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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 11:30 pm
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Results for transportation
11 results foundAuthor: Ferrell, Christopher E. Title: Neighborhood Crime and Travel Behavior: An Investigation of the Influence of Neighborhood Crime Rates on Mode Choice Summary: While much attention has been given to the influence of urban form on travel behavior in recent years, little work has been done on how neighborhood crimes affect this dynamic. This research project studied seven San Francisco Bay Area cities, and found substantiation for the proposition that neighborhood crime rates have an influence on the propensity to choose non-automotive modes of transportation for home-based trips. Specifically, high vice and vagrancy crime rates were associatd with a lowered probability of choosing transit in suburban cities for both work and non-work trips, high property crime rates were associated with a lower probability of walking for work trips in urban cities and inner-ring suburban cities, high violent crime rates with a lower probability of walking for work trips in suburban study cities, while higher property crime rates in San Francisco were associated with an increased probability of walking for non-work trips. Details: San Jose, CA: Mineta Transportation Institute, College of Business, San Jose State University, 2008. 96p. Source: Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115201 Keywords: Fear of CrimeProperty CrimesTransit (San Francisco)TransportationTravel Behavior |
Author: Kennedy, D.M. Title: Personal Security in Public Transport Travel in New Zealand: Problems, Issues & Sollutions Summary: research project explores concerns about personal security by users of public transport. The findings from an international literature review are used, and the concerns of public transport users in three New Zealand cities (Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch) that have significant public transport patronage streams are explored. Personal security concerns were found to discourage existing patrons from using public transport, and more so after dark. A number of security measures preferred by patrons are outlined. However, the project also found that only a small proportion of patrons actually noticed the presence of security measures that had been installed. Details: Wellington, NZ: Land Transport New Zealand, 2008. 112p.; 76p. Source: Internet Resource; Land Transport New Zealand Research Report 344 Year: 2008 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119343 Keywords: Transit CrimeTransit SafetyTransportation |
Author: PriceWaterhouseCoopers Title: TransLink: Fare Evasion Internal Audit Summary: At the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority (TransLink) a fare evasion strategy is in place to minimize the magnitude of fare low. The fare evasion strategy includes fare checking and enforcement processes. This report presents an internal audit of TransLink's bus, SeaBus, SkyTrain, and West Coast Express transit systems and provides an estimate of the amount of fare evasion taking place on these systems. Details: Burnaby, BC: TransLink, 2007. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2010 at: http://www.translink.ca/~/media/documents/about%20translink/media/2008/jul23/fareevasionpwcsept07.ashx Year: 2007 Country: Canada URL: http://www.translink.ca/~/media/documents/about%20translink/media/2008/jul23/fareevasionpwcsept07.ashx Shelf Number: 119902 Keywords: Fare EvasionTransit CrimeTransportation |
Author: Balafoutas, Loukas: Beck, Adrian Title: What Drives Taxi Drivers? A Field Experiment on Fraud in a Market for Credence Goods Summary: Credence goods are characterized by informational asymmetries between sellers and consumers that invite fraudulent behavior by sellers. This paper presents the results of a natural field experiment on taxi rides in Athens, Greece, set up to measure different types of fraud and to examine the influence of passengers’ presumed information and income on the extent of fraud. Results reveal that taxi drivers cheat passengers in systematic ways: Passengers with inferior information about optimal routes are taken on longer detours while asymmetric information on the local tariff system leads to manipulated bills. Higher income seems to lead to more fraud. Details: Munich: CESifo Group, 2011. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: CESifo Working Paper No. 3461: Accessed June 27, 2011 at: http://www.ifo.de/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1205745.PDF Year: 2011 Country: Greece URL: http://www.ifo.de/portal/pls/portal/docs/1/1205745.PDF Shelf Number: 121833 Keywords: Consumer FraudTaxi Industry (Greece)Transportation |
Author: New York University School of Law Immigrant Rights Clinic Title: Justice Derailed: What Raids on New York’s Trains and Buses Reveal about Border Patrol’s Interior Enforcement Practices Summary: This report is the first-ever in-depth examination of the Border Patrol’s transportation raids in upstate New York. It paints a disturbing picture of an agency resorting to aggressive policing tactics in order to increase arrest rates, without regard for the costs and consequences of its practices on New Yorkers’ rights and freedoms. The report extends beyond transportation raids to other Border Patrol practices as well, raising serious concerns about an agency that appears to be driven by the belief that the regular rules of the Constitution do not apply to it. American democracy was founded on the idea that people possess certain inalienable rights, among them the right to privacy and the right to move freely about the country. Throughout this nation’s history, Americans have never been required to carry identification papers proving their citizenship. “Show me your papers” is a statement posed to people living under oppressive regimes, not those residing in the world’s oldest democracy. Anyone who has traveled on trains and buses through upstate New York in recent years has cause to question the federal government’s