PAGENO="0001" TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS OF TilE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ~7C&O 2~'~ HEARINGS BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FOURTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION APRIL 1 AND 7, 1976 Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Small Business U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 72-434 0 WASHINGTON : 1976 ~L~JJ 357? PAGENO="0002" SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS [Created pursuant to S. Res. 58, 81st Cong.] GAYLORD NELSON, Wisconsin, Chairman JOHN SPARKMAN, Alabama JACOB K. JAVITS, New York THOMAS J. McINTYRE, New Hampshire J. GLENN BEALL, Jn~, Maryland SAM NUNN, Georgia BILL BROCK, Tennessee J. BENNETT JOHNSTON, Louisiana LOWELL P. WEICKER, JR., Connecticut WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Maine DEWEY F. BARTLETT, Oklahoma JAMES ABOUREZK, South Dakota PAUL LAXALT, Nevada FLOYD K. HASKELL, Colorado BOB PACKWOOD, Oregon WALTER F. MONDALE, Minnesota JOHN C. CULVER, Iowa WILLIAM B. CHERKASKY, Executive Director KAY KLATT, Professional Staff Member JtJDAH C. SOMMER, Minority Counsel (II) PAGENO="0003" CONTENTS Statement of- Babione, Dale R., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Procurement, Office of Assistant Secretary, Department of Defense, accompanied by Leonard Weisberg, Assistant Director of Electronics and Physical Sciences in the Office of Director of Defense Research and Engineer- Page ing; and Stanley Tesko, Deputy Director, Small Business Office~~-- 175 Bay, Dr. John W., Dean, School of Business and Economics, Uni- versity of Maine, Portland, Maine 15 Cardon, Dr. Samuel Z., President, American Association of Small Research Companies, and Secretary-Treasurer, General Technical Services, Inc., Upper Darby, Pa 75 Commins, James A., President, JACA Corp., Fort Washington, ~ 54 Eggers, Dr. Alfred J., Jr., Assistant Director for Research Applica- tions, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., accom- panied by William Wetmore, Director of the Division of Inter- governmental Science and Technology; and Roland Tibbets, Special Assistant for Small Business Affairs 460 Kobelinski, Hon. Mitchell P., Administrator, Small Business Adminis- tration; accompanied by Henry Warren, Assistant Administrator for Management Assistance; and Harold Fletcher, Associate Ad- ministrator for Procurement Assistance 135 McGillicuddy, Thomas A., District Director, Small Business Adminis- tration, Augusta, Maine 2 O'Rourke, Walter P., Chairman, National SCORE Council Legisla- tive Committee, accompanied by Julius Davidson, Member, Na- tional SCORE Council Legislative Committee; and Stuart C. Ferris, Chairman, Penobscot SCORE Chapter No. 244, Camden, Maine Smith, Farwell, Director, Office of Industry, State and Local Rela- tions, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration; accompanied by Robert Older, Acting Director of Procurement, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration 480 Wanzenberg, Fritz W., Great Sea Corp., Larchmont, N.Y 97 Woodfin, Admiral Kenneth L., Assistant Administrator for Procure- ment, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, accom- panied by Clare F. Farley, Deputy Administrator for Technology Utilization; and Kenneth J. Kier, Small Business Advisor, NASA-~ 201 EXHIBITS Fact sheet of the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) 11 Organizational chart of the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE)~ 36 Chart, metals and energy from carbonaceous ore: Products: Metals, energy, 103 gypsum, ecological upgrading, Great Sea Corp Chart, oil from shale, by-products: Energy, metals, gypsum, ecological upgrading, Great Sea Corp 104 Chart, hybrid system, inputs, carbonaceous ore, oil shale; outputs, oil, metals, energy, chemicals, gypsum, Great Sea Corp 105 Table, Department of Defense awards to all business firms, fiscal years 1972 through 1975 190 Table, Department of Defense small business performance awards to small businesses, fiscal years 1953 through 1975 191 Table, Department of Defense interim and final small business goals and accomplishments, fiscal years 1972 through 1975 192 Table, Department of Defense small business subcontracting program, fiscal years 1972 through 1975 193 (III) PAGENO="0004" Iv Table, Department of Defense research and development awards to all Page business firms, fiscal years 1972 through 1975 194 Table, Department of Defense RDTE contract awards to small business, by millions, fiscal years 1970 through 1975 195 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Procurement Regulation 1.702, General Policies 215 Table, National Aeronautics and Space Administration small business program, prime contract awards to small business, fiscal year 1975 216 Table, National Aeroautics and Space Administration small business pr o- gram, summary of small business and minority business prime and sub- contract awards, fiscal years 1974, 1975 217 Table, National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D study and hardware contracts for basic, applied and developmental research, fiscal years 1975, 1976 218 Table, National Aeronautics and Space Administration new research con- tract awards resulting from unsolicited proposals, fiscal years 1975, 197& 219 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Management Instruction 8310.2A, dated August 4, 1974 220 National Aeronautics and Space Administration publication, "Research and Technology Operating Plan Summary," fiscal year 1976 223 National Aeronautics and Space Administration handbook, "Selling to NASA," NHB 5100.1B, July 1975 400 Chart, energy-related independent inventor and small R&D business pro- gram, Energy Research and Development Administration and the National Bureau of Standards 494 APPENDIX Letter dated May 12, 1976, to Senator William D. Hathaway, Select Com- mittee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, from Farwell Smith, Director, Office of Industry, State and Local Relations, Energy Research and Development Administration 498 Letter dated May 28, 1976, to Senator William D. Hathaway, Select Com- mittee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, from Mitchell P. Kobelinski, Administrator, Small Business Administration 547 HEARING DATES April 1, 1976: Morning session 1 April 7, 1976: Morning session 135 PAGENO="0005" TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PRO- GRAMS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION THURSDAY, APRIL 1, 1976 u.S. SENATE, SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BIJSINESS, Wa~/tington, D.C. The select committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9 :35 a.m. in room 318, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. William D. Hathaway presiding. Present: Senators Hathaway and Javits. Also present: Kay Klatt, professional staff member; Judah C. Som- mer, minority counsel; Christopher Brescia, legislative assistant, Office of Senator Hathaway; and Dorothy Olson, staff assistant. Senator HATHAWAY. The committee will come to order. I am very happy to have all of you here. I would like to make a brief opening statement. Section 8 of the Small Business Act charges the Small Business Ad- ministration with providing technical and managerial aids to small businesses by advising them on matters of Government procurement and on policies and practices of good management. Section 9 of the act sets forth the duties of the agency to help small firms obtain Government contracts for research and development and to assist them in obtaining the benefits of research and development performed at the expense of the Federal Government. This morning, the Small Business Committee's continuation of oversight hearings on the SBA will deal with these two sections of the Small Business Act. Our witnesses today are from Government and the academic and business communities. We will hear from them their views on the quantity and quality of the efforts being made by the Small Business Administration to implement these two sections of the act. On April 7, the hearings will continue with testimony from the Small Business Administration and from the departments and agen- cies of the Federal Government that are major purchasers of research and development. On our first panel of witnesses is: Thomas McGillicuddy, district director, Maine, Small Business Administration; Dr. John Bay, dean, College of Business Administration, university of Maine at Portland; Walter P. O'Rourke, chairman, National SCORE Council Legisla- tive Committee, Washington, D.C., accompanied by Julius Davidson, member, National SCORE Council, and Stuart C. Ferris, chairman, SCORE Chapter 244, Camden, Maine. We are glad to have all of you with us. Tom, would you like to start? (1) PAGENO="0006" 2 STATEMENT OP THOMAS A. MeGILLICUDDY, DISTRICT DIRECTOR, SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, AUGUSTA, MAINE Mr. McGII~LIcuDDY. It is a pleasure to appear before the full Senate Select Committee on Small Business. Previously, I gave testimony before your subcommittee on problems facing small businesspeople in Maine and SBA's role in helping to overcome those problems. I have also given testimony on what the SBA has done to help Maine's fishermen, loggers, and farmers. Today, I have been asked to testify on SBA's management assist- ance program with particular emphasis on how it is working in Maine. Let me start with a brief history of management assistance of- ficers; special projects they conduct and extra efforts to help veterans, women, and minorities. I will conclude with an example of how our many programs interface and a description of a proposed new Agency program. In 1954, the Agency's management assistance activities were begun with two management courses and publication of the first management aid. Since then, many new programs have been added and expanded to meet the needs of small business. Management assistance programs and procurement assistance pro- grams were operated within a single division until 3 years ago. In 1973, management assistance was established as a separate division and was staffed nationwide with some 400 employees. SBA recognized that it is not enough to provide financial assist- ance, procurement assistance~ and surety bonding. Dun and Bradstreet states that over 90 percent of all business closings are due to "manage- ment failures." SBA has adopted a positive approach by offering management assistance to any small businessperson or prospective small businessperson who desires help, whether or not the small busi- nessperson is an SBA borrower. Management assistance takes many forms which include, but are not limited to: (a) Prebusiness workshops; (b) management sem- inars covering 21 subjects; (c) specialized courses in recordkeeping, taxes, marketing or any other subject for which a demand exists; (d) counseling on an individual basis by volunteers from SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives) ACE (Active Corps of Ex- ecutives) ; (e) contracts with professional consult.ants through the 406 program; (f) counseling through the Small Business Institute program; (g) publication and distribution of management aids; and (h) consulting with the Management Assistance Officers (MAO's) who have had special training to help the small businessperson. Because of the high failure rate among new businesses and the evi- dent need for training before going into business, the prebusiness workshop program was introduced in 1963. Designed for persons seriously intending to go into business or those in business 1 year or less, the workshops provide an orientation to the principal factors im- portant in small business management, stressing the need for adequate preparation and indicating sources of information and help. One of the greatest benefits of the prebusiness workshops has been the realization of unqualified people that they should not go into busi- ness at that time. We believe that discouraging people who lack the PAGENO="0007" 3 necessary experience, ambition or capital from starting a business re- suits in keeping many of them from becoming a D. & B. failure statistic. In fiscal 1975, the Agency conducted 953 prebusiness workshops for 34,524 small businesspeopie. During this fiscal year the Augusta district office will hold 15 prebusiness workshops in seven Maine com- munities. with some 525 fledgling businesspeople in attendance. Writ- ten comments from participants attest to the fact that prebusiness workshops are providing vital guidance to new business owners. We also conduct specialized courses throughout Maine that run from 1 to 3 days. Some 700 to 800 Maine business owners are expected to attend specialized courses this fiscal year. Last month we cosponsored with the Portland SCORE chapter and the Portland Rotary Club a very successful 3 day marketing and advertising seminar. A unique feature of this seminar was that all speakers except one were Rotarians. Management seminars typically run 7 weeks with 3 semesters re- quired to cover 21 core subjects. Subjects include: Sources of capital funds, recordkeeping, business law, key success and failure factors, advertising and marketing. These courses are designed to provide small businesspeople with practical information and ideas that can be readily applied to their businesses. Instructors include lawyers, accountants, bankers and successful small business owners who talk the language of the participants. The Agency has been successful in obtaining cosponsorships from colleges, universities, Chambers of Commerce, trade and professional organizations, local business groups and other Government agencies. Last year, SBA conducted 1,336 management courses for 34,710 at- tendees. The Augusta district office expects approximately 2,000 small businesspeople will attend these seminars at 10 to 12 locations during this fiscal year. Recognizing that a few SBA personnel could not possibly provide all the management counseling required by small businesspeople, SBA established SCORE in 1964. Present nationwide memberhip includ- ing ACE is over 7,000 and growing. Maine's membership has grown from 65 in 1973 to 152 today. The typical SCORE volunteer is a person who successfully ran his own business or who comes from middle and upper levels of manage- ment in business or Government. He, or she, is usually a person who feels that this country has been good to him and he wants to help others to be successful. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think that the number of SCORE peo- ple you have is enough? Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. I am very happy that we have as many volun- teers as we do; but there are parts of the State where we need better coverage, particularly in the northern part of Maine. Senator HATHAWAY. What efforts do you plan to make to recruit new members? Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. I talked to the city manager of Caribou, re- cently. We laid out some strategy for putting on a recruitment cam- paign in central Aroostook County. PAGENO="0008" 4 Recruitment is a rather time-consuming chore, talking to civic clubs, face-to-face. buttonholing. It requires a fair amount of expend- ~ture of man-hours on the part of me and members of my staff to recruit successfully. Even so, we will be doing some recruiting up in Aroostook. Senator HATHAWAY. Good. Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. I am pleased to report that a growing number of SCORE volunteers are committing themselves to long term in- depth counseling with our clients. For example, one of our Portland volunteers who was a. zone manager for General Motors for many years has made 10 visits to a local automotive parts manufacturer. He has helped management to create a new organization structure, write job descriptions, and design an inventory control system. In 1969, ACE was established as a companion organization to SCORE. This group consists of executives who a.re still working, but are willing to spend some time in small business assistance. Nationwide, SCORE/ACE volunteers are expected to counsel 70,000 business concerns in fiscal year 1976. In Maine, we expect to counsel 675 to 700 businesses this year. As Stu Ferris, chairman of the Penobscot Bay SCORE chapter, will point out, SCORE/ACE volunteers are also actively engaged in many other management assistance programs. SBA augments the SCORE/ACE volunteer counseling with pro- fessional consultants irnder ~ection 406 of the Equal Opportunity Act. The Augusta office uses this program when a special expertise involving some 8 to 12 man-days of work is required. We have used professional consultants 26 times during the last year for minority and disadvantaged business concerns. The 406 program provided specialized mana.gement assistance last year to 2,843 small businesses that could not otherwise afford it. The Small Business Institute is one of the Agency's most innova- tive and productive programs. From a pilot project in 1972, the SBA program has grown to encompass some 20,000 counselors in 385 schools. The Augusta district office has contracts with the four fully ac- credited business colleges in Maine. Student counselors will provide consulting services to 65 Maine businesses this fiscal year. The typical SBI student in Maine is a senior business major, a high grader an overachiever who has a strong desire to gain "hands- on" business experience. In addition to helping many standard type small businesses, Maine SBI students have provided counseling serv- ices for such diverse entities as a regional blood bank, a Goodwill Industries plant and an Indian-owned furniture factory. A key factor in the success of the SBI program has been the volun- teer cooperation of more experienced advisors. For example, students in Dr. John Bay's SBI at the University of Maine at Portland-Gor- ham receive guidance from SCORE volunteers, many faculty mem- bers, associates of the Center for Research and Advanced Study and SBA personnel. An attestation to the success of the program is that several students have obtained full-time employment as a~ direct result of their SBI involvement. The highest starting salary for a Portland-Gorham busi- ness graduate last year went to an SBI student who was hired by the firm which lie counseled. PAGENO="0009" 5 SBI has some 300 titles in publication including booklets and leaf- lets under the following series: "Management Aids for Small Manu- facturers," "Small Marketers Aids," "Small Business Management Series," and "Starting and Management Series." These are practical guides on how to apply the best modern management techniques to small buinesses. With a distribution of over 5 million per year, these publications make a positive impact on the small business sector. Currently we are working with the National Federation of IndependentBusiness to provide our publications to their memebership of 436,000 businesses. All of Maine's management assistance activities are handled by only two professionals and one clerk. Fortunately, they are excep- tional people. Perhaps it would be meaningful to give the backgrounds of our MA professionals. Assistant District Director Bill Clifford started with IRS in 1934, and was financial analyst for the SEC. He later was an area chief for SBA's SBIC program. Mr. Clifford is a CPA who was managing partner of an accounting firm and was chairman of the board and president of a truck body manufacturing business em- ploying 250 people. SBA and the Maine small business community are fortunate to have a man of Bill's exceptional abilities. That is why the program works in Maine, Senator, because we have some very exceptional people. Management Assistance Officer Harvey Bryant has a background as a small business manager and bank branch manager. Mr. Bryant was a loan officer in the community economic development division for 2 years and a portfolio management loan officer for 3 years be- fore transferring to management assistance 2 years ago. Even with these credentials, we believe that continued training is required to stay current with modern management practices. Since transferring to management assistance, Mr. Bryant has attended courses on advanced analysis of financial statements, personnel super- vision, Federal productivity, marketing, advanced technical writing, and management by objectives. In addition to the responsibilities described above, I frequently as- sign special projects to Messrs. Clifford and Bryant. During the last year they have coordinated Maine's involvement with a multi- agency conference in Springfield, Mass.; planned a most successful procurement assistance conference sponsored by Senator Hathaway; given many civic club speeches on SBA activities; participated in bank and congressional aides seminars, and made many field visits for portfolio management. We continue to make special efforts to help groups who need extra assistance. For example, over 300 veterans have attended our workshops so far this fiscal year. An increasing number of women participate in our workshops. We expect to enroll over 200 women by the end of this fiscal year. On April 22, we will hold a special prebusiness workshop for women only. Most of the speakers will be women. As a percentage of the total State population, 10 times as many minorities attend our workshops compared to majorities. By combining our programs, we have been able to achieve a syner- gistic effect whereby the combined result is more beneficial than the individual efforts. PAGENO="0010" 6 For example, we have worked closely for several years with a minority contractor. He is an 8A contractor who has had two SBA loans and several surety bond guarantees. He has also received 406 consulting and currently is receiving SCORE counseling. His busi- ness has grown and prospered as a direct result of our association. Next year we expect that this contractor will graduate from the 8A program. Let me comment on a new management assistance program. It is the University Business Development Center (UBDC). A UBDC will provide a comprehensive program for the expansion of existing businesses and the establishment of new enterprises. The UBDC concept would correlate the efforts of several Govern- ment agencies now conducting programs on university campuses throughout the country. Mutually supportive, sometimes overlap- ping, existing Federal and State programs would be gathered to- gether into a cohesive master plan for increased efficiency and greater leveraging of resources. At the same time, agencies such as HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce-EDA and OMBE-the Bureau of Standards, and others would maintain their separate identities and independence of administration. Through a UBDC, a business owner or potential entrepreneur would find the opportunity for analysis and understanding of his or her abilities, business skills, and an opportunity to develop them. Facilities for complete analysis of a business plan, product or idea would be available. The UBDC would provide technology utiliza- tion services, assist in capital formation; and it would provide en- trepreneurs with knowledgeable on-the-job student and volunteer help to implement center findings while the business owner or man- ager developed his or her skills through center training. SBA also proposed that existing resources, such as the SBI pro- gram on nearly 400 campuses, the more than 7,800 volunteer SCORE and ACE counselors, and the many short courses in small business management for active entrepreneurs already being offered by many schools, be expanded and intensified so the functions and services en- visioned for the UBDC can be successfully implemented. None of the resources discussed are new. Each of them exists some- where. But, UBDC, by combining the existing multiple resources of academia, Federal and State agencies, and volunteer organizations into a university-coordinated delivery system, is the best (means for promoting broad-scale business growth in our country today. I would like to conclude my remarks by stating that management assistance is the single most important form of assistance that the agency provides to small businesspeople. Throughout my testimony, attention is called to the great success SBA has enjoyed in leveraging our resources through the aid of others, many of them unpaid volun- teers. One of my greatest satisfactions as a district director has been to witness the unstinting commitment of volunteers to help struggling small businesspeople. Thank you, Senator. Senator HATHAWAY. How much time would you say that the ACE people put in? They are the ones working full time on their own jobs. Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. We get much more input from the SCORE PAGENO="0011" 7 members than we do from the ACE members. The SCORE members are retired. They tend to put in many more hours than the ACE members. The ACE members are very helpful in certain ways. They are usually leaders in the community, the top people from the banking community, the publishing community. They are people who can open some doors for us sometimes, people who help us as speakers at our workshops and seminars. They have been very helpful in cer- tain places in helping us to recruit SCORE volunteers, Senator. How- ever, the bulk of the work is done by the SCORE volunteers. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think the university business develop- ment centers are going to work out well? The concept sounds good. Mr. MCGILLICtTDDY. It is a good concept. It makes sense to coordi- nate the efforts of the dozen or so Federal agencies who fund uni- versities for the purpose of helping businesspeople to see if we can match up the right mix of Government programs to suit the resources of a particular university and the needs of the larger community around the university. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you. I will get back to you. [The prepared statement of Mr. MeGillicuddy follows:] STATEMENT BY THOMAS A. MCGILLICUDDY, DISTRICT DIRECTOR, SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, AUGUSTA, MAINE Senator Hathaway, it is a ~pleasure to appear before the full Senate Select Committee on Small Business. Previously, I gave testimony before your sub- committee on problems facing small businesspeople in Maine and SBA's role in helping to overcome those problems. I have also given testimony on what the SBA has done to help Maine's fishermen, loggers and farmers. Today, I have been asked to testify on SBA's Management Assistance program with particular emphasis on how it is working in Maine. Let me start with a brief history of Management Assistance within SBA. I will then list and de- scribe the array of MA programs. I would then like to tell you something about our Management Assistance Officers; special projects they conduct and extra efforts to help veterans, women and minorities. I will conclude with an example of how our many programs interface and a description of a proposed new Agency program. In 1954, the Agency's management assistance activities were begun with two management courses and publication of the first management aid. Since then, many new programs have been added and expanded to meet the needs of small business. Management Assistance programs and Procurement Assistance programs were operated within a single division until three years ago. In 1973 Management Assistance was established as a separate division and was staffed nationwide with some 400 employees. SBA recognized that it is not enough to provide financial assistance, procure- ment assistance and surety bonding. Dun and Bradestreet states that over 90% of all business closing are due to "management failures." SBA has adopted a positive approach by offering Management Assistance to any small business- person or prospective small businessperson who desires help, whether or not the small businessperson is an SBA borrower. Management Assistance takes many form which include but are not limited to: (a) pre-business workshops; (b) management seminars covering 21 subjects; (c) specialized courses in record- keeping, taxes, marketing or any other subject for which a demand exists; (d) counseling on an individual basis by volunteers from SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives)/ACE (Active Corps of Executives) ; (e) contracts with professional consultants through the 406 Program; (f) counseling through the Small Business Institute Program; (g) publication and distribution of Man- agement Aids and (h) consulting with the management Assistance Officers (MAO's) who have had special training to help the small businesspersOn. Because of the high failure rate among new businesses and the evident need for training before going into business, the pre-business workshop program was PAGENO="0012" 8 introduced in 1963. Designed for persons seriously intending to go into business or those in business for a year or less, the workshops provide an orientation to the principal factors important in small business management, stressing the need for adequate preparation and indicating sources of information and help. One of the greatest benefits of the pre-business workshops has been the reali- zation of unqualified people that they should not go into business at that time. We believe that discouraging people who lack the necessary experience, ambi- tion or capital from starting a business results in keeping many of them from becoming a D&B failure statistic. In fiscal 1975, the Agency conducted 953 pre-business workshops for 34,524 small businesspeople. During this fiscal year the Augusta District Office will hold 15 pre-business workshops in 7 Maine communities with some 525 fledgling businesspeople in attendance. Written comments from participants attest to the fact that pre-business workshops are providing vital guidance to new business owners. We also conduct speëialized courses throughout Maine that run from one to three days. Some 700 to 800 Maine business owners are expected to attend spe- cialized courses this fiscal year. Last month we cosponsored with the Portland SCORE Chapter and the Port- land Rotary Club a very successful three day marketing and advertising sem- inar. A unique feature of this seminar was that all speakers except one were Rotarians. Management seminars typically run seven weeks with three semesters re- quired to cover 21 core subjects. Subjects include; sources of capital funds, recordkeeping, business law, key success and failure factors, advertising and marketing. These courses are designed to provide small businesspeople with practical information and ideas that can be readily applied to their businesses. Instructors include lawyers, accountants, bankers and successful small business owners who talk the language of the participants. The Agency has been successful in obtaining cosponsorships from colleges, universities, Chambers of Commerce, trade and professional organizations, local business groups and other government agencies. Last year, SBA conducted 1,336 management courses for 34,710 attendees. The Augusta District Office expects approximately 2,000 small businesspeople will attend these seminars at 10 to 12 locations during this fiscal year. Recognizing that a few SBA personnel could not possibly provide all the management counseling required by small businesspeople, SBA established SCORE in 1954. Present nationwide membership including ACE is over 7,000 and growing. Maine's membership has grown from 65 in 1973 to 152 today. The typical SCORE volunteer is a person who successfully ran his own busi- ness or who comes from middle and upper levels of management in business or government. He (or she) is usually a person who feels that this country has been good to him and he wants to help others to be successful. SCORE counseling is often conducted at Chambers of Commerce and consists of advising people who wish to go into business and discussing specific problem areas with existing small business owners. I am pleased to report that a growing number of SCORE volunteers are com- mitting themselves to long term in depth counseling with our clients. For exam- ple, one of our Portland volunteers who was a Zone Manager for General Motors for many years has made ten visits to a local automotive parts manufacturer. He has helped management to create a new organization structure, write job descriptions and design an inventory control system. In 1969, ACE was established as a companion organization to SCORE. This group consists of executives who are still working, but are willing to spend some time in small business assistance. Nationwide, SCORE/ACE volunteers are expected to counsel 70,000 business concerns in FY 1976. In Maine, we expect to counsel 675 to 700 businesses this year. As Stu Ferris, Chairman of the Penobscot Bay SCORE Chapter, will point out, SCORE/ACE volunteers are also actively engaged in many other Manage- ment Assistance programs. SBA augments the SCORE/ACE volunteer counseling with professional con- sultants under Section 406 of the Equal Opportunity Act. The Augusta Office uses this program when a special expertise involving some 8 to 12 man days of PAGENO="0013" 9 work is required. We have used professional consultants 26 times during the last year for minority and disadvantaged business concerns. The 406 program pro- vided specialized management assistance last year to 2,843 small businesses that could not otherwise afford it. The Small Business Institute is one of the Agency's most innovative and pro- ductive programs. From a pilot project in 1972, the SBA program has grown to encompass some 20,000 counselors in 385 schools. The Augusta District Office has contracts with the four fully accredited busi- ness colleges in Maine. Student counselors will provide consulting services to 65 Maine businesses this fiscal year. The typical SBI student in Maine is a senior business major, a high grader, an overachiever who has a strong desire to gain "hands-on" business experience. In addition to helping many standard type small businesses, Maine SBI students have provided counseling services for such diverse entities as a regional blood bank, a Goodwill Industries plant and an Indian owned furniture factory. A key factor in the success of the SBI program has been the volunteer co- operation of moi~e experienced advisors. For example, students in Dr. John Bay's SBI at the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham receive guidance from SCORE volunteers, many faculty members, associates of the Center for Re- search and Advanced Study and SBA personnel. An attestation to the success of the program is that several students have ob- tained full time employment as a direct result of their SBI involvement. The highest starting salary for a Portland-Gorham business graduate last year went to an SBI student who was hired by the firm which he counseled. SBA has some 300 titles in publication including booklets and leaflets under the following series; Management Aids for Small Manufacturers, Small Mar- keters Aids, Small Business Management Series and Starting and Management Series. These are practical guides on how to apply the best modern management techniques to small businesses. With a distribution of over 5,000,000 per year, these publications make a posi- tive impact on the small business sectors. Currently we are working with the National Federation of Independent Business to provide our publications to their membership of 436,000 businesses. All of Maine's Management Assistance activities are handled by only two professionals and one clerk. Fortunately, they are exceptional people. Perhaps it would be meaningful to give the backgrounds of our MA profes- sionals. Assistant District Director Bill Clifford started with IRS in 1934 and was a financial analyst for the S.E.C. He later was an Area Chief for SBA's SBIC program. Mr. Clifford is a CPA who was managing partner of an accounting firm and was Chairman of the Board and President of a truck body manufacturing business employing 250 people. SBA and the Maine small busi- ness community are fortunate to have a man of Bill's exceptional abilities. 1\ianagement Assistance Officer Harvey Bryant has a background as a small business manager and bank branch manager. Mr. Bryant was a loan officer in the Community Economic Development Division for two years and a Portfolio Management loan officer for three years before transferring to Management Assistance two years ago. Even with these credentials, we believe that continued training is required to stay surrent with modern management practices. Since transferring to Manage- ment, Assistance Mr. Bryant has attended courses on Advanced Analysis of Financial Statements, Personnel Supervision, Federal Productivity, Marketing, Advanced Technical Writing and Management by Objectives. In addition to the responsibilities described above, I frequently assign special projects to Messrs. Clifford and Bryant. During the last year they have; co- ordinated Maire's involvement with a Multi-Agency Conference in Springfield, Mass.; planned a most successful Procurement Assistance Conference sponsored by Senator Hathaway; given many civic club speeches on SBA activities; participated in bank and congressional aides seminars and made many field visits for Portfolio Management. We continue to make special efforts to help groups who need extra assistance. For example, over 300 veterans have attended our workshops so far this fiscal year. An increasing number of women participate in our workshops. We expect to enroll over 200 women by the end of this fiscal year. On April 22, we will hold PAGENO="0014" 10 a special pre-business workshop for women only. Most of the speakers will be women. As a percentage of the total state population, ten times as many minorities at- tend our workshops compared to majorities. By combining our programs, we have been able to achieve a synergistic effect whereby the combined result is more beneficial than the individual efforts. For example, we have worked closely for several years with a minority general con- tractor. He is an SA contractor who has had two SBA loans and several surety bond guarantees. He has also received 40G consulting and currently is receiving SCORE counseling. His business has grown and prospered as a direct result of our association. Next year we expect that this contractor will graduate from the 8A program. Let me comment on a new Management Assistance Program. It is the Uni- versity Business Development Center (UBDC). A UBDC will provide a com- prehensive program for the expansion of existing businesses and the establish- ment of new enterprises. The concept would correlate the efforts of several Government agencies now conducting programs on university campuses throughout the country. Mutually supportive, sometimes overlapping, existing Federal and state programs would be gathered together into a cohesive master plan for increased efficiency and greater leveraging of resources. At the same time, agencies such as HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce (EDA and OMBE), the Bureau of Standards, and others would maintain their separate identities and independence of administration. Through a UBDC, a business owner or potential entrepreneur would find the opportunity for analysis and understanding of his or her abilities, business skills, and an apportunity to develop them. Facilities for complete analysis of a busi- ness plan, product or idea would be available. The UBDC would provide tech- nology utilization services, assist in capital formation; and it would provide entrepreneurs with knowledgeable on-the-job student and volunteer help to im- plement center findings while the business owner or manager developed his or her skills through center training. SBA also proposes that existing resources, such as the SBI Program on nearly 400 campuses, the more than 7,800 volunteers SCORE and ACE counselors, and the many short courses in small business management for active entrepreneure already being offered by many schools, be expanded and intensified so the func- tions and services envisioned for the C/BED can be successfully implemented. None of the resources discussed are new. Each of them exists somewhere. But, UBDC, by combining the existing multiple resources of academia, Federal and State agencies, and volunteer organizations into a university-coordinated delivery system, is the best means for promoting broad scale business growth in our country today. I would like to conclude my remarks by stating that Management Assistance is the single most important form of assistance that the Agency provides to small businesspeople. Throughout my testimony, attention is called to the great success SBA has enjoyed in leveraging our resources through the aid of others, many of them unpaid volunteers. One of my greatest satisfactions as a District Director has been to witness the unstinting commitment of volunteers to help struggling small businesspeople. PAGENO="0015" 11 Wnt~ SCORE~ US. SmaM Business Administration 144 L St., fIB. Waslsinglon, DC, 70416 PAGENO="0016" 12 SCORE CHAPTER LOCATION BY CITY AND STATE ALABAMA Fort Lauderdale IOWA MASSACHUSETTS Birmingham Fort Meyers Burlington Boston Huotsvilie Hollywood Cedar Rapids Cape Cod Mobile Jacksonnille Council Bluffs Fitchburg Melbourne Davenport New Bedford ARIZONA Miami Des Moines Springfield T oeoix Orlando Dubaque Worcester 0C500 FaIm Beach Ft Dodge MICHIGAN ARKANSAS Panama City asun City Detroit Ft. Smith Pensacola Spencer M Little Rock Pompano Beach Sioux City qu Port Charlotte Waterloo MINNESOTA CALIFORNIA Sarasota KANSAS Duluth Los Angeles St. Petersburg Evoona Mankato Palm Springs Tallahassee Garden City Minneapolis Pomona Tampa Hays MISSISSIPPI Sacramento Winter Haven Hutchinsun Gulfport Sari Diego La Crusse San Francisco GEORGIA Sauna Lac son Santa Aoa Albany Topeka TI Santa Barbara Atlanta Wellingtun OP Van Noys Augusta Wichita MISSOURI Ventura County Brunswick KENTUCKY Branson Columbus Cape Girardeau COLORADO Macon Bowling Green Columbia Colorado Springs Savannah Joplin Denver L II Kansas City Durango HAWAII Meoico Ft. Morgan Honolulu Panucah Springfield Grand Juoctiur LOUISIANA St Louis Lamar IDAHO Baton Rouge Luoe1and Idaho PaLs Alexandria MONTANA Pueblo Boise New Orleans Billings Pucatello Shreveport Bozeman CONNECTICUT West Monroe B Hartford ILLINOIS Luke Charles Great Falls New Haven Aurora Lafayette H New London Stamford L g MAINE Helena Waterburp Southern Illinois Augusta Kalispell DELAWARE Springfield Bangor NEBRASKA Wilmington INDIANA Houlton Chodron DISTRICT o~ Ft. Wayne Lex;i stun Columbus COLUMBIA Hammond Penobscot Boy Grand Island Washington Evansville Portland Lincoln Indianapolis Presque Isle Norfolk FLORIDA Kokomo MARYLAND North Platte Brooksville South Bend Annapolis Omaha Daytona Beach Terre Haute Baltimore Scottsbluff DeLand Salisbury 2 PAGENO="0017" 13 S1egaS NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA WASHINGTON NEW HAMPSHIRE Fargo Aberdeen Bellingham North Conway Minot 50Pid City Everett Lebanon Grand Forks Falls Seattle Laconia Santa Fe TENNESSEE Spokane ~ IN IA NEW JERSEY Athens Memphis Clarksburg Atlantic City Cincinnati Nashville Elkins Bergen County Cleveland TEXAS Hantington Boundbrook Columbus Abi lene Fri nceton Camden Dayton Amarillo Lakewood Springfield Aosti n WISCONSIN Monmouth County Toledo Corpus Christi Baa Claire Montclair Yoongstowo Dallas Madison Newark OKLAHOMA El Paso Milwaokee Trenton Lawton Fort Worth Rhinelander NEW MEXICO Oklahoma City Galveston WYOMING Albuquerque Tulsa Harl i ngen Casper Roswell OREGON Houston Cheyenne Medford Longview Sheridan NEW YORK Portland Lubbock Wheatland Albany McAlleo Worland PENNSYLVANIA e~5a0t PUERTO RICO Binghampton Erie San Antonio San Juan Buffalo Greensburg Texarkana Chautauqua Harrisburg Tyler Elmira johnstown Waco Mt Vernon Lancaster UTAH Nassau County Meadville Ogden New York City Philadelphia Salt Lake City Poughkeepsie Pittsburgh Rochester Reading VERMONT Smithtowo Scranton Burlington Sytacuse Warren Montpelier Utica Wilkes-Barre Rutland Watertown Williamsport VIRGINIA NORTH CAROLINA RHODE ISLAND Bristol Ashville Providence Front Royal Char~te ~rT~tO~A NeWpOrt News Fayetteville C I Richmond Greensboro umbia Roanoke Hendersonville Greenville Hickory High Point Raleigh Southern Pines Wilmington Winston-Salem 72-434 0 - 76 - 2 PAGENO="0018" 14 SBA Field Offices Agana, Guam Albany, N. Y. Albuquerque, N. Mex. Anchorage, Alaska Atlanta, Ga. Augusta, Me. Baltimore, Md. Biloxi, Miss. Birmingham, Ala. Boise, Idaho Boston, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Casper, Wyo. Charleston, W. Va. Charlotte, N. C. Chicago, Ill. Cincinnati, Ohio Clarksburg, W. Va. Cleveland, Ohio Columbia, S. C. Columbus, Ohio Concord, N. H. Coral Gables, Fla. Corpus Christi, Tex. Dallas, Tex. Denver, Cob. Des Moines, Iowa Detroit, Mich. Eau Claire, Wisc. Elmira, N. Y. El Paso, Tex. Fairbanks, Alaska Fargo, N. Dak. Fresno, Calif. Greenville, N. C. Harrisburg, Pa. Hartford, Coon. Hato Rey, P. R. Helena, Mont. Holyoke, Mass. Honolulu, Hawaii Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. Jackson, Miss. Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City, Mo. Knoxville, Tenn. Las Vegas, Nevada Little Rock, Ark. Los Angeles, Calif. Louisville, Ky. Lower Rio Grande Valley, Tex. Lubbock, Ten. Madison, Wisc. Marquette, Mich. Marshall, Ten. Memphis, Tenn. Milwaukee, Wisc. Minneapolis, Minn, Montpelier, Vt. Nashville, Tenn. Newark, N. J. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y. Oklahoma City, OkIa. Omaha, Nebr. Philadelphia, Pa. Phoenix, Ariz. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Ore. Providence, R. I. Rapid City, S. Dak. Richmond, Va. Rochester, N. Y. St. Louis, Mo. Sacramento, Calif. Salt Lake City, Utah San Antonio, Ten. San Diego, Calif. San Francisco, Calif. Seattle, Wash. Sioux Falls, S. D. Spokane, Wash. Springfield, Ill. Syracuse, N. Y. Tampa, Fla. Washington, D. C. West Palm Beach, Fla. Wichita, Kan. Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Wilmington, Del. Fact Sheet a 16 Febmary 1976 PAGENO="0019" 15 Senator HATHAWAY. The next witness is Dr. Bay. By the way, all of your statements will be placed in the record. If you would like to summarize, you may. STATEMENT OP DR. JOHN W. BAY, DEAN, SCHOOL OP BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OP MAINE, PORTLAND, MAINE Dr. BAY. It is a pleasure to be here today and have this opportu- nity to attest to the effectiveness of the Small Business Institute, a management assistance program sponsored by the Small Business Administration at the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham. Small business represents a vital and significant force in the Amer- ican economy. In 1776 all businesses were small by present standards. In 1876, there were approximately 300,000 businesses in the United States, most of them being small firms. Even though the 20th century has recorded a substantial growth in large firms, small business is still a very important part of our econ- omy. Of the more than 9 million businesses in the United States 95 percent are small concerns. In a State such as Maine, nearly all firms in the entire State are classified as small businesses. As a source of employment, small businesses provide jobs for about one-half of the American work force. They account for over 40 percent of gross national product. They contribute nearly 20 per- cent of all business taxes paid. In summary, it is clear that small businesses have been and are currently a vital and significant factor in our economy. The philosophy of small business is a factor to consider as well as the economics. Our 200-year history reflects this. It is traditional in America to associate certain emotional aspects with small business. Small business provides the vehicle for fulfilling the entrepreneurs aspirations and objectives. Concern for small business is not a recent phenomenon. The Sher- man and Clayton Acts were designed to prevent undue concentration of economic power. Judge Learned Hand wrote in the United States v. Aluminum Co. of America: It is possible, because of its indirect social or moral effect, to prefer a system of small producers, each dependent for his success upon his own skill and char- acter, to one in which the great mass of those engaged must accept direction of a few. Congress, aware of and concerned about bigness and the future of small business, in 1953, created the Small Business Administration. The Small Business Administration, through its affiliates-SCORE, ACE and EBI, provides managerial assistance programs to small business. The requirements for success call for balanced managerial skills. The small business entrepreneur is a generalist but has to make de- cisions in all the specialized areas of business, ranging from account- ing, production, selling, financing, et cetera. In most cases their exposure to all these required functions is limited. In most instances their resources are limited and this pre- cludes the hiring of staff specialists or outside consultants. Ninety- three percent of small business failures are management failures. PAGENO="0020" 16 This revealing statistic reaffirms the need for managerial assistance in upgrading the skills of the small business entrepreneur. Our experience at the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham with the Small Business Institute indicates that this program of the Small Business Administration can provide much needed managerial assistance to small businesses. Our association with the Small Business Institute commenced in the spring semester 1974. At the conclusion of the 1976 spring se- mester, we will have had six semesters in the program, including the summer session 1975. We will have counseled 56 clients, utilizing 98 student counselors. Students, primarily seniors, are selected for the program by a facul- ty screening committee. Good academic standing, maturity, and ex- perience such as work, military hobbies, et cetera are the selection criterion. Although not a prerequisite, many of the students have had a course in "The Problems of Small Business." Students receive three credit hours for their work in this program. Students are required to devote about 9 hours a week to the SBI pro- gram, approximately the amount of time required of an advanced business course. Our experience to date shows that the average amount of time per student per week is 14 hours. This attests to the enthu- siasm, interest and appreciation that students have for this valuable experience. An excellent orientation to counseling, for the students, is provided on campus by SBA personnel from Augusta. In addition, the School of Business and Economics provides each counselor with a handbook, "A Guide and Aid to Management Counseling-_Strengthening Small Business Management." The SBI program is directed by a faculty member and is set up as a field experience free from formal class requirements. It is felt that this provides the greatest benefits to all parties, especially the clients. Students present a weekly progress repori to the faculty director and a final summary report at the end of the semester. During the semes- ter a steering committee of SBA personnel and certain UMPG faculty meet with the students to review the problems and progress in the cases and to make suggestions for the dealing with the various prob- lems encountered. Cases are assigned to the university by the SBA. The faculty proj- ect director reviews the cases with SBA endeavoring to match stu- dents' major interests, for example, accounting, marketing, et cetera, with what appears to be clients' major problems. This has worked well. A prime ingredient for success in the program are the cases both as to qua.lity and mix. Many people, even natives, think of the Maine economy as being based on fishing and tourism. However, manufac- turing, in 1973 contribut.ed 28 percent to the gross State product. Of the six major manufacturing communities in the State, three are in the Greater Portland area. We are fortunate to get a share of these manufacturing companies where the management problems are more diversified and often more complex. This gives the SBA greater flexibility in assigning cases to us, for example, more sophisticated cases. PAGENO="0021" 17 Another major ingredient for success in the program is the will- ingness of faculty to work with the students on their cases. Five School of Business and Economics faculty members are active partici- pants, serving as consultants to the students on various problems they encounter. On one case, an entire marketing class was used where the timeframe was critical for the client in identifying a seasonal market. Other resources at the university have been brought in to deal with a client's problems. Personnel from the Center for Research and Ad- vanced Study have been very helpful to students. The center, through Project New Enterprise, has a common interest in strengthening man- agement in small businesses. An excellent working relationship has been established this year with the Greater Portland SCORE Chapter. The exchange of case data and counseling has added another valuable dimension to our program. How the program actually functions might best be illustrated by presenting a case study. Company A was founded in the 1850's and was family owned and operated until sold in the late 1960's upon the owner's death. During the last 10 years of family operations, sales volume and profits were deteriorating. In 1967, the business was sold, and in mid-1968 it failed. New owners purchased the business in 1969 but could not operate it profitably and the firm once again was sold in 1975. Thus there were three changes in ownership within 8 years. In September 1975, this company was one of the SBI cases as- signed to the university by the Small Business Administration. An SBA management assistance officer and the university SBI director met with the new owner and discussed in depth the role of the SBI program. At this meeting, an attempt was made to define the main and most urgent problem areas. It was resolved that concentration in the accounting field, especially cost accounting was paramount. Two senior accounting majors, who had been through the SBA counseling orientation, were briefed and assigned to the case. The company employs 13 full-time people. Gross sales for the 6- month fiscal period ended September 30, 1975 were $131,000. Esti- mated gross sales for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1976 are $360,000. The firm's objectives, to realize this goal, are to specialize in gears, sprockets, and heat exchanges. About 75 percent of total gross sales is anticipated to come from job orders and the balance from production to stock. The paper industry in Maine is the prime target market. Problem areas observed by counselors in an orientation to the busi- ness with the owner were: Absence of adequate records with no cost- accounting system; no separation of fixed and variable expenses- hence, breakeven point unknown; no method for allocation of factory burden or for general administration and selling expenses; no realistic pricing policy; inventory-purchasing controls all done by the en- gineer. No accurate beginning or ending inventory figures available. Production problems were: Shop is primarily a job shop. Excessive idle time a prime factor in slack periods. Labor costs excessive in ma- terials handling. Main shop has a wooden floor which cannot sup- port heavy equipment, for example, forklifts. Indirect costs are high PAGENO="0022" 18 because labor is needed to move heavy articles over this area. The heavy permanent gear machinery, et cetera, sets on cement pads which are poured right into the floor. In reviewing the above problem areas, the owners and counselors agreed on the priority need of developing a cost system for pricing. Counselors with assistance from company employees prepared a flow-chart for a job order system. They then examined the account- ing records in detail, breaking out overhead, selling and administra- tion expenses and direct and indirect labor costs including all fringes. The next step was to prepare schedules that would consolidate total costs for pricing. Working with a cost accounting faculty member, they devised 10 simple schedules `that the bookkeeper could under- stand and record on a monthly basis. This was approved by the owner. In early December a recommended cost system, which had been tried for a month and provided solutions to costing was presented to the owner and his outside accountant. The system was accepted and implemented on December 15, without modifications. During the cost analysis, it was found that one-third of the job orders classified as small orders, were underpriced and losing money. These orders were being charged $12 per hour, a flat rate, someone's guess. The actual charge should have been in excess of $14. The big orders were actually carrying an inordinately high proportion of the costs-distorting the overall profit picture. The firm now has a sound method for determining the price for each job that heretofore did not exist. The owner now knows his breakeven points and how to competitively and profitably price small and large jobs. Although the students are not currently enrolled in the SBI pro- gram, they continue to visit the company and check on the system and recommend modifications as needed. Last reports were that the system is functioning well. The preceding case illustrates some of the problems SBI counselors have encountered and how `they have dealt with them. An analysis of our overall counseling reports reveals that clients have benefited in the following areas: Improved recordkeeping that has provided greater control over assets, for example, accounts receivable; inven- tories; implementation of credit policies; establishing breakeven points; costing for pricing; market surveys and measuring advertis- ing effectiveness; developing job descriptions and job specifications; flow charting production operations. In many instances the above tasks have required extensive re- search that the business could not devote the time to or could not af- ford a paid consultant. Of the 56 clients we have counseled, 20 have requested further counseling. Each semester we get an increasing number of inquiries from non-SBA clients as to how they can qualify for the benefits of the program. The student benefits are highly visible. It provides an opportunity to apply academic theory to real-world business problems. It builds confidence. They find that they can transfer theory to practice- properly tailored to fit the small business problems and situations. It is a relevant experience. It has focused direction to careers in PAGENO="0023" 19 small business that might not otherwise have developed. In fact, a number of students have taken employment in small firms. Below are two unsolicited student testimonials taken from their final reports. My work with the client and with the Small Business Institute has been the most rewarding experience in my college career. Not only have I gained valu- able experience, but have profited from the personal relationships, knowledge and confidence only actual field experience can provide. I can express nothing but praise for the program and for the invaluable help from the SBE faculty members, without whom the program could not be as successful as it is. I wish I could have participated for another semester in the SBI program. The past semester has made me seriously consider a career in consulting in the small business sector. The SBI program is a natural program for a State university. The program provides a viable and tangible way for the university to meet part of its public service obligations. In our case, we have served clients throughout southern Maine. The program also enables the Small Business Administration to expand services that are sorely needed in Maine at an excellent cost! benefit ratio. It offers an expanded base for career personnel for SBA. The key to success in this program is commitment on the parl of the university and the SBA. We are fortunate to have had an excel- lent working relationship between the faculty at 13MPG and the SBA, and thereby, providing excellent managerial assistance to small businesses. Thank you. [The prepared statement of Dr. Bay follows:] PAGENO="0024" 20 Statement By DR. JOHN W. BAY~ DEAN School of Business & Economics University of Maine at Portland Gorham 96 Falmouth Street Portland3 Maine Before Subcommittee Select Committee On Small Business April l~ 1976 PAGENO="0025" 21 It is a pleasure to be here today and have this opportu-~ nity to attest to the effectiveness of the Small Business Institute, a management assistance program sponsored by the Small Business Administration at the University of Maine at Portland ~Gorham. Background Small business represents a vital and significant force in the American economy. In 1776 all businesses were small by present standards. In 1876 there were approximately 300,000 businesses in the United States, most of them being small firms.' Even though the twentieth century has recorded a substantial growth in large firms, small business is still a very important part of our economy. Of~ the more than nine million businesses in the United States, almost ninty- five percent are small concerns. In a state such as Maine, nearly all firms in the entire state are classified as small businesses. As a source of employment, small businesses provide Jobs for about one-half of the American work force. They account for over forty percent of gross national product.2 They contribute nearly twenty percent of all business taxes paid.3 In summary, it is clear that small businesses have been and are currently a vital and significant factor in our economy. The philosophy of small business is a factor to consider as well as the economics. Our two hundred year history reflects this. It is traditional in America to associate certain emotional aspects with small business. Small business PAGENO="0026" 22 2. provides the vehicle for fulfilling the entrepreneurs aspira- tions and objectives. Concern for small business is not a recent phenomenon. The Sherman and Clayton Acts were designed to prevent undue concentration of economic power. Judge Learned Hand wrote in the United States vs. Aluminum Company of America, It is possible, because of its indirect social or moral effect, to prefer a system of SMALL producers, each dependent for his success upon his own skill and character, to one in which the great mass of those engaged must accept direction of a few.