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Date: November 25, 2024 Mon
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Results for violence against women, children
23 results foundAuthor: Fergus, Lara Title: Prevention of Violence Against Women and Girls Summary: Ending violence against women and girls remains one of the most serious and ongoing challenges for the international system, Governments and civil society worldwide. The long-term efforts and advocacy of women’s and children’s organisations have helped place the issue high on national and international human rights and development agendas, and considerable progress has been made worldwide over recent years, particularly on improving justice and service responses for survivors. However interventions focussed on the aftermath of violence against women and girls, while essential, can only have limited impact on reducing violence itself – strategies are also urgently needed to stop such violence from occurring in the first place. Preventing such violence is a human rights obligation and an achievable goal, but one which requires sustained, coordinated and systematic action by Governments, the international community and civil society. This Background Paper was prepared to inform discussions at an Expert Group Meeting (EGM) on prevention of violence against women and girls, convened for 17–20 September 2012 in Bangkok, as part of the preparations for the fifty-seventh session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW). It analyses global progress, challenges and gaps in prevention of violence against women and girls, and identifies key guiding principles and promising practice examples. It makes initial indicative recommendations for international, regional and national stakeholders – particularly Governments as they have the primary responsibility for prevention of violence against women and girls – for further discussion and finalisation at the EGM itself. The Paper focuses on emerging evidence and practice for the development of holistic, multidimensional and long-term approaches to prevention, and highlights the responsibility of States to strengthen and invest in such approaches as part of their human rights obligations towards women and girls. Strategies for prevention of violence against women and girls in situations where States are not functioning effectively, are fragile or are in transition, including conflict, post-conflict and humanitarian settings – while having some commonalities with the practices referred to here – will necessarily be of a different order, and may be driven by different actors (e.g. humanitarian relief agencies). There is very little research and practice to draw upon regarding effective prevention of violence against women and girls in such settings, and the need for further work in this area is identified as a key gap in this Paper. Therefore, the bulk of the practice, evidence and recommendations referred to here is for stable situations where the State is in a position to lead long-term, multi-sectoral policy and programming. Details: Bangkok, Thailand: United Nations Women, In cooperation with ESCAP, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 29, 2012 at: http://www.unwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/cs557-EGM-prevention-background-paper.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.unwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/cs557-EGM-prevention-background-paper.pdf Shelf Number: 126493 Keywords: Violence Against GirlsViolence Against Women, ChildrenViolence Prevention |
Author: Bruce, Judith Title: Violence Against Adolescent Girls: A Fundamental Challenge to Meaningful Equality Summary: Societies, rich and poor alike, are increasingly articulating commitments that guarantee girls safe and equal access to entitlements, services, social participation, and economic opportunities. Yet threats of violence in many forms—culturally affirmed (child marriage, female genital mutilation), intimate (carried out by family members and partners), casual (carried out by strangers), and planned (trafficking)— intervene to prevent girls from claiming their rights. Many countries are signatories to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), and stipulate equality between males and females in their constitutions. Theoretically, safe access to resources and facilities is equally afforded to girls and boys, however a far higher proportion of boys and a smaller subset of usually more privileged girls may actually claim their rights and opportunities. The graphic on the right provides a general illustration of how violence impedes structural access. Girls’ lives are often conditioned around the possibility of violence. And acts of violence exert additional power over girls because the stigma of violence often attaches more to a girl than to her perpetrator. The experience of violence is devastating at the individual emotional and physical level. Its power to interrupt or fully disable girls’ access to entitlements, social participation, and—crucially— safe and decent livelihoods is an equally compelling reason to stop it. Violence is so pervasive in many societies that it has the feeling of being an active “plan” or even an opposing sector undermining the investments made by other sectors in girls’ well- being. Part of the “plan” to deny the rights of girls, even when society has made progress, is to condition them to avoid opportunity in order to manage risk. As girls internalize their responsibility for managing this risk, they begin to precensor their potential. Details: Washington, DC: Population Council, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: A Girls First! Publication: Accessed July 18, 2013 at: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/2012PGY_GirlsFirst_Violence.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/2012PGY_GirlsFirst_Violence.pdf Shelf Number: 129446 Keywords: AdolescentsFemale VictimsGender-Based ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Title: School-Related Gender-Based Violence in the Asia-Pacific Region Summary: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a fundamental violation of human rights. It is one of the worst manifestations of gender-based discrimination, disproportionately affecting girls and women. GBV is a global phenomenon that knows no geographical, cultural, social, economic, ethnic, or other boundaries. It occurs across all societies, and is a major obstacle to the achievement of gender equality. Governments have signed onto international frameworks1 to protect children from all forms of violence. Despite these frameworks, recent reviews and initiatives have highlighted the extent to which children are exposed to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) and the significance of education to prevent and eliminate this form of violence. In the region, GBV is often tolerated and sustained by social institutions, including the school - the very place where children are expected to be safe, protected and empowered. SRGBV remains not fully examined in the region, and is perhaps even overlooked in many educational environments. SRGBV continues to affect children in the Asia-Pacific region each year, and boys, girls, transgender and intersex children can be targets. In Asia and the Pacific - as elsewhere - SRGBV is a critical barrier to the right to education, not only because of its serious physical and psychological health implications, but also because it may lead to the deterioration of the learning environment as a whole. The experience or even the threat of SRGBV often results in irregular attendance, dropout, truancy, poor school performance, and low self-esteem, which may follow into their adult lives. Importantly, SRGBV is often aggravated in conflict-affected countries and during emergencies. Witnessing or experiencing violence in schools may have irreversible consequences for students in perpetrating or further experiencing violence in adult lives. Teachers, schools and education systems are fundamental in transforming practices, attitudes and values, including instilling in learners the understanding and practice of gender equality, non-violent behaviour and acceptance of difference. To do so, though, and to fulfil children's right to education, learners need safe and supportive environments. SRGBV is a serious obstacle to reaching the Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to achieving gender equality. As we accelerate our efforts towards meeting the EFA goals and elevating our educational ambitions for girls and boys in the post-2015 development agenda, it is critical that we maintain our commitment to gender equality in and through quality education. Details: Bangkok: UNESCO, 2014. 