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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 10:25 pm
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Results for youth
9 results foundAuthor: Gupte, Jaideep Title: Understanding 'Urban Youth' and the Challenges they Face in Sub-Saharan Africa: Unemployment, Food Insecurity and Violent Crime Summary: Much of Africa is urbanising fast and its young population is projected to constitute the largest labour force in the world. While urbanisation can be linked closely with economic development, we also know that it is the least developed countries that have younger populations than the rest of the world. This duality implies that understanding the nature of risks and vulnerabilities faced by urban youth, how they are impacted by them, as well as how they respond to and may be resilient against them, continue to be important questions for furthering development in sub-Saharan Africa. A key conceptual debate surrounds how the category of 'youth' is understood, as several definitions of the term exist, ranging from age bands to social or cultural framings. In this paper we look to review how the various definitions of 'youth' relate to three dominant discourses about poverty and vulnerability in urbanising Africa: (1) food insecurity; (2) unemployment/joblessness; and (3) violence/insecurity. By doing so, we seek to identify if and when these are responsive to youth needs and practical in terms of policy efforts aiming to reduce poverty and vulnerability in urban areas. Details: Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2014. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: IDS Evidence Report no. 81: Accessed July 3, 2014 at: http://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/4122/ER81%20Understanding%20‘Urban%20Youth’%20and%20the%20Challenges%20they%20face%20in%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa%20Unemployment,%20Food%20Insecurity%20and%20Violent%20Crime.pdf;jsessionid=04480EA1517A659737664826FCEF0713?sequence=1 Year: 2014 Country: Africa URL: Shelf Number: 132615 Keywords: Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenilesPovertyUrban AreasYouthYouth Violence |
Author: Correa-Cabrera, Guadalupe Title: Crimen, Corrupcion y perdida del Monopolio de la Violencia en Honduras: Reflexiones y Apuntes de Viaje a San Pedro Sula, Choloma, El Progreso y la Ceiba (Crime, Corruption and loss of the Monopoly of Violence in Honduras: Reflections and Travel Notes to S Summary: During the period from May 21 to 30, 2017, I traveled with my colleague Eric Olson, associate director of the Latin American Program of the Woodrow Wilson Center, to the cities of San Pedro Sula, Choloma, El Progreso and La Ceiba to document the situation of violence and insecurity in these regions; analyze the operation of gangs and gangs, as well as their links to other criminal groups -including common crime and transnational organized crime; and evaluate the progress made in reducing violence by the authorities, as well as the role of civil society. For this, it was necessary to carry out an evaluation of the political, socioeconomic and general security situation in the country. Some of the cities visited are among the most violent, not only of Honduras, but of the entire Western Hemisphere. The high rates of homicide, extortion, drug trafficking and the control of a large part of the territory by the maras and gangs greatly hamper the harmonious development of the communities and constitute the main causes of internal forced displacement and the strong emigration towards other countries, especially the United States of America. As part of the visit, interviews were conducted with children, adolescents and young people at risk due to the presence of gangs and organized crime, government authorities and civil society organizations. We talked with members of the National Police; representatives of the judiciary; business leaders; volunteers and coordinators of community projects to prevent and eradicate violence; academics and specialists in issues of violence, security and organized crime; personnel working in prisons and individuals "deprived of liberty"; as well as with citizens who live and work in the aforementioned communities and who experience day by day the effects of insecurity, corruption, the absence of the rule of law and the concentration of public power. We visited two of the most violent regions of Honduras-and of our continent-located in the department of Cortés: Choloma and the Rivera Hernández sector in San Pedro Sula. Finally, a visit was made to the interior of the two penal centers of La Ceiba: the penal center in the English Quarter (for minor offenses) and the Penal Farm of El Porvenir. This report includes some reflections on the topics of our interest and is divided into two parts. The first part maintains a focus on children and youth, as well as efforts to prevent and reduce violence in high risk regions or strong presence of gangs and gangs. The second part analyzes fundamentally the issues of drug trafficking, corruption, the loss of the monopoly of the legitimate use of violence and life in prisons. Both sections are developed in areas of high levels of insecurity, control of large territories by gangs and gangs, drug trafficking and lack of the rule of law. In the final part of the document the issues of migration, drugs and loss of control by the State are addressed, and finally a reflection is made on the problem that seems to be the main one in Honduras: the high levels of corruption in different areas of life in this country. Details: Washington, DC: Wilson Center, 2017. 16p. Source: Internet Resource (in Spanish): Accessed January 17, 2019 at: http://honduras-forum.ch/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/1706_informe_honduras_correa-cabrera_final.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Honduras URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/crimen-corrupcion-y-perdida-del-monopolio-de-la-violencia-en-honduras Shelf Number: 154210 Keywords: At-Risk Youth Central America Children Corruption Criminal Groups Drug Trafficking Extortion Gangs Homicide Honduras Insecurity Juveniles Transnational Organized Crime Violence Youth |
