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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
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Results for trafficking
13 results foundAuthor: Leggett, Ted Title: Transnational Trafficking and the Rule of Law in West Africa: A Threat Assessment Summary: West Africa is arguably the poorest and least stable area on earth. It is also afflicted by a number of transnational trafficking flows, attracted by and aggravating the special vulnerability of this region. This report examines these flows in a similar way, looking at the potential impact on the rule of law, with an eye to facilitating comparison and prioritization. Details: Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009 Source: Year: 2009 Country: Austria URL: Shelf Number: 115646 Keywords: TraffickingTransnational CrimeWest Africa |
Author: Hale, Geoffrey Title: In Search of Effective Border Management Summary: Effective border security is compatible with the efficient management of border processes to allow the free flow of low-risk people and goods for purposes of mutual benefit between countries. Recent economic shocks have demonstrated that neither Americans nor Canadians can take their prosperity and economic security for granted. The risks of external and domestic terror attacks increasingly resemble long-term challenges to effective security and border management such as organized criminal activity and unregulated migration, rather than the crisis atmosphere which marked initial responses to 9/11. Failure to consider border security and facilitation issues in this context is likely to result in sub-optimal security and economic outcomes. Details: Toronto: Canadian International Council, 2009. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: A Changing World: Canadian Foreign Policy Priorities, No. 3: Accessed September 6, 2010 at: http://www.onlinecic.org/research/research_areas/border_issues Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: http://www.onlinecic.org/research/research_areas/border_issues Shelf Number: 119750 Keywords: Border PatrolBorder SecuritySmugglingTerrorismTrafficking |
Author: Raidt, John Title: Advancing U.S., African, and Global Interests: Security and Stability in the West African Maritime Domain Summary: This report presents the analysis and recommendations of the Atlantic Council’s Michael S. Ansari Africa Center in cooperation with the On the Horizon Project to advance U.S. strategic interests in West Africa. Unaddressed problems of poor governance, severe poverty, widespread public corruption, and growing insecurity from the presence of criminal and militant enterprises engaged in theft, terrorism, trafficking, piracy, poaching, and pollution will continue to punish local populations and create conditions of instability that undermine public order from greater levels of armed confl ict and mass migration and threaten the reliable flow of oil from the region. As noted in a recent United Nations report, the “combination of coups from the top and insurgencies from below render West Africa in the opinion of the UN the least politically stable region in the world.” While this report focuses on the maritime domain, the Atlantic Council approaches the regional security challenges from a broad perspective. Security issues are holistic and must be addressed as such. The dynamics and consequences of insecurity in the maritime domain are part of a wider, more complex political and security dynamic encompassing rule of law, governance, public capacities, and economic and human development across geographic, societal, and national domains. Just as the causes, manifestations, and consequences of insecurity are comprehensive, so too must be the preventatives and remedies. This document provides a broad strategic-level analysis and corresponding recommendations for action that can, and we believe should, be supported and implemented by U.S. and allied policymakers, African leaders, and key stakeholders. Details: Washington, DC: Atlantic Council, 2010. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 1, 2011 at: http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/3/advancing-us-african-global-interests-security-stability-west-africa-maritime-domain.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Africa URL: http://www.acus.org/files/publication_pdfs/3/advancing-us-african-global-interests-security-stability-west-africa-maritime-domain.pdf Shelf Number: 120632 Keywords: Maritime CrimeMaritime SecurityPiracy/PiratesPoachingTerrorismTraffickingTransnational Crime |
Author: Sosuh, Margaret Mansa Title: Border Security in Ghana: Challenges and Prospects Summary: The threats that confront border security exist since the creation of borders by the colonial imperial powers. Unlike the developing world, the institutions in the developed world mandated to monitor their borders are often times able to confront these threats. In most developing world as well as Ghana, adequate institutional capacity to enforce the rule at the borders is one of the main challenges that face border security. This paper has therefore examined the dynamics as it pertains to Ghana and has identified among others that the institutional challenges centre around lack of modern border infrastructure and facilities, capacity building of the agents directly involved in border security and those that lend support to apprehend and deal with suspects. Lack of public knowledge on border issues also compounds the problem. Regarding the drawbacks, the paper has suggested that the states commitment to ensuring effective border security must go beyond legislation and be exhibited in the provision of border infrastructure. Other actors involved in the security issues at the borders are also to contribute their quota to enhance the state of security at the borders. Details: Accra, Ghana: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, 2011. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: KAIPTC Occasional Paper No. 32: Accessed January 27, 2012 at: http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/Occasional-Paper-32-Margaret.aspx Year: 2011 Country: Ghana URL: http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/Occasional-Paper-32-Margaret.aspx Shelf Number: 123787 Keywords: Border Security (Ghana)SmugglingTrafficking |
