intensifying treatment; and a need for extra care and attention. However, it was found during the visit that violating one of the institution's main rules was also an important reason why the young people were sent on motivational trips. Both staff and the young people stated that one of the reasons for a motivational trip could be if someone had 'secrets' with other young people. It was found that the motivational trips were mainly carried out following a decision by the staff. Thirty-five motivational trips were organised in 2016, and as of 27 April, nine such trips had been carried out in 2017. A document review showed that the trips lasted from a few days up to 14 days. In the Parliamentary Ombudsman's assessment, there was a clear risk that the motivational trips at the Klokkergarden Collective were seen as punishment. It was difficult to see any correspondence between many of the circumstances that could lead to a motivational trip and the guidelines to the Rights Regulations concerning 'destructive behaviour' or 'necessary on the basis of the responsibility to provide the individual with care and considerations for everyone's safety and happiness'. When the staff had decided to take a young person on a motivational trip, the young person was normally pulled aside by staff members in the hallway near the exit of the main building. If the young person did not wish to go on the trip and did not go out to the car voluntarily, the staff and the young person remained in the hallway until the latter consented to the trip. In such situations, the staff would block the doors in the hallway by standing in front of them to prevent the young person from going anywhere but straight out to the car. The young person was not allowed to return to the rest of the group or to their own room, and nor were they allowed to pack their things. The young people were not always told about the reason for the motivational trip. Nor were they told how long the motivational trip would last. The management said that the young people couldn't be informed about the duration of the trip, because the young person him/herself and the work carried out during the trip determined how long the trip would last. In the cases where the young person had not been told about the reason for the motivational trip or where this was not apparent, the length of the trip could be determined by the young person's ability to describe the circumstances that made the adults decide to organise a motivational trip. Several of the young people experienced this as the staff waiting for them to 'confess something' and that if they confessed to the rights things, they would be allowed to go back to the institution. In many cases, the motivational trips also included a period as 'phaseless', and always a plenary meeting at which the young person had to state the reason why he/she was sent on the trip and answer questions from both adults and the other young people. The degree of force and the lack of any real opportunity for the young people to participate meant that it was difficult to see how a motivational trip could make a positive contribution to any lasting change. The young people were placed in a coercive situation where their only way out was to comply with the adults' demands for how they should behave and what they should say. In total, the pressure that was exercised in the hallway before a trip without it being possible for the young person to withdraw to their room, the lack of openness as regards the reason for the trip and its length, the 'phaseless' period and the uncertainty about how long this would last, and the plenary meeting requirement constituted a worrying lack of openness and respect from the institution vis-avis the young people. The fact that, in the past year, there had been an instance where a young person had been subjected to physical pressure to complete a motivational trip, underpins concerns about the risk of inhuman treatment that young people are subjected to through the Klokkergarden Collective's use of involuntary motivational trips.

Details: Oslo, Norway: 2017. 9p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 12, 2019 at: https://www.sivilombudsmannen.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Visit-report-2017-The-Klokkerg%C3%A5rden-Collective.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: Norway

URL: https://www.sivilombudsmannen.no/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Visit-report-2017-The-Klokkerg%C3%A5rden-Collective.pdf

Shelf Number: 154081

Keywords:
Detention Centers
Juvenile Corrections
Juvenile Detention
Motivational Trip
National Preventive Mechanism
Substance Abuse
Treatment Programs

Author: U.S. Congress. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. Minority Staff

Title: The Economic Cost of the Opioid Epidemic in Washington State

Summary: The cost and breadth of the opioid epidemic across the country continues to grow; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently found the epidemic is only getting worse as the number of opioid-related overdoses continue to rise. This report adapts the methodology employed by a November 2017 report by the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA), which found that previous analyses of the economic cost of opioids significantly underestimate the total costs of the epidemic. CEA found that in 2015, the economic cost of the opioid crisis nationwide was over $500 billion - as much as six times larger than previous estimates.

