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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
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Results for theft
63 results foundAuthor: Ruddy, Sally A. Title: A Profile of Criminal Incidents at School: Results From the 2003-05 National Crime Victimization Survey Crime Incident Report Summary: This report uses U.S. National Crime Victimization Survey data from three calendar years, 2003-05, to examine a range of characteristics of criminal incidents that occur at school, such as the location at school where the incident occurred, time of day when the incident occurred, whether the police were notified, and characteristics of offenders including their age, race, and whether they carried a weapon. Details: Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2010. 25p., app. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118556 Keywords: Juvenile OffendersSchool CrimeSchool ViolenceTheft |
Author: Kitteringham, Glenn Title: Lost Laptops == Lost Data: Measuring Costs, Managing Threats Summary: A lost laptop creates a two-dimensional problem for organizations. First, the laptop itself must be recovered or replaced. Second, is the prospect that critical information on the company, its plan, and its customers could have been lost as well. This report looks at both types of losses, from a statistical and cost point of view. It examines the internal and external factors that contribute to laptop theft, and offers a range of detailed solutions to address the problem. Details: Alexandria, VA: ASIS International Foundation, 2008. 67p. Source: CRISP Report: Connecting Research in Security to Practice Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 113051 Keywords: ComputersLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Best, Colin Title: Laptop Theft in Commercial Buildings: 2007 Survey Summary: "4,718 laptops have been reported stolen to the Calgary Police Service in Calgary, Alberta, Canada between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2007. Using a straight replacement cost estimate of $2,000.00 per unit places the losses of at more than $9 million dollars. If one was to use the FBI/CSI cost of $35,000.00 per average incident, when taking into account lost information and all other associated costs, it increases dramatically to $165 million dollars. The economic impact of these stolen laptops, regardless of which dollar value used, is staggering. In 2007 there were 1,550 laptops reported stolen, 1,596 in 2006 and 1,572 in 2005. Following up on the 2005 and 2006 surveys, BOMA Calgary Public Safety Committee members continued to capture data from January 1 through December 31, 2007. Data from 90 incidents representing 145 stolen items: 124 laptops, 19 LCD projectors, one digital camera and one theft of $500.00 cash make up the content of this report. The BOMA group collected data on 50% more incidents in 2007 than in 2006. This report has been divided into two parts. Part I provides an overview of the analyzed data while Part II provides security recommendations. Appendix 1 outlines “25 Techniques of Situational Prevention to Reduce Laptop Theft” private security, law enforcement and business can review to determine their appropriateness to be used. Appendix 2 displays a “Tenant Lobby Checklist” which can be conducted by those interested in identifying weaknesses on individual tenant floors." Details: Calgary, Alberta, Canada: BOMA Calgary Public Safety Committee, 2008. 33p. Source: Internet Resource; Accessed August 17, 2010 at: http://www.boma.ca/Surveys/2007LaptopTheftSurvey.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://www.boma.ca/Surveys/2007LaptopTheftSurvey.pdf Shelf Number: 114754 Keywords: Laptop Theft (Canada)Property CrimeTheft |
Author: Johnson, Shane D. Title: Theft of Customers' Personal Property in Cafes and Bars Summary: This guide provides an overview of the problem of theft of customer's personal property from cafes and bars and reviews the associated risk factors. The guide also reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 68p. Source: Internet Resource; Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series, No. 60; Accessed August 17, 2010 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/cafe_bar_theft.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/cafe_bar_theft.pdf Shelf Number: 119623 Keywords: Personal TheftProblem-Oriented PolicingTheft |
Author: Lulham, Rohan Title: The Magistrates Early Referral Into Treatment Program: Impact of Program Participation on Re-Offending by Defendants with a Drug Use Problem Summary: This bulletin reports on the evaluation of re-offending outcomes for the Magistrates Early Referral Into Treatment (MERIT) drug diversion program in New South Wales, Australia. MERIT provides defendants in NSW Local Courts with the option of undertaking formal drug treatment while on bail. Re-offending outcomes for a cohort of 2,396 defendants who participated in the MERIT program were compared with a comparison group of defendants who did not participate in the MERIT program but who broadly met the eligibility criteria. To estimate the impact of the program we used a treatment effects model with correction for selection bias. Acceptance into the MERIT program, regardless of completion, was found to significantly reduce the number of defendants committing any theft re-offence by an estimated four percentage points. Acceptance and completion of the MERIT program significantly reduced the number of defendants committing any type of offence by an estimated 12 percentage points, and any theft re-offence by four percentage points. This evaluation provides strong support that participation in the MERIT program reduces defendants’ propensity to commit theft offences and, for those who complete the program, substantially reduces their propensity to commit any type of re-offence. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2009. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Crime and Justice Bulletin, No. 131: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb131.pdf/$file/cjb131.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Australia URL: http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/ll_bocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb131.pdf/$file/cjb131.pdf Shelf Number: 119897 Keywords: DiversionDrug Abuse and CrimeDrug Abuse TreatmentDrug OffendersRe-OffendingRecidivismTheft |
Author: Stewart, James G. Title: Corporate War Crimes: Prosecuting the Pillage of Natural Resources Summary: Since the end of the Cold War, the illegal exploitation of natural resources has emerged as a primary means of financing armed violence. In countries as diverse as Afghanistan, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, the sale of natural resources within conflict zones has not only created perverse incentives for war, it has also furnished warring parties with the finances necessary to sustain some of the most brutal hostilities in recent history. As a consequence of the illegal trade in minerals, metals, timber, and other natural resources, armed conflicts in which participants are able to draw upon easily accessible natural resource wealth are often more bloody, financially costly, and intractable than other forms of armed violence. Resource wars also contribute to the so-called resource curse, whereby the richest nations in terms of resource endowment are poorest in terms of social development and most prone to violent upheaval. While there is broad consensus that the correlation between resource wealth and armed violence must be addressed through a range of initiatives geared at fighting corruption, policing the resource sector domestically, and building judicial capacity in countries recovering from war, the liability of foreign businesses for trading in illicit conflict commodities is also vital. Resource wars, after all, are entirely dependent on commercial actors to purchase, transport, and market the resources that are illegally acquired in order to sustain violence. As part of this growing interest in resource wars, Corporate War Crimes: Prosecuting the Pillage of Natural Resources explores the elements of corporate liability for the war crime of pillage. Although the term pillage has a long pedigree in the laws of war, the offense also features as a contemporary war crime in the statutes of all modern international criminal courts and a large number of domestic criminal systems. In essence, pillage means theft during war, and is synonymous with other equally evocative terms such as looting, spoliation, and plunder. A substantial body of jurisprudence has applied the offense in practice. Modern courts such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) enforce the offense as a matter of course. At present, Liberia’s former president Charles Taylor and the former vice-president of Congo Jean- Pierre Bemba are facing trial before international courts for having allegedly perpetrated acts of pillage during war, but the most important precedents derive from World War Two. In the wake of that conflict, a significant number of business representatives were prosecuted for pillaging natural resources in circumstances that are often strikingly similar to corporate practices in modern resource wars. By exploring these cases and the law governing pillage in detail, Corporate War Crimes seeks to guide investigative bodies and war crimes prosecutors engaged with the technicalities of these issues. We also hope that this manual will be useful for advocates, political institutions, and companies interested in curbing resource wars. Our belief is that the deterrent effect created by even a single case is likely to transform conflict financing in a large number of ongoing conflicts. At the same time, we are conscious of the potential humanitarian consequences of depriving warring factions of access to resource wealth in some contexts, and of the serious dangers of tarnishing reputable companies that provide the legitimate investment essential to rehabilitating economies ravaged by war. With this balance in mind, this project seeks to act as a catalyst for reinvigorating prosecution of the war crime of pillage and to bring accountability to companies that illegally trade in conflict commodities. Details: New York: Open Society Institute, 2010. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2010 at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/anticorruption/articles_publications/publications/pillage-manual-20101025/pillage-manual-20101025.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/anticorruption/articles_publications/publications/pillage-manual-20101025/pillage-manual-20101025.pdf Shelf Number: 120138 Keywords: Illegal TradeLootingOffenses Against the EnvironmentPillagingProsecutionTheft |
Author: Ring, Jonas Title: Crime and Problem Behaviours Among Year-Nine Youth in Sweden: Results from the Swedish School Survey on Crime 1995-1998. Summary: This study is based on self-report surveys of theft, violence and other problem behaviours (such as truancy and drug use) among school students in year nine (aged fifteen). The surveys were conducted every second year between 1995 and 2005, and the periodicity of the survey was then shifted to every third year. The most recent survey was conducted in 2008. The studies provide a basis for studying the prevalence of participation in crime and problem behaviours during the period 1995–2008. The objectives of the study are: to describe the prevalence of crime and other problem behaviours among males and females in year nine to describe trends over time in the proportions of students who report participation in crime and other problem behaviours on the basis of comparisons of the data collected in all seven waves of the survey; and to illustrate the students’ exposure to theft and acts of violence. Details: Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, 2010. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: English Summary of Bra Report 2010:6: Accessed December 2, 2010 at: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Crime_and_problem_behaviours_among_year_nine_youth_in_sweden.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/100602/00ad50db2007ebe6a74a453a3b4cc888/Crime%255fand%255fproblem%255fbehaviours%255famong%255fyear%255fnine%255fyouth%255fin%255fsweden.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.bra.se/extra/measurepoint/?module_instance=4&name=Crime_and_problem_behaviours_among_year_nine_youth_in_sweden.pdf&url=/dynamaster/file_archive/100602/00ad50db2007ebe6a74a453a3b4cc888/Crime%255fand%255fproblem%255f Shelf Number: 120358 Keywords: Crime SurveysJuvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Offenders (Sweden)TheftYouth and Violence |
Author: Curtis, Matthew W. Title: An Econometric Analysis of the Efficacy of Parking Garage Security in Downtown Eugene, Oregon Summary: The Parking Services program for the City of Eugene currently hires DePaul security guards to patrol downtown Eugene parking facilities in order to record incidents and deter criminal activity. This paper conducts analysis to determine the existence of a deterrent effect from increased security presence, in addition to assessing the efficacy and efficiency of Parking Servicesʼ security guard allocation. Empirically we find a significant deterrent effect does exist, but this effect is not uniform. We find differences in the deterrent effect across categories of offenses as well as across different parking structures. Using these findings, we suggest various ways in which Parking Services can maximize the efficiency of its downtown security presence. Details: Eugene, OR: Department of Economics, University of Oregon, 2010. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Honor's Thesis: Accessed May 17, 2011 at: http://economics.uoregon.edu/honors-papers/2010/Curtis-Siegel_security_2010.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://economics.uoregon.edu/honors-papers/2010/Curtis-Siegel_security_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 121732 Keywords: Parking GaragesSecurity GuardsTheft |
Author: Zannoni, Elio Title: Jewellery Store Robbery: A Victim Risk and Intervention Perspective Summary: The exploratory study investigated jewellery store robbery from a victim risk and intervention perspective. An explanation of the phenomenon was offered based on the information obtained from a review of the existing literature, case studies, personal observations at jewellery stores, discussions with jewellers, a scientific questionnaire submitted to jewellers, and semi-structured and structured interviews conducted with a group of knowledgeable respondents and victimised jewellers respectively. A predominantly quantitative research method was applied. The research findings obtained during the study enabled a proposal for a jewellery store robbery intervention model based on the situational crime prevention perspective, which is inclusive of decisional, environmental, situational, procedural, personnel and business-oriented strategies. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa, 2008. 259p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 11, 2011 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1693/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2008 Country: South Africa URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/1693/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 122016 Keywords: Jewelry StoresRobberyTheftVictims of Crime |
Author: Wijs, Rutger de Title: Improving Knowledge Transfer in Public-Private Partnerships that Confront Dutch Road Freight Transport Related Crime Summary: Because road freight transport safety in the Netherlands is a rising concern, the Dutch police and the affected Dutch transport sector, along with a number of other public and private stakeholders, have joined forces in the form of public-private partnership initiatives directed toward confronting road freight transport related crime in the Netherlands. As all parties involved possess unique but relevant knowledge, transferring this knowledge between partners is important. However, it is also difficult to achieve. Therefore the problem statement of this research is: how can knowledge transfer be improved in Public-Private Partnerships that confront Dutch road freight transport related crime? The knowledge transfer environment is shaped by the way Public-Private Partnerships are organised as well as the way people within them interact with each other and the knowledge to be transferred. This environment consists of 10 factors, which are all interrelated. To investigate how knowledge transfer occurs in these Public-Private Partnerships and to offer recommendations on how this can be improved, 18 semi-structured interviews were held with the most relevant and available people from five Public-Private Partnerships. The recommendations on how to improve knowledge transfer in Public-Private Partnerships that confront Dutch road freight transport related crime are organised in terms of how to improve structure and interaction. Structural recommendations refer to increased interaction by strategic and operational level partnerships, care for the ideal organisational structure, the inclusion of an operational field lab as well as a knowledge securing software system and the screening of potential partners as well as the optimal amount of partners and their preferred organisation size. The interaction recommendations refer to increasing empathy between partners, stimulating open communication, ensuring that the people who represent a partner stay on for the long-term and selecting the people who represent partners based on a number of individual competences. Details: Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University, Department of Organization, and Strategy, 2010. 103p. Source: Internet Resource: Master Thesis: Accessed July 11, 2011 at: http://www.rpcgelderland-midden.nl/uploads/tx_rpcinfo/Onderzoek_-_het_verbeteren_van_kennisdeling_in_PPSen.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Netherlands URL: http://www.rpcgelderland-midden.nl/uploads/tx_rpcinfo/Onderzoek_-_het_verbeteren_van_kennisdeling_in_PPSen.pdf Shelf Number: 122018 Keywords: Cargo Theft (Netherlands)CollaborationPublic-Private PartnershipsTheftTransport IndustryTransport TheftTransportation Security |