Author: Addo, Prosper Title: Cross-Border Criminal Activities in West Africa: Options for Effective Responses Summary: The aim of this paper is to explore particular cross-border crimes in West Africa, and recommend options for effective responses. In doing this, it seeks to (a) identify and discuss the different categories of cross-border crime; (b) examine the actors involved in these crimes and their modes of operation; (c) review efforts aimed at curbing cross-border criminal activities by looking at levels of staate collaborative processes and regulatory frameworks; and finally (d) recommend effective options for government and civil society action on the issue. Details: Accra, Ghana: Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, 2006. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: KAIPTC Paper No. 12: Accessed January 27, 2012 at: http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_12.aspx Year: 2006 Country: Africa URL: http://www.kaiptc.org/Publications/Occasional-Papers/Documents/no_12.aspx Shelf Number: 123788 Keywords: Border Security (West Africa)SmugglingTrafficking |
Author: Griffiths, Hugh Title: Maritime Transport and Destabilizing Commodity Flows Summary: Maritime transport flows are the lifeblood of global trade. They are also the dominant means of transporting a range of potentially destabilizing commodities that threaten states and societies throughout the developing and developed worlds. This SIPRI Policy Paper aims to fill an important knowledge gap by—for the first time in a public document—providing a comprehensive mapping and analysis of the ships involved in the clandestine transport of narcotics, arms and dual-use goods essential to the development of weapons of mass destruction. It also offers practical solutions to one of the most important global security challenges for policymakers, civil society and industry in the 21st century. Details: Solna, Sweden: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), 2012. 64p. Source: SIPRI Policy Paper 32: Internet Resource: Accessed March 11, 2012 at http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP32.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP32.pdf Shelf Number: 124460 Keywords: Maritime CrimeMartime SecurityTrafficking |
Author: Friebel, Guido Title: Human Smuggling Summary: Despite its importance in global illegal migration, there is little, and mostly theoretical research on human smuggling. We suggest an analytical framework to understand the micro structure of the human smuggling market. Migrants interact with smuggling and financing intermediaries; these may or may not be integrated with each other, and with the migrants' employers. Policies of receiving countries (border controls, employer sanctions, deportation policies, sales of visa) affect the interactions in the smuggling market, and, hence, migration flows. We review the theoretical work, point to the scarce empirical evidence, and identify challenges for future theoretical, empirical work and policy advice. Details: Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor (IXA), 2012. 28p. Source: IZA Discussion Paper No. 6350: Internet Resource: Accessed March 14, 2012 at http://ftp.iza.org/dp6350.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://ftp.iza.org/dp6350.pdf Shelf Number: 124541 Keywords: Human SmugglingIllegal MigrationTrafficking |
Author: Briscoe, Ivan Title: Crime and error: why we urgently need a new approach to illicit trafficking in fragile states Summary: Transnational organized crime has boomed in some of the poorest and most fragile countries in the world, prompting the international community into renewed efforts to devise a response. So far, however, the results have not been impressive. Murder rates remain stubbornly high along the cocaine highways of Central America, West African crime expands unabated, and in Central Asia, the trade route for heroin from Afghanistan remains under the control of armed groups and opaque political interests. This brief seeks to explain the fundamental errors and misconceptions which ensure that the fight against global crime, while scoring ever more arrests and interdictions, has failed to make headway against trafficking through fragile states. Although progress has been made in understanding how security and justice systems work, Western donors still need to confront the endemic weaknesses of institution-building, the extraordinary allure of the global criminal economy, and the ways that politicians and business systematically collude with traffickers. The brief concludes by listing a series of new policy areas that could underpin a new approach. Above all, these emphasize reducing the receptivity of fragile states to criminal enterprise, staunching violence, and ensuring the gradual build-up of trust, probity and clean business. Details: The Hague, The Netherlands: The Clingendael Conflict Research Unit, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 2012. 6p. Source: CRU Policy Brief #23: Internet Resource: Accessed June 7, 2012 at http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CRU_CrimeandError.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/CRU_CrimeandError.pdf Shelf Number: 125329 Keywords: CorruptionOrganized CrimeTraffickingTransnational CrimeViolence |