~ Congress, aware of and concerned about bigness and the future of small business, in 1953, created the Small Business Administration. The Small Business Administration, through its affiliates - SCORE, ACE, and SBI, provides managerial assistance programs to small business. The requirements for success call for balanced managerial skills. The small business entrepreneur is a generalist but has to make decisions in all the specialized areas of business, ranging from accounting, production, selling; financing, etc. In most cases their exposure to all these required functions is limited. In most instances their resources are limited and this precludes the hiring of staff specialists or outside consultants. Ninety-three percent of small business failures are management failures.~ This revealing statistic reaffirms the need for managerial assistance in upgrading the skills of the small business entrepreneur. PAGENO="0027" 23 3. The SBI Program at UMPG Our experience at the University of Maine at Portland- Gorham with the Small Business Institute indicates that this program of the Small Business Administration can provide much needed managerial assistance to small businesses. Our association with the Small Business Institute com- menced in the spring semester 197LL At the conclusion of the 1976 spring semester, we will have had six semesters in the program (including the sunnier session 1975). We will have counseled fifty-six clients, utilizing ninety-eight student counselors. Students, primarily seniors, are selected for the program by a faculty screening committee. Good academic standing, maturity, and experience such as work, military, hobbies, etc. are the selection criterion. Although not a prerequisite, many of the students have had a course in The Problems of Small Business. Students receive three credit hours for their work in this program. Students are required to devote about nine hours a week to the SBI program, approximately the amount of time required of an advanced business course. Our experience to date shows that the average amount of time per student per week is fourteen hours. This attests to the en- thusiasm, interest, and appreciation that students have for this valuable experience. An excellent orientation to counseling, for the students, is provided on campus by SBA personnel from Augusta. In PAGENO="0028" 24 addition, the School of Business and Economics provides each counselor with a handbook, `A Guide and Aid to Management Counseling--strengthening Small Business Management. The SBI program is directed by a faculty member and is set up as a field experience free from formal class require- ments. It is felt that this provides the greatest benefits to all parties, especially the clients. Students present a weekly progress report to the faculty director and a final summary report at the end of the semester. During the semester, a steering committee of SHA personnel and certain UMPG faculty meet with the students to review the problems and progress in the cases and to make suggestions for the dealing with the various problems encountered. Cases are assigned to the University by the SBA. The faculty project director reviews the cases with SBA endeavoring to match students' major interests, e.g. accounting, marketing, etc., with what appears to be clients' major problems. This has worked well. A prime ingredient for success in the program are the cases both as to quality and mix. Many people, even natives, think of the Maine economy as being based on fishing and tourism. However, manufacturing, in 1973 contributed twenty- eight percent to the gross state product. Of the six major manufacturing communities in the state, three are in the Greater Portland area.5 We are fortunate to get a share of these manufacturing companies where the management problems PAGENO="0029" 25 5. are more diversified and often more complex. This gives the SBA greater flexibility in assigning cases to us, e.g. more sophisticated cases. Another major ingredient for success in the program is the willingness of faculty to work with the students on their cases. Five School of Business and Economics faculty members are actii~e participants, serving as consultants to the stu- dents on various problems they encounter. On one case, an entire marketing class was used where the time frame was critical for the client in identifying a seasonal market. Other resources at the University have been brought i&to deal with a client's problems. On occasion our computer facilities have been used to deal with inventory problems. Personnel from the Center for Research and Advanced Study have been very helpful to students. The Center, through Project New Enterprise, has a common Interest In strengthening management in small businesses. An excellent working relationship has been established this year with the Greater Portland SCORE Chapter. The ex- change of case data and counseling has added another valuable dimension to our program. How the program actually functions might best be illus- trated by presenting a case study. Company A was founded in the l850s and was family owned and operated until sold in the late l960s upon the owner's death. During the last ten years of family operations, sales PAGENO="0030" 26 6. volume and profits were deteriorating. In 1967 the business was sold and in mid 1968 it failed. New owners purchased the business in 1969 but could not operate it profitably and the firm once again was sold in 1975. Thus there were three changes in ownership within eight years. In September 1975, this company was one of the SBI cases assigned to the University by the Small Business Administra- tion. An SEA management assistance officer and the University SBI Director met with the new owner and discussed in depth the role of the SBI program. At this meeting an attempt was made to define the main and most urgent problem areas. It was resolved that concentration in the accounting field~ especially cost accounting was paramount. Two senior accounting majors, who had been through the SBA counseling orientation, were briefed and assigned to the case. The company employs thirteen full time people. Gross sales for the six month fiscal period ended September 30, 1975 were $131,000. Estimated gross sales for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1976 are $360,000. The firms objectives, to realize this goal; are to specialize in gears, sprockets, and heat exchanges. About seventy-five percent of total gross sales is anticipated to come from job orders and the balance from production to stock. The paper industry in Maine is the prime target market. PAGENO="0031" 27 7. Problem areas observed by counselors in an orientation to the business with the owner were: 1. Absence of adequate records (a) No cost accounting system (b) No separation of fixed and variable expenses-- hence - breakeven point unknown. (c) No method for allocation of factory burden or for general administration and-selling expenses. (d) No realistic pricing policy (e) inventory-purchasing controls all done by the engineer. No accurate beginning or ending In- ventory figures available. 2. Production problems: (a) Shop is primarily a job shop. Excessive idle time a prime factor in slack periods. (b) Labor costs excessive in materials handling. Main shop has a wooden floor which cannot support heavy equipments e.g. fork~-lifts. Indirect Costs are high because labor is needed to move heavy articles over this area. The heavy permanent gear machinery, etc., sets on cement pads which are poured right into the floor. In reviewing the above problem areas, the owners and counselors agreed on the priority need of developing a cost system for pricing. PAGENO="0032" 28 8. Recommendations Counselors with assistance from company employees pre~- pared a flow chart for a job order system. They then examined the accounting records in detail, breaking out overhead,. selling and administration expenses and direct and indirect labor costs including all fringes. The rext step was to prepare schedules that would con- solidate total costs for pricing. Working with a cost accounting faculty member, they devised ten simple schedules that the bookkeeper could understand and record on a monthly basis. This was approved by the owner. In early December a recommended cost system, which had been tried for a month, and provided solutions to costing was presented to the owner and his outside accountant. The system was accepted and implemented on December 15, without modifications. During the cost analysis, it was found that one third of the job orders classified as small orders were under priced and losing money. These orders were being charged $12.00 per hour, a flat rate, (someone7s guess). The actual charge should have been in excess of $l~4.00. The big orders were actually carrying an inordinately high proportion of the costs--distorting the overall profit picture. The firm now has a sound method for determining the price for each job that heretofore did not exist. The owner now knows, his breakeven points and how to competi- tively and profitably price small and large jobs. PAGENO="0033" 29 9. Although the students are not currently enrolled in the SBI program, they continue to visit the company and check on the system and recommend modifications as needed. Last reports were that the system is functioning well. The preceding case illustrates some of the problems Sf1 counselors have encountered and how they have dealt with theii. An analysis of our overall counseling reports reveals that clients have benefited in the following areas: 1. Improved record keeping that has provided greater control over assets, e.g. accounts receivable, inventories. 2. Implementation of credit policies. 3. Establishing breakeven points. ~. Costing for pricing. 5. Market surveys and measuring advertising effectiveness. 6. Developing job descriptions and job specifications. 7. Flow charting production operations. In many instances the above tasks have required exten~~ sive research that the business could not devote the time to or could not afford a paid counsultant. Of the fifty-six clients we have counseled, twenty have requested further counseling. Each semester we get an increasing number of inquiries from non SBA clients as to how they can qualify for the benefits of the program. 72-434 0 - 76 - 3 PAGENO="0034" 30 10. The student benefits are highly visible. It provides an opportunity to apply academic theory to real-world business problems. It builds confidence. They find that they can transfer theory to practice--properly tailored to fit the small business problems and situations. It is a relevant experience. It has focused direction to careers in smal business that might not otherwise have developed. In fact, a number of students have taken employment in small firms. Below are two unsolicited student testimonials taken from their final reports. "My work with the client and with the Small Business Institute has been the most rewarding experience in my college career. Not only have I gained valuable ex perience, but have profited from the personal relation- ships, knowledge and confidence only actual field experience can provide. I can express nothing but praise for the program and for the invaluable help from the SBE faculty members~ without whom the pro- gram could not be as successful as it is.' "I wish I could have participated for another semester in the SBI program. The past semester has made me seriously consider a career in consulting in the small business sector. The SBI program is a natural program for a state univer-- sity. The program provides a viable and tangible way for the University to meet part of its public service obligations. In our case we have served clients throughout southern Maine. The program also enables the Small Business Administra-~ tion to expand services that are sorely needed in Maine at PAGENO="0035" 31 11. an excellent cost/benefit ratio. It offers an expanded base for recruitment for career personnel for SBA. The key to success in this program is commitment on the part of the University and the SBA. We ar~ fortunate to have had an excellent working relationship between the faculty at UMPG and the SEA, and thereby, providing excel- lent managerial assistance to small businesses. PAGENO="0036" 32 12. Footnotes 1'Small Business Management, Wadsworth Publishing Company) Inc., Belmont, California, 1973. p.1. 2Small Business Administration Annual Report, Vol. 1, 1973, p.3. 3u.s. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 197~4, 95th edition, Washington) D.C. ~The Business Failure Record, 1973, Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., N.Y., p. 12. 5Facts About Industrial Maine, Maine State Development Office, State Capital, Augusta, Me. 301-10/75. PAGENO="0037" 33 Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have a followup of the different cases? Do you keep track of what happens? Dr. BAY. Many of the cases continue beyond the semester. In addition, we are doing a survey this semester of those that we engaged in counseling prior to see what kind of results occurred from imple- menting our recommendations. We are at the point now where we are going to get a pretty good handle on how much over these 2 years what, in fact, will take place. We have had, about 20 of them have extended beyond a semester. You cannot get it all done in the traditional semester. We do not cut them off; we continue on with that experience. Senator HATHAWAY. How much time would you say is spent on each case? Dr. BAY. If you took an average student counselor, 14 hours a week, since he is normally assigned two per case, you are talking about 28 to 30 hours of manpower per week for that particular company. Usually we try to assign two different kinds of students, an account- ing major and a marketing major, two areas. If you take about a 30-hour week, that is quite a bit of help for a small business. Senator HATHAWAY. How many weeks do you spend on a case? Dr. BAY. A minimum of 15 weeks, the length of the semester. Senator HATHAWAY. On one case? Dr. BAY. One case. Sometimes we will finish the case sooner, then we will switch the students over to some other case that may need other help. We handle 10 cases each semester so that we have some flexibility in dealing with that. Most of them take a full semester, at least. Part of the problem is, when our SBI director meets with the SBA people and the company to talk about the initial problems, quite often when we get into it, we find out what they think are the problems at the beginning are not the problems after all. The other thing, it takes a little bit of time, sometimes, for these companies to open up. On the whole, we have just had excellent sup- port from the companies. They have really participated and given the students information. At the beginning, we thought maybe they would hold back, they would worry about confidentiality, worry about whether students could help them. On the whole, we have had excellent luck with students having access to information to help in making recommen- dations. Senator HATHAWAY. Have you been able to gather any data as to what the shortcomings of the businesses are? Do you know of any surveys? Dr. BAY. The general shortcomings are in two areas, in the account- ing area and in the marketing area. Senator HATHAWAY. Which indicates we `ought to have more courses in high school in those areas? Dr. BAY. Part of what Tom is doing in terms of these programs, basic kinds of seminars for accounting, marketing, things of that sort. You need them beyond high school. Many of these people who go into a smaller business are not likely to return to a high school setting. PAGENO="0038" 34 Senator HATHAWAY. I mean to avoid these problems in the future, we ought to be teaching these courses now? Dr. BAY. Yes, I think it would help; I really do. Senator HATHAWAY. Any recommendations you have along that line will be helpful for the committee. Senator Javits and I also serve on Labor and Public Welfare Committee, which includes education. Let me ask you one last question. Is there any input that you could give to this new program, the university program, as a result of your experience? Dr. BAY. In our particular case, where we have now the Center for Research and Advanced Study with Halsey Smith's new project, it would probably be a very logical coordinating mechanism for us to be a part of that. I can see some real merit. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you see any shortcomings? Dr. BAY. The shortcoming is, if you are trying to coordinate a whole series of different programs and different agencies, I can see that as being a problem, just how that works. If you have the Labor Department involved and SBA, how is that going to work? How is that going to be coordinated? I hate to see us spending so much time clearing a proposal through labor, having to clear it through SBA also, going that whole route. That is the only impediment offhand that I could see. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Dr. Bay. Mr. O'Rourke? STATEMENT OF WALTER P. O'ROURKE, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE, ACCOMPANIED BY 3~ULIUS DAVIDSON, MEMBER, NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL LEG- ISLATIVE COMMITTEE; AND STUART C. FERRIS, CHAIRMAN, PENOBSCOT SCORE CHAPTER NO. 244, CAMDEN, MAINE Mr. O'RotmxE. Mr. Chairman, I am Walter P. O'Rourke, chair- man, National SCORE Council, I appreciate this opportunity to appear before your committee. May I first introduce the other two gentlemen who are sharing the table with me. On my right is Mr. Julius Davidson, member of the National SCORE Council Legislative Committee and Mr. Stuart C. Ferris, chairman, Penobscot SCORE Chapter No. 244, who resides in Camden, Maine. The Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) is sponsored by the Small Business Administration (SBA) and is a voluntary, nonprofit group of retired businessmen and women who offer the bene- fit of their skills, knowledge and experience free of charge to assist small business concerns and those proposing to enter the business world in solving their problems. SCORE was established in 1964 and presently has over 5,600 men and 175 women from business and now working out of 292 chapters. The Active Corps of Executives (ACE) is a volunteer group of persons who, while still actively engaged in business, constitute a pool of talent available to SCORE. This organization is also sponsored by SBA and has approximately 2,600 members. PAGENO="0039" 35 The National SCORE Council (NSC) consists of one SCORE rep- resentative from each of the 10 Small Business Administration re- gions, plus a chairman who is elected by the members of the NSC. Through this council, major policy and procedural matters are co- ordinated with the Small Business Administration staff in Wash- ington, D.C. There is no discrimination in the membership of SCORE or ACE or those they counsel on account of race, creed, national origin, or sex. Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1971 transferred certain functions of the SCORE/ACE program from SBA to the ACTION Agency. After about 4 years under the joint sponsorship of SBA and the ACTION Agency, it became apparent that this arrangement was not practical and pursuant to Executive Order 11871, dated July 18, 1975, all functions, powers and duties vested in the ACTION Agency were transferred back to SBA. Since the return of the SCORE/ACE program to the sole spon- sorship of SBA, continually increasing efforts have been made and actually accomplished in developing a close cooperation between SCORE/ACE `and other very important elements of the SBA program. For example, throughout the country, SCORE volunteers have acted in an advisory capacity to groups of students, many of them at the graduate level, organized in a program called the Small Busi- ness Institute (SIBI) in which the students counsel small business owners particularly `those who have SBA loans. I was advised yesterday that we have about 1,000 SCORE and ACE volunteers involved in that program. The success of recently initiated programs also based at colleges and universities, called the university business development centers (TJBDC) hinges in good part on advice and assistance from SCORE counselors. I have a chart that I would like to have inserted in the record. I think it would be helpful to you in understanding this program. Senator HATHAWAY. We will place it in the record. [The chart referred to follows:] PAGENO="0040" 0 SCORE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL PAGENO="0041" 37 Mr. O'ROURKE. Another recent innovation on the part of SBA relates to the various business advisory councils at the national, regional and district levels in which SCORE is expected to play a vital role. Increasing emphasis in the management assistance program is being directed toward the loan portfolio and statistics show a three- fold increase in the involvement of SCORE volunteers in portfolio cases in recent months as a result of such cooperation. Similarly, SCORE counseling is expected to play an important part in con- verting so-called 8A contractors-socially or economically disad- vantaged enterprises that receive Government contracts on a prefer- ential basis-into viable enterprises. SCORE will be making every effort to add women counselors to the SCORE roster. I might say that the woman counselors we have in SCORE are excellent. They do a terrific job. Our experience has demonstrated that women possess skills and competence in a variety of fields equal to men. It is also our desire to promote successful business operations on the part of women business owners. It is our intention to watch closely the increasing role of women in our counseling efforts and in our efforts to promote successful business ownerships by women. Shortly, after the return of the SCORE/ACE program to the sole sponsorship of SBA, further goals have been developed on a cooperative basis between SBA and the National SCORE Council. Such goals call not only for an enlarged program in terms of a greatly increased SCORE/ACE roster as well as a greatly increased caseload, but also in an enlarged scope of operations in terms of a variety of expertise to augment the current SCORE/ACE efforts. Let me cite a few examples of the directions in which we expect to move. First, the matter of technology utilization and transfer. Small business generally cannot afford to keep up with all technolog- ical advances. We hope in this area to recruit engineers, scientists and technicians who will be available to counsel small businesses in the application of advances in technology. In this connection, the university business development centers which I mentioned before will play a role. That program will take some time to develop and it can go in a lot of different directions. Engineers, technicians, and similar experts will also be needed for the SCORE roster for advice to small business in how to meet the challenges of the OSHA program (Occupational Safety and Health Act). That has been a problem of great concern to the small business community. 1~\Te are going to pitch in to see if we cannot help them out. Energy conservation in which small business will be expected to play a part likewise calls for more specialized expertise. It is our understanding as it is SBA's understanding, that be- cause of a continuing international balance of payments threat, it is desirable to promote exports. A recent analysis of the SCORE/ ACE roster indicates that approximately 500 volunteers have had some experience in international trade. PAGENO="0042" 38 I think we can lend a good hand there. Another area in which the small business community needs sound guidance and advice is that of crime-related loss prevention. Negotia- tions are now underway for cooperation with a unit within the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) to develop a pro- gram which will serve to train SCORE/ACE volunteers in this im- portant area. I might add, the Small Business Administration has a number of pamphlets directed in this area of operation. In closing, I quote the statement of Mr. Louis Laun, Deputy Ad- ministrator, SBA, made before your committee on February 24, 1976, that "SCORE, the Service Corps of Retired Executives, and ACE, the Active Corps of Executives, are the fundamental volunteer groups in SBA's management assistance work." With permission of the Chairman, I will now call on Mr. Davidson for any supplementary remarks, and following Mr. Davidson's re- marks, I wish to call on Mr. Ferris for a statement of SCORE's activity at the local level. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Mr. O'Rourke. [The prepared statement of Mr. O'Rourke follows:] PAGENO="0043" 39 STATEMENT OF WALTER P. O'ROURKE, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE ACCOMPANIED BY JULIUS DAVIDSON, MEMBER, NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE AND STUART C. FERRIS, CHAIRMAN, PENOBSCOT SCORE CHAPTER #244 CAMDEN, MAINE, BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE - APRIL 1, 1976 Mr. Chairman, and members of the committee, I appreciate this opportunity to appear before your committee, May I first in- troduce the other two gentlemen who are sharing the table with me. On my right is Mr. Julius Davidson, Member of the National SCORE Council Legislative Committee and Mr. Stuart C. Ferris, Chairman, Penobscot SCORE Chapter #244, who resides in Camden, Maine. The Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) is sponsored by the Small Business Administration (SBA) and is a voluntary, nonprofit group of reuired busineesiren nn'3 women who offer the bendfit of their skills, knowledge and e~:perience free of charge to assist small business concerns and those proposing to enter the business world in solving their problems. SCORE was established in 1964 and presently has over 5,600 men and 175 women retired from business and now working out .of 222 chapters. The AcLive Corps *ot Executives. (ACE) . is a volunteer gtOup of. persons who while still actively enga;ed in business, constitute a pool of talent available to SCORN. This organization is also sponsored by the Small Businaca Adneni:':.~ation. PAGENO="0044" 40 The National SCORE Council (NSC) consists of one SCORE repre- sentative from each of the ten Small Business Administration regions, plus a chairman who is elected by the members of the NSC. Through this council, major policy and procedural matters are coordinated with the Small Business Administration staff in Washington, D. C. There is no discrimination in the membership of SCORE or ACE or those they counsel on account of race, creed, national origin or sex. Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1971 transferred certain functions of the SCORE/ACE program from SBA to the ACTION Agency. After about four years under the joint sponsorship of SEA and the ACTION Agency, it became apparent that this arrangement was not practical and pursuant to Executive Order 11871, dated July 18, 1975, all functions, powers~dnd duties vested in the ACTION Agency were transferred back to SEA. Since the return of the SCORE/ACE Program to the sole sponsorship of SEA, continually increasing efforts have been made and actually accomplished in developing a close cooperation between SCORE/ACE and otber very ieportant elevonts of the SBA Prorran. For e::r.o1e, capacity to groups of students, many ofthem at.the graduate. level, organized in a program called the Small Business Institute (SBI) in which the students counsel small business owner parti- cularly those who have SEA loans. PAGENO="0045" 41 The success of recently initiated program also based at colleges and universities, called the University Business Development Centers, (UBDC) hinges in good part on advice and assistance from SCORE counselors. Another recent innovation on the part of SEA relates to the various business advisory councils at the national, regional and district levels in which SCORE is expected to play a vital role. Increasing emphasis in the Management Assistance Program is being directed towards the loan portfolio and statistics show a three- fold increase in the involvement of SCORE volunteers in profolio cases in recent months as a result of such cooperation. Similarly, SCORE counseling is expected to play an important part in convertinq so called 8(a) contractors, (socially or economically disadvantaged enterprises that recieve Government contracts on a preferential basis) , into viable enterprises. SCORE will be making every effort to add women counselors to the SCORE roster. Our experience has demonstrated that women possess skills and compentemce in aväriety of fields equal t.o men. It is also our desire to promote successful business operations on the pact of women Puniness owners. It is our intention to watch colce1~ the increasing role of women in our counseling efforts and in our efforts to promote successful business ownerships by women. Shortly, after the return of the SCORE/ACE Program to the sole PAGENO="0046" 42 sponsorship of SBA, future goals have been developed on a cooperative basis between SBA and the National SCORE Council. Such goals call not only for an enlarged program in terms of a greatly increased SCORE/ACE roster as well as a greatly increased case load, but also in an enlarged scope of operations in terms of a variety of expertise to augment the current SCORE/ACE efforts. Let me site a few examples of the directions in which we expect to move. First, the matter of technology utilization and transfer. Small business generally cannot afford to keep up with all technological advances. We hope in thisarea to recruit engineers, scientists and technicians who will be available to counsel small businesses in the application of advances in technoJogy. In this connection the University Business Development Centers which I mentioned before will play a role. Engineers, technicians, and similar experts will also be needed for the SCORE roster for a~T to cool? business in how to moot the challenges of the OSHA Program (Occupational Safety and health Act) Energy conservation in which small business will be expected to play a part likewise calls formora specialized expertise. It is our understanding as it is SBA's underetanding that: because of a cootinuing international balance of paymeno~ threat, it is desirable to promote oxports. A recent analysis of the SCORE/ACE roothr indicates that approximately 500 volunteers have had some experience in international trade. PAGENO="0047" 43 Another area in which the snail business conmunity need sound guidance and advice is that of crime related loss prevention. Negotiations are now under way for cooperation with a unit within the American Association of Retired Parsons (AARP) to develop a program which will serve to train SCORE/ACE volunteers in this important area. In closing, I quote the statement of Mr. Louis Laun made before your Committee on February 24, 1976, that "SCORE, the Service Corps of Retired Executives, and ACE, the Active Corps of Executives are the fundamental volunteer groups in SBA's management assistance work." With porm~ssion of the Charimon, I will now call on Mr. Davidm;on for any supplementary remarks and following Mr. Davidson rem~rks, I wish to call on Mr. Ferris for a statement of SCORE's activity at time ] ac~1 ic ccl PAGENO="0048" 44 Walter P. 0 `Rourke Member National SCOPE Council Walter P. 0 `Rourke--Born, Selma, kla'oama, October 2, 1906; son of 1~.nie1 Patrick O'Rourke and Gertrude Ida Pollock O'Rourke; married Miss Mary Eagar of Montgomery, Alabama, (now deceased) April 1, 1929; two sons, Walter and E~niel, and one daughter, Mary Gertrude; seven grandchildren. Attended parochial and public elementary and High School in Selma and St. Bernard College, Cull-nan, Alabama; Alabama Polytechnic Inst., Auburn, Ala.; National University Law School, Washington, 0. C., LL.B and M.P.L.: Wharton Scnool of Finance, University of Pci-ma. Admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Colombia - and the Court of Appeals thereof; admitted to practice as a registered Patent Attorney. Government Attorney: Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works (F~1A); UnIted States Housing Authority (USHA); Public Housing Authority (PEA); Reconstruction Finance Curooration (PEC); War Assets Administration (WAA); General Services Administration (GSA) and Housing and Home Finance Agency (}ll~A), Community Facilities Administration (CFA). Engaged in the practice of both public and private corporate law; Patent, Trade-Mark and Copyright law and ui'iair competition cases. Veteran of Foreign Wars; `:an Legion; Toasttasters International. Acci'edited member of SCOPE Chapter j7l of Washington, D. C., February 1908; Secretary 1971; Vice-Chairman, 1972; Chairman, 1973; Legislative Counsel NSC 1971; elected NSC 1973 Region III; Counsel and Chairman Legislative Committee 1973; Re-elected NSC Region III Representative term 1975-l97~. SCOPE delegate to White House Conference on Aging 1971; SCORE Rep. Steering Committee National Voluntary Organizations 1971 to date. Awarded Special "SCONE AWARD" 1970 Acclaimed SCOPE Volunteer of the Year 1972 Awarded Special "SCOPE AWARD" 1973 Awarded Special "SCORE AWARD" l97L~ PAGENO="0049" 45 BIOGRAPHY JULIUS DAVIDSON MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE SERVICE CORPS OF RETIRED EXECUTIVES (SCORE~ Julius Davidson, a native of New York City, but since 1936, a resident of Washington, D. C., graduated from Harvard College with an A.B. cum laude, and spent several years pursuing graduate studies at Columbia University's School of Business, Law School and Graduate School. His business career includes five years of public accounting work in New York City and Minneapolis, Minnesota, and twelve years as a member of a women's wear manufacturing firm in New York City. The last thirty years of his workingcareer were spent in the Federal Government, including seven years as a price controller with OPA and OPS where he directed a nation-wide program in the retail and wholesale food distribution fields, and seventeen years as the chief fiscal officer of the Library of Congress. A dedicated member of SCORE snce early in 1966, he is a past chairman of SCORE Chapter One (Washington, 0. C.) , the recipient of the award for SCORE Man of the Year in this area, and a Presidential SCORE Citation, past-member and a co ounder of the National SCORE Council and currently a member of the Legislative and Budget Committees of the National SCORE Council He is a member of the American Economic Association, American Statistical Association, Society for Advancement of Management, American Society for Public Administration, and American Library Association. 72-434 0 - 76 - 4 PAGENO="0050" 46 Senator HATHAWAY. Senator Javits has to leave. I would like to give him an opportunity to ask any questions he might have at this time. Senator JAVITS. I thank the Chair. I am very interested in the technology assessment represented here. I am especially interested in the fact that small business has not taken advantage of the combination of small businesses into R.. & D. companies, which I contemplated years ago when I authored that amendment. I am very interested in how that can be stimulated and encouraged, especially when high technology is probably one of the great outlets for small business and one where it can compete with large business. I thank you gentlemen very much for your cooperation and interest in this subject. Thank you. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Senator Javits. I am glad you could make at least part of the hearing. Mr. Davidson? Mr. DAvrIsox. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, I have no prepared statement. It will be brief and simply by way of supplementing what Mr. O'Rourke has stated. First, you may well ask the question, what motivates a SCORE volunteer? To the SCORE volunteers themselves, it is very simple, and it is simple to SBA. Retired executives want to have a sense of usefulness to the com- munity, wants to have a sense of usefulness in the field of his own expertise. It makes him feel not only useful, it creates a feeling of dignity. He keeps usefully occupied. This is very important; it is a two-way street. While serving others, we also get an internal satis- faction to ourselves. Now, what kind of activities do the SCORE volunteers engage in? A variety `of activities already mentioned. Take 1-to-i counseling; in fiscal 1975, there were approximately 54,000 counseling actions for which SCORE and ACE were responsible. Now, of those, in 1975, some 9 percent were directed at the loan portfolio. So far, in 1976, we have already exceeded-that is a 9 month pe- riod-the number of cases handled in 1975. We expect, at the end of the fiscal year, to have some 80,000 counseling activities for which SCORE and ACE are responsible. Currently, over 25 percent of our cases relate to the SBA loan portfolio. According to our estimates, the average counseling session for each case is roughly 2 hours, which means roughly 160,000 man-hours. This fiscal year, another important activity already mentioned is our participation in workshops, seminars, problem clinics and the like. According to the figures that I have seen, in 1975, one quarter of the trained units, that is in workshops, seminars, and so forth, had SCORE participants as moderators and lecturers. So far, in 1976, the figure is around 35 percent. We figure that this year, at least 50,000 students will be exposed to the workshops, and so forth, in which SCORE and ACE counselors participate. There are a number of other activities in which we are involved. These cooperative activities already mentioned, the SBI program, PAGENO="0051" 47 the university Business Development Center-we participate in many areas in very substantial ways in these activities as senior advisors. Now, there are other things in which SCORE and ACE are in- volved by way of support activities to SBA. We handle the assign- ments in most areas. We also handle thousands of telephone calls in the course of the year. We look for space and all of that sort of thing, relieving SBA of quite a task. There are other things that we are involved in on the receiving end; you know it is simple to say that a retired businessman has all the expertise necessary to be a counselor. This is not always true. He may be an expert in his own field, but he does need training, orienta- tion, refresher courses, and I am sure the SBA people will bear me out. Now, for all of these things, funding is of vital importance. We need funding, not only for space where we cannot get space for free- in most cases we succeed, some cases we cannot-we need clerical assistance, we need support for our public relations activity. Public relations are very important. We have not achieved anywhere near our potential in counseling activities, either on an individual basis or on a group counseling basis. We only have achieved a very small fraction of our potential. Public relations are essential to develop our role. There is a lot of potential ahead of us, and we are working very closely with SBA in setting up goals which we hope to reach. Funding is of vital importance, not only to these support things, but also for the out-of-pocket expenses which SCORE counselors are entitled to, small out-of-pocket expenses for mileage, parking fees, and that is about all. We get no fees for our services, and we would have it no other way. It stands to reason that, with a program like that, the cost/benefit ratio of the SCORE and ACE program is very, very high. Now, let me close by saying that one of our goals is to convert taxeaters into taxpayers. We would like to build up profit in small business enterprise so they can pay income taxes. We would like to improve the employment picture on the part of small business. That also increases the number of taxpayers. Finally, through our service to the loan portfolio, we try to prevent some of the taxpayer's money from going down the drain, and I think that we have achieved a substantial result in that effort. Thank you. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you. Mr. Ferris? Mr. FERRIS. Thank you, Senator, and good morning. My name is Stuart Ferris, a retired insurance man residing in the small town of Camden, Maine on Penobscot Bay. I am chairman of the Penobscot Bay Chapter of SCORE. My entire business career of 33 years was spent in the life, health, pension, and group insurance sales management field except for 5 years spent in the field artillery as an officer in World War II. I consider it an honor to appear before you on behalf of a most worthy organization, SCORE/ACE and by association, an organiza- PAGENO="0052" 48 tion I have grown to admire greatly, the Small Business Administration. I have been asked to discuss SCORE/ACE in Maine and to give you a brief picture of our chapter's operation. Gentlemen, I can assure you SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine. From two chapters in 1972 we have grown to eight; from 65 counselors in 1972, we have grown to 152, of whom 65 are ACE; in consulting cases we have gone from 162 to 572 and this is ever- increasing. But counseling is only one part of our activities. Our efforts in the educational field are noteworthy. Prebusiness workshops for those contemplating or newly in business for themselves are held frequently throughout the State. Seminars on marketing, financial controls, accounting and bookkeeping are held statewide. The continuing education programs of the SBA, usually sponsored by colleges and universities is a most vigorous endeavor. We in SCORE often cosponsor these and participate as guest lecturers. For instance, last week I lectured to 55 businessmen and women at Thomas College in Waterville, Maine on the subject, "Why customers buy or don't buy." In 1972, 203 businessmen or women attended educational courses in the State. By contrast, in 1975 over 1,700 attended. Things are popping all the time. I want to stress that these impressive increases in numbers and activity could not have come about were it not for the great backing SCORE has received from SBA. When Tom McGillicuddy, our district director, came on the scene in September 1973, the change was from night to day. He really got behind the management assist- ance program, among other things, doubling its staff from one to two management assistance officers plus a full-time secretary. He gives the MAO's and SCORE 100 percent backing. He is interested, knowl- edgeable, concerned, and involved, and best of all has created a "sense of urgency." "Let's get it done," is the theme. I think it important to realize that Maine, like Vermont and New Hampshire, is populated by small business and distances are great. Thus it is not uncommon for an 1~1AO to drive 4 hours to visit a chapter chairman or university extension. Frankly, the MAO's are straightout running hard all the time and honestly overworked. As for SCORE chapters, with the exception of thei Portland, Lewiston, and Bangor chapters, the rest of us are pretty rural and our membership spread among numerous small towns. We do not have centers to go to. As you will see in a moment, our headquarters is usually the chapter chairman's home. My chapter of 19 members is spread from Searsport south to Wiscasset, a distance of 65 miles. Our largest town is Rockland with a population of 8,300. So our challenges or problems are different than those of the big city chapters. Most of our counseling is done at our client's place of business, over a table in a coffeeshop or at our homes. About 50 percent of our counseling cases come from SBA, either because people have asked for help, are applying for loans, or are borrowers. PAGENO="0053" 49 The other 50 percent are "home generated" by publicity, word of mouth, references from bankers, lawyers or accountants, and from the cocktail circuit. They run the gamut of small businesses. For instance, I happen to have a case right now of a blind Vietnam war veteran who is making furniture, if you can believe that, with power tools. Last year, I had a case up in Mount Mizert of a bunch of weavers. They were merely making something like 5,000 or 8,000 scarves or stoles a month with no marketing plan, no sales organization. I personally took four dozen scarves and stoles, put them in the trunk of my car and went out and sold them in the next 5 days. I found out where the market was and thus was able to establish a sales and marketing plan for them. One thing that is not in the prepared statement is crime prevention, another activity of ours. I personally run five crime clinics on shop- lifting, which is a big problem in our area, as it is around the country. We do not need, in a rural-type operation like ours, a central office or full-time secretarial help. If we need things typed or reproduced, I mail it to the SBA in Augusta, or in an emergency, have a local business service help out. Each chapter has a small kitty as the result of prebusiness work- shops and we just take care of things. For instance, week before last we ran a 1 day prebusiness workshop in Rockland attended by 30 businessmen and women. After expenses, including lunches, we still netted something over $100. We receive wonderful cooperation from the various Chambers of Commerce in cosponsoring events, doing mailings and providing a center for telephone calls when needed. Similarly, when we need to advertise workshops, et cetera, the banks are happy to sponsor-pay for-these to help the business community. People like to help people who are contributing to the well-being of their communities. Sure we need funds provided by the SBA. We need, and receive, reimbursement for travel expenses. It is rare that a simple visit to a client entails less than 20 or 30 miles round trip, and often more. Those of us who are retired, and we are the majority, in most cases we live on fixed incomes whose purchasing power is being badly eroded by inflation. SCORE also needs the funds which enable it to have national and regional workshops. These are terribly important for communication, instruction, and inspiration. I have attended three national work- shops and benefited greatly from association with so many dedicated men and women. One of man's greatest needs is a sense of belong- ing-besides the worthwhile training, this need for being part of something worthwhile is provided at these workshops. Don't let them go by the boards. And now a special plea for funds. To expect chairmen who attend national or regional workshops to return, gather their chapter together and train and inspire them-well, it doesn't work in smaller, rural type chapters. The individual members need to attend a work- shop where they get training firsthand-get a sense of belonging- find out how the other guy is doing it. PAGENO="0054" 50 Toni McGillicuddy told me last night we were going to have a State training session in the State of Maine and the funds were avail- able. I could not help but cheer. Thus, in Maine, and probably in Vermont, New Hampshire, Idaho, the Dakotas, et cetera, we need at minimum a yearly statewide get together of 2 or 3 days so that the majority can participate, be involved, get inspired by association. They can't afford the travel and lodging expense. Please make sure SBA has the funds to carry out this type of function. SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine and in the Penobscot region. Thank you for listening. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Mr. Ferris. [The prepared statement of Mr. Ferris follows:] PAGENO="0055" 51 STATEMENT BY: Stuart C. Ferris, Chairman, Penobscot Bay SCORE Chapter 244 Box 236, Camden, Maine, 04843 BEFORE COMMITTEE ON: Senate Small Business Committee April 1, 1976 Good morning, my name is Stuart Ferris, a retired insurance man residing in the small town of Camden, Maine on Penobscot Bay. I am Chairmen of the Penobscot Bay Chapter of SCORE. My entire business career of thirty-three (33) years was spent in the life, health, pension and group insurance sales management field except for five years spend in the Field Artillery as an officer in MMII. I consider it an honor to appear before you on behalf of a most worthy organization, SCORE/ACE and by association, an organization I have grown to admire greatly, the Small Business Administration. I have been asked to discuss SCORE/ACE in Maine and to give you a brief picture of our Chapter's operation. Gentlemen, I can assure you SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine. From two chapters in 1972 we have grown to eight; from 65 counselors in 1972, we have grown to 152, of whom 65 are ACE; in consulting cases we have gone from 162 to 572 and this is ever increasing. But counseling is only one part of our activities. Our efforts in the educational field are noteworthy. Pre-business workshops for those contemplating or newly in business for themselves are held frequently throughout the state. Seminars on marketing, financial controls, accounting and bookkeeping are held statewide. The continuing education programs of the SBA, usually sponsored by colleges and universities is a most vigorous endeavor. We in SCORE often co-sponsor these and participate as guest lecturers. For instance, last week I lectured to 55 businessmen and women at Thomas College in Waterville, Maine on the subject, "Why customers buy or don't buy". In 1972, 203 businessmen or women attended educational courses in the state. By contrast, in 1975 over 1700 attended. Things are popping all the time. I want to stress that these impressive increases in numbers and activity could not have come about were it not for the great backing SCORE has received from SBA. When Tom McGillicuddy, our District Director, came on the scene in September 1973, the change was from night to day. He really got behind the Management Assistance Pro- gram (among other things) , doubling its staff from one to two PAGENO="0056" 52 2 Management Assistance Officers plus a full time secretary. He gives the MAO's and SCORE 100% backing. He is interested, know- ledgeable, concerned and involved and best of all has created a "sense of urgency". `Let's get it done" is the theme. I think it important to realize that Caine, like Vermont and New Hampshire, is populated primarily by small business and distances are great. Thus it is not uncommon for an MAO to drive four hours to visit a Chapter Chairman or University Extension. Frankly, the MAO's are "straight out" running hard all the time and honestly overworked. As for SCORE Chapters, with the exception of the Port- land, Lewiston and Bangor Chapters, the rest of us are pretty rural and our membership spread among numerous small towns. My Chapter of 19 members is spread from Searsport south to Mis- casset, a distance of 63 miles. Our largest town is Rockland with a population of 8,300. So our challenges or problems are different than those of the big city chapters. Most of our counseling is done at our client's place of business, over a table in a coffeeshop or at our homes. About 50% of our counseling cases come from SBA, either because people have asked for help, are applying for loans or are borrowers. The other 50%. are "home generated" by publicity, word of mouth, references from bankers, lawyers or accountants and from the cocktail circuit. We have no need for a central office or fulltime secretarial help. If we need things typed or reproduced, I mail it to the SBA in Augusta, or in an emergency, have a local business service help out. Each chapter has a small kitty as the result of pre-business workshops and we just take care of things. For instance, week before last we ran a one day pre-business workshop in Rockland attended by 30 businessmen and women. After expenses, including lunches, we still netted somet~iing over $100.00. We receive wonderful cooperation from the various Chambers of Commerce in co-sponsoring events, doing mailings and providing a center for telephone calls when needed. Similarly, when we need to advertise workshops (etc) the banks are happy to sponsor (pay for) these to help the business community. People like to help people who are contributing to the well-being of their communities. Sure we need funds provided b the SBA. We need (and receive) reimbursement for travel expenses. It is rare that a simple visit to a client entails less than twenty or thirty miles round-trip, and often more. Those of us who are retired and we are the major- ity, in most cases live on fixed incomes, incomes whose purchasing power is being badly eroded by inflation. SCORE also needs the funds which enable it to have National and Regional Workshops. These are terribly important for communication, instruction and inspiration. I have attended three National Work- shops and benefitted greatly from association with so may dedicated men and women. One of man's greatest needs is a sense of belonging PAGENO="0057" 53 3 besides the worthwhile training, this need for being part of some- thing worthwhile is provided at these workshops. Don't let them go by the boards. And now a special plea for funds. To expect chairman who attend National or Roqional Workshops to return, gather their chapter together and train and inspire them - well it just doesn't work in smaller, rural typo chapters. The individual members need to attend a workshop where they get training firsthand - get a sense of belonging - find out how the other guy is doing it. Thus, in Maine, (and probably in Vermont, New Hampshire, Idaho, the Dakotas, etc) we need at minimum a yearly statewide get to- gether of two or three days so that the majority can participate, be involved, get inspired by association. They can't afford the travel and lodging expense. Please make sure SBA has the funds to carry out this type of function. SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine and in the Penobscot region. Thank you for listening. PAGENO="0058" 54 Senator HATHAWAY. How many hours a week do you give to SCORE counseling? Mr. FEnnIs. At the present time I am personally handling about 10 cases. I would guess that I average, not including travel, 6 hours, 7 hours a week, something like that. I have to limit myself because of disability to a certain number of hours, and in the total chapter, we are handling 26 cases at the present time. We will handle something like over 100 cases in a year in our area. Senator HATHAWAY. What regional workshops do you attend? Are they in Boston? Mr. FERRIS. The regional workshop we are going to, it is Hartford this year in early May. We need a State one. Tom has told me we are going to have one. Senator HATHAWAY. You need what? Mr. FERRIS. A State workshop in Portland. Mr. MGGILLICUDDY. There will be a statewide SCORE training center for the SCORE/ACE volunteers in the State of Maine. The regional meetings, usually chairmen go to the regional meetings and they are expected to come back and transmit to the members what they learned at regional meetings. That, in practice, has not worked very well. We want the counselor, the man or woman, to come down and participate in 2 or 3 days of intensive training on how to counsel. Senator HATHAWAY. Once a year? Mr. MOGILLIOUDDY. Once a year, Senator. Senator HATHAWAY. What additions do you think we could make to help in this particular area? What else can we do legislatively to help you, besides getting more money for travel to these courses? Is there anything additional, conceptually, that we can do to improve the training and business expertise of small businessmen? Mr. MOGILLICUDDY. I think our programs are quite well-structured now, Senator. It is simply a question of magnitude. What we are doing, we are doing it effectively. The problem is, as Mr. Davidson pointed out, we have not realized our potential yet and we are not enrolling enough people in our counseling and our training sessions. It is just a matter, I think, of continuing to do what we are doing, but expand it. Senator HATHAWAY. I see. I thank all of you for coming here today. We appreciate your contribution and hope that you will continue to make a contribution, that you will continue to stay in touch with us so we will have the benefit of your ideas. Thank you very much. The next witness is James A. Commins, president, JACA Corp., Fort Washington, Pa.. Mr~ Commins? STATEMENT OP 3~AMES A. COMMINS, PRESIDENT, IACA CORP., PORT WASHINGTON, PA. Mr. Coi\IMIN5. My name is James Commins and I am president of JACA Corp., an environmental consulting and engineering firm of Fort Washington, Pa. PAGENO="0059" 55 This company was founded in 1970 to provide management con- sulting and engineering assistance for small companies who were just then coming under Government environmental regulations. Much of my testimony on SBA management and technical assistance is based on consulting experience with small businesses in this profes- sional practice and with Government