Author: Beck, Adrian Title: The Impact and Control of Shrinkage at Self-Scan Checkouts: An ECR Europe White Paper Summary: This study aimed to contribute to the debate concerning the potential impact self-scan checkouts may have on retail shrinkage. It adopted a multi-method approach: retailer case studies, a survey of self-scan supervisors, and interviews with self-scan technology companies, loss prevention practitioners and product protection providers. Key findings are: • Limited evidence from the retail case studies suggested that the introduction of self-scan technologies had little or no impact on levels of shrinkage. One retailer found that manned checkouts operators are three times more likely to not scan an item than a customer using self scan. • A survey of 955 self-scan supervisors did not identify widespread concerns about customers abusing this system, with the majority not having caught anybody stealing through this method nor suggesting that the non-scanning of items was widespread. • The research identified the need for retailers to create ‘zones of control’ within which self-scan checkouts operate to ensure that potential thieves perceive it to be both difficult to steal and that it was highly likely that if they did offend, they would be caught. • These zones of control should be created through careful design (where possible creating a separate self-scan space, controlling the movement of customers and limiting means of entrance and exit) and generating overt forms of surveillance (supervisors and other staff constantly being highly visible and near to customers; the use of CCTV and public view monitors and technological monitoring through till-based alerts and alarms). • Where possible one supervisor should be responsible for a maximum of four self-scan checkouts – this maximises their ability to be vigilant and to effectively respond to customer queries and system alarms and alerts. • Certain elements of self-scan systems should be reviewed, including: o the number of alerts generated compared with the ability of staff to act as ‘guardians of control’; identification of products that persistently create scanning problems for customers (barcode not reading) and ameliorative action taken (either by the retailer or through negotiation with the product manufacturer); review of location of the receipt function; improved customer notification of change, including location of scoop; review of loose item description interface; and how discount vouchers are handled and verified. • Training of self-scan supervisors is critical – they need to be aware of the importance of maintaining vigilance and keeping in close proximity to customers. They also need to be aware of all the well-known self-scan scams. • The providers of product protection equipment need to work much more closely with the manufacturers of self-scan technologies to ensure that the current problems being experienced with devices such as EAS tags (false alarms because customers are not deactivating tags consistently) can be addressed. • There is a need for further research to understand the level of losses being experienced through traditional checkouts to better understand whether the levels of loss are similar or indeed higher than those occurring through self-scan checkouts. • The emerging nature of self-scan technology and the growing public acceptance of, and familiarity with, suggests that this subject should be reviewed in years to come to see if levels of abuse are the same level. Details: Brussels: ECR Europe Shrinkage Group, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed July 26, 2011 at: www.gs1ie.org/attachment/1015 Year: 2011 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 122153 Keywords: Crime PreventionRetail CrimeShopliftingTheft |
Author: Katz, Charles M. Title: A Multi-City Report on Crime and Disorder in Convenience Stores Summary: Over the past year anecdotal evidence from media reports has suggested disproportionate levels of crime and violence occurring at Circle K stores in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Criminal events depicted by the media often took the form of individuals engaging in some type of minor criminal activity at a Circle K, and the events spiraling out of control. For example, a quick search on the internet brings up several examples over the past year of individuals attempting to steal beer or other items from a Circle K, and the incident ending with individuals being shot or stabbed. As a consequence of these observations, and subsequent federally sponsored research examining problem places in Glendale, Arizona, faculty and staff from the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety (CVPCS) at Arizona State University (ASU) reached out to several valley police departments and requested official data to more systematically examine this potential problem. This report presents our findings and our recommendations. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University, 2011. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 26, 2011 at: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/crime-at-convenience-stores Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://cvpcs.asu.edu/reports/crime-at-convenience-stores Shelf Number: 122158 Keywords: Convenience Stores (Arizona)Crime and DisorderRobberyTheft |
Author: Yu, Sz-De Title: Criminal Minds Models: An Exploration of a Typology for Criminal Propensity Summary: A new theoretical framework was introduced to classify criminal propensity. The principal assumption is there is variation within criminal propensity. It means even though criminals all have criminal propensity, it does not mean they are all prone to commit crime to the same extent. This new model is called the CM Model in which criminal propensity is defined as criminal minds. There are eight CM models based on the level of the three major dimensions of criminal minds, including rationality, emotinality, and morality. A survey study was done to test this new model. The issues regarding the difference between digital piracy and stealing have also been addressed, using the CM models. In addition, the moral issue about digital piracy was examined as well. As a exploratory study, implications were suggested according to the preliminary findings. Details: Indiana, PA: Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2010. 182p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 5, 2011 at: http://dspace.lib.iup.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/2069/235/1/Sz-De+Yu.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://dspace.lib.iup.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/2069/235/1/Sz-De+Yu.pdf Shelf Number: 122300 Keywords: Criminal Behavior, Predition ofCriminal MindsCriminalityDigital PiracyStealingTheft |
Author: Sewpersad, Sarika Title: An Investigation of the Bombing of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) with Intent to Steal Cash Contents: Case Study from Gauteng Summary: This research was approached and written from a security risk management position. The main aim was to determine the nature and extent of the theft of cash contents by means of the bombing of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in Gauteng. Security measures that currently exist at ATMs with the specific focus on crimes associated with the bombing of ATMs were examined and evaluated. This was done in order to determine if current security measures at ATMs are sufficient to curb ATM bombings. The research provides an examination of the modus operandi of perpetrators of ATM bombings, inter alia looking at such issues as explosives used, time, location, cash stolen, and the use of weapons. This modus operandi was researched in order to develop an understanding of the perpetrators behaviour and to compile a profile of the perpetrator. The methods used in the perpetration of the crime were also researched, so that recommendations with regard to improving ATM security measures could be made. In addition, due to the specific focus of the problem of ATM bombings in Gauteng, a detailed analysis of the areas’ most affected in Gauteng was made. In South Africa, there is no such crime as ATM bombings per se, and perpetrators of such attacks are often charged with various other crimes, including those under the explosives act. The lack of evidence at the scene of a bombing often leads to cases being filed as undetected. This results in perpetrators still walking the streets waiting for law enforcement personnel to turn their focus to another crime, so that they can once again target ATMs. This research may assist investigators/detectives. For example, if CCTV cameras are installed at all ATMs, it will provide more evidence for them. By comparing and studying footage from different ATMs, the detectives will be able to determine which ATMs were attacked by the same gangs. The first two chapters’ set out the background and motivation for the study as well as the research methodology and the limitations experienced during the research. Chapter one in particular provides details on the need for such a study and outlines the extent of ATM bombings in Gauteng as well as in South Africa. It delineates the major issues associated with the bombing of ATMs. This is inclusive of the impact on society (banks clients) and banking institutions as well as the danger it poses to the general public and public and private law enforcement personnel. Since there is little literature available on the subject of ATM bombings, the third chapter outlines the various bank security threats that banking institutions face. In addition, it looks closely at the numerous other ATM crimes carried out by perpetrators both locally and internationally, suggesting that ATMs be equipped with sufficient security measures to secure ATMs from all sorts of crimes that can be perpetrated against it. Chapter three and four, provide the research findings on the areas in Gauteng most affected, the current state of security measures at ATMs and the modus operandi of the ATM bomber. In the fifth chapter, focus is primarily on the modus operandi of ATM bombing syndicates. It discusses the detailed findings from planning to the execution of an ATM bombing. Finally, chapter six provides a summary of the findings, conclusions are drawn and recommendations made. The following objectives were fulfilled in this study: • Areas, towns/suburbs and type of locations most affected were identified, • Findings in relation to security measures at ATMs were made with regard to lighting, CCTV, ATM alarms, physical barriers, customer awareness and other special devices. It was also established where ATMs were lacking in security measures that specifically address the problem of ATM bombings, • The type of ATMs most affected was established of ATMs. This is inclusive of the impact on society (banks clients) and banking institutions as well as the danger it poses to the general public and public and private law enforcement personnel. Since there is little literature available on the subject of ATM bombings, the third chapter outlines the various bank security threats that banking institutions face. In addition, it looks closely at the numerous other ATM crimes carried out by perpetrators both locally and internationally, suggesting that ATMs be equipped with sufficient security measures to secure ATMs from all sorts of crimes that can be perpetrated against it. Chapter three and four, provide the research findings on the areas in Gauteng most affected, the current state of security measures at ATMs and the modus operandi of the ATM bomber. In the fifth chapter, focus is primarily on the modus operandi of ATM bombing syndicates. It discusses the detailed findings from planning to the execution of an ATM bombing. Finally, chapter six provides a summary of the findings, conclusions are drawn and recommendations made. The following objectives were fulfilled in this study: • Areas, towns/suburbs and type of locations most affected were identified, • Findings in relation to security measures at ATMs were made with regard to lighting, CCTV, ATM alarms, physical barriers, customer awareness and other special devices. It was also established where ATMs were lacking in security measures that specifically address the problem of ATM bombings, • The type of ATMs most affected was established The modus operandi of ATM bombers was established. This also addressed issues regarding the amount and frequency of cash stolen; the use of violence; death and injuries resulting from ATM bombings; banks most affected; weapons used; size of gangs; use and purchasing of commercial explosives; most popular days and times for attacks; the use of expert members and other tools and vehicles used. Moreover, this study provides a framework for banking institutions to understand what is lacking in ATM security measures and the methods used by ATM bombers to successfully gain access to the cash stored at ATMs. In addition, the police, ATM distributors and private security personnel can use the information provided in order to improve methods of investigation as well as protecting themselves against ATM bombers and bombings. The banking industry may also use the recommendations to improve the security at ATMs by restructuring it to their specific needs. This dissertation covers (extensively) the extent of ATM bombings in Gauteng; the current state of security measures at ATMs; the modus operandi of ATM bombing gangs and the use of explosives. Recommendations are made regarding the improvement of ATM security measures in an attempt to curb the problem of ATM bombings in Gauteng. Details: Pretoria, South Africa: University of South Africa, 2010. 155p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 16, 2011 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4112/dissertation_sewpersad_s.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2010 Country: South Africa URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4112/dissertation_sewpersad_s.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 122400 Keywords: Automated Teller Machines (ATM's), South AfricaHot SpotsRobberySecurityTheft |
Author: Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA) Title: Crime Trends and Leading Practices Survey Summary: The Retail Industry Leaders Association’s (RILA) Crime Trends and Leading Practices Survey was launched in December 2008 in an effort to measure the correlation between criminal activity and the economic downturn among the nation’s leading retailers. RILA has continued to monitor crime trends, conducting follow-up surveys in May 2009, January 2010 and August 2010. In August 2010, the survey was expanded to solicit feedback from retailers regarding effective criminal risk mitigation tools as part of an industry-wide collaborative effort to combat retail crime. Survey participants were asked to report measured or perceived changes in crimes perpetrated against retailers over the past year and to share leading practices for minimizing business risks. Reflective of RILA’s membership, respondents represented all retail segments: building/garden equipment, clothing/accessories, food/beverage, furniture/electronics/appliances, general merchandise, motor vehicles/parts, Sporting goods/hobby /books/music and miscellaneous. Details: Arlington, VA: Retail Industry Leaders Association, 2011. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 18, 2011 at: http://www.rila.org/email/FINALPRESSRILACrimeTrendsLeadingPracticesSurveyFinalOctober2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.rila.org/email/FINALPRESSRILACrimeTrendsLeadingPracticesSurveyFinalOctober2011.pdf Shelf Number: 123046 Keywords: Crimes Against BusinessesEconomics and CrimeHot ProductsOrganized Retail CrimeRetail CrimeShopliftingStolen GoodsTheft |
Author: Stewart, James G. Title: Corporate War Crimes: Prosecuting Pillage of Natural Resources Summary: Pillage means theft during war. Although the prohibition against pillage dates to the Roman Empire, pillaging is a modern war crime that can be enforced before international and domestic criminal courts. Following World War II, several businessmen were convicted for commercial pillage of natural resources. And although pillage has been prosecuted in recent years, commercial actors are seldom held accountable for their role in fuelling conflict. Reviving corporate liability for pillaging natural resources is not simply about protecting property rights during conflict — it can also play a significant role in preventing atrocity. Since the end of the Cold War, the illegal exploitation of natural resources has become a prevalent means of financing conflict. In countries including Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Iraq, Liberia, Myanmar, and Sierra Leone, the illicit trade in natural resources has not only created incentives for violence, but has also furnished warring parties with the finances necessary to sustain some of the most brutal hostilities in recent history. In Corporate War Crimes, available below in its second edition, law professor James G. Stewart offers a roadmap of the law governing pillage as applied to the illegal exploitation of natural resources by corporations and their officers. The text traces the evolution of the prohibition against pillage from its earliest forms through the Nuremburg trials to today’s national laws and international treaties. In doing so, Stewart provides a long-awaited blueprint for prosecuting corporate plunder during war. Corporate War Crimes seeks to guide investigative bodies, war crimes prosecutors, and judges engaged with the technicalities of pillage. It should also be useful for advocates, political institutions, and companies interested in curbing resource wars. Details: New York: Open Society Institute, 2011. 162p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 20, 2011 at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/pillage-manual-20101025/pillage-manual-2nd-edition-2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/articles_publications/publications/pillage-manual-20101025/pillage-manual-2nd-edition-2011.pdf Shelf Number: 123066 Keywords: Archaeological TheftsDestruction and PillageTheftTheft of Cultural PropertyTheft of Natural Resources |
Author: British Retail Consortium Title: Retail Crime Survey 2011 Summary: Retail crime was thrust in to the public eye following the August riots in 2011. This highlighted the importance of tackling retail crime at an early stage. This criminal behaviour had a significant impact on retail businesses but most importantly, on retail staff and customers. While reassuring to see so many of those involved remanded in custody and given custodial sentences, the high percentage of those who had previous convictions remains a matter of significant concern. Despite a reduction in offences the cost of retail crime has significantly risen. The overall cost of retail crime has increased by 31 per cent to £1.4 billion. This is equivalent to 130,000 retail jobs. A worrying trend this year is the increase in threats and verbal abuse to retail staff which has increased by 83 per cent when compared to last year. Robberies have also increased by 20 per cent with retailers reporting an increase in the use of weapons and violence. Despite a reduction in theft and burglaries reported in this year's survey the value of these offences has increased significantly. Retailers have invested heavily to protect against low-level offending, however, the increase in costs associated with these offences is a likely indication of an increase in more serious and organised offending. While the BRC supports the Government's proposal to introduce locally elected Police and Crime Commissioners later this year, we are concerned that the lack of appropriate measurement for retail crime, combined with greater reliance on crime maps to determine local crime priorities, will make it exceptionally difficult for retailers to influence the local crime agenda. As we move towards more locally based policing, it is imperative that retail is seen as a cornerstone to safe and vibrant communities and that retailers are genuinely involved in setting local crime priorities. Details: London, UK: British Retail Consortium, 2012. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on February 3, 2012 at http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_show_document.asp?id=4324&moid=7614 Year: 2012 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.brc.org.uk/brc_show_document.asp?id=4324&moid=7614 Shelf Number: 123930 Keywords: Armed RobberyCrime StatisticsCrime SurveyCrimes Against BusinessesRetail Crime (U.K.)RobberyTheft |
Author: Accenture Title: Achieving high performance with theft analytics: Leveraging smart grid deployments to enhance revenue protection Summary: Electricity theft includes diverting power currents and tampering with the meters that measure customer electricity consumption. While energy diversion and tampering have been increasing along with the world’s economic challenges, the evolution of smart grid technologies fortunately has enabled better ways to proactively identify potential diversion problems. In addition, smart meters and grid devices provide the type of data that can be leveraged by back-office analytics and software techniques to detect theft and support the next steps of revenue protection— prosecution and payment collection. This Accenture point of view introduces a capability framework for utilities to consider in the pursuit of achieving high performance. We review smart grid and back-office analytics maturity against the types of diversions that can be identified and benefits captured based on various smart grid deployment levels. Details: New York: Accenture, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Achieving-High-Performance-with-Theft-Analytics.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Achieving-High-Performance-with-Theft-Analytics.pdf Shelf Number: 124354 Keywords: Electrical PowerTheft |