Author: Center on Global Counterterrorism Cooperation Title: Fighting Terror Through Justice: Implementing the IGAD Framework for Legal Cooperation Against Terrorism Summary: East Africa and the Horn face a number of transnational security threats, including terrorism, transnational crime, and piracy. In recent years, particularly following the July 2010 attacks in Kampala, al-Shabaab has been increasingly viewed as a threat not only to Somalia, but to the greater subregion. Tourism has declined and shipping costs have risen due to the threat of piracy from Somalia. Lawless pockets where government reach is weak, together with rampant corruption, have turned the region into a major transit point for black market financial flows and various forms of illicit trafficking. Terrorism and transnational crime increasingly threaten security in the subregion of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Because of their transnational nature, no individual IGAD member state will single-handedly be able to deal effectively with these threats. As the IGAD Security Strategy adopted in December 2010 makes clear, effective cooperation will be crucial to winning the struggle against terrorism and to ensuring that other forms of transnational crime do not similarly jeopardize the IGAD subregion’s growth, prosperity, and stability. Details: New York: Center on Global Counterterrorism Coooperation, 2012. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 28, 2012 at: http://www.globalct.org/images/content/pdf/reports/TaskForce_Report_May2012.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Africa URL: http://www.globalct.org/images/content/pdf/reports/TaskForce_Report_May2012.pdf Shelf Number: 125426 Keywords: CorruptionPiracyTerrorismTraffickingTransnational Crime |
Author: Cohen, Jay Title: Making Public-Private Security Cooperation More Efficient, Effective and Sustainable. Recommendations of the Task Force Summary: A global economy has empowered criminals and terrorists on a global scale. Embedded across far-flung production, trade and investment networks, illicit trafficking in high-tech data and equipment, narcotics, arms and counterfeit goods has laid bare the weaknesses of topdown government controls. The challenges of preventing illicit transshipment and other misappropriations of sensitive technologies have never been more urgent. In this report, Stimson's Partners in Prevention Task Force presents its final recommendations to US government and industry stakeholders for combating these threats through public-private partnerships that more effectively harness the power of decentralized, market-based incentives. Individually actionable but collectively diverse, these seven targeted proposals follow an 18-month Stimson collaboration with hundreds of industry partners spanning high-tech manufacturers and service providers, transport and logistics firms, and insurance providers. With the rise of a global marketplace, finding more innovative ways to leverage the resources, agility and expertise of the private sector is essential - and not just for "security," narrowly understood. It will also go far in shaping the future of US global influence and leadership. The Task Force proposals connect that strategic imperative with pragmatic steps forward. Details: Washington, DC: The Stimson Center, 2014. 49p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2014 at: http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/pip_public-private_security_task_force_recs.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/pip_public-private_security_task_force_recs.pdf Shelf Number: 132673 Keywords: Crime PreventionPrivate SecurityPublic-Private PartnershipsSecurityTerrorismTrafficking |
Author: Center for the Study of Democracy Title: Corruption and Illegal Trafficking: Monitoring and Prevention. Assessment Methodologies and Models of Counteracting Transborder Crime. Second, revised and amended edition Summary: This revised and amended edition of the Corruption and Trafficking report reviews corruption and transborder crime in Bulgaria and discusses topics such as the development of smuggling channels, consumer good smuggling and drug trafficking. The report offers methods for monitoring trafficking and identifies ways to curb trafficking and related corruption. Details: Sofia: Center for the Study of Democracy, 2000. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 14, 2015 at: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lang=en&id=28950 Year: 2000 Country: Europe URL: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?lang=en&id=28950 Shelf Number: 136421 Keywords: Border Security Corruption and Fraud Organized Crime Smuggling Trafficking |
Author: Idris, Iffat Title: Interventions to Combat Modern Slavery Summary: Overview This report details findings from evaluations of a range of interventions to combat modern slavery. While there are three broad areas of efforts to tackle modern slavery - prevention, protection and prosecution - the main focus to date has been on prevention and, to a lesser extent, protection; prosecution has received far less attention. The literature indicates that interventions have generally proven to have limited effectiveness. Various evaluations highlight the need for information campaigns to target specific groups and advocate action rather than simply raising awareness. They also call for protection measures to be targeted, and linked to interventions in health, education, social protection and livelihoods. A number of evaluations suggest that legislation banning trafficking, child labour, etc. can be counterproductive: more stress should be put on improving labour and working conditions. Modern slavery is very broad-ranging in scope, covering forced and bonded labour, child labour, sex trafficking, human trafficking and so on. Rather than considering interventions under each type of modern slavery, this review categorises interventions into the following: - prevention - aimed at raising public awareness of modern slavery and its risks; - protection - aimed at empowering victims and helping them rebuild their lives; - prosecution - to support implementation of legislation on modern slavery. Some programmes are