71p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 18, 2014 at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226754E.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Asia URL: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226754E.pdf Shelf Number: 131960 Keywords: Gender-Based ViolenceSchool ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Campbell, Lesley Title: ReachOut Men's Community Outreach Service: Connections and Conversations With a Purpose Summary: Family violence is a major issue that affects the lives of many New Zealanders and creates significant social and economic costs across the wider society (Ministry of Social Development, 2002). The New Zealand Police's reported incidences of family violence have substantially increased over the past decade. Incidents rose by 140% from about 11,300 in 1994/1995 to 27,165 in 2004/2005. Offences rose by 87%, from about 14,600 to 27,343 (Lievore and Mayhew, 2007). In the Canterbury region, the reported incidence and severity of family violence has also increased since the significant earthquake events and continued aftershocks during the period from September 2010. For example, a "53% ... increase in domestic violence (was reported) following the September 2010 earthquake" and in the Waimakariri district, immediately after the February 2011 earthquake event, the North Canterbury Police reported a 40% increase in reported family violence and levels of reported family violence continued to be greater than those recorded before this natural disaster. In order to address this burgeoning problem of family violence in North Canterbury and to address a significant service gap for men responsible for family violence incidents, Aviva (formerly Christchurch Women's Refuge) applied for and successfully secured funding to support the design, implementation and evaluation of ReachOut. A first in New Zealand, this unique and innovative service is an outreach initiative involving collaborative partnerships with the Police, Child Protection Workers and those working across the family violence, criminal justice, local government and other sectors. In 2012 Aviva commissioned an independent evaluation of the process and impact of ReachOut during its first twelve months of operation. The objectives for the evaluation of ReachOut were: - To provide an indication about the benefits and the extent and level of progress made against the outcomes sought for a) men as family violence perpetrators b) women and children, who have experience of family violence and c) the North Canterbury community. - To understand more fully and articulate key aspects of the ReachOut service that are expected to influence and bring about the desired outcomes - To provide an evidence base with which to inform decisions about continuous quality improvements to ReachOut's operation - To provide an evidence base to inform decisions about its potential for rollout and transferability to other locations. The evaluation adopted a multiple methods approach in order to maximise the comprehensiveness of the qualitative and quantitative information collected to answer the evaluation questions and address the evaluation objectives. The principle evaluation methods used included the synthesis of the pertinent international and national literature and the operationalisation of a single case, time series design. This design involved a holistic analysis of the people, service, decisions, policies and organisations involved in the ReachOut service and drew on both secondary data and primary data collected through participant observation, interview and focus group methods. Details: Christchurch, NZ: Aviva, 2014. 283p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 6, 2014 at: http://www.avivafamilies.org.nz/resources/file/final_evaluation_report_reachout_april_2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.avivafamilies.org.nz/resources/file/final_evaluation_report_reachout_april_2014.pdf Shelf Number: 132906 Keywords: Abusive MenChild Abuse and NeglectDomestic ViolenceFamily Violence (New Zealand)Intimate Partner ViolenceTreatment ProgramsViolence Against Women, ChildrenViolence Prevention |
Author: Population Reference Bureau Title: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Data and Trends Update 2014 Summary: An estimated 100 million to 140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and more than 3 million girls are at risk for cutting each year on the African continent alone. The PRB data sheet, Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Data and Trends Update 2014, contains the latest information available on the practice. This update of PRB's 2010 wallchart shows the practice is still present in at least 29 developing countries, although there is some evidence that younger generations in some countries may face a slightly smaller risk. FGM/C is generally performed on girls between ages 4 and 12, although it is practiced in some cultures as early as a few days after birth or as late as just prior to marriage. Typically, traditional excisors have carried out the procedure, but in some countries the procedure has been performed by medical professionals. FGM/C poses serious physical and mental health risks for women and young girls, especially for those who have undergone extreme forms of the procedure. According to a 2006 World Health organization study, FGM/C can be linked to increased complications in childbirth and even maternal deaths. Other side effects include severe pain, hemorrhage, tetanus, infection, infertility, cysts and abscesses, urinary incontinence, and psychological and sexual problems. FGM/C is practiced in at least 28 countries in Africa and a few others in Asia and the Middle East. The 29 developing countries included on this chart are the only ones where recent data have been systematically collected. FGM/C is practiced in households at all educational levels and all social classes and occurs among many religious groups (Muslims, Christians, and animists), although no religion mandates it. Prevalence rates vary significantly from country to country (from nearly 98 percent in Somalia to less than 2 percent in Uganda and Cameroon) and even within countries. Since the early 1990s, FGM/C has gained recognition as a health and human rights issue among African governments, the international community, women's organizations, and professional associations. Global and national efforts to end FGM/C have resulted increasingly in legislation targeting excisors, medical professionals, and families who perpetuate the practice; of the 29 countries on this wallchart, 25 now have laws or decrees related to FGM/C. Read a PRB blog about Feb. 6, the International Day of Zero Tolerance for FGM/C. In a number of countries, data collected in recent years reflect lower levels of cutting among girls ages 15 to 19, giving hope that abandonment efforts are yielding results. Details: Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2014. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 18, 2015 at: http://www.prb.org/pdf14/fgm-wallchart2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.prb.org/pdf14/fgm-wallchart2014.pdf Shelf Number: 135706 Keywords: Female Genital MutilationGenital CuttingViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Population Reference Bureau Title: Ending Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Lessons from a Decade of Progress Summary: Over the last 20 years, significant efforts have been made at the community, national, and international levels to address the issue of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). Numerous international and national policy statements have called for an end to FGM/C, which has been recognized as a violation of girls' and women's human rights and an obstacle to gender equality. Program planners have implemented countless interventions to educate and empower communities to abandon the practice. Researchers have conducted important studies and evaluations have contributed to a better understanding of the prevalence of the practice and the types of procedures carried out, as well as the reasons communities continue to practice it. Research and experience have begun to lift the veil on the intended and unintended impacts of many of the strategies undertaken over the years. The PRB report, Ending Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Lessons From a Decade of Progress, pulls together the lessons learned from the last decade and crafts a roadmap for how to strengthen future programs to end the practice. By looking back, policymakers and advocates will be better able to move forward decisively to create the conditions necessary to allow women and girls around the world to achieve their full potential. In the first decade of this century progress has been made toward abandonment. Studies have looked at the physical, emotional, and mental impacts of FGM/C. Research has deepened our understanding of the diverse reasons for the continuation of the practice, providing a framework for theories about the origins and social dynamics that lead to its perpetuation. Reflecting the work of dedicated advocates, today most practicing countries have passed laws banning the practice, and prevalence is beginning to decline in some countries. Details: Washington, DC: PRB, 2014. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2015 at: http://www.prb.org/pdf14/progress-ending-fgm.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.prb.org/pdf14/progress-ending-fgm.pdf Shelf Number: 135777 Keywords: Female Genital Cutting Female Genital Mutilation Violence Against Women, Children |
Author: Neilson, Carolyn Title: Will Somebody Lister to Me? Summary: This report outlines the experiences of local women who participated in 190 court-based surveys at Bendigo, Echuca and Maryborough, Kyneton and Swan Hill Magistrates' Courts. Twenty seven women later agreed to in-depth interviews. This project recognised that the justice system often fails to meet the needs of women and children experiencing family violence, their communities and offenders. It understood that the least we can do is to listen to women's stories and to use those stories to improve the justice system's response to family violence. Throughout the project and the final report, the voices of the women who spoke to us come through loud and clear. The report charts the journey undertaken by these women through family violence legal proceedings and gives voice to their experiences. Details: Bendigo, VIC, AUS: Loddon Campaspe Community Legal Centre, 2015. 148p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 9, 2015 at: http://lcclc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/FV_FULL_online_v2.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://lcclc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/FV_FULL_online_v2.pdf Shelf Number: 135985 Keywords: Family ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Leach, Fiona Title: School-related Gender-Based Violence A global review of current issues and approaches in policy, programming and implementation responses to School-Related Gender-Based Violence (SRGBV) for the Education Sector Summary: Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global phenomenon that knows no geographical, cultural, social, economic, ethnic, or other boundaries. It occurs across all societies and represents a brutal violation of human rights, the worst manifestation of gender-based discrimination and a major obstacle to the achievement of gender equality. It is tolerated and sustained by social institutions, including the school, the very place where we expect our children to be safe and protected. It is a serious obstacle to the right to education and learning, with implications for the ways that people understand and enact their social lives and exercise their citizenship. The extent to which children are exposed to school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) was brought to the attention of the international community by two studies commissioned by the United Nations Secretary-General in the past decade: the Global Study on Violence against Children1 and the In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence against Women, both published in 2006. The global presence of SRGBV seriously compromises the ability of UNESCO's Member States and the international community to meet commitments towards the provision of human rights. Major international frameworks, such as the UN Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and the UN 4th World Conference on Women - Beijing Platform for Action denounce violence and call for measures to protect all human beings, especially women and girls, from all forms of violence. Article 19 of the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) calls on State Parties to take all appropriate measures, including through education, to protect children from all forms of violence, including sexual abuse. UN Resolution 61/143 (2007) regarding the 'Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women', calls upon the international community, including the United Nations system, to enhance national efforts to eliminate violence against women and girls, including through 'the sharing of guidelines, methodologies and best practices'. Until the World Report on Violence against Children was published in 2006, however, little attention was paid to the school as a forum for violence against children. Since then, it has received increasing attention in national and international agendas. The priority theme of the 57th session of the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW), planned for March 2013, is the 'Elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls', with prevention and the provision of support services to victims/survivors being the main focus. In preparation for the CSW meeting, an experts meeting on GBV was held in Bangkok in September 2012, in order to explore ways of preventing and addressing GBV through a multi-sectoral approach with a focus on legal and policy guidelines. Education has been identified as one of the priority areas for strategic intervention. However, the transformative potential of schools to empower individuals, to champion gender equality and challenge violence against women and girls depends on a school environment that is itself safe and violence free. This review of current issues and approaches in policy, programming and implementation responses to SRGBV has been commissioned by the HIV and Health Education section in the Education Sector at UNESCO to contribute to the development of comprehensive evidence-informed policy guidelines for the prevention and elimination of SRGBV in and through education. Despite the call for action and the increasing awareness among governments, civil society and the international community of the scale of SRGBV, efforts to address it have been patchy and largely ineffective. The evidence base for the global scale and nature of the problem is limited and there is little collective intelligence to date on best practice in either prevention or response, e.g. on what makes intervention successful, how to measure success and how to scale up promising initiatives. Yet, we know that SRGBV continues to be a serious barrier to educational participation, especially of girls, and casts doubt on the school as an appropriate forum for educating young people about gender equality, non-violent behaviour and sexual and reproductive health. Schools have the potential to bring about change but this cannot be effective if they are simultaneously sites of gender inequality and violence. This review seeks to advance our knowledge and learning in this field, both in terms of what we know about the phenomenon and its impact on individuals, and on how best to address it, including through education. We start the review with a brief explanation of the conceptual framework and of the problematic nature of definitions of GBV, followed by a brief note on our methodology. The substance of the review follows, first summarising the research evidence on SRGBV by region, and then outlining approaches to policy, programming and implementation, with key messages for the education sector and for UNESCO's role in the post-MDG era. Details: Paris: UNESCO, 2014. 