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Senate, HELP Committee, 2017. 1p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2019 at: https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Economic%20Cost%20of%20the%20Opioid%20Epidemic%20in%20Washington%20State.pdf

Year: 2017

Country: United States

URL: https://www.help.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Economic%20Cost%20of%20the%20Opioid%20Epidemic%20in%20Washington%20State.pdf

Shelf Number: 154167

Keywords:
Congressional Report
Drug Abuse
Economic Cost
Opioid Crisis
Opioid Epidemic
Opioid Overdose
Painkillers
Senate Report
Substance Abuse

Author: RAND Corporation

Title: Key Findings from RAND Health's Research on Opioid Policy

Summary: Confronting the Dynamics of Opioid Misuse The Opioid Epidemic is a moving target. Individuals may start using opioids for medical or recreational purposes. The risk of dependence increases when opioids are used with other drugs, when opioids are prescribed at higher doses or for longer time frames than medically appropriate, or when opioids are used recreationally. There will always be some patients who legitimately benefit from opioids, and as long as those patients continue to receive opioids, there will always be a new supply of legitimate opioid users who are potentially at risk for misuse. Opioid dependence increases the risk of multiple harms, including health problems, car accidents, and overdoses (both fatal and nonfatal). This policy brief highlights key findings from RAND research on opioid-related issues across a spectrum of policy areas including prevention, treatment, quality of care, and supply.

Details: Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 2018. 4p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 22, 2019 at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_briefs/RB10000/RB10018/RAND_RB10018.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10018.html

Shelf Number: 154322

Keywords:
Drug Abuse
Opioid Epidemic
Opioids
Prescription Drug Abuse
Recreational Use
Substance Abuse

Author: Alabama Appleseed

Title: Alabama's War on Marijuana: Assessing the Fiscal and Human Toll of Criminalization