Author: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Office of Research Title: 2016 Juvenile Justice Outcome Evaluation Report: Examination of Youth Released from the Division of Juvenile Justice in Fiscal Year 2011-12 Summary: Executive Summary As a division of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR), the Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) provides education and treatment to California’s most serious and violent youthful offenders and juveniles sex offenders with the most intense treatment needs. Today in California, most juvenile offenders are committed to county‐level facilities in their home communities where they can be closer to their families and community‐based treatment services that are vital to rehabilitation. As such, DJJ’s population has diminished in size and has become more serious with respect to their offense histories. Currently, DJJ’s population represents less than one percent of the estimated 86,823 youth arrested in California each year. The CDCR 2016 Juvenile Justice Outcome Evaluation Report presents the rate of recidivism of youth discharged from DJJ during Fiscal Year (FY) 2011‐12. This report employs multiple recidivism measures including rates for a return to DJJ, a return to the Division of Adult Institutions (DAI), or a return to either DJJ or DAI (i.e., any state‐level correctional institution) for a three‐year follow‐up period. Recidivism is also measured by tracking arrests and convictions (in California only) of the release cohort for the three‐ year follow‐up period. In FY 2011‐12, a total of 675 youth were released from DJJ and tracked for three years following the date of their release. As shown in Figure A, 37.3 percent of the release cohort (252 youth) were returned to state‐level incarceration (returned to DJJ or returned to DAI, combined) within three years of their release. The three‐year return to DJJ rate is 13.8 percent (93 youth) and the three‐ year return to DAI rate is 30.5 percent (206 youth). Of the 675 youth released in FY 2011‐12, 74.2 percent (501 youth) were arrested and 53.8 percent (363 youth) were convicted. In 2007, Senate Bill (SB) 81 was passed and continued the fundamental shift of keeping lower‐level juvenile offenders close to home so they could be near local treatment services and receive support from their families and the community at large. Only youth whose most recent sustained offense was listed under the Welfare and Institutions Code (W&IC) 707(b), violent offenses, or an offense listed in Penal Code (PC) 290.008, sex offenses, (henceforth, “707(b)/290”) are eligible for commitment to DJJ. In addition, this legislation required that remaining non‐707(b) offenders be returned to the county of commitment upon release for community supervision, rather than DJJ parole. Due to the fundamental shift in the types of youth eligible for commitment to DJJ with the passage of SB 81, this report provides rates for the 619 released 707(b)/290 youth, as well as the 56 released non‐707(b)/290 youth. The rates for the 619 released 707(b)/290 youth were higher across all five measures of recidivism than non‐ 707(b)/290 youth. In addition to the overall rates, rates for the five measures of recidivism by youth demographics (e.g. race, gender, and age) and youth characteristics (e.g. commitment offense category, commitment offense and juvenile offender type) are also provided in this report. As discussed in the following sections, this report employs a different methodology than previous reports, therefore, the rates of recidivism presented in this report may be used as a baseline rate for future analyses conducted by the Department, however, direct comparisons between the rates presented in this report and previous reports cannot be made. In keeping with the CDCR’s goal of developing a comprehensive system of program evaluation, these recidivism rates may be used to monitor DJJ’s population over time, investigate the relationship between youth’s risk to recidivate, and to evaluate the effectiveness of DJJ programs, policies, and procedures. This report employs a different methodology than previous analyses of DJJ youth. While direct comparisons between past reports and the rates in this report should not be made, the recidivism rates presented in the following sections of this report may serve as baseline rates for future analyses conducted by the CDCR and in order to monitor changes in youth’s risk to recidivate over time. In February 2016, the class‐action lawsuit known as Farrell v Kernan was terminated after DJJ fully implemented sweeping reforms to the juvenile system. Among the many reforms was the implementation of the Integrated Behavior Treatment Model (IBTM), a comprehensive approach to assessing, understanding, and treating youth. The IBTM is intended to reduce institutional violence and the risk of future criminal behavior by working with youth to prioritize and achieve goals for successful community living. The DJJ adopted the IBTM as the foundation for developing and implementing the education, mental health, and treatment model for committed youth. The IBTM provides collaborative services and evidence‐based interventions and programs that develop youths’ skills for success. The data presented in this report pre‐dates some of the important reforms that took place near the conclusion of the lawsuit; therefore, more time is needed to fully understand the long‐term impacts of DJJ programs on recidivism. Details: Sacramento, California: California Department of Corrections, 2017. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 17, 2019 at: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/docs/2016-Division-of-Juvenile-Justice-Outcome-Evaluation-Report-2-21-2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Juvenile_Justice/Research_and_Statistics/index.html Shelf Number: 154202 Keywords: California California Department of Corrections and RehabilitCounty-Level Integrated Behavior Treatment Model Juvenile Justice Juvenile Offenders Recidivism Rehabilitation Youth |