Author: APS Group Scotland Title: Victims in the Criminal Justice System: Phase II Summary: This is the second joint inspection by the Inspectorate of Prosecution in Scotland (IPS) and Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary for Scotland (HMICS) into how victims are treated within the criminal justice system in Scotland. The first joint report, covering cases where no court proceedings were commenced, was published in October 2010. In 2001 the Scottish Government document ‘The Scottish Strategy for Victims’ hereinafter called the Strategy was launched. It was developed in response to developments throughout Scotland, Europe and internationally, including the United Nations declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power. The Strategy was strengthened by the development of National Standards for Victims of Crime which was launched by the then Scottish Executive in 2005. The three main objectives of the Strategy are: 1. To ensure information provision to victims (both in respect of the criminal justice system generally but also concerning the case in which they are involved); 2. To ensure provision of emotional and practical support to victims; 3. To achieve greater participation by victims in the criminal justice system. The Scottish Police Service and Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service (COPFS) have both committed to the Strategy which, as with our first report, provided the baseline for our inspection. This phase of our inspection deals with cases in which court proceedings were commenced at a summary level either in the Sheriff Court or Justice of the Peace Court. The writing of the report is ‘timeline’ based from the initial reporting of a crime to the police through to prosecution and post trial handling. We examined two types of crime namely assaults and thefts including housebreaking. Three police forces and their associated Procurator Fiscal Areas were examined during the fieldwork phase. These were Lothian and Borders (City of Edinburgh), Dumfries and Galloway and Fife. Details: Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2011. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 2, 2012 at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/362303/0122607.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/362303/0122607.pdf Shelf Number: 124364 Keywords: AssaultsCourt Procedures (Scotland)TheftVictim Services (Scotland)Victims of Crime (Scotland) |
Author: Ponemon, Larry Title: Airport Insecurity: The Case of Lost & Missing Laptops - Executive Summary U.S. & EMEA Results Summary: Do you ever worry about losing your laptop computer while rushing to catch a flight at a busy airport? Everyday business travelers are putting the sensitive and confidential data of their organizations at risk when they travel through airports. Sponsored by Dell, Ponemon Institute conducted this study, Airport Insecurity: The Case of Lost & Missing Laptops to understand the current risks posed to sensitive and confidential data contained in the laptops of business travelers. Companies are dependent upon a mobile workforce with access to information no matter where they travel. However, this mobility is putting companies at risk of having a data breach if a laptop containing sensitive information is lost, missing or stolen. The findings of this study are important in helping companies understand what they should be doing to protect the information on their employees’ laptops and to reduce the likelihood that their employees will lose laptops while traveling. The twofold objectives of this study are: To understand how major airports throughout the United States and six EMEA nations handle laptops that are lost, stolen or missing within their facilities. Our study determines the frequency, prevalence, and airport operating practices concerning lost or missing laptops at security checkpoints, departure gates, airport retail areas, lounges and so forth. To assess business travelers’ awareness and concern about data loss. For instance, what would they do if they lost their laptop or other portable data-bearing devices? What steps would they take after learning about this loss or theft? What have they done to protect or backup the information they carry? Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2008. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2012 at http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/fckjail/generalcontent/18/file/LostLaptopsDell%20EMEA%20Final%208.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/fckjail/generalcontent/18/file/LostLaptopsDell%20EMEA%20Final%208.pdf Shelf Number: 124455 Keywords: Airport SecurityLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Harbaugh, William T. Title: Theft and Deterrence Summary: We report results from economic experiments of decisions that are best described as petty larceny, with high school and college students who can anonymously steal real money from each other. Our design allows exogenous variation in the rewards of crime, and the penalty and probability of detection. We find that the probability of stealing is increasing in the amount of money that can be stolen, and that it is decreasing in the probability of getting caught and in the penalty for getting caught. Furthermore, the impact of the certainty of getting caught is larger when the penalty is bigger, and the impact of the penalty is bigger when the probability of getting caught is larger. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2012. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper 17059: Accessed April 19, 2012 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17059.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17059.pdf Shelf Number: 125030 Keywords: DeterrencePetty LarcenyStealingTheft |
Author: Sorensen, David W.M. Title: Rounding Up Suspects in the Rise of Danish Burglary: A Statistical Analysis of the 2008/09 Increase in Residential Break-ins Summary: During the 18-year period 1990 to 2007, the number of reported residential burglaries (indbrud i beboelse) was very stable. This changed in 2008 to 2010, when burglary increased by 30% (averaged over these three years) as compared to the previous 18-year average. Seen in its most extreme light, the number of reported burglaries in 2009 was 65.3% higher than in 2005. Little solid evidence exists as to why residential burglary increased so dramatically in 2008 and 2009. The current report examines this question using POLSAS data on 234,745 residential burglaries reported in Denmark during the six-year period 2005-2010, plus data on long term crime trends (1990-2010) and other social indicators. The report begins with a comparison of the rise in burglary to trends in overall Danish property crime. This reveals that the increase in burglary is far greater than that for any other major crime category. Burglary is therefore unique in this regard. Trends in Danish burglary are then compared to burglary trends in the EU and other Nordic countries to see if Denmark’s increase is part of a wider EU/Nordic phenomenon. The EU countries worst hit by the economic recession of 2008 experienced the sharpest increases in burglary. Denmark shares little in common with these countries, but shares much in common with Sweden, which also experienced a (far more modest) rise in burglary. In sum, domestic and international trend analyses reveal that the increase in Danish burglary probably has multiple causes emanating from both within and outside Denmark. The report examines whether any of the following factors may have contributed to the rise in Danish burglary: · Changes in public reporting tendencies and police recording practices · Population age, drug use and economic recession · Increasing professionalism · Crime tourism · The Police Reform of 2007 The results are as follows: · Reporting/Recording: The report finds no evidence of increased reporting tendencies other than the fact that victim loss per burglary has increased, which all else equal should increase the likelihood of reporting. There have been no changes in police recording practices or in the ease with which burglary can be reported to police. There is, therefore, no reason to believe that the increase in reported burglary stems from a simple change in the way in which it is reported or recorded by police. · Age/Drugs/Economy: There has been a small increase in the proportion of the Danish population in the peak crime ages (16-25), as well as increases in the use of cocaine and amphetamines. The economic crisis of 2008/9 increased unemployment, which created financial hardship especially for young adults. All of these factors may have contributed to the increase in burglary, but none are likely to have caused it on their own. · Professionalism: Increased professionalism is likely to manifest itself in greater efficiency and greater productivity, i.e., more burglaries. There is evidence that burglars are becoming more professional in Denmark. This evidence includes an increase in the theft of expensive designer furniture (which requires trucks to transport), an increase in repeat victimization at the same households, and an increase in the average number of charged crimes per offender. · Crime Tourism: While there has been a significant increase in crime tourism, i.e., burglaries committed by persons who have their legal residence outside of Denmark, it seems unlikely to explain the increase in burglary on its own. This is because the overall raw number of burglaries estimated as attributable to crime tourists is simply too low. Furthermore, part of the apparent increase in crime tourism may reflect an increased focus on the part of the police. This said, crime tourism does seem to be growing, and crime tourists have a higher crime frequency per person (as measured via average number of charges) than Danish residents and tend to operate in larger co-offending groups. The average number of charged crimes per offender is also increasing among Danish residents. Only 6.5% of all cases result in charges against one or more offenders. The figures on crime tourism are based on this minority of apprehended offenders and therefore must be interpreted with caution. · Police Reform: Distractions caused by the Police Reform of 2007 are likely to have temporarily reduced police performance resulting in decreases in clearance rates (sigtelsesrater). Decreased clearance may have contributed to the rise in burglary via its negative effects on incapacitation. The influx of crime tourism and distractions caused by the Police Reform are likely to have had the most influence amongst the factors listed above. This said, the evidence for their involvement is not especially compelling. There may be other factors far more important that have not been considered in this report. One factor completely missing from this report is the possibility that changes in police tactics (i.e., use/disuse of Top Ten lists, DNA, etc.) influenced the rise. Any future investigations of the 2008/9 rise in residential burglary should consider this. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Crime Prevention Council, 2011. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 9, 2012 at: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/Rise_in_Burglary.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Denmark URL: http://www.dkr.dk/sites/default/files/Rise_in_Burglary.pdf Shelf Number: 125225 Keywords: Drugs and CrimeProperty CrimesResidential Burglary (Denmark)TheftTourism and Crime |
Author: Gold, Emily Title: Diverting Shoplifters: A Research Report and Planning Guide Summary: The problem of retail theft, or shoplifting as it is also known, creates a significant drain on both public and private resources. Diverting Shoplifters: A Research Report and Planning Guide—written for criminal justice agencies, community-based organizations, and retailers alike—explores new ways to respond to low-level theft, while also framing the nature of the problem. The promising practices included in this report focus on using problem solving and partnerships to reduce the level of retail theft, as well as the burden these cases place on the criminal justice system. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 27, 2012 at: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/e11117410_Diverting-Shoplifters-508.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.courtinnovation.org/sites/default/files/documents/e11117410_Diverting-Shoplifters-508.pdf Shelf Number: 125420 Keywords: Retail CrimeShoplifting (U.S.)Theft |
Author: Baker, Joanne Title: Review of the Waverley Theft Reduction Strategy: Final Report Summary: The Waverley Theft Reduction Strategy was a joint initiative of the NSW Department of Justice and Attorney General and the NSW Police Force that ran from December 2007 to April 2009. The aim of the Strategy was to reduce the incidence of retail theft and steal from person offences in the Bondi Junction Shopping Precinct. CPD undertook a review of the Strategy to examine the implementation of the Strategy and the outcomes it achieved. Key features of the Strategy were the development of strong partnerships with local stakeholders to implement a range of crime prevention initiatives. Key stakeholders included the NSW Police Force, Waverley Council, the major shopping centres (Westfield, Eastgate), key retailers, Railcorp and the State Transit Authority of NSW. It was intended that the initiatives would be based on approaches that had shown promising results in other locations. The evidence base in the area, however, is limited at present and so we don’t have a good understanding of the key drivers of retail and personal theft or the types of solutions likely to be effective in reducing these offences. The initiatives were therefore based on the best available evidence and were primarily aimed at educating retailers and the public about suitable crime prevention techniques and encouraging them to adopt such techniques. The initiatives included — Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) audits in identified hotspot stores to recommend potential store improvements. Seminars (Bizsafe seminars) to educate retailers about crime prevention techniques. A community education campaign (Gone in a Flash) to inform the public about how to better protect their personal belongings. A young offender program to educate young shoplifting offenders about the consequences of shoplifting and help reduce their future risk of offending. Installation of anti-theft accessories (such as hooks to secure handbags and other bags) in food-courts, change-rooms and shoe stores to better protect personal belongings. A crime prevention newsletter to provide information about the Strategy and crime prevention tips to stakeholders and retailers. Details: Sydney: NSW Department of Attorney General and Justice, Crime Prevention Division, 2011. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 7, 2012 at: http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/cpd/m660001l2/waverley%20theft%20reduction.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Australia URL: http://www.crimeprevention.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/cpd/m660001l2/waverley%20theft%20reduction.pdf Shelf Number: 125496 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environment DesignCrimes Against BusinessesPublicity CampaignsRetail Crime (Australia)ShopliftingTheft |
Author: Ponemon, Larry Title: The Cost of a Lost Laptop Summary: An independent study on laptop security commissioned by Intel Corporation and conducted by Ponemon Institute analyzes the potential business costs of stolen or lost laptop computers, suggesting that in an era where "the office" can be almost anywhere, good security precautions are essential. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2009. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/fckjail/generalcontent/18/file/Cost%20of%20a%20Lost%20Laptop%20White%20Paper%20Final%203.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.ponemon.org/local/upload/fckjail/generalcontent/18/file/Cost%20of%20a%20Lost%20Laptop%20White%20Paper%20Final%203.pdf Shelf Number: 126514 Keywords: Costs of CrimeLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Ponemon Institute Title: The Billion Euro Lost Laptop Problem: Benchmark study of European organizations Summary: Intel and Ponemon Institute are pleased to present the results of The Billion Euro Lost Laptop Problem, which is an independent benchmark study of 275 private and public sector organizations located in eight countries, including the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Sweden and Spain. The purpose of the study is to determine the economic consequences to European organizations when laptops used by employees and contractors are lost or stolen. To calculate the total economic impact we referred to The Cost of a Lost Laptop benchmark study released in 2009 and also sponsored by Intel. In that study we were able to determine that the average value of one lost laptop is 35,284 Euros. We believe this study is important because it reveals the significant cost to organizations as a result of lost or missing laptops. Based on previous Ponemon Institute research completed in May 2009, the total economic impact of one lost laptop is $49,256 (or €35,284). If we apply the figures from this earlier research to the present sample, this would be a combined cost of €1.29 billion for the 275 organizations participating in our study. This yields €4.8 million per organization, on average. In addition to convincing employees and contractors of the importance of keeping a careful watch over their laptops, it is also important to protect the sensitive data contained on the computer. Not surprisingly, lost or stolen laptops are costly to organizations. But it is not the replacement cost that should have companies concerned. Rather it is the data and the risk of a data breach that can have serious financial implications for companies. The cost of a data breach, as we determined in the 2009 study, represents 80 percent of the total cost of a lost laptop compared to two percent for replacing the computer. We also found that encryption on average can reduce the cost of a lost laptop by nearly half. We also recommend training and awareness programs for all employees who have laptops. Only 13 percent are lost in the workplace. Thus, special attention should be paid to instructing employees who take their laptops off-site such as when traveling or working from home. Another important recommendation is to have policies that require employees to report a lost or stolen laptop as soon as possible. In addition, anti-theft and data protection solutions are available to secure laptops and the sensitive and confidential information they contain. Based on the costly consequences of lost laptops, the business case can be made for allocating the necessary resources to stop the loss and protect the data. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2011. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/case-study/mobile-computing-security-eu-benchmark-study.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Europe URL: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/case-study/mobile-computing-security-eu-benchmark-study.pdf Shelf Number: 126515 Keywords: Costs of CrimeLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Ponemon Institute Title: The Billion Dollar Lost Laptop Problem: Benchmark study of U.S. organizations Summary: What do you think your organization would do if it realized that each year it is losing millions of dollars because of the carelessness of employees and contractors entrusted with laptops? While organizations may be aware of the lost laptop problem, we do not believe they understand fully the adverse affect it may be having on their bottom line. If they did, we believe they would be more diligent in protecting these devices. For this reason, Intel and Ponemon Institute decided to conductThe Billion Dollar Lost Laptop Problem, an independent benchmark study of 329 private and public sector organizations located in the United States. The purpose of the study is to determine the economic consequences to organizations when laptops used by employees and contractors are lost or stolen. To calculate the total economic impact, we referred toThe Cost of a Lost Laptopbenchmark study released in 2009 and also sponsored by Intel. In that study, we were able to determine that the average value of one lost laptop is $49,246. The Cost of a Lost Laptop study, conducted by Ponemon Institute in 2009 and sponsored by Intel, was the first benchmark study to estimate full costs associated with a lost or stolen laptop. The benchmark analysis focuses on representative samples of organizations in the US that had experienced laptop loss or theft within the last 12 months. The analysis was based on 138 separate incidents involving lost laptops as used by employees, temporary employees and contractors. Details: Traverse City, MI: Ponemon Institute, 2010. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 30, 2012 at http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/white-paper/enterprise-security-the-billion-dollar-lost-laptop-problem-paper.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.intel.com/content/dam/doc/white-paper/enterprise-security-the-billion-dollar-lost-laptop-problem-paper.pdf Shelf Number: 126516 Keywords: Costs of CrimeLaptop TheftTheftTheft of Computers |