fealty to these core democratic values. Throughout central and western New York, armed Border Patrol agents routinely board trains and buses nowhere near the border to question passengers about their citizenship. They force certain people to produce documents proving their citizenship or immigration status. Passengers who cannot produce documentation to an agent’s satisfaction are subjected to arrest, detention and potential deportation. These “transportation raids” occur many miles from the Canadian border or any point of entry into the United States. They do little to protect the border, but they threaten constitutional protections that apply to citizens and immigrants alike, invite racial profiling, tear apart families and burden taxpayers with the cost of detaining individuals who were arrested while innocently going about their business. The transportation raids also serve as a window into the practices of an agency that, although charged with policing the border, abuses its authority through its unprecedented reach into the interior of the United States and the use of aggressive search and seizure procedures that do not comport with standards and expectations for domestic policing or interior immigration enforcement. While the full extent of the Border Patrol’s interior enforcement practices remains unknown, community groups have documented abuses of power that extend beyond the transportation system and into our state’s towns and villages. These concerns include complaints of Border Patrol agents wrongfully stopping, questioning and arresting individuals, including United States citizens, and engaging in improper enforcement practices in close collaboration with state and local police. This report is the first in-depth examination of transportation raids by Border Patrol agents in upstate New York, particularly in the Rochester Station within the Border Patrol’s Buffalo sector. Through a Freedom of Information Act request, which is still being litigated, the authors of this report obtained a complete dataset of all transportation arrests in Rochester Station from 2006 to 2009 and detailed information on a random sample of 200 of those arrests. Analysis of the documents obtained through the FOIA litigation and other publicly available documents confirm that Rochester Station’s interior transportation raids represent a shift from the Border Patrol’s mission of policing the border. Furthermore, the evidence suggests an established pattern of misconduct by Border Patrol agents in the course of transportation raids. Key preliminary findings from this data include the following: Despite the Border Patrol’s mission of policing the border, transportation raids do not target recent border-crossers. From 2006 to 2009, less than 1 percent of transportation raid arrests were made at entry, and only 1 percent were made within 72 hours of entry. In contrast, 76 percent of those arrested on transportation raids in Rochester had been in the United States for more than a year, and 12 percent of these individuals had been present for more than 10 years. Interior transportation raid arrests represent the majority of the Rochester Station’s arrests despite the fact that they occur far from any point-of-entry into the United States. Although the agency long sought to block release1 of precise yearly data, we now know that transportation arrests constituted almost two-thirds of all arrests in Rochester between 2007 and 2009. Agents widely violate established arrest procedures in the course of transportation raids. In 77 percent of all transportation raid arrests between 2006 and 2009, Rochester Station officers violated the two-officer rule, which requires that someone other than the arresting officer, whose judgment may be clouded by numerous factors, examine the person who was arrested and determine whether to commence removal proceedings or exercise prosecutorial discretion. In addition to violating the agency’s own regulations, such violations implicate significant due process rights and Fourth Amendment requirements. Despite the immense human and financial costs of overzealous detention, data culled from the sample of Rochester transportation raid arrests reveal that more than 73 percent of individuals arrested were then placed in a detention facility rather than released while awaiting the adjudication of their case. The data further indicates that were it not for a lack of bed space, agents would have detained an even higher percentage of transportation raid arrestees. Details: New York: New York Civil Liberties Union, 2011. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2011 at: http://www.nyclu.org/files/publications/NYCLU_justicederailedweb.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.nyclu.org/files/publications/NYCLU_justicederailedweb.pdf Shelf Number: 123301 Keywords: Border PatrolBorder Security (U.S.)Illegal ImmigrantsImmigrationTransportation |
Author: Forbes, Gerry J. Title: National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis 394: Reducing Litter on Roadsides - A Synthesis of Highway Practice Summary: The Transportation Research Boards’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 394: Reducing Litter on Roadsides explores the state of the practice in reducing roadside litter as it involves state departments of transportation (DOTs). The report provides information concerning the prevention and removal of roadside litter, unfulfilled needs, knowledge gaps, and underperforming activities. It covers enforcement, education, awareness, and engineering methods for both litter prevention and collection. Details: Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, 2009. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed on January 22, 2012 at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_394.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_syn_394.pdf Shelf Number: 123734 Keywords: LitterTransportation |