research and service contracts often directed specifically to small business environmental matters. I shall also refer to experience with SBA programs as an executive in a small electronics business-250 employees-which covered 11 years previous to my present work. This 20-year span of experience with SBA involved mostly SBA assistance in marketing; in small business set-asides, certificates of competency, assistance from small business officers at procurement agencies, and in surety guarantees. All of this SBA related experience over the 20-year span, I would say, has been satisfactory. In my prepared testimony, I cite a number of instances where I had requested help, or rather my company had requested help, and we generally received prompt and efficient service. Although I am not personally experienced with the SCORE program, the 8A or 406, I have a number of business associates who have received these SBA programs and usually have expressed their satisf action. Now, the experience that I have had in the regulatory matters, the management assistance and technical assistance area, has been in sharp contrast with the satisfactory experiences I have had over the previous years. In this area of environmental and regulatory matters, there are significant management, technical, and loan-help problems. Let me very briefly cite why this occurs. First of all, much of the technology involved is completely foreign to the companies that are required to put in the particular control equipment. The procurement of the necessary control equip- ment or process change is quite expensive. It is not unusual in a small industrial plant to find control equipment running anywhere from one-fifth to one-third plant replacement costs. These costs are generally disparate from large businesses. If in- stallation and operational cost per production unit is compared, results are in favor of large businesses. If one looks at the cost of capital to acquire the equipment and the ability of the large business to pass these costs on to their customers, it will be apparent that in most instances the larger plants come out ahead. Another problem is that the businesses are faced with a capital buy that must satisfy a third party. They are not buying plant equip- ment on which a price, compromise with the vendor might be a satis- factory solution if the equipment is not quite satisfactory. This piece of equipment must meet specific regulations imposed by a State or Federal inspector. SBA activities in relation to such regulatory matters falls short of the need. I do not think they are involved in the formulation of new regulations as much as they should be. They are not sufficiently involved in management help, and they are not sufficiently involved in the granting of pollution control loans. PAGENO="0060" 56 The symptoms that indicate this in the loan program are that large businesses have made considerable use of the tax-free revenue bond situation. In 1974, for example, these were 114 issues totaling $1.673 billion. In 1975, there were 193 at $2.134 billion. By contrast from January 1974 to January 1976, there were only 89 loans to small business under Public Law 93-237. We might ask why the small businessman who could avail himself of these loans which would help him overcome the impact of the regulations does not do so. There are two acts that are supposed to provide such loans to small businesses. They are the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and the Disaster Loan Act, and both of these are supposed to provide longer term loans on the order of 30 years and, if a direct loan, at the cost of borrowing to the Federal Govern- ment plus some small amount for SBA for their administration, generally less than 1 percent. The symptoms regarding SBA loan assistance and management help on regulatory matters are not based on strong statistical re- search. They are for the most part experiences I have encountered. In a recent study conducted in Boston, of the number of re- spondents queried, 85 percent of these knew about SBA, but 85 per- cent of them did not know anything about the details of the SBA loans. One of my researchers in connection with a study project had to talk to 17 loan officers in banks in Pennsylvania regarding pollution control loans. Only one of them knew of SBA involvement in these loans and none knew of the program details. We also had occasion to call four SBA regional offices on such loans. Three of the four offices called knew nothing of the pollution loans set up by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or Public Law 93-237. We also encountered another situation where the EPA had placed a small business under compliance action. We investigated this busi- ness and found they could not purchase replacement air pollution control equipment from internal cash flow-they needed debt or equity funding. They were told about the SBA loan and it was sug- gested that they apply to SBA. They did, and they were, advised by the SBA regional office that there was no such program. Again, I would like `to stress that this is in sharp contrast to my previous experience with SBA. I have tried to postulate reasons why this would be so on these particular loan programs and in manage- ment in relationship to problems that occur by virtue of compliance with regulatory measures. The only reasons that suggest themselves would be a concern by SBA that they would displace management and technical advisory services and services by loan institutions by advertising the programs and hence purposely refrained from advertising the program even to their own staff. Another explanation might be that SBA had in- sufficient staff and funds. The symptoms that I have encQuntered if true on a national scale indicate that, except for the applicable portions of the 406 program and perhaps SCORE and the 8A program, SBA's management and technical assistance to small business needs resulting from environ- mental regulations are inadequate. PAGENO="0061" 57 With your permission, I would now like to turn from management and loan assistance and present some brief comments on the means by which SBA intends to carry out its recently revitalized efforts in technology transfer. There are a number of definitions of technology transfer. The one I want to talk about today in respect to the SBA role involves the transfer of technology developed for one purpose to small businesses where it will be used for a different purpose. The problem involves the matching of 12.5 million small business with billions and billions of dollars in technology inventory which is growing at the rate of about $15 billion a year. There is a docu- ment that shows the extent of technology transfer in the Government. It indicates that there are 50 agencies in technology transfer cover- ing 18 use categories. The agencies know their technology best, but SBA knows the small business best. Its years of experience and ex- tensive field network serves to gather or distribute data to small businesses. A good example of this, noted in detail in my prepared testimony, is the research that SBA was able to conduct in furtherance of legis- lation on the Wholesome Meat Act, which was one of the earliest regulatory impacts on small business. In this research they were able to poll a respondent field of 2,699 establishments, getting 2,175 replies. This is just a fantastic data collection result, which I do not think could be duplicated by private industry. I also doubt whether another Government agency could do it. It seems to me that SBA has this great field organization, I think, 10 regions, and some 90 field offices at present. They are in contact with tens of thousands of small businesses. I think that they should have a very vigorous and vital role in technology utilization. There are a couple of examples of SBA's role in technology utiliza- tion that I would like to cite. They `happened in the Philadelphia re- gional office and indicate the matching role SBA can play. The first involves a company making rubber boots with a fluffy inside' lining. A powered wire brush was used to fluff up this lining. In fluffing up the lining, a few tiny slivers from the brush got caught in the lining. The businessman was receiving all sorts of complaints from the field. He now had about 4,000 pairs of these boots on the shelf and was afraid to ship them. There was no foolproof way known to him to inspect the lining. He went to the local technology utilization officer at SBA who put him in touch with the proper Gov-. ernment people who had a metal detector with the sensitivity required that could be utilized with only slight modifications. It was utilized by the small businessman. He quickly quality controlled his entire inventory and set up the unit on his production line. I think that is a marvelous example of what SBA can do. Another example. There was a fireplace manufacturer selling pre- cast fireplaces. He had a high incidence of breakage in shipment. The SBA technical utilization officer put him in `touch with people who knew packaging and metallurgy. He obtained better packaging strength with stronger metal and a significant decrease in failures occurred. These cannot be iso'ated situations, where the program is handled by three or four people in SBA doing this part-time. SBA is splen- PAGENO="0062" 58 didly equipped to be able to discern technological needs for small businesses and report those to the proper technology agencies within Government. SBA has had an on-again, off-again technology transfer commit- ment. It sometimes lacked the critical mass to make it successful. In those instances where it had program continuity and funds, it did well. The people I know within SBA, practically to the man, have been capable and dedicated. They have a high enthusiasm for their work. When programs have fallen short, it was because the system or pro- gram had only lukewarm support, not because of a lack or capability of zeal on the part of the SBA personnel. SBA can meet a vital need to provide management and technical assistance in environmental regulatory matters if they receive a clear mandate from Congress and the funds to support the appropriate program. Funds must be available to support adequate staff and meet expanded loan needs. SEA should be more involved in regulatory promulgation than it has in the past. While other agencies are charged with developing the regulations, SBA could serve an important consulting role, and provide data on small business characteristics. It must also let the small businessman know more about its pro- grams. We cannot continue to have loan programs, for example, designed to help small businesses when the small businessmen, banks, and even some parts of SEA do not know of their existence or the de- tails of the programs. Lastly, SEA should have a strong viable technology transfer pro- gram, or as SEA calls it, a technology utilization program. A few people on a national level doing this as only a part of their job is certainly not enough. SEA appears to me to provide the knowledge, contacts, and organization critically needed to determine and col- late important small business needs. This role could be instrumental in providing data to the other 49 agencies who are much more knowledgeable of the technology than they are of small businesses. This activity could result in new prod- ucts, better productivity, and more jobs all of which is worth hun- dreds of times the amount SEA would have to expand. Thank you for allowing me to present my testimony at this im- portant hearing. As a small businessman working with other small businesses, I hope these remarks prove helpful to this committee. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much, Mr. Commins. You made some very good points. The State of Pennsylvania does cooperate with the Small Eusiness Administration to a greater extent than other States, as I understand it. We had someone in from Pennsylvania last year. They had a Government procurement specialist who was on the State payroll. At least he is in a position to distribute various data to small business- men, something that most States do not have. Perhaps the States will have to cooperate a little bit more than they have because of the funding difficulty we have here. I know most States have departments of economic development. Why they have not informed the small businesspeople that the PAGENO="0063" 59 Small Business Administration exists and what it can do, I do not know. It seems to me that is a serious shortcoming. It is not really a Federal shortcoming as much as it is a State shortcoming. Do you not agree? The State of Pennsylvania, for example, do they have a Department of Economic Development, something along that line? Mr. COMMINs. I am not familiar with all the assistance the State has. I am only reporting on the lack of SBA involvement in environ- mental regulation areas and in technology utilization. Senator HATHAWAY. Municipalities do, I am sure, for instance Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, because they have them in the State of Maine. Many of the towns have their own economic development agencies. Certainly, they ought to know that the Small Business Ad- ministration exists. Mr. COMMINS. Apparently many people know that Small Business Administration exists. What the people do not know, who are in- volved in these regulatory matters, are the details of the help that is available and the potential benefits to them. There is no SBA management help available in regulatory mat- ters that I know of. Perhaps if one approached SCORE he could at least get aimed to the proper source of information. Senator HATHAWAY. What they testified to this morning. Mr. COMMINS. As I understand it from earlier testimony this morning, most of their activity is in the area of marketing and ac- counting. The regulatory problems are transient problems. They are very, very expensive and there is an extremely high incidence of people getting into contractual problems-buying equipment they do not need or will not meet the regulations. Just in my personal knowledge, I know of 15 or 20 of these situa- tions in the mid-Atlantic region-there may be hundreds in the country. Senator HATHAWAY. Buying what they do not need to comply with the regulations? Mr. COMMINS. They sometimes buy equipment for a regulation they do not need. Here is the problem. The equipment performance must meet the approval of a third party-the Government inspector. The person buying the equipment generally knows little about it tech- nically. His business is making, say, boots, and he has to put in an electrostatic precipitator. He may not even know what that is. He puts it in but it has to meet some State or Federal requirement. That is where the problem comes up. He does not know enough about his operation to describe his plant's uncorrected lining-the input to the control device. Therefore, the company who sells him the control device does not want to guarantee it. He frequently winds up in the middle of a lawsuit or a severe management problem associated with obtaining the proper control. Small businesses frequently don't have the proper management as- sistance and they simply do not know about the loan programs that are designed specifically to bring them on par with the large companies. Senator HATHAWAY. It seems to me that the regulatory agency itself should be more cooperative in this regard. If it is imposing certain restrictions, it ought to be informing the small businessman of what he can do to comply with them. PAGENO="0064" For example, I have had a lot of complaints from small business- men concerning OSBIA. You have to be a Philadelphia lawyer to understand some of the regulations. Most of the small businessmen cannot afford a Philadelphia lawyer or any other lawyer, and it seems to me that the Labor Department ought to be in a position-I think they have improved in this re- gard-to put out interpretive bulletins of what their regulations mean and show the small businessman what he can do to comply with them. That is probably true of the others as well. I think you put quite a burden on SBA to do all of that for the small businessman when you have the existing agency that has the expertise in that area to do it. Mr. Co~n~rINs. Maybe it is a problem of interagency coordination, but SBA is not doing their job under the two loan programs where they definitely have the role. Senator HATHAWAY. I recognize the problem. The small business- man is not getting all of the information he needs to comply. Mr. Co~r3nNs. That is my position. Thank you. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much for your testimony. I appreciate it. [The prepared statement of Mr. Commins follows:] PAGENO="0065" 61 STATEMENT BY: James A. Commins, President, JACA Corp. 506 Bethlehem Pike Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034 BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON: Technology and Management Assistance Programs SENATE SMALL BUSINESS COMMITTEE APRIL 1, 1976 My name is James Commins and I am President of JACA Corporation, an en- vironmental consulting and engineering firm of Fort Washington, Pennsylvania. This company was founded in 1970 to provide management consulting and engin- eering assistance for small companies who were just then coming under govern- ment environmental regulations. Much of my testimony on SBA management and technical assistance is based on consulting experience with small businesses in this professional practice and with government research and service con- tracts often directed specifically to small business environmental matters. I shall also refer to experience with SBA programs as an executive in a small electronics business (250 employees) which covered eleven years previous to my present work. I have had direct experience with a number of SBA activities over the past twenty years. Generally this experience was related to SBA management assistance in procurement matters. The assistance provided to small RED con- tractors at various government laboratories and procurement agencies was ex- perienced first-hand as Vice President-Marketing in the electronics firm pre- viously noted. I can tell this committee that the assistance our company re- ceived in matching its highly creative technical capabilities with the proper government programs was entirely satisfactory. In the same position on two occasions I requested a Certificate of Competency after being turned down for production contracts, one on the basis of alleged financial incapability and the other on the inability to meet production schedules because of what DOD expec- ted to be tight vendor deliveries. A Certificate of Competency was granted hy SBA in both cases and our company delivered acceptable products on time. In the tight delivery project, SBA not only provided the Certificate of Compe- tency after thoroughly evaluating our production plan, but also assisted us in 72-434 0 - `76 - 5 PAGENO="0066" 62 obtaining a transformer ~.hich had very tough performance specifications, and which was critical to the job. In my present company we marc preparing a hid for a particular turn-key type environmental job which required a performance bond. This bond was met attainable from a surety, hut I learned through one of our clients in the con- struction industry that SBA had a surety guarantee program which was designed to help small companies that had good technical and administrative capabilities, but could not obtain the required bond through conventional channels. The assistance our company received on this program was highly satisfactory. There are other SBA programs such as the 406 program which provides man- agement assistance on broad lines to disadvantaged fires who are already SBA clients in which I have not been personally involved, but about which I have heard good comments from other smsll companies. I mm also aware of some of the very worthwhile services offered via the Technology Utilization program especially in the Philadelphia area. The activity of SBA in the Iholesome Meat Act has also been characterized as good from several business associates. Thus the preponderance of my personal experience and that which I am aware of from other small businessmen indicates that SB:\ has generally per- formed satisfactorily in its ordinary management and technical assistance programs. The situation in respect to SBA management and technical assistance to meet problems caused by regulations appears to be different however. I base this on certain symptoms that I have observed over the past few years in deal- ing with small business problems arising from regulatory matters. Before turn- ing to some specific symptoms I should like to briefly review why such assis- tance was, and continues to be needed. Need for Assistance in Environaental Regulatory Matters The small business need for SBA assistance stems from the significant economic and management impact of government regulations on small businesses. The regulations to which I refer are those that deal with environmental mat- ters with which 1 am intimately familiar. The costs experienced in meeting these regulations are generally non-pro- ductive. Infrequently costs to control nollution are partially offset by product recovery, but it is extremely rare for total cost recovery to be real- ized. Therefore while benefits ensue to the general public, the costs to the business generally carry no return. PAGENO="0067" 63 The impact on small businesses arises because the costs are generally non- productive, and because: o The costs are high relative to plant worth o There is a disparity in financing costs, the cost per unit of produc- tion, and cost pass-through notential between large and small firms o The special technology and management problems are foreign to normal activities. Costs of control may be quite high; in small industrial businesses it is not unusual for example to find air pollution control costs equivalent to 1/5 to 1/3 of the net of plant replacement costs. Furthermore it has been shown that, fbr some industries, costs to control air pollution per unit of produc- tion are somewhat greater for the small operator than for the larger company, and considerably greater in those instances where the pollution stems to a mar- ked degree from what is referred to as fugitive emission sources. In addition to the frequently encountered capital cost differentials be- tween small and large firms, there is also a disparity in financing costs due to differences in bank rates because of risk and administrative factors, and the fact that some preferred types of financing with lower rates, longer terms, and attractive principal pay-back schedules are not available to small borrow- ers to the extent available to the larger companies. The ability of smaller companies to absorb the costs and/or pass them through to their customers is also disparate from those of the larger or more profitable firms. Many of the EPA-sponsored studies of the economic effects on industry of air and water pollution echoed these statements. Their con- clusions often found that smaller or marginal firms were more likely to fail under the impact of such controls. In a number of instances, failures of small marginal firms were predicted. For firsts engrossed in obtaining adequate controls, the scope of the man- agement problem is unprecedented. They are buying a capital installation with which they are often totally unfamiliar, which must meet not only their own acceptance, but more importantly the acceptance of a government inspec- tor who would subject the equipment to an involved test carried out by spe- cially trained crews. Contractual problems between vendor and small business purchaser are frequent because vendors refuse to give performance guarantees or give vague ones since the customer cart often not provide reliable process data on which to guarantee a design. PAGENO="0068" 64 Small businesses facing the acknowledged and possibly fatal impact of such regulations be.ause of the disparate loon costs and pass-through capabilities and inpreridented technical , financial and managerncnt problems have a pronounced need for assi stance from SBA in management and technical advice which had helped small business so much in the past, and which was going forward under other programs such as 41lf, COC, surety guarantee, etc. Unfortunately symptoms which I have observed and shall now descrihe suggest that such assistance is not presently heing extended to businesses required by federal regulations to make significant investments. Symptoms of Inadequate Assistance Many of the recent problems confronting small businesses have come about with unaccustomed swiftness by way of governmental regulations. A recent ar- ticle shows that regulatory law has increased dramatically in recent years so that in 1974 there were an average of 187 regulations for every law passed by Congress. My impression is that SBA has not been adequately consulted in the formulation of environmental regulations which account fur a larger number of the many new ones being promulgated. Any SBA involvement post-dates the final regulation and therefore tends to be too little and too late. This witness made innumerable visits to SBA in 1970 attempting to denon- strmte the vital need for a program of advice and consulting to meet these unique problems. During this period however the management end technical counseling of SBA was at a low ebb so that such urgings apparently fell out- side the funding and staff commitments of SBA. To my knowledge SBA' a activ- ity was limited to the distribution of a Management Aide (a short pamphlet) on air pollution control authored by me, and to the backing of a small busi- ness joint-financing program that this witness and other researchers indepen- dently had developed and recommended. hhile SBA was largely inactive, other government organizations were doing more. The Natihnal Industrial Pollution Control Council held a number of in- dustry meetings, and developed a number of brochures on environmental subjects. The Environmental Protection Agency exerted considerable effort in its Technol- og~' Transfer Series. These were carefully conceived and developed two-day seminars which were h~Id across the country and covered finaccial and technical aspects of water pollution control, designed especially for a number of heavily impacted industries including the seafood, metals processing, dairy processing, poultry processing, textile, and fruits and vegetables industries. These scm- inure conveyed technology for the best control methods at the current at ate- of-the art for the particular industry sector being addressed. Specially prepared -4- PAGENO="0069" 65 manuals were distributed, and the oral presentations were made by industry ex- perts in the applicable field of control. The EPA presently has under prepar- ation a general seminar for small businesses in the machinery and mechanical manufacturing industry covering 173 four digit SIC's, which typically have hy- drocarbon air emissions and suspended solids, oil and grease, and metals water problems. Both air and water pollution control will be covered as well as de- tailed information on financing, methods of administering the work, and con- tracting. This should be ready by fall. Many of the seminars held for particular industry groups and the proposed more general seminar now being prepared have large complements of small bust- nessmenas their audience but SBA representatives had a small or non existing role in these activities, not even encouraging publicity for their programs. It must be appreciated by' this committee that SBA had no special manda- ted role in these technology transfer activities, and therefore the lack of action was probably attributable to the necessity of concentrating their lim- ited resources to more conventional activities related to general small btisi- ness loans, small business set-asides, surety bond guarantees, 406 program, Certificates of Competency, etc. There are however specific roles for the Small Business Administration set forth in the environmental legislation where SBA activity also appears inadequate. I would at this time like to refer to two Acts that set forth specific roles for SBA. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 include an $800 million loan program to be conducted by the SBA for small businesses which would otherwise suffer substantial economic injury. The program contem- plates low interest for terms of up to 30 years. The program has been opera- ting since August 1974. In January 1974 the President approved a second piece of legislation (PL 93-237) which permits SBA to make loans to any small business concern which will face economic disaster in the course of meeting "requirements imposed on such a concern pursuant to any Federal law," or any state law enacted in con- formity with the Federal law. This legislation unified several earlier enact- ments (except for water pollution control) each of which had established speci- fic loan programs for the separate regulatory programs. An outline comparison of the loan provisions of the water and economic disaster loan coverages with the normal type of SBA loan activity is shown in lab Ic 1 he low. PAGENO="0070" 66 Table 1 SBA LOAN CONPAPISONS Effec- tive Guaranteed Direct Date Term Interest Term Interest NA Noreal Sramll to 10 yrs Normal to 10 yrs Govt. Bor- Business Loan Bank ( rowing Rate 8/74 Eater Pollu- to 30 yrs Normal to 10 3/40 to 30 yrs Govt. Bor- tion Loan Bank ( maximum rowing Rate 1/74 Regulatory to 30 yrs Noreal ) to 30 yrs Govt. Bor- Econonic Bank / rowing Rate Disaster Loans The intent of the economic disaster loans, quoting from page 118 of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Select Committee on Small Business of the United States Senate, was that: The authority contained in the Bible (Senator Alan Bible, Neva- da, Chairman) provision reflects the considered judgment of Congress that smaller firms be assisted over the hurdles cre- ated by federal action by the ability to obtain loans at the cost-of money to the Federal Government, plus a fraction of 1 percent to cover administrative costs; and to have such loans over long enough terms so that the loan can be paid back out of the earnings of business. The implementation of this loan system however does not appear to match the lofty purposes for which it was designed. Normal small business direct loans are very scarce, so most loans are guaranteed at bank rates with no longer than 10 years payhack. For example of the 25,219 loans made in 1973 only a small part, about S%,were direct loans. By using bank guarantees rather than their limited direct funds, the SBi\ can serve many more clients than otherwise would be possible. In the case of Regulatory Economic Disaster Loans or the Water Pollution loans, the main advantage to the small business borrower is the possibility of longer pay- back provided by the Acts and the lower interest rates associated with a direct loan. Payback and term factors exert a pronounced effect on the real costs of control as measured by Net Present Value, and Cash Flow. Similar rates and terms are available on the open financial market to larger firms with dramatic effects as noted in a Business Week article (July 29, 1972, pp. 50-51) which upon calculating the cost savings that tax-exempt pollution control revenue bonds can provide concluded that, "over the life of a 20-year, $10-million issue, -6- PAGENO="0071" 67 the typical interest saving is about $3.6 million'. Activity in such financing by large firms has been sizeable as cnn be seen from Table 2. Table 2 TAX FREE POLLUTION CONTROL REVENUE BONDS Amount of Issues Year I of Issues ($~Illio~7~ 1972 Not Available $ .565 1973 Not Available $1.778 1974 114 $1 .673 1975 193* $2.134* It could be anticipated therefore that prudent small businessmen, thou- sands of whom made expenditures for air and water pollution controls during this period, would have availed themselves of the opportunity offered them hy the Acts, which promised to lift them to financing parity with the larger firms. What happened was that thousands of financing actions occurred but relatively few were granted by SBA under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, (8/74) and Public Law 93-237 (1/74). Since the effective dates, only 32 water and 57 air loans were granted. Why should America's small businessmen fail to grasp a financing aid with such important cust savings? Two reasons suggest themselves from any exper- ience: o Unawareness of program benefits o A belief by industry that they could not qualify because of an impos- sibly tight screening process. Although having far short of a statistically valid base, our company has had occasion to talk to well over a hundred small businesses concerning pollution control problems. Several indicated that they had received SBA loans which they had used for purchases of pollution control , hut these were * This figure coatains both private and puhi ic placements. Private placement figures are not readily availshle for prior years. I- PAGENO="0072" 68 regular guaranteed bank loans under the general SPA program, carrying bank rates and repayable in ten years or less. A study conducted by SPA in 1971 reported that while 95% of the fires queried knew of SPA, only 281 had any familiarity with its programs. More recently, part of a 1973 study in the Boston area indicates that small firms are aware of SBA's existance but are only vaguely aware of the various loan programs, what they are, why they are desirable, and how qualification is de- termined. The brief study showed that 841 of the respondents knew of SBA's existence, but a like amount, 851, knew nothing about the special pollution loans. - Not only doesn't the business community know about SBA's programs, hut there appears to be a parallel paucity of information available to the fi- nancial community and SBA itself. Recently one of our researchers discussed SBA programs with seventeen banks, and found that only one loan officer in these banks had heard of the FIVPCA loans or the economic disaster loan program. None of the loan officers knew any details of the programs. Another informal poll was conducted by one of our researchers who called three SBA regional headquar- ters to inquire about the economic disaster loans. Only one of three officers to whom he was directed for loan information knew the program existed, or any of the program specifics. Ne have also-had an example where it was suggested to a business under compliance action by the state and EPA that they contact the local SBA office and initiate action under the econowic disacter lean program; they promptly did, only to be told that no such program existed. These are admittedly not statistically based findings but they suggest that one reason loan activity under these programs is so small in respect to the number of loans small businesses must make in the environmental field is that there has been inadequate management counseling to small businesses, banks and SBA loan offices to the effect that the program ex.ists, is beneficial, and operates in a prescribed manner. SPA perhaps doesn't advertise its programs because of a concern about displacing normal lending and management assistance channels, or because it lacks the funds and staff for follow-up. The other factor causing I imited use of the financing benefits provided by these programs might he that those companies that are aware of the program and its potential benefits feel they cannot qualify under the substantial in- j ury reqrii Tenant . The qua ii Li cat ens we rave seen app 1 ied by SRI for a di i-eeL economic di caster loan is that the :ippl cant must receive too levels of turn- down fern ~ lanai loan soureca he 1ar~t show that he cannot obtai ii a PAGENO="0073" 69 direct loan fron at least two conventional sources and next that even an SBA guaranteed loan would not be financed by the bank. At the same time the loan must he safe enough to merit SEA financing. Thus to get the low interest, long pay- back loan terms which would put a small business on par with the financing capabilities of tax free revenue bonds available to large businesses, a small businessman must be within a narrow financial spectrum. In practice, the two level turn-down test actually may be more of a test of a hank's loan opportun- ities than one of the ability of a small borrower to repay the loan. The hank's turn-down criteria is closely correlated with tightness of money and its loan- able reserve of funds and these may be controlling factors in whether or not the loan is granted. The symptoms I have described if true on a national scale indicates that, except for the applicable portions of the 406 program, SEA's management and technical assistance to small business needs resulting from environmental reg- ulations are inadequate. This is in sharp contrast to other SBA programs, and may be attributable to deficiencies in budgets and staff resulting from insuf- ficient appropriations. With your permission I would like now to present some brief comments on the means by which SEA intends to carry out its recently revitalized efforts in technology transfer. SBA and Technology Transfer The 1975 report of the Federal Council for Science and Technology Commit- tee on Domestic Technology Transfer describes technology transfer as "the process of employing a technology for piirposes other than that for which it was developed." While a succinct definition, it fails to describe many of the active technology transfer projects of EPA in the environmental field and ERDA, FEA, GSA, and EPA in the energy field. here the technology being transferred was often developed expressly for the purpose for which it is being transferred. It merits transfer because the problcTss which the technology can serve are acute, often new to the industry, and often under mandatory response. I would thus like to broaden the definition as follows. This is the sense it will he used in further comments. Technology transfer is the process of employing a technology for purposes other than that for which it was developed or the process of transferring technology to a segment of busi- ness which has current critical need and little experience with the technology that can nieet the need. -9- PAGENO="0074" 70 The coe'airteo report previousi rntnonsd has a fold out chart at the end of tho report which 115t5 50 feherni government agencies and shows their technology to analyse progr:vs in iS i~er wee catcconi cc. The proira;is are in various stages of implementation, sal can conveniently be divided into three categories. 1. Technology prograas based on regulations promulgated by the same a- gency that undertakes the technology transfer. The outstanding example of such programs is the technology transfer program of EPA. In accordance with the legislated mandate, EPA enacted regulations cal- ling for industry compliance with the best practical technology (BPT) in water effluents and then developed and presented seminars on the subject to the spe- cific industries being regulated. In essence the government agency created the need, knows most of the questions business will have, and provides the technol- ogy required. 2. Technology programs that fill a need recognized as new and vital by the government. ERDA and PEA technology transfer programs are examples of the deep currant con- cern over energy, and the need to tell consumers and industry about energy sav- ing technologies. As new regulations are enacted, such as the law concerning ~ol- untary industrial programs to conserve energy and the pending legislation on energy conservation in new housing, the need for such technology transfer will increase and a movement toward the first category described above will be seen. 3. Technology programs that seek to apply technology developed for one purpose to other national needs. This category is typified by technologies developed by NASA and DOD which might find application in a host of other uses if only the prospective user and the technology could be brought together in an effective way. Category 3 is the one which my few remaining remarks concern because m impression is that the others are somewhat better covered by other agencies - especially category i in which I see SEA's role as a consultant in regulation formation and as a management advisor during implementation. In category 2, I visualize SBA again primarily in a management consulting role informing small businesses of various programs and putting them in touch with the proper tech- nical authorities. It is in category 3 where SEA' a expertise, experience, and extensive indus- trial contacts can cost efficiently be utili:ed. The federal government has a -10- PAGENO="0075" 71 vast back ioq of research and development results in the fu em of hardwa mc, method- ologies, manufacturing techniques and other technical know-how, and is adding to this annually at the rate of over $15 billion. How can this great source of tech- nology be transferred, and more specifically how can it be transferred to small *businesses? The problem of matching technological needs to research and technology a- vailability is a highly involved one. On the basis of 25 years as a project en- gineer, product manager, and vice president of marketing, and now president al- ways at the interface between RF,l) and marketing in high technology firms, I can testify to the difficulty in transferring technology even within a single com- pany. The transfer is most often within a single individual's experience span or at most at the project engineer's level. It is especially rare when the tech- nology transfer is manifest in a direct product transfer. l)espite these problems, such typos of technology transfer happen without any programs. There are hun- dreds of successful product transfers, and countless lower level transfers. To do this by means of government programs on an intercompany and even interindus- try basis as contemplated in category 3 previously described is a herculean un- dertaking, and yet the potential good merits the effort. The direction SBAs Technical Utilization Program has taken involves prepar- ation and dissemination of publications, the publishing of descriptive literature to make small businessmen aware that the program exists and a response to Reader Service Card inquiries by assisting the reader in locating and applying avail- able technology. It can be characterized as a referral system. it is thinly manned by personnel who do this as a part oftheir overall job. SBA however, has the experience, contacts, and understanding of small businesses to efficiently do much more with high potential national pay-offs if they were granted the char- ter and had adequate staff and funds to carry out these responsibilities. Technology transfer has two sides. One requires an in-depth koowledge of process, products and technology, while the other requires a knowledge of in- dustry problems, needs, and limitations. It seems to me that the technology oriented government agencies are splendidly equipped to deal with the techoology side of the problem. Where they are weak is in the business side. Here is where SBA has 22 years experience, d solid field organization, tens of thousands of contacts with small businesses, and a real empathy and understanding of how small businosmcn think and react. A good example of how SPA's business contacts and organleation can work to provide outstanding results can be found In their research work on the -Il- PAGENO="0076" 72 effects of the ~fheli~semc daat :\Ct of i96T. Permit cc to briefly review one facet of this study whiCu indicates hoe; thorou~hly Sli~ can dc~e1op data on small busi- nessos. The universe to be studied included 21,180 establishments. Survey statis- ticians so stratified the sample that a sampling of 2,699 establishments would yield a 959 confidence factor in tile results. SBA's Office of Administrative Services mailed questions to 2,699 establishcants in May 9, 1970. The Adminis- trator at the same time sent personal letters to 350 business leaders in this industry. A second railing was sent in June 13, 1970. A third in July 1970 with another letter from the Administrator. As a result 1424 of the 2699 quer- led responded. On July 24th the names of the 1273 non-responding establishments were sent to the 63 SPA offices for follow-up where the offices were asked to get the necessary information either by telephone or by personal visit to the respondents place of business. This brought in another 751 reports. Of the remaining 524 non-respondents, 53 were telephoned for a non-respondent quality check and found to possess characteristics of the respondent universe. The response then was 2175 out of 2699, a truly remarkable response rate that would be impossible of duplication by another government agency or private company. This placed a very high confidence on the results, and would permit Congress to enact legisla- tion with all tile proper data on hand. This shows how SPA can use its organiza- tion and industry experience in gathering, or for that matter transferring, data to small businesses. This is precisely the problem involved in trying to match hundreds of billions of dollars worth of government RiD with tile needs of 12.5 million small businesses. The government technical agencies know their "product" and the individual small business has unsatisfied technical needs, but it is dif- ficult to get them together. SBA now contributes to solving this matching problem by acting as technol- ogy brokers between small businesses and the proper government technical agency. This brokerage method can be best described by citing two examples of help that I am personally aware of that was accomplished by the SBA office in Philadelphia. In the first case a small manufacturer of rubber products, including rub- ber boots, fluffed up tile wooly lining of the boots by a rotating wire brush. He had received several complaints that his boots contained very small wire pieces that had been pulled off in the fluffing process. He now had some several thou- sand pairs of boots in inventory and had no read~ manila of inspecting the~t or his current production for any small metal particles. Coararcial metal detectors were not sensitive enough to detect the tiny slivers. The SBA Technology -12- PAGENO="0077" 73 Representative put him in touch with a particular part of a government agency that had an inexpensive and accurate device to detect such small splinters. It only required riinor modifications to meet the testing needs. The businessman quickly quality controlled all his inventory and set up the unit on his produc- tion line to eliminate future problems. In tbe second case a small business employing 50 people making east fire- places was ex-aeriencing considerable breakage in shipment of their large pieces. The SBA man tracked down a government expert who know packaging technology and another expert skilled in metallurgy and put the businessman in touch with the technology. As a result the new packaging was better, the metal stronger, and the breakage vircually eliminated. I would like to see this referral role continued and, strengthened. In ad- dition I would recommend that another very important role be added. SBA should at least seek to identify other categories of small business might have a need for a small metal sliver detector or how many more businesses need packaging and metallurgical help, etc. The SBA portion of the report of the Committee on Do- mestic Technology Transfer cites examples where ultrasonic sewing machines were used and where technology for efficiency improvements in hole drilling could be effectively used. Findings such as these call for extrapolation of indivi- dual problem solutions to a more general industrial need and should be done by SBA. SBA can do a very efficient job of analyzing small business for common tech- nology needs. SBA should examine a number of small industries to develop a list of technological needs for each industry. These should be collated across industry lines as much as feasible and then presented to a suitable body, perbsps the Committee on Domestic Technology Transfer, which could process the data, spending some direct to agencies with the necessary type of technology, and recommending studios on significant common needs for which appropriate technology sources are not available without considerably more engineering or product design. SBA has had an on-and-off-again technology transfer commitment. It some- times lacked the critical mass to make it successful. In those instances where it had program continuity and funds, it did well. The people I know within SBA, practically to the man, have been capable and dedicated. They have a high en- thusiasm for their work. When programs have fallen short it was because the system or program bad only lukewaris support, not because of a lack of capabil- ity or zeal on the part of the SPA personnel. -13- PAGENO="0078" 74 Recoameadat ions SBA can meet a vital need to provido management and technical assistance in environmoatal re0uiatorv ct tars i f they receive a clear mandate from Congress and the funds to support the avarepriate program. Funds must he available to support aumquate staff and moot mwpanded loan needs. SBA should 1)0 ~sore involved in regulatory promuigatioa than it has in the Past. lihile other agencies are charged with developing the regulations, SBA could serve an important consulting role, and provide data on small business char- acteristics. It must also let the small businessman know more about its programs. lVe cannot continue to hsve loan programs for example designed to help small businesses when the soal 1 businessmen, hauLs, and even some parts of SBA (10 not know of their existence or the details of the programs. Lastly SB\ should have a strong viable technology transfer program, or as SBA calls it a Technology Utilization program. A few peopie on a national level doing this as oniy a Part of their job is certainly not enough. SBA appears to me to provi~1e the knowledge, contacts, and organization critically needed to determine and collate important small business needs. This role could be instrumental in providing data to the other 49 agencies who are much more knowledgable of the technology than they are of small businesses. This activity could result in new products, better productivity, and more jobs all of which is worth hundreds of tines the amount SliA would have to expend. ihank you for allowing me to present my testimony at this important hearing. As a small businessman worksng with other small businesses, I hope these remarks prove helpful to this committee. PAGENO="0079" 75 Senator HATHAWAY. Dr. Samuel Z. Cardon, president of the Amer- ican Association of Small Research Companies. STATEMENT OP DR. SAMUEL Z. CARDON, PRESIDENT, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES, AND SECRE- TARY-TREASURER, GENERAL TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC., UPPER DARBY, PA. Dr. CARDON. Gentlemen, I would like to make one observation at the start which is not directly related to SBA and the subject of this hearing. I was aware that members of this committee have been pro- testing against the large paperwork requirements in Government pro- curement, regulation, and taxes which put such a tremendous burden on individuals and companies who would deal or must deal with Gov- ernment agencies. I was accordingly greatly surprised when my invitation to testify at this hearing included the requirement that I submit 30 copies of my statement before the hearing and 25 `copies at the hearing. Evidently, it depends largely on whose ox is being gored. I was reminded of President Coolidge's question to the 1920's Air Force, "Why can't they use one airplane and take turns flying itV' Senator HATHAWAY. We have various members `of various organiza- tions that want copies of these statements. Most of the statements go to the press and the press is not one person. That is the reason you have to bring 30 copies. I think it is a very valuable service, because you get your case presented to a large number of people. The more people who know about your case, the better you are going to be, because you will get a lot more people interested in it. Dr. CARDON. I just wanted to bring this up, because we submit proposals to the National Science Foundation, about 90 out of 100 are turned down. They ask for 25 copies. The packages get to be of a huge size and small companies find this is a burden. Even the Xerox copies cost a few pennies each. I wanted to point it out, not in particular about this committee's activities, but the general problem of paperwork. If you could cut down on some of the paperwork at each level, it would be helpful. The members of the American Association of Small Research Companies are almost all officers of small R. & D. and high technology companies. All the officers and directors are officers and principals in small technically based companies. I am an officer of General Technical Services, Inc., in Upper Darby, Pa. Before that, I worked for two other small technically based companies for a total of 12 years. What I say today will be my views but they reflect opinions and comments made by my associates in General Technical Services, Inc. and the American Association of Small Research Companies. My experiences with SBA in general have not been good. I have got the feeling that John May could get a lot more support if he had backing from headquarters in Washington. The following will illustrate some of my problems. Though my casual contacts with the Small Business Administra- tion and small business advisors in other agencies go back many years, a more direct and more frequent dialogue with the SBA pro- PAGENO="0080" 76 curement division started some 4 years ago which led to the found- ing of the AASRC and since then to many discussions and work- shops sponsored by SHA, NSF, and the Commerce Department on problems of the small technically based companies, especially in their attempts to deal with the Government. With your indulgence, I would like briefly to narrate the series of events that led to this more active interaction with SBA. A little over 4 years ago, our company received a questionnaire from Midwest Re- search Institute which had a contract from SBA for a study to de- termine if it would be useful to small R. & D. companies if there were a data system that would make available to such companies future procurement plans of Government agencies. Since we small R. & D. companies normally consider the non- profits to have an unfair advantage over us in Government and non- Government business, instead of filling out the questionnaire, I came to Washington and protested loudly to SBA that letting such a con- tract showed a lack of understanding of the problems of the small R. & D. company. I was told that SBA never could decide what the problems of our kinds of companies are because every small R. & D. businessman gives them a different set of grievances. I suggested that we form an association and the association would develop a con- census of common problems. At first, I was told this was a great idea but later that SBA couldn't help form an association because it was illegal. I then proposed holding a conference with SBA support, to discuss problems of survival and growth of small R. & D. companies, and I would make it my business to determine as a side issue at that con- ference whether there was, in fact, enough potential support from the industry to warrant the formation of our association. Again, great enthusiasm from the SBA Procurement Division, at that time headed by Marshall Parker and his assistant Clyde Both- mer. I prepared a~ proposal to run a conference which was promptly rejected by SBA, because it was pointed out that I worked for a for-profit company and could not, therefore, be given a sole source award. Since SBA wanted to hold the conference shortly, they circulated the proposal among members of their interagency committee for small R. & D. procurement. The National Science Foundation, spurred on by the then assistant director, Dr. Ray Bisplinghoff, volunteered to take responsibility for running the conference, adding to SBA's funds. Senator HATHAWAY. I have to leave for a hearing I have to attend and counsel will continue with this. The statement will be made a part of the record, anyway. I want to ask you a couple of questions be- fore I have to go. On page 5 of your statement, you said that many R. & D. com- panies do not bid on requests for proposals. Why is this so? Dr. CARDON. I do not know if you will make your next meeting if I go into all of the details. For one thing, various studies have shown that most RFP's in the R. & D. area are wired. The person who puts out an RFP from the Government has been talking to technical people of a particular company for a long time. After maybe a year or two, they have convinced him that this particular idea fits in with his program and that he should buy it. PAGENO="0081" 77 He tries to get through an unsolicited proposal, perhaps, or does not even try, but proceeds to put out an RFP because he has to satisfy the procurement people. The RFP goes out and no mention is made of the fact that he al- ready has one company that is doing a special favor to him. By the time the request for the proposal reaches the Commerce Business Daily, the company that has done all of the work on it has first call on that contract. By the time we see it in the Commerce Business Daily, all of the large companies, or all of the companies that have representation of their own in the Washington area have gone over this thing in great detail. They have all of the advance information. They know the technical man. Though there is a procurement man interposed between the techni- cal man and the contractors, it is really the technical man who makes the decision and he has decided long before he puts out an RFP that one company, or maybe one or two companies, are preferred. A study made some years ago, in a book called "The R. & D. Game," by a Professor at Harvard or MIT had one chapter on Government R. & D. business. He did a study of 10 or 20 procurements in the B. & D. area. He found that 90 percent of them went to the one corn- pkny that the technical man had in mind in the first place. Of the rest, maybe half a dozen went to two or three companies that he was interested in, that the total free competition in the area was probably restricted to a few percent of the total. In my experience, close to 25 years, in various small B. & D. companies and my own small company, we bid on about a dozen RFP's. That does not mean that every small R. & D. company is in this boat, but if you actually went out and tried to find the con- sensus among small R. & D. companies you would find that most of us stay away from BFP's. The one IRFP we won was one which was written specifically for us, based on work we had done previously, and I had something of a guilty conscience, because I knew that any other fool who bid on that RFP did not have a chance of getting it. Under those circumstances, small companies, and even large com- panies, I think, to some extent in the B. & D. area, are not too inter- ested in going after RFP's. The other thing that leads to the unsolicited proposal sole source award fight is, that procurement people tell us they have to be com- petitive. If you give a sole source award, you will not be competitive. It neglects the fact that in the case of an unsolicited proposal we have probably talked to the technical people for a heck of a long time, briefing them over and over again before we got them to the stage where they understood our proposal and were willing to do some- thing about it. During that period, we were in competition with all other com- panies who were competing for this man's money in this area. So it is really very competitive. It just does not come out as sharp as you would in the RFP situation. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much. Dr. CARDON. We have not been able to convince the SBA that this is a fact of life. Senator HATHAWAY. Maybe we can now. 72-434 0 - 76 - 6 PAGENO="0082" 78 I am going to have to leave for the hearing, but counsel for the minority will continue with the hearing. He will welcome the other witnesses as well. [Senalor Hathaway left the hearing room.] Dr. CARDON. The specific topics that I was asked to address before this committee were: What is being done and what could be done; (1) to increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for re- search and development; and (2) to make new knowledge resulting from Government-financed research and development available to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms. In answer to (1), I would say that very little is being done that is effective on the executive side to increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for research and development. We see com- petitive bidding and small business set-asides being pushed by SBA and small business representatives in other agencies and in the Con- gress. This method has worked to some extent for purchase of ma- terials and procurement people continue to think that this would also be a great boon for small R.. & D. companies. Yet I and my associates in the small R.. & D. community have tried over and over again to get the point across that many of us do not bid on R.FP's even small business set-asides. In my 24 years of experience, in small R. & D. companies, I have bid on perhaps a dozen RFP's. I remember we got one contract in an area that no one else could really perform since it was for refinements on work we had already done. Our association's vice president, Arthur Obermayer and I have been invited guests at one of the annual meetings run by SBA for procurement people throughout the Government to push them into contracting more with small companies. The effects of our presenta- tions-mine in 1972 was shortened to a. few minutes because it was feared I would be too abrasive, which I had every intention of being. I was told that SBA was trying to persuade, not intimidate, and it had about that much effect. I would rather not sweat on what is being done, most of it ineffec- tual, except for the initiatives the Congress has taken in the last year, which I would suggest are the most promising and potent for in- creasing business for the small R.. & D. company. I refer to the imposition of mandatory set aside of funds to be used for small R.. & D. company contracts which was started last year in the National Science Foundation applied research moneys. This year the House Science and Technology Committee is pro- posing to raise the percentage for small R.. & D. companies. Also this year, the Mot.t.l bill introduced in the House and the McIntyre bill in the Senate call for mandatory set-asides of funds for small companies in ERDA's programs. This is a far cry from the hat-in-hand timid requests by SBA of earlier years and as of now looks to me to be the only real workable approach. Requesting hasn't worked; therefore, you must order it. I can only urge tha.t the Congress extend this concept to all other Government agencies as soon as possible. In fact, the authorization for funds for water resources research and development which has been passed by its committee in the House of Representatives and re- mains to be introduced in the Senate may provide an opportunity for the concepts introduction in the Interior Department.. PAGENO="0083" 79 Mr. SOMMER. Has the consternation that you noted on behalf of the academic institutions taken the form of any lobbying in the ef- forts underway in the House? Dr. CARDON. I did not mean the institutions. I mean the people at NSF, academically inclined. I did not have contacts with their aca- demic sponsors and reporters. I do understand that the people of NSF themselves-I do not know if they have done anything about it yet, since the bill only came out a week or two ago-are upset about it. Mr. SOMMER. Thank you. Dr. CARDON. I have been told that the Department of Defense has discussed a percentage figure for its ZR. & D. funding with small ZR. & D. companies. I would like to add a couple of pages to my prepared statement- incidentally, the American Association of Small Research Companies ran a conference last week for the Energy, Research and Development Administration. Approximately 450 small businessmen attended that conference at a cost to them of probably in the neighborhood of several hundred thousand dollars total. Over 100 Government and large company representatives also at- tended. Results indicate that ERDA's management is willing to have more small companies participate in their programs. I would especially single out C. Branson Smith, Richard Sutz, Dr. Robert Tucker, and Glenn Ellis in the Office of Interstate and Local Affairs, and Norman Vinson and Paul Turbin in the Office of the Small Business Advisors of ERDA. Dr. Fri, Deputy Administrator, and several assistant administrators participated. We are grateful to them. We hope that the dialogue at the con- ference is only a first step, and it will continue at other meetings of our association, in our association's newsletter, and ultimately the real test will be if there are many more contracts with small ZR. & D. and other technically based companies. Mr. Laun, Deputy Administrator of SBA, spoke at that meeting and told us that ERDA and SBA are about ready to formally agree to cooperate to get more ERDA business for small companies by such methods as j ointly working to disseminate pertinent informa- tion to the small ZR. & D. community through appropriate trade news- letters, through use of SBA regional offices, joint meetings, and so on. We welcome this increasing effort by SBA and ERDA to reach th~ small R. & D. and technically based companies, and our Associa- tion will obviously cooperate in any way possible. Senator McIntyre of this committee did us the honor of also speak- ing at our meeting last week. He suggested that, although ERDA has shown an increasing willingness to work with small companies, he still thought that they could still use some congressional guidance. To this, we can only say, amen. In addition to the approach of mandatory set-asides for small companies, I would propose that the Congress take action on some of the recommendations of our earlier conferences if they want to see us get more business. For example, the following recommendations were made: One: Eliminate the resistance to the awarding of sole source con- tracts in response to unsolicited proposals from small ZR. & D. firms. Two: Permit the awarding of grants to small ZR. & D. firms es- PAGENO="0084" 80 sentially equating not-for-profits, universities, and in-house labs with small R. & D. firms operating for profit; Three: Eliminate the requirements for cost-sharing where there is no mutuality of interests. Four: Revise the review system for research proposals to eliminate conflict of interest and place the responsibility for R. & D. squarely on the Government technical program manager since he is the only one you can hold directly accountable for the quality of the R. & D. Five: As a follow on to this, provide career incentives and recogni- tion to the Government technical program manager when he in- creases his use of small companies in his R. & ID. program. Six: Encourage the breaking up of large R. & D. programs to smaller ones that can be performed by small technically based firms. Seven: Provide incentives for prime contractors of large B. & D. programs to subcontract substantially to small technically based firms. Eight: Provide incentives in the private sector for companies, large and small, to make greater use of small R. & D. firms and consultants. One comment at the 1972 conference by an anonymous investment banker in the audience deserves repetition. He noted that "for com- panies which are profitable or demonstrate that they will be profit- able, there is venture capital available." He therefore suggested that large fee allowances be permitted small firms and that legislative or executive action should be sought to encourage ongoing contracts. On item No. 2, how to make new knowledge resulting from Gov- ernment financed research and development available to small R. & ID. and manufacturing firms. What is being done? There a~re various Government publications that give the titles and authors and brief abstracts of reports pro- duced by Government agencies. NASA puts out the Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR). The National Technical Information Service is an outgrowth, I believe, of a DOD library operation, although now run by the Com- merce Department. The National Bureau of Standards has a tech- nical journal. Various agencies have technology transfer operations which put out descriptive literature on new technology. In addition, there is also t.he publication in scientific and trade journals, at the discretion of the authors. Various private companies summarize new technology and potentially useful patents in newslet- ters. The entire field is a hodgepodge with inadequate in-depth total coverage. What can be done? First and foremost, develop a central Govern- ment institution devoted to all aspects of science and engineering for industry and commerce. My partner, Art Iberall, who was with the National Bureau of Standards for 15 years up to the early 1950's, tried to get NBS ~nd the Commerce Department to assume the func- tion, but he was unsuccessful. The National Science Foundation, with its very myopic attention only to the academic needs in research and currently completely under the thumb of the National Science Advisory Board could not be trusted with this task. Thus, a new organization is likely needed. A major function of such an organization would be the collection of Government sponsored, as well as other available research and development information and PAGENO="0085" 81 disseminating it in useful form to all potential users. In such an organization there would be an office responsible for satisfying the particular needs of small R. & D. and manufacturing firms. In addition to the library functions, such an institution might use- fully pay attention to encouragement and support of industrial sci- ence and engineering in those areas which are not currently sup- ported by private industry and existing Government agencies. It would effectively expand on the current applied research program of the National Science Foundation. It would encourage and support independent inventors, a community of individuals that receives large amounts of verbal adulation and practically no real support in our society. For the moment in the absence of a central responsible institution or agency I would suggest the following additional steps that would help disseminate new knowledge resulting from Government financed research and development to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms: One, develop a network of technical representatives in areas with large concentrations of small B. & D. and manufacturing firms. These technical representatives would call on or otherwise contact the small industries in their area on a regular basis to apprise the operators of these industries of new technical developments which could be useful to them. The operation thus would be similar to the county agent setup of the Agriculture Department. A central processing organization would provide the area technical representative with pertinent in- formation. Further, he would refer to the central organization any questions submitted to him by one of his industrial contacts. The central organization could be a new technical assistance di- vision in the Small Business Administration. However, please don't allow such an office to develop under a procurement based or a banker based division. Its best chances for success would be in a special agency or institution for industrial science and technology as de- scribed above or in a Department of Science and Technology but again, please, not under the overbearing aggrandizing control of aca- demia, in-house Government laboratories and nonprofits or big business. Tinder current conditions I would recommend a greater use of trade journals and other association publications. Mr. SOMMER. Thank you. [The prepared statement of Dr. Cardon follows:] PAGENO="0086" 82 STATE~NT BY: DR. SAMIJEL Z. CARDON President: American Association of Small Research Co's. (AJ.S~C) Secretary-Treasurer: General Technical Services, Inc. (GTS) 6794 West Chester Pike, Upper Darby,Pa. l9O~2 Before Subcommittee On: Senate Small Business Committee April ~ 1972 Gentlemen: I would like to make one observation at the start which is not directly related to SBA and the subject of this hearing. I was aware that members of this committee have been protesting against the large paperwork require- ments in government procurement, regulation, and taxes which put such a tremendous burden on individuals and companies who would deal or must deal with government agencies. I was accordingly greatly surprised when my invitation to testify at this hearing included the requirement that I submit 30 copies of my statement before the hearing and 25 copies at the hearing. Evidently it depends largely on whose ox is being gored. I was reminded of President Coolidge's question to the 1920's Air Force, `~Jhy can't they use one airplane and take turns flying it?" The members of the American Association of Small Research Companies (AASRC) are almost all officers of small R & D and high technology companies. All the officers and directors are officers and principals in small tec1~nically based companies. I am an officer of General Technical Services, Inc., in Upper Darby, Pa. Before that, I worked for two other small technically based companies, for a total of 12 years. What I say today will be my views but they reflect opinions and comments made by my associates in General Technical Services, Inc. and the American Association of Small Research Companies. PAGENO="0087" 83 Though my casual contacts with the Small Business Administration and small business advisors in other agencies go back many years, a more direct and more frequent dialogue with the SBA Procurement Division started some four years ago which led to the founding of the AASRC and since then to many discussions and workshops sponsored by SBA, NSF, and the Commerce Department on problems of the small technically based companies, especially in their attempts to deal with the government. With your indulgence Iwould like briefly to narrate the series of events that led to this more active interaction with SBA. A little over four years ago, our company received a questionaire from Midwest Research Institute which had a contract from SBA for a study to determine if it would be useful to small R & D companies if there were a data system that would make available to such companies future procurement plans of government agencies. Since we small R & D companies normally consider the nonprofits to have an unfair advantage over us in government and non-government business, instead of filling out the questionaire, I came to Washington and protested loudly to SBA that letting such a contract showed a lack of understanding of the problems of the small R & D company. I was told that SM never could decide what the problems of our kinds of companies are because every small R & D businessman gives them a different set of grievances. I suggested that we form an association and the association would develop a concensus of common problems. At first I was told this was a great idea but later that SBA couldn't help form an association because it was illegal. I then proposed holding a conference with SM support, to discuss problems of survival and growth of small PAGENO="0088" 84 R & D companies, and I would make it my business to determine as a side issue at that conference whether there was in fact enough potential support from the industry to warrant the formation of our association. Again, gres~ enthusiasm from the SBA Procurement Division, at that time headed by Marshall Parker and his assistant Clyde Bothmer. I prepared a proposal to run a conference which was promptly rejected by SBA, because it was pointed out that I worked for a for-profit company and could not therefore be given a sole source award. Since SBA wanted to hold the conference shortly, they circulated the proposal among members of their interagency committee for small R & D procurement. The National Science Foundation, spurred on by the then assistant director, Dr. Ray Bisplinghoff, volunteered to take responsibility for running the conference,adding to SBA's foods. The NSF procurement people came up with the same objection, that a pro- posal from a for-profit company must be put out on bids, and that srr.ce I hadn't run any conferences before, they wouldn't give it to me in any case. In desperation, the National Science Foundation gave a grant of $40,000 - later augmented to $60,000 by a further contribution from the Commerce Department - to American University to run the conference. I was the Chairman of the Steering Committee and received $2,000 in per diem costs for being responsible for the program. That experience was a perfect example of many difficulties encountered by small technically based co=panios in their dealings with the government. For your purposes, gentlemen, it is noteworthy that SBA at that time had little competence to help small technically based companies, but I considered it promising that that conference and a subsequent one in -3- PAGENO="0089" 85 Los Angeles in 1972, was partially supported by SBA. Both conferences came up with Proceedings and Recommendations, but it didn't appear to me that responsible people in government in the small business areas were reading them or taking them seriously. I had thought and suggested this many times in the last four years in discussions with SBA personnel that SEA should be a model to all other agencies in their business dealings with small companies. I must confess that, if anything, they were tougher and more nit-picking than most other agencies. Now this committee is asking about how SBA could help in small company procurement problems. I suggest for step #1, repeating again, that SBA attempt to be a model as to how all agencies should do business with small companies, reducing paper work and unnecessary reporting requirements, and in general, look for ways to make life a trifle easier for us. For example, I was told by a middle management SBA official that he could not contract with our association because it was non-profit, despite the fact that it is an association of small companies. To whom should we then turn for support, to HEW or to the agencies which do business mostly with large business and non profits? The specific topics what I was asked to address before this committee were "what is being done and what could be done (1) to increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for research and development; and (2) to make new knowledge resulting from government financed research and development available to small R & B and manufacturing firms. In answer to (1), I would say that: Very little is being done that is effective on the executive side to increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for research and -4- PAGENO="0090" 86 development. We see competitive bidding and small business set asides being pushed by SBA and snail business representatives in other agencies and in the Congress. This method has worked to some extent for purchase of materials and procurement people continue to think that this would also be a great boon for small R & D companies. Yet I and my associates in the small R & D community have tried over and over again to get the point across that many of us do not bid on RFP's even small business set- asides. In my 24 years of experience in small R & D companies, I have bid on perhaps a dozen RFP's. I remember we got one contract in an area that no one else could really perform since it was for refinements on work we had already done. Our association's vice president, Arthur Obermayer and I each have been invited guests at one of the annual meetings run by SHA for procure- ment people throughout the government to push them into contracting more with small companies. The effects of our presentations (mine in 1972 was shortened to a few minutes because it was feared I would be too abrasive, which I had every intention of being). I was told that SHA was trying to persuade - not intimidate and it had about that much effect. I would rather not sweat on what is being done, most of it ineffectual, except for the initiatives the Congress has taken in the last year, which I would suggest are the most promising and potent for increasing business for the small R & D company. I refer to the imposition of mandatory set aside of funds to be used for small R & D company contracts which was started last year in the National Science Foundation applied research moneys. This year, the House Science and Technology Committee is proposing -5- PAGENO="0091" 87 to raise the percentage for small R&D companies. Also this year the Nott'l bill introduced in the House and the McIntyre bill in the Senate call for mandatory set asides of funds for small companies in ERDA's programs. This is a far cry from the hat-in-hand timid requests by SBA of earlier years and as of now looks to me to be the only real workable approach. Requesting hasn't worked; therefore you must order it. I can only urge that the Congress extend this concept to all ether government agencies as soon as possible. In fact, the authorization for funds for water resources research and development which has been passed by its committee in the House of Representatives and remains to be introduced in the Senate thay provide an opportunity for the concepts introduction in the Interior Department. I have been told that the Department of Defense has dis- cussed a percentage figure for its R&D funding with small R&D companies. In addition to this approach, I would propose that the Congress take action on some of the recommendations of our earlier conferences. For example; (1) eliminate the resistance to the awarding of sole source con- tracts in response to unsolicited proposals from small R & D firms. (2) permit the awarding of grants to small R & D firms, essentially equating not-for-profits, universities, and in-house labs with small R & D firms operating for profit; (3) eliminate the requirements for cost sharing where there is no mutuality of interests. (4) revise the review system for research proposals to eliminate conflict of interest and place the responsibility for R & D squarely on -6- PAGENO="0092" 88 the government technical program manager since he is the only one you can hold directly accountable for the quality of the R & D; (5) as a follow on to this, provide career incentives and, recogni- tion to the government technical program manager when he inôreases his use of small companies in his R & D program; (6) encourage the breaking up of large R & D programs to smaller ones that can be performed by small technically based firms; (7) provide incentives for prime contractors of large R & D programs to subcontract substantially to small technically based companies; (8) provide incentives in the private sector for companies, large and small, to make greater use of small R & D firms and consultants; One comment at the 1972 conference by an anonymous investment banker in the audience deserves repetition. He noted that "for companies which are profitable or demonstrate that they will be profitable, there is ven- ture capital available". He therefore suggested that larger fee allowances be permitted small firms and that -legislative or executive action should be sought to encourage on going contracts. On item #2, how to make new knowledge resulting from government fin- anced research and development available to small R&D and manufacturing firms. What is being done? There are various government publications that give the titles and authors and brief abstracts of reports produced by government agencies. NASA puts out the Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR). PAGENO="0093" 89 The National Technical Information Service ia an outgrowth, I believe, of a DOD library operation, although now run by the Commerce Department. The National Bureau of Standards has a technical journal. Various of the agencies have technology transfer operations which put out descriptive literatu'~e on new technology. In addition, there is also the publication in scientific and trade journals, at the discretion of the authors. Various private companies summarize new technology and poten- tially useful patents in newsletters. The entire field is a hodge podge with inadequate in-depth total coverage. What can be done? First and foremost, develop a central government institution devoted to all aspects of science and engineering for industry and commerce. My partner, Art Iberall, who was with the National Bureau of Standards for fifteen years up to the early 50's, tried to get NBS and the Commerce Department to assume the function, but it was unsuccessful. The National Science Foundation, with its very myopic attention only to academic needs and research and currently completely under the thumb of the National Science Advisory Board could not be trusted with this task. Thus, a new organization is likely needed. A major function of such an organization would be the collection of government sponsored, as well as other available research and development information and disseminating it in useful form to all potential users. In such an organization there would be an office responsible for satisfying the particular needs of small R&D and manufacturing firms. In addition to the library functions, such an institution might use- fully pay attention to encouragement and support of industrial science -8- PAGENO="0094" 90 and engineering in those areas which are not currently supperted by private industry and existing government agencies. It would effectively expand on the current applied research program of the National Science Foundation. It would encourage and support independent inventors, a community of individuals that receives large amounts of verbal adulation and practically no real support in our society. For the moment in the absence of a central responsible institution or agency I would suggest the following additional steps that would help dissemination of new knowledge resulting from government financed research and development available to small R & D and manufacturing firms: (1) develop a network of technicsl representatives in areas with large concentrations of small R & D and manufacturing firms. These tech- nical representatives would call on or otherwise contact the small indus- tries in their area on a regular basis to appraise the operators of these industries of new technical developments which could be useful to them. The operation thus would be similar to the County Agent setup of the Agricultural Department. A central processing organization would provide the Area Technical Representative with pertinent information. Further, he would refer back to the central organization any questions submitted to him by one of his industrial contacts. The central organization could be a new technical assistance division in the Small Business Administration. However, please don't allow such an office to develop under a procurement based or a banker based division. Its best chances for success would be in a special agency or institution for industrial science and technology as described above or in a Department PAGENO="0095" 91 of Science and Technology but again, please, not under the overbearing aggrandizing control of academia, in-house Government laboratories, and non-profits or big business Under current conditions I would recommend a greater use of trade journals and other association publications. - 10 - PAGENO="0096" 92 Mr. SOMMER. In the last part of your testimony when you talk about the creation of a new agency should it perhaps be SBA but not under the loan operations- Dr. CAIW0N. Even procurement. They are not the best people for this kind of activity. This kind of operation should be under technical people. Mr. SOMMER. Do you think SBA is the proper depository for such an institution, assuming that it were not under procurement or a loan-type operation over there since they do play a central role and they do have the contacts in the Agency, if they were to indeed op- erate such a program? Dr. CARDON. Temporarily, I think it is a good place for it to be. Ultimately, I personally would rather see a central science or- ganization. The people, 30 years ago, who started the legislation for NSF, had that in mind. NSF was quickly captured by academics and made into a grant organization just for universities and nonprofits. It does not really consider that it has the central scientific function of the U.S. Gov- ernment, for the people of the United States. Either you transform the National Science Foundation into what it was meant to be in the first place, or you have to go with another institution which will do the job. Now, SBA really was not set up for the business of handling tech- nical information, and it has never been encouraged to any great extent in this activity. The technology utilization or the management activities, even the management assistance part of their program has never been emphasized. SBA primarily has been *a banking institution. Mr. SOMMER. We understand that they are gearing up to imple- ment section 9, which is the technology-sharing section of the Small Business Act, to implement a very small office. It really will be an informational type office right now. It is a subject that Senatoi~ Javits is very interested in-utilization by an organization such as yours, taking advantage of the section 9 technology-sharing and the ex- emption in the antitrust laws in the Justice Department for any kind of cooperation between two or more firms. Do you find, in your organization, utilization at all of this section 9? Dr. CARDON. There have been several loose, informal alliances within our organizations. If I know the section that you are talking about-I did discuss it with people at SBA-one man, in particular, I said perhaps they could use our organization as one central place to do something with that. I was told that the way the thing is organized now, you cannot form (they cannot encourage) an alliance to bid on a particular RFP or particular procurement. It takes a year or more to get the antitrust thing out of the way. You also have to do it within the region in which it occurs, you know. Mr. Soi~rMER. It is. Dr. CARDON. There are two or three consortia around the country right now. I brought this up late last year with these people at SBA who shall remain nameless, and they pointed out to me that the way they were organized, the consortium has to be within an SBA region. PAGENO="0097" 93 Our association is national, so that it is unlikely that I would de- liberately go to a man in Philadelphia for a joint effort, it is just as easy for me to go to a man in Boston, or in California, but SBA is not geared to that. Mr. SOMMER. That was a prohibition by their own regulation? Dr. CARDON. That is the regulation; it must be regional. Unless you change that, you have eliminated the national aspects of that kind of consortium. Mr. SOMMER. Do you think it would be helpful to tell us whose view this is at SBA? I think we would really like to follow this up, if you would like us to. Dr. CARDON. I would prefer not to. That was one part of our conversation. The same gentleman told me he could not deal with my association because we were nonprofit. Mr. SOMMER. Which leads me to another question. On page 2 of your statement, you objected to SBA's awarding of research contracts to the Midwest Research Institute because the In- stitute is nonprofit. Then you say that a proposal you made to SBA to run an R. & D. conference was rejected because you worked for a profitmaking company and the services would have to be purchased competitively. On page 3 of your statement, later you were told by the SBA that they could not contract with your association because it was non- profit. In other words, SBA could contract to MRI, a nonprofit, on a sole source basis, and not to your association, because it is nonprofit. How do you explain that? Dr. CARDON. It was a question of time. The Midwest Research thing was in 1971. I understand that they have since admitted that this was a gross mistake on their part. Mr. SOMMER. SBA? Dr. CARDON. SBA. The people we were talking to about the contract for a conference, we did not have our association yet, would not deal with my com- pany, which was a private company. As a private company, the SBA procurement people said they would have to go out on bids. They could not allow me a sole source award for an unsolicited proposal, even though it was my idea and I had proposed the whole thing and spent months briefing them on it. The third one came up really as a result of this consortium business. I wrote a letter in which I said, section 9 calls for the SBA adminis- trator to encourage consortia, and I suggested this could be done through our association. At that time I was under the impression that SBA was going to get some money from the Experimental Tech- nology Incentives program of the Bureau of Standards. I suggested if SBA got this money, they should use part of it for this purpose. Then I said, thinking of the Midwest Research Institute incident back 2 or 3 years ago, I hope you will not use any of the money with noflprofits, and this must have stirred this fellow up to where he came back and said, I definitely will not use any of the money from my office even for working with a nonprofit group. Then I go in and see him about the consortia thing, and he says, I can't deal with you, because you are a nonprofit. 72-434 0 - 76 - 7 PAGENO="0098" 94 The fact that we were an association of small companies did not cut any ice with him. Mr. SoMMER. Would you be willing to supply to the committee names of small R. & D. firms that would be interested in going this consortia route under sect.ion 9 but who are in more than one region and therefore prohibited by SBA from help. Is that possible? Is there anything in the boiler now that we could look to? Pr; CARDON. No, I do not know of anything like that. It is my understanding that the consortia. thing is being looked at by various people as more of a permanent kind of thing. For example, some of the other rules and regulations would be barriers. For example, we have, to open up our books, every small company who has to join this consortia has to open his books. We have to designate a president who effectively will run the whole show for all of us. I do not think we are about to do that. We are not about to open our books, except where we have to, and especially in the case of a consortia that only offers hope that we might get a contract. We are expected to do t.hat even before we have a contract in hand. The consortium thing, it looks to me, was really designed for a con- sortium of shoe manufacturers who wanted to increase their pur- chasing ability, sales ability, perhaps to get Government contracts for shoes. In the R. & P. area, we. generally have at most 3 months to an- swer a published procurement. If I want to form a. loose association with other companies, to bid on a procurement, I can do that without forming a formal consor- tium, and in fact, that is what I did on an SBA RFP a few months ago. The idea of getting involved in this whole business of antitrust and making a st.rong consortium effort in this R. & D. field, is not rea- sonable. You have to have ways of doing it, so that the whole opera- tion can be done in a. few days if we are to answer a proposal on time. We cannot take 3 months just to form the consortium. Ms. KLATr. Ca.n you give us any suggestions on how to do t.hat, how it could be done in a matter of days in order for a response to be made to an RFP? Dr. CARDOX. If you can eliminate, the antitrust t.hing automati- cally in advance, although I really do not think it applies that much. I think somebody a.t SBA who is knowledgeable in the technical field and maybe has shown some inclination to work with associations like ours to keep track of the small businesses in the fieldS he could make a few telephone calls and get all the redtape out of the wa.y fast and also effect a. loose association of appropriate small com- panies. I think it could perhaps be done, but it must. be done very fast. It did not take me very long to answer the SBA proposal using one company in the Philadelphia area and another company in the New York area., and we did manage to answer on time. I think a capable man, or two, in the SBA regional office, could do that, even a capable man in the Washington office who has the charge and the time and the inclination to do it. PAGENO="0099" 95 Mr. SOMMER. You indicated also a natural reluctance on the part of the small businessman-we have heard similar testimony to this subj oct before here at the committee-a natural reluctance on the part of the small businessman to open their books in front of one another; people who may be in competition in other areas. Dr. CARDON. I would be very much against it in the case of my own company. I do not know why they need the rule in the first place. I do not know why you cannot, in the case of small companies like ours get the antitrust thing changed. We certainly are no threat to the free enterprise system. So I do not see the reason for it. Like I say, in this particular pro- posal that I wanted to bid on, I contacted a company in the Philadel- phia area. He happened to be a member of our association, and he had experience in the area. I called another company, actually it was an old retired man from SBA, Clyde Bothmer, who told me about another company in the New York area that had experience in another part of this proposal package, and we got together two or three times and prepared a proposal. I do not think we violated the antitrust laws. If a dedicated man like Clyde Bothmer were still at SBA, he could easily do this kind of a thing on a regular basis. Ms. KLATT. Only one of you submitted a proposal. Dr. CARDON. One was the prime contractor and the others were par- ticipants, or subcontractors. This is a common approach. I have done it a few times, I know other people have done it. It has not helped, particularly, when it came to RFP's, but we have done it. Mr. SOMMER. On page 5 of your statement, you say "Many small R. & D. companies do not bid on RFP's." Why is that, generally? Dr. CARDON. I mentioned that to Senator Hathaway. The one major thing is that by the time the RFP comes into the Commerce Business Daily, it is already generally wired for somebody. Even if it is not wired, by the time it gets to the Commerce Business Daily, the old- timers in this area who have been talking to the technical monitor have known all about it long before it appeared in the Commerce Business Daily. If I see it and say, this is in my area, I ought to do something about it, by that time my odds have gone down from 1 in 100 to 1 in 1,000, so I do not touch it. Ms. KLATT. Can you give the committee any specific and concrete cases that you know of where this has happened? *Dr. CARDON. I mentioned what happened to us. Quite awhile ago, it was in an area where we had done work, and we convinced the people that we could do some more refined work in the area. Normally they would have given us a sole source award to do it, but for their particular procurement, they couldn't. Maybe they had objection from their procurement people who insisted they put out an RFP. I do notknow how many people answered that RFP. The RFP said, you will perform in accordance with a previous report, 5 years old, which was prepared by our company. Right away, any small guy who looks at that says, this company has the inside track? You do not have a chance to win. PAGENO="0100" 96 I am sure some people will go out and bid anyway. It costs the Government money to prepare the RFP and do all the other things that go along with it. Then we answered with a proposal that the sponsoring technical people were very familiar with in advance, be- cause they knew what we had said in our previous report, and to no one's surprise, we got the contract. I cannot cite other personal experiences, because I have never tampered with the RFP thing that much. But as I say, there is this book, "The R.. & D. Game" put out by no less than a Harvard or MIT professor. In a chapter on Government IR. & D., this fellow pointed out that in a study he did he found that most of the contracts went to the company that the technical man wanted in the first place. It is particularly true in B. & D. and I sympathize with the tech- nical people. The only reason for pushing this RFP thing in the R. & D. area, is, it makes work for the procurement people. One other comment. I once mentioned this to a procurement man. He said, we must maintain the integrity of the procurement system, and my question was, do you have any evidence that this results in more research or better research for the dollar to the Government? His answer was: "You cannot evaluate research." I said, "Listen to how foolish you sound. You are telling me you evaluate the proposal, but you do not evaluate the product, that you cannot evaluate the product. If you cannot evaluate the product, I cannot for the life of me see how you can justify trying to evaluate the proposal." Throw them up the stairs and take the one that reaches the top stair. That is the only way. It will be much cheaper for everyone concerned. That was the point that Peter Payne made in our meeting last week. The Government puts out bids for contracts for $100,000 and by the time it is all over, the Government and the community of companies that answer spend $500,000 or $1 million for that $100,000 job. You would not stand for that kind of nonsense in a private business. Mr. SOMMER. Thank you. I have no further questions. We appre- ciate your testimony. Ms. KLATr. I have one question. I just want to point out one thing to you. On page 6 of your state- ment, your first recommendation is that Congress take action to eliminate the resistance to the awarding of the sole source contracts in response to unsolicited proposals. I was wondering how you account for this resistence in view of the fact that in fiscal year 1975 the Department of Defense awarded 60 percent of its procurement on a noncompetitive. sole source basis. It is being done. Dr. CARDON. DOD has always understood this problem. We have never had serious problems with them. We have never had serious problems with NASA, although they all go through the formality of justification of the sole source award. They encourage unsolicited proposals. They encourage sole source awards, because that is the way they get ideas. I talked to an Assistant Administrator for Administration in the Department of Transportation once and told him, "if you do not allow us sole source awards for our ideas presented in unsolicited proposals, where are. you going to get your ideas?" PAGENO="0101" 97 He said, we have more than enough ideas ourselves. You can judge for yourself what the Department of Transportation has come up with in the way of R. & D. results. It is not a question of DOD and not a question of NASA so much-I have never had trouble with either one of them. When they wanted to buy, there was no problem with the sole source award. Ms. KLATT. What other agencies besides DOT? Dr. CARDON. ERDA, the newer agencies especially, are having more problems, as far as I can tell. Ms. KLATT. Thank you. Mr. SOMMER. Thank you, Dr. Cardon. Again, I ask you, if you have the time, to stay in the room and hear the testimony of the next witness. I do not know if you know, but I think it is very much a part of many things you said. Maybe even after the hearing you may speak with Mr. Wanzenberg about some of his problems in ERDA, based on your experience, and maybe it will be helpful. Thank you again. The next witness is Mr. Fritz Wanzenberg, Great Sea Corp., Larchmont, N.Y. STATEMENT OF FRITZ W. WANZENBERG, GREAT SEA CORP., LARCHMONT, N.Y. Mr. WANZENBERG. My experiences are in thorough agreement with the earlier statements concerning the difficulties of obtaining Govern- ment support. We recently spent a morning with ERDA and heard them say, "Well, we have our minds made up. If you submit a pro- posal, we will reject it out of hand." We ran into that situation, on a front-end collision basis. I understand that we are very short of time and I will probably do more reading than I intended to. I do not like to read a speech, but I think we have all of the information here. I will ad lib where it is necessary. Mr. Sommer, Ms. Klatt, Ms. Olson, ladies and gentlemen, my family and I appreciate this opportunity of presenting my area of endeavor before this informed and interested special committee. We are in- deed delighted to be here. Only through this opportunity can we share our scientific findings of 33 years, to help America in a small way to make our bicentennial year also a year of technological rededication. It is not common knowledge, and perhaps not immediately trau- matic, but according to the National Science Foundation, the Ijnited States has retrogressed from 1st to 17th place among the top 20 lead- ing Western nations in terms of technological growth. The progressive decay of research and development efforts which greatly helped to shape our Nation's influence and domestic well-being be explained by insufficient attention to creative science, a very serious problem. I hope to expound on this, because we can now begin to redirect, to rededicate, this creative flow. The rewards are tremendous. We will examine the valuable oil shale and carbonaceous resources of the United States and how they can be developed. I first became acquainted with carbonaceous ore in 1943. Since then, with extremely PAGENO="0102" 98 limited funding from friends, relatives and foreign investment, our small company has developed metals and energy recovery processes for shale and carbonaceous ore which make these vast resources ex- tremely attractive, especially in the light of our Nation's shortages. We can make America independent of all foreign oil in 10 years, independent of most foreign metals in 7 years. I say this in all sin- cerity and most thoughtfully, supported by personal experience and historical precedent. We hacked the first pilot plant out of the deserts of Pakistan in less than 6 months, built with scrap from the bazaars of Karachi, Multan and Lahore, and we made workable machinery. In ~\Torld War II, this Nation, in a production sense, had won in just 2 years. Production for peace is now more important than pro- duction for war, but from time to time requires the same national effort. Full employment, standa.rd of living, national defense and happiness, all rest tenuously on adequate resources and technology. Creative technology makes jobs and goes far to supply the pro- gressive impetus and confidence our Nation grew great on. Much creative science evolves from the mixing and combining of technologies into new areas of multiple, not additive, excellence. We, for instance, have merged the disciplines of space science with metal- lurgy and energy sciences into rapid oxidation processes for the ex- traction of energy, oil and metals from carbonaceous ores, oil shale or a hybrid combination of the two. The United States has billions of tons of this carbonaceous ore con- taining gold, silver, copper and 15 or so other important metals, as well as energy, a neglected aspect. - America's petroleum reserves, including the Gulf and Continental Shelf, are painfully finite. But the vast oil shale reserves in the United States are estimated to exceed, in barrels of oil, the combined Middle Eastern oil reserves. Now let's discuss the nature of carbonaceous ore. We have some samples here, one from an outcropping with 8.35 ounces of gold per ton-this is over 41 times the world's best recovery from noncar- bonaceous ores-and 40.2 ounces of silver per ton in it. Although values vary widely, the best grade ores are still waiting to be utilized. Of course, we are not just talking gold, a wide range of metals are found in carbonaceous ore-carbore. Carbore is found throughout the world. Live carbonaceous ores, which are actively in the process of metallogenesis, or generation, exist in sea basins such as Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Now. what is carbonaceous ore? To quote from "Ore Deposits by Park and MacDiarmid," "Some metals are enriched in black, carbonaceous marine shales, several ele- ments are enriched more than a thousandfold." We have found that land ore deriving from the sea is enriched more tha.n 300,000-fold. Konrad Krauskopf. an early authority on the subject., said, "Car- bonaceous material concentrates such elements as uranium, vana- dium"-we import almost all of our vanadium-"molybdenum, ger- manium, nickel, titanium, gold, silver, lead and zinc." Mason, in "Principles of Geochemistry." adds tin to the list. I un- derstand that the Carlin, Nev. deposit, mainly gold, has traces of 18 PAGENO="0103" 99 other useful metals. The deposits will vary, but virtually all metals are represented, as they were in the original sea ore. Carbonaceous ores contain carbon in chelated and simple form-a chelate is an amorphous, crablike molecule of carbon and hydrogen with a nucleus of metal. Carbore behaves in formation analogously to vast ion-exchange resins which reduce metals from ions in sea solutions. The sea is the largest but lowest grade ore body known. Let me explain that. A water softener is an ion-exchange unit. You are exchanging sodium ions for calcium ions. That is how simple this whole thing is. The sea does this over time. The ion-exchange resin is not the sodium. The ion-exchange resin happens to be carbonaceous forma- tion. I will explain that in a little more detail later on. The experts do not entirely agree on the specific chemical method of deposition, and frankly, although we have known of it for 33 years, we have been less concerned with how it got there than with how to get it out, so I won't stray into the fine points of sedimentary geo- chemistry unless there are questions. There are many types of ancient organic deposits: Coal, shale, oil, natural gas and carbonaceous ore. All began to form in the car- boniferous period of the Paleozoic era, 305 million years ago. At that time, large areas of America were covered by changing but persistent, immense shallow seas. These spawned vast carbonaceous and shale deposits. In 1970, for instance, the Bureau of Mines pointed to a major carbonaceous deposit of over 8,000 square miles in north- eastern Nevada. Core chips indicate that lower Alberta may be paved with a con- tinuous underlayment of hundreds of feet of carbonaceous ore, ex- tending into Idaho and Oregon. I cited Lake Maracaibo as one gen- eration source of carbonaceous ore still copiously in progress. There are many live and relict deposits; many still undimensioned, most still undiscovered. Our oil shale reserves are better known and quite large but even less developed than the carbonaceous ore deposits which I will briefly describe. Primitive gold recovery methods are used, or have been used at Carlin, Cortez, Getchell, Gold Acres, Mercur, Bald Mountain, Dead- wood and other sites. Gold has been the focus of carbonaceous de- posit development for obvious reasons. To quote from "United States Mineral Resources: Gold" by Simons and Prinz. "The future impor- tance of this type of deposit is difficult to assess on a worldwide basis, but for the United States it is likely to be great. Because of the very fine-grained nature of their gold. these deposits went largely unrec- ognized during the great wave of prospecting in the last half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. Deposits of disseminated gold-the so-called Carlin-type deposits-probably contain the sec- ond largest domestic resources of gold and almost certainly the largest undiscovered resources of grade high enough to be mined." In other words, the best deposits are probably waiting still, largely because adequate recovery methods have only recently become avail- able. I will. describe these methods shortly. PAGENO="0104" 100 Of course, as we saw earlier, gold is not the only metal in car- bonaceous ore. Again, from Mason, "A linear increase of uranium with increasing carbon content has been demonstrated in some of these shales." And a final example, from Goldschmidt's "Geochemis- try," "Cooper is very strongly absorbed by organic matter." I have found gold, silver, and copper in commercially attractive quantities, and significant quantities of many other metals. Again, virtually all metals are represented in the ore. This ore contains carbon in graphitic or activated form and is largely refractory to conventional mining processes, in other words, the ore is hard to work. Its high metal content has made the search for a process very worthwhile, however. We have obtained even higher values of gold and silver than 8.35 by 40.2. in Idaho and California, but these were alluvial or moraine ores. It is probably safe to say that on the average, carbonaceous ores are far richer in gold than the world's best noncarbonaceous ores. And carbonaceous ore bodies are generally big, whatever their grade-because primordial oceans were big. To reiterate, all metals contained in the sea, the largest, lowest- grade ore body known, are found in carbonaceous ore, though car- bonaceous ore has been vastly enriched over sea water by an ion- exchange process that is still going on today in saltwater estuaries throughout the world, where oil seepage, animal or plant carbon serves as the ion-exchange resin. Lake Maracaibo is a good example. It covers an area of almost 1,000 square miles. It continues to remove metals daily from the sea- water by this ion-exchange mechanism. If the metal is not recovered it will eventually oxidize back into sea solution or rise from the sea to become a land ore body. Now oil shale. What is the value of oil shale to the United States? Oil shale contains about 20 to 33 gallons of oil per ton, or between 8 and 14 percent. Because of the interchange between salt and fresh oceans over geologic time, oil shale also contains some carbore and metals. We have processed Saskatchewan and Colorado oil shales and recovered 0.0336 and 0.0276 ounces of gold alone per ton, respec- tively. Since our processes can recover both metals and energy or oil, energy, and metals, these two shales have economic metal sweeteners of about $5 and $4 respectively. Assuming a two-third barrel of oil per ton at a world price of $10 per barrel, the per ton value in oil and metals is about $10 or $11 per ton. Our total cost is not expected to exceed $2 or $3, producing a profit which is competitive with drilled oil. If carbore is used as the oxidizing fuel, oil can be produced at nothing per barrel-it will have earned its way as a recovery vehicle for metal oxide vapors. In 1943 I discovered the genetics of carbonaceous ore by sheer accident on the day the U.S. Pacific Fleet first steamed into Nandi waters on the Fiji Islands. My command had just completed con- struction of the harbor, and the last task was the removal of a black mud bar. Just before the fleet came to anchor, we ran Hindu cane rakes over the mud bar, loosening the mud and allowing the. tide to wash it out to sea. PAGENO="0105" 101 Fortunately, `although I didn't think so at the time, the mud cloud passed over our magnetic indicator loop, giving a signature identical to that produced by a midget submarine and sending the fleet to red alert status. So the incident became a matter of naval record and I began to wonder. It could only have been deposited by nature: By ion-ex- change, electrolysis in nature's sea plating tank, solvent extraction due to remote oil seepage, et cetera. I burned samples of this black Fiji mud and found that it was organic. Many years later, working with Global Marine on similar black mud in Florida, we found the sea mud can be rich in all metals, notably gold at up to 2 ounces per ton and copper at 4 pounds per ton. From 1943 until 1963, I collected the tools of my trade: Capabilities in electrolytic plants, missiles, high-rate weapons, propellants, rocket fuels, the design of automatic propellant plants, nuclear equipment, underground and surface mining operations, pyrometallurgical op- erations, et cetera. This background was needed to develop complex multidiscipline patent systems. Supporting talents were developed in corporate areas, in lab work, patents, construction of plants, operations, finance, mineral economics, et cetera. I gradually involved my brother and family in my sciences until in early 1968 I was no longer alone, and I formed Great Sea Corp. Between 1963 and today, our technology has evolved intensively. First we studied the early chlorine and salt-volatilization processes which were never seriously commercial and were of course ineffective on carbonaceous fractions. We paved our own way and finally re- versed conventional reducing chemistry to form a new, multidiscipline oxidative pyrometallurgy. In 1965, we applied for patents in a basic electrolytic process which could recover metals in hypochlorite solu- tion, our autogenous electrolyte. The metals could be deposited selec- tively on a series of cathodes at different potentials. In 1965, I met with the U.S. Bureau of Mines to discuss possible joint effort. BuMines asked for and was given copies of notes and the patent application itself. I will go into this shortly. We worked with Global Marine in 1967-69 in improving the process on live carbonaceous ores from the west and east coasts of Florida. The process started with a 2-hour retention time for quanti- tative recovery and, with the subsequent development of our electro- lytic arc, we reduced retention time to a little over a minute. The work with Global was moderately successful, including the processing of Mines' relict ores from Nevada, wherein our gold re- covery invariably exceeded Mines' by 100 percent because we could destroy `the interfering carbon. In February 1970, I inadvertently left arc power on after a dem- onstration and found that the dried ore had fulminated at the elec- trodes, filling our house with clouds of metal oxide vapor. We found that the chemical reaction of organometals and the now plentiful electrolytically formed oxygen carriers was responsible for the metal vapor transport. I was ecstatic. With further development, our metals recovery process came to be based on synthesizing a useful fuel from PAGENO="0106" 102 the ore, then burning the fuel t.o recover the contained metals. This is the ore that had been called "refractory." In February 1970, GSC prepared the first patent application in- cluding the autogenous fulminization of carbonaceous ore-or inor- ganic ore with hydrocarbon addition-with oxygen or oxygen carrier, producing a reaction from the inside of the particle out, thereby volatilizing the sought metal compounds into vapor phase to affect complete separation and recovery of vapor, ash or both. Now, we could completely separate the metal component from the ore component, in 3 seconds or less-fantastic, using space technology, not mining technology. Later in 1970, at the invitation of the prominent and progressive Sheikh family, Great Sea surveyed the west coast of Pakistan for carbonaceous sea. and land ore bodies. Cores showed gold values of 0.4 to 1.14 ounces per ton, so Great Sea built a. 20-ton-per-day sub- modular testing plant in Ismailabad, Multan. The plant was designed and built from local material. The blowers, cyclones, impact mills, kiln, chlorine system, controls, and all, were fabricated by hand. The plant was built, redesigned and rebuilt until it worked satisfactorily. As we hand-fashioned cupels from local bone ash and clay, we often wished for the wider resources of the United States. In 1971, we left Pakistan for the last time, forced out after only 2 weeks of production by the Pa.kist.an-India war. Though disap- pointed. we had come a long way with our production parameters and perfected the techniques. Now let's discuss these techniques which are shown in the diagrams. Again, you will find immediately that they embody multidisciplined capabilities. There are four basic modes to the most advanced particulate plasma process. First, we can recover all metals from the most refractory carbonaceous ores, as well as some useful energy. [The information follows:] PAGENO="0107" 103 Great Sea Corporation Feb. 3, 1976 VALUE: $1~O to $800 per input ton COST: $3 to $6 per input ton METALS AND ENERGY FROM CARBON-- ACEOUS ORE: pRODUCTS: METALS ENERGY GYPSUM ECOLOGICAL UpGRADING NO BARMFUL EFFLUENTS Mr. WANZENBERG. Second, we can recover 90 percent of the oil from shale, using the remaining 10 percent as fuel while recovering some metal byproducts. Incidentally, in this mode all metals can be extracted with additional, conventional leaching. [The information follows:] NOBLE I ` BASE I ES] L2~i GOLD COPPER SILVER NICKEL ETC. ASH OUT: CaSOIf2H2O (GIPS~J}L Si02, HgO, etc. GaO NOTE: CaSOj mp: 1L~O°C GaO rap: 2~8O°C bp: 28~O°C CaCO3 mp: 1339°C d: 898.6°C CaC1~ mp: 772°C bp: 1600°C PAGENO="0108" CaCO3 + HEAT CaO ~- CO~ (at 898.6°C) (3) O~-~-2SO~ 4-2CaO .