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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 1:41 am
Time: 1:41 am
Results for weather
6 results foundAuthor: Herrnstadt, Evan Title: Air Pollution and Criminal Activity: Evidence from Chicago Microdata Summary: A large and growing literature documents the adverse impacts of pollution on health, productivity, educational attainment and socioeconomic outcomes. This paper provides the first quasi-experimental evidence that air pollution causally affects criminal activity. We exploit detailed location data on over two million serious crimes reported to the Chicago police department over a twelve-year period. We identify the causal effect of pollution on criminal activity by comparing crime on opposite sides of major interstates on days when the wind blows orthogonally the direction of the interstate and find that violent crime is 2.2 percent higher on the downwind side. Consistent with evidence from psychology on the relationship between pollution and aggression, the effect is unique to violent crimes - we find no effect of pollution on the commission of property crime. Details: Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: NBER Working Paper 21787: Accessed January 13, 2016 at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21787.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.nber.org/papers/w21787.pdf Shelf Number: 137561 Keywords: Air PollutionViolent CrimeWeather |
Author: Flaxman, Seth R. Title: Correlates of Homicide: New space/time interaction tests for spatiotemporal point processes Summary: Statistical inference on spatiotemporal data often proceeds by focusing on the temporal aspect of the data, ignoring space, or the spatial aspect, ignoring time. In this paper, we explicitly focus on the interaction between space and time. Using a geocoded, time-stamped dataset from Chicago of almost 9 millions calls to 911 between 2007 and 2010, we ask whether any of these call types are associated with shootings or homicides. Standard correlation techniques do not produce meaningful results in the spatiotemporal setting because of two confounds: purely spatial effects (i.e. "bad" neighborhoods) and purely temporal effects (i.e. more crimes in the summer) could introduce spurious correlations. To address this issue, a handful of statistical tests for space-time interaction have been proposed, which explicitly control for separable spatial and temporal dependencies. Yet these classical tests each have limitations. We propose a new test for space-time interaction, using a Mercer kernel-based statistic for measuring the distance between probability distributions. We compare our new test to existing tests on simulated and real data, where it performs comparably to or better than the classical tests. For the application we consider, we find a number of interesting and significant space-time interactions between 911 call types and shootings/homicides Details: Pittsburgh, OH: Carnegie Mellon University, 2013. 23p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1402&context=heinzworks Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1402&context=heinzworks Shelf Number: 138511 Keywords: Gun-Related Violence Homicide Murders Neighborhoods and Crime Spatial Analysis Weather |
Author: Ashby, Matthew Title: Does a good cop really never get wet? The impact of weather on stop and frisk Summary: Description: The study of discretionary police activity has largely focused on the demographic characteristics (particularly ethnicity) of the parties involved. This study proposes a police action model that facilitates a more-holistic analysis of individual and situational influences on police actions. This model is used to generate hypotheses about the relationship between police stop and search/frisk and weather (temperature and precipitation) in London and New York City. After controlling for other situational factors (such as public holidays and special events) and for the frequency of street crime, increasing temperatures are associated with small increases in police stops, while precipitation (rain and snow) is associated with substantial decreases. These relationships disappear, however, when stops conducted indoors (e.g. in shopping malls) are modeled. This research suggests that analysis of discretionary police activity should consider the influence of the environment as well as other factors. Details: Unpublished paper, 2018. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2018 at: https://osf.io/rn9yj/ Year: 2018 Country: International URL: https://osf.io/rn9yj/ Shelf Number: 150882 Keywords: Police Decision Making Stop and Frisk Stop and Search Weather |
Author: Anttila-Hughes, Jesse K Title: Climate of Discontent: Weather, Typhoons, and Crime in the Philippines, 1990-2008 Summary: We combine nineteen years of regional Filipino crime data with climate data to test three distinct hypotheses regarding climate variability's influence on crime. Mirroring recent results in the climate and conflict literature, we find that high temperatures are nonlinearly associated with increases in the murder rate. Consistent with the literature suggesting a causal link between poverty and crime, we find that climate conditions associated with low crop yields increase rates of property crimes. Lastly, we find that tropical cyclones increase property crime rates the year following impact, consistent with prior evidence suggesting that cyclones' poverty effects are substantial but take time to emerge. Our findings demonstrate that climate variability can influence crime rates through multiple distinct economic and noneconomic channels in a middle-income country, and in particular support both the growing consensus that high temperatures increase rates of interpersonal violence as well as a causal interpretation of poverty's association with property crime. Details: San Francisco, CA: University of San Francisco, Department of Economics, 2015. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 21, 2018 at: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/ClimateOfDiscontentWeatherTyphoons_preview.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Philippines URL: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/ClimateOfDiscontentWeatherTyphoons_preview.pdf Shelf Number: 153336 Keywords: Climate Change Climate Influence on Crime Climate Variability Crime Rates Interpersonal Violence Philippines Poverty and Crime Property Crime Tropical Cyclones Typhoons Weather |
Author: Blanc, Julian J. Title: Weather Shocks, Crime, and Agriculture: Evidence from India Summary: Abstract We use detailed crime, agriculture, and weather data from India during the years 1971-2000 to conduct a systematic analysis of the relationship between weather shocks and multiple categories of crime. We find that drought and heat exert a strong impact on virtually all types of crimes, that the impact on property crimes is larger than for violent crimes, and that this relationship has been relatively stable over three decades of economic development. We then use seasonal and geographical disaggregations of weather and agricultural cultivation to examine the prevailing hypothesis that agricultural income shocks drive the weather-crime relationship in developing countries. The patterns we find are consistent with this hypothesis in the case of rainfall shocks, but suggest other mechanisms may play a more important role in driving the heat-crime relationship, consistent with evidence from industrialized countries. Details: New York, NY: New York University, 2014. 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 14, 2019 at: http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2017/04/18/jhr.53.3.0715-7234R1.abstract Year: 2014 Country: India URL: http://sites.bu.edu/neudc/files/2014/10/paper_344.pdf Shelf Number: 154230 Keywords: Agricultural Cultivation Agriculture Crime Developing Countries Drought Heat India Property Crime Violent Crime Weather |
Author: Annan-Phan, Sebastien Title: Hot Temperatures, Aggression, and Death at the Hands of the Police: Evidence from the U.S. Summary: We study the effect of temperature on police-involved civilian deaths in the U.S. from 2000 to 2016. We show that violent crimes and assaulted or killed officers increase with warmer days (17 Degrees C and more), indicating an increased risk of personal harm on such days. Despite the higher threat level, temperatures have a precise null impact on the number of deaths via firearms, suggesting officers exercise judgment over their use of firearms independently of threat level. However, deaths from Tasers significantly increase during 'extremely warm' days (32 Degrees Celsius and more), indicating a need to reevaluate Taser-use policies to prevent unintended deaths. Details: S.L.: 2019. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2019 at: https://www.dropbox.com/s/vtokad56yf0uuag/Annan-Phan%20and%20Ba%20%282019%29.pdf?dl=0 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.dropbox.com/s/vtokad56yf0uuag/Annan-Phan%20and%20Ba%20%282019%29.pdf?dl=0 Shelf Number: 155251 Keywords: Deaths by FirearmsDeaths by TasersFirearms Related DeathsOfficer Involved FatalitiesOfficer Involved ShootingsTasersViolent CrimesWeather |