Author: Scott, Kevin Title: A Study Of Anti-Social Behaviour on Dublin Bus Routes Summary: The area under investigation was the phenomenon of criminological behaviour occurring on Dublin Bus Routes. Research questions were based around: 1) what anti-social behaviour is occurring on buses, 2) when is this behaviour occurring, 3) who is perpetrating this behaviour and 4) how is anti-social behaviour on buses being tackled? Two problematic bus routes and one control route were selected based on geographic spread and the comparative ratio of criminal incidents involved (the 78A, 77 and the control case: 46A). A statistical analysis of existing information from Dublin Bus surrounding anti-social behaviour on these routes was conducted. The researcher then performed equivalent systematic observation over a period of three weeks on the proposed routes. This data was supplemented with four semi-structured interviews obtained from members of the Dublin Bus Zero-Tolerance Unit. The data garnered from the observation and the interviews was then cross-examined against the statistical analysis of existing data to see how comparable it was. The results showed a bias in the reporting of more serious crime with a lot of minor incidents never being recorded. The findings were used to inform academic recommendations for future research with regard to the nature of anti-social behaviour on buses and how it is policed. Practical solutions to effective management strategies in dealing with crime were also suggested. Details: Dublin: Dublin Institute of Technology, 2008. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed September 5, 2012 at: http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=aaschssldis&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%2522a%2520study%2520of%2520anti-social%2520behaviour%2520on%2520the%2520dublin%2520bus%2520routes%2522%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D2%26ved%3D0CCkQFjAB%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ie%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1005%2526context%253Daaschssldis%26ei%3D44VHUOTZEYjZ0QGY8YCACQ%26usg%3DAFQjCNFgQcwg4vFVTSiVdF-i68fgJJGNDQ#search=%22study%20anti-social%20behaviour%20dublin%20bus%20routes%22 Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=aaschssldis&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%2522a%2520study%2520of%2520anti-social%2520behaviour%2520on%2520the%2520 Shelf Number: 126261 Keywords: Anti-Social Behavior (U.K.)BusesTransit CrimeTransportation |
Author: Bohmert, Miriam Northcutt Title: Access to Transportation and Outcomes for Women on Probation and Parole Summary: The current study focuses attention on a previously understudied topic - transportation deprivation in women offenders. This is a timely and important endeavor given the scale of mass incarceration, number of women on probation and parole, and the numerous barriers women with a criminal record face. The study utilizes a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design of transportation access and its causes and effects on recidivism for 402 women on probation and parole. The study has two phases. The quantitative, first phase, of this project combines multiple indicators of transportation access (e.g., time, cost, stress related to travel) into one composite access score; tests hypotheses linking resources to transportation access; and tests for direct and moderating effects of transportation access on probation/parole violations and recidivism. Quantitative analyses are able to identify associations between transportation resources, transportation access, criminogenic needs, and recidivism; however, the analyses raised questions about why or why not associations were present. To address these questions, a second phase, a qualitative component, undertook analyses to increase understanding of (1) women's experiences and feelings (e.g., any stress, ease) about getting around while under supervision, (2) their strategies for increasing transportation resources and access, (3)the role of transportation access in attending, or missing, required/needed programming and supervision appointments, and (4) whether and how supervision violations or new offenses resulted from lack of transportation access. The follow-up sample included 75 women. The findings of the quantitative analysis found, first, the scope of transportation deprivation was found to be quite extensive; women reported low levels of individual and community level resources. Second, an instrument (a composite score) was found to adequately capture women's level of transportation access. Third, several resources were found to predict transportation access: owning or leasing a vehicle, having a valid driver's license, having difficulty walking, having poor vision, having friends who could help with transportation needs, and living in an area with a low community accessibility score. Fourth, transportation access was found to lower the odds of experiencing recidivism events and the time until these events occurred. Fifth, the findings indicate that transportation access is especially important for women with certain criminogenic needs - those with antisocial friends, histories of child maltreatment, greater family support and greater self-efficacy. The findings of the qualitative analysis found that, first, women experience one to ten types of transportation problems such as difficulty arranging rides, using inadequate bus services and relying on unreliable people for transportation help. Second, women were found to utilize several resources not previously known such as using agency-provided bus tokens or benefitting from having an understanding and non-punitive supervision agent. Third, nine previously unrecognized strategies were identified such as planning in advance for appointments, building extensive support networks and making use of several modes of transportation. Fourth, the relationship between transportation access and recidivism was found to be moderately strong. Overall, the findings indicate that training parole and probation agents to recognize and respond to women's transportation needs will be beneficial. Similarly, transit authorities can benefit from understanding the limitations of their services for women offenders. Details: East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 2014. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 8, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248641.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248641.pdf Shelf Number: 135181 Keywords: Female Parolees (U.S.)Female ProbationersRecidivismTransportation |