~.~2CaSO~; 2520 + CaSO~-.-CaSO~2H2O (1) Other formulae in patents, reports. * Oxidizing zone flame envelope temperature adjustable from S0O°C to 2~O0°C by a slight decrease or increase in autogenous oxygen carrier. Reducing zone envelope temperature according to test should not exceed ~3O°C. This can be done by (1) reducing oxidizing zone te-npera4re and rate of combustion, (2) oxidizing zone feedrate, (3) reducing zone teed rate, (it) kiln speed of either çr both oxidizing and/or reducing z8ne ends./\~ ~Pyrolysis temperature: 800 to 1000 F, `U~ F.'~anzenberg equal to it2l to 531'C.) Mr. WANZENBERG. Third, we can treat the shale and burn it like coal for energy. With this approach, all the contained metals are easily extracted without additional leaching. We, of course, favor the re- covery of shale oil, but if energy is needed at the mine site the pro- portions of oil and energy out can be changed to suit any purpose. Fourth, we can use a hybrid system of carbonaceous ore and shale, where the carbonaceous ore is used as fuel to heat the shale and distill the oil out, as well as releasing all its metals at the same time. The shale releases 100 percent of its oil for recovery. Moreover, on its way out, the oil collects the metals from the carbonaceous ore. [The information follows:] Great Sea Corporation February 3, 1976 OIL: ~8/1iI3L V~/F: SlO/813L 104 OIL uituM SHAlL; BY-PSODUCTS: ENtrtGY METALS GYPSUM ECOLOGICAL UPGaADING NO HAmMFUL EFFLUENTS ASH OUT: CaSOit.2H20 Si02, MgO, eth. CaO -~ NOTE: CaSOj op: lit5O°C CaO rp: 2580°C bp: 2850°C CaCO3 rp:.l339°C d: 898.6°C CaCl2 mp: 772°C bp: 1600°C (40m shale will burn in air suspension upon ig- nition) (1) CxH~ + z02 ...*..~O2i- h~20 + HEAT (2000°C) (2) PAGENO="0109" 105 Great Sea Corporation HYBRID SYSTEM: Feb. 3, 1976 INPUTS: (1) CARBONACEOUS VALUE: $kO to $800 per input ton oi~, -5~ in of carbonaceous ore. (2)' OIL SHALE COST: Sale of oil pays all coats. -3/8 in ECOLOGICAL UPGRADING NO HARMFUL EFFLUENTS CARBOF -~5Oxn OUTPUTS; OIL 1~ETAI.$ ENERGY CHEMICALE GYPSUM OIL, METAL OXIDES OUT COLD SILVEr~ COPPEJL NICKEL }~TC. PAGENO="0110" 106 Mr. WANZENBERG. An extremely efficient reaction is possible because of intimately balanced mixtures of chemical starter, the oxidizer, and shale or carbonaceous ore, acting as the reducing agent. It may be simple, but it isn't crude. The particulate plasma process embodies the principles of rocket technology in this respect. The process is this simple. The ore is crushed and ground conven- tionally. It is then mixed with a starter, a chemical compound con- taining oxygen in wet solution so it soaks into each particle, leaving a small amount of oxygen inside the particle in chemical form upon drying. The treated particles are then burned like powdered coal in a kiln or boiler. They burn with exceedingly high heat and rapidity. The heat produced as the particle burns from the inside out drives the contained metals into vapor phase, mostly as oxides. The va- porized metal oxides and oil vapors, in the case of oil shale, are re- covered in cyclones and scrubbers. The recovered metals and oil are then further refined conventionally for sale. The waste ash can be used for neutral backfill. Waste heat is used to distill the shale and to produce electricity to operate the plant or sell. All chemicals may be produced from the ore autogenously, using process chemical output and electricity produced from waste heat. All processes are completely closed systems, requir- ing only ore and minimum water input. The difficulties with marketing our processes for carbonaceous ore and oil shale have run the gamut. First the problems were how to im- press new technology into established patterns of thought. Graphite or activated carbon was thought to be incombustible by many managers and scientists, who perhaps never saw the erosion on graphite rocket nozzles or graphite rods in an arc furnace. Next we heard that carbon won't collect or hold metals, carbonaceous ore does not exist, and more. These problems have diminished somewhat with more companies discovering carbonaceous ore, and gold being produced at Carlin, Gold Acres and other sites. Of a more serious nature has been our difficulty with the Bureau of Mines. We first met with them several times in 1965 in the hope of help, since industry could not respond and since they seemed the logi- cal choice to Martin Hoffman at Senator Percy's office and to myself. At first our relations were good. They were very interested so we gave them our observations, data and patent applications. They gave us the spectrographic analysis of carbonaceous ore from Cuddeback Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert which matched the live sea ore from Florida, indicating a common origin. Remember, this was years be- fore the tectonic movements of the continents became scientifically established. Discoveries such as this were both thrilling and en- couraging. Unfortunately, Mines could not help us for budgetary reasons. They were working with Newmont Mining Corp. at Carlin, Nev., since Newmont could support part of the research. In R. & D., money talks. I had ideas and patents pending, but no money for research efforts. Finding, gradually, that the Bureau of Mines is not equipped to assist the little guy, I built, a test facility in the garage of my home and, as I said, worked my way through hypochiorite, plasma are and PAGENO="0111" 107 finally particulate plasma with financial help from friends and family. The Bureau of Mines meanwhile took out a patent in the hypo- chlorite technique. They were granted 3 claims of no real consequence, against our 81 claims, in 3 patents, applied for 27 months prior to Mines'. Their writeup borrowed heavily from our patent application without giving credit to us. They then helped Newmont set up a production plant in Carlin, Nev., excluding the original inventor from all consideration, a direct infringement. Mines has since worked with other companies besides Newmont, claiming hypochiorite is theirs. It is like inventing a coupling device for a train, then licensing the patent rights of the whole railroad. Mr. SOMMER. Is this a common practice, for the Bureau of Mines to take out their own patents? Mr. WANZENBERG. They do if they do not have enough funds to work with promising outside people, and we have been told this by the Bureau of Mines. We once submitted a tremendous computer program for extra~- olating metal demand and supply for the next 50 years, and this is to Dr. Tom Howard at Mines, many years ago. He said his peo- ple said, "Frankly, this is the best thing we have seen coming down the pike; a complete program." We had worked very hard to give it to them. His people concluded, "We do not have funds, consequently, we will take this and do it in-house." This is how in-house projects get started, through lack of funds. Returning to our mining processes, we sent information to Mines for years, until quite recently in fact. First, we did not know that they could not and would not help us. Second, we didn't know the whole story about the Newmont-Mines Carlin infringement until very recently. Now we are primarily interested in pushing forward with our particulate plasma process. It is infinitely superior: 4,000 times faster than hypochlorite, much more efficient in terms of metals out, energy producing rather than consuming, and much more adaptable. Of course there is a money problem. We spent all our funds on develop- ment and patents; Mines and Newmont have relatively inexhaustible funds. We are fighting a giant combination, but learning. Mr. SOMMER. Does Mines have any kind of history of utilizing the small firms, such as yourselves? Mr. WANZENBERG. I don't know. But in my recent experience, with Mines and ERDA, regardless of the quality of the idea, unless you can match funds, forget it. ERDA said no at the door, Mines just picked my brains and used my patents. Mr. SOMMER. They have no history of a small business set-aside? Mr. WANZENBERG. You must understand, when you bring a good idea to the Bureau of Mines and you have limited funds and Mines is stimulated technologically and they want to move ahead, they say, frankly, we do not have the money. They have enough people sitting on their hands so they can do it in-house. The point is, invariably it evolves into this thing, they say this is the case, we do not have any funds, so there are excuses beyond belief. PAGENO="0112" log We really cannot argue with them very much. If they do not have the money; how can you squeeze it out of them? You cannot. Patent law is a bit of a jungle here, not to be recommended to any- one with faith in democratic principles, human nature, or those who haven't got 4 years for court and a. half a million dollars for fees, this according to attorneys I have approached on the matter. I feel the Bureau of Mines has abrogated my rights, but I know suing would bankrupt me at this point, moreover, I could then lose my patents by default. A clear case of insult to injury. In patent law there is such a thing as a declaratory judgment. If a small inventor confronts a major company, the major company can ask for a declaratory judgment against him. That means you have to show cause why you have precedence over his patent. If this happens and you do not have, say, a quarter of a million dollars to fight the issue in court, which convenes in Nevada or Omaha or some remote places like that and is very expensive, you must say, "I cannot fight this suit." Then, consequently, by default, the big company walks over the small company's patents, categorically, no question about it. So we have been very careful not to confront anyone by saying, look, fellows, you are infringing. They were introduced to the thing by the Bureau of Mines. They feel they are justified in using it. But they aren't, and Mines had no right to appropriate it. By the way, I would like to make one point which I think is very important concerning this bill on patents just passed by the Senate without debate. The bill seeks to discourage stalling by granting an inventor 20 years' protection dating from his application of the patent. You know, some of our patents `have been in application for 9 years? When you are dealing with a multimillion dollar patent, such as we are, you have to sell it with the patent in hand. You cannot say, well, it is pending, you see. That type of legislation would knock us down to 11 years or less. We have 11 years' use, then we just begin to start off-but statistically most patents do not mature into commercial viability until the last few years anyway, meaning 16 or so. This will kill the small inventor. In my case, 9 and 16 is well over 20, so why invent? A safety pin, great, but something big, no, it cannot work. Second, this bill would also require patent holders to pay main- tenance fees at intervals during the lifetime of the patent. That is laughable. I, for instance, have 20 patents in the public files. If I must pay maintenance fees on patents I must avoid them. Patents were originally intended to encourage inventors and to make new ideas publicly available. Remember, most of the macro- patents that helped shape this country came from small inventors. Invention is what I have. It is my capability. I cannot go down and design a safety pin or paper clip, but in order to sell big ideas I must have the support of Government., and I hope to get it. I dearly hope to get it, because that is my only recourse at this point. In my view the real loss has not been to Great Sea's royalties, though 1 have earned them and they would solve the financing prob- lems for some of our other inventions. The loss is not just to the Na- PAGENO="0113" 109 tion, though the Nation's problems continue while solutions are denied. Nor is it a question only of civil rights; or the constitutional guarantees to inventors; or undemocratic practices of the Federal Government. The sadness I see is the subjugation of creative invention by un- caring bureacuracy and disreputable business practice. The Constitu- tion does not unconditionally guarantee our rights, only our right to fight for them. This is the proper forum for exposing a sore, I hope the cure follows. When we are told by the Government, "This is good, but we'll do it in-house," or, equally disheartening, the familiar, "we do not work with anyone who cannot match funds," we can only say, again, that money talks. Ideas should talk. Concepts should talk. Technology should talk. If the Government does not respect patents and inven- tors' rights, the Nation is in serious trouble. When you need ideas and expertise, all the cash you pour away won't solve any problems. We are talking about Federal research pro- grams which bypass the small businessman-inventor who has an idea which will permit meeting objectives much sooner, easier and at less cost. Here we are talking about, do we have a future? Do we have oil, do we have metals? Our posture abroad internationally is ridiculous. They say, "Who are you, you are buying oil abroad. You have no metals. Your production relies on imports. How are you in a position to tell us anything." We are talking about trying to do something for this country that will keep it a great country. This year, the 200th year of our exist- ence, is a year for rededication to a vital democratic system. We are talking about the creation of jobs, the satisfaction of new and con- tinuing needs and desires, genuine human .and national needs. Approaching private industry involves other problems. We are frequently told, forthrightly, by industry, that there are no funds for new projects, that all budgeted funds must be used for maintenance R. & D. and quick payout projects within the state of the art. A friend, an executive in a large mining company, once told me, "We can move the biggest mountains and crush the biggest rocks, but we cannot change our habits." How do we get out of our way? These big companies are trapped by their own security. The February 16 Business Week reached the following conclusions: A careful analysis of U.S. business today suggests that bigness itself may tend to discourage new thinking and new ventures. The bigger a company gets, the more management broods about the stakes it is playing for, and the more it tries to eliminate risk. This makes it wary of innovation, which is always risky. But in playing safe, management passes up its opportunities and shuts out the possibility of great successes in an effort to avoid small failures. The U.S. economy cannot grow and prosper just by ex- ploiting the tried and true. It needs new ideas, new products, and some new thinking on the part of management. Executives are still pushing new ideas away from their doors. They are saying in effect that their research staffs are composed of people who have inbred the traditional qualities of their jobs and may not be able to effectively or productively communicate with ideas from outside the company gates. 72-434 0 - 76 - 8 PAGENO="0114" 1~1O Shortsighted profits are deceptive, false secuHty, if not for the secure manager, certainly for the country which has come to expect technological innovation and production as provision for comfort and needs. The doors to new ventures, new ideas, have largely re- mained closed since the mid-1960's. The harmful effects will accumu- late gradually and exponentially. Within companies, sales produce instant profits and research and development generate immediate certain costs. Management often looks best on the bottom line by suppressing R. & D. and pushing ad- vertising, marketing. and sales. This is serious, short term and retrogressive. In 1958, Senator Percy, then president of Bell & Howell, and I were talking at the University of Chicago. He said we once could put quality products on foreign docks at a profit. Not anymore. Today, other countries are putt.ing quality products on our docks at a profit, including energy products and metals which irks me par- ticularly. I am sure we would all like to see the United States inde- pendent in these two vi.tal resources areas, metals and energy. Let's start the next 200 years by closing the ranks of our proven capabilities. Our man on the moon can indeed ring our economic cash registers if we part company with technological pidgeonholing. The engineer who has 1 year's experience 20 times is in just such a prison. The essence of change is always with us, but now the world is pass- ing through a critical era. into the possibility of insufficient fuel a.nd other modern necessities, there are t.ime limits. Now is the time. to re- direct our efforts toward solutions. Energy and metals are a good place to start, since so much of our culture is built on the now- threatened foundation of these abundant resources. We are talking about 2,000 years of adequate fuels and metals both, just to begin with. I have discussed creative science. There are still creative scientists hidden here and there, a minority's minOrity. One way to maximize this diminishing resource, a.nd creativity is a resource, might be to in- clude a science consultation committee in Government planning. As others ha.ve pointed out before, there should be a link between those who investigate the implications of scientific discoveries on our econ- omy and security and those who decide our national policies. We can- not just call science in from grazing when the crisis is upon us, technological miracles take time and preparation. A select and diverse committee of widely experienced, multidis- ciplined scientists, rather than the typical case of 1 year's experience 20 times, could screen ideas of nationa.l interest. All patented ideas, or patent pending, could be assigned a. Government liaison and helped through the legal and political morass which awaits the unwary or~ financially struggling inventor. At this point, finances should be available for ideas of merit, per- haps through loans as Vice President Rockefeller has suggested, perha.ps grants or outright Governrf1ent participation. The purpose of this committee could be to interface between inventors and sponsors, at present a deadly no man's land; to encourage development of tech- nology through grants or loans; to monitor industry's use or misuse of breakthroughs t.hus possibly avoiding such events as the energy crisis. PAGENO="0115" 111 I wish my small company had this sort of guidance even now. In trying to interest Government and industry in our ideas, we have run across bureaucratic ignorance, stubbornness, rudeness, and misman- agement which, in my view, more than negates the public trust in America's farsighted support of technology. Our persistent efforts to acquaint the mining industry with our early metals recovery methods resulted in an infringement issue with both Government and industrial interests which we cannot fight for lack of funds. A recent New York Times article, March 14, pointed out that the international predominance of the United States in science and tech- nology has suffered erosion in the last 15 years. This is according to the National Science Foundation, which is in a position to know. I don't have all the answers to the problems of progress, but many of the problems have become clearer to me through my own difficulties. I think that the particulate plasma process is good, good enough to merit 33 years of my life and thought, and lately the welfare of my family. I had the chance to become a secure manager of the mining status quo, but instead I chose innovation with all its trials and tribulations. I have no regrets, just hosts of strange memories. Lack of financial help here drove me to Pakistan, funded by rupees for a hellish plant building operation where I missed American tools and equipment more than I can say. I came back 25 pounds lighter, with many of the technical difficulties worked out, only to face the joint problems of convincing honest but convention-ruled corporations that oxidation pyrometallurgy works, and trying to prevent others from infringing. So far, it has all been uphill. But for every 10 who would not listen, there have been a few sympathetic ears, and I guess wc will make it the hard way with these energy ideas if we must, when the need is finally recognized. My family and I appreciate the sympathy and support of Senators Javits, Percy, and Buckley, the offices of Vice President Rockefeller and Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, and Representative Ottinger. These gentlemen understand the need for, and even the technology of, our rapid oxidation processes to a gratifying extent. It is unfortunate that the normal channels such as the Bureau of Mines have not operated for us, but behind closed doors there is some- times no air to breathe. A very few in private industry have also listhned, and one company may act one day, but probably not while conventional production means work, if only half as well and twice as wastefully. Our difficulties are one example of a disturbing generality in terms of the creative scientific potential of this Nation. We have been walk- ing a racing horse and denying what made this Nation great. There will be nowhere to run when the bottom drops out, so now is the time to push for progress. Thank you. Mr. SOMMER. Thank you, Mr. Wanzenberg. [The prepared statement of Mr. Wanzenberg follows:] STATEMENT OF FRITZ W. WANZENBERG, GREAT SEA CORP., LARCHMONT, N.Y. Senator Hathaway, Senator Javits, Senators, Members of Congress, la'lies and and gentlemen: My family and I appreciate this opportunity of discussing my area of en- deavor before this informed and interested special committee. Only through PAGENO="0116" 112 this opportunity can we share our scientific findings of 3~ years, to help America in a small way to make our bicentennial year also a year of techno- logical rededication. It is not common knowledge, and perhaps not immediately traumatic, but ac- cording to the National Science Foundation, the United States has retrogressed from first to 17th of the top 20 leading Western nations in terms of technological growth. The progressive decay of research and development efforts which greatly helped to shape our nation's influence and domestic well-being, may be ex- plained by insufficient attention to creative science. I hope to expound on this, because we can now begin to redirect-to rededicate-this creative flow. The rewards are tremendous. We will examine the valuable oil shale and carbonaceous ore resources of the United States and how they can be developed. I first became acquainted with carbonaceous ore while stationed with the U.S. Navy at Nandi Bay, Fiji, in 1943. With extremely limited funding from friends, relatives and foreign in- vestment, our small company has developed metals and energy recovery proc- esses for shale and carbonaceous ore which make these vast resources extremely attractive, especially in the light of our nation's shortages. We can make America independant of all foreign oil in 10 years, independant of most foreign metals in 7 years. I say this in all sincerity and most thought- fully, supported by personal experience and historical precedent. We hacked our first pilot plant out of the deserts of Pakistan in less than 6 months, built with scrap from the bazaars of Karachi, Multan and Lahore, and we made workable machinery. In World War II, this nation, in a production sense, had won in just two years. Production for peace is now more important than production for war, but from time to time requires the same national effort. Full employment, stand- ard of living, national defense and happiness, all rest tenuously on adequate re- sources and technology. The United States has carbonaceous ore containing gold, silver, copper and fifteen or so other important metals. And Energy. America's oil reserves, includ- ing the Gulf and Continental Shelf, are painfully finite, oil shale reserves in the United States are estimated to exceed, in barrels of oil, the combined Middle Eastern oil reserves. Much creative science evolves from the mixing and combining of technologies into new areas of multiple not additive, excellence. In a nutshell, we have merged the disciplines of space science with metallurgy and energy sciences into rapid oxidation processes for the extraction of energy, oil and metals from carbonaceous ores, oil shale or a hybrid combination of the two. THE NATURE OF CARBONACEOUS ORE AND OIL SHALE Carbonaceous ores exist in the U.S., Canada, South America, Africa and Australia. Live carbonaceous ores, which are actively in the process of metal- logenesis (or metals deposition), exist throughout the world, primarily in sea basins such as Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. What is carbonaceous ore? To quote from Ore Deposits by Park and MacDiarmid, "Some metals are en- riched in black, carbonaceous marine shales, several elements are enriched more than a thousandfold.".. . And Konrad Krauskopf, an early authority on the sub- ject, "carbonaceous material concentrates such elements as uranium, vanadium, molybdenum, germanium, nickel, titanium, gold, silver, lead and zinc." Mason, in Principles of Geochemistry, adds tin to the list. I understand the Carlin, Nevada deposit, mainly gold, has traces of 18 other useful metals. The de- posits will vary, but virtually all metals are represented. Carbonaceous ores contain carbon in chelated and simple form, and behave in formation analogously to vast ion-exchange resins which reduce metals from ions in sea solution. The sea is the largest but lowest grade ore body known. The experts do not agree on the chemical method of deposition, and frankly, we have been less concerned with how it got there than with how to get it out, so I won't stray into the fine points of sedimentary geochemistry unless there are questions. There are many types of ancient organic deposits: coal, shale, oil, natural gas and carbonaceous ore. All began to form in the Carbonifcrous period of the Paleozoic era. At that time, large areas of America were covered by chang- ing but persistent, immense shallow seas. These spawned vast carbonaceous and shale deposits, in 1970, for instance the Bureau of Mines pointed to a major PAGENO="0117" 113 carbonaceous deposit of over 8,000 square miles in northeastern Nevada. Core chips indicate that lower Alberta may be paved with a continuous underlayment of hundreds of feet of carbonaceous ore, extending into Idaho and Oregon. Our oil shale reserves are better known and quite large but even less developed than the carbonaceous ore deposits which I will briefly describe. Primitive gold recovery methods are used, or have been used at Carlin, Cortez, Getchell, Gold Acres, Mercur, Bald Mountain, Deadwood and other sites. Gold has been the focus of carbonaceous deposit development for obvious reasons. To quote from United States Mineral Resources: Gold by Simons and Prinz, "The future importance of this type of deposit is difficult to assess on a worldwide basis, but for the United States it is likely to be great. Because of the very fine- grained nature of their gold, these deposits went largely unrecognized during the great wave of prospecting in the last half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. Deposits of disseminated gold-the so-called Carlin-type de- posits-probably contain the second largest domestic resources of gold and almost certainly the largest undiscovered resources of grade high enough to be mined." In other words, the best deposits are probably waiting still, largely because adequate recovery methods have only recently become available. I will describe these methods shortly. Of course, as we saw earlier, gold is not the only metal in carbonaceous ore. Again, from Mason, "A linear increase of uranium with increasing carbon con- tent has been demonstrated in some of these shales." And a final examplye, from Goldschmidt's Geochemistry, "Copper is very strongly absorbed by organic matter." I have found gold, silver, and copper in commercially attractive quantities, and significant quantities of many other metals. Again, virtually all metals are represented in the ore. This ore contains carbon in graphitic or activated form and is largely refrac- tory to conventional mining processes, in other words, the ore is hard to work. Its high metal content has made the search for a process very worthwhile, however. We have found samples with gold content up to 8.35 ounces per ton, this is over 41 times the world's best recovery from non-carbonaceous ore, and 40.2 ounces of silver per ton. (Here is some of that.) We have obtained even higher values of gold and silver in Idaho and California, but these are alluvial or moraine carbonaceous ores. It is probably safe to say that on the average, carbonaceous ores are far richer in gold than the world's best non-carbonaceous ores. And carbonaceous ore bodies are generai!y big, whatever their grade-because primordial oceans were big. To reiterate, all metals contained in the sea, the largest, lowest-grade ore body known, are found in carbonaceous ore, though carbonaceous ore has been vastly enriched over sea water by an ion-exchange process that is still going on today in saltwater estuaries throughout the world, where oil seepage, animal or plant carbon serves as the ion-exchange resin. Lake Maracaibo is a good example. It covers an area of almost 1,000 square miles. It continues to remove metals daily from the seawater by this ion- exchange mechanism. If the metal is not recovered it will eventually oxidize back into sea solution or rise from the sea to become a land ore body. And, what is the value of oil shale to the U.S.? Oil shale contains about 20 to 33 gallons of oil per ton, or between 8 and 14%. Because of the interchange between salt and fresh seas over geologic time, oil shale also contains some carbore . . . and metals. We have processed Saskatchewan and Colorado oil shales arid recovered .0336 and .0276 ounces of gold alone per ton, respectively. Since our processes can recover both energy and metals; or oil, energy and metals; these two shales have economic metal sweeteners of about $5 and $4 respectively. Assuming % barrel of oil per ton at a world price of $10 per barrel, the per ton value in oil and metals is about $12 per ton. Our total cost is not expected to exceed $2 or $3, producing a profit which is competitive with drilled oil. If carbore is used as the oxidizing fuel oil can be produced at nothing per barrel-it will have earned its way as a recovery vehicle for metal oxide vapor. Remember, there is more oil in our shale than in the entire Middle East. CHRONOLOGY I have been asked to briefly describe how the particulate plasma processes came into being. PAGENO="0118" 114 In 1943 I discovered the genetics of carbonaceous ore by sheer accident on the day that the U.S. Pacific fleet first steamed into Nandi Waters on the Fiji Islands. My command had just completed construction of the harbor, and the last task was the removal of a black mud bar. Just before the fleet came to anchor, we ran Hindu cane arkes over the mud bar, loosening the mud and allowing the tide to wash it out to sea. Fortunately, though I didn't think so that week, the mud cloud passed over our magnetic indicator loop, giving a signature identical to that produced by a midget submarine and sending the fleet to red alert status. So the incident became a matter of naval record and I began to wonder about the mud. It could only have been deposited by nature: by ion-exchange, elec- trolysis in nature's set plating tank, solvent extraction due to remote oil seepage, etc. In my second experiment I burned a sample of the black Fiji mud and found that it was organic. Many years later, working with Global Marine on similar black mud in Florida, we found the mud was indeed rich in all metals, notably gold at up to 2 ounces per ton and copper at 4 pounds per ton. From 1943 till 1963 I collected the tools of my trade: capabilities in Electro- lytic Plants, Missiles, High-rate Weapons, Propellants, Rocket Fuels, Designed Automatic Propellant Plants, Nuclear Equipment, Mining Underground and Surface Operations, Pyrometallurgical Operations, etc. This background was needed to develop complex multidiscipline patent systems. Supporting talents were developed in corporate areas, in lab work, patents, construction of plants operations, finance, mineral economics, etc. I gradually involved my brother and family in my sciences until in early 1968 I was no longer alone, and I formed Great Sea Corporation. Between 1963 and now, Great Sea Corp. technology evolved intensively. First we studied the early chlorine and salt-volatilization processes which were never seriously commercial and were of course ineffective on carbonaceous fractions. In 1965 we applied for patents in a basic electrolytic process which could recover metals in hydrochlorite solution, our autogenous electrolyte. The metals could be deposited selectively on a series of cathodes at differing potentials. Provided only that the electrolyte contained carbon. In 1965, I met with the U.S. Bureau of Mines to discuss possible joint effort. BuMines asked for and was given, copies of notes and the patent application itself. I will go into this shortly. We worked with Global Marine in 19~T-9 in imuroving the process on live carbonaceaous ores from the west and east coasts of Florida. The process started with a 2-hour retention time for quantitative recovery and. with the subsequent development of our electrolytic arc, we reduced retention time to a little over a minute. The work with Global was moderately successful, including the proc- essing of Mine's relict ores from Nevada, wherein our gold recovery invariably exceeded Mines' by 100%. PARTICULAR PLASMA In February of 1970, I inadvertently left arc power on after a demonstration and found that the dried ore had fulminated at the electrodes, filling our house with clouds of metals as vapor oxides. We found that the chemical reaction of organmetals and the now plentiful electrolytically formed oxygen chiorates was responsible for the metal vapor transport. This development was not fully tested in production quantities until 1971, in Pakistan. We found that "strengthening" the arc apl)roach to its exceptional limit gave us the means for completely removing all sought metals from raw pulp by fulmi- nization (particulate "plasma"). This essentially split the valuable metals, usu- ally as oxides, from the alkali, alkaline earths and silicates, the first two of the latter serving to form chlorntes. the oxidizing components in the reaction; all of the latter, as oxides, becoming the ash. In February, 1970, GSC prepared the first patent application including the autogenous fulminization of carbonaceous ore (or inorganic ore with hydro- carbon addition) with oxygen or oxygen carrier, producing a reaction from the inside of the particle out. thereby vo1atilizing the sought metal compounds into vapor phase to affect to complete separation and recovery of vapor, ash or both. PAKISTAN Later in 1970, at the invitation of Sheik Family, Great Sea surveyed the west coast of Pakistan for carbonaceous sea and land ore bodies. Cores showed gold values of .4 to 1.14 opt but only 5 commercial years of ore. This PAGENO="0119" 115 was enough for proving out the process and returning the investment with some profit. GSC built a 20 ton-per-day sub-modular testing plant in Isinaila- bad Multan. The plant was designed from local material. The blowers, cyclones, impact mills, kiln, chlorine system, controls, and all, were fabricated by hand. The plant was built, redesigned and rebuilt. Finally it worked satisfactorily (although some days only a section at a time, as chlorine leaked through our epoxy-coated pipes, our Chinese pvc valves burst, packing glands ruptured spraying high pressure pulp evervwl'ere. tlw only rain of th~ past two years fell just after our pulp had dried in trays in an open field). As we band- fashioned cupels from local boneashair clay, we often wished for the wider resources of the United States-even the local hardware store would have been a blessing. In developing the production mode in Pakistan, we focused upon exceptions, because of policy and limitations in funds and time, because of war pressures with India. We sought reasons for both high and low yield shifts. Steady- state shift data were recorded ~nd metric limits of temperature, pressure, chemical balance, particle size, critical mass of dried pulp into the kiln, etc. We determined those ore fractions which served as catalysts or inhibitors. The causes for a good shift were implemented, a lot of corners were cut. In the processes of scaling-up the test plant into pilot plant at Ismailabad- Multan, Pakistan, both equipment and rimee limtiatioiis imposed expedient simplifications which still produced quantitative, exceedingly inexpenseive recov- ery compared to the per ton cost of conventional means including our earlier hypochlorite process and the Mines-Newmont leaching method at Carlin, Nevada. In November, 1971, we left Pakistan for the last time, forced out after only 2 weeks of production by the P~kiston-India war. We had come a long way with our production parameters and perfected the techniques'. THE PROCE5SE5 There are four basic modes to the most advanced particulate plasma process: First, we can recover all metals from the most refractory carbonaceous ores, as well as some useful energy. Secondly, we can recover 90% of the oil from shale, using the remaining 10% as fuel while recovering some metal by-products. Incidentally, in this mode all metals can be extracted with additional, conventional leaching. Thirdly, we can treat the shale and burn it like coal for energy. With this approach, all the contained metals are easily extracted without additional leaching. We of course favor the recovery of shale oil, but if energy is needed at the mine site the proportions of oil and energy out can be changed to suit any purpose. Fourthly, we can use a hybrid system of carbonaceous ore and shale, where the carbonaceous ore is used as fuel to heat the shale and distill the oil out, as well as releasing all its metals at the same time. The shale releases 100% of its oil for recovery. Moreover, on its way out, the oil collects the metals from the carbonaceous ore and we also recover 100% of shale and carbonaceous metals. An extremely efficient reaction is possible because of intimately balanced mixtures of chemical starter, the oxidizer, and shale or carbonaceous ore, acting as the reducing agent. It may be simple, but it isn't crude. The particu- late plasma process embodies the principles of rocket technology in this respect. The process is this simple. The ore is crushed and ground conventionally. It is then mixed with a starter, a chemical compound containing oxygen in wet solution so it soaks into each particle, leaving a small amount of oxygen inside the particle in chemical form upon drying. The treated particles are then burned like powdered coal in a kiln or boiler. They burn with exceedingly high heat and rapidity. The heat produced as the particle burns from the inside out, drives contained metals into vapor phase as oxides. The vaporized metal oxides are recovered in cyclones, scrubbers and and/or oil vapor. The metals and oil are then refined conventional for sale. The waste ash can be used for neutral back-fill. The waste heat is used to distill the shale, produce electricity to operate the plant and for sale. All chemicals are produced from the ore autogenoiisly, using process chemical output and electricity produced from waste heat. All processes are supported only by the ore. They comprise completely closed sys- tems except for minimum water input, operations, manpower and management personnel. PAGENO="0120" 116 THE WANZENBERG PROCESS The Wanzenberg process premises efficient recovery of oil from shale after conventional mining and crushing.-The shale is crushed to % inch particle size; ten percent will be fines (-60 mesh). The powdered shale is separated for treatment and use as fuel while the larger particles are brought directly to the kiln for oil distillation. A tenth of the shale supplies all the energy required to capture the remaining 90% of the oi.l.-The 10% fines are intimately mixed with a small amount of chemical starter plus a wetting agent. This mixture is dried, impact-miled and burned like powdered coal in a high volume kiln. Fast, hot reaction is the key to high production-Burning shale with atmos- pheric oxygen is greatly speeded by a small amount of chemical starter. Several inexpensive chemicals are suitable, and very little starter is needed since over 95% of the reacting mixture is shale and air. The chemically treated fines burn completely in less than 2 seconds, releasing useful heat which may be regulated between 500°C. and 2500° C. for optimum production perform- ance. The fat out of the fire-The % inch particles are then poured through the kiln's heat so that all the oil is vaporized. This vapor condenses as it cools, and is collected for transport to refineries. Metals are a bonus-Shale normally contains valuable metals including gold, silver and copper ($4 to $7 per ton). The fuel portion of the shale vaporizes the metals it contains as it burns. These metals are collected by the oil vapor and may be separated by conventional means. The metals in the % inch distilled particles remain and may later be leached conventionally. Ecological safety is an importan aspect.-Sulfur occurs in some ores, but in the Wanzenberg process it combines with steam and calcium oxide in the ash to form gypsum. The only waste product is a neutral granular ash. There are no harmful effluents. Autogenous chemical production-Waste products may be combined with energy generated by the process to form the starter chemicals. Also, chemicals for conventionally leaching metals out of the waste ash may be formed on-site. Economics.-90% of the shale oil is quickly recovered. No fuel other than a tenth of the shale is needed. Necessary chemicals can be formed on-site from waste materials, or purchased for less than 70~ per input ton. Ten percent of the metals in the shale are recovered with the oil, the remainder may be leached from the ash. The advantage of the Wanzeaberg process: rapid oil recovery and metal by- products. Difficulties with marketing our processes for carbonaceous ore and oil shale have run the gamut. First the problems were how to impress new technology into established patterns of thought. Graphite or activated carbon was thought to be incombustible by the many managers and scientists who never saw the erosion on graphite rocket nozzles or graphite rods in an arc furnace. Next we heard that carbon won't collect or hold metals, carbonaceous ore does not exist, and more. These problems have diminished somewhat with more companies discovering carbonaceous ore, and gold being produced at Carlin, Gold Acres and other sites. Of a more serious nature, has been our difficulty with the Bureau of Mines. We first met with them several times in 1965 in the hope of help, since indus- try could not respond and since they seemed the logical choice to Martin Hoff- man at Senator Percy's office and to myself. At first our relations were good. They were very interested so we gave them our observations, data and patent applications. They gave us the spectro- graphic analysis of carbonaceous ore from Cuddeback Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert, which matched the live sea ore from Florida, indicating a common origin. Remember, this was years before the tectonic movements of the con- tinents became scientifically established. Discoveries such as this were both thrilling and encouraging. Unfortunately, Mines could not help us for budgetary reasons. They were working with Newmont Mining Corporation at Carlin, Nevada, since Newmont could support part of the research. I had ideas and patents pending, but no money for research efforts. Finding, gradually, that the Bureau of Mines is not equipped to assist the little guy, I built a test facility in the garage of my home and worked my way through hypochlorite, plasma arc and finally particulate plasma with financial help from friends and family. PAGENO="0121" 117 The Bureau of Mines meanwhile took out a patent in the hypochiorite tech- nique. They were granted 3 claims of no great consequence, but their write-up borrowed heavily from our patent application without giving credit to us. It is like inventing a coupling device for a train, then licensing the patent rights of the whole railroad. They then helped Newinont set up a production plant in Carlin, Nevada, excluding the original inventor from all consideration. Mines has since worked with other companies beside Newmont, claiming hypochlorite is theirs. In research and development, money talks. We sent information to Mines, for years, until quite recently in fact. Firstly, we did not know that they could not and would not help us. Secondly, we didn't know the whole story about the Newmont-Mines Carlin operation until very recently. Now we are primarily interested in pushing forward with the particulate plasma process. It is infinately superior: faster, much more efficient, much more adaptable. When we are told by the government, "this is good, but we'll do it in-house," or, equally disheartening, the familiar, "we do not work with anyone who cannot match funds," we can only say, again, that money talks. You need ideas and expertise or all the cash you pour away won't solve any problems. We're talking about Federal research programs which by-pass the small business man- inventor who has an idea which will permit meeting objectives much sooner, easier and at less cost. Approaching private industry involves other problems. We are frequently told, forthrightly, by industry that there are no funds for new projects, that all budgeted funds must be used for maintenance R&D and quick payout projects within the state of the art. A friend, an executive in a large mining company, once told me, "We can move the biggest mountains and crush the biggest rocks, but we cannot change our habits." How do we get out of our own way? These big companies are trapped by their own security. The February 13th Business Week reached the following conclusions: I quote, "A careful analysis of U.S. business today suggests that bigness itself may tend to discourage new thinking and new ventures. "The bigger a company gets, the more management broods about the stakes it is playing for, and the more it tries to eliminate risk. This makes it wary of innovation, which is always risky. But in playing safe, management passes up its opportunities and shuts out the possibility of great successes in an effort to avoid small failures. . . . The U.S. economy cannot grow and prosper just by exploiting the tried and true. It needs new ideas, new products, and some new thinking on the part of management." Executives are still pushing new ideas away from their doors. They are saying in effect that their research staffs are composed of people who have inbred the traditional qualities of their jobs and may not be able to effectively or productively communicate with ideas from outside the company gates. Short sighted profits are deceptive, false security, if not for the `secure' manager, certainly for the country which has come to expect technological in- novation and production as provision for comfort and needs. The doors to new ventures, new ideas, have largely remained closed since the mid-1960's. The harmful effects will accumulate gradually. Even within companies, sales produce instant profits and research and de- velopment generate immediate certain costs. Management often looks best on the bottom line by suppressing R&D and pushing advertising, marketing, and sales. We were once putting new quality products on foreign docks at a profit. Today, other countries are putting quality products on our docks at a profit, including energy products and metals which irks me particularly. I'm sure we would all like to see the United States independent in these two vital re- source areas. Let's start the next 200 years by closing the ranks of our proven capabilities. Our man on the moon can indeed ring our economic cash registers if we part company with technological pidgeon-holing. The engineer who has one year's experience 20 times is in just such a prison. In Aesop, the tiny mouse removed painful thorn from the paw of the mighty lion. Consider the impact of Edison, Ford, Carison, the inventor of xerography on America's growth and comfort. Unlike Aesop's fable, however, the fault I often see is not a lion's pride but blindness to the innovation of technologies which make life easier, and some- PAGENO="0122" 118 times make the future possible. The essence of change is always with us, but now the world is passing through a critical era into the possibility of insuffi- cient fuel and other modern necessities. Now is the time to redirect our efforts toward solutions. Energy and metals are a good place to start, since so much of our culture is built on the now-threatened foundation of these abundant resources. I have discussed creative science. There are still creative scientists hidden here and there, a minority's minority. One way to maximize this resource, and creativity is a resource, might be to include a science consultation committee in government planning. As others have pointed out before now, there should be a link between those who investigate the implications of scientific discoveries on our economy and security, and those who decide our national policies. We can't just call science in from grazing when the crisis is upon us, technological miracles take time and preparation. A select and diverse committee of widely experienced, multi-disciplined sci- entists, rather than the typical case of one year's experince 20 times, could screen ideas of national interest. All patented ideas, or patent pending, could be assigned a government liaison and helped through the legal and political morass which awaits the unwary or financially struggling inventor. At this point, finances should be available for ideas of merit, perhaps through loans as Vice President Rockefeller has suggested, perhaps grants or outright government participation. The purpose of this committee could be to interface between inventors and sponsors at present a deadly no-man's land; to encourage development of technology through grants or loans; to monitory industry's use or misuse of breakthroughs, thus possibly avoiding such events as the energy crisis. I wish we had this sort of guidance even now. In trying to interest govern- ment and industry in our ideas, we have run across bureaucratic ignorance, stubbornness, rudeness and mismanagement which, in my view, more than negates the public trust in America's far-sighted support of technology. Our persistent efforts to acquaint the mining industry with our first early metals recovery methods ended in an infringement issue with both government and industrial interests which we cannot fight for lack of funds. A recent New York Times article, March 14, pointed out that the international predominance of the U.S. in science and technology has suffered erosion in the last 15 years", this is according to the National Science Foundation which is in a position to know. I don't have all the answers to the problems of progress, but many of the problems have become clearer to me through my own difficulties. I think that the "particulate plasma" process is good, good enough to merit 33 years of my life and thought, and lately the welfare of my family. I had the chance to become a secure manager of the mining status quo, but instead I chose innovation with all its trials and tribulations. I have no regrets, just hosts of strange memories. Lack of financial help here drove me to Pakistan, funded by rupees for a hellish plant building opera- tion where I missed American tools and equipment more than the English language. I came back 25 pounds lighter, with many of the technical difficulties worked out, only to face the joint problems of convincing convention-ruled corporations that oxidation prpyrometallurgY works, and trying to prevent others from infringing. So far, it has been all uphill. But for every ten who would not listen, there have been a few sympathetic ears, and I guess we will make it the hard way with these energy ideas if we must, when the need is finally recognized. My family and I appreciate the sympathy and support of Senators Javits, Percy and Buckley, the officers of Vice President Rockefeller and Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, and Representative Ottinger. These gentlemen under- stand the need for, and even the technology of our rapid oxidation process to a gratifying extent. It is unfortunate that the normal channels have not operated for us, but behind closed doors there is sometimes no air to breathe. A very few in private industry have also listened, and one company may act one day but probably not while conventional production means work, if only half as well and twice as wastefully. Our difficulties are one example of a disturbing generality in terms of the creative scientific potentialities of this nation. We have been walking a racing horse and denying what made this nation the greatest in history. There will be nowhere to run when the bottom drops out, so now is the time to push for progress. Thank you. PAGENO="0123" 119 MORPHOSIS OF CARBONACEOUS ORE The following diagram illustrates the formation of carbonaceous ore into its present refractory, relict (still reduced) form - underlying the oxidized upper strata. - J~A~CHIANMOUNTAIN5~BRiOE5! OCEAN LIVE CARBONACEOUS ORE RELICT CARBONACEOUS ORE OXIOIZED ORE TABLELANOS, EROSION 1I~i~I~ SEDIMENTARY ALLUVIUM ROCKY MOUNTAINS 50 million years ago to present PAGENO="0124" 120 Great Sea Corporation (NY) 9 Campbell Lane, Larchmont, N.Y. CARBOBE OXIDIZED ON CANYON WALLS AND CHIONEY ROCK IS NOT BLACK BUT HAS OXIDIZED FROM BLACK TO GRAY-RED-BROWN-YELLOW.. . . AS IS THE SURFACE-OXIDIZED CARBORE AT CARLIN, CORTHZ NEVADA. (BLACK TABLELANDS, BLACKROCK IN NW NEVADA, BLACK CANYON WALLS AND BLACK ALLUVIUM ARE RELATIVELY RECENT EXPOSURES OF CARBOHE, WHERE THE OXIDATION PROCESS HAS NOT HAD THE THOUSANDS OF XIARS NEEDED TO COMPLETE THIS COLOR CHANGE (AND LOSS OF BLACK CARBONFOHMS TO THE AD~OSPHERE AS CO2, CARBON DIOXIDE). Newmont' a operations at Carlin Nevada. The oxidized carbore recovered from the two pits, lower center and left comprise sub-microscopic gold and silver which are recovered by cyanide dissolution (gold is soluble as a simple cya- nide, silver is isoluble as a simple cyanide but forms a soluble complex cya- nide and is therefore recovered also). The unoxidized carbore, gray-to-black, is stockpiled for lengthy and tedious recovery using hypochlorite (GSC early 1966 application patent). GSC Particulate Plasna processes can recovec both metals and energy from carbore at a fraction of the above processcosts and is safe, ecologically. P. 673 Vol. 133 No. S, May 1968, National Geographic. PAGENO="0125" L*-ILL/-\ I tL~/-\ LLJHE&JHb\ I ILJNJ 9 CAMPBELL LANE LARCHMONT, N.Y. 1053B TELEPHONE - (914) B34-B044 121 -. .: ... FIRST PRODUCTION JOIN RAND CRUSHING SCRAPPED, REBUILT SLAG CLEANING STEAN CRUSHER CIRCA 1903 PAGENO="0126" 122 Lrh1t/-~ I t~tI-\ LJLJNh~LJN/A I ILJIN 9 CAMPBELL LANE LARCHMONT, N.Y. 10538 TELEPHONE - (914) 834-8044 - KARACHI TEST KITES 0.-PROCESSING CORE TEST CUPELS MJLTAN BUILOING TEST KITES PAGENO="0127" r~ - frr~t' ~ :11 U? ~ ~ -p 123 L~r1c/-k I ~DLL/-\ Jhlh-'LJN/A I ILJIN 9 CAMPBELL LANE LARCHMONT, N.Y. 1053B TELEPHONE (914) B34-B044 CHEMICAL PULP DRYING INGOPS OUT FINE INGOIS PAGENO="0128" 1. Raw input; PIr.OT PLANT OPERATION ISMAILAOAD-NIJLTAN, PAKISTAN 1070-lg7L GREAT SEA CORPORATION PAGENO="0129" a C C4~ C) C C) Cu a C) a (C C C) `H `a `a Cu `H Cu C) `H E C). `C C") 125 72-434 0 - 76 - 9 PAGENO="0130" PAGENO="0131" PAGENO="0132" SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107 (415) 282-8600 GREAT SEA CORPORATION 9 Campbell Lane Larchmont, NY 10538 128 ASSAY REPORT No: 2244 Date July 26,. 1 ABBOT A. II1~)S TEs1,~;:>1,7Y~y ~i~'ORO V. MUNS(0w, ASSAYE I GOLD. ~ 2000 0,. S!LVER.,t0~~f2.000Ib~. 0,0,~ i4~iL4j 85 o 27 2 3 4 M~,k Hardy La Cholla Ox Canyon Steve roy ~ T~y ~ P~c~I o~ S~pI~ . PLATINUM (Pt) 26.22 (3zi) 71.27 (~o\) None Detected CONTENT O.F ~-- MATERIAL RECEIVED -~ 246.80 Milligram 0.0079 tray oz 0.27 MATERIAL RECEIVED 0.37 I~i11igrams 0.0000119 ~r L~ / .,(6vtL' L-'~ i/-~.' iCe~('~ ~( p-jO ~ None Detected . 90.80 Milligrams .00292 troy oz . 0.014 CONTENT OF 0.03 Milligrams 0.00000096 troy oz troy oz 0.. 0075 0.59 CONTENT OF MATERIAL RECEIVED 0.01 Milligrams 0.000000321 5 O.83'Milligrams 0.0000267 None Detected troy oz troy oz 0.0038 0.795 * 0.057 tray Oz/Ton CONTENT OF MAERIAL RECEIVED ).Ol Milligrams ). 0000003215 troy oz 2.10 Milligrams 0.0000675 troy oz 0.15 Milligrams 0.0000048 tray oz ctr7 Copies: (2) PAGENO="0133" SAN FRANCISCO CA94107 ~ (415)282-8600 * GREAT SEA CORPORATION 9 Campbell Lane Larchmont, NY 10538 * ATTU: FRITZ W. WANZENBERG, PRESIDENT ~:~~;clc tr1(~ )pies: (2) l~.'I4~ie-'1 ~ Arthur F. Daily (1) ~ cA 1L o~4 ~ 129 ~i'~- ASSAY REPORT No. 1167 Date Oct. 9, 197: eb No. - M,,k ~ - - ~ SI LVE N-p i~-pfOO~Hb,- ~ Othe~ Of *. 7274-1 ...iry . IIQ N-l SM/BM Content of Samples ounces ~* eceived, in per sample Platinum Group ~ c_~~'-j-. ~ ~. ~ ~ Nil ~ . 0.000393.2 . 0.001888. 7274-2 7274-3 MQ NEV 1R3 tiQ Ula JMA 0.00001334 O.OOOOll~93 0.0002675 ~ 0.0003479 ~°`~ Nil C,L~oIt ~ ~ Nil O.'