101p. Source: Internet Resource: Background research paper: Accessed July 15, 2015 at: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/HIV-AIDS/pdf/SRGBV_UNESCO_Global_ReviewJan2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/HIV-AIDS/pdf/SRGBV_UNESCO_Global_ReviewJan2014.pdf Shelf Number: 136059 Keywords: Gender-Based ViolenceSchool CrimeSchool SafetySchool ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Sutherland, Georgina Title: Media representations of violence against women and their children: State of knowledge paper Summary: This paper provides an overview of the best available contemporary evidence on the way news and information media portray violence against women. In the paper studies are grouped into three broad areas of inquiry: 1) media representation (how content and discourse are used in news items on violence against women); 2) audience reception (how audiences interpret news on violence against women and how risk is perceived and managed); and 3) news production (what practices are used in reporting on violence against women and their children). The paper finds that: To date, most research attention has focused on how the media represents violence against women and their children. Collectively these studies illustrate that the media frequently mirrors society's confusion and ambivalence about violence against women. The audience reception literature shows an association between representations of violence against women in the news and audience attitudes and perceptions of blame and responsibility. There is also emerging evidence of an association between televised news reports of intimate partner violence and observed rates in the community. The few studies available on news production confirm that the pressures of newsworthiness and profitability present formidable challenges to the task of responsible and sensitive reporting of violence against women. Despite an expanding body of research, gaps in our knowledge remain. For example, there is a need to better align media representation studies with the emerging work on audience reception and news production, and for a better understanding of online news production, reporting and audience contribution. Details: Melbourne: Australia's National Research Organisation for Women's Safety Limited (ANROWS), 2015. 57p. Source: Internet Resource: Landscapes, Issue 15: Accessed November 28, 2015 at: http://media.aomx.com/anrows.org.au/s3fs-public/FINAL%20Co-branded%20Media%20Representations_WEB.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://media.aomx.com/anrows.org.au/s3fs-public/FINAL%20Co-branded%20Media%20Representations_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 137354 Keywords: Family ViolenceGender-Based ViolenceMedia Violence Against Women, ChildrenViolence Prevention |
Author: New Zealand. Ministry for Women Title: A malu i 'aiga, e malu f'o'i fafo: Protection for the family, protection for all. Samoan people's understanding of primary prevention of violence against women Summary: Samoan communities in New Zealand understand primary prevention of violence against women and girls largely, if not entirely, within the context of fa'aSamoa (Samoan culture). Samoan principles such as the va tapuia, feagaiga and fa'asinomaga help to inform this uniquely Samoan context. These concepts and others were designed to keep women and girls safe from violence. When they were understood and observed this was perceived to be so. However, when they were misinterpreted, ignored and breached, women's and girls' safety were undermined or at risk. Research participants shared similar views and experiences about primary prevention. They also held varied views, including for example, what it meant to have and gain respect, or what it meant to grow up as a Samoan in Samoa as opposed to New Zealand, or about issues of cultural adaptation, cultural identity, and Samoan life. Participants find that Samoan communities do know what works to protect or keep Samoan women and girls safe from violence. They spoke of the potential in social marketing approaches and of open dialogue forums, such as in churches and community programmes, led by Samoan role models and leaders, and involve a good cross-section of the community. This report recognises that there are programmes that specifically target Samoan men's attitudes and behaviours towards violence. The findings are favourable of these programmes. Samoan communities also know what does not work to prevent violence. Including, clear misunderstandings about the link between cultural values, individual and collective behaviour, and thought. Cultures of violence and masculinity in the Samoan context can only be read in the context of Samoan societal drivers. Many of these drivers exist in Samoa and migrate with Samoan immigrants to New Zealand and persist to shape their and their children's attitudes and behaviours towards violence. The safety and wellbeing of all in Samoan society is paramount, but especially the vulnerable, including Samoan women and girls. For the short term, open discussion across generations in appropriate settings (about the factors that keep Samoan women and girls safe from violence), is a promising approach. These discussion forums can mobilise Samoan community efforts to enact primary prevention of violence. In the long term, culturally informed prevention education and practice initiatives can ensure that policy and practice models are appropriately responsive and effective in keeping Samoan women and girls safe from violence. Details: Wellington, NZ: Ministry for Women, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2016 at: http://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/Pacific%20Report%20web.pdf Year: 2015 Country: New Zealand URL: http://women.govt.nz/sites/public_files/Pacific%20Report%20web.pdf Shelf Number: 137777 Keywords: Cultures of ViolenceGender-Related ViolenceMasculinityMinority GroupsViolence Against Women, ChildrenViolence Prevention |
Author: Foote, Jeff Title: Measuring the effectiveness of 'whole-of-system' response to prevent family violence Summary: Around the world government and non-government organisations are struggling to assess and report how well they are doing in areas of the health, social and justice sectors. We need to be able to estimate and measure effectiveness in order to measure outcomes of our interventions. Considerable work has been done in comparing performance of particular initiatives but when our interest is on the 'system' there is no consensus as to how it should be measured. Superu commissioned the Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) to develop and test a proof of concept systems approach to measure the effectiveness of the 'whole-of-system' response to prevent family violence - one of society's complex social issues. The approach developed by ESR drew on three methodologies for interpreting complex systems: system dynamics, the balanced scorecard approach and sense-making. The approach use by ESR demonstrated the potential of using a combination of systems approaches to measure a whole-of-system response to prevent family violence. A review of New Zealand and international literature similarly supports the promise of system approaches. The proof of concept work also highlighted limitations and challenges in taking a whole-of-system perspective. This included lack of quality data, the need for intensive interaction in mapping the system, and lack of capability within government agencies to engage and use system approaches in developing and implementing policy. Superu concluded that there is potential in using system approaches to better understand complex social issues, but Superu is uncertain of the efficacy or practicality of using the approach to measure effectiveness of the family violence system. We would like further exploration of the use of system approaches. Details: Christchurch, NZ: Institute of Environmental Research Limited; Wellington, NZ: Superu, 2015. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 5, 2016 at: http://www.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/Measuring%20Whole%20System%20Report_0.pdf Year: 2015 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/Measuring%20Whole%20System%20Report_0.pdf Shelf Number: 137778 Keywords: Family InterventionsFamily ViolenceFamily Violence PreventionIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: McKenzie, Mandy Title: Out of character? : legal responses to intimate partner homicides by men in Victoria 2005 - 2014 Summary: Over a 10-year period (2002-2012) in Australia, 488 women were killed by an intimate partner or ex-partner (Cussen & Bryant 2015a). These homicides are the extreme end of a continuum of violence against women and children in families. Domestic and family violence (hereafter referred to as family violence) has become the focus of increasing community concern in Australia over recent years. There is a growing awareness of the scale, impact and costs associated with family violence. Research and death reviews in Australia and internationally over the last two decades have highlighted that systemic failures in legal responses to family violence contribute to these deaths. For example, in the 1990s in Victoria, the Women's Coalition Against Family Violence (WCAFV) documented the impact of domestic murders of women and children in Blood on whose hands? The killing of women and children in domestic homicides (WCAFV 1994). The book outlined the stories of women and children who had been killed in domestic homicides in Victoria. The accounts demonstrated the failure of the police, legal and support services. This study examined risk factors and legal responses in 51 homicides by men between 2005-2014. A history of family violence and relationship separation were key factors in these deaths. Details: Melbourne, Vic.: Domestic Violence Research Centre Victoria, 2016. 164p. Source: Internet Resource: DVRCV Discussion Paper, No. 10): Accessed May 11, 2016 at: http://www.dvrcv.org.au/sites/default/files/out_of_character_dvrcv.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://www.dvrcv.org.au/sites/default/files/out_of_character_dvrcv.pdf Shelf Number: 138965 Keywords: Abusive MenDomestic ViolenceFamily ViolenceHomicidesIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Sutherland, Georgina Title: Media representations of violence against women and their children: Final report Summary: This project aimed to establish the extent and nature of reporting of violence against women by the Australian media to inform future strategies for change. Using both quantitative (content analysis) and qualitative (critical discourse analysis) methods, the study provided a glimpse into the complexity of reporting practices. It found that: - There is a clear link between media reporting and attitudes and beliefs in relation to violence against women, with audiences' emotional responses and attributions of responsibility affected by how the media frames news. - The vast majority of reporting on violence against women was "incident based", looking at tragic individual instances, but not exploring the issue in a more depth. - The lack of social context in reporting, and thereby the broader public's understanding of the issue, could be improved by the inclusion of more expert sources, including domestic violence advocates and those with lived experience of violence. Yet half of all sources were drawn from police and the criminal justice system; only 9.9 % of sources were domestic violence advocates /spokespeople; only 8.7 % were survivors. - The narrow use of sources contributed to a "murder centric" frame of most reporting, which is no doubt newsworthy but doesn't necessarily reflect women's different experiences of violence. 61.8% of incident based reporting was in relation to a homicide. Nearly 75.8 % of reporting focused on physical intimate partner violence, 22.5 % on sexual assault. Other types of violence, including emotional, threats or sexual harassment were all but invisible. - Myths and misrepresentations still find their way into reporting. Around 15 % of incident based reporting includes victim blaming, like she was drinking, flirting/went home with the perpetrator, was out alone, they were arguing; 14.8 % of incident based reporting offers excuses for the perpetrator, like he was drinking, using drugs, jealous/seeking revenge, "snapped" or "lost control". - Interestingly, and for the first time, this research picked up on a tendency to render the perpetrator invisible, with 59.8% of incident based reporting including no information whatsoever about the perpetrator. - Choice of language can sometimes be insensitive, for example 17.2 % of newspaper and online headlines were deemed sensationalistic, while 13.3 % of incident based news items used language in the report that was sensationalistic, including excessively gory/or overly sexually explicit detail. - Though we know the news media can be a powerful source of information for women looking to leave a violent relationship, only 4.3 % of news reports included help seeking information (1800RESPECT or others). Details: Sydney: ANROWS, 2016. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: ANROWS Horizons, Issue 03/2016: Accessed June 7, 2016 at: http://media.aomx.com/anrows.org.au/final%20H3_2.2_Media_WEB.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://media.aomx.com/anrows.org.au/final%20H3_2.2_Media_WEB.pdf Shelf Number: 139297 Keywords: Mass MediaMedia and ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Asia Foundation Title: Understanding Violence against Women and Children in Timor-Leste: Findings from the Nabilan Baseline Study. Main Report Summary: This research contributes ground-breaking knowledge on violence against women in Timor-Leste, and directly addresses the gap in reliable, representative quantitative data on women's experiences and men's perpetration of violence. The significant work that national civil society organizations, key government stakeholders, academics, international non-governmental organizations and United Nations agencies have conducted in Timor-Leste illustrates that women in this country routinely suffer multiple dimensions of violence. The Nabilan Health and Life Experiences Baseline Study adds new insights into this issue and into the immense implications of violence on women's health and wellbeing, as well as that of their children, their families and their communities. This research also reveals, for the first time, information on men's use of violence against women - information which is crucial for programs working with men and boys to prevent violence. In addition, through an analysis of statistically significant risk and protective factors for violence against women, the Study provides tangible and evidence-based recommendations for the approaches that will be most effective in preventing violence against women in Timor-Leste. One such risk factor that must urgently be addressed, for example, is child abuse - the rates of which, as this research shows, are extremely high. While the rates of violence in this study are considerably higher than the 2009-2010 Demographic Health Survey, this should not be interpreted as indicative of a major rise in the rates for Timor-Leste, rather that the rates are actually higher than previous estimates. The Study findings unequivocally illustrate that violence against women is a critical development issue for Timor-Leste. Without breaking the cycle of violence, which includes the normalization of physical, sexual and intellectual abuse of women, Timor-Leste will not be able to advance as a modern, liberal, thriving democracy with a healthy population. Through its struggles for independence and journey to nationhood, Timor-Leste has shown itself to be a nation of great resolve and strategic thinking. This matter of violence against women and children must be seen in the same light, and it will have far reaching implications not just for women and children, but for the nation as a whole, both domestically and internationally. Details: Dili, Timor-Leste: The Asian Foundation, 2016. 