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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 2:41 am
Time: 2:41 am
Results for xenophobia
6 results foundAuthor: FRA – European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Title: Making Hate Crime Visible in the European Union: Acknowledging Victims' Rights Summary: Violence and crimes motivated by racism, xenophobia, religious intolerance or by a person’s disability, sexual orientation or gender identity – often referred to as ‘hate crime’ – are a daily reality throughout the European Union (EU), as data collected by the FRA consistently shows. Such crimes not only harm the victim, they are also generally prejudicial to fundamental rights, namely to human dignity and with respect to non-discrimination. Victims and witnesses of hate crimes are reluctant to report them, whether to law enforcement agencies, the criminal justice system, non-governmental organisations or victim support groups. As a result, victims of crime are often unable or unwilling to seek redress against perpetrators, with many crimes remaining unreported, unprosecuted and, therefore, invisible. In such cases, the rights of victims of crime may not be fully respected or protected and EU Member States may not be upholding the obligations they have towards victims of crime. The EU and its Member States can combat hate crime and address the related fundamental rights violations by making them both more visible and holding perpetrators accountable. This entails encouraging victims and witnesses to report crimes and incidents, while increasing their confidence in the ability of the criminal justice system to deal with this type of criminality decisively and effectively. Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 1, 2012 at: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2012_hate-crime.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2012_hate-crime.pdf Shelf Number: 127087 Keywords: Bias-Motivated CrimesHate Crimes (Europe)RacismReligious IntoleranceXenophobia |
Author: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Title: Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the Member States of the EU Summary: On 1 March 2007, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) came into being, following the extension of the mandate of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC). This makes the current report a ‘transitional’ report, in that it has been produced on the basis of the EUMC’s legal base and mandate, but it is being published by the FRA. Whilst the equivalent reports in previous years were ‘EUMC Annual Reports’, this report does not have the title of FRA Annual Report. The first FRA Annual Report will be published in June 2008. The current report covers the area of racism and xenophobia in the EU for the year 2006. The operation of the Racial Equality Directive provides an important context for much of this report. Last year’s EUMC Annual Report focused on the stages of transposition of the Racial Equality Directive in the EU Member States. The current report looks at the implementation of the directive and the initial evidence on how the legislation is applied by courts and tribunals, as well as how the specialised bodies are using their powers. Whilst there was much progress in implementing the Racial Equality Directive in most Member States, there was wide variation in the degree to which sanctions had been applied or compensation awarded in cases of ethnic discrimination during 2006. In around half of the Member States, even with laws and procedures in place, there were no indications of any sanctions being applied. The very low level of complaints in some countries during 2006 suggests a rather low awareness of the existence of the specialised bodies. It seems, therefore, that some Member States need to do more in the way of publicity and campaigns targeting potential victims of discrimination in order to raise awareness of the specialised bodies and their powers. Furthermore, not all specialised bodies disclose the grounds of discrimination for individual complaints, which makes it impossible to ascertain how many cases of ethnic discrimination were processed by the legal system during the year. This weakness relates to a broader message of this report, namely that for discrimination to be recognised and tackled there need to be systems in place for producing relevant and accurate data. This should include data on the circumstances of those groups who are potential victims of discrimination, in all the thematic areas of education, employment and housing, as well as on incidents of racist violence and crime. This is important for a number of reasons, not least because of the need for evidence-based policies to combat discrimination and racist crimes. For example, whilst there is evidence in this year’s report of some innovative positive action practices against discrimination in employment, such positive action is difficult to introduce and apply without accurate equality data on the employment circumstances of those groups who are the targets of such policies. Meanwhile, in the context of the continuing gaps in our knowledge resulting from of the patchiness of equality data, this report demonstrates examples in many Member States where research investigations have had the important function of identifying and bringing to public attention incidents and processes of racism and discrimination in the fields of employment, housing and education. This year, the information and data collection activities for this report involved 27 National Focal Points (NFPs), not 25, including for the first time Bulgaria and Romania, who became full members of the European Union on 1 January 2007. As with previous Annual Reports from the EUMC, this report covers in turn the thematic areas of legal issues, employment, housing, education, and racist violence and crime. In addition, for a second year, there is a final chapter covering developments and policies at the EU level in combating racism and xenophobia. Details: Vienna: FRA, 2007. 172p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 23, 2013 at: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/11-ar07p2_en.pdf Year: 2007 Country: Europe URL: http://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/11-ar07p2_en.pdf Shelf Number: 107709 Keywords: Bias CrimesHate Crimes (Europe)RacismXenophobia |