Summary: Kiasha Hughes dreamed of becoming a medical assistant. Now, she works an overnight shift at a chicken plant to support her children. Nick Gibson was on track to graduate from the University of Alabama. Now, he works at a fast-food restaurant. Wesley Shelton spent 15 months in jail and ended up with a felony conviction - for having $10 worth of marijuana. Like thousands of others, they're casualties of Alabama's war on marijuana - a war the state ferociously wages with draconian laws that criminalize otherwise law-abiding people for possessing a substance that's legal for recreational or medicinal use in states where more than half of all Americans live. In Alabama, a person caught with only a few grams of marijuana can face incarceration and thousands of dollars in fines and court costs. They can lose their driver's license and have difficulty finding a job or getting financial aid for college. This war on marijuana is one whose often life-altering consequences fall most heavily on black people - a population still living in the shadow of Jim Crow. Alabama's laws are not only overly harsh, they also place enormous discretion in the hands of law enforcement, creating an uneven system of justice and leaving plenty of room for abuse. This year in Etowah County, for example, law enforcement officials charged a man with drug trafficking after adding the total weight of marijuana-infused butter to the few grams of marijuana he possessed, so they could reach the 2.2-pound threshold for a trafficking charge. Marijuana prohibition also has tremendous economic and public safety costs. The state is simply shooting itself in the pocketbook, wasting valuable taxpayer dollars and adding a tremendous burden to the courts and public safety resources. This report is the first to analyze data on marijuana-related arrests in Alabama, broken down by race, age, gender and location. It includes a thorough fiscal analysis of the state's enforcement costs. It also exposes how the administrative burden of enforcing marijuana laws leaves vital state agencies without the resources necessary to quickly test evidence related to violent crimes with serious public safety implications, such as sexual assault. The study finds that in Alabama: - The overwhelming majority of people arrested for marijuana offenses from 2012 to 2016 - 89 percent - were arrested for possession. In 2016, 92 percent of all people arrested for marijuana offenses were arrested for possession. - Alabama spent an estimated $22 million enforcing the prohibition against marijuana possession in 2016 - enough to fund 191 additional preschool classrooms, 571 more K-12 teachers or 628 more Alabama Department of Corrections officers. - Black people were approximately four times as likely as white people to be arrested for marijuana possession (both misdemeanors and felonies) in 2016 - and five times as likely to be arrested for felony possession. These racial disparities exist despite robust evidence that white and black people use marijuana at roughly the same rate. - In at least seven law enforcement jurisdictions, black people were 10 or more times as likely as white people to be arrested for marijuana possession. - In 2016, police made more arrests for marijuana possession (2,351) than for robbery, for which they made 1,314 arrests - despite the fact that there were 4,557 reported robberies that year. - The enforcement of marijuana possession laws creates a crippling backlog at the state agency tasked with analyzing forensic evidence in all criminal cases, including violent crimes. As of March 31, 2018, the Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences had about 10,000 pending marijuana cases, creating a nine-month waiting period for analyses of drug samples. At the same time, the department had a backlog of 1,121 biology/DNA cases, including about 550 "crimes against persons" cases such as homicide, sexual assault and robbery. While Alabama continues to criminalize people who use marijuana either recreationally or medicinally, an increasing number of states have come to treat marijuana like alcohol and tobacco. Nine states and the District of Columbia now allow recreational use. The early evidence strongly suggests that this approach benefits public safety and the criminal justice system. In those states, arrests for marijuana possession have been virtually eliminated, freeing up officers to focus on crimes of violence. Drunken-driving arrests are down as well. And, there's no evidence of a spike in crime or increased marijuana use among youth. These states have also enjoyed a corresponding fiscal and economic windfall. Across the country, thousands of jobs are being created where marijuana has been legalized. Three of the states where it has been legal the longest - Colorado, Washington and Oregon - have thus far collected a total of $1.3 billion in new revenue. And, as the human toll discussed throughout this report falls disproportionately on black people, legalization offers an opportunity to begin to address the disproportionate harms that Alabama's criminal justice system causes to its African-American population. It's time for Alabama to join an increasing number of states in taking a commonsense, fiscally responsible approach to marijuana policy.

Details: Montgomery, Alabama: Alabama Appleseed Center for Law and Justice, 2018. 56p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2019 at: https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/marijuana_law/2018/10/alabamas-war-on-marijuana-assessing-the-fiscal-and-human-toll-of-criminalization.html

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/com_decriminalization_of_marijuana_web_final.pdf

Shelf Number: 154308

Keywords:
African Americans
Drug Enforcement
Drug Legalization
Marijuana
Marijuana Prohibition
Racial Disparities
Substance Abuse
War on Drugs

Author: Stafford, Jennifer

Title: Key Findings from the 2015 IDRS: a Survey of People Who Inject Drugs

Summary: key findings - 888 participants were interviewed for the 2015 IDRS. - Heroin remained the most commonly reported drug of choice for participants who inject drugs. - The proportion who reported recent heroin use remained stable however the frequency of heroin use significantly increased. Heroin was reported to be 'very easy' to obtain and of 'low' purity. - Proportions reporting the recent use of any form of methamphetamine remained stable. An examination of the different forms of methamphetamine shows a significant increase in the recent use of ice/crystal and significant decrease in speed powder. The frequency of use of all forms of methamphetamine remained stable. All forms were considered 'very easy' or 'easy' to obtain. Ice/ crystal and base were reported as �high� in purity, while speed powder was of 'medium' purity. - Nationally, the recent use of cocaine remained stable. NSW remained the only jurisdiction where sizeable numbers of participants were able to comment on cocaine. Recent use, frequency of cocaine use and price remained stable in NSW. Nationally, cocaine was reported as 'very easy to obtain and the purity considered 'medium'. - Large proportions reported the recent use of cannabis which remained stable. Hydroponic cannabis dominated the market. - Extra-medical use and injection of pharmaceutical preparations continued to occur, with jurisdictional differences in patterns observed. Nationally, the proportions reporting the recent use of morphine and oxycodone significantly decreased. Small numbers nationally reported the recent use of fentanyl. - Sharing of injection equipment was common. Less than half of the participants re-used their own needles in the last month. - Nearly half of the national sample self-reported having had a mental health problem in the last six months, with depression the most commonly reported, followed by anxiety. - Over one-third of the national sample reported involvement in a criminal activity in the last month, mainly drug dealing or property crime. Around one-third had been arrested in the last year.