352p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/nabilan-main-report-screen-2016-06-01.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/nabilan-main-report-screen-2016-06-01.pdf Shelf Number: 139799 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectDomestic ViolenceFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: U.S. Government Accountability Office Title: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Existing Federal Efforts to Increase Awareness Should be Improved Summary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that 513,000 women and girls in the United States were at risk of or had been subjected to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) in 2012, a threefold increase from its 1990 estimate. CDC attributes this change primarily to increased immigration from countries where FGM/C is practiced, rather than an increase in the occurrence of FGM/C. Agency estimates were not able to distinguish between those who have already been subjected to FGM/C and those who are at risk. Women and girls at risk of or who have been subjected to FGM/C in their home country may seek federal protection in the United States through different avenues of the immigration process, and GAO found that there have been few U.S. investigations and prosecutions. According to Department of Homeland Security officials, protection is most commonly provided through the asylum process, where individuals must demonstrate that they have been persecuted or fear persecution in their home country on account of protected grounds such as religion or nationality. While FGM/C is a crime under federal and many state laws, law enforcement officials identified few investigations and prosecutions related to FGM/C. Officials said that this may be due, in part, to underreporting. Federal agencies and others provide education and assistance regarding FGM/C, but gaps exist and agencies lack documented plans for future efforts. The Department of State (State) directly provides information on FGM/C in a fact sheet only to certain types of visa recipients who apply in countries where FGM/C is practiced. State does not provide the fact sheet to nonimmigrant visa recipients as these visas are for temporary stays; however, some of these visas permit stays in the United States for multiple years. In addition, State does not directly provide the fact sheet to visa recipients who are nationals of countries where FGM/C is common, but apply at posts in other countries. Visa recipients who do not directly receive the fact sheet may be unaware of the health and U.S. legal consequences of FGM/C. Federal agencies have made efforts to increase awareness of FGM/C among stakeholder groups, including hosting round-tables and developing educational materials. However, the agencies lack documented plans for future efforts. Internal controls state that agencies should establish plans and document activities. Absent this, the federal government may be unable to ensure that its activities meet the needs of and that it communicates effectively with external parties, such as key stakeholder groups. Details: Washington, DC: GAO, 2016. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: GAO-16-645: Accessed August 6, 2016 at: http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/678098.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/678098.pdf Shelf Number: 139976 Keywords: Female Genital Cutting Female Genital Mutilation Violence Against Women, Children |
Author: Sutton, Heather Title: How Safe Are Caribbean Homes for Women and Children? Attitudes toward Intimate Partner Violence and Corporal Punishment Summary: This policy brief uses data from the 2014/2015 Latin American Public Opinion Project survey to examine attitudes toward intimate partner violence and child physical discipline in six Caribbean countries. Although Latin America has a reputation for a particularly macho culture, Caribbean adults were 10.8 percent more likely to tolerate a man beating his wife if she neglects the household chores and 5.7 percent more likely to if she is unfaithful. Characteristics of those who were more tolerant of intimate partner violence included being lower income, younger, resident of a rural area, and not completing secondary education. Similarly, those who say it is necessary to physically punish children in the Caribbean - and those who experienced physical punishment frequently themselves - were more prevalent than in Latin American countries. Experiencing frequent physical punishment during childhood was found to be a statistically significant correlate of male tolerance of intimate partner violence after controlling for other individual characteristics. Policy options to prevent intimate partner violence and childhood violence are examined. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2016. 21p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Brief No. IDB-PB-258: Accessed May 8, 2017 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7998/How-Safe-Caribbean-Homes-Women-Children-Attitudes-toward-Intimate-Partner-Violence-Corporal-Punishment.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2016 Country: Caribbean URL: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/7998/How-Safe-Caribbean-Homes-Women-Children-Attitudes-toward-Intimate-Partner-Violence-Corporal-Punishment.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 145356 Keywords: Corporal PunishmentFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Warrington, Camille Title: Making Noise: Children's voices for positive change after sexual abuse. Children's experiences of help-seeking and support after sexual abuse in the family environment Summary: Overview 1. This study was commissioned by the Children's Commissioner for England and carried out in 2015/16 by staff from the International Centre: Researching Child Sexual Exploitation, Violence and Trafficking, in partnership with the NSPCC. It sought to elicit children and young people's views and experiences of help-seeking and support after child sexual abuse (CSA) in the family environment. 2. The title, and spirit, of the research - 'Making Noise: children's voices for positive change after sexual abuse' - was determined with our Young People's Advisory Group, who have played a critical role throughout the work. It represents our efforts to not only generate new research knowledge, but to simultaneously demonstrate the capacity of children and young people to contribute to enhanced responses to these issues and the importance of challenging the cultures of silence in which abuse and impunity flourish. 3. The research comprised 53 in-depth qualitative interviews with children aged 6 to 19 who were receiving support for experiences of CSA in the family environment. All interviewees were accessed through one of 15 third-sector therapeutic services from across England. This data was supplemented with focus groups (30 participants) and survey data (75 respondents) with more generic cohorts of young people exploring possible barriers to disclosure and service access. 4. The research sought to respond to a recognised gap in evidence from the perspectives of children and young people affected by CSA in the family environment. To our knowledge this study represents data from the largest sample of children and young people in a qualitative study on this issue. 5. The research aims were to improve understanding of participants' experiences of: - recognition, identification and disclosure of CSA in the family environment - help-seeking and support - contact with services as a result of reporting/identification of CSA - care systems, and - criminal justice procedures and to ascertain children and young people's views on how such processes could be improved. Details: Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: University of Bedfordshire, 2017. 184p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 5, 2017 at: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/UniBed_MakingNoise%2020_4_17.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/UniBed_MakingNoise%2020_4_17.pdf Shelf Number: 145917 Keywords: Child Protection Child Sexual Abuse Child Sexual Exploitation Children and Violence Sexual Violence Victim Services Violence Against Women, Children |