cross-cutting, with interventions focused on two or more categories (of prevention, protection and prosecution). Findings from such cross-cutting programmes are given under the most appropriate category. Since this review is designed to support formulation of programmes to tackle modern slavery, its focus is on whether diverse interventions have been effective or not and, crucially, what lessons or recommendations emerge from them that can be applied elsewhere. The main findings are as follows: Information campaigns - it is important that these target specific groups and that they advocate action rather than simply highlighting problems and risks. Baseline assessments can ensure that messaging is appropriate and effective. The priority within campaigns should be on engagement with communities to understand driving factors behind modern slavery and identify suitable interventions - it should not simply be on reaching the maximum number of people (a quantitative exercise). As well as explaining to potential migrants the risks involved and how to carry out safe migration, information campaigns should raise awareness of alternative options that may result in people not having to migrate. Protection measures - these too should be targeted at specific groups, in particular projects for children should be separate from those targeting women and should address their specific concerns. Projects to tackle modern slavery should be linked to interventions in education, health, social protection and livelihoods to increase effectiveness. Prosecution - simply imposing bans on trafficking, child labour, etc. will not be effective, and could even be counterproductive leading to increased vulnerability to trafficking and a rise in child labour. It is important to prioritise labour and working conditions in destinations, rather than simply emphasising prevention. Recent initiatives in the UK and California to increase transparency about modern slavery in company supply chains have had only limited impact. The review drew largely on grey literature, in particular evaluation reports for donor agency programmes. While a number of reports did focus specifically on women, the literature was to a large extent gender blind. The review found no literature looking at the issue of tackling modern slavery from the perspective of persons with disabilities. Details: Birmingham, UK: Knowledge, Evidence, and Learning for Development, 2017. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 11, 2019 at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f23f240f0b652634c6f4d/Interventions-to-combat-modern-slavery.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a5f23f240f0b652634c6f4d/Interventions-to-combat-modern-slavery.pdf Shelf Number: 154119 Keywords: Child LaborForced LaborInformation CampaignsModern SlaveryPreventionProsecutionProtectionSex TraffickingTargeted InterventionTraffickingUnited KingdomWorking Conditions |
Author: Haider, Huma Title: Modern Slavery in the Democratic Republic of Congo Summary: Overview 'Modern slavery' encompasses a variety of situations in which one person is forcibly controlled by one or more others for the purpose of exploitation (Cockayne, 2015). 'Forced or compulsory labour' is defined by the ILO Forced Labour Convention as all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily'. The means of coercion by the exploiter can be overt and observable (e.g. armed guards who prevent workers from leaving) or subtle and not immediately observable (e.g. confiscation of identity papers) (ILO, 2012). The ILO estimates that 20.9 million people are victims of forced labour globally, for the period 2002-2011 (ILO, 2012). The Global Slavery Index estimates for 2016 that there are 45.8 million people in some form of modern slavery. In the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Global Slavery Index (GSI) 2016 reports that the estimated number of people living in modern slavery is 873,100 (rank 9 of 167 countries). This amounts to an estimated proportion in slavery of 1.130 percent (rank 6 of 167 countries). These estimates of prevalence are derived from a 2010 survey, published in JAMA, focused on sexual violence and other human rights violations in the conflict-affected North and South Kivu provinces and in Ituri. There are various DRC studies that seek not to determine prevalence but to find the existence and indication of the scale of modern slavery. - The 2013 Free the Slaves study of South Kivu finds that 866 of the total sample of 931 persons interviewed across all three mining sites (93 percent) were enslaved in one of more types of slavery (Free the Slaves, 2013). - The 2011 Free the Slaves study of North Kivu finds that 40 percent of respondents interviewed in Bisie were found to be in confirmed situations of slavery (Free the Slaves, 2013). - The 2014 USAID study of South Kivu and North Katanga finds that 6.7 percent of survey respondents are or have been victims of trafficking (USAID, 2014). Studies in the eastern DRC have identified six types of slavery: forced labour, debt bondage, peonage, sex slavery, forced marriage, and the enslavement of children (Bale, 2013; Free the Slaves, 2013; Free the Slaves, 2011). There can be overlap in the experiences of slavery. Women, for example, may be subject to sex slavery and debt bondage, concurrently. Details: Birmingham, UK: Knowledge, Evidence, and Learning for Development, 2017. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 11, 2019 at: http://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/052-Modern-slavery-in-the-DRC-v2.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Congo, Democratic Republic URL: http://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/052-Modern-slavery-in-the-DRC-v2.pdf Shelf Number: 154118 Keywords: Child Slaves Debt Bondage Democratic Republic of Congo Forced Labor Forced Marriage Global Slavery Index Mining Modern Slavery Peonage Sex Slavery Sexual Violence Trafficking |