Author: Morgan, Anthony Title: Effective Crime Prevention Interventions for Implementation by Local Government Summary: Councils are responsible for a range of services related to crime prevention, including managing public space and building design, providing a range of community services and developing policies that affect local businesses. More recently, there has been increasing pressure on local government to contribute to the delivery of a variety of social services and to engage in social planning. This comprehensive report is a collaboration between the Crime Prevention Division of the NSW Department of Attorney General and Justice, and the AIC. It is a large-scale systematic review of interventions to prevent a number of crime types identified as priority areas for local councils in New South Wales. Offences such as non-domestic violence related assault; break and enter; car theft; retail theft and malicious damage were reviewed against specific crime prevention methods. The AIC provided the NSW CPD with a summary of the evidence in support of interventions for each priority crime type. A number of preferred intervention types were selected that could be implemented by local councils, with the support of the CPD, in areas with a significant crime problem. This study has led to a series of handbooks to assist local government to select, adapt and implement the preferred interventions. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2012. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Research and Public policy Series 120: Accessed January 17, 2013 at: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/100-120/rpp120.html Year: 2012 Country: Australia URL: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rpp/100-120/rpp120.html Shelf Number: 127285 Keywords: Crime Prevention (Australia)Malicious DamageMotor-Vehicle TheftPublic SpaceResidential BurglarySituational Crime PreventionStealingTheftVandalism |
Author: Wheller, Levin Title: The Effect of Stolen Goods Markets on Crime: Evidence from a Quasi Natural Experiment Summary: This paper analyses the causal effect of the availability of stolen goods markets on theft crimes. Motivated by the richness of anecdotal evidence, we study this overlooked determinant of crime's production function through the lens of pawnshops, a widespread business that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral. The endogeneity of pawnshops to crime is addressed in multiple ways. First, we strengthen the hypothesis that pawnshops deal with stolen goods by exploiting the properties of a panel of 2176 US counties from 1997 to 2010. Then, we detect causality exploiting the exogenous rise in the price of gold in a quasi - natural experiment fashion. Specifically, the identification strategy relies on the exogeneity of the interaction between the price of gold, constantly demanded by pawnbrokers in the form of jewels that are melted down to be transformed in a bar of precious metal, and the initial concentration of pawnshops to the county. Conservative estimates show that a one standard deviation increase in gold price generates a 0.05 standard deviation increase in the effect of pawnshops on burglaries and robberies. The mechanism behind the causal effect is corroborated by numerous falsification tests on other crimes that disprove the possibility that pawnshops might cause crime through channels other than the demand for stolen goods. Details: Warwick, UK: University of Warwick, Department of Economics, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Warwick Economic Research Papers, No. 1040: Accessed March 20, 2014 at: http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/phd_students/rdeste/merged_document.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 131990 Keywords: BurglariesPawnbrokersRobberiesStolen Goods MarketsTheft |
Author: Riccardi, Michele Title: The Theft of Medicines from Italian Hospitals Summary: Along with counterfeiting, theft of medicines is emerging as the new frontier of pharmaceutical crime. In Italy between 2006 and 2013 one hospital out of ten has registered thefts of pharmaceuticals, suffering, on average, an economic loss of about 330 thousands euro each episode. This report represents the first study on this booming but almost unknown criminal phenomenon. In particular it carries out: - An exploration of the background behind pharmaceutical theft and of the drivers that influence the demand and the supply of stolen medicines; - An analysis, based on cases reported by media, of thefts of medicines from Italian hospitals between 2006 and 2013 Details: Milan, IT: Transcrime, 2014. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 29, 2014 at: http://www.transcrime.it/pubblicazioni/the-theft-of-medicines-from-italian-hospitals/ Year: 2014 Country: Italy URL: http://www.transcrime.it/pubblicazioni/the-theft-of-medicines-from-italian-hospitals/ Shelf Number: 132812 Keywords: HospitalsIllicit TraffickingMedicinePharmaceutical Crime (Italy)Pharmaceutical IndustrySmugglingTheft |
Author: Schroeder, Kari Britt Title: Local norms of cheating and the cultural evolution of crime and punishment: a study of two urban neighborhoods Summary: The prevalence of antisocial behavior varies across time and place. The likelihood of committing such behavior is affected by, and also affects, the local social environment. To further our understanding of this dynamic process, we conducted two studies of antisocial behavior, punishment, and social norms. These studies took place in two neighborhoods in Newcastle Upon Tyne, England. According to a previous study, Neighborhood A enjoys relatively low frequencies of antisocial behavior and crime and high levels of social capital. In contrast, Neighborhood B is characterized by relatively high frequencies of antisocial behavior and crime and low levels of social capital. In Study 1, we used an economic game to assess neighborhood differences in theft, third-party punishment (3PP) of theft, and expectation of 3PP. Participants also reported their perceived neighborhood frequency of cooperative norm violation ("cheating"). Participants in Neighborhood B thought that their neighbors commonly cheat but did not condone cheating. They stole more money from their neighbors in the game, and were less punitive of those who did, than the residents of Neighborhood A. Perceived cheating was positively associated with theft, negatively associated with the expectation of 3PP, and central to the neighborhood difference. Lower trust in one's neighbors and a greater subjective value of the monetary cost of punishment contributed to the reduced punishment observed in Neighborhood B. In Study 2, we examined the causality of cooperative norm violation on expectation of 3PP with a norms manipulation. Residents in Neighborhood B who were informed that cheating is locally uncommon were more expectant of 3PP. In sum, our results provide support for three potentially simultaneous positive feedback mechanisms by which the perception that others are behaving antisocially can lead to further antisocial behavior: (1) motivation to avoid being suckered, (2) decreased punishment of antisocial behavior, and (3) decreased expectation of punishment of antisocial behavior. Consideration of these mechanisms and of norm-psychology will help us to understand how neighborhoods can descend into an antisocial culture and get stuck there. Details: PeerJ 2:e450; DOI 10.7717/peerj.450. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 13, 2014 at: https://peerj.com/articles/450.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://peerj.com/articles/450.pdf Shelf Number: 134072 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior (U.K.)CheatingNeighborhoods and CrimePunishmentSocial CapitalStealingTheftUrban Areas |
Author: Beckett, Helen Title: Suffering in silence: Children and unreported crime Summary: This report presents the findings of a Scoping Inquiry into the hidden victimisation of children and young people, undertaken on behalf of the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for Victims and Witnesses of Crime. The Inquiry was commissioned in response to findings from the most recent Crime Survey for England and Wales which indicates that less than one-fifth of children and young people who experience theft or violent crime report this to the police. The charity Victim Support, who provides the secretariat to the APPG, undertook research for the Inquiry in partnership with the University of Bedfordshire. Evidence was gathered in four ways: - a short review of existing literature; - an analysis of relevant data sources including the Crime Survey for England and Wales; - a rapid call for evidence from charities, service providers, statutory bodies and campaigners; and - three focus groups with children and young people. Details: London: Victim Support, 2014. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 16, 2015 at: Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: Shelf Number: 134632 Keywords: Children, Crimes Against (U.K.)TheftVictims of CrimesViolence Against Children |
Author: British Retail Consortium Title: BRC Retail Crime Survey 2014 Summary: The Annual BRC Retail Crime Survey provides valuable evidence about the impact of crime on UK retailers. A broad range of retailers participate in the survey, from large multiples to smaller retailers, representing around half of the retail sector by turnover. Key findings - There were an estimated 3m offences against UK retailers in 2013-14, directly adding $603m to retailers' costs. - Although the volume of shop theft offences declined by 4 per cent, the average value of each incident increased from $177 to $241, which was the highest average value recorded for a decade. This trend is thought to be in part a consequence of retailers being targeted by more organised, sophisticated criminal activity. - Fraud increased by 12 per cent in 2013-14 and accounts for 37 per cent of the total cost of retail crime. Retailers warned that they expect fraud to pose the single most significant threat to their business over the next two years. - Retailers reported that cyber attacks pose a critical threat to their business. - There were 32 incidents of violence and abuse per 1,000 employees in 2013-14. Details: London: BRC, 2015. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2015 at: http://www.sbrcentre.co.uk/images/site_images/14591_BRC_Retail_Crime_Survey_2014.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.sbrcentre.co.uk/images/site_images/14591_BRC_Retail_Crime_Survey_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 134909 Keywords: Crime StatisticsCrimes Against BusinessesCybercrimeRetail Crime (U.K.)Theft |
Author: Lammy, David Title: Taking Its Toll: the regressive impact of property crime in Britain Summary: The police and the courts are turning a blind eye to theft, burglary and shoplifting which makes up three quarters of all recorded crime committed in England and Wales, according to the Rt Hon David Lammy MP, one of the Labour party's leading Mayoral candidates. The report highlights how large swathes of property crime goes unreported, especially among independent shopkeepers, with people having little faith in the ability of the police to bring the perpetrators to justice. A poll of 400 members of the National Federation of Retail Newsagents carried out as part of the research discovered that over half of all respondents had been the victim of two or more shoplifting incidents in the preceding three months yet over a third (35%) doubted the police's ability to successfully prosecute shoplifters. Less than 1 in 10 incidents of shoplifting is reported to the police. Other figures in the report emphasise the problem: - Only two thirds of burglaries are reported to the police - Half of burglary victims never hear back from the police after reporting a crime - 19,000 incidents of bicycle theft were reported to the Metropolitan Police in 2013-14 yet only 666 (3.5%) of these thefts were solved The paper also argues that shoplifting from smaller retailers such as newsagents has virtually been decriminalised in the eyes of the law. The Anti Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, set the threshold for a 'serious' shoplifting offence at good valued $200 or higher. Yet the median value of a shoplifting incident from a convenience store is around $40. The paper also highlights how the courts are failing to tackle the problem of repeat offending: - Half of all offenders sentenced for theft offences in the year to June 2014 had 15 or more previous convictions or cautions. This represents 62,000 offenders in one year alone - 45 per cent of offenders cautioned for theft offences had already received a caution or conviction for a previous offence - Half of all fines imposed by courts go unpaid - The only recourse a magistrate has to address non-payment of fines is six months imprisonment The report makes a series of recommendations to address property crime including: 1.Restoring ward-level neighbourhood policing teams consisting of a sergeant, two constables and three Police Community Support Officers and ensure they focus their efforts on preventing and solving local property crime. 2.Giving magistrates flexibility to enforce unpaid court fines through means other than six months imprisonment 3.Implementing a penalties escalator for repeated theft. Courts should be able to break the caution-fine-reoffending cycle by increasing the sentence for reoffending. 4.Making it compulsory for new police recruits to walk the same beat for at least a year - and preferably two years - after they complete training. 5.Introducing New York Compstat-style data sharing between police forces to pinpoint crime trends and hotspots 6.Establishing a Crime Prevention Academy to improve crime prevention expertise within police forces Details: London: Policy Exchange, 2015. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2015 at: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/taking%20its%20toll.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/images/publications/taking%20its%20toll.pdf Shelf Number: 134947 Keywords: Bicycle TheftBurglaryNeighborhood PolicingPolicingProperty Crimes (U.K.)Repeat OffendersShopliftingStealingTheft |
Author: Evans, Roger Title: High Street Blues: Tackling Small Business Crime in London Summary: Small businesses play a significant contributing role to London's economy and the general well-being of its local communities. According to the Federation of Small Businesses, 83 pence out of every pound spent goes directly back into the community. The British Retail Consortium found that the retail sector contributes 5% of Britain's GDP. The Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) states in their Business Crime Strategy that: "London collects L5.4 billion of business rates each year, a tax take 15 times larger than that of the UK's second city, Birmingham - the income generated by the city's businesses ensures funding for public services across not only London but the entire country. This makes MOPAC's mission - and the performance of the Metropolitan Police - of national significance". However, small businesses are suffering as a result of persistent crime plaguing London's high streets. According to the Metropolitan Police's Crime Mapping data tables, 28,889 crimes were recorded against businesses in London in the financial year, 2013-14. Qualitative research conducted for this report found that 94% of shop owners have been affected by crime in the past twelve months. 47% of those interviewed have been victims of severe crimes such as burglary, verbal and physical assault. There is a lack of faith in the police's ability to deliver justice for small business owners. I contacted shop owners across a wide range of boroughs in London including, Croydon, Richmond upon Thames and Camden. 64% of shop owners I spoke to stated that when they had chosen to report a crime they found the police unhelpful. These shop owners went on to state that in future they would not bother reporting crimes to the police. For too long some shop owners have felt that when they have chosen to report a crime committed on their premises to the police, their claim has not been taken seriously. The Metropolitan Police should take an innovative approach to improving the level of information sharing between small business owners and Business Crime Reduction Partnerships to directly address the issue of under-reporting. The Metropolitan Police should take a proactive approach to tackling small business crime, focusing on crime prevention by engaging business owners as a cost effective means of addressing the issue. Details: London: Greater London Authority Conservatives, 2014. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2015 at: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/High-Street-Blues.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://glaconservatives.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/High-Street-Blues.pdf Shelf Number: 135281 Keywords: Anti-Social BehaviorCrime StatisticsCrimes Against Businesses (U.K.)ShopliftingTheft |
Author: Pretorius, William Lyon Title: A Criminological Analysis of Copper Cable Theft in Gauteng Summary: This dissertation focuses on the phenomenon of copper cable theft within the Gauteng Province of South Africa. Data was collected from literature sources as well as from security professionals combating copper theft. There are five primary objectives in this research: 1. To explore and to describe the extent and the impact of copper cable theft. 2. To gain insight into the profile and the modus operandi of the offender. 3. To evaluate current intervention measures used to combat the copper cable theft. 4. To describe the general factors limiting the success of combating copper cable theft. 5. To recommend probable intervention measures with which to combat copper cable theft. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with responsible security officials of victim stakeholder groups in Gauteng. It was established that copper cable theft is currently a very serious crime that deserves both attention and quick intervention before it does irreparable damage to the utility infrastructure of Gauteng, in particular, and in fact to all these infrastructures in South Africa. Details: Pretoria: University of South Africa, 2012. 234p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 29, 2015 at: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/10598/dissertation_pretorius_wl.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2012 Country: South Africa URL: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/10598/dissertation_pretorius_wl.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 136239 Keywords: Copper Theft Crime Prevention Property Crime Theft |