Author: Sutherland, Georgina Title: News Media and the primary prevention of violence against women and their children: Emerging Evidence, Insights and Lessons Summary: The news media (referred to as media throughout this report) have been identified in numerous Australian state and national policy documents as a priority area for action on preventing violence against women, including in the Council of Australian Government's National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and their Children 2010-2022. The media features as a priority area in primary prevention because of its potential influence on public understanding of violence against women. News reports are a key factor in shaping community understanding because they report on current events and provide a framework for their interpretation. Who or what is selected to appear in the news and how those individuals and events are portrayed can have a profound influence on people's attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. Violence against women and its prevention are legitimate topics of public interest and research shows that media reporting on the issue in Australia is extensive. This research identified that while some aspects of reporting on violence against women in Australia are changing for the better, there remains much room for improvement. A key question is how to sustain positive shifts and foster further improvement. This emerging evidence paper aims to identify effective approaches or 'issues to consider' in engaging with, and building the capacity of the Australian media, to embed primary prevention as part of their work in reporting on violence against women. It is designed to inform and stimulate thinking about what future initiatives might look like if they are to be responsive to the current evidence-base, while being well suited to practical and policy considerations. Our synthesis of the key national and international scientific and grey literature, together with emerging evidence from research and evaluation projects, showed that approaches to engaging with media in primary prevention are more likely to be effective when they are evidenceinformed, developed collaboratively and involve multi-faceted, integrated and appropriately resourced strategies that consider the following key elements. Details: Melbourne: Our Watch, 2017. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Evidence Paper: Accessed August 28, 2017 at: https://www.ourwatch.org.au/getmedia/0c1126a1-4a75-4271-8fc4-81862ed20a86/Emerging-evidence-guide-media.pdf.aspx Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: https://www.ourwatch.org.au/getmedia/0c1126a1-4a75-4271-8fc4-81862ed20a86/Emerging-evidence-guide-media.pdf.aspx Shelf Number: 146922 Keywords: Gender-Based ViolenceMass MediaMedia and ViolenceViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: United Nations Children's Fund Title: Harmful Connections: Examining the relationship between violence against women and violence against children in the South Pacific Summary: Violence against women (VAW) is widely condemned as a fundamental violation of human rights and is recognized as a significant public health problem, causing enormous social harm and costs to national economies (WHO, 2013: 2). It is also widely acknowledged that such violence has an effect on children (Fulu, E et.al., 2013: 5). This report is a literature review that aims to develop a deeper understanding of what is known about the connection between violence against women and violence against children (VAC) in the South Pacific Island countries. It consolidates existing evidence from studies on the intersections between VAW and VAC and focuses specifically on Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Solomon Island, Tonga and Vanuatu. The review provided an opportunity to conduct a robust comparative analysis of the data at different levels including country-level analysis. For the purpose of this review, the term 'violence against women' means "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life" (UN, 1993). The review draws from definitions from the United Nations Secretary-General's Study on Violence against Children which is used as an overall framework for addressing VAC. The term 'child' refers to "every human being below the age of 18 years" and the term 'violence against children' refers to all forms of physical, mental violence, injury and abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment and exploitation, including sexual abuse as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against a child, by an individual or group, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity" (UNSG, 2006: 6) Details: Suva, Fiji: UNICEF Pacific, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 13, 2017 at: https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/Harmful_Connections(1).pdf Year: 2015 Country: Asia URL: https://www.unicef.org/pacificislands/Harmful_Connections(1).pdf Shelf Number: 148156 Keywords: Child Sexual AbuseChildren and ViolenceDhild Abuse and NeglectViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Our Watch Title: Counting on Change. A guide to prevention monitoring Summary: This Guide was developed to complement Change the story: A shared framework for the primary prevention of violence against women and their children in Australia. Change the story brings together international research, and nationwide experience, on what drives violence against women and what works to prevent it. It establishes a shared understanding of the evidence and principles of effective prevention, and presents a way forward for a coordinated national approach. Counting on change provides guidance on how to comprehensively measure progress towards the prevention of violence against women at the population-level. The Guide is a world-first in identifying indicators of change for the drivers and reinforcing factors of violence against women, and advising on available data sets and processes for gathering this information into a 'picture of progress'. Recent decades have seen significant work in terms of policies, initiatives, and campaigns to prevent violence against women and their children. These efforts are bearing fruit - there is growing and strong evidence around what works to prevent violence against women, drawn from local and international research. Evaluation of prevention work continues to build on this evidence base, and we've seen positive change among those reached by prevention programs. Details: Melbourne: Our Watch, 2017. 142p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 23, 2018 at: https://www.ourwatch.org.au/getmedia/0f7bc92f-a055-42df-8739-05d4d871ee17/OurWatch_GuideToMonitoring_AA.pdf.aspx Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: https://www.ourwatch.org.au/getmedia/0f7bc92f-a055-42df-8739-05d4d871ee17/OurWatch_GuideToMonitoring_AA.pdf.aspx Shelf Number: 148918 Keywords: Child Abuse and NeglectFamily ViolenceGender-Related ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceViolence Against Women, ChildrenViolence Prevention |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: In the Freezer: Abusive Conditions for Women and Children in US Immigration Holding Cells Summary: Migrant women and children detained along the US border with Mexico usually spend one to three nights, and sometimes longer, in frigid holding cells, sleeping on floors or concrete benches before immigration authorities transfer them to other detention facilities. These holding cells are so notorious for their uncomfortably low temperatures that migrants and border agents alike refer to them as hieleras ("freezers"). Women and children are usually not allowed to shower and often have no access to soap, meaning that they are not able to