Author: Sentencing Project Title: Report of The Sentencing Project to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance Regarding Racial Disparities in the United States Criminal Justice System Summary: The United States criminal justice system is the largest in the world. At yearend 2015, over 6.7 million individuals1) were under some form of correctional control in the United States, including 2.2 million incarcerated in federal, state, or local prisons and jails.2) The U.S. is a world leader in its rate of incarceration, dwarfing the rate of nearly every other nation.3) Such broad statistics mask the racial disparity that pervades the U.S. criminal justice system, and for African Americans in particular. African Americans are more likely than white Americans to be arrested; once arrested, they are more likely to be convicted; and once convicted, and they are more likely to experience lengthy prison sentences. African-American adults are 5.9 times as likely to be incarcerated than whites and Hispanics are 3.1 times as likely.4) As of 2001, one of every three black boys born in that year could expect to go to prison in his lifetime, as could one of every six Latinos-compared to one of every seventeen white boys.5) Racial and ethnic disparities among women are less substantial than among men but remain prevalent.6) The source of such disparities is deeper and more systemic than explicit racial discrimination. The United States in effect operates two distinct criminal justice systems: one for wealthy people and another for poor people and people of color. The wealthy can access a vigorous adversary system replete with constitutional protections for defendants. Yet the experiences of poor and minority defendants within the criminal justice system often differ substantially from that model due to a number of factors, each of which contributes to the over-representation of such individuals in the system. As former Georgetown Law Professor David Cole states in his book No Equal Justice, These double standards are not, of course, explicit; on the face of it, the criminal law is color-blind and class-blind. But in a sense, this only makes the problem worse. The rhetoric of the criminal justice system sends the message that our society carefully protects everyone's constitutional rights, but in practice the rules assure that law enforcement prerogatives will generally prevail over the rights of minorities and the poor. By affording criminal suspects substantial constitutional rights in theory, the Supreme Court validates the results of the criminal justice system as fair. That formal fairness obscures the systemic concerns that ought to be raised by the fact that the prison population is overwhelmingly poor and disproportionately black.7) By creating and perpetuating policies that allow such racial disparities to exist in its criminal justice system, the United States is in violation of its obligations under Article 2 and Article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to ensure that all its residents-regardless of race-are treated equally under the law. The Sentencing Project notes that the United Nations Special Rapporteur is working to consult with U.S. civil society organizations on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, and related intolerance. We welcome this opportunity to provide the UN Special Rapporteur with an accurate assessment of racial disparity in the U.S. criminal justice system. This report chronicles the racial disparity that permeates every stage of the United States criminal justice system, from arrest to trial to sentencing to post prison experiences. In particular, the report highlights research findings that address rates of racial disparity and their underlying causes throughout the criminal justice system. The report concludes by offering recommendations on ways that federal, state, and local officials in the United States can work to eliminate racial disparity in the criminal justice system and uphold its obligations under the Covenant. Details: Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project, 2018. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 11, 2018 at: https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ Shelf Number: 150156 Keywords: DiscriminationHuman RightsRacial DisparitiesRacismXenophobia |