Author: Shaw, Oliver Title: Crime and the value of stolen goods Summary: - This paper uses the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) to investigate the value of stolen goods and its relationship to crime trends. The analysis aims to determine: - the types of stolen goods and their value, and how these have changed over time; - whether these changes have played a role in the crime drop since the mid-1990s; - the extent to which the value of goods affects what types of crimes are committed and which items stolen within these crime types; - whether there is a link between the value of stolen goods and the rate at which crime is reported to the police, i.e. are demands on the police and the wider criminal justice system affected by changes to the value of stolen goods? - The total value of all stolen goods, as reported by victims, was estimated to be $1.8bn in 2013/14. This has fallen from $6.9bn in 1995, a 74 per cent drop. There are two components to this. The number of thefts with loss has fallen by about 60 per cent. But this report shows that the average value of stolen goods from a single theft has also fallen, by about 35 per cent. In other words, the overall economic harm to victims from theft has probably declined by an even greater amount than the number of thefts. - Although there are a number of crime types not fully covered by the CSEW, notably fraud, analysis here suggests that changes in the levels of plastic card fraud have not substantially offset the reduction in overall economic harm to victims. - Theft of vehicles has been the biggest contributor to the fall in value of stolen goods between 1995 and 2013/14. This is due to both the large reduction in numbers of thefts (theft of vehicles is down by 88% since 1995) and a small fall in the mean value of the vehicles stolen. - The distribution of criminal gains from theft is heavily skewed. In 2013/14, just 2 per cent of all thefts accounted for 46 per cent of the total value of goods stolen. This means that the mean value of goods stolen per theft is markedly higher than the median value, and that the latter better represents the typical criminal gain from any one incident of theft (bold highlighted in Table 5). - There has been a high degree of stability in the types of items that are stolen. Cash is most frequently stolen with vehicle parts/accessories, the second most stolen item for every year in which the CSEW has run from 1981 to 2013/14. Of the items stolen that would feasibly be resold by a thief, just nine types of goods - vehicle parts/accessories, cars/vans, bicycles, stereo/hi-fi equipment, clothes, jewellery, tools, garden furniture and mobile phones - account for the top six most stolen items in every year. Value is clearly a factor in determining which goods are most stolen, but it is not the only factor. Details: London: Home Office, 2015. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 81: Accessed October 15, 2015 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/468003/horr81.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/468003/horr81.pdf Shelf Number: 136989 Keywords: Crime TrendsEconomics of CrimeStolen GoodsStolen PropertyTheft |
Author: Dengler-Roscher, Kathrin Title: Do Thieves React to Prices? - Evidence from Gas Stations Summary: In this paper we examine whether fuel theft reacts on prices changes. We cooperated with the State Office of Criminal Investigation Stuttgart and collected data on fuel theft. So we have a unique data set with which we can investigate if and how much fuel thieves react on price changes of fuel. We find that fuel price has a statistically significant positive effect on fuel theft. In our most extensive model we include a lagged detection rate and unemployment as further time-variant variables and control for overall crime by including a crime index. Details: Ulm, Germany: Institute of Economics, Ulm University, 2015. 27p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 26, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2674651 Year: 2015 Country: Germany URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2674651 Shelf Number: 137140 Keywords: DeterrenceEconomics of CrimeFuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftStealingTheft |
Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Reducing Mobile Phone Theft and Improving Security. Paper 2 Summary: In September 2014 the Home Office and the Behavioural Insights Team published the joint paper: Reducing Mobile Phone Theft and Improving Security1. That paper used data from Crime Surveys (Crime Survey for England and Wales) conducted between 2005/06 and 2012/13, together with data from the Metropolitan Police about the theft of mobile phones in London between August 2012 and January 2014, to set out a detailed picture of how and when mobile phones are stolen and the types of phone most likely to be stolen. It also included the first Mobile Phone Theft Ratio. When we published that material, we were conscious that the picture it presented might well have changed following the widespread introduction of device based solutions by manufacturers from September 2013 onwards. They were introduced to help reduce mobile phone theft. This paper provides an updated picture of mobile phone theft, including an updated Mobile Phone Theft Ratio, to provide a more contemporary picture capturing the impact that the security features introduced by manufacturers have had on levels of theft. Our findings show: - there has been a fall in levels of mobile phone theft since the introduction of device based solutions such as Apple iOS7 and Samsung Reactivation Lock; - there has been a fall in the proportion of mobile phone thefts across all age groups and genders, except for 22-24 year old males; - 18-21 year old females remain the most vulnerable to mobile phone theft; and - methods such as pick-pocketing and snatch theft, followed by theft of unattended items such as leaving a mobile phone on a bar or restaurant table, are the most common methods used by criminals. Details: London: Home Office, 2016. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 26, 2016 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/509855/PRINT-6-1946-HO-Reducing_Mobile_Phone_Theft_and_Improving_Security_March....pdf Year: 2016 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/509855/PRINT-6-1946-HO-Reducing_Mobile_Phone_Theft_and_Improving_Security_March....pdf Shelf Number: 138426 Keywords: Cell PhonesCrime PreventionMobile PhonesPick-PocketingStolen PropertyTheft |
Author: Pew Charitable Trusts Title: The Effects of Changing State Theft Penalties: Increased felony thresholds have not resulted in higher property crime or larceny rates Summary: Since 2001, at least 30 states have raised their felony theft thresholds, or the value of stolen money or goods above which prosecutors may charge theft offenses as felonies, rather than misdemeanors. Felony offenses typically carry a penalty of at least a year in state prison, while misdemeanors generally result in probation or less than a year in a locally run jail. Lawmakers have made these changes to prioritize costly prison space for more serious offenders and ensure that value-based penalties take inflation into account. A felony theft threshold of $1,000 established in 1985, for example, is equivalent to more than twice that much in 2015 dollars. Critics have warned that these higher cutoff points might embolden offenders and cause property crime, particularly larceny, to rise. To determine whether their concerns have proved to be true, The Pew Charitable Trusts examined crime trends in the 23 states that raised their felony theft thresholds between 2001 and 2011, a period that allows analysis of each jurisdiction from three years before to three years after the policy change. Pew also compared trends in states that raised their thresholds during this period with those that did not. This chartbook illustrates three important conclusions from the analysis: -Raising the felony theft threshold has no impact on overall property crime or larceny rates. -States that increased their thresholds reported roughly the same average decrease in crime as the 27 states that did not change their theft laws. -The amount of a state's felony theft threshold-whether it is $500, $1,000, $2,000, or more-is not correlated with its property crime and larceny rates. Details: Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2016. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2016 at: http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/02/the_effects_of_changing_state_theft_penalties.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2016/02/the_effects_of_changing_state_theft_penalties.pdf Shelf Number: 138450 Keywords: LarcenyProperty CrimesTheft |
Author: Great Britain. Home Office Title: Reducing mobile phone theft and improving security Summary: The paper, drawing on results from the Crime Survey for England and Wales and mobile phone theft data in London between 1 August 2012 and 5 January 2014, sets out the most detailed evidence yet on how and when mobile phones were stolen, which types of phone were most likely to be stolen, and who is most at risk. It includes the first ever Mobile Phone Theft Ratio, based on the August 2012 to January 2014 data, which shows how likely the top makes of handsets were to be deliberately targeted. The paper recognises the work of the police to tackle mobile phone theft, and also the steps taken by mobile phone operators and manufacturers to improve phone security and reduce mobile phone theft. The paper sets out the first analysis undertaken from the available data, and we look forward to conducting further analyses over time, which will provide clearer evidence of the impact that new mobile phone security features are having on levels of theft. Details: London: Home Office, 2014. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2016 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/390901/HO_Mobile_theft_paper_Dec_14_WEB.PDF Year: 2014 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/390901/HO_Mobile_theft_paper_Dec_14_WEB.PDF Shelf Number: 138468 Keywords: Cell Phones Crime Prevention Mobile Phones Pick-Pocketing Stolen Property Theft |
Author: Khadjavi, Menusch Title: Deterrence Works for Criminals Summary: Criminal law and economics rests on the expectation that deterrence incentives can be employed to reduce crime. Prison survey evidence however suggests that a majority of criminals are biased and may not react to deterrence incentives. This study employs an extra-laboratory experiment in a German prison to test the effectiveness of deterrence. Subjects either face potential punishment when stealing, or they can steal without deterrence. We confirm Gary Becker's deterrence hypothesis that deterrence works for criminals. Details: Kiel, Germany: Kiel Institute for the World Economy, 2014. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Kiel Working Paper no. 1938: Accessed October 12, 2016 at: https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/deterrence-works-for-criminals/KWP1938_Deterrence%20works%20for%20criminals_Khadjavi.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Germany URL: https://www.ifw-members.ifw-kiel.de/publications/deterrence-works-for-criminals/KWP1938_Deterrence%20works%20for%20criminals_Khadjavi.pdf Shelf Number: 145426 Keywords: DeterrencePrisonPunishmentStealingTheft |
Author: Ranapurwala, Shabbar I. Title: Reporting Crime Victimizations to the Police and the Incidence of Future Victimizations: A Longitudinal Study Summary: Background Law enforcement depends on cooperation from the public and crime victims to protect citizens and maintain public safety; however, many crimes are not reported to police because of fear of repercussions or because the crime is considered trivial. It is unclear how police reporting affects the incidence of future victimization. Objective To evaluate the association between reporting victimization to police and incident future victimization. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using National Crime Victimization Survey 2008-2012 data. Participants were 12+ years old household members who may or may not be victimized, were followed biannually for 3 years, and who completed at least one followup survey after their first reported victimization between 2008 and 2012. Crude and adjusted generalized linear mixed regression for survey data with Poisson link were used to compare rates of future victimization. Results Out of 18,657 eligible participants, 41% participants reported to their initial victimization to police and had a future victimization rate of 42.8/100 person-years (PY) (95% CI: 40.7, 44.8). The future victimization rate of those who did not report to the police (59%) was 55.0/ 100 PY (95% CI: 53.0, 57.0). The adjusted rate ratio comparing police reporting to not reporting was 0.78 (95%CI: 0.72, 0.84) for all future victimizations, 0.80 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.90) for interpersonal violence, 0.73 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.78) for thefts, and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.84, 1.07) for burglaries. Conclusions Reporting victimization to police is associated with fewer future victimization, underscoring the importance of police reporting in crime prevention. This association may be attributed to police action and victim services provisions resulting from reporting. Details: PLoS ONE 11(7): e0160072. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160072, 2016. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 17, 2016 at: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160072.PDF Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0160072.PDF Shelf Number: 144863 Keywords: BurglaryDomestic ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceRepeat VictimizationTheftVictims of Crime |
Author: Galiani, Sebastian Title: Crime and Durable Goods Summary: Crime and the durability of goods are strongly connected issues. However, surprisingly, they have been studied separately. This paper explores the relationship between the production of durable goods and crime from a theoretical perspective and draws important conclusions for both topics. Crime affects the consumer and producer surplus and thus the behavior of consumers, firms, the market equilibrium, and, in turn, the social optimum. Lower durability of goods reduces the incentive to steal those goods, thus reducing crime. When crime is included in the standard framework of durable goods, even without considering the negative externalities of crime, perfect competition does not provide the optimal durability level. When considering different stealing technologies, perfect competition either over-produces durability or produces zero (minimum) durability. The monopolist under-produces durability regardless of the stealing technology considered. If crime externalities are taken into account, the socially optimal durability level is reduced and gets closer to that which prevails under monopoly. The model presented in this paper implies that the durability of goods, and the market structure for those goods, can be an effective instrument to reduce crime. In particular, making the durability of a good contingent upon that good being stolen is likely to increase welfare. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper Series, no. 22788: Accessed November 2, 2016 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22788.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w22788.pdf Shelf Number: 145005 Keywords: ConsumersProperty CrimeStealingTheftUnemployment and Crime |
Author: Gestel, B. van Title: Crossing borders on the trail of thieves: Research on facilitating itinerant crime groups based on fifteen criminal investigation studies in the Netherlands Summary: In recent years, the Minister of Security and Justice has repeatedly expressed his concerns about the broad range of offences against property committed by itinerant crime groups and the resulting damage suffered by citizens and businesses. Dutch policy emphatically focuses on preventing mobile banditry, in addition to intensifying investigation efforts. Collecting information about the different ‘steps’ in the criminal operation of an itinerant crime group will help clarify how such groups are facilitated and which legal actors and opportunities they exploit. The government can consequently use this knowledge to stop or disrupt criminal operations. The Minister of Security and Justice requested that research be carried out by the Dutch Research and Documentation Centre [WODC] for the purpose of fighting itinerant crime groups. The Research and Documentation Centre study primarily focuses on facilitating itinerant crime groups and has been carried out in two parts. The first part consists of a research synthesis and was carried out in 2014. The synthesis contains findings from current scientific studies on the facilitation of itinerant crime groups. The findings of this research synthesis can be summarised briefly in terms of the three dimensions that offer itinerant crime groups the opportunity to operate. These are legal occupational groups, social ties and convergence settings. These dimensions provide insight into the actors and the circumstances that play a facilitating role in the (continued) existence of itinerant crime groups. They are shown to be dynamic, recurrent dimensions that may play a facilitating role for itinerant crime groups in various phases of the criminal operation. This report contains the findings of the empirical follow-up research. The aim of this study is to collect current information on facilitating itinerant crime groups, specifically with regard to the situation in the Netherlands. In this study , the following questions are key: How are itinerant crime groups composed and what crimes do they focus on? How are itinerant crime groups facilitated? Which actors and circumstances can be identified? How is information exchanged with investigation partners in other regions and other countries during and after a criminal investigation? Details: The Hague: WODC (Research and Documentation Centre, Minister of Security and Justice), 2016. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Cahiers 2016-08: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202016-8_Summary_nw_tcm29-228345.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Netherlands URL: https://english.wodc.nl/binaries/Cahier%202016-8_Summary_nw_tcm29-228345.pdf Shelf Number: 145883 Keywords: GangsHandling stolen goodsOffender mobilityOrganized crimeStolen goodsTheft |
Author: Carreon Rodriguez, Victor G. Title: Economic Analysis of Theft Reporting: The Case of Mexico City Summary: Theft is the major component of crime rates in Mexico City and its reporting remains low and stable even when the budget assigned to federal public security reached an increase of 202.23% in 2006-2010. We develop a utility maximization model that attempts to explain the incentives that individuals face when theft reporting and we empirically verify it. We empirically verify a direct relationship between theft reporting and the recovered proportion of what is robbed. Also, we find an inverse relationship between theft reporting and (i) its price, and (ii) theft itself. Details: Mexico: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas A.C., 2013. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 23, 2017 at: http://www.libreriacide.com/librospdf/DTE-568.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.libreriacide.com/librospdf/DTE-568.pdf Shelf Number: 141204 Keywords: Crime RatesEconomics of CrimeTheft |