wash their hands with soap before and after eating or feeding infants, after using the toilet, and after changing diapers. Families are often separated while in immigration holding cells, a practice that harms women and children's mental well-being and may complicate their efforts to seek asylum. All immigration detainees have the right to be treated with dignity and humanity, and children, unaccompanied or with family members, are entitled to additional safeguards. Conditions in immigration holding cells do not meet these standards, and the shortcomings identified in this report in many respects match those that US courts have found to violate immigration authorities' obligations. To address these serious concerns, immigration holding cells should be used for very short periods of confinement only. Detention overnight in holding cells should be employed only when it is unavoidable, and never for children. Those who are held overnight should receive sleeping mats, blankets, hygiene materials, and access to showers. Temperatures in holding cells should be set at reasonable and comfortable levels. US immigration authorities should also avoid splitting up families. Instead, authorities should identify and implement alternatives to detention that keep families together. Details: New York; HRW, 2018. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 16, 2018 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/uscrd0218_web.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/uscrd0218_web.pdf Shelf Number: 149484 Keywords: Human Rights AbusesIllegal ImmigrantsImmigrant DetentionImmigration PolicyMigrantsViolence Against Women, Children |
Author: Orr, Elizabeth Title: Evidence to Action & Local Action as Evidence: Findings from the Building Safe Communities for Women and their Children Action Research Support Initiative. Summary: Domestic and family violence and sexual assault perpetrated against women and their children is prevalent, serious, and preventable. In Australia, approximately one in four (2.2 million) women has experienced some form of violence by an intimate partner since the age of 15, compared to one in 13 men. Approximately one in six women in Australia has been subjected to physical or sexual violence by a current or former partner (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2016). The social, health, and economic costs of violence against women and their children are huge. For women in Australia aged 18-44, intimate partner violence contributes more to their health burden than any other risk factor, including alcohol use, tobacco use, or high cholesterol (Webster, 2016). Preventing and stopping violence against women and their children is a national priority that requires whole-of-community action. The Australian government's Department of Social Services (DSS) provided one-off grants of up to $150,000 to community-based projects led by a range of organisations across Australia, as part of the Building Safe Communities for Women and their Children (BSCW) initiative. The BSCW grants program aimed to reduce violence against women and their children by supporting community-led projects that are responsive to the specific needs of the women, children, and families in those communities. The ANROWS Action Research Support Initiative supported the BSCW projects to reflect and document their learning and share them with ANROW to collate and synthesise the successes, challenges, gaps, and opportunities in working to build safe communities across Australia. This report provides an overview of the key findings from both the individual BSCW projects and the synthesised findings of the ANROWS Action Research Support Initiative. The intention of the report is to share findings in an accessible way that will encourage community-based practitioners and organisations to implement further local initiatives to address violence against women and their children. Details: Sydney: ANROWS, 2018. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 6, 2018 at: https://d2c0ikyv46o3b1.cloudfront.net/anrows.org.au/ANROWS%20Action%20Research%20Support%20Initiative%20Report.2.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://d2c0ikyv46o3b1.cloudfront.net/anrows.org.au/ANROWS%20Action%20Research%20Support%20Initiative%20Report.2.pdf Shelf Number: 149725 Keywords: Domestic ViolenceFamily ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceVictim ServicesViolence Against Women, ChildrenViolence Prevention |
Author: Swedo, Elizabeth A. Title: Prevalence of Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Persons Aged 13-24 Years -- Four Sub-Saharan African Countries, 2013-2015 Summary: Violence is a major public health and human rights concern, claiming over 1.3 million lives globally each year. Despite the scope of this problem, population-based data on physical and sexual violence perpetration are scarce, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. To better understand factors driving both children becoming victims of physical or sexual violence and subsequently (as adults) becoming perpetrators, CDC collaborated with four countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia) to conduct national household surveys of persons aged 13-24 years to measure experiences of violence victimization in childhood and subsequent perpetration of physical or sexual violence. Perpetration of physical or sexual violence was prevalent among both males and females, ranging among males from 29.5% in Nigeria to 51.5% in Malawi and among females from 15.3% in Zambia to 28.4% in Uganda. Experiencing physical, sexual, or emotional violence in childhood was the strongest predictor for perpetrating violence; a graded dose-response relationship emerged between the number of types of childhood violence experienced (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional) and perpetration of violence. Efforts to prevent violence victimization need to begin early, requiring investment in the prevention of childhood violence and interventions to mitigate the negative effects of violence experienced by children. From 2013 to 2015, CDC collaborated with Together for Girls and the governments of Malawi, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia to plan and implement Violence Against Children Surveys, which are nationally representative, multistage cluster surveys of adolescents and young adults aged 13-24 years. Surveys were administered via household, face-to-face interviews by host country interviewers trained by CDC and host country partners. Informed consent or assent was obtained for all participants. Multiple safeguards were incorporated into study protocols to protect the confidentiality and safety of participants, including provision of a list of available services for all participants and direct referral to social services for any victims requesting aid. Study protocols were approved by host country and CDC institutional review boards. This analysis examines lifetime perpetration of physical or sexual violence among persons of both sexes aged 1324 years. Physical violence perpetration included ever punching, kicking, whipping, beating, choking, smothering, threatening with a weapon, attempting to drown, or intentionally burning another person. Sexual violence perpetration included forcing nonconsensual sexual intercourse or any other sex acts on another person. In Nigeria, Uganda, and Zambia, sex was defined as vaginal/anal penetration by the penis, hands, fingers, mouth, or objects, or oral penetration by the penis. In Malawi, sex was defined as vaginal, oral, or anal sex or the insertion of an object into an anus or vagina. Prevalence of physical and sexual violence was stratified by perpetration against an intimate partner versus a nonpartner. Details: MMWR / April 19, 2019 / Vol. 68 / No. 15, 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 1, 2019 at: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/pdfs/mm6815a3-H.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Africa URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/pdfs/mm6815a3-H.pdf Shelf Number: 155593 Keywords: Sexual Violence Victimization Violence Against Women, ChildrenViolent Crime |