Details: Sydney, Australia: National Drug and Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 2015. 5p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2019 at: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/key-findings-2015-idrs-survey-people-who-inject-drugs

Year: 2015

Country: Australia

URL: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/ndarc/resources/IDRS%20October%202015_FINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 154303

Keywords:
Cannabis
Cocaine
Crystal
Drug Abuse
Drug Dealing
Fentanyl
Heroin
Ice
Methamphetamine
Morphine
Oxycodone
Pharmaceutical Drug Abuse
Substance Abuse

Author: Horn, Brady P.

Title: Substance Use Disorder Treatment Centers and Property Values

Summary: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a major social concern in the United States and other developed countries. There is an extensive economic literature estimating the social costs associated with SUDs in terms of healthcare, labor market outcomes, crime, traffic accidents, and so forth. However, beyond anecdotal claims that SUD treatment centers (SUDTCs), settings in which patients receive care for their SUDs, have a negative effect on property values, there is scant empirical work on this question. In this paper, we investigate the effect of SUDTCs on residential property values using data from Seattle, Washington, and SUDTC location, entry, and exit information. To mitigate bias from the potential endogeneity of SUDTC location choices, we apply a spatial differences-in-differences (SDD) model, which uses property and SUDTC location to construct treatment and comparison groups. Our findings suggest that SUDTCs endogenously locate in lower value areas, and na�ve models imply that the entry of an SUDTC leads to a 3.4% to 4.6% reduction in property values. When an SDD model is applied, we find no evidence that SUDTCs affect property values. Overall, our findings suggest anecdotal claims that SUDTCs reduce property values are potentially overstated.

Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. 52p.

Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working paper no. 25427: Accessed February 20, 2019 at: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25427

Year: 2019

Country: United States

URL: https://www.nber.org/papers/w25427

Shelf Number: 154677

Keywords:
NIMBY
Not In My Backyard
Property Values
Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse Treatment
Substance Abuse Treatment Facilieies

Author: Penington Institute

Title: Australia's Annual Overdose Report 2018

Summary: The Penington Institute has published the "Australia's Annual Overdose Report 2018". The report found that in 2016 there were a total of 2177 drug-related deaths in Australia. This is a little under double the number of drug-related deaths which occurred in 2002 (1231 deaths). The majority of the drug-related deaths in 2016 were considered accidental (1704). There were increases reported in regional areas, where the per capita rate of drug-related death was 8.1 per 100 000, compared with 6.6 per 100 000 in urban areas. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were significantly over-represented with the accidental death rate being 20.7 per 100 000, compared with 6.4 per 100 000 for non-Indigenous people.

Details: Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Penington Institute, 2018. 60p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2019 at: http://www.penington.org.au/australias-annual-overdose-report-2018/

Year: 2018

Country: Australia

URL: https://www.dovetail.org.au/news/2018/september/australias-annual-overdose-report-2018

Shelf Number: 154367

Keywords:
Aboriginal Australians
Australia
Codeine
Drug Abuse
Drug-Related Deaths
Fentanyl
Opioids
Overdose Deaths
Oxycodone
Prescription Drug Abuse
Substance Abuse

Author: National Commission on Domestic and Sexual Violence and Multiple Disadvantage

Title: Breaking Down the Barriers: Findings of The National Commission on Domestic and Sexual Violence and Multiple Disadvantage