Author: Galloway, Susan Title: The Right to Recover: Therapeutic Services for Children and Young People Following Sexual Abuse Summary: Introduction This report looks at what currently happens for children who have already been sexually abused to help them overcome the problems arising from it, and to prevent them from suffering long term harm. It reports the findings of research which aimed to investigate first, how the emotional needs of children and young people are assessed following disclosure or discovery of sexual abuse, and second, the availability of services when children need help to recover. Its focus is on the West of Scotland, an area which includes 17 local authorities and contains 51% of the Scottish child population aged 18 years and under. A mapping exercise and survey of services was undertaken, together with facilitated discussion groups with professionals including social workers, police officers, child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) practitioners, pediatricians and other health professionals, all conducted during summer and autumn 2016. Included in the study are all services which offer ongoing face to face therapeutic support or intervention to children and/or young people who have experienced sexual abuse. This includes services for children up to and including the age of 18, who: - have experienced any form of sexual abuse, including child sexual exploitation; - have been identified as at risk of sexual abuse/ exploitation; - have displayed sexually worrying or harmful behaviour. This includes both 'specialist' services, those which have developed a specialism in sexual abuse, and which devote either all, or a substantial proportion, of their time to this; and 'generalist' services, those which help children with a range of difficulties and adversities, and where recovery from sexual abuse is a part of what they do, and may not necessarily involve a substantial proportion of their time. Details: London, UK: NSPCC, 2017. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 20, 2019 at: https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/research-resources/2017/right-to-recover-sexual-abuse-west-scotland/ Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/media/1128/right-to-recover-sexual-abuse-west-scotland.pdf Shelf Number: 154258 Keywords: Child Abuse Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Child Sexual Assault Child Sexual Exploitation Children Scotland Sexual Abuse Sexual Assault Youth |
Author: City of Salinas Title: City of Salinas: California Gang Reduction, Intervention and Prevention (CalGRIP) Grant Program: Final Local Evaluation Report Summary: The City of Salinas implemented five prevention and intervention projects for at-risk and drug- or crime-involved youth and young adults under its CalGRIP program from 2015 through 2017. They range from a Saturday Teen Night Program held at local recreation centers to provide a safe and nurturing space for at-risk teens to a peer intervention program based in a hospital trauma center to serve the victims of violent crime. These projects and their impact on youth, families, and the community are summarized in this report. Details: City of Salinas, California: 2018. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 8, 2019 at: http://www.bscc.ca.gov/downloads/Salinas%20CalGRIP%20Final%20Evaluation%20Report.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://www.bscc.ca.gov/downloads/Salinas%20CalGRIP%20Final%20Evaluation%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 154300 Keywords: At-Risk Teens At-Risk Youth CalGRIP California City of Salinas Intervention Project Juvenile Delinquents Juveniles Victim Assistance Youth |
Author: Walker, Samantha Title: Are First-Time Young Offenders being Recorded for Serious Crimes than in the Past? Summary: Over recent years the Victorian community has expressed concern about young offenders, especially those who commit violent or serious crimes such as assault, motor vehicle theft, robbery or burglary. This issue has also been the subject of media coverage, which has suggested police are recording more first-time young offenders for serious crimes than in the past. This analysis examines the offences recorded by police for alleged young offenders aged between 10 and 17 years old on the first day they were ever recorded for offences, where that day was between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2016. This sample included 23,973 unique alleged first-time young offenders. Kendall's rank order correlations were used to determine if any changes observed over time were statistically significant. The number of alleged first-time young offenders fell from 5,654 in 2012 to 4,414 in 2016, an average decrease of 5.8% per year. Their average age at the time of their first recorded offending day was stable across the five years at approximately 15 years old. Details: Melbourne, Australia: Crime Statistics Agency, 2017. 2p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2019 at: https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/research-and-evaluation/publications/youth-crime/are-more-first-time-young-offenders-being-recorded Year: 2017 Country: Australia URL: https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/embridge_cache/emshare/original/public/2017/07/bd/04913bb09/In%20Fact%20No.%206.%20Are%20more%20first-time%20young%20offenders%20being%20recorded%20for%20serious%20cr Shelf Number: 154355 Keywords: At-Risk Youth Australia Juvenile Delinquents Juveniles Serious Crimes Youth |