Author: Orlanski, Olga Title: The Determinants of Islamophobia - An Empirical Analysis of the Swiss Minaret Referendum Summary: We analyze the determinants of Islamophobia using the only nation-wide anti-Islam referendum ever, which was held in Switzerland in 2009 and led to the prohibition of minarets. We find economic, environmental, and cultural factors as well as the presence of Muslims to determine voting behavior. Approval rates for the bill rise with unemployment and decrease with education, income, and the attractiveness of the location. Approval is higher in rural areas, in municipalities with a higher share of men, and in the Italian and German speaking parts of Switzerland. It is higher in municipalities with a higher share of Muslims, which strongly supports the 'religious threat' hypothesis. We compare the voting behavior in the minaret referendum with the referendum "for democratic naturalizations", held in 2008, in order to disentangle determinants of Islamophobia from those of xenophobia. We show that our results are robust to the estimation with ecological inference. Details: Munich, Germany: Munich Society for the Promotion of Economic Research, CESIFO Working Paper, 2018. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2019 at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_6741.html Year: 2017 Country: International URL: http://www.vwl-iwipol.uni-freiburg.de/iwipol/discussion_papers/DP35_Determinants_Of_Islamophobia.pdf Shelf Number: 155981 Keywords: Islamophobia Referendum Religious Threat Terrorism Xenophobia |
Author: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) Title: Experiences and Perceptions of AntiSemitism: Second Survey on Discrimination and Hate Crime Against Jews in the EU Summary: The European Union (EU) and its Member States are required by law to do everything in their power to combat antisemitism effectively and to safeguard the dignity of Jewish people. Yet more than 70 years after the Holocaust, Jews across the EU continue to experience antisemitism in the form of vandalism, insults, threats, attacks and even murder. The persistence and prevalence of antisemitism hinders people's ability to live openly Jewish lives, free from fears for their security and well-being, as the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights' (FRA) 2012 and 2018 large-scale surveys on discrimination and hate crime against Jews in the EU show. The fight against antisemitism needs to be underpinned by robust and reliable data that can show to which extent EU Member States meet their obligations under EU law in that regard, mainly the Framework Decision on Racism and Xenophobia, the Racial Equality Directive and the Employment Equality Directive. (For more information on the relevant legal framework, see Annex 3). Such data are, however, seldom available, as evidence collected annually by FRA shows. As a result, the EU and its Member States can often only make decisions to counter antisemitism on the basis of patchy evidence. The present report addresses this shortcoming by presenting information about experiences with antisemitism made by people in the EU who identify themselves as Jewish, based on data extracted from FRA's second survey on antisemitism. By repeating the survey, FRA's research can help the EU and its Member States assess the effectiveness of measures they have taken to combat and prevent antisemitism. The findings presented in this report thereby provide policy makers with evidence they can draw on to refine existing or devise new courses of action to prevent and counter antisemitism. The findings are also relevant to civil society organisations concerned with ensuring the security of Jewish communities or with preventing and fighting antisemitism, as well as those working towards supporting fair and just societies. Details: Vienna, Austria: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2018. 86p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 4, 2019 at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2018/2nd-survey-discrimination-hate-crime-against-jews Year: 2018 Country: Europe URL: https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2018-experiences-and-perceptions-of-antisemitism-survey_en.pdf Shelf Number: 156160 Keywords: Antisemitism Discrimination Europe Hate Crimes Human Rights Racism Xenophobia |
Author: Goodwin, Alexandra Title: Bankrolling Hate: How Wall Street Supports Racist Politicians and Enables White Supremacy Summary: White supremacy and white nationalism are ascendant in the Trump era, and many elected officials and candidates running for office have been emboldened to rip the mask of politeness off their racist, xenophobic, sexist, and homophobic ideologies. The finance industry is aiding and abetting the rise of violent white supremacy and nationalism by donating to the congressional campaigns of candidates who have expressed viciously racist, xenophobic, sexist, and homophobic views. Lobbying Groups Like the American Bankers Association Carry Water for Big Banks. The financial sector - classified by the U.S. Census Bureau as finance, insurance, and real estate, or FIRE - is the largest donor to federal parties and candidates. Wall Street banks, like JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, and Bank of America, make their own donations but also rely on trade and lobbying groups, such as the American Bankers Association (ABA) and the American Financial Services Association (AFSA), to carry water for them. Details: S.L.: ACRE Action Center on Race and the Economy, 2019. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 10, 2019 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58d8a1bb3a041137d463d64f/t/5c92d71ee4966bb6d55046e5/1553127208573/Bankrolling+Hate+-+Mar+2019.pdf Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.acrecampaigns.org/bankrollingracism Shelf Number: 156335 Keywords: Hate Crimes Homophobia Racism Sexism Wall Street White Nationalism White Supremacy Xenophobia |