Summary: Recent work on multiple disadvantage has focused on a set of common issues: homelessness, offending and substance use. As a result, work on multiple disadvantage has predominantly focused on men who are identified as having higher rates of these three issues. When the definition of multiple disadvantage is changed to incorporate the impact of violence against women and girls, however, a different balance emerges. One in every 20 women have experienced extensive physical or sexual violence and abuse across their life course, compared to one in every 100 men. This equates to 1.2 million women in England alone. These women face very high rates of problems like mental ill-health, addiction, homelessness and poverty. More than half have a common mental health condition, one in five have been homeless and one in three have an alcohol problem. Gendered violence also mediates the pathway to women's criminalisation, as most women in contact with the criminal justice system have faced domestic or sexual violence. Furthermore, this is also reflected in the experiences of many women involved in prostitution. Recent work on multiple disadvantage has focused on a set of common issues: homelessness, offending and substance use. As a result, work on multiple disadvantage has predominantly focused on men who are identified as having higher rates of these three issues. When the definition of multiple disadvantage is changed to incorporate the impact of violence against women and girls, however, a different balance emerges. One in every 20 women have experienced extensive physical or sexual violence and abuse across their life course, compared to one in every 100 men. This equates to 1.2 million women in England alone. These women face very high rates of problems like mental ill-health, addiction, homelessness and poverty. More than half have a common mental health condition, one in five have been homeless and one in three have an alcohol problem. Gendered violence also mediates the pathway to women's criminalisation, as most women in contact with the criminal justice system have faced domestic or sexual violence. Furthermore, this is also reflected in the experiences of many women involved in prostitution.

Details: London: Agenda; AVA; Lloyds Bank Foundation, 2019. 145p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2019 at: https://weareagenda.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Breaking-down-the-Barriers-full-report-FINAL.pdf

Year: 2019

Country: United Kingdom

URL: https://weareagenda.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Breaking-down-the-Barriers-full-report-FINAL.pdf

Shelf Number: 154774

Keywords:
Domestic Violence
Gender-Based Violence
Homelessness
Prostitution
Sexual Violence
Substance Abuse
Violence Against Women and Girls

Author: Measham, Fiona

Title: Emerging Drug Trends in Lancashire: Nightclub Surveys. Phase Three Report

Summary: This is the third report from the Lancashire Drug and Alcohol Action Team (LDAAT)-funded Emerging Drug Trends (hereafter EDT) research programme (2010-13), with Phase Three undertaken by Dr Fiona Measham, Dr Karenza Moore, Zoe Welch and assistants at Lancaster University. The LU/LDAAT EDT programme explores changing trends in legal and illicit drug use across Lancashire and its policy implications through a series of studies in different leisure contexts and with different communities and social groups. This report presents the findings from Phase Three of the ongoing programme exploring alcohol and drug use in nightclubs situated in four towns and cities across Lancashire. Phase Three builds on the findings of Phases One and Two of the research programme . Phase One surveyed customers in the High Street night-time economies (hereafter NTE) of four town and city centres across Lancashire to assess use of alcohol, illegal drugs and novel psychoactive substances (hereafter NPS) or so-called "legal highs" in the NTE (Measham et al 2011). Phase Two featured focus groups and short surveys with both 'mainstream' and 'marginalised' groups of young adults to explore their attitudes towards, and experiences of, legal and illicit drug use (Moore et al 2011). Phase Three is a pioneering survey of alcohol and drug consumption in 'standard' High Street nightclubs selected at random from a short list of venues identified as nightclubs across the four chosen locations. In Phase Three we also expand on some of the key findings from the earlier studies, such as the practice of pre-loading with alcohol before going out and the prevalence of 'Bubble' use, a term used in the north west of England for mephedrone and more broadly for any unidentified white powders with stimulant effects (Measham et al 2011; 2011a). Phase Three has two main research aims: firstly, to assess patterns and prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use including NPS amongst adults frequenting standard nightclubs in a region of England and secondly, to compare standard nightclubs with a specialist dance event to explore whether a musical, stylistic and pharmacological distinction between nightclubs and dance events currently exists, and if so, how such a distinction might be defined and operationalised.