Author: Musoi, Kyalo Title: A Study of Crime in Urban Slums in Kenya: The Case of Kibra, Bondeni, Manyatta and Mishomoroni Slums Summary: Crime continues to be a major scar on the peace and security landscape in Kenya. Whereas crime cuts across the country geographically, it is more prevalent, severe and acute in peri-urban informal settlement areas that are popularly known as slums. Security Research and Information Centre (SRIC), with support from the Government of Kenya (through the National Steering Committee on Peace Building and Conflict Management and the Kenya National Focal Point on Small Arms and Light Weapons) and UNDP Kenya has been conducting crime surveys - in its strategic role as a crime observatory - since 2011 in the greater Nairobi region and other select parts of the country. These crime surveys have consistently established that crime is a major peace and security concern in the major urban areas in the country particularly in the slums. It is against this backdrop that SRIC undertook a study on crime in four select slums in the four major cities in the country namely, Kibra (Nairobi), Mishomoroni (Mombasa), Manyatta (Kisumu) and Bondeni (Nakuru). For the purpose of this study, crime is understood to mean acts or prohibitions which are against the law (both written and unwritten for the case of societal norms). The main objective of the study was to contribute to better understanding of the nature, trends and dynamics of crimes in the four select major urban slums in Kenya and to formulate actionable policy recommendations. The study also sought to identify and analyse crime hot spots, criminal organized groups and impact of crime in the select slum areas. The findings of the study can thus be extrapolated to present a general crime status in the slum areas in the country as a whole. Various methods of data collection and analysis were used. Secondary data was mainly derived from previous studies and reports on crime and crime observatories including print media. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations. A total of 654 questionnaires were administered to members of the public in the study areas taking into consideration age and gender sensitivities. In addition, 48 key informant interviews were conducted. The researchers also spend considerable time during the study period in the study areas observing crime trends and patterns. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. The quantitative data was organized, cleaned, coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to help generate summaries in terms of tables and graphs for easy analysis and interpretation. Qualitative data was analyzed qualitatively through interpretation of the responses by respondents and also analysis of secondary data on the subject matter. The study found that theft (35.37%), was the main type of crime across the four sampled slum areas. In addition, robbery (15.55%), burglary/break-ins (10.67%) and mugging (23.17%) were the other main typologies of crime in slum areas, accounting for combined 84.76% of crimes committed in slum areas in Kenya. The study also established that an overwhelming majority, 98.8% of the respondents, had witnessed crime being committed in the last three months of the study period. This can be inferred to mean that almost everyone in the four slums had either been affected (may be within the family) or personally experienced some form of crime. Asked to state causes of crime in slum areas in urban centres, 61.2% of the respondents cited youth unemployment as the main cause of crime. Poverty (11.3%) and illicit brews/drug abuse (9.5%) were cited as the other causes of crime in slum areas. Based on these statistics, it can be inferred that rampant poverty and depressed income levels seem to be the primary drivers of localized crimes in major urban slums in Kenya. Contrary to assertions by many researchers and reports that Kibra is the most unsafe area to live in, public perceptions on safety in this study demonstrate that comparatively, Bondeni slum in Nakuru town was the most unsafe place to live in (60.98%) followed by Mishomoroni in Mombasa (44.44%). Kibra was third with 40% and lastly Manyatta slum in Kisumu where only 36.9% of respondents felt the slum was unsafe to live in. Moreover, it was only in Manyatta slums that respondents felt very safe (7.14%), making it to be, in relative terms, the safest of the four slums. In terms of reporting crime to the authorities the study established that 53.21% of the respondents had reported crime to the police while 46.79% of the respondents did not report crime to the police at all. 42.2% of the respondents indicated that they had no confidence in administration of justice by the Police Service and that's why they would rather let the matter (crime) "die" than seek intervention from the police. 14.7% of the respondents indicated that they were afraid of the perpetrators, 18.7% indicated that sometimes they would not report any crime incident perpetrated or involving any member of the family/ friends, 9.2% indicated that some criminal cases were not serious enough to warrant the attention of the police, 7.3% posited that the police were not friendly and were thus afraid of approaching them while others indicated reporting was inconsequential since the police were incapable of recovering lost properties in cases of property related crimes. In addition and despite the efforts expended by the government, NGOs and the communities themselves to prevent and reduce crime in urban slum areas in the country, a majority of respondents (81%) felt that crime incidences remained high. Only 17% of the total respondents indicated that crime levels had reduced. The study also identified 21 organized criminal groups and or gangs operating in the slum areas. Kibra had 6, Mishomoroni in Mombasa 8, Bondeni of Nakuru 8 whereas Manyatta respondents in Kisumu identified 4 such groups. Extortions, levying of protection fees, muggings, heckling/disrupting political rallies and events, trafficking drugs and kidnappings are some of the common crimes committed by these identified criminal groups/gangs. It is also important to note that in Mishomoroni, Mombasa Republican Council (MRC) was not identified as a criminal organization or group. Maybe the respondents feared mentioning it or perceived it as a legitimate organization pursuing interests of the coastal people. In addition, the study identified 44 crime hotspots and times of the day the crime is likely to take place or committed. Kibra, had the highest number of hotspots at 17. This was followed by Mishomoroni (11), Manyatta (9) and Bondeni (7) in that order. It is interesting to note that based on public perceptions, Bondeni - with only 7 identified crime hotspots - was found to be the most unsafe slum amongst the four sampled slum areas. To ameliorate the dire crime situation in slum areas in the country, the study makes key policy recommendations to the National Police Service, National Government, County Governments and the members of the public. To the Police Service, the police reforms should be hastened so that corruption is reduced and accountability enhanced. In addition, the police should intensify patrols within the settlements, strengthen witness/informers protection services/ unit and equip the police officers with the necessary tools to enable them perform their work effectively. The National Government should address youth unemployment by increasing the uptake of grants such as Uwezo Fund and also ensure proper mechanisms are put in place, including subsidizing the prices of basic commodities, in order to lower the cost of living. On the other hand, the County Governments should improve infrastructure in slum areas such as erecting lighting masts and improving access roads. The public has a role to play in making slum areas safer places to live in. They should step up collaboration with police officers in detecting and reporting crime as well as avoid buying or trading in stolen properties. Buying stolen goods encourages the criminals to continue stealing. Details: Nairobi: Security Research & Information Centre, 2014. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 5, 2017 at: http://www.srickenya.org/images/publications/slum%20Crime%20Survey%20Report.%20Thur.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Kenya URL: http://www.srickenya.org/images/publications/slum%20Crime%20Survey%20Report.%20Thur.pdf Shelf Number: 145909 Keywords: Crime StatisticsPovertySlumsSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeStolen GoodsTheftUrban Areas and Crime |
Author: Stakeholder Democracy Network Title: Building Bridges: Community-Based Approaches to Tackle Pipeline Vandalism Summary: Pipeline vandalism cost the Nigerian Government, oil-companies and communities an estimated $14bn dollars in 2014. The failure of the Nigerian state to provide basic public services and security in the Niger Delta has resulted in a significant breakdown of the social contract. In the void that remains, international and national oil companies are often seen as a Government proxy, spending millions of dollars in their operating locations through various formal and informal Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and security instruments. However, these efforts are not perceived to have the communities' interests at heart, preferring to secure a short-term license to operate as opposed to a long-term legacy in the region. In addition, the "quick and easy cash" approach by oil-companies in response to threats by vandals has created an implicit incentive to "crack pipes", earn money and survive. In communities, the feeling of anger and demand for attention motivates vandals to interrupt pipelines at the expense of their environment and livelihoods, with many addicted to easy money from surveillance and clean-up contracts. Others vandalise to survive in the absence of other employment choices ignoring the long-term impact to their local environment and health. The environmental impact is immense with an estimated 51,500 hectares devastated by oil spills in 2014 as a direct consequence of pipeline vandalism. In the creeks, enormous sums of money are earned from the illicit trade of stolen oil, often settled through cash and arms deals, fuelling a "cold-war" between entrenched actors and the State. This threatens the fragile and purchased peace currently holding together the Niger Delta. As previous patronage networks strain after elections, and the means to gain access to oil-proceeds are mitigated, old militant tactics of pipeline vandalism, kidnap and organised crime may again emerge to illicit a response from Government and oil-companies. The communities that surround Nigeria's pipeline infrastructure will continue to demand for socio-economic development of the region and based on history, there has been no quicker way to get the Government and oil companies attention than by vandalising pipelines and halting production. The new Administration has a short window of opportunity to address these issues once and for all, riding on post-election feelings of optimism and hope washing across the Delta; perhaps one of the first times there has been marginal support for a President not from the region. However, should the new Administration not act quickly, rising agitation and reduced patronage flows may inflame feelings of anger, resentment and hopelessness, with various individuals and groups, heavily armed and very wealthy, threatening the security of the oil industry and national income. Our investigation confirmed that International Oil Company (IOC) pipelines have more incidences of vandalism than their National Oil Company (NOC) counterparts. This is due in part because IOC's still own the majority of pipeline infrastructure, but also due to historically high community expectations as a result of enormous budget allocations and the availability of formal and informal channels of "easy-money" into host communities for CSR related activities, clean up and surveillance contracts. Our research has identified examples of alternative community based models to tackle pipeline vandalism that have been trialled with some success giving a degree of confidence that change is possible and relationships can be fixed. A solution will need to take into account the successes, challenges and lessons learnt from current approaches to provide a clear direction towards a sustainable and collaborative approach to tackle the issue. This report encourages the incoming government to consider alternatives away from a sole-security response to pipeline vandalism. There is a need to review and reset the relationships between Government, oil-companies and communities as a first step to tackle pipeline vandalism, maintaining oil production whilst reinforcing peace in the Niger Delta. We believe efforts to reset relationships could lead to new social contract in the Niger Delta. A sustainable approach to tackle pipeline vandalism will develop local institutions and economies, increase employment and lift many out of poverty whilst reversing current incentives away from vandalism and towards pipeline and environmental protection. The relationship between communities, oil companies and Government has been broken for too long. Now is the time to fix it. Details: London: SDN, 2015. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 3, 2017 at: http://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SDN-Building-Bridges-Community-Based-Approaches-to-Tackle-Pipeline-Vandalism.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/SDN-Building-Bridges-Community-Based-Approaches-to-Tackle-Pipeline-Vandalism.pdf Shelf Number: 146500 Keywords: Illicit TradeOffenses Against the EnvironmentOil IndustryPetroleum IndustryPipeline VandalismTheftVandalism |
Author: Parsons, Chelsea Title: Stolen Guns in America: A State-by-State Analysis Summary: In the early morning hours of July 5, 2017, New York Police Department officer Miosotis Familia was ambushed as she sat in a marked NYPD command truck with her partner while providing additional security to a Bronx neighborhood after Fourth of July festivities. In an attack that police officials described as an assassination, Officer Familia was fatally shot in the head with a gun that had been stolen in Charleston, West Virginia, four years earlier. Less than a month earlier on the other side of the country, a UPS driver in San Francisco shot and killed three co-workers and injured two others using a gun that had been stolen in Utah. The shooter was also armed with a gun that had been stolen in Napa County, California. Stolen guns pose a significant risk to community safety. Whether stolen from a gun store or an individual gun owner's collection, these guns often head straight into the illegal underground gun market, where they are sold, traded, and used to facilitate violent crimes. Gun theft is not a minor problem in the United States. According to data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), during the four-year period from 2012 to 2015, nearly half a billion dollars worth of guns were stolen from individuals nationwide, amounting to an estimated 1.2 million guns. Twenty-two thousand guns were stolen from gun stores during this same period. A gun is stolen in the U.S. every two minutes. This problem does not affect all states equally. The rate and volume of guns stolen from both gun stores and private collections vary widely from state to state. From 2012 through 2015, the average rate of the five states with the highest rates of gun theft from private owners - Tennessee, Arkansas, South Carolina, Oklahoma, and Alabama - was 13 times higher than the average rate of the five states with the lowest rates - Hawaii, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and Massachusetts. Similarly, from 2012 through 2016, the average rate of the five states with the highest rates of guns stolen from gun stores was 18 times higher than the average rate the five states with the lowest rates. Gun owners and dealers have a substantial responsibility to take reasonable measures to protect against theft and help ensure that their guns do not become part of this illegal inventory. This report analyzes data from the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) to provide state-by-state data on the frequency with which guns are stolen from licensed gun dealers and individual gun owners in communities across the country. It then offers a number of policy solutions to help prevent future gun thefts. States that are in the top 10 for highest number of guns stolen from both gun stores and private owners Details: Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2017. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 31, 2017 at: https://cdn.americanprogress.org/content/uploads/2017/07/25052308/StolenGuns-report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://cdn.americanprogress.org/content/uploads/2017/07/25052308/StolenGuns-report.pdf Shelf Number: 146628 Keywords: Gun-Related ViolenceGunsIllegal GunsStolen GunsTheft |
Author: Meini, Bruno Title: Gasoline Drive-Offs Summary: This guide deals with "gas drive-offs"-a form of theft in which motorists intentionally drive away from a convenience store or gasoline service station without paying for gas they have pumped into their tanks. Gasoline Drive-Offs reviews factors that are correlated with an increased risk of this crime occurring, and then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local gas drive-off problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about these from research and police practice. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Specific Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police: Guide No. 67: Accessed January 29, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p244-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p244-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 130308 Keywords: Fuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol TheftStealingTheft |
Author: Monk, Khadija Title: Street Robbery Summary: This guide addresses street robbery and reviews factors contributing to its occurrence. It then provides a series of questions to help you analyze your local street robbery problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. In this guide, a street robbery is defined as a crime with the following five characteristics: - the offender targets a victim; - the victim is a pedestrian and a stranger; - the offender attempts or completes a theft of cash or property; - the offender uses force or the threat of force against the victim; and - the offense occurs in a public or semipublic place, such as on a street, in an alley, in a parking garage, in a public park, on or near public transportation, or in a shared apartment hallway. Importantly, a street robbery need not involve a weapon, nor is it necessary that the offender injures the victim. Several subtypes of street robbery exist that vary in frequency depending on local circumstances. Among the better known are: - purse-snatching (referred to as "snatch theft" in this guide); - robbery of migrant laborers; - robbery at automated teller machines; - robbery of drunken bar patrons; robbery of students (e.g., middle- and high-school students and college students); and - robbery of passengers near public transportation systems. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community, Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 2010. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series No. 59: Accessed January 30, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p181-pub.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p181-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 122473 Keywords: MuggingRobberyStreet RobberyTheft |