.'5~ ~ 7274-4 WMP 8172A 0.000009.97 0.0001 919 Nil ~ 5.2 7274-5 WI-iF 8172C 0.000005.144 0.0002103 ~-J1( Nil -~"~ ~ 7274-6 WIIP 81728 0.000003.697 0.0003080 Nil *E~2'~ 1.'- 7274-7 WtIP 8172E 0.000003633 0.0002813 r.~S * Nil ~%~t 1.) 7274-8 CR 8132T * 0.000005144 0.0005369 z~,g Nil .131.3 i4,~ 7274-9 CR 8142A 0.000006.109 0.0002490 ~fl~-'- Nil .3)1 7274-10 CR 8162-A 0.000004533 0.0002996 * 2.-i--~ Nil ,)J'3 7C 7274-11 OCPC 0.000009645 0.0003344 37.1 Nil *2~ 7274-12 OCPE - 0.000005144 . 0.0002410 `-~` Nil ~ ~; . . `A) ~ 4~ ~., 1,2~f~"I~. ~ I'.? ~ ~ 9 ~ " -i . -~,z~o ~ ~ . ,~ ~.f ~ ~`i . ABBOT A. HANKS TESTING L~BQ~ ORT S CL ~`-FORD V. HUN LOW, ASSA' PAGENO="0134" 130 ~ ~U& ~ (SEA c~ow~cEouS oRE) ~ (LAND CARP.ONACEOUS oRE) .(N0N-cARB0NAcEOUs OP c~T~r: + gray to bI~ck color: ~ gray~o~h~ck ~XIDIZED CAkHONACEOUS C~ ROUGH. FLOTATION ~ STRIP MI~ FRACTIOI~ RECOVERY DREDGE OVERBURDEN REMOVAL -E~IBFy~II~VrT render tan j black ~ ecologic~lly safe CRUSH to ~ mesh 2nd FLOTATION (oil) ~ (c4RBo~AcEouS FRACTION) ~ray to black _______ OIL RECOVERY-~ $ II CRUSH to~* mesh H & (FLOAT) pitch black FRACTURE+ON MINERALIZED BOUNDARIES (SNYDER PROCEN. L) t + CHLORINE or ELECTRC- REMOVE MAGNETITE, DRY OR WET PROCES~ES,DRY - LYTIC (HYPOCHLORITE) DIGESTION, STRIPPING ~ FLOTATIOIt CYCLONES.._.~(OVERSIZE) out ~ (CARBONACEOUS CONCEN- ~FIN),~/' COAL ETC. r TRATE) light to olive D) green. ~ in GRAPHIT~ IF A. ~l ELECTROLYTIC CHLORATE OR OTHER OXYGEI~ CARRIER GENERATOR; Alternatives: :2 CHEMICAL CHLORATE GENERATOR =CHLOHINE AND HYDROXIDE IN HOT PULP; 3 CHEMICAL CHLORATE OR OTHER OXYGEN CARRYING CHEMICALS I~LUS WETTING AGENT(S) DRY. DRY DRY MIX: (HIGH INITIAL POINT HYDROCARB~ON SUCH AS OIL-SHALE OIL ~O BALANCE OXYGEN CARRYING CHEMICALS WITH REDUCING AGENTS le: CARBON, SULPHUR, GRAP- HITE, CONTENT OF DRIED PULP STOECRIO1IETRICALLY, CALCULATED WITH OR WITH- OUT GASEOUS OP ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN SUPPLIED AT COMBUSTION,.(THELATTER GASS SERVE PRIMARILY AS CQNVEYORS AND CAN ONLY BE USED IN A SMALL WAY TO SUPPLY OXYGEN. THEY ASSURE THAT THE KILN ATMOSPHERE IS OXIDIZING) ARC METHOD INTO VAPOP PHASE ~ARTICULATE PLASMA METHOD INTO VAPOR PHASE ADD GRAPHITE, BINDER: MIX (WfTH IMPACT~MILLS EQUIVALENT CHEMICAL OXYGEN NOW VORTEX~~RNER 3fl (CH~ ~ethane)+ AIR) OR GASEOUS AIR OR OXYGEN LATER FOR COMBUSTION) TO PROVIDE COND- KILN O1~ BOILER UCTIVITY IF AND AS REQUIRED. COMPRESS INTO ~OLD~, BAKE. ASH) out ELECTRIC ARC INTO VAPOR PHASE )~t (METALS. 1thA~CO~OUNDS IN VAPOR PHASE. MOSTLY AS METAL OXIDES, CHLORIDES~ CYCLONES IN SEQUENCE (METAL CO~G'OUNDS AND METAlS CONDENSE IN APPROXIMATE DECLINING ORDER OF THEIR TRANSITION TEMPERATURES). SCRUBRERS (VAPORS OF NOBLE METALS WHOSE COMPOUNDS SUCH AS GOLD CHLORIDE HAVE LOW TRANSITION TEMPERATURES. .ARE LARGELY REMOVED HERE.) ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS ( NOBLE METAL~' AND COMPOuNDS WHICH REMAIN AIR-BORNE THROUGH SCRUBBERS ARE REMOVED HERE). (SUBSTANTIALLY ~SEPARATE CONCENTRATES, APP~OXIMATELY 50% METAL) ~.. ~ r.~. ~ ~ ~ CONVENTIONAL R~Ffl~NG~ 1~1~Scope of patent METAL INGOTS, ~LL METALS CONTAINED - Fritz Walter Wan~~erg~ IN CARBONACEOUS ORE INPUT, NATIVE OR SYNTHETIC. . Freder±'c k Wheeloci ~ Andrew lcirnball W~ ,~~enbe g - - PAGENO="0135" 131 40 PERCENT OF AMERICA'S METALS COME FROM ABROAD Despite our relative wealth, the United States has imported vast quantities of metals, in ever-increasing amounts, since World War II. In 1970, America's metal industry met less than 60 percent of the primary demand with domestically mined ores. See Figure 3, below. In February, 1975, the National Academy of Sciences warned that there is no r~cvenent in the United States to find sub- stitutes for the following critical materials: gold, mercury., tin, antimony, silver, tungsten, vanadium and zinc -- all of which originate in economically or politically "volatile" countries; and all of which are found in carbonaceous ore, which is now easy to process with our methods. FIGURE 3 WHERE DO WE GET OUR METALS? PERCEI~T I 03 Lead Tin AJTfl mum 5rleSO PAGENO="0136" 132 Mr. SOMMER. A question I have, in your file, which I have, which is larger than your testimony in terms of correspondence that our office and Senator Javits' office has had with you, have you ever gone to the Small Business Administration as a central locus point, to help ERIDA or the Bureau of Mines move off the dime in respondmg to your needs? Mr. WANZENBERG. We had relatively poor response earlier in our career, perhaps 10 years ago. I did talk to the Small Busmess Admin- istration's SBIC. I think to qualify then I had to have a going plant, which we had in Pakistan. Mr. SOMMER. I am not talking about money. I am talkmg about SBA's role as one that we are examining here in part this morning of trying to use their leverage, whatever that might be in a given case, in the procurement area, in the technological assistance area, with an agency like the Bureau of Mines or ERDA, SBA using their good offices. Mr. WANZENBERG. Very good, tremendous. Mr. SOMMER. You have not approached them on that? Mr. WANZENBERG. No. Mr. SOMMER. I think the whole Procurement Office of SBA is one headed by Mr. Fletcher, that may be of some assistance to you, and we will subsequently follow up. Mr. WANZENBERG. I need some introductions. Mr. SOMMER. The concept of fund matching that you talk about in the Bureau of Mines is something that I am unaware of. How does that work? Mr. WANZENBERG. Well, for instance, Newmont approaches Mines with a problem concerning some of their carbonaceous ore properties. Mines is interested. So Newmont and Mines match funds and Mines' lab facilities in Reno. They work hand in hand, exchanging infor- mation. Any patentable ideas become public property. Newmont and Mines actually share credit for the infringing hypochiorite coupling patent I mentioned earlier. Since this patent is public property, anyone can use it if they pay $1. Of course, I don't have to because I invented and patented the hypochlorite process over 2 years before Mines- Newmont. There is a good example of inadequate compensation. I don't know the details of the exchange. I am as curious as you are, but Mines isn't talking to us these days. ERDA and Mines, I believe, have no provisions for unilateral funding, which is what our small company would require. On the other hand, I believe that matching funds with big business is a common procedure. ERDA said, do not bother to send in a proposal. We will reject it out of hand. I think your office ha~s a copy of the notes on that meeting. Mr. SOMMER. We have a copy of the letter saying we will reject it out of hand because it does not primarily deal with our energy needs, more of a metallurgical proposal. Mr. WANZENBERG. It is both, and hence has all the problems of cross discipline. Fundamentally, we can recover all of the energy from oil shale and carbonaceous ore, as well as metals. If Mines PAGENO="0137" 133 doesn't want the energy and ERDA doesn't want the metals, does that mean that the United States doesn't want the process? We did not give them a partial package. We told them we can do the whole bit, and we seriously can. Mr. SOMMER. You were asking ERDA for matching funds, is that correct? Mr. WANZENBERG. No, we had no funds to match. We just asked them if they would receive an unsolicited proposal. They said no.. They said, besides, they had their mind made up. They were going to use another approach, which I am convinced would be ecologically unsafe and wasteful of our resources, because the best you could get would be 50 percent of the oil shale. Mr. SOMMER. This hearing is continuing next week and one of the Assistant Administrators from ERDA will be present, I think, and we will pursue some of this, and we will also, I think, when the hearing record is printed, have the chairman of the committee send a copy of the relevant portions of it to the Bureau of Mines asking them for comment on your statements and what we have developed in dialog here. Mr. WANZENBERG. With the objective of getting something moving, not with the objective of pinning people's ears to the wall. I do not want to do that. We do not want to fight. It is too energy-consuming. Mr. SOMMER. Often, to move people in the Federal Government, one has to pin their ears to the wall. Mr. WANZENBERG. That is what they said in Chuck Percy's office. You may be right. We are willing to go that way. Mr. SOMMER. I personally appreciate your being here. We will pursue this after the hearing. There being no further business, the committee stands in recess, subiect to the call of the Chair. Thank you. [Whereupon, at 12:35 p.m. the committee recessed to reconvene at the call of the Chair.] PAGENO="0138" PAGENO="0139" TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PRO- GRAMS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WEDNESDAY, APRIL 7, 1976 U.S. SENATE, SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS, Washington, D.C. The select committee met, pursuant to recess, at 10 a.m. in room 318, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. William D. Hathaway presiding. Present: Senator Hathaway. Also present: Kay Klatt, professional staff member; Christopher Brescia, legislative assistant, Office of Senator Hathaway; and Dorothy Olson, staff assistant. Senatoi~ HAThAWAY. The committee will come to order. This mprning we are continuing the hearings that we started last week on the technology and management assistance programs of the Small Business Administration. Our first witness is Hon. Mitchell P. Kobelinski, the Small Busi- ness Administrator. We welcome you to the hearing and you may proceed with your statement. You are accompanied by whom? Mr. KOBELINSKI. Good morning. I am accompanied by Mr. Henry Warren, Assistant Administrator for Management Assistance and Mr. Harold Fletcher, Associate Administrator for Procurement Assistance. Senator HATHAWAY. All right. STATEMENT OF HON. MITCHELL P. ICOBELINSKI, ADMINISTRATOR, SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY HENRY WARREN, ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE; AND HAROLD FLETCHER, ASSOCIATE ADMINIS- TRATOR FOR PROCUREMENT ASSISTANCE Mr. KOBELINSKI. I will merely summarize my statement at this point, and have my statement appear in the record. I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you this morning and talk about our management and technology assistance programs. Starting with the management assistance program, the SBA reached over one million small businesses last year with its manage- ment assistance efforts. Of these, more than 256,000 have received in-depth help through training and counseling. Our distribution of management publications exceeded 5 million copies of 300 titles. (135) PAGENO="0140" 136 First, I will cover our basic ongoing programs which consist of 1-to-i counseling, group training and publications. Then I will sketch some new initiatives we are working on. We have four primary resources to provide 1-to-i help. They are: Volunteers, call contractors, small business institute, and staff manage- ment assistance officers. As you will note as we briefly discuss these resources, only the volunteer and Small Business institute programs are readily ex- pandable. In the volunteer category, we include SCORE-Service Corps of Retired Executives; ACE-Active Corps of Executives and members of professional associations that have agreed to work with us. Within the SCORE/ACE organization we have over 8,000 of the Nation's most talented executives who give time freely to help build the small business connnunity which they regard as the foundation of the free enterprise system. This organization blankets the country with 293 chapters that reach nearly every city, town and hamlet of the United States and its possessions. SCORE volunteers do basic counseling, conduct prebusiness work- shops for prospective small businesspeople, and actually man desks in our field offices to help our walk-in clients. Our ACE volunteers are full-time employed individuals who give generously of their time but typically are used as backup for SCORE and to provide unique expertise in counseling and training small business owners. Members of professional associations such as the National Asso- ciation of Accountants, the American Institute of Industrial Engi- neers, the National Association of Minority CPA Firms, and the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Club, Inc., function much as ACE except tha.t they are not individually registered by SBA as are SCORE and ACE volunteers. They bring a depth of knowledge in specialized fields at no charge to small businessmen and women. SCORE requires a substantial amount of management and admin- istration if it is to perform effectively. During the initial years of SCORE, SBA personnel did much of this administrative work. Now SCORE has grown, and if the needs of small business are to be served, its membership and outreach must be multiplied during the next few years. The SBA does not have the personnel to enlarge and manage the SCORE of 1977, 1978 and beyond. Now, if you were looking for management talent, where would you look but SCORE? This thought led us to planning an administrative arm of the SCORE organization. This arm will consist of three to five volunteers located in Wrashington who will work hand-in-hand with the SBA to develop and administer the overall SCORE/ACE organization. These volunteers will serve on a rotating basis and provide the national management of SCORE. The national SCORE/ACE office will direct a regional and district organization roughly paralleling the SBA organization down to the field office and chapter level. In this way, SCORE will become self-administering and can provide a much greater service to the small business community without the necessity of enlarging the SBA staff. PAGENO="0141" 137 We have plans to expand SCORE into new areas of assistance to small business. For example, occupational safety and health program, OSHA, has created many hardships unique to small business. The problems arise in meeting the safety standards. We plan to recruit SCORE volunteers with appropriate backgrounds that will enable the Department of Labor to train them to advise small businesses on OSHA matters. This cadre of volunteers with OSHA expertise will provide seminars on OSHA standards and they will make onsite, no report, reviews of small business operations to counsel and advise of possible OSHA violations. We believe this will do much to relieve the Federal Government of its present highly unfavorable image in the eyes of most small busi- ness owners, and it will help thousands of small businesses avoid disastrous shutdowns, fines and sudden, large, correctional expendi- tures. The shocking impact of shoplifting, pilferage and related crimes on small businesses has led us to recruit special volunteers to advise small businesses on preventing losses from crime. The extent of the crime problem is indicated by the following: There were $20.3 billion losses nationally in 1974-a 31 percent increase over 1971. Special assistance to the small business community is required in both coun- seling and training. It is vital to our balance of payments and the health of our economy that thousands of small businesses understand and develop their export trade potential. In order to make that a reality, the SBA plans a much expanded international trade program. We anticipate a heavy participation of SCORE/ACE in this pro- gram. The assignment of a national SCORE international coordinator within the SCORE national office who will, along with appro- priate central office personnel, recruit several hundred more volun- teers with extensive international trade expertise is planned. We are planning training for these as well as current SCORE/ACE volun- teers who have international trade experience so that SBA field offices will have an up-to-date adequate capability to provide the quantity and quality international trade counseling that is needed to meet our Nation's needs for more exports. A concentrated effort will be made to recruit volunteer marketing specialists in all SCORE/ACE chapters. If our small business com- munity is to survive and grow, virtually all small businesses must have the benefit of modern marketing techniques. These SCORE specialists will be working shoulder to shoulder with members of the American Marketing Association, our call contractors, university students and our SBA staff to help small business owners identify markets and promote sales. Soaring energy costs and shortages of materials and fuels have imposed significant hardships on the 9.4 million small businesses in the United States. Lacking the sophistication and financial resources of larger corn- panies, the small businessman frequently finds it difficult to make the adjustments necessary for survival. We are recruiting volunteers to counsel small businesses on their energy problems. The Federal Energy Administration has joined hand with the SBA in this en- PAGENO="0142" 138 deavor. FEA will provide the programmatic and training elements and SBA will provide the delivery system through SCORE. Under our call contracting program, we contract with professional consultants throughout the country to provide highly specialized and timely individual help to eligible socially and economically disad- vantaged clients. In fiscal year 1975, almost 3,000 small busmesses received help from professional consultants under contract. Without this consulting help, many of these struggling small busmess owners would have failed with a devastating economic and social loss, and many jobs would have disappeared. A recent external study establishes the success rate of this SBA program to be well above the national average for professional con- sultants. The Small Business Institute program is a three-way cooperative between collegiate schools of business administration, members of the Nation's small business community and the Small Business Ad- ministration. Under the supervision of university faculty and SBA staff, a team of two to four senior and graduate students of business administration work directly with owners of small firms for an entire semester providing management counseling at no cost to the business person. During the semester the students made an in-depth analysis of the problems and opportunities available to the small business owner. Often a~ SCORE volunteer serves as an advisor to the stu- dents. At the end of the semester, a report is written in language the small businessperson can understand. This is thoroughly reviewed with the business owner. The SCORE person then follows up in the ensuing months to help the business owner to implement the recommendations. Participating schools receive modest contracts from SEA to pay roughly half the cost of the programs. Presently the SEA has 383 universities with 2,000 faculty members and an army of 20,000 stu- dents working in the SET program; 87 percent of the small busi- nesses involved rate the program "good" to "excellent." There has been an exciting added benefit or outfall of the SBA Small Business Institute program. Less than a decade ago, only eight universities in the country offered courses in entrepreneurship and new business venture formation. With the development of the SBI program, tens of thousands of outstanding students have be- come interested in the potential of the free enterprise system. That, Mr. Chairman, I submit, is one of the great secondary bene- fits from our SBI program, the fact that we do have a real school of entrepreneurship going on finally. You are just as conscious as so many of us are of what is happening to our student attitudes toward our free enterprise system. So many of them would like to see us introduce a new system in this country. The incidental benefits of having the free enterprise system strengthened through a real appreciation of it by the student because of hi~ meaningful contact with the small businessman in the field, I think this is a very important secondary benefit. The professional field staff of the SEA manage and leverage the volunteer Call Contract and Small Business Institute resources as PAGENO="0143" 139 well as provide direct counseling to small businesses when the other resources are not available. When the training program was initiated with two courses over 20 years ago, there was little or no business training tailored to meet the needs of small businesses offered at any of the Nation's colleges or universities. As the popularity of the management course program increased, in 1961 a program of small busir~'ss management conferences was implemented to accommodate large groups in sessions running from 4 to 5 hours to several days. Responding to the need for short sessions on specialized problems, in 1968 problem clinics were added as another training vehicle. The clinics are small groups of businesspersons with a common problem who meet for 2 or 3 hours with a resource person to discuss and arrive at solutions to that problem. Small business owners and managers and operators will receive about 2 million man-hours of training this year. Last year we held 4,579 training sessions with 154,829 attendees. SBA's management assistance publications provide a vehicle for reaching oat to the small business community with reliable manage- rner.t information that is understandable and timely. The publications vary from four-page leaflets to booklets that vary in length from 18 pages to 270 pages. The larger publications are sold at cost. Most are provided without charge. The 300 titles provide practical suggestions from subject matter experts. About 5 million copies are distributed annually. Of the 44 million printed during the last decade, it is estimated that 12 to 14 million are still in use- about 11/2 for every small business in the TJnited States. A vigorous and highly aggressive export program is being devel- oped in concert with the Department of Commerce for fiscal year 1977. With my own personal background with the Export-Import Bank, I think it would be a gross neglect on my part if we did not develop a new international trade program for the small businessman. It has been something that has been sorely needed in light of our 1974 trade legislation that is going to lower trade barriers and invite more imports into our country. Somewhere in this Government, we have to be working hard on a program for exports so our people will not be clamoring for the raising ~of the trade barriers and the duties again, but instead, will be looking at the world as their marketplace. I would like to see a lot of our small- and medium-sized businesses recognized in today's small world era. They have to look at the entire world as their market- place and not just the United States. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think the tax reforms enacted by the House will inhibit this growth? They modified and changed some of the loss breaks they got, country by country, and so forth. Mr. KOBELINSKI. Frankly, I regret some of the changes I have seen there. I think this is a very healthy program. Some of the restrictions affecting the benefits only to new additional exports make a lot of sense, because suggesting that this helps Caterpillar Corp. which has been exporting for many years, or gives them an incentive to export more, is kind of tenuous. PAGENO="0144" 140 When we go into the area of medium businesses who have never exported before or hardly have gone across the border to Canada. They need some incentive, something to make them move out into the world market. I think we are really going to need those ex- porters when our balance of trade and balance of payments start running in deficit. I suspect that our trade will balance and balance of payments turn around, very seriously, to a negative position in the next year or two. We will be clamoring for the exports of the small- to medium-sized businesses. Senator HATHAWAY. How about our restrictions on trade to Soviet Russia and other Communist countries? Mr. K0BELINSKI. I think that is a horror. I know from my experi- ence in the Eximbank and from some of the inputs we received at SBA that we have probably lost several thousands of jobs in Amer- ica because of the restrictions on trade with Eastern Europe. Our Western European friends and the Japanese are just as pleased as can be with the amendments to the trade bill that restrict us. They are very very happy because they are benefiting from trade with this sector. They have extended $8 billion in new credits to the Soviets alone. `\~Te forget, it is iiot just the Soviet Union we are talking about, but some very healthy markets there; East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and so on. All these potential markets that we have put off limits. For a country that espouses free enterprise, free competition, and freedom of trade, we have placed ourselves in a very incongruous position. We are telling our businessmen that they cannot go out there and trade where the rest of the world is trading in spades. These are very regrettable restrictions. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think it is a good opportunity for small business? Are they going to be crowded out by the already giant corporations that are dominating foreign markets? Mr. K0BELINsKI. As a matter of fact, I had a very interesting dis- cussion on this very topic with a delegation of high trade representa- tives, including the Deputy Minister for Foreign Trade from Poland on Monday of this week. One of the facts of life that we discussed was the fact that trade has takeii place, for instance, with that country-it is also true, I know, with many other East European countries-on a very high technical level, and with major corporatioiis like International Har- vester, General Motors, Caterpillar, et cetera. At the other end of the spectrum, are knick-knacks in the way of folklore, handicrafts and so on. But there is a huge spectrum in between, medium-sized things, things for households, things that are needed for the building industry, things that are needed for the agri- cultural industries of these countries, all kinds of things that we produce and have not yet been exporting and have iiot yet been developed. There is a very real possibility in this area of exchange. Something is needed to develop a link, to develop a channel of con- tact between the medium-sized American businesses and foreign n-iarkets. Those businesses we have had a chance to speak to have iiot been sophisticated enough to even talk about how they could do it. They could not even understand how they could trade interna- tionally. PAGENO="0145" 141 There is an educational process that is needed to bring the small- and medium-sized businessman into the international markets. That is just one example of one country saying, yes, we would like to deal with the medium- and small-sized businessman, but he does not seem to want to contact us. Actually, the businessman does not know how to contact his prospective clients abroad. I think that there are all kinds of possibilities in this area of trade. Senator HATHAWAY. Good. Mr. K0BELIN5KI. We are reviewing our own resources with the hope of expanding our central office international trade staff from 21/2 persons to 5 and putting in place at `least 14 professionals in selected cities of high export potential. Admittedly, that is an awfully small number of people to try to stimulate international trade for this country of 220 million. It is a beginning. I think we can maintain additional leverage with our SCORE peo- ple. We are going to be out there. Mr. Warren is going to put on a program trying to ferret out those retired executives who have had international trade experience, to bring them into our SCORE pro- gram, to utilize their years of expertise in that program, and help their people realize the existing potential markets. `There is another ne'w thrust: The university business development centers. The university business development center concept joins the efforts of several federally sponsored programs which aid small busi- ness and students on university campuses throughout the country. Mutually supportive and sometimes overlapping, these existing Fed- eral and State programs will be linked up under a cohesive master plan to increase their efficiency and to provide greater leverage of the resources. At the same time, agencies such as HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce- EDA and OMBE-the Bureau of Standards and others will main- tain their separate identities and independence of administration. The linkup and implementation will take place at the university level. At a university business development center, a small business owner or one who desires to launch a new enterprise will find a full service agency capable of providing: A thorough analysis of business skills and aptitudes; training to develop or enhance business skills; a facility to provide feasibility studies and a resource for complete business planning; an analysis center to completely review all of the functions and operations of a present or planned business, an analysis center to completely review all of the functions and operations of a present or planned business including management, financial, mar- keting, production; a technology utilization center to enable small business to utilize the $345 billion of Federal Government-sponsored research and development; a center for idea and product develop- ment. These university business development centers will provide an ex- citing new outlet. All of these functions and others are now being formed at widely scattered universities throughout the country; but nowhere have these federally-sponsored programs been linked up to provide the full service envisioned in the university business develop- ment center concept. 72-434 0 - 76 - 10 PAGENO="0146" 142 Senator HATHAWAY. What is the timetable on this new concept? Mr. KOBELINSKI. We are at work on it now. There is a pilot going on at the California Polytechnical University in Pomona. Senator HATHAWAY. How long will it be before you are identifying other ur:iversities to participate? Mr. KOBELINSKI. Within the next 6 months. Mr. Warren perhaps can give you something specific. Senator HATHAWAY. Before the end of the year? Mr. RREN. We will have three of them in operation in 90 days, Senator. Senator HATHAWAY. What? Mr. WARREN. Three in operation within 90 days; we expect within 6 months for five or six to be in operation. Senator HATHAWAY. Fine. Mr. KOBELIN5KI. We are also thinking of some new training plans. Preliminary plans are being developed which will draw on the re- sources of continuing education programs in community colleges to implement and conduct more small business management courses. As these become self-sustaining, SBA can act as a catalyst between the small businesspersons working and needing training and the coin- munity colleges offering the training. SBA cosponsorship efforts can then be concentrated on filling in the gaps where no training is available. A contract will be let this fiscal year for module-form, learner- oriented course material on managing for profits. Some of the new materials will be particularly useful in several self-learning centers we plan to pilot in 1977. These centers will make management information available at the convenience of the small businessperson. As you know, Mr. Chairman, in many of the major cities through- out the country, community colleges are becoming more and more important elements in our educational system. We now must relate also and get into the community colleges where we can bring our programs right into the communities. If we can duplicate some of the SBI activity and some of the other outreach kinds of things with the junior college students, I think we will be doing a great service to the small business community and a great service to the student, in- troducing him to the entrepreneurial system in the country. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think this could be done at the high school level? We are trying to get legislation on career education through the Labor Committee. We have pilot programs across the country. I am familiar with the program in South Portland, Maine, where from kindergarten up, the orientation of every subject taught is toward career, so that students learn how to tie in arithmetic with paying their grocery bill and so forth, right from the beginning. It seems to me that~ some of these programs could be started earlier in life. Statistics show that 80 percent of high school students gradu- ate without any real ability to hold down any kind of job at all, mostly resulting from the fact that they do not get any career- oriented education during 12 years of school. Mr. K0BELINSKI. I totally agree with you, Mr. Chairman. I think we should bring it down to the high school area as well. There is no reason in the world why these youngsters leaving school should not be prepared to do something. PAGENO="0147" 143 We are off on a mistaken tangent in the concept that every student leaving high school should be thinking in terms of going on to higher education. That is not the total answer; we know that now. When he leaves high school, he should be prepared to do something useful in society and bringing the whole entrepreneurship idea into the high schools is by all means the next logical step for us. I do not think we have focused on it. Senator HATHAWAY. This type of training bridges the gap between traditional vocational education and professional education. Many young people still feel that vocational education is for somebody else who cannot go on to college, but we have gotten partially, at least, over that stigma. This Small Business Administration program probably would be helpful in that regard. Mr. K0BELIN5KI. I think so. Contrary to popular belief, I think the era of opportunity is with us now as much as ever before, and maybe far greater than ever before for young people to go off into business on their own. I heard a very interesting Horatio Alger story of a youngster down in Texas who borrowed his cousin's vacuum cleaner and went door to door to see if he could do some housecleaning. Inside of 3 years he had a janitorial service going with 20 people, making $50,000, $60,000 a year for himself. That is all with a borrowed vacuum cleaner; a zero investment start. Senator HATHAWAY. Quite a lot of leverage. Mr. K0BELINsKI. A lot of leverage. It can be done. A lot of these young people should also be encouraged to look at the possibility of going to work for themselves as well as going to get a j oh from someone else. I think that is an interesting next step for us, once we get our community college program moving. We also have the technology assistance program. Let me turn to that now, if I may, Mr. Chairman. We began the development of the SBA technology assistance pro- gram in its present form in August 1975, with the establishment of a central office technology assistance division within the office of pro- curement assistance. The SBA technology assistance program includes three subprograms: Technology assistance, research and development assistance and our joint efforts with the National Bureau of Stand- ards under their experimental technology incentives program. The technology assistance portion of the program is intended to carry out our responsibility to assist small business concerns to obtain the benefits of research and development performed under Govern- ment contracts or at Government expense. In effect, our field personnel serve as information brokers by assist- ing small businessmen to define their technology need or problem, searching available data on existing technology, and providing the data located to the small businessman. The R: & D. assistance program is intended to carry out our re- sponsibility to assist small business concerns to obtain Government contracts for research and development. We do this by providing small R. & D. sources to other SBA programs, that is, prime con- tracting and subcontracting assistance, by publishing regional direc- tories of B. & D. firms for use by Government agencies involved in PAGENO="0148" 144 procuring research and development and by assisting small B. & D. firms with proposal and contract problems. In the central office, we are actively engaged in a variety of coop- erative efforts with other agencies to promote increased contracting with small research and development and high technology firms. I will elaborate on these efforts in a moment. First, I would like to de- scribe the ETIP efforts and our joint programs with NASA to pro- mote NASA-developed technology among small businessmen. In cooperation with National Bureau of Standards/ETIP we are experimenting with ways to increase the number of Government con- tracts awarded to small R. & D. and high-technology companies. In cooperation with Bureau of Standards, we have launched a 2-year experiment to see if we can develop a system for matching Govern- ment B. & D. and high-technology requirements to small firms' capa- bilities and predict with an acceptable degree of accuracy the likeli- hood of a given firm successfully performing, if it were awarded the contract. The object is to be able to provide procuring agencies with credible sources for procurements aiid thereby increase the number of contracts set-aside for small business in the B. & ID. and `high- technology areas. In the area of technology assistance, NASA and SBA have estab- lished a joint Publications program which will provide the small business community with inforniation on available NASA-developed technology. We will mail our first joint publication to approximately 7,000 small firms in the area of electrical and electronic devices and components on April 8. The second publication in the area of analytical and testing equip- ment will be mailed to 8,000 firms on approximately April 20. Begin- ning in May, we will mail flyers to about 25,000 small business firms each month on NASA developed technology in various fields. Each of these Publications will invite the small businessman to seiid for NASA tech briefs in the areas of his choice. When the tech briefs are mailed to firms in regions where we have a technology assistance officer, information on available SBA. services will be enclosed. We are also involved with NASA in a trial report at the Western Research Application Center at the University of Southern Califor- nia. In this project, we are using a computer terminal to search com- puter readable technology data bank for solutions to the technology needs of small business firms. The method is to have the WESRAC information specialist, the SBA/TAO and the small businessman work with the computer in an interactive mode to search for the best possible solution to the technology problem. Once the technology is located, the SBA/TAO will obtain the data, provide it to the small businessmaii, and follow up with additional assistance as required. This project has been underway for several months and unfortu- nately the results have, thus far, been inconclusive. There is no doubt that the interactive search is a workable tool in technology assist- ance. The problem has been generating an interest within the small business community in the Los Angeles area. We have experieuced some delays in obtaining materials necessary to undertake a direct mailing campaign to make this service known to small businessmen. In Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura Counties of California mailings have now begun and we expect sufficient ac- PAGENO="0149" 145 tivity over the next few months to determine the value of this serv- ice for continued and even expanded use in computers in an interac- tive mode to solve small business technology problems. If the computer interactive system proves satisfactory, SBA pro- ductivity in terms of the number of cases it can handle per TAO will improve significantly. I mentioned earlier our central office efforts to increase opporturn- ties in R. & D. and high technology areas for small business to obtain Government contracts. We are undertaking several efforts in this regard. Throughout fiscal year 1976, the SBA technology assistance division will be working closely with the National Science Founda- tion to help it meet a congressional mandate that at least 71/2 percent of its research applied to national needs [RANN] prime contract dollars be expended to small business. We anticipate that this will lead to about $5.3 million in NSF B. & D. prime contracts going to small firms. Research areas under this program will include energy, environ- ment, and productivity. The RANN small business program will also attempt to develop incentives to enlarge small business opportunities beyond those to be gained from direct awards, such as teaming small firms with universities or nonprofit organizations and using small firms as first-tier subcontractors. SBA has, as you are aware, a unique relationship with the Energy Research and Development Administration in that the Energy Re- organization Act of 1974, which established ERDA specifically di- rected the Administrator of ERDA to consult with the Administra- tor of SBA in carrying out ERDA's responsibilities to assure: That small business concerns be given a reasonable opportunity to participate fairly and equitably in grants, contracts, purchases and other Federal activities relating to research, development and demonstration of sources of energy, efficiency and utilization and conservation of energy. Both ERDA and SBA are actively carrying out these responsibili- ties. Within the next few days, Mr. Seamans, Administrator of ERDA and I will be signing a memorandum of understanding to establish a formal working relationship between the two agencies. This agreement will be general in nature and specific cooperative pro]ects will be developed within its framework. We are not, of course, waiting for this formal agreement to begin our mutual efforts. Good working relationships have already been established and coop- erative efforts have begun. SBA and ERDA personnel hold weekly coordination meetings dealing with possible joint programs and indi- vidual case problems of small businesses. Possible projects currently being considered include a joint ERDA/ SBA effort to develop a computerized centralized source system by small business R. & D. and high-technology firms. This complex task ~s, we believe, vital to providing small business maximum opportu- nity to participate in energy related procurement opportunities and will greatly assist in promoting such opportunities in all R. & D. and high-technology areas. SBA is planning to develop such a source system for all of its pro- grams and welcomes ERDA's participation in such efforts. ERDA and SBA are exploring means of promoting the transfer of ERDA developed technology and possible support of the American Associa- PAGENO="0150" 146 tion of Small Research Companies. We will continue to expand our joint efforts to provide small business maximum opportunities in energy fields. At the recommendation of SBA, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, 0MB, recently established a committee of high-level repre- sentatives of major Federal agencies involved in procurement of re- search and development to explore several areas of policy relating to small business participation in contracting for Government research and development. SBA's Office of Procurement Assistance has full membership in this committee and is actively participating m its ac- tivities. We are also continuing our coordination efforts with the Federal Energy Administration regarding the small business aspects of the solar energy Government buildings project including set-asides, ade- quacy of procurement regulations and impact of such regulations on small businesses in the solar energy area. Within SBA, we are undertaking a number of initiatives to in- crease our technology and R. & D. assistance efforts. For the first time in nearly 3 years, we are actively publicizing our technology assistance efforts through a direct mailing of approximately 20,000 brochures a month to firms in selected Standard Industrial Classifi- cations. We are mailing brochures, only to those regions where we have a technology assistance officer actively engaged in carrying out the technology assistance function. At present we have five such active technology assistance officers with two vacancies for which we are currently recruiting. As men- tioned earlier, we are moving ahead with a centralized computerized source program. We are attempting to develop a "source of sources" for technology assistance. In the Federal Government alone, there are over 100 sources of technology data. There are also numerous technical experts upon whom we can call to assist small businessmen with technology prob- lems. In order to assist our field TAOs in knowing of and using these technology sources, we plan to develop a centralized index of such sources and technical expertise. We do not plan to duplicate existing data banks but rather to be able to direct our field people to the best possible sources of data or expert assistance for any technology problem. In order to establish this "source of sources" file, we will have to search out all available data sources and technical expertise available. We anticipate the need to establish a series of interagency agreements with agencies having the data and/or the technical experts so that we know what can and will be made available to SBA for assisting the small business community. Currently, we have 2,061 firms listed in our regional R. & D. direc- tories. In the 1976 edition to be published in September, we are striv- ing to increase the listings to approximately 3,000 small scientific, engineering, or research and development firms. Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be pleased to answer any questions the committee may have. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, very much. [The prepared statement of Mr. Kobelinski follows:] PAGENO="0151" 147 SMALL BUS~ESS ADM~flSTRAT~QN ***t***~*** Washington, D.C. *~t**t*~~** STATEMENT OF MITCHELL P. KOBELINSKI, ADMINISTRATOR ~SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE April 7, 1976 Mr. Chairman, I very much appreciate the opportunity to appear before this Committee to discuss the management and technology assistance programs of the Small Business Administration. THE MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM The Small Business Administration reached over one million small businesses last year with its management assistance efforts. Of these, more than 256, 000 have received in-depth help through training and counseling. Our distribution in management publications exceeded 5, 000, 000 copies of 300 titles. PAGENO="0152" 148 2 First, I will cover our basic ongoing programs which consist of one- to-one counseling, group training and publications. Then, I will sketch some new initiatives we are working pn. Counseling We have four primary resources to provide one-to-one help. They are: Volunteers Call Contractors Small Business Institute (SBI) Staff Management Assistance Officers As you will note as we briefly discuss these resources, only the volunteer and Small Business Institute programs are readily expandable. Volunteers In the volunteer category, we include SCORE (Service Corps of Retired Executives), ACE (Active Corps of Executives) and members of profes- sional associations that have agreed to work with us. Within the SCORE/ACE organization we have over 8, 000 of the Nationts most talented executives who give their time freely to help build the small PAGENO="0153" 149 3 business community which they regard as the foundation of the free en- terprise system. This organization blankets the country with 293 chapters that reach every city, town, and hamlet of the United States and its possessions. SCORE volunteers do basic counseling, conduct pre-business work- shops for prospective small business people, and actually man desks in our field offices to help our walk-in clients. Our ACE volunteers are full-time employed individuals who give generously of their time but typically are used as back-up for SCORE and to provide unique expertise in counseling and training small business owners. Members of professional associations such as the National Association of Accountants, the American Institute of Industrial Engineers, the National Association of Minority CPA Firms and the National Federal and Business and Professional.Womens Club, Inc., function much as ACE except that they are not individually registered by SBA as are SCORE and ACE volunteers. They bring a depth of knowledge in specialized fields at no charge to small business- men and women. Expanded SCORE SCORE requires a substantial amount of management and a~min- istration if it is to perform effectively. During the initial years of PAGENO="0154" 150 4 SCORE, SBA personnel did much of this administrative work. Now SCORE has grown, and if the needs of small business are to be served, its membership and outreach must be multiplied during the next few years. The SBA does not have the personnel to enlarge and manage the SCORE of 1977, 1978 and beyond. Now, if you were looking for management talent, where would you look but SCORE? This thought led us to planning an administrative arm of the SCORE organization. This arm will consist of three to five volunteers located in Washington who will work hand in hand with the SBA to develop and administer the overall SCORE/ACE organization. These volunteers will serve on a rotating basis and provide the national management of SCORE. The national SCORE/ACE office will direct a regional and district organization roughly paralleling the SBA organiza- tion down to the field office and chapter level. In this way SCORE will become self-administering and can provide a much greater service to the small business community without the necessity of enlarging the SBA staff. We have plans to expand SCORE into new areas of assistance to small business. For example, Occupational Safety & Health Program, OSHA, PAGENO="0155" 151 5 has created many hardships unique to small business. The problems arise in meeting the safety standards. We plan to recruit SCORE volunteers with appropriate backgrounds that will enable the Depart- ment of Labor to train them to advise small businesses on OSHA matters. This cadre of volunteers with OSHA expertise will provide seminars on OSHA standards and they will make on-site (no report) reviews of small business operations to counsel and advise of possible OSHA violations. We believe this will do much to relieve the Federal Government of its present highly unfavorable image in the eyes of most small business owners, and it will help thousands of small businesses avoid disastrous shut-downs, fines and sudden, large correctional expenditures. The shocking impact of shoplifting, pilferage and related crimes on small businesses has led us to recruit special volunteers to advise small businesses on preventing losses from crime. The extent of the crime problem is indicated by the following: There were $20. 3 billion losses nationally in 1974 - - a 31% increase over 1971. The remaining third is generally caused through shoplifting. Special assistance to the small business community is required in both counseling and training. PAGENO="0156" 152 6 It is vital to our balance of payments and the health of our economy that thousands of small businesses understand and develop their export trade potential. In order to make that a reality, the SBA plans a much expanded international trade program. We anticipate a heavy participation of SCORE/ACE in this program. The assignment of a national SCORE international coordinator within the SCORE National Office who will, along with appropriate Central Office personnel, recruit several hundred more volunteers with extensive international trade expertise is planned. We are planning training for these as well as current SCORE/ACE volunteers who have international trade experience so that SBA field offices will have an up-to-date adequate capability to provide the quantity and quality international trade counsel- ing that is needed to meet our Nations needs for more exports. A concentrated effort will be made to recruit volunteer marketing specialists in all SCORE/ACE chapters. If our small business community is to survive and grow, virtually all small businesses must have the benefit of modern marketing techniques. These SCORE specialists will be working shoulder to shoulder with members of the American Marketing Association, our Call Contractors, university students and our SBA staff to help small business owners identify markets and promote sales. PAGENO="0157" 153 7 Soaring energy costs and shortages of materials and fuels have im- posed significant hardships on the 9.4 million small businesses in the United States. Lacking the sophistication and financial resources of larger companies, the small businessman frequently finds it difficult to make the adjustments necessary for survival. We are recruiting volunteers to counsel small businesses on their energy problems. The Federal Energy Administration has joined hands with the SBA in this endeavor. FEA will provide the programmatic and training elements and SBA will provide the delivery system through SCORE. Call Contractors Under our Call Contracting Program we contract with professional consultants throughout the country to provide highly specialized and timely individual help to eligible socially arid economically disadvantaged clients. In FY 1975, almost 3, 000 small businesses received help from profes- sional consultants under contract. Without this consulting help, many of these struggling small business owners would have failed with a dev- astating economic and social loss~ and many jobs would have dlsappeaz'ed. A recent e~cternal study establishes the success rate of this S13A program to be well above the national average for professional consultanta. PAGENO="0158" 154 8 Small Business Institute The Small Business Institute Program is a three-way cooperative between collegiate schools of business administration, members of the Nation's small business community and the Small Business Adminis - tration. Under the supervision of university faculty and SBA staff, a team of two to four senior and graduate students of business adminis - tration work directly with owners of small firms for an entire semester providing management counseling at no cost to the business person. During the semester the students make an in-depth analysis of the pro- blems and opportunities available to the small business owner. Often a SCORE volunteer serves as an advisor to the students. At the end of the semester, a report is written in language the small business person can understand. This is thoroughly reviewed with the business owner. The SCORE person then follows up in the ensuing months to help the business owner to implement the recommendations. Participating schools receive modest contracts from SBA which pay roughly half the cost of the programs. Presently the SBA has 385 universities with 2,000 faculty members and an army of 20, 000 students working in the SBI program. Eighty-seven percent of the small businesses involved rate the program "good" to "excellent." PAGENO="0159" 155 9 There has been an exciting added benefit or outfall of the SBA Small Business Institute Program. Less than a decade ago only eight univer- sities in the country offered courses in entrepreneurship and new busi- ness venture limitation. With the development of the SBI program, tens of thousands of outstanding students have become interested in the poten- tial of the free enterprise system. Coincidental with this new found in- terest in our Nation's system of business and economics, a ground swell of demand developed among these students for courses in entre- preneurship and new enterprise development. The result of this has been that almost one hundred of our leading universities are now offer- ing these courses. Within two years of graduation, several universities have reported that 10 to 12 percent of these students have launched new business enterprises. Thus, the SBI program not only deals with the problems of established small businesses, but it also has a major Influence in developing entrepreneurs for the years ahead. Staff Management. Assistance Officers The professional field staff of the SBA manage and leverage the Volunteer, Call Contract and Small Business Institute resources as well as provide direct counseling to small businesses when the other resources are not available. PAGENO="0160" 156 10 Training When the training program was initiated with two courses over 20 years ago, there was little or no business training tailored to meet the needs of small business offered at any of the Nationts colleges or universities. As the popularity of the management course program increased, in 1961 a program of small business management conferences was imple- mented to accommodate large groups in sessions running from four to five hours to several days. Responding to the need for short sessions on specialized problems, in 1968 problem clinics were added as another training vehicle. The clinics are small groups of business persons with a common problem who meet for two or three hours with a resource person to discuss and arrive at solutions to that problem. Small business owners and managers and operators will receive about 2 million man hours of training this year. Last year we held 4, 579 training sessions with 154, 829 attendees. PAGENO="0161" 157 11 Publications SBA's management assistance publications provide a vehicle for reaching out to the small business community with reliable management information that is understandable and timely. The publiations vary from 4-page leaflets to booklets that vary in length from 18 pages to 270 pages. The larger publications are sold at cost. Most are provided without charge. The 300 titles provide practical suggestions from subject matter experts. About five million copies are distributed annually. Of the 44. million printed during the last decade, it is estimated that 12-14 million are still in use -- about 1-1/2 for every small business in the United States. New Initiatives International Trade A vigorous and highly aggressive export program is being developed in concert with the Department of Commerce for FY 1977. From a pilot operation we have found: 72-434 0 - 76 - 11 PAGENO="0162" 158 12 (1) Small firms, primarily manufacturers, have not realized their export potential; (2) firms within the areas of greatest undeveloped export potential are predominantly small; (3) extensive and valuable export information and assistance are available, but the small business community does not know of its existence; (4) given the proper assistance small business firms can successfully export; and (5) the SBA program will make it possible to provide export assistance to the majority of prospective small business exporters. We are reviewing our resources with the hope of expanding our Central Office international trade staff from 2-1/2 persons to 5 and putting in place at least 14 professionals in selected cities of high export potential. We plan to assign within each SBA field office as collateral duty of a manage- ment assistance specialist, the responsibility for the office's international trade program targets and objectives. University Business Development Centers The University Business Development Center (UBDC) concept joins the efforts of several federally-sponsored programs which aid small business and students on university campuses throughout the country. Mutually PAGENO="0163" 159 13 supportive and sometimes overlapping, these existing Federal and state programs will be linked up under a cohesive master plan to increase their efficiency and to provide greater leverage of the resources. At the same time, agencies such as HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce (EDA and OMBE), the Bureau of Standards and others will maintain their separate identities and independence of administration. The link-up and implementation will take place at the university level. At a University Business Development Center, a small business owner or one who desires to launch a new enterprise will find a `full service" agency capable of providing: 1. A thorough analysis of business skills and aptitudes. 