Author: Chen, Jondou Chase Title: No Crime Left Behind: Exposure to Neighborhood Violence and School Performance in New York City Summary: Educational policy has increasingly focused on holding teachers and schools accountable for student performance. Yet popular and academic writers have long connected exposure to neighborhood violence to poor student performance. Newly available datasets, statistical methods and computer technology allow for greater power and additional control in analyzing this relation. Using school and neighborhood data (N = 792,374 students from 1,240 school neighborhoods) from New York City between 2006 and 2010, multilevel models were used to test whether exposure to violence in the school neighborhood (the number of police-reported felony assaults, homicides, rapes and robberies) predicts student performance (scaled scores on annual English and math tests). Violent crime is significantly associated with negative students outcomes controlling for a host of student and school neighborhood level variables including poverty and prior violent crime. Effect sizes were larger when predicting math outcomes than English, and for students in middle school as opposed to elementary school. These findings suggest that educational policymakers must distinguish exposure to violence from teacher and school effects and that neighborhood violence must be addressed by stakeholders of child development whether in schools or in society at large. Details: New York: Columbia University, 2013. 93p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation accessed May 21, 2019 at: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8BV7PPN Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8BV7PPN Shelf Number: 155949 Keywords: Juvenile Offenders New York City Schools Student Performance Violence Violence in Schools Youth |
Author: McMullen, Judith G. Title: Invisible Stripes: The Problem of Youth Criminal Records Summary: It is common knowledge in American society that persons who have criminal records will have a more difficult path to obtaining legitimate employment. Similarly, conventional wisdom acknowledges the unfortunate fact that young people, on average, are more prone to engage in risky, impulsive, and other ill-advised behavior that might result in brushes with law enforcement authorities. This article addresses the difficult situation faced by people whose now disabling criminal records were attained while they were under the age of 21. Not only do such individuals face stigma and possible discrimination from potential employers, the efforts of today's young people to "go straight" are hampered by nearly unlimited online access to records of even the briefest of encounters with law enforcement, even if those encounters did not result in conviction. This article examines the broad scope and troubling effects of the intersection between policies attempting to "reform" youthful offenders, and policies giving any curious citizen access to records about a person's youthful indiscretions, no matter how minor. The article concludes that current practices are inconsistent with what we know about the development of young people, are inconsistent with developing U.S. Supreme Court jurisdiction, and are undermining the social goal of rehabilitating youthful offenders, and suggests that we need to restrict access to and use of information about contacts that offenders under the age of 21 have had with the criminal justice system. Details: Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Marquette Law School, 2018. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 10, 2019 at: https://gould.usc.edu/students/journals/rlsj/issues/assets/docs/volume27/Winter2018/1.McMullen.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ccresourcecenter.org/2019/06/08/invisible-stripes-the-problem-of-youth-criminal-records/ Shelf Number: 156351 Keywords: At-Risk Youth Criminal History Criminal Records Juvenile Justice Juvenile Offenders Youth |
Author: Blume, John H. Title: Death by Numbers: Why Evolving Standards Compel Extending Roper's Categorical Ban against Executing Juveniles from 18 to 21 Summary: Nearly fifteen years ago, the Supreme Court held in Roper v. Simmons that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the execution of people who were under 18 at the time of their offenses. The Court justified the line it drew based on legislative enactments, jury verdicts, and neuroscience. In the intervening years, however, much has changed in juvenile sentencing jurisprudence, the legal treatment of young people, and neuroscience. These changes beg the question: Why 18? Is the bright-line rule that the Court announced in Roper still constitutionally valid or do the changes since 2005 now point to a new cutoff at 21? To answer those questions, this Article considers post-Roper developments in the relevant domains to make the case that the 18-year-old constitutional line should be extended to age 21. It does so by applying the Supreme Court's evolving-standards-of-decency methodology. Specifically, the Article examines all death sentences and executions imposed in the United States post-Roper and looks at the current state of neuroscientific research that the Court found compelling when it decided Roper. Two predominant trends emerge. First, there is a national consensus against executing people under 21. This consensus comports with what new developments in neuroscience have made clear: people under 21 have brains that look and behave like the brains of younger teenagers, not like adult brains. Second, young people of color are disproportionately sentenced to die - even more so than adult capital defendants. The role of race is amplified when the victim is white. These trends confirm that the logic that compelled the Court to ban executions of people under 18 extends to people under 21. Details: S.L.: Texas Law Review, 2019. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 17, 2019 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3341438 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3341438 Shelf Number: 156433 Keywords: Adolescence Capital Punishment Death Penalty Juvenile Justice Racism Sentencing Youth |