Details: Lancaster, UK: Lancaster University, Drug and Alcohol Action Team, 2012. 80p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2019 at: http://www.clubresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/LDAAT-P3-Final.pdf

Year: 2012

Country: United Kingdom

URL: http://www.clubresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/LDAAT-P3-Final.pdf

Shelf Number: 154964

Keywords:
Alcohol Abuse
Drug Abuse
Drugs and Crime
Illicit Drugs
Night-Time Economy
Nightclubs
Substance Abuse

Author: Choi, John J.

Title: Prosecutors and Frequent Utilizers: How Can Prosecutors Better Address the Needs of People Who Frequently Interact with the Criminal Justice and Other Social Systems?

Summary: Criminal justice involvement is often the culmination of unmet needs, according to an increasing body of research, testimony, and other evidence. For many individuals who are arrested and charged, a combination of challenges - including mental illness, substance use, poverty, and trauma - can lead to frequent stays in the local jail, emergency room, and homeless shelter. But very few of these stays lead to adequate care or address long-term needs. Rather, social systems - criminal justice, health, and housing, for example - traditionally exist in silos and operate on an "event-by-event basis," with little coordination between them about how to address the overlapping populations they serve. For those who cycle between these systems, often referred to as "frequent utilizers," these stays offer few off-ramps from the criminal justice system or long-term resources. For jurisdictions, this results in an ineffective use of public funds and an inadequate response to the needs of frequent utilizers and their communities. While practitioners, policymakers, academics, and people directly impacted have described this cycle for years, innovations in data and technology offer new avenues to better understand and address the needs of those who frequently interact with the criminal justice and other social systems. Through collaboration between criminal justice stakeholders, service providers, community organizations, and researchers, jurisdictions across the country are harnessing the power of data to develop new strategies to combat this cycle, invest in long-term solutions, and better meet the needs of frequent utilizers and their communities

Details: New York: Institute for innovation in Prosecution at John Jay College, 2019. 20p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2019 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c4fbee5697a9849dae88a23/t/5c6dd3271905f41e5f8636a3/1550701352414/IIP+ES+Prosecutors+and+Frequent+Utilizers.pdf

Year: 2019

Country: United States

URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c4fbee5697a9849dae88a23/t/5c6dd3271905f41e5f8636a3/1550701352414/IIP+ES+Prosecutors+and+Frequent+Utilizers.pdf

Shelf Number: 155880

Keywords:
Mentally Ill Persons
Poverty
Prosecutors
Repeat Offenders
Social Service Providers
Substance Abuse

Author: Reichert, Jessica

Title: Addressing Opioid Use Disorders in Community Corrections: A Survey of Illinois Probation Departments

Summary: Nearly one-third of Illinois probationers suffer from an opioid use disorder (OUD). Despite evidence that FDA-approved medications methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can effectively treat OUD, many probation departments do not allow their clients to use them, even when prescribed by a healthcare provider. ICJIA researchers surveyed probation departments across the state to better understand their familiarity with, and training on, the medications, as well as barriers to their clients' access and use. This article summarizes the study's findings.

Details: Chicago, Illinois: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority, 2018.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2019 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/articles/addressing-opioid-use-disorders-in-community-corrections-a-survey-of-illinois-probation-departments

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/articles/addressing-opioid-use-disorders-in-community-corrections-a-survey-of-illinois-probation-departments

Shelf Number: 156007

Keywords:
Buprenorphine
Drug Abuse
Drug Use
Methadone
Naltrexone
Opioid Crisis
Opioid Use
Substance Abuse
Substance Use

Author: Drug Enforcement Administration

Title: The Opioid Threat in Pennsylvania

Summary: Crafting initiatives and strategies to address opioid supply, demand, and misuse requires timely and actionable information and data, which this report endeavors to provide. Previously published PFD reports have assessed specific aspects of opioid supply and the associated impact of abuse. This report presents a comprehensive assessment of the opioid crisis in Pennsylvania, through collection and analysis of supply and demand indicators and intelligence, as well as detailed county level analysis of multiple opioid misuse data sources.