Author: Sutton, Michael Title: Stolen Goods Markets Summary: This guide addresses the problem of stolen goods markets. The guide begins by describing the problem, then provides advice on how best to analyze local, national, or international stolen goods markets; reviews tactics that you can use to detect those involved in stealing, dealing, and using stolen goods; and suggests ways to assess the tactics' likely effectiveness in specific situations and locations. The ultimate aim of reducing stolen goods markets is to make it more difficult and risky for people to trade in stolen goods and thereby discourage stealing in the first place. Most burglars and other prolific thieves steal to raise money, and to do so they need to sell whatever they steal. To obtain money by stealing things, the prolific and relatively "successful" thief must routinely complete two objectives without getting caught. The first objective is to steal valuable items. The second objective is to sell or trade the stolen goods. Ultimately, the prolific thief's main aim is to acquire something else-often drugs or alcohol-with the money gained from selling the stolen goods. While police and prosecutors commonly think of this scenario as comprising two crimes-one being theft and the other receiving stolen goods-from the thieves' standpoint, they haven't completed the action until they've acquired what they ultimately desire. Understood this way, the theft is only the beginning of the crime, not the end of it. While other theft-related problem-oriented guides address thwarting the thief's first objective, this guide addresses the second objective. Those who knowingly buy stolen goods do not have recourse to legal remedies and so serious violence may be used as a means of criminal dispute resolution. Stolen goods markets are but one aspect of the larger set of problems related to property theft and illicit markets. This guide is limited to addressing the particular harms stolen goods markets create, with a focus on ordinary consumer goods. Some specialty stolen goods markets, such as those dealing in firearms, cultural artifacts, art, or endangered species, have unique features calling for separate analyses and different responses. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 2010. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series No. 57: Accessed January 30, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/stolen_goods.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/stolen_goods.pdf Shelf Number: 119622 Keywords: BurglariesPawnbrokersRobberiesStolen Goods MarketsTheft |
Author: London Assembly. Police and Crime Committee Title: Tightening the net: The Metropolitan Police Service's response to online theft and fraud Summary: The internet is changing the nature of crime -- The internet has revolutionised the way that we live our lives. But it has also changed the way that criminals operate: increasingly, there is a cyberdimension to almost all types of crime. Our investigation focused on how the internet has enabled criminals to commit acquisitive crimes - those that involve taking goods or money from a victim - in different ways. We found that, while crimes such as burglary are falling, a whole new collection of online crimes have emerged. One crime in particular has been transformed by the internet: fraud. Around 70 per cent of frauds are now "cyber-enabled" and the internet provides an opportunity for fraudsters to expand their activities on a huge scale. Unlike in the past, fraudsters can target large numbers of victims, often at next to no cost. The types of online scams are wide-ranging. Cyber-criminals tailor frauds to the individual; as one expert told us, we are all at risk. We do not know enough about the perpetrators of online crime. What is clear is that cyber-criminals do not fit into a typical mould. Organised crime groups are responsible for an element of online crime in London. But - in addition to these groups - many local, known criminals have expanded their day-to-day criminal activities into London's cyberspace. Computer literacy is no barrier to becoming a cyber-criminal - in fact, you need no more skill than to be able to log on. This, combined with a lower personal risk of being caught, makes online crime appealing to another, perhaps less expected, group of perpetrators: those new to crime. Committing crime using the internet offers anonymity - many would not commit a similar crime if it involved face-to-face contact with the victim. Like the perpetrators of online crime, its victims no longer fit into a typical group or category. Our research found that victims came from different ethnic groups, social grades and areas of London. We also found that becoming a victim of an online crime can be just as distressing as if it were a traditional crime, even when there has been no financial loss. Even the mere thought that someone had impersonated or tricked them can cause a great deal of stress for the victim. A greater understanding and sensitivity to victims' experiences will be an essential part of the police's response to online crime. We do not know the extent of online theft and fraud Crime statistics should help us to measure the extent - and the trend - of online crime. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) uses two headline measures for trends in total crime over time: police-recorded crime and the Crime Survey for England and Wales. Both sets of data tell a similar story crime in England and Wales has fallen sharply in the last decade. But both measures contain flaws, not least that they are failing to capture a range of crimes committed using the internet. Many online crimes will not appear in police-recorded statistics because often victims choose not to report crimes to the police in the first place. This may be because victims feel embarrassed at being tricked by a fraudster or that there is little the police can do to catch the perpetrator. Due to the hidden nature of many online frauds, often victims cannot report the offence immediately because they are unaware that it has been committed against them in the first place. The Crime Survey for England and Wales is not capturing trends in online crime either. It has failed to keep up as the public's experience of victimisation has evolved: the survey does not currently ask respondents about a range of crimes committed using the internet and excludes many crimes, such as fraud, from its headline results. The effect of this omission on the overall level of crime that the survey measures is significant. In light of the current limitations with both police-recorded crime and the Crime Survey, we commissioned our own victimisation survey to better understand the extent of online crime in London. Our findings paint an alarming picture of the balance between old and new crimes. Among the 1,004 Londoners we surveyed, we found that a higher proportion had been a victim of an online crime than of a more traditional form of property crime. Perceptions differ too: higher proportions of respondents felt online crimes have increased in recent years relative to traditional crimes. And respondents were also more worried about online crimes than they were traditional crimes. The police should reflect on our results as it develops its approach to online crime. The police service has been slow to respond to the emergence of online crime The police are behind the curve when it comes to tackling online crime. The research base for policing the cyber-threat is not as well developed as in other areas of policing and, in some cases, there is a lack of appetite among police forces and officers to tackle offences such as cyber-fraud, often not seen as exciting crimes to investigate. In order to improve the police service's response, the Government changed the system for reporting fraud. Action Fraud - the UK's national reporting centre for fraud and internet crime - has had a number of successes, such as improving the level of crime reporting and the ways in which positive outcomes are sought for victims. But, while the new system represents an improvement on that which preceded it, one problem stands out: there is still a need to raise awareness among the public - and even among parts of the police - about Action Fraud. To increase reporting of crime in London, the Mayor, MOPAC and the Met should all work with the City of London Police to help to raise awareness about online crime and the role of Action Fraud. Better co-operation between the police and other organisations is needed as well. The police service has claimed that banks and others do not routinely report offences because they do not wish to reveal how vulnerable they are. Some have argued that these and other organisations should be encouraged or even compelled to share fraud data with law enforcement agencies. MOPAC and the Met have started to take the problem seriously The Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC) recognises that online crime is a significant problem in London. So far, MOPAC's approach has focused mainly on online crimes against businesses. This is important: some small businesses are particularly vulnerable. But MOPAC must not let the Met lose focus on individual victims of online crime. And, to help the Met to avoid viewing cyber-crime in isolation, all MOPAC's future strategies should directly address pertinent internet risks, something missing in its recently published Hate Crime Reduction Strategy for London. Like MOPAC, the Met is also aware of the difficulty in tackling online crime. It has created a new Fraud and Linked Crime Online (FALCON) command, with substantially increased resources, to reduce the harm caused by fraud and cyber-criminals in London. Given the potential scale of online crime, FALCON must make choices to meet this objective and secure the best value for money from its resources. Since many online crimes do not align with policing, national or international boundaries, enforcing the law can be difficult. As the FALCON command matures, it needs to develop its methods for disrupting criminals and preventing crimes from happening in the first place. It must also build a workforce with the right balance between police officers and civilian staff: piling in loads of uniformed officers is not the way to deal with online fraud. One of the reasons that many victims of online crime do not report the offence to the police is that they do not think the police will do anything about it. In order to show that they are taking online crime seriously, MOPAC and the Met need to demonstrate that they are making a difference. Measuring the level of online victimisation through prevalence surveys is perhaps the most effective way of doing that. We ask that MOPAC collects data in its future surveys and publishes the results on a regular basis. The Met faces challenges in the future The Met's decision to establish a new command to tackle fraud and online crime clearly demonstrates that it is taking these threats seriously. But this approach is not without risks. We are concerned that the FALCON command might become siloed from the rest of the Met. Given that that there is increasingly a cyber-dimension to almost all crimes, the Met needs to ensure that all of its officers and staff are as comfortable policing London's cyberspace as they are London's streets; it must not be left to specialists alone. Both inside and outside of the FALCON command, the Met needs to determine what skills and training its workforce needs to tackle the challenge of online crime. Aside from formal training, we heard that the Xbox and PlayStation generation of police officers are already well prepared to fight online crime. The Met should tap into this resource which is already among its ranks. Details: London: The Assembly, 2015. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2018 at: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Tightening%20the%20net_0.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Tightening%20the%20net_0.pdf Shelf Number: 149034 Keywords: Acquisitive CrimesComputer CrimeCybercrimeFraudInternet CrimeOnline VictimizationProperty CrimeTheft |
Author: Dehbi, Chadia Title: Prevention of pickpocketing within the EU - policy and practices Summary: The eleventh toolbox in the series published by the EUCPN Secretariat focuses on the main theme of the Maltese Presidency, which is 'Prevention of Pickpocketing'. The first part of the toolbox presents an overview of the existing policies and legislative measures on the international level, with a particular focus on the EU. In the second part, we zoom in on advice provided by experts in the field of pickpocketing and/or mobile organised crime groups. The third part focusses on the good and promising practices of which some were submitted by Member States in reply to the questionnaire sent out by the EUCPN Secretariat. Therefore, this toolbox will help the reader to understand what is happening at EU and national level in regards to pickpocketing and mobile organised crime groups. Additionally, this toolbox provides policymakers and practitioners with a pragmatic guide full of tips and tricks on how to start a successful pickpocketing prevention campaign or project. During the preparation of this toolbox, it became clear that there are two main tracks that deserve attention in order to come to a complete and effective prevention. The first track consists of a pickpocketing prevention campaign that is thoroughly prepared; it is important to think through the message. The second track is all about cooperation. Cooperation across borders, and cooperation across police and judicial entities. Without a consequent and effective policy against pickpocketing, a sense of impunity will prevail which strongly attracts mobile OCGs. Details: Brussels: European Crime Prevention Network, 2017. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: EUCPN Tool Box Series, No. 11: Accessed April 28, 2018 at: http://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/eucpn_toolbox_n11_-_par_page.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: http://eucpn.org/sites/default/files/content/download/files/eucpn_toolbox_n11_-_par_page.pdf Shelf Number: 149933 Keywords: Crime Prevention Pickpocketing Theft |
Author: Victoria. Parliament. Law Reform, Road and Community Safety Committee Title: Inquiry into fuel drive-offs Summary: Inquiry into fuel drive‑offs That under s. 33 the Parliamentary Committees Act 2003, the Law Reform, Road and Community Safety Committee is required to inquire into, consider and report no later than 7 December 2015 on fuel 'drive‑offs', (that is, cases in which a person fills a vehicle with fuel at a petrol station and drives off without paying for the fuel) and, in particular, the inquiry will include, but not be limited to: (a) a review of fuel drive‑offs in Victoria and other Australian and overseas jurisdictions to understand the extent and nature of the problem, and its cost to industry and the community; (b) consideration of best practice approaches to preventing fuel drive‑offs in Australia and overseas, including educational and technological measures; (c) examination of 'loss prevention' measures in other industry sections in Victoria, and other jurisdictions, that may be relevant and capable of being adopted in relation to fuel drive offs; (d) current civil and criminal remedies available to address fuel drive offs and theft, and the efficacy of those remedies; (e) possible linkages between fuel drive offs and crime, such as number plate theft and vehicle theft; (f) analysis of regulatory, technological or other interventions that could be adopted by industry (including peak bodies), in concert with Victorian government agencies, to support the availability and application of civil remedies to respond to fuel drive offs; (g) examine the feasibility of introducing co‑regulatory approaches to enforcement, including use of technology such as CCTV, or practices such as pre‑payment and pre‑registration and implications such approaches for privacy. Inquiry process The Committee received the Terms of Reference for the Inquiry on 5 May 2015. The Terms of Reference were advertised with a call for submissions in various Victorian‑based metropolitan and regional newspapers in June 2015. A total of 30 submissions were received from government agencies, non‑profit organizations, industry representative groups, private individuals and companies. A list of written submissions received is provided in Appendix 1. Public hearings were held in Melbourne during September and October 2015. a list of persons giving evidence at public hearings is provided in Appendix 2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to those persons and organizations making submissions and giving evidence. The Committee is grateful to these people and organizations for generously sharing their time, expertise and ideas. Their contribution has provided useful guidance to the Committee in arriving at its recommendations. 1.2 What are fuel drive‑offs? Fuel drive‑offs occur when an individual fills their vehicle with fuel at a retail site and drives off without paying for it. Incidents occur when drivers intend to steal and when drivers inadvertently leave the retail site without paying. Anecdotal evidence from fuel retailers, as reported in news articles, suggests that fuel drive‑offs occur up to six times a week at some service stations in Victoria.1 Other fuel retailers report never experiencing a fuel drive‑off.2 Fuel drive‑offs are clearly not unique to Victoria and are experienced in other Australian and overseas jurisdictions. The Committee received evidence suggesting a correlation between fuel theft and other forms of criminality such as vehicle and numberplate theft. The Committee also heard that there is a correlation between fuel price and failure to pay for fuel, either deliberately or inadvertently The Committee noted evidence that a proportion of fuel drive‑offs were opportunistic, and committed by people who believe that detection and prosecution of the offense is sufficiently remote to make it worth 'taking the chance'. The Committee also received submissions and evidence that some people, through sheer oversight, leave the station forgetting to pay for the fuel. In some cases people return some hours or days later to pay for the fuel after realizing their oversight. Throughout the Inquiry process the Committee has been mindful of the varied reasons for fuel drive‑offs. It also became apparent to the Committee that there are diverse industry practices, police responses and legislative regimes in place to address the issue among jurisdictions reviewed by the Committee. Chapters four and five explore these issues in some detail. Details: Melbourne: Victorian Parliament, 2016. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: LRRCSC Report No. 1, 58th Parliament: Accessed May 10, 2018 at: https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/LRRCSC_Inquiry_into_Fuel_Drive-Offs.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/LRRCSC_Inquiry_into_Fuel_Drive-Offs.pdf Shelf Number: 150146 Keywords: Fuel TheftGasoline StationsGasoline TheftPetrol StationsPetrol TheftTheft |