Author: Uittenbogaard, Adriaan Cornelis Title: Clusters of Urban Crime and Safety in Transport Nodes Summary: The objective of the thesis is to provide a better understanding of the safety conditions in urban environments, particularly related to those found in transport nodes, in this case, underground stations, and surrounding areas1. First, the study starts with an analysis of the overall city, identifying concentrations of crime in the urban fabric and then focusing on the criminogenic conditions at and around underground stations. The analysis combines the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), statistical techniques and data of different types and sources. Regression models were used to assess the importance of the environmental attributes of underground stations on crime rates. Findings show that violent and property crimes show different hotspots at different times. Crime patterns tend to follow people�s scheduled patterns of routine activity. The socio-economic composition of the surrounding environment of the stations has a significant impact on crime at these transport nodes, but more important were attributes of the physical and social environment at the stations. For instance, low guardianship and poor visibility at the stations together with mixed land-uses in the surrounding areas induced crime rates at the stations. It is therefore suggested that intervention to improve safety conditions at the stations should focus on a holistic approach, taking into account the station and surrounding areas, but also being aware of crime variation on specific places at specific times. Details: Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and the Build Environment, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management 2013. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 1, 2015 at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:603657/FULLTEXT02 Year: 2013 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:603657/FULLTEXT02 Shelf Number: 135455 Keywords: Crime Analysis Crime Hotspots Geographical Information Systems (GIS) High Crime Areas Transit Crime Transportation Urban Areas and Crime (Sweden) |
Author: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Title: Transport-related (civil aviation and maritime) Terrorism Offences Summary: The present Counter-Terrorism Legal Module focuses on transport-related (civil aviation and maritime navigation) terrorist offences. It was prepared by the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Its purpose is to assist practitioners and policymakers to identify, understand, and effectively incorporate and implement a set of international legal tools into national legislation. These legal tools are found in conventions and protocols developed to combat transport-related terrorism since the 1960s. The module introduces the relevant instruments, places them in their context so they can be correctly understood, analyses their content and explains their use. Training tools and aids are interspersed with the explanatory text so that the structure, terminology and practical application of the relevant instruments will be clear. The increasing ease and availability of international travel resulted in increased risks to aviation security in the 1960s and 1970s. Violent groups seeking international publicity for their political, ideological or other goals focused on international air travel as a vulnerable target, attacks on which produced immediate and intense publicity. Continuing into the 1980s terrorist groups seized or bombed international flights, murdered passengers, crew members and persons in airports and destroyed multiple aircraft. These actions were designed to gain visibility for the causes to which the various groups were dedicated, to intimidate and to coerce compliance with those groups' demands. Maritime transportation also became a target in the 1980s. A body of international law has been developed over the decades since 1963 to deal with these threats to the travelling public and the transport industry, both with regard to aviation and maritime transportation. Details: New York: UNODC, 2014. 151p. Source: Internet Resource: Counter-Terrorism Legal Training Curriculum Module 5: Accessed May 14, 2015 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/Module_on_Transport/13-89032_Ebook_from_DM_9-9-2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/terrorism/Publications/Module_on_Transport/13-89032_Ebook_from_DM_9-9-2014.pdf Shelf Number: 135649 Keywords: Aviation SecurityAviation TerrorismCounter-Terrorism ProgramsMaritime CrimeMaritime SafetyMaritime TerrorismTerrorismTransportation |
Author: Smith, Gwen Chisholm Title: Legal Implications of Video Surveillance on Transit Systems Summary: TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Legal Research Digest 52: Legal Implications of Video Surveillance on Transit Systems explores the use of video surveilance systems on buses, trains, and stations. The widespread use of such video surveillance systems has generated numerous legal issues, such as a system's ability to utilize video to discipline union and non-union employees, safety issues associated with such use, public access to such video, and retention policies regarding video, among others. This digest explores federal and state laws to address these issues, along with the current practices employed by transit agencies to comply with those laws. Details: Washington, DC: Transit Cooperative Research Program, 2018. 46p. Source: Internet Resource: Legal Research Digest 52: Accessed June 30, 2018 at: https://www.nap.edu/download/25055 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.nap.edu/download/25055 Shelf Number: 1500747 Keywords: PrivacyTransit CrimeTransit SystemsTransportationTransportation Safety Transportation SecurityVideo Surveillance |