Details: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: DEA Philadelphia Division and University of Pittsburgh, 2018. 200p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 28, 2019: https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-10/PA%20Opioid%20Report%20Final%20FINAL.pdf

Year: 2018

Country: United States

URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=818567

Shelf Number: 156071

Keywords:
Drug Abuse
Opioid Crisis
Opioid Epidemic
Prescription Drugs
Substance Abuse

Author: Mullins, Tracy

Title: Selected Topics on Youth Courts: A Monograph

Summary: Table of Contents -- Addressing Truancy in Youth Court Programs Ramona Gonzales and Tracy Godwin Mullins.................................................. Underage Drinking and Other Substance Abuse: Opportunities for Prevention and Intervention by Youth Courts Tracy Godwin Mullins ..................................................................................... An Overview of School-Based Youth Court Program Design Options Mistene M. Vickers........................................................................................... Building Culturally Relevant Youth Courts in Tribal Communities Ada Pecos Melton ............................................................................................ A Comparison of Statewide Youth Court Associations and Networking Groups Tracy Godwin Mullins and Karen L. Dunlap .................................................. Media Access Guidelines for Youth Courts Michelle E. Heward ..

Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention,k 2004. 118p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 11, 2019 at: http://www.aidainc.net/Publications/monograph.pdf

Year: 2004

Country: United States

URL: http://www.aidainc.net/Publications/monograph.pdf

Shelf Number: 94537

Keywords:
Alternatives to Incarceration
Indigenous Peoples
Substance Abuse
Tribal Communities
Truancy Courts
Underage Drinking
Youth Courts

Author: Skardhamar, Tobjorn

Title: Relative Mortality among Criminals in Norway and the Relation to Drug and Alcohol Related Offenses

Summary: Background: Registered offenders are known to have a higher mortality rate, but given the high proportion of offenders with drug-addiction, particularly among offenders with a custodial sentence, higher mortality is expected. While the level of overall mortality compared to the non-criminal population is of interest in itself, we also estimate the risk of death by criminal records related to substance abuse and other types of criminal acts, and separate between those who receive a prison sentence or not. Methods: Age-adjusted relative risks of death for 2000-2008 were studied in a population based dataset. Our dataset comprise the total Norwegian population of 2.9 million individuals aged 15-69 years old in 1999, of whom 10% had a criminal record in the 1992�1999 period. Results: Individuals with a criminal record have twice the relative risk (RR) of death of the control group (non-offenders). Males with a record of use/possession of drugs and a prison record have an 11.9 RR (females, 15.6); males with a drug record but no prison record have a 6.9 RR (females 10.5). Males imprisoned for driving under the influence of substances have a 4.4 RR (females 5.6); males with a record of driving under the influence but no prison sentence have a 3.2 RR (females 6.5). Other male offenders with a prison record have a 2.8 RR (females 3.7); other male offenders with no prison record have a 1.7 RR (females 2.3). Conclusion: Significantly higher mortality was found for people with a criminal record, also for those without any record of drug use. Mortality is much higher for those convicted of substance-related crimes: more so for drug - than for alcohol-related crimes and for women.

Details: Oslo, Norway: Statistics Norway, 2013. 6p.

Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 21, 2019 at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078893

Year: 2013

Country: Norway

URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0078893&type=printable

Shelf Number: 157037

Keywords:
Driving under the Influence
Driving while Drunk
Driving while Intoxicated
Drug Abuse
Drug Addiction
Substance Abuse

Rutgers - School of Law, Newark

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