Author: Willis, Matthew Title: Property Crime and Indigenous Offenders Summary: It is well recognised that Indigenous offenders are over-represented within the Australian criminal justice system. In response to this, researchers have attempted to identify the factors contributing to Indigenous offending. Such studies have tended to look at Indigenous offending and engagement with the criminal justice system as a whole, across the full range of different offence types, or have focused on violent crime (Memmott et al. 2001; Bryant & Willis 2008; Wundersitz 2010). Little attention has been paid to Indigenous involvement in other specific forms of crime, such as property offending. While violent crime (specifcally acts intended to cause injury) accounts for the largest proportion of recorded Indigenous offenders (Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2016a) and prisoners (ABS 2016c), a substantial number of Indigenous people are imprisoned or otherwise sanctioned for property offences each year. Understanding and addressing factors contributing to Indigenous involvement in property crime can also potentially contribute to reducing Indigenous over- representation (Weatherburn 2014). This paper aims to assist policymakers and practitioners by filling some of the gaps in knowledge about Indigenous involvement in property crime. The brief first overviews the extent of Indigenous involvement in property crime and draws some comparisons between nature and rates of property crime committed by Indigenous offenders and non- Indigenous offenders. Some of the main theoretical explanations for involvement in property offending across the overall population are examined and related to property offending by Indigenous people. The brief draws on unpublished research data to further explore the nature of Indigenous property offending and also examines some initiatives that aim to reduce this offending. For the purposes of this paper, 'property crime' will encompass the offences of robbery; unlawful entry with intent/break and enter (burglary); all thefts; fraud; and property damage as classified under the Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification. Robbery is usually considered a violent crime as the actual or threatened use of violence is an element of the offence that is more serious than the theft element. However, the factors contributing to involvement in robbery and patterns of incidence for robbery tend to align more closely with crimes such as burglary than they do with violent crimes such as assault. For instance, rates of robbery in Australia and internationally have been declining in recent years to an extent that is consistent with property crime trends but not with violent crime trends (van Dijk, Tseloni & Farrell 2012). Violent crime has also declined but over a shorter period and with greater fluctuation (Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) 2016; Nelson 2015). Therefore, robbery will be considered a property crime for the purposes of this paper; this approach has been undertaken in other recent studies of property crime (Brown 2015). Details: Sydney: Indigenous Justice Clearinghouse, 2018. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Brief 23: Accessed july 26, 2018 at: https://www.indigenousjustice.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/mp/files/publications/files/property-crime-willis-fracchini-rb23-ijc.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://www.indigenousjustice.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/mp/files/publications/files/property-crime-willis-fracchini-rb23-ijc.pdf Shelf Number: 150922 Keywords: BurglaryCrime StatisticsIndigenous OffendersIndigenous PeoplesProperty CrimeRobberyTheft |
Author: Pew Charitable Trusts Title: South Carolina Reduced Theft Penalties While Safely Cutting Prison Population Summary: In 2010, South Carolina enacted comprehensive sentencing reforms that included a provision to increase the state's felony theft threshold-the dollar value of stolen money or goods above which prosecutors may charge a person with a felony rather than a misdemeanor-and revise penalties for certain property crimes. The state is one of 37 that changed their theft thresholds between 2000 and 2016. Felony offenses are typically punishable by a year or more in state prison, while misdemeanors can result in up to a year in a local jail, so South Carolina's changes have the effect of prioritizing costly prison space for those convicted of more serious offenses. The new policy also represents an acknowledgment by lawmakers that inflation raises the value of stolen goods and therefore has an impact on the penalties imposed. For example, in a state with a $500 threshold, stealing a bicycle worth $250 in 1985 would have led to a misdemeanor charge, but today, because of inflation, that same bicycle would be worth $5752 and stealing it would result in a felony charge, potential prison time, and the diminished employment and housing prospects, occupational licensing restrictions, and other consequences that can accompany a felony conviction. In April 2017, The Pew Charitable Trusts published a study of 30 states that had raised their felony theft thresholds between 2000 and 2012 and found that the reforms did not interrupt downward trends in property crime or larceny rates. These states reported roughly the same average decrease in crime as the 20 states that had not changed their theft laws, and threshold amounts were not correlated with property crime or larceny rates. Now, Pew has undertaken an analysis of South Carolina's change in an effort to expand on the national study by examining a broader range of outcomes, including the relationships among higher dollar thresholds, crime, and the value of stolen goods. The evaluation reinforced the earlier findings, determining that since the 2010 law was implemented-even as South Carolina has sent fewer people to prison for theft offenses, and for shorter terms-the state's property crime rate has continued to fall. Pew also found that the value of items stolen did not change, alleviating concerns that a higher threshold would lead not only to more theft but also to targeted theft of more expensive goods. This brief delves into the findings of this research and demonstrates how South Carolina's results provide further evidence that states can increase their felony theft thresholds without compromising public safety. Details: Pew Charitable Trusts: 2018. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 7, 2018 at:https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2018/04/south-carolina-reduced-theft-penalties-while-safely-cutting-prison-population Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/issue-briefs/2018/04/south-carolina-reduced-theft-penalties-while-safely-cutting-prison-population Shelf Number: 151439 Keywords: Prison Sentencing ReformProperty CrimeSentencing ReformStolen GoodsTheftTheft Reduction |
Author: University of Gloucestershire. School of Natural and Social Sciences Title: A multi-year examination of the Business Crime Reduction Partnership 'Gloucester City Safe' Summary: This report presents the findings from a multi-year examination of the Business Crime Reduction Partnership (BCRP) 'Gloucester City Safe'. This BCRP was designed to tackle crime, disorder and antisocial in Gloucester, Stroud and the surrounding areas. Its 140 business members work in partnership with the Police, Local Authorities and other stakeholders to tackle issues such as shoplifting, theft, anti-social behaviour, alcohol related disorder, street drinking and begging through the application of a two-tiered sanction-based exclusion system. Since 2014, the University of Gloucestershire has worked with Gloucester City Safe (hereafter 'the Scheme') on collaborative research projects designed to consider the Scheme's operation and effectiveness and to generate insight in to public views on crime and safety. In October 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 student researchers conducted public surveys in Gloucester City Centre (totalling 2167 responses over the four years) and interviewed some of the Scheme's members (149 interviews conducted in total). Analysis of the 4523 incidents reported to the Scheme and of the sanctions issued by the Scheme between 1st June 2014 and 31st May 2017 was also conducted. This report has been produced to help shape community crime reduction activity. The report's findings can be used by the Scheme's management and the police to enhance understanding of crime and disorder in Gloucester and its surrounding areas and to help inform efforts to tackle these issues. There is also much in this report that could be applied to other community crime reduction initiatives operating in other locations. The main findings from the report are summarised here against the project's aims. Details: Cheltenham, UK: University of Gloucestershire, 2018. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 6, 2018 at: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5475/7/5475%20Stafford%20%282018%29%20A%20multi-year%20examination%20of%20GCS%20-%20UoG%20Feb%202018.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5475/7/5475%20Stafford%20%282018%29%20A%20multi-year%20examination%20of%20GCS%20-%20UoG%20Feb%202018.pdf Shelf Number: 153330 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Communities and Crime Crime Prevention Crimes Against Businesses Disorderly Conduct Shoplifting Theft |
Author: Dugato, Marco Title: Prevedere i Furti in Abitazione Summary: Introduction - This research is the product of a path that the Transcrime center has started in 2007 with the goal of develop models for the analysis of the risk and for the prevention of crime. - In 2008, Transcrime presented the first study, promoted by the then Prefect of Naples Alessandro Pansa, on the spatial analysis of crime in San Lorenzo district. This study he showed how the crimes were concentrated in time and space. - In the meantime, technological development has supported the progress of knowledge criminological in the analysis and in the prediction of criminal behavior. - Today this research presents a model predictive for thefts in the home that is the fruit of a collaboration between Transcrime and the Ministry of the Interior, Department of Public Security. - In the following pages we indicate because the study of home burglaries is relevant at European and Italian level. Yes then explains how to use models forecasting can help prevent home burglaries. - Finally, head and yes positively applies a model forecast to the cities of Milan, Rome and Bari, suggesting hypotheses for the reduction of the phenomenon. Details: Milano, Italy: Transcrime, 2015. 15p. Source: Internet Resource (in Italian): Accessed January 16, 2019 at: http://www.transcrime.it/en/pubblicazioni/transcrime-research-in-brief-serie-italia/ Year: 2015 Country: Italy URL: http://www.transcrime.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Research-in-Brief.pdf Shelf Number: 154220 Keywords: Crime PredictionCrime PreventionHome BurglariesItalyPrediction ModelsTechnological DevelopmentTechnologiesTheft |
Author: University of Gloucestershire Title: Gloucester City Safe in 2018: Research conducted by students.... Summary: Executive Summary -- This report presents the findings from an examination of the Business Crime Reduction Partnership (BCRP) 'Gloucester City Safe' conducted by students from the University of Gloucestershire in October 2018. Gloucester City Safe was designed to tackle crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour in Gloucester, Stroud and the surrounding areas. Its 150+ business members work in partnership with the Police, Local Authorities and other stakeholders to tackle issues such as shoplifting, theft, alcohol related disorder, street drinking and begging through the application of a two-tiered sanction-based exclusion system. Since 2014, the University of Gloucestershire has worked with Gloucester City Safe (hereafter 'the Scheme') on collaborative research projects designed to consider the Scheme's operation and effectiveness and to generate insight in to public views on crime and safety. In October 2018, student researchers conducted public surveys in Gloucester City Centre (gaining 662 responses) and interviewed some of the Scheme's members (26 members interviewed). This report presents the findings from this activity, and can be used by the Scheme's management and the police to enhance understanding of crime and disorder in Gloucester and its surrounding areas and to help inform efforts to tackle these issues. The main findings from the report are summarised here. Public perceptions of crime, safety, policing and the Scheme -- A majority (36%) of the sample stated that 'shoplifting and theft' was the biggest problem in Gloucester, and that 'drugs' was the biggest cause of crime in Gloucester (selected by 24%). Feelings of safety were high among the sample, with 72% describing their perceived level of safety in Gloucester city centre as between six and 10 out of 10 (with 10 indicating feeling completely safe). Respondents were asked to provide their view on the effectiveness of police efforts to tackle crime in Gloucester city centre, with 60% of respondents stating that the police were 'very effective' or 'effective' in this regard. Just under half of the sample (47%, 314/662) had heard of the Scheme, and 76% (237/312) of this sub-sample stated that the Scheme was 'very effective' or 'effective' at tackling crime in Gloucester city centre. Those that had heard of the Scheme were asked whether knowing that it is in operation makes them feel safer in Gloucester city centre; 80% (250/314) responded 'Yes'. Member feedback on the Scheme -- Members were highly positive about the effectiveness of the Scheme, and about the communications and information sharing procedures employed by the Scheme. Members reported feeling safer in their place of work because of presence of the City Protection Officers (CPOs) and due to increased awareness concerning risks arising from effective information sharing among members. Some members stated that the Scheme is an effective deterrent for offenders and that its activity has eased the burden on the police. Members were positive about the incident reporting process, about the ease with which they could communicate information to the Scheme, and about the assistance that they receive from the Scheme manager and the CPOs with the reporting process. The DISC web platform and mobile application was described by members as very useful and user-friendly. The recent revisions to the offender gallery organisation was reported to have improved usability, and the speed with which incidents are uploaded and made viewable by the Scheme's manager was greatly appreciated and noted as highly useful. Members noted that most offenders are deterred by the receipt of a yellow card and the threat of a City Safe ban. However, many of the members noted a serious problem with a minority of offenders that ignore the sanctions and continue offending. For these repeat offenders, members noted that the card system is not effective. There were members who expressed a need for more severe consequences for repeat offenders, for increased police enforcement of exclusions and for increased use of Criminal Behaviour Orders (CBOs) for this group. Members were highly positive concerning the work of the City Protection Officer (CPOs), stating that they had made a significant difference since their introduction. There were many examples provided of incidents where the CPOs had helped tackle or prevent an issue or diffused a situation, and members spoke positively about the personal relationships they had developed with the CPOs. Some members also noted that more CPOs, and CPO shift patterns that meant they were present in the city centre for longer periods of the day, would be beneficial. Details: Cheltenham, UK: Author, 2019. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2019 at: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6553/7/Gloucester%20City%20Safe%20in%202018.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/6553/7/Gloucester%20City%20Safe%20in%202018.pdf Shelf Number: 155820 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Business Crime PreventionCities and CrimeCommunities and Crime Crimes Against BusinessesDesign Against CrimeDisorderly Conduct Public SafetyShoplifting Theft |
Author: Stafford, Andrew Title: Community Safety and the Night Time Economy Summary: Overview -- This report presents the findings from a three-year project that examined issues related to crime, crime reduction, and community safety in Gloucestershire's Night Time Economy. 'Night Time Economy' (NTE) is the term used in this report to refer to economic activity that takes place between 6pm and 6am. The project was funded by the Office of the Police and Crime Commissioner for Gloucestershire between September 2014 and December 2017, and was conducted by a research team from the school of Natural and Social Sciences at the University of Gloucestershire. Aims The project had three aims, which are represented in this report as follows: 1. To assemble a comprehensive picture of crime and safety in Gloucestershire's Night Time Economy 2. To identify and examine the crime reduction and community safety initiatives that are in place in Gloucestershires two largest Night Time Economies 3. To design an assessment tool for the OPCC to use when reviewing new NTE initiatives in Gloucestershire. Approach -- This report draws upon a range of data collected by the research team during the course of the project. These were: surveys of those that use and work in the NTE in Cheltenham and Gloucester; in-depth interviews with key members of crime reduction and community safety initiatives in the NTE and with other bodies associated with the NTE; and a multi-year analysis (comprising surveys, interviews and incident analysis) of a case study spanning 2014-2017. A large scale 'public survey' was deployed to gather views from Gloucestershire's public on issues of crime and safety in the NTE (n=448). A second survey was used to gather views on similar topics from those working in businesses that operate in the NTE's in Gloucester City Centre and Cheltenham Town Centre (n=30). A third survey was used to gather views from workers in businesses located in Gloucester's Business Improvement District concerning the recently introduced City Protection Officer initiative (n=42). In-depth interviews were conducted with individuals involved in recognised crime reduction and community safety initiatives operating in the County or employed by public or charitable bodies with a role that encompasses activities directly relevant to NTE crime reduction and safety. A case study analysis of the Gloucester City Safe Business Crime Reduction Partnership is used to provide detailed insight in to the operation and achievements of a successful crime reduction mechanism in place in the county. The research team collected data in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 comprising: 2167 public surveys and 149 interviews with partnership members. Data concerning 4523 incidents reported to the partnership between June 2014 and May 2017 are also considered here. Details: Cheltenham, UK: University of Gloucestershire, 2018. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2019 at: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5558/13/Community%20Safety%20and%20the%20Night%20Time%20Economy%20March%202018.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/5558/13/Community%20Safety%20and%20the%20Night%20Time%20Economy%20March%202018.pdf Shelf Number: 155823 Keywords: Antisocial Behavior Communities and Crime Crime Prevention Crimes Against Businesses Disorderly Conduct Night Time Economy Shoplifting Theft |
Author: WorkSafe BC Title: A Workbook for Employers and Workers: Preventing Violence Summary: This workbook can be used as a tool for training workers in violence prevention procedures for the workplace. Details: Vancouver, BC, Canada: WorkSafe BC, 2008. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/books-guides/a-workbook-for-employers-and-workers-preventing-violence?lang=en Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: https://www.worksafebc.com/en/resources/health-safety/books-guides/a-workbook-for-employers-and-workers-preventing-violence?lang=en Shelf Number: 156087 Keywords: Employee SafetyRobberyShopliftingTheft Workplace SafetyWorkplace Violence |
Author: Desierto, Desiree A. Title: Grand Corruption by Public Officials: Measuring Theft and Bribery Summary: A public official that has discretionary power over the government budget can obtain rents by stealing government revenues or receiving bribe payments in exchange for spending those revenues. When the official steals revenues, she foregoes the bribes she could have earned had she spent the revenues instead. Because theft and bribery are thus jointly determined, a reduced-form approach cannot reveal the extent of corruption, nor the true cost to social welfare. I propose a structural approach in which the direct effect of government revenues on the public official's accumulated wealth measures the rents she earns from theft, while its indirect effect through public spending measures the rents she earns from bribery. I demonstrate the method using asset declarations of municipal mayors from the Philippines. I find that government revenues increase the mayors' rents from theft, but decrease their bribe-rents to a sufficiently large extent such that total rents decrease. Details: Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2019. 90p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2019 at: https://desireedesierto.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/desiertomarch2019.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Philippines URL: https://desireedesierto.files.wordpress.com/2019/03/desiertomarch2019.pdf Shelf Number: 156980 Keywords: Bribery Corruption Theft |