2. Training to develop or enhance business skills. 3. A facility to provide feasibility studies and a resource for complete business planning. 4. An analysis center to.completely review all of the functions and operations of a present or planned business including management, financial, marketing, production. 5. A technology utilization center to enable small business to utilize the $345 billion of Federal Government-sponsored research and development. 6. A center for idea and product development. PAGENO="0164" 160 14 All of these functions and others are now being performed at widely scattered universities throughout the country; but nowhere have these federally-sponsored programs been linked up to provide the full ser- vice envisioned in the University Business Development Center concept. Students participating in the program would have a greatly expanded opportunity to learn by doing in an interdisciplinary relationship. Practical application of academic learning would make education more relevant and better prepare students for the work-a-day world. SBA proposes to identify programs and funding paths for universities and colleges and help them add the elements necessary to create their own Development Centers. These may differ from school to school, de- pending upon their orientation and size, and the needs of the communities in which they are located, but each would foster the growth of present local businesses, and help establish new enterprises in a systematic way. None of the resources discussed are new. Each of them exists some- where. But UBDC, by combining the existing multiple resources of academia, Federal and State agencies, and volunteer organizations into PAGENO="0165" 161 15 a university-coordinated delivery system, is the best means for promoting broad scale business growth in our country today. New Training Plans Preliminary plans are being developed which will draw on the resources of continuing education programs in community colleges to implement and conduct more small business management courses. As these become self-sustaining, SBA can act as a catalyst between the small business persons working and needing training and the community colleges offering the training. SBA co-sponsorship efforts can then be concentrated on filling in the gaps where no training is available. A contract will be let this fiscal year for module-form, learner- oriented course material on Managing for Profits. Some of the new materials will be particularly useful in several self- learning centers we plan to pilot in FY 1977. These centers will make management information available at the convenience of the small business person. PAGENO="0166" 162 16 THE TECHT~OLOGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM We began the development of the SBA Technology Assistance Program in its present form in August 1975, with the establishment of a Central Office Technology Assistance Division within the Office of Procurement Assistance. The SBA Technology Assistance Program includes three subprograms: Technology Assistance, Research & Development Assist- ance and our joint efforts with the National Bureau of Standards under their Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP). The technology assistance portion of the program is intended to carry out our responsibility to assist small business concerns to obtain the benefits of research and development performed under Government contracts or at Government expense. In effect, our field personnel serve as information brokers by assisting small businessmen to define their technology need or problem, searching available data on existing technology, and providing the data located to the small businessman. The R&D Assistance Program is intended to carry out our respon- sibility to assist small business concerns to obtain Government contracts for research and development. We do this by providing small R&D PAGENO="0167" 163 17 sources to other SBA programs, i.e., Prime Contracting and Subcon- tracting Assistance, and publishing Regional Directories of R&D firms for use by Government agencies involved in procuring research and development and by assisting small R&D firms with proposal and con- tract problems. In the Central Office, we are actively engaged in a variety of cooperative efforts with other agencies to promote increased contracting with small research and development and high technology firms. I will elaborate on these efforts in a moment. First, I would like to describe the ETIP efforts and our joint programs with NASA to promote NASA developed technology among small businessmen. In cooperation with National Bureau of Standards/ETIP, we are ex- perimenting with ways to increase the number of Government contracts awarded to small R&D and high-technology companies. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards, we have launched a two-year experiment to see if we can develop a system for matching Government R&D and high-technology requirements to small firms capabilities and predict with an acceptable degree of accuracy the likelihood of a given firm successfully performing, if it were awarded the contract. The object is to be able to provide procuring agencies with credible sources for PAGENO="0168" 164 18 procurements and thereby increase the number of contracts set aside for small business in the R&D and high-technology areas. In the area of technology assistance, NASA and SBA have established a joint publications program which will provide the small business community with information on available NASA developed technology. We will mail our first joint publication to approximately seven thousand small firms in the area of electrical and electronic devices and com- ponents on April 8. The second publication in the areaof analytical and testing equipment will be mailed to eight thousand firms on approximately April 20. Beginning in May, we will mall flyers to about 25, 000 small business firms each month on NASA developed technology in various fields. Each of these publications will invite the small businessman to send for NASA Tech Briefs in the areas of his choice. When the Tech Briefs are mailed to firms in regions where we have a Technology Assistance Officer, information on available SBA services will be en- closed. We are also involved with NASA in a trial report at the Western Research Application Center at the University of Southern California. In this project, we are using a computer terminal to search computer PAGENO="0169" 165 19 readable technology data banks for solutions to the technology needs of small business firms. The method is to have the WESRAC Information Specialist, the SBA/TAO and the small businessman work with the computer in an interactive mode to search for the best possible solu- tion to the technology problem. Once the technology is located, the SBA/TAO will obtain the data, provide it to the small businessman, and follow up with additional assistance as required. This project has been under way for several months and unfortunately the results have, thus far, been inconclusive. There is no doubt the interactive search is a workable tool in technology assistance. The problem has been generating an interest within the small business community in the Los Angeles area. We have.experienced some delays in obtaining materials necessary to undertake a direct mailing campaign to make this service known to small businessmen. In Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura counties of California mailings have now begun and we expect sufficient activity over the next few months to determine the value of this service for continued and even expanded use in computers in an interactive mode to solve small business technology problems. If the computer interactive system proves satis- factory, SBA productivity in terms of the number of cases it can handle per TAO will improve significantly. PAGENO="0170" 166 20 I mentioned earlier our Central Office efforts to increase oppor- tunities in R&D and high technology areas for small business to obtain Government contracts. We are undertaking several efforts in this regard. Throughout FY 1976, the SBA Technology Assistance Division will be working closely with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to help it meet a congressional mandate that at least 7-1/2 percent of its Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) prime contract dollars be expended to small business. We anticipate that this will lead to about $5. 3 million in NSF R&D prime contracts going to small firms. Research areas under this program will include energy, environment and productivity. The RANN Small Business Program will also attempt to develop incentives to enlarge small business opportunities beyond those to be gained from direct awards, such as teaming small firms with universities or nonprofit organizations and using small firms as first-tier subcontractors. V SBA has, as you are aware, a unique relationship with the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) in that the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, which established ERDA, specifically directed the Administrator of ERDA to consult with the Administrator PAGENO="0171" 167 21 of SBA in carrying out ERDA's responsibilities to assure ". . . that small business concerns be given a reasonable opportunity to partici- pate,. . . fairly and equitably in grants, contracts, purchases and other Federal activities relating to research, development and demonstration of sources of energy, efficiency and utilization and conservation of energy." Both ERDA and SBA are actively carrying out these responsibilities. Within the next few days, Mr. Seamans, Administrator of ERDA, and I will be signing a Memorandum of Un- derstanding a formal working relationship between the two agencies. This agreement will be general in nature and specific cooperative pro- jects will be developed within its frax~riework. We are not, of course, waiting for this formal agreement to begin our mutual efforts. Good working relationships have already been established and cooperative efforts have begun. SBA and ERDA personnel hold weekly coordination meetings dealing with possible joint programs and individual case pro- blems of small businesses. Possible projects currently being con~ sidered include a joint ERDA/SBA effort to develop a computerized centralized source system by small business R&D and high technology firms. This complex task is, we believe, vital to providing small* business maximum opportunity to participate in energy reiated procure- ment opportunities and will greatly assist in promoting such opportunities PAGENO="0172" 168 22 in all R&D and high technology areas. SBA is planning to develop such a source system for all of its programs and welcomes ERDAs partici- pation in such efforts. ERDA and SBA are exploring means of promoting the transfer of ERDA developed technology and possible support of the American Association of Small Research Companies. We will continue to expand our joint efforts to provide small business maximum oppor- tunities in energy fields. At the recommendation of SBA, the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (0MB) recently established a committee of high level representa- tives of major Federal agencies involved in procurement of research and development to explore several areas of policy relating to small business participation in contracting for Government research and development. SBA's Office of Procurement Assistance has full membership in this committee and is actively participating in its activities. We are also continuing our coordination efforts with the Federal Energy Administration regarding the small business aspects of the Solar Energy Government Buildings Project including set-asides, adequacy of procurement regulations and impact of such regulations on small busi- nesses in the solar energy area. PAGENO="0173" 169 23 Within SBA, we are undertaking a number of initiatives to increase our technology and R&D assistance efforts. For the first time i.n nearly 3 years, we are actively publicizing our technology assistance efforts through a direct mailing of approximately 20, 000 brochures a month to firms in selected Standard Industrial Classifications. We are mailing brochures only to those regions where we have a Technology Assistance Officer (TAO) actively engaged in carrying out the technology assistance function. At present, we have five such active Technology Assistance Officers with two vacancies for which we are currently recruiting. As mentioned earlier, we are moving ahead with a centralized computerized source program. We are attempting to develop a "source of sources" for technology assistance. In the Federal Government alone, there are over one hundred sources of technology data. There are also numerous technical experts upon whom we can call to assist small businessmen with technology problems. In order to assist our field TAOs in knowing of and using these technology sources, we plan to develop a centralized index of such sources and technical expertise. We do not plan to duplicate exist- ing data banks but rather to be able to direct our field people to the best possible sources of data or expert assistance for any technology problem. In order to establish this "source of sources" file, we will have to search PAGENO="0174" 170 24 out all available data sources and technical expertise available. We anticipate the need to establish a series of Interagency Agreements with agencies having the data and/or the technical experts so that we know what can and will be made available to SBA for assisting the small business community. Currently, we have 2061 small firms listed in our regional R&D directories. In the 1976 edition to be published in September, we are striving to increase the listings to approximately 3000 small scientific, engineering, or research and development firms. Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be pleased to answer any questions the Committee may have. PAGENO="0175" 171 Senator HATHAWAY. What is your budget for the technology as- sistance program for this year, and, do you think it will be sufficient? Do you think it will be funded, for one thing? Mr. KOBELINSKI. It looks like a total of $600,000 and since our pro- posed budget has been approved on the House side by the Appropria- tions Committee, I am hopeful that that will come through. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think that would be sufficient for the rest of this fiscal year? Mr. KOBELINSKI. For this year, it will be. I am thinking as this gets geared up, it is perhaps something we will have to look at in a very fresh way and turn to 0MB for the following fiscal year and look at some other figures. To our way of thinking, the amount budgeted for the current year should be sufficient. Senator HATHAWAY. You will be able to increase your staff? Mr. KOBELINSKI. Unfortunately, there is not any real increase in staff that has been budgeted. We have 14 people in the technology assistance. What we are hopeful of doing is leveraging these people by bringing in a lot of SCORE people to assist us in this area. Senator HATHAWAY. The SCORE people will be the field people? Mr. KOBELINSKI. Help us in the field. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think it will be easy to get SCORE people qualified to do this? Mr. KOBELINSKI. It is a more challenging activity for a person who has had a high-level executive job, particularly in some R. & D. type of firm or a firm that had high technology at his disposal. If you bring him into SCORE and ask him to interview young proposed ap- plicants for a new small business, he might get bored with that after a few months. On the other hand, if you give him this kind of challenge to help us work in this area, I think there is a way we can deliver this. Senator HATHAWAY. The SCORE person would be out in the field talking to the small businessman? Mr. KOBELINSKI. With the small businessman and use the technol- ogy that we have and the data banks that we are going to try to use out of the computers and so on. Actually, we have started this program in Los Angeles right now. It is in effect. Mr. Warren has put that in effect. So we have some assistance going in this area in a pilot program right now. We have hopes of leveraging this thing to make up for the lack of our own staff. Senator HATHAWAY. What about the money for the other programs that you talked about in the course of your testimony? Do you have adequate funding? Mr. K0BELIN5KI. Well, I think- Senator HATHAWAY. For the export program and the university program? Mr. KOBELINSKI. We will have enough. We have been given an extra $1 million for the SBI program this year. We expect to be able to transfer about $1 million to expand that University Business Center and SBI activity. We think our budget will be adequate to handle our needs this year, including putting on at least one top staff person to take. charge of our international trade desk, so to speak. PAGENO="0176" 172 There, again, we have plenty of retired executives in this area, if we just ferret them out. They will be using their special expertise when we put them to work in helping us develop this international trade program. Senator HATHAWAY. Are you expanding on the international trade program that already exists in the Department of Commerce, or is this a brand new idea? I know we passed legislation through the Banking Committee, that assigned one person in the Export-Import Bank to deal with small business problems. That did not work out as well as we thought it might. As you once told me, the person just answered letters and was not much of a promoter, nor was he working full-time in that particular field. Mr. K0BELINsKI. We are going to see if we can modify the attitudes at the Export-Import Bank by giving them plenty of jobs, plenty of assignments in assisting us in carrying out this program. They may ultimately end up assigning someone who has no other responsibility but that of helping the small businessman. Of course, I think that this objective will be a part of our advocacy role, to see that it does materialize. Senator HATHAWAY. Doesn't Commerce already have a trade pro- grain? Mr. KOBELINSKI. Commerce does have a trade program. They are moving in that direction. Now it is a question of marrying the efforts of the Commerce Department, and the knowledge that comes from the SBA through the financing vehicles and getting it to our con- stituency. We have the direct contact, or more of a direct contact with the small business constituency than the Commerce Department does. It is a question of bringing together all of these efforts so that they are organized and delivered to the small businessman. The failure has been in getting that outreach to the small businessman. Senator HATHAWAY. At what stage of development is the export program now? Mr. WARREN. We have met with the Department of Commerce over the last 3 months to scope out this program. We are reaching a new agreement with them. We had an agreement that was signed in 1967 which was perhaps less comprehensive than it should have been. We are working very closely together; the Administrator and the Secretary of Commerce will be signing a new agreement very shortly. We will be using SCORE people, as the Administrator has testi- fied. We will start the program with the Department of Commerce by outlining all the small- and medium-sized businesses in the coun- try that we believe have export potential. Because their files are not up-to-date, we will be making a nationwide survey in cooperation with the Department of Commerce. They will be providing training for SCORE people. They will provide, in their offices throughout the country, expertise that is beyond ours and we will be working very closely together to both ferret out and deliver the expert information, training, and counselling that is needed. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any figures indicating what share of the export market small businesses get at the present time? PAGENO="0177" 173 Mr. WARREN. I am sorry; I do not have those. Senator HATI-IAwAY. If you could give us those for the record so we can keep tabs on your program to see how well it works out. Mr. WARREN. Yes, sir. [The information referred to follows:] It should be noted that precise figures are not readily available. However, using the best information available from the Department of Commerce, De- partment of the Treasury and the Export-Import Bank, it is estimated that only 5 to 10% of our non-farm exports are generated by the small business community Senator HATHAWAY. One last question I want to ask you. I think the Small Business Administration has done an excellent ~ob over the years, at least since I have been familiar with it-which is quite a few years now, because I was familiar with it before I came to the Congress 15 years ago-especially considering the amount of money that has been appropriated for your efforts. The only shortcoming I have ever heard from small businessmen is the lack of information about the various programs. It seems it is very difficult for them to get information on the programs. Small business seminars have been held in Maine to acquaint busi- nessmen with the Government procurement program. Maine and many other States do not participate in that program anywhere near to the extont that they should. I wonder if you have any suggestions as to what we might do to help you in getting more information out to small businessmen and women. Some States, like Pennsylvania, I understand, with State funds, have hired a person to disseminate information with respect to Gov- ernment procurement. Other States are not as well off as that, or have not thought of that idea, so they have not done it. The last time we had hearings on this matter, I think it was Mr. Kieppe who indicated they did not have the money to carry on the information program that they needed. Mr. KOBELINSKI. Senator, I really do feel that one of the sugges- tions you are making is a very viable method and very close to the businessman method of getting this whole program across. That is having State officers that will act as a conduit. I was just up in Kalamazoo, Mich. yesterday and spoke with the development officer there in Michigan. He described his program. I was very pleased to hear what a very active program they had, try- ing to match the SBA effort and bring the knowledge of our pro- grams, specific knowledge of our programs, to the small businessman. After all, in each State, you do have differing small business needs. Some States have their specialties in the area of different types of manufacturing. For us to sit in Washington, even if we have district offices out there to try to tailor this thing, to really know how to bring the information in the hands of business. I think we can do a far better job if we act in cooperation with a State agency. I would strongly urge every State- and I would like, as a part of our program to energize this so we have more States setting up actual counterparts of our SBA activity on a State level. I think we could give a better delivery service that way. 72-434 0 - 76 - 12 PAGENO="0178" 174 In the meantime, we are not going to rely on that alone. We have a new public relations effort that we are going to mount. It will be kicked off with our small business week that comes up May 10 through 14, and that will be kind of a kickoff for a strong public affairs type of outreach program that I want to put into place. I have said to your committee, I believe, Mr. Chairman, and to the committees on the House side-I would like to take these first 90 days in office between February 12 and the first week or so in May to struc- ture our program and the thrust and to identify the priorities for the agency and then come forth and sit down with the committees on both sides and set out a program of action. I am hoping to be able to do that by the first of May and announce these things during Small Business Week and move ahead. I can tell you ahead of time that one of the things is to have a public relations program which identifies all of our programs and tries to have a much stronger outreach, so we are certain that at least we are making our programs known in a general way to every small businessman in the country. Senator HATHAWAY. This will be carried on through the media, or through mailings? Mr. K0BELINSKI. We are going to work with the media. We are energizing a speaker's program utilizing our advisory council mem- bers-again, we are leveraging-we will be demanding that each one of our district directors arrange to give some kind of public address somewhere, at least twice to three times a month and arrange to have members of his advisory council doing the same thing in his district, so they are reaching out. I think we have to utilize the local businessman's associations, the Northwest Cleveland Businessman's Association, if you will, the South Chicago Industrial Association, et cetera, and rely on trying to reach these businessmen on their level where they are active. They may be members of the national associations. The national associations do a very reputable job in representing the interests here in Washington. You can hardly reach out and establish a close under- standing and rapport with the small businessman without going out to the local level and working with him in the local associations. We want the Rotaries, the Kiwanis, the local trade association, the industrial associations, to hear us. We will be using our advisory council people and our district people to get out there. We are hope- ful of being able to reach a substantial number of our small business- men directly this way. Senator HATHAWAY. Good. Thank you very much. I enjoyed your testimony and your answers to our questions. We have some other questions, Mr. Administrator, that we will submit to you in writing, and we would appreciate your answering for the record questions that would require some research. Thank you very much. It is nice to have you here, Mr. Administra- tor. Good luck in your new job. I know you will do an excellent job. Our next witness is Mr. Dale Babione, deputy assistant secretary for procurement, office of the assistant secretary, Department of De- fense. Mr. Babione, it is nice to see you. PAGENO="0179" 175 Mr. BABIONE. With your permission, I have a short statement. I would like to read it. Senator HATHAWAY. Would you identify the gentlemen accompany- ing you? Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir, I will identify them in the statement. Senator HATHAWAY. All right. STATEMENT OF DALE R. BABIONE, DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRE- TARY FOR PROCUREMENT, OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OP DEFENSE, ACCOMPANIED BY LEONARD WEISBERG, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF ELECTRONICS AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN THE OFFICE OF DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING; AND STANLEY TESKO, DEPUTY DIRECTOR, SMALL BUSINESS OFFICE Mr. BABIONE. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, .1 ap- preciate the opportunity to appear before your committee today to report on our Small Business program and activities in support of small research and development firms. I have with me Mr. Leonard Weisberg who is the assistant director of electronics and physical sciences in the office of the director of Defense Research and Engineering. He is responsible for management guidance and technical expertise for Defense contracts concerning elec- tronics and physical sciences R. & D. I also have with me Mr. Stanley Tesko, who is the deputy director of our Small Business Office. Before discussing our small business performance, I would like to note that the dollar figures I will refer to throughout my presenta- tion include only awards made to domestic U.S. business firms. In fiscal y~~ar 1971, it was evident that the small business share in Defense procurements had been declining since the peak fiscal years of 1966 and 1967. However, this share has now shown a steady in- crease since the low of 17 percent for prime contractor awards in fiscal year 1971. Last fiscal year, fiscal year 1975, we had an exception- ally good year when we increased small business awards by another $911 million over fiscal year 1974, attaining a small business share of 20.7 percent. This is the highest rate of small business attainment since fiscal year 1956, except for fiscal year 1966 when it reached a level of 21.8 percent. In attachments 1, 2, and 3, I have furnished your committee a sum- mation of our accomplishments compared with our primate contract award objectives for the past several years. I call attention to the fact that we have met or exceeded our goals for the past 4 fiscal years. The subcontracting picture has also improved. In fiscal year 1972, the percentage of subcontracts received by small firms was 34.8 per- cent, which in fiscal year 1975 increased to 39.3 percent, the highest since 1969. Attachment 4 depicts our experience for fiscal years 1972-75. Research and development awards to small firms have set a new record. The dollars have climbed significantly each year from $183 million awarded in fiscal year 1971. For fiscal year 1972, the figure was $256 million, and for fiscal year 1973, it was $272 million. In fiscal PAGENO="0180" 176 year 1974, despite a drop of more than $500 million in total R. & D. awards compared with fiscal year 1973, small business received $300 million, which represents 5.8 percent of the total. In fiscal year 1975, small firms increased their awards to $316 mil- lion although the percentage dropped slightly to 5.6 percent. Never- theless, our last year's performance represents an all-time high for DOD in R. & D. in the amount of dollar awards to small firms and the highest percentage of awards since fiscal year 1956, except for fiscal year 1974. In our statistics for R. & D. contracting for awards of $10,000 or more, we provide for recording four categories of effort, consisting of research, exploratory development, advanced development, and man- agement support. Of the total R. & D. awards with U.S. business firms in fiscal year 1975, 2.1 percent or $115.6 million was for research, 7.6 percent or $427 million was for exploratory development, 84.8 percent or $4.74 billion for other more advanced types of develop- ment, and 5.4 percent or $301.1 million was for management and sup- port. I want to emphasize that these total dollars listed here are for B. & D. awards to business firms only and do not include awards to universities and nonprofit institutions. Of these awards, small business won an impressive 26.3 percent of the dollars awarded in the research category, and exploratory devel- opment, small business is well-equipped to perform, and accordingly they have faired well. The majority of the dollars are in the advanced developmental cate- gory. Programs in this category are generally for major weapon sys- tems such as the B-i and the F-is aircraft Safeguard and Poseidon missile systems. As might be expected, such large system contracts are awarded to large companies and accordingly the share of small business here is only 3.2 percent, considerably lower than research and exploratory development. In dollar terms this accounts for $1-Si million. In the management/support category the percentage of small business funding climbs to 11.3 percent. The DOD is participating in an ad hoc panel recently established by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy. The purpose of this panel is to determine what actions are to be taken to enhance the role of small business in innovations in B. & D. and how awards to small R. & ID. firms can be increased. Mr. WTeisberg is the DOD representa- tive to this panel and is working closely with my office regarding any procurement aspects which must be considered. We are involved in several other actions in order to assist the small B. & D. firm. We believe that one of the first places to start is to get the "word" out to the small R.. & D. businessman as to how to do busi- ness with us, which of our activities purchase which kinds of B. & D., and whom can they contact for assistance. The key to increasing awards to small R. & D. firms is the assurance that an increased num- ber of small firms can be expected to bid on our B. & D. procurements. This can be enhanced by getting the word out to as many small firms as possible to make application to be included in the bidder's mailing list of our procuring activities. On January 21 and 22, 1976, we supported the Research Council for Small Business and the Professions which conducted a 2-day PAGENO="0181" 177 seminar for the National Science Foundation's "Research Applied to National Needs"-RANN-held for small R. & D. businessmen. We are also actively engaged with the Department of Commerce in sup- porting the Federal procurement conferences which are sponsored by individual Members of Congress in their local districts or States. At each of these conferences, we provide the senior small business advisor from one of the military services, the Defense Supply Agency or the Defense Contract Administration Service as well as other DOD representatives from our activities located in the proximity of the congressional member's constituency. These DOD personnel provide information on how to do business with the military. Businessmen are given copies of the booklet "Selling to the Mili- tary," which tells them what products and services each of our activi- ties buys and what procedures must be followed to be placed on our bidders' mailing list. The updated and expanded version of this publication is now at the Government Printing Office and will include a separate section on research and development listing our R. & D. activities, what they buy, and how to prepare an unsolicited proposal. I might also mention that we publish a booklet listing each of our approximate 600 small business specialists by their assigned procure- ment activity and location. These individuals assist businessmen de- siring to obtain procurements, but more important, they screen every procurement over $2,500 to determine if it can be set-aside for exclu- sive small business participation. Additionally, all of the military services distribute publications which treat their requirements in greater detail. A specific senior technical individual at each of our laboratories has been assigned as one of his duties to help small businessmen de- siring to obtain research and development contracts. Individuals so assigned work with the small business specialists in terms of offering advice on R. & D. matters, such as identifying the particular engineer who is most familiar with a forthcoming R. & D. procurement. This is part of our continuing efforts to involve technical personnel in the small business program. We synopsize all of our procurement requirements valued in excess of $10,000 in the Commerce Business Daily. Notices are also published of every award valued in excess of $25,000 which provides small firms the opportunity to compete for subcontract awards. Our military services conduct advanced planning briefings for in- dustry to inform them of what we will be looking for in the near future. The Navy has established two Nardic's-Navy R. & D. Infor- mation Center-one on each coast which includes Air Force repre- sentation. These offices make information regarding R. & D. planning and requirements available to small business. The Navy has also established a NICRAD-Navy/industry coop- erative R. & D. program-which furnishes scientific and technical in- formation on the operational capabilities and requirements of the u.S. Navy to nongovernment activities on a cooperative, no-cost con- tract basis. It is DOD policy to utilize the R. & D. sources sought section of the Commerce Business Daily whenever practical to seek additional small PAGENO="0182" 178 business sources for R. & D. procurements anywhere from 3 to 6 months in advance of the actual procurement. This technique is par- ticularly helpful to small business firms. It gives them an opportu- nity to respond, by submitting technically qualifying information, to any synopsis in which they have an interest. Our small business specialists work closely with the SBA R. & D. specialists in identifying additional small B. & D. firms to our con- tracting officers. The SBA provides us a valuable service by its yearly publication of a sources list of small R. & D. firms. This list is dis- tributed to all of our activities involved in R. & D. It is the policy of the Department of Defense to promote military- civilian technology transfer and cooperative development. This policy encompasses: (1) The transfer of technology developed by DOD ac- tivities for national defense purposes to the civilian sector where such technology can be profitably utilized in nonmilitary applications; and (2) the identification of coming technologies of both military and civilian interest and the exploration of the feasibility for cooperative funding and for development of such technologies. We accomplish this primarily through our Defense Documentation Center, DDC. DDC assists these Government contractors- and po- tential Defense contractors__by supplying technical reports of com- pleted B. & D. efforts as well as summaries of ongoing B. & D. proj- ects. These services are available to all U.S. Government activities and to their contractors, subcontractors and grantees-regardless of size. The systematic and timely availability of these technical reports and current project summaries helps significantly to prevent or reduce unnecessary duplication of R. & D. projects and to accelerate the com- pletion and application of research information in order to shorten the "concept-to-delivery" cycle. The DDC technical document collection totals more than 1 million different titles, covering all areas of science and technology. Informa- tion in these reports could enhance the efforts of aerodynamicists, chemists, mechanical engineers, psychologists, ecologists, or any other person in the Federal B.. & D. community. There are thousands of summaries in the Center's work unit infor- mation system which answer the who, what, when, where, and how concerning ongoing, Defense-sponsored, R.. & D. efforts. Included is a narrative description of each effort, its purpose, costs and the activi- ties responsible, with names and telephone numbers of key personnel. Organizations registered with DDC have access to a variety of products and services. Most of these services are provided free of charge, while very nominal fees are imposed on others. DDC receives all Defense-related reports with classifications rang- ing from unclassified to secret and restricted data; however, not all reports are processed at this facility. DDC's responsibility includes the processing, announcing, storing, and distributing of classified and unclassified/limited reports. By a contractual arrangement, DDC for- wards all unclassified/unlimited Defense reports to the National Technical Information Service, NTIS, Department of Commerce, where they are made available for sale to DDC users and the general public. PAGENO="0183" 179 Unclassified reports of ongoing projects are provided the Smith- sonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE), for sale to the public. The Navy is a'so publicizing patents available for licensing through the use of exhibits. The Army and the Air Force also conduct similar operations as I have described for the Navy. In summary, I think we have had a steadily improving record in support of the Small Business R. & D. community and recognize we must persevere to assure that this overall upward performance trend continues. In this regard, we plan on taking the following actions: (1) Publish a booklet listing the individual within each service lab- oratory who will act as a functional contact regarding small business R. & D. matters; (2) designate an individual in the Office of Director of Defense Research and Engineering to act as a focal point regard- ing small business H. & D. matters; (3) examine the feasibility of establishing small business H. & D. goals; and (4) implement those recommendations of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy panel which we consider appropriate and feasible of accomplishment. I will now be happy to answer any questions you may have. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much. [The prepared statement of Mr. Babione follows:] PAGENO="0184" 180 STATEMENT OF DALE R. BABIONE DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (PROCUREMENT) (INSTALLATIONS AND LOGISTICS) FOR THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE 95th CONGRESS April 7, 1976 Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee: I appreciate the opportunity to appear before your Committee today to report on our Small Business Program and activities in support of small research and development (R&D) firms. * I have with me Mr. Leonard Weisberg who is the Assistant Director of Electronics and Physical Sciences in the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering. He is responsible for management guidance and technical expertise for Defense contracts concerning electronics and physical sciences R&D. I also have with me Mr. Stanley Tesko, who is the Deputy DirectQr of our Small Business Office. Before discussing our small business performance, I would like to note that the dollar figures I will refer to throughout my presentation include only awards made to domestic U. S. business firms. Prime Contracti~g In FY 1971, it was evident that the small business share in Defense procurements had been declining since the peak fiscal years of 1966 and PAGENO="0185" 181 2 1967. However, this share has now shown a steady increase since the low of 17% for prime contract awards in FY 1971. Last fiscal year, FY 1975, we had an exceptionally good year when we incr~ased small business awards by another $911 million over FY 1974, attaining a small business share of 20. 7%. This is the highest rate of small business attainment since FY 1956, except for FY 1966 when it reached a level of 21. 8%. In attachments one, two and three, I have furnished your Committee a summation of our accomplishments compared with our prime contract award objectives for the past several years. I call attention to the fact that we have met or exceeded our goals for the past four fiscal years. Subcontra cting The subcontracting picture has also improved. In FY 1972, the percentage of subcontracts received by small firms was 34. 8%, which in FY 1975 increased to 39. 3%, the highest since 1969. Attachment four depicts our experience for Fiscal Years 1972-1975. Research and Develc~pmerrt (R&D)~ Research and development awards to small firms have set a new record. The dollars have climbed significantly each year from $183 million awarded in FY 1971. For FY 1972, the figure was $256 million, and for FY 1973, it was $272 million. In FY 1974, despite a drop of PAGENO="0186" 182 3 more than $500 million in total R&D awards compared with FY 1973, small business received $300 million, which represents 5. 8% of the total. In FY 1975, small firms increased their awards to $316 million although the percentage dropped slightly to 5. 6%. Nevertheless, our last year's performance represents an all-time high for DoD in R&D in the amount of dollar awards to small firms and the highest percentage of awards since FY 1956, except for FY 1974. (See attachments 5 & 6.) In our statistics for R&D contracting for awards of $10, 000 or more, we provide for recording four categories of effort, consisting of Research, Exploratory Development, Advanced Development, and Management Support. Of the total R&D awards with U. S. business firms in FY 1975, 2. 1% or $115.6 million was for research, 7.6% or $427 million was for exploratory development, 84. 8% or $4. 74 billion for other more advanced types of development, and 5. 4% or $301. 1 million was for management and support. I want to emphasize that these total dollars listed here are for R&D awards to business firms only and do not include awards to universities and non-profit institutions. Of these awards, small business won an impressive 26. 3% of the dollars awarded in the research category; likewise in the exploratory development category they received a 21. 7% share. In areas such as the research category, and exploratory development, small business is well equipped to perform, and accordingly they have fared well. PAGENO="0187" 183 4 The majority of the dollars are in the advanced developmental category. Programs in this category are generally for major weapon systems such as the B-i and F-15 aircraft, Safeguard and Poseidon missile systems. As might be expected, such large system contracts are awarded to large companies, and accordingly the share of small business here is only 3. 2%, considerably lower than research and exploratory development. In dollar terms this accounts for $151 million. In the management/support category the percentage of small business funding climbs to 11.3%. The DoD is participating in an ad-hoc panel recently established by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy. The purpose of this panel is to determine what actions are to be taken to enhance the role of small business in innovations in R&D, what share of awards have been, made to small R&D firms, and how awards to small R&D firms can be increased. Mr. Weisberg is the DoD representative to this panel and is working closely with my office regarding any procurement aspects which must be considered. We are involved in several other actions in order to assist the small R&D firm. We believe that one of the first places to start is to get the "word" out to the small R&D businessman as to how to do business with us, which of our activities purchase which kinds of R&D, and whom can they contact for assistance. The key to increasing awards PAGENO="0188" 184 5 to small R&D firms is the assurance that an increased number of small firms can be expected to bid on our R&D procurements. This can be enhanced by getting the word out to as many small firms as possible to make application to be included in the Bidder's Mailing List of our procuring activities. On January 21st and 22nd, 1976, we supported the Research Council for Small Business and the Professions which conducted a two-day seminar for the National Science Foundation's Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) held fo.r small R&D business- men. We are also actively engaged with the Department of Commerce -in supporting the Federal Pràcurement Conferences which are sponsored by individual members of Congress in their local districts or states. At each of these conferences, we provide the senior Small Business Advisor from one of the Military Services, the Defense Supply Agency or the Defense Contract Administration Service as well as other DoD represent- atives from our activities located in the proximity of the Congressional member's constituency. These DoD personnel provide information on how to do business with the military. Businessmen are given copies of the booklet "Selling to-the.Military" which tells them what products and services each of our activities buys and what procedures must be followed to be placed on our bidders' mailing list. The updated and expanded version of this publication is now at the Government Printing Office and will include a separate section on Research and Development liqting our PAGENO="0189" 185 6 R&D activities, what they buy, and how to prepare an unsolicited proposal. I might also mention that we publish a booklet listing each of our approximate 600 Small Business Specialists by their assigned procurement activity and location. These individuals assist businessmen desiring to obtain procurements but more important, they screen every procurement over $2, 500 to determine if it can be set-aside for exclusive small business participation. Additionally, all of the Military Services distribute publications which treat their requirements in greater detail. A specific senior technical individual ateach of our laboratories has been assigned as one of his duties to help smallbusiness obtain research and development contracts. Individualsso assigned work with the small business specialists in terms of offering advice on R&D matters, such as identifying the particular engineer who is most familiar with a forthcoming R&D procurement. This is part of our continuing efforts to involve technical personnel in the small business program. We synopsize all of our procurement requirements valued in excess of $10, 000 in the Commerce Business Daily (cBD). Notices are also published of every award valued in excess of $25, 000 which provides small firms the opportunity to compete for subcontract awards. Our Military Services conduct advanced planning briefings for industry to inform them of what we will be looking for in the near future. The Navy has established two NARDIC'S (Navy R&D Informatiofl Center), PAGENO="0190" 186 7 one on each coast which includes Air Force representation. These offices make information regarding R&D planning and requirements available to small business. The Navy has also established a NICRAD (Navy/Industry Cooperative R&D) Program which furnishes scientific and technical information on the operational capabilities and require- ments of the U. S. Navy to non-government actjvities on a cooperative, no-cost contract basis. It is DoD policy to utilize the R&D Sources Sought Section of the Commerce Business Daily (CBD), whenever~practicai, to seek additional small business sources for R&D procurements anywhere from three to six months in advance of the actual procurement.. This technique is particularly helpful to small business firms. It gives them an opportunity to respond, by submitting technically qualifying information, to any synopsis in which they have an interest. Our Small Business Specialists work closely with the SBA R&D Specialists in identifying additional small R&D firms to our contracting officers. The SBA provides us a valuable service by its yearly publication of a source list of small £~&D firms. This list is distributed to all of our activities involved in R&D. It is the policy of the Department of Defense to promote military- civilian technology transfer and cooperative development. This, policy encompasses (1) the transfer of technology developed.by DoD activities PAGENO="0191" 187 8 for national defense purposes to the civilian sector where such technology can be profitably utilized in non-military applications, and (2) the identification of coming technologies of both military and civilian interest and the exploration of the feasibility for cooperative funding and for development of such technologies. We accomplish this primarily through our Defense Documentation Center (DDC). DDC assists these Government contractors - - and potential Defense contractors - - by supplying technical reports of completed R&D efforts as well as summaries of ongoing R&D projects. These services are available to all U. S. Government activities and to their contractors, subcontractors and grantees - - regardless of size. The systematic and timely availability of these technical reports and current project summaries helps significantly to prevent or reduce unnecessary duplication of R&D projects and to accelerate the completion and application of research information in order to shorten the `concept-to-delivery" cycle. The DDC technical document collection totals more than a million different titles, covering all areas of science and technology. Information in these reports could enhance the efforts of aerodynamicists, chemists, mechanical engineers, psychologists, ecologists, or any other person in the Federal R&D community. PAGENO="0192" 188 9 There are thousands of summaries in the Center's Work Unit Information System which answer the who, what, when, where and how concerning ongoing, Defense-sponsored, R&D efforts. Included is a narrative description of each effort, its purpose, costs and the activities responsible (with names and telephone numbers of key personnel). Organizations registered with DDC have access to a variety of products and services. Most of these services are provided free of charge, while very nominal fees are imposed on others. DDC receives all Defense-related reports with classifications ranging from unclassified to Secret and Restricted Data; however, not all reports are processed at this facility. DDC's responsibility includes the processing, announcing, storing, and distributing of classified and unclassified/limited reports. By a contractual arrangement, DDC forwards all unclassified/unlimited Defense reports to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Department of Commerce, where they are made avaiiai4c~ for sale to DDC users and the general public. Unclassified reports of on-going projects are provided the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE) for sale to the public. The Navy is also publicizing patents available for licensing through the use of exhibits. The Army and Air Force also conduct similar operations as I have described for the Navy. PAGENO="0193" 189 10 In summary, I think wetve had a steadily improving record in support of the Small Business R&D community and recognize we must persevere to assure that this overall upward performance trend continues. In this regard, we plan on taking the following actions: 1. Publish a booklet listing the individual within each service laboratory who will act as a functional contact regarding small business R&D matters; 2. Designate an individual in the Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering to act as a focal point regarding small business R&D matters; 3. Examine the feasibility of establishing small business R&D goals; 4. Implement those recommendations of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy panel which we consider appropriate and feasible of accomplishment. I'll now be happy to answer any questions you may have. 72-434 0 - 76 - 13 PAGENO="0194" DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AWARDS TO ALL BUSINESS FIRMS~ (Including Civil Functions) FISCAL YEARS 1972 THROUGH 1975 (INMILLIONS) Fv19;2~ FY1913 FY1974 FY 1975 - . * TOTAL AWARDS TO ALL FIRMS TOTAL AWARDS TO SMALL FIRMS * * $34,046 $6,128 $32,418 $6,672 * $34,518 $7,014 * $38,213 7,895 PERCENT TO SMALL FIRMS 18.0%*' - 20.5% 20.5% 20.1% TOTAL SMALL BUSINESS SET* ASIDE AWARDS $1,752 .. $1,890 $1,811 $ . 2,251 PERCENTOFSETASIDESTO TOTAL AWARDS TO ALL FIRMS : 5.1% 5.8% 5.3% - 5.9% Attachment #1 PAGENO="0195" 191 DOD SMALL BUSINESS PERFORMANCE Awards to Small Business FISCAL TOTAL CONTRACT AMOUNT % OF YEAR 1975 AWARDS. $38,213 [~i1lio ns) - TOT AL $7,895 . .20.7 1974 34,518 7,074 20.5 1973 . 32,479 6,672 20.5 1972 34,047 6,128 18.0 1971 31,063 5,292 17.0 1970 31,777 5,492 17.3 1969 37,986 6,765 17.8 1968 40,304 7,584 18.8 1967 40,609 8,361 20.6 1966 34,878 7,612 21.8 1965 26,113 5,305 20.3 1964 26,920 * 4,842 18.0 1963 27, 793 4, 597 16. 5 1962 26, 147 4, 622 17. 7 1961 22,992 3,657 15.9 1960 21,302 3,440 16.1 1959 22,744 3,783 16.6 1958 ZJ,8Z7 3,729 * 17.1 1957 19,133 3,783 . 19.8 1956 17,750 3,475 19.6 1955 * 14,930 3,214 21.5 1954 11,448 2,902 25.3 1953 27,822 * 4,608 16.6 Attachment #2 PAGENO="0196" II~TER~M A~ ~AL SMALL ~USO~ESS f~OALS A~D AC~COk~JWLIISHMENTS IFY's DEPARTMENT 1912 1974 1975 % % ~12 ~15 1913 DOD INTERIM FINAL ACTUAL ARMY 1N11E RIM FINAL ACTUAL NAVY INTERIM FINAL ACTUAL AIR FORCE ~1NTEI{IM FINAL ACTUAL DSA 11s~TE RIM FINAL ACTUAL 11.3 17.2 18.0 18.8 18.2 . 18.5 19.8 12.7 10.6* 12.1 13.2. 10.6 10.2- 11.2 11.6 45.1 44.1 -45.0 44.6 18.4 18.2 20.5 20.2 19.8- 20.0 23.1 13.5 13.2. 13.5 14.3 12.1 10.3-11.0 13.2 45.0 44.6.44.9 46.0 20.1 20.2 20.5 23.1 23.9- 24.2 26.0 14.6 12.8- 13..1 * 14.1 13.3 12.0.12.5 * 13.1 45.7 45.1-45.4 39.3 20.9 * 20.7 20.7 24.5 25.0 25.7 14.8 14.0 14.4 12.6 12.6 13.5 43.3 41.3 39.6 Attachment ~3 PAGENO="0197" ~LÔ\LL ~ ~ ~ F~~ill ~ `11 ~12 thro~j `II (IN MILLIONS) . . 1. NUMBEROFLARGECONTRACTORS REPORTING FY 1972 FY 1973 FY 1974 FY1975 . $ 767 $ 765 $ 706 695 2. MILITARY SUBCONTRACTS ~ TO SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS $9,925 $3 457 $11,094 $ 3971 $12,039 $ 4584 $12,731 5 002 B. TO OTHER BUSINESS CONCERNS $6,468 $ 7,123 $ 7,455 7,729 3. PERCENT OF TOTAL TO SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS 34.8% 35.8% . 38.1% 39.3% Attachment #4 PAGENO="0198" RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AWARDS TO ALLBUSINESS FIRMS FISCAL YEARS 1972 THROUGH 1975 (IN MILLIONS) FY 1972 FY 1973 FY 1974 FY1975 TOTAL R & 0 AWARDS TO ALL FIRMS S5,168 $5,656 S5,148 S5,601 TOTAL R & 0 AWARDS TO SMALL FIRMS S256 S272 S300 316 PERCENT TO SMALL FiRMS 4.9% 4.8% 5.8% 5.6% Attachment. #5 PAGENO="0199" RDTE CONTRACT AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS (MILLIONS) TOTAL (%) RES (%) DEV (%) MGMT & SPT (%) 1970 $189.1 (4.0) $31.0 (33.3) $139.8 (3.2) $18.3 (5.3) 1971 183.3 (3.7) 28.2 (31.1) 133.6 (3.0) 21.5 (6.9) 1972 255.6 (4.9) 34.6 (33.7) 193.8 (4.0) 27.2 (11.0) 1973 272.1 (4.8) 42.7 (29.4) 201.0 (3.8~ 28.4 (11.1) 1974 300.4 (5.8) 40.7 (26.1) 223.9 (4.7) 35.8 (13.0) 1975 316.4 (5.6) 38.8 (29.8) 243.3 (4.7) 34.3 (11.3) Attachment ~6 PAGENO="0200" 196 Senator HATHAWAY. Does the source list that the Small Business Administration Provides you give you sufficient information on the capabilities of the various R. & D. firms? Mr. TESKO. Yes. sir. In that. particular regard. before coming to work for Mr. Babione. I worked for the Small Business Administra- tion. One of my responsibilities was to supervise the Publication of directories listing small H. & D. firms which is published on a regional basis. It. describes the capabilities of the small research firms in each SBA region. In the months of May and July there are two notices placed in the Commerce Daily soliciting the small business R. & . D. community to enroll themselves with the SBA region within which they are located. When the booklet is published in September. SEA distributes copies from the regional level to our procuring activities within each SBA region and also to the Federal offices here in Washington. In there, they have approximately 2.100 H. & D. firms listed. Senator HATI-IAWAY. What percentage do you think that is of all the H. & D. firms in the country? Mr. TESKO. WTe just had occasion to be talking to SEA this week to determine how many small firms are in the area of research. It. was determined that approximately 2.125 of the 2.200 firms are small. There is a difference between what Dun & Bradstreet and SEA define as a small research firm. My estimate would be that. SBA directories include about 30 per- cent of this Nation's small H. & D. companies. Senator HATHAWAY. You think the Small Business Administration should update its list? Mr. TESKO. They update it annually. It. is a case of the small busi- ness firm reading the notice in the Commerce Business Daily, saying yes, I want to be listed in your directory, and then contacting the SBA. When they c, the Small Business Administration sends them a form to fill out. listing their areas of expertise and capabilities. The responsibility is on the small business H.. & D. firm to contact the SEA. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you not think we might make a better effort? Many might not see the Commerce Business Daily. Mr. TESKO. SBA places at least two notices in the CBD. Possibly this could be increased b placing additional notices in the CBD Prior to cutoff for Publication. SBA plans to publish its next H. & D. directories in a single na- tional listing insteadl of on the present regional basis. Senator HATHA'~VAY. Does it. explain in the ad just what listing in the SBA dlirectory means? . Mr. TESKO. The CBD tells the firm how to apply to SBA. SEA in turn provides the firm with the dlescription of 22 fieldls of dliscipline as listedi on Department of Defense Form 1630. The directory is arranged for easy idlentification of the firm, its capabilities and loca- tion. This directory assures that the firms who write to SBA are still in business, a.t least. at the time they appliedl. This is important in view of many small firms entering andl leaving the marketplace. Senator HATHAWAY. Would there not be some advantage to DOD if the District officer supplemented that list with the ones they know PAGENO="0201" 197 whether they wanted to be listed or not At least you would know other research sources. Mr. TEsI~o. Yes, sir, it would be, Senator Hathaway. The best way the District Director could help is to make sure the small firm makes direct application to be listed in the National Directory of SBA. Senator HATI-JAWAY. Mr. Babione, about 85 percent of your total R. & D. awards during the last year were for advanced types of de- velopment and programs in this category are generally for major weapons systems. Could you tell me what efforts were made in subcontracting to small businesses in this category of B. & D.? Mr. BABIOXE. Well, we have a regular program~ Senator HATHAWAY. You do breakout subcontractors in this cate- gory? Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir. V\Te have a requirement with all the major primes, contracts over $500,000 that makes them have a small business program. Senator 1-TATHAWAY. That is overall. How- about the R. & D., do you know the breakdown? Mr. BABIONE. We do not have a breakdown of B. & D. to small busi- ness on a subcontract basis. Senator 1-IATI-TAwAY. Can you get that, or is it too difficult? Mr. BABIONE. Our reporting system does not generate that kind of figure. Senator HATI-TAWAY. I think it would be helpful if you could change the reporting system so that it would. Mr. BABIONE. We will look into that, and see what we can do. Senator HATI-TAWAY. This seems to be an area where small busi- nesses could participate to a much greater extent. Unless we have the figures, it is going to be difficult. Mr. BABIONE. We will look at it. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you make any special efforts to encourage subcontracting in the R. & D. field? Mr. BABIONE. We have a policy and procedure and, of course, the secret of success is getting that attitude down to all of the people who are making the final decision. We are making every effort to see that that policy does reach the people who are making the decisions. I think that the statistics would show that we are constantly in- creasing. Of course, we can always do better, and will try to do better. Senator HATI-IAWAY. Do you do this, or do you leave it up to the Small Business Administration? Mr. BABIONE. It is a combination. The B. & D. part of it, of course, is done mostly in the laboratories on the R. & D. side of the procure- ment community. Would you like to comment on that? Mr. WEISBERG. On the R. & D. side-on the B side of the B. & D.- there is very little subcontracting because the procurements are smaller. In fact, on the B side, most of the awards are given on an open bid basis. The problem does not really exist there at all. Senator HATI-TAWAY. Do you mean because the small firms are not capable? PAGENO="0202" 198 Mr. WEISBERG. They get a large percentage, close to 30 percent on the R. side-the research side. In this case, many awards are made on the basis of an unsolicited proposal. Senator HATHAWAY. You say you may establish small business R.. & D. goals. Does that mean you are going to establish set-asides for research and development contracts? Mr. BABIOXE. There are two ways we can do this. As you are f a- miliar, we do set goals with the services on the overall small business goals. In the past, we have not set goals in the category of just research and development. What I am suggesting is that we look at the feasibility of setting up a similar goal, just for the research and development community to give us a better measure of what our potential is and what our performance is, again, to bring it to the attention of the people mak- ing those decisions. Senator HATHAWAY. You are just studying the feasibility of that right now? Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir. Senator HATHAWAY. When do you think you will complete the study? Mr. BABIONE. We have to get together with the Director for Re- search and Engineering office and talk to their people, since they will be the ones who will have to run the program. It will take us a cou- ple of months to work out the details, I would say 2 or 3 months. Senator HATHAWAY. Two or three months? Certainly before the end of the year you should have some kind of a program. Mr. BABI0xE. This will be our recommendation to Dr. Currie and his people to determine how this can be accomplished. Senator HATHAWAY. Will that be worked out with the Small Busi- ness Administration? Mr. BABIONE. Jointly, yes, sir. Senator HATHAWAY. Fine. I would like to ask you some questions about the independent re- search and development program. I understand that it is funded with $760 million a. year. This is for research not necessarily connected with any Particular weapons system. is that not correct? Mr. BABIONE. That is approximately correct. A little over $400 mil- lion is I.R. & D. and the remainder is bid and proposed expense. Senator HATHAWAY. Any type of research? Mr. BABIONE. That is correct.. It is independent. That is why the "I" is in there. The companies determine which projects they will undertake. They conduct I.R.. & D. effort which they feel is necessary to give them greater technologica.l capability. The technology is for the benefit of the contractor. Senator HATHAWAY. That is in general? Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir. Senator HATHAWAY. Do small firms get this as well as large. firms? Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir. There is an automatic formula for any corn- pany who's program does not reach the legislative $2 million thresh- old. Above $2 million, we are required by law to have an advance agreement and in these cases we have a procedure for reviewing the technical value of their I.R. & D. programs. PAGENO="0203" 199 I want to emphasize, we are not buying anything. What we are doing is reviewing the overhead allocation of a contractor who is in- dependently determining which proj ects he should undertake. We review it merely to determine the reasonableness of the costs allocated to defense contracts. I.R. & D. and B. & P. are included in a contractor's overhead, and part of that overhead, including his R. & ID. is allocated to defense contracts. If defense work comprises about 30 percent of his business, and if he allocated I.R. & D. and B. & P., say on the cost of sales, for example, we would then-if all of the items were militarily related, and if the costs were reasonable-pick up as an allocation to defense contracts, 30 percent. We would not pick up all his I.R. & ID. and B. & P. costs unless we were a 100 percent, or sole, customer. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you examine these applications to deter- mine whether or not there is any overlap in technology? Some firm that you give money to may be duplicating technology already in existence. Mr. BABIONE. There is a technical review of all I.R. & D. before negotiation is completed, mostly a kind of informational process. There is always going to be some duplication. It is always difficult to determine the degree and how much of it is desirable. Senator HATHAWAY. You are familiar of course, with the problem that we have with the Maine firm. I am concerned about it on a na- tional basis, whether or not giving this type of research money to a large firm will hurt the small firm that already has developed this particular project. I realize that this gives you another competitor, so you can save the money on a competitive bidding basis. At the same time, it may hurt a small firm that has already developed this technique. Mr. BABIONE. I think you are talking about Fiber Materials Inc. (FMI). The answer to that is the regulation now prohibits payment as 1.11. & D. to a contractor where the contractor has a contractual requirement to perform that service or product. To that extent, there would be no duplication between I.R. & D. and fulfilling a require- ment for which he has a contract. The regulation already prohibits that. Senator HATHAWAY. That is prospective, of course? It will not apply to what already has been done in the past. Mr. BABIONE. If any contractor we have has a contractual require- ment from anyone to perform a certain type of effort we would not permit any I.R. & ID. money to be used for that same purpose. The regulation already prohibits that. Senator HATHAWAY. I see. Mr. BABIONE. It becomes a question of interpretation of how that money is being used and what is duplicative and what is not. Senator HATHAWAY. That would afford the protection to the small firm already having a contract? Mr. BABIONE. As it relates to I.R. & ID., yes, sir. Senator HATHAWAY. I see. Fine. *Is there anything you think that the Congress should do to help with respect to giving small business a greater share of the R. & D. market? PAGENO="0204" 200 Mr. TESKO. Senator, I think we are doing as much as we possibly can. I think we can always try to do more. We search for different approaches. The objective is to try to get as many H. & D. firms on the mailing list of a particular activity which procures H. & D. prod- ucts and services. By this approach we can make sure we solicit as many small IR. & D. firms as possible. It is on the basis of sufficient competition that a determination is made whether a procurement can be set-aside. Mr. Babione made reference to the advanced sources sought in the Commerce Business Daily. If we get sufficient response from the small business community, we then set this procurement aside. We have an example last year of a Washington, D.C. firm which received an award for $2.2 million from the Aeronautical Systems Di- vision at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to provide the engineer- ing and equipment support. This was done by that procedure. We have to do more of what. we are doing. Additionally, we would like to try to come up with something different. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any plans for uny extended or intensive public relations programs, such as Mr. Kobelinski mentioned that he is going to try to carry out later on this year? One of the biggest problems I find from talking with constituents is that they do not know enough about what is available to them. Mr. TESKO. In that regard. Senator Hathaway, one of the things that we do, this booklet "Selling to the Military", we will produce more than 1 million copies. We receive numerous Congressional in- quiries, as to how does an individual do business with the Department of Defense. This booklet lists our procuring activities, the types of products and services they purchase, and the procedures to be fol- loweci to get on their bidders mailing list. are putting a special H. & D. section in the updated and revised edition. \\Te received the first galley proofs from the Government Printing Office 2 weeks ago and hope to have the final copies available for distribution in June. The H. & D. section will list all of our H. & D. activities, what they buy, and how to prepare an unsolicited proposal. We find that approximately 20 percent of our research awards are awarded on the basis of an unsolicited proposal. If a firm has a unique proposal which satisfies a specific requirement, then the award is made on a sole-source basis. That is the way we are getting the word out. Senator HATHAWAY. To whom do the 1 million of those awards go? Mr. TESKO. These are made available to all of our procurement ac- tivities where the small businessman will come in to look at the bid board to see what is being procured. These are offered to him at that particular point. Also, he is given a booklet of small business specialists that lists 600 DOD part-time and full-time small business specialists through- out the country by location and telephone number. If he wants to do business at the Electronics Command in New Jersey, or the Missile Command at Huntsville, this booklet tells him who to call there to find out about a particular procurement or other assistance he may require. PAGENO="0205" 201 Senator HATHAWAY. He has someone available he can talk to ? Any small businessman ~ Mr. BABIONE. Any small businessman interested in doing business with the Department of Defense, there are all kinds of published data that is available and contact points. If he just contacts one of our 600 people working in this area, he will be provided with whatever information he needs. Senator HATHAWAY. You do not think there is anything further the Congress can do to help you ~ Mr. BABIONE. Not that I can think of at the moment, but if we come up with anything we will be glad to contact your office and suggest it. Senator HATHAWAY. Fine. Thank you very much, Mr. Babione and gentlemen. We will take a 5 minute recess. Our next witness will be Kenneth Woodfin. (A brief recess was taken.) Senator HATHAWAY. The next witness is Admiral Kenneth L. Woodfin, assistant administrator for procurement, National Aero- nautics and Space Administration. Admiral, we will put your entire statement in the record. If you could summarize it, that would he helpful. STATEMENT OF ADM. KENNETH L. WOODFIN, ASSISTANT ADMIN- ISTRATOR FOR PROCUREMENT, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY CLARE F. PARLEY, DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR FOR TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION; AND KENNETH ~r. KIER, SMALL BUSINESS ADVISOR, NASA Admiral WOODFIN. In introducing the subject, we wish to report that in fiscal year 1975, small business received 9.6 percent of NASA's direct awards to business firms. This was NASA's highest small busi- ness achievement since 1962, and the fourth consecutive year in which we achieved our established goal of exceeding the small business per- centage of the previous year. In fiscal year 1975, small firms received $423.5 million in prime and subcontract awards. This is 18 percent of the total NASA doUars awarded to all business firms. It is further noted that NASA's awards to small business in the research and development appropriation category, also shows an in- creasing trend over the last several years. A more detailed analysis indicates that small business received 10 percent of NASA B. & D. study contract awards, and 2.3 percent of R. & D. hardware dollars. This latter category, of course, includes NASA's large systems con- tracts with the major aerospace companies. Here a considerable effort is going to the development of the small business subcontracting rela- tionships. The committee specifically asked us to discuss the things that NASA is doing in cooperation with the Office of Federal Procure- ment Policy and the Small Business Administration to assist small R. & D. firms. In addition to several unilateral NASA activities, the following is reported. PAGENO="0206" 202 NASA is participating in the recently established Small Business Research and Development PaneL sponsored by the OFPP. This, ad hoc group is charged with the task of developing ways of ensuring optimum participation of small business concerns in the Federal Government's high technology R. & D. effort. NASA strongly en- dorses the objectives of this Panel and assures this Small Business Committee that NASA will fully support and diligently work with the Panel is ensuring the success of its work. NASA strongly encourages the participation of small research firms in its work through the medium of the unsolicited proposal. NASA welcomes the submission of relevant, new ideas and concepts in this way. A review of the procurement statistics [attachment 5] indicates that small research firms do relatively well in this matter, in relation to large firms and educational and research institutions. It is noted that with respect to new research contract awards in fiscal year 1975, resulting from unsolicited proposals, small firms received 26 percent of the total number of contract awards and 21 percent of the total dollars involved. The data for the partial year, fiscal year 1976 are similar. I think that you are aware of our program. We have something called the announcement of flight opportunity. ERDA will speak later about a procurement. notice of opportunity approach. In both those cases, we set forth in general terms. what our overall research interests might be in an area, and this in a way accelerates the process of unsolicited proposals or invite unsolicited proposals in certain areas. In further support of small business, NASA has adopted a cost- sharing poTicy on its contracts resulting from unsolicited proposals, which virtually eliminates the sharing requirement for the average small firm. NASA publishes an annual compilation of its funded research and technology objectives in the NASA research and teclmology operat- ing plan (RTOP). This RTOP manual is designed to stimulate com- munications within the R. & D. community. and to encourage direct contacts with NASA technical personnel. WTe find this is probably the more productive way to encourage dialog on the technical B. & D. programs with our technical personnel who are looking for certain types of assistance. The manual receives extensive distribution to small firms and we believe it to be of particular interest to them in ascertaining our specific interests. and determining their specific in- terests in domg business with NASA. Turning next to the secondi area of interest coveredi in the commit- tee's letter, I would like to summarize NASA's program of making technical information resulting from the agency's B. & D. programs available to small business companies. Within NASA. the technology utilization program has technology transfer as its primary responsi- bility, including the transfer of teclmology from NASA's storehouse of information and experience to small business. This statement sub- mittedi for the record covers the activities of NASA's technology utilization program in considlerable dietail. For the past 10 years our technology utilization program has oper- ated a set of fieldi teams with the specific mission of providing the PAGENO="0207" 203 results of NASA's R. & D. programs to private business companies for their use in the conduct of their operations. The six teams, cafled industrial application centers, are operated under contract with NASA at universities in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carohna, Indiana, New Mexico, and California. These teams have small, multi- disciplinary technical staffs with direct access to NASA's full tech- nology data base. In operation, they contact individual companies to determine the company's technical areas of interest or current techni- cal needs, and then search through NASA's scientific and technical resources to identify specific technical information that will meet the company's needs. Over 3,000 companies use the service, of which half are small busi- ness. They have used the technology provided by the industrial appli- cation centers to solve manufacturing problems concerning such mat- ters as bearings for submersible pumps, forming and joining metals and developing new products such as energy-saving heat recovery sys- tems and solar hot water heaters. The fees charged for this service are maintained at a modest level to encourage the small businessman to take advantage of this opportunity. In a closely related activity, the Southeastern Oklahoma State TJni- versity has operated a technology transfer program for small busi- ness companies with significant assistance from the Small Business Administration office in Dallas. Here, too, companies have acquired and used NASA technology for a variety of purposes. Based on our experience with these programs, NASA and the SBA are now jointly sponsoring two additional initiatives to assist the small business community. The first of these is an experimental effort by a NASA industrial applications center and the Small Business Administration office in Los Angeles. NASA's Western Research Ap- plication Center, located at the University of Southern California, will provide technology assistance service to small business companies identified by the small business office. This jointly funded experiment is just getting underway and we will be evaluating it carefully over the next year to help us to determine how best to structure future programs for this important segment of the economy. The second initiative in this jointly sponsored program provides for a special distribution to small business companies, selected new technology coming out of NASA's R. & D. efforts. The technology covered will be that which we believe is most likely to be useful to private enterprise. Twelve special distributions are planned during this year with the first focusing on electrical, electronic devices to be mailed in April to 8,000 companies in that field. The distribution will be made with a reader's service card to facilitate requests of addi- tional information. In essence, NASA supplies new technology and the SBA identifies the companies to be contacted. This will provide opportunities for thousands of small business companies to be in- formed of new technological opportunities related to their interest. We are optimistic that it will prove useful to them. In sum, Mr. Chairman, NASA's technology transfer program is continuing to seek out ways in which the small businessman, through the ready availability of technical assistance, can improve his com- PAGENO="0208" 204 pany's posture and thus gain an added return on his investment in the Nation's aeronautics and space program. In closing, I would like to update the statistical information given by the NASA Administrator. Dr. Fletcher. when he testified before this committee in November on the subject of NASA's energy devel- opment activities for the Energy Research and Development Admin- istration. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory now reports that small firms will receive 10 of the 39 contracts awarded to date, in the low- cost silicone cell development program. Please note that our formal statement for the record reported nine such firms; the correct number is 10. This also changes the small business awards percent from 23 to 26. Thus small firms will receive 26 percent of the contract awards and 14.4 percent of the total dollars involved. JPL is also currently evaluating ProPosals on their procurement of 130 kilowatts of solar arrays. I am advised that 6 of the 13 pro- posals received were from small firms, and source selection is ex- pected to be announced early in May. We are also expecting source selection on the solar heating and cooling demonstration program at the Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, Ala., to commence in a. week or so. I am advised that small firms submitted 57 of the 94 proposals received. WTe are opti- mistic that the goal of placing 50 percent of the awards in three sPecified areas of systems and subsystems development with small business, will be achieved. Mr. Chairman, that concludes my summarized statement. As you requested, my colleagues and I are available for questioning. Senator HATHA~\TAY. Thank you very much. [The prepared statement of Admiral Woodfin follows:] PAGENO="0209" 205 STATEMENT OF KENNETH L. WOODFIN ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR PROCUREMENT NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE APRIL 7, 1976 Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee: It is a pleasure to appear before you today in response to your invitation to testify on NASA efforts in cooperation with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy and the Small Business Administration on behalf of small business in research and development. NASA's basic policy of placing a fair proportion of its procurements with small business is provided for in NASA Procurement Regulation 1.702 (See Attachment 1). This regulation places particular emphasis on the importance of the expanded participation of small re- search and development firms in NASA's work. NASA'S cooperative effort with the Small Business Administra- tion (SBA) is also cited in this regulation. Your attention is invited to Attachment 2 which reports the results of NASA's Small Business Program in terms of the Agency's three budget appropriation categories, Research and Development (R&D), Research and Project Management (R&PM), and Construction of Facilities (C of F), for the past three fiscal years. It is noteworthy that NASA's small business percent of total awards to business firms, as well as the dollar value of such awards, has increased signif i- cantly in the successive years. The small business percent (9.6) achieved in FY 1975 is the highest such figure attained by NASA since fiscal year 1962. FY 1975 was also the fourth successive year in which NASA has accomplished its established goal of exceeding the small business percentage of the previous year. 72-434 0 - 76 - 14 PAGENO="0210" 206 In addition to the $215.9 million in direct NASA awards to small business in FY 1975, small firms also received $207.6 million in subcontract awards. Thus small business received a total of $423.5 million in prime and subcontract awards which is 17.8 percent of the total awards made by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to all business firms during the fiscal year. This was an increase from the 15.1 percent attained in fiscal year 1974 (See Attachment 3). In again inviting your attention to Attachment 2, it is important to understand that the data contained in the R&D Appropriations category, in addition to basic, applied and developmental research, includes those procurements of equipment, materials and services in support of the R&D effort. These R&D data similarly show an increasing trend in both the small business dollars, and the small business percent of total R&D awards to business firms, during the past three fiscal years. In recognition of the need for more definitive information concerning its R&D procurement activities, NASA developed and implemented its current financial and contracting reporting system during FY 1973 and FY 1974. Consequently, the tabulated information provided in Attachment 4 is limited to the full fiscal year 1975, and to the first eight months of the current fiscal year, through February 1976. As noted in the table, the data reported are limited to those R&D procurements which involve basic research, applied research and developmental research. These data are then reported by type of effort, that is, by R&D study awards and by R&D hardware awards. Therefore, the table indicates that in FY 1975, small firms received 10 percent ($19.8 million) of NASA's R&D study contract awards to business firms, and 2.3 percent ($23.8 million) of the R&D hardware contract awards. Thus small firms received a total of $43.6 million or 3.6 percent of NASA's awards to business firms for basic, applied and developmental research. The data for the partial year FY 1976 is similarly shown. The table further reports the R&D small business set-asides as 6.8 percent of the small business R&D awards for FY 75, and 4.3 percent for the partial fiscal year 1976. NASA is unable to accurately trace the subcontract awards that accrue to small research firms out of NASA prime contracts and major subcontracts. PAGENO="0211" 207 3 The Committee has asked us to discuss the things that NASA is doing in cooperation with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) and the Small Business Adminis- tration (SBA) for small R&D firms. In addition to several unilateral NASA activities, the following is reported: o NASA is participating in the recently estab- lished Small Business Research. and Develop- ment Panel, sponsored by the OFPP. This ad hoc group is charged with the task of develop- ing ways of ensuring Optimum participation of small business concerns in the Federal Government's high technology R&D effort. NASA strongly endorses the objectives of this panel and assures this Small Business Committee that NASA will fully support and diligently work with the panel in ensuring the success of its work. We believe that its predominant membership of technically oriented personnel will fully understand the nature of the prob- lems that beset small business in its quest for a larger share of the government's R&D dollar. The panel has had but two meetings of an exploratory and information gathering nature, therefore, there is no significant activity to report at this time. o NASA strongly encourages the participation of small research firms in its work through the medium of the unsolicited proposal. NASA welcomes the submission of relevant new ideas and concepts in this way. In general, most appropriate for the unsolicited approach is research of a fundamental nature, that which bears potential for advancing the state of the art in a particular area, contributes to knowledge of a specific phenomenon, or pro- vides fundamental advances in engineering or the sciences. In addition, proposals may define problems and present possible solutions to the problems, developmental or otherwise, which are within NASA's areas of concern. A review of the table in Attachment 5 indicates that small research firms do relatively well in this matter, in'relation to large firms and educational and research institutions. It is noted that with respect to new research contract awards in FY 1975, resulting from unsolicited proposals, PAGENO="0212" 208 4 small firms received 26 percent of the total number of contract awards and 21 percent of the total dollars involved. The data for the partial year is similar. o NASA has adopted a liberal cost sharing policy on its contracts for basic and applied research which is particularly helpful to the small research firm. The statutory cost sharing requirement on grants and research contracts resulting from unsolicited proposals originated for NASA in the Independent Offices and Housing and Urban Development A~propria-' tion Act, 1970 (Section 408, PL 91-126). The requirement has been continued in all subsequent Independent Agencies appropria- tion acts to the present time. However, language included in the Senate Report (91-949), accompanying the 1971 Appropria- tions Act, clarified the intent of the Congress to make cost sharing more equitable, particularly for those small concerns which do not have production or other service activities and therefore are not in a favorable position to make a cost contribution. NASA has, therefore, established its related policy in this vein, as promulgated in NASA Management Instruction 83l0.2A (See Attachment 6), thus effectively eliminating the cost sharing requirement for the average small R&D firm. o Annually, NASA promulgates a summary compilation of its research and technology program activities in the publication Research and Technology Operating Plan Summary (RTOP). The RTOP manual is designed to facilitate communications and coordination among concerned technical personnel in govern- ment, industry and research institutions. The publication contains an abstract of each funded research and technology task in pro- gress within NASA. It further identifies the installation of primary interest as well as the principal investigator involved. PAGENO="0213" 209 5 Accordingly, it is NASA's intent to encourage direct contacts of a profes- sional nature. The publication receives extensive distribution to small research firms and we believe it to be particu- larly valuable to them in determining their specific interests in doing business with NASA. The availability of the re- leased RTOP Summary is noted each year in the Commerce Business Daily. A copy of the current issue of the manual has been otherwise provided to the Committee so as not to burden the record. The Committee also requested information on NASA's efforts to make the knowledge resulting from government-funded R&D available to small business firms. NASA conducts an active Technology Utilization Program which has as a primary mission the transfer to industry of the technology resulting from NASA'S main- line R&D work. Within the Technology Utilization Program, special attention is given to assuring that the small business community's interests are served. For instance, one element of the Technology Utilization Program is an established system to identify the new technological innovations or improve- ments that are developed in-house or by contractors performing NASA's mainline research and development in space and aeronautics. Those innovations which offer the greatest promise of being useful to private industry, or to others in non-aerospace activities, are prepared on one-page flyers which give a summary description of the new technology and how it might be used. Each year from 400 to 600 such flyers, called Tech Briefs, are prepared and sent to some 20,000 addresses who have asked to be kept informed about the new technology coming out of NASA. Included in the Tech Brief is a notation advising the recipient how he may acquire additional, more detailed information concerning the technology. One measure of the utility of the Tech B~iefs is the number of such requests for additional information, and this has been as high as 80,000 in a single year. In fol- lowing up with a sample of businessmen who have requested this service, it has been found that approxi- mately one in ten have used the information provided by NASA in their business activities. PAGENO="0214" 210 6 For example, a small company in Ohio developed a new automotive spark plug based in part on infor- mation provided in a NASA Tech Brief. Another small company in New York is now developing a device to test bearings on railroad cars based on information reported in a NASA Tech Brief. Many other examples of the application of NASA technology generated by the Tech Brief program have been identified through our follow-up activities. The recognized utility of this system led the SBA and NASA to develop a special distribution plan to make this technology readily available to the small business community. This plan, under a joint SBA/NASA program, will take advantage of an improved publication format now being introduced by NASA, in which a set of 20 or more Tech Briefs in a common field of activity will be compiled in a booklet and sent to interested users as a single package. The first booklet, a compilation of innovations in Electrical and Electronic Devices has been prepared and will be ready for mailing in April. The booklet will be available to about 7,000 small business firms in that field of activity. In another approach, a series of flyers, each containing abstracts of about 20 Tech Briefs, will also be mailed to small business companies. In essence, the joint SBA-NASA technology publication program calls for NASA to provide the technical information, for the SBA to identify the small business companies to be contacted, and for a sharing of the cost between the two agencies. A second initiative under the SBA/NASA joint program takes advantage of another capability within NASA's Technology Utilization Program. In this activity NASA has established, throughout the country, a network of field teams to assist individual business companies to acquire and use NASA technology. The teams, called Industrial Application Centers, are located in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Indiana, North Carolina, New Mexico, and California. The six Centers, operating under contract to NASA, have a multi-disciplinary technical staff which has direct access to NASA technology and expertise, and charge a modest service fee to their client companies. Typically, a client company may be seeking a material with certain properties to incorporate in its products, or a process to improve its manufacturing system; the PAGENO="0215" 211 7 Industrial Application Center will search the NASA storehouse of technology, and perhaps discuss the requirement with the NASA professional staff, to identify specific information that will be of direct use to the client company. The number of companies using the Industrial Application Centers has increased to more than 3,000 over the past few years, and approximately half of these client companies are in the small business category. This results, in part, from the conscious NASA policy of keeping the service charges at modest rates to encourage the partici- pation of the small business company. One recent example of the service provided, concerns the OEM Products Company of Florida. The company requested the Industrial Application Center in Worth Carolina for information on solar energy and subsequently relied extensively on the infor- mation provided to develop a new solar hot water heater which it is now marketing. Other new products, such as portable welding equipment, and improved manufacturing processes have resulted from companies using the Industrial Application Centers. Under the SBA/NASA joint program, a new initiative provides for an experiment to promote more widespread use of this available technology by small business companies. The NASA Industrial Application Center in California, the Western Research Applications Center (WESRAC), will combine with the Los Angeles Office of the SBA to enable small business companies in southern California to utilize the services of WESRAC on a one-time, cost- free basis. The pilot effort is just getting underway, but already a number of companies have utilized the service for a variety of technology needs. The results of this experiment will be evaluated to help determine how future efforts should be structured to enable small business companies to acquire and use the technology already developed and acquired by NASA. Closely related to the Industrial Application Centers is another field team at Southeastern Oklahoma State University which has worked directly with small business companies on a cost-free basis for the past several years. This team, the PAGENO="0216" 212 8 Technology ~Use Studies Center, has been successful in providing assistance to manufacturing, mining and service companies as well as to colleges, universities and others within the locality. Last year, technical searches were conducted for almost 200 small business organizations in fields ranging from protective coatings and high voltage power supply to well drilling and optical lenses. Another NASA activity which is directly bene- fiting small businesses is the patent licensing program. This function is carried out by the NASA Patent Office in close coordination with the Tech- nology Utilization Program. More than 200 licenses have been awarded to practice inventions held by NASA, and most of these have been awarded to small business companies. New product lines have been developed under these licenses for rotary shafts, for anti-fog compounds, for safety life rafts, and for medical instruments. NASA expects to continue its efforts to make the small business community aware of the technology that is available and to seek improved methods of delivering this technical information to the small businessman. Through the dissemination of new tech- nology and the direct interaction with individual companies to assist them in meeting their technical needs, we expect to provide the small businessman an additional return on his investment in the nation's aeronautics and space program. Mr. Chairman, you will recall that on November 18, 1975, Dr. Fletcher, the NASA Adminis- trator, testified before this Committee on the matter of NASA's energy development work for the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). Before closing, I would like to provide you with a status report of the related procurement activities at this time. First, concerning the initial procurements of the low cost solar cell development program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)- a total of 39 con- tracts have either been awarded, or are in the final stages of negotiation. Small firms will receive nine of these contracts for a value of $1.3 million, out of an approximate total of $9 million. Thus PAGENO="0217" 213 9 small business will have rec~ived23percent of the contract awards, and 14 4 percent of the dollars involved An additional $3 million remains to be awarded this fiscal year and it is expected that small firms will at least maintain these award ratios. We are making a special effort to increase small business participation and are presently con- sidering a variety of approaches including directed procurements, unsolicited proposals, set-aside and continued encouragement for small business to par- ticipate in competition. For example, the next major buy at JPL involves the procurement of 130 kilowatts of solar arrays valued at approximately $2,800,000. Forty (40) kilowatts or approximately 30 percent have been set-aside for small business. This procurement will be distributed among several companies as in the previous 46 kilowatt buy. The actual number of contractors to be selected is dependent upon the nature and costs of the proposals received. Small businesses in addition to being assured of a minimum procurement of 40 kilowatts are also eligible to compete directly with large business firms for the remaining 90 kilowatts of arrays. Thirteen proposals have now been received, of which six are from small business. Evaluation is now in process,with source selection targeted for early May. NASA is conducting its principal solar heating and cooling demonstration program work for ERDA at the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. In October 1975, five Request for Proposals (RFP) were issued, three of them in areas of systems and subsystems of particular interest to small busi- ness, and two oriented towards systems analysis and integration. A NASA-ERDA goal of placing 50 percent ®f the contract awards in the first three areas, with small firms, has been established. A total of 94 proposals have been received, 57 of which were from small business. Contractor selection is expected to commence in early April and continue through July. The contracts to be awarded to all firms in the five specified areas will amount to about $4 million. We are optimistic that the estab- lished small business goal will be achieved. PAGENO="0218" 214 10 Mr. Chairman, that concludes my formal state- ment on the subject matter, as you have requested. My colleagues and I are available to respond to any further questions that you may direct. PAGENO="0219" 215 GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.702 General Policies. (a) It is the policy of NASA to place a fair proportion of its total purchases and contracts for supplies and services with small business concerns, and to afford small business concerns an equitable opportunity to compete for contract awards. In the area of researnh and development contracts it is NASA policy to award such contracts to those organiza- tions determined by responsible personnel to have a high degree of com- petence in the specific branch of science or technology required for the successful conduct of the work, It is in the national interest that the number of firms engaged in research and development work for NASA be expanded and that there be an increase in the extent of participation m such work by competent small business firms, (b) Each NASA installation having procurement authority ~hall imple- ment this policy by: (i) searching continually for and developing information on sources (especially small business concerns) competent to perform research and I development. Advance publicity, including use of the Commerce Business Daily (see 1.1003-a) to the fullest extent practicable, shall be given for this purpose. The search should include a review of relevant data or brochures furnished by sources seeking research and development work and a cooperative effort by technical personnel, small business specialists, and contracting officers to obtain information and recommendations with respect to potential sources by publication of proposed procurements, in addition to the synopsis requirement. (ii) encouraging contracting officers, technical personnel, and small business specialists to cooperatively seek and develop information on the technical competence of small business concerns for research and development contracts. Small business specialists shall regularly bring to the attention of contracting officers, and technical personnel descriptive data, brochures, and other information as to small business concerns that are apparently competent to perform research or development work in fields in which the installation is interested. (iii) maintaining bidders lists on a current basis and reviewing them to ensure that all small business firms who have made acceptable application to NASA or who appear from other information (including recommenda- tion by the SBA) to be qualified are included therein; (iv) acquiring descriptive data, brochures, or other information concern- big small business firms who appear competent to perform research and development work in fields in which NASA is interested and furnish such information to technical personnel; (v) to the extent feasible- (A) dividing procurements of supplies and services into reasonably~- small lots of not less than economic production runs in order to permit bidding on quantities less than the total requirements; (B) allowing the maximum amount of. time practicable for prepal~ation and submission of bids and proposals; and (C) establishing delivery schedules suitable for small business participa- tion. (vi) providing to authorized SBA representatives, upon request, infor- mation necessary to understand NASA needs concerning research and development programs under consideration for specific, future procure- ment actions. The SBA may provide pertinent information concerning potential small business soui-ces developed through its investigation of the capabilities of specific firms in the psrticular field of research and development covered by the programs. Full evaluation shall be given to any such information in selecting qualified sources; (vii) disseminating widely information relating to NASA purchasing methods and practices; and (viii) freely interchanging ideas and information, including statistical data, with appropriate SBA levels, relating to programs for limiting suita- ble procurements to small business concerns; and making maximum use of the capacity of small firms in such programs in order. to accomplish the purpose of this policy. As to subcontracting, see 1.707. (c) Records of the total value of all contracts placed with small business concerns during each fiscal year, and reports based thereon, are main- tained by NASA through its agency-wide procurement reporting system described in 16.901. Attachment 1 PAGENO="0220" 216 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION S?4ALL BUSINESS PROGRAM PRIME CONTRACT AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS Appropriation Category Total NASA Business Small Business % of Total Business Set Asides % of Total Business % of Small Business Total NASA Business Small Business % of Total Business Set Asides % of Total Business % of Small Business $2,070,958 162,495 7.8% 47,316 2.3% 29.1% Fiscal Year 1974 C of F $50,228 23,328 46.4% 14,707 29.3% 63.0% R&D - Research and Development R&PM - Research and Program Management C of F - Construction of Facilities Note: FY 75 data includes $2.20 million Of foreign government funds awarded by NASA to U.S. business firms, $1,000 of which was awarded to small business. All data includes awards made under Section 8(a) authority of the Small Business Act. Dollars in Thousands Attachment 2 Fiscal Year 1975 Total R&D R&PN Total NASA Business $2,254,993 $2,057,619 $112,740 Small Business 215,945 154,942 31,815 % of Total Business * 9.6% 7.5% 28.2% Set Asides 62,595 35,017 11,741 % of Total Business 2.8% 1.79% 10.4% % of Small Business 29.0% 22.6% 36.9% C of F $82,430 29,187 35.4% 15,837 19.2% 54.3% C of F $72,862 28,490 39.1% 19,409 26.6% 68.1% Total R&D $2,118,627 $1,933,980 181,247 117,384 8.6% 6.1% 61,475 28,428 2.9% 1.5% 33.9% 24.2% R&PM $109,925 35, 359' 32.2% 13,638 12.4% 38.6% Fiscal Year 1973 R&D R&PM $1,923;9l5 $96,815 111,702 27,465 5.8% 28.4% 20,676 11,933 1.1% 12.3% 18.5% 43.4% PAGENO="0221" FY 1974 NASA Awards JPL Awards Industry Subcontract Awards To Small Business $181,247 36,831 119,939 $338,017 Awards To Minority Business $16,167 1,433 10,015 $27,615 1.2% 6.5% To Minority Business $14,075 1,040 6,741 $21,856 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM Summary of Small Business and Minority Business FY 1975 NASA Awards JPL Awards Industry Subcontract Awards Total Small Business % of Total Business Minority % of Total Business Minority % of Small Business Prime and Subcontract To Small Business $215,945 41,767 165,789 $423,501 17.8% To All Business $2,254,993 127,994 $2,382,987 To All Business $2,118,627 118,260 $2,236,881 Total Snall Business % of Total Business 15.1% Minority % of Total Business 1.0% Minority % of Small Business, `. , , 6.5% NOTE: This table summarizes the reported small' business awards and minority business awards, both prime contracts' and subcontracts, with respect to the total NASA procurement awards to all business firms. This also includes JPL awards to business firms. Minority business awards are included in the small business `awards. NASA HQS/HB DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS Attachment 3 PAGENO="0222" FY 1975 218 National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D Study and Hardware Contracts for Basic,Applied and Developmental Research This chart reports NASA's basic, applied and developmental research by type of effort, that is, by study contracts and hardware contracts. Total R&D R&D Study R&D Hardware Total Business $1,227,467 $198,903 $1,028,564 Large Business 1,183,887 179,151 1,004,736 Small Business 43,580 19,752 23,828 % of Total 3.6% 9.9% 2.3% Set Asides 2,942 988 1,954 % of Small 6.8% 5% 8.2% FY 1976 (8 months) Total R&D R&D Study R&D Hardware Total Business $1,132,574 $130,115 $1,002,459 Large Business 1,105,984 119,199 986,785 Small Business 26,590 10,916 15,674 % of Total 2.3% * 8.4% 1.6% Set Asides 1,153 353 800 % of Small 4.3% 3.2% 5.1% DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS Attachment 4 PAGENO="0223" 219 National Aeronautics and Space Administration New Research Contract Awards Resulting From Unsolicithd Proposals FY 1975 Total Awards Large Business Small Business Universities Nonprofits Number of % of Awards Number 164 100 66 40 42 26 33 20 23 14 % of Amount Amount 100 51 21 14 14 Total Awards Large Business Small Business Universities Nonprof its 81 37 18 15 11 100 54 15 13 18 $9,972,378 5,076,938 2,082,275 1,385,718 1,427,447 FY 1976 (8 months) Number of % of Awards Number % of Amount Amount 100 $4,369,747 46 2,354,994 22 649,087 19 568,390 13 797,276 Attaôhmont 5 PAGENO="0224" 220 >~%~._~:~ij-" August 1, 1974 E~7e~ive dale Responsible Office: HP-i/Policy Division Manageffl~llt1ll~rllcüoll SUBJECT: COST SHARING ON RESEARCH GRANTS AND CONTRACTS 1. PURPOSE This Instruction sets forth basic policy guidelines governing cost sharing on research grants and contracts with non-Federal organizations. *2. ARPLICABILITY This Instruction is applicable to NASA Headquarters and Field Installations. *3. BACKGROUND For several years the appropriation legislation governing NASA has included a specific provision reauiring cost sharing under research grants. Begin- ning with FY 1970, mandatory cost sharing was extended to contracts as well as grants, provided they resulted from unsolicited proposals to conduct basic or applied research. On December 18, 1970, the Office of Management and Budget issued Circular A-lOO which provides broad Government-wide guidelines on cost sharing whether or not required by statute, and requires Federal agencies to establish administrative procedures to carry out the principles of that Circular. On May 9, 1973, certain 0MB functions were transferred by Executive Order 11717 to General Services Administration, as a result of which ORB Circular A-lO0 was superseded by Federal Management Circular 73-3 dated December 14, 1973. This Instruction constitutes NASA's basic implementation of the Circular and reflects NASA's position that the amount of cost sharing should not be a factor in the determination to support a given proposal. 14. BASIC GUIDELINES a. When Cost Sharing is Applicable (i) Except as provided in subparagraph b(3) below, cost sharing by non-Federal organizations is mandatory in any grant or contract for basic or applied research which results from an unsolicited proposal. *Changes made by this revision 1 - Attachment 6 PAGENO="0225" 221 4 August 1, 1974 ?IMI f31,O.l~ (?) Coot char in; I? rvDfl a a ;"ra.. or an I air `oar ai;a,rl be encroirageo in any crane or :,anrr'acr fri or `rnplitd research `which doer aol rc5~1t from ,~nrol~r I ted Crooral b'.r~ in womb the pnrties n'veraI ctc'ns awe cc;,, idr,rabj' mat ci iriarect in the resacrI; (e ~ . , abc; 1 t I proca .fi `. ha La :rt'or. c orlani - zat,Lon or inctitel on wIll i ca ` ii!I'r ti `;aot `utare ii' a. 105 the' rer'3.rc~: , i:' or : fi' "atsr'i ci:bcs.'. r,a'wirr'i sc- fisi a fotax'e ceerr,t~or,a; ~dd.Lt1O1J t'','hnlaa.I cc ,~`; `.rc expertise or traii for ito per'ozneJ.: or! " `.,! - *en~ "jt throuc,n `itt ci ;,otn and `rho c' of bar; gout'. k 0 .;i',C fl "u~'v'' rroiuctinn cor ,rac'rr.' (,~) Coot riarin,t by non-Frera] c''.yr~riort'ons `which I; rice other- wise ap-cropriat.e under' 000raragi aph (~) or (2) may nr'rtnelece be ac-ccpei wher, `aoluotar' .L~ oITo:'rt hr !errOrr!ln' arc `re- tion. b. When Cost Sharng is~ot~licai'h~ (1) tXCri't rho,, cost ehari.ng is mandat, c:, a r'rrent to `ai(l) above, it is not appii.rable to grants Ca' ."iirra ,,s cc to r:; I cr toe Grants Off jar or Cootrec'tlng Officer he. determined ttiat: (a) Thu rcsearch effort baa only minor reacTance to tie air,- Federal activities of the IerfOrrftnr, crqanizah'on, whi ii is propesine to ertake the rece'irch primarily as a serviro hr tic Government; or" (b) The performing organization her little or no non-'7'e,rerul sources of funds fran `which to make a rost contra butlor'; or (c) The performing organization n uoirirantly er'i"rged research cad dareiopceflt and `ran CIa or no r.ronUctj on or other service activities, rail `a therefore rot ir, a fae'srnhl,c' position to make a co;t cor;t'ribution; or (d) Payment 0" the lull cost of thar psoject IS necceesry In order to obtara; the' rer'riae; of ire rarticnla" C,,'aat,~'r'i- t~crr. (s) E,XceD" when rite' ificslly ulrected by La' Procoa'c.u'ant, (iJ't':'aic of the insaaiL,rion .ronccrncd, or when "oIustarily cii'fcr","i by the perlurILna organIzation. ,.os't, 313 ,~ as not aep:i;at'Lr tn (a) Cor',.i'c for piolects whose particular i'osearali object:.'rc' or cc ope of effor' is apealfical by Na,Sit aati.or than eropored toe perforratny o:~anizat!or;. TH will usually include any formal solicitation for a spar a I contractual requirement. (b) Contracts in which the principal `sur-'oee Jo `ho ` `0- duction ci' or desirn, testing or. .`,snroverner~'t 01' producto, materials, dcc i,,es, spa tens or metloir. 2 72-434 0 - ~r - is PAGENO="0226" 222 WI 83l0.2A August 1, 1974 (3) Cost sharing is not applicable to contracts for basic or applied research resulting from an unsolicited proposal when the proposer certifies in writing to the Contracting Officer that it has no comeercial, production, educational or service activities on which to use the results of the research; and that it has no means of recovering arw cost sharing on such projects. In the foregoing situations, where there is no measurable gain to the performing organization, there is, therefore, no mutuality of interest, and it would not be equitable for the Government to require cost sharing. c. Amount of Cost Sharing (1) Educational Institutions and Affiliated Not for Prbfit Institu tions. Cost sharing for euch institutions normally may vary from one percent to as much as five percent of the costs of the project. However, amounts greater than five percent may be accepted when voluntarily offered by the institution. (2) Other Perforrnin~ Organizations. Cost sharing for other organi- zations may vary from less than 1% to 50% or more of the costs of the research. (3) Additional Considerations (a) The amount of cost sharing which is appropriate in a given instance is independent of whether cost sharing is raunda- tory or marely encouraged. (b) Mutuality of interest in the results of the work being per- formed should be of primary significance in assessing the appropriateness of any particular level of cost sharing within the foregoing ranges. *5. DETAILED IMPL~4ENTATION Additional guidelines and procedures that are required to fully imple- ment the basic guidelines set forth in paragraph 14 will be developed by the Assistant Administrator for Procurement, in collaboration with the Director, Office of University Affairs, and promulgated in the NASA Procuremant Regulations and the NASA Grant Handbook. 6. CANCELLATION WI 8310.2, dated October 20, 1971. DISTRIBUTION SDL 1 ~ ~,tA 1?z~' & *~anges made by this revision Associate Administrato4!for Organization and I~n~ément lublished in the Federal Register under Title 114, Chapter V, Subpart 12014.13 (36 F.R. 20219 - 20220, October 19, 1971). 3 PAGENO="0227" Ti). L~Qesearch and ~ echnology © perating ~IPIan / FISCAL YEAR 1971 RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION (223) PAGENO="0228" 224 INTRODUCTION This publication represents the NASA Research and Technology program for FY 1 976, It is a compilation of the `Summary portions of each of the IRTOPs lResearch and Technology Operating PlansI used for management review and cont:roiof~researc1'i currently in progress throughout NASA. The ATOP Summary is designed to facilitate communication and coordi- nation among concerned technical personnel in government, in industry,~and in universities. We believe also that this publication can help to expedite the technology transfer process. The ATOP Summary is arranged in five sections The first, section contains citations and abstracts of the RTOPs Following this section are four ndex~s Subject Technical Monitor Responsible NASA Organization, and RTOP Number.". ` - - - - The Subject Index is an alphabetical listing of the main subject headings by which the RTOPs have been identified The Technical Monitor Index is an alphabetical listing of the names of individuals respon siblefortheRTOP. ...,,`:~. ~`T ~. ~.` `* :~ ~` .~ - - The Responsible NASA Organization Index is an alphabetical listing of the NASA organiza tioris which developed~the RTOPs contained in the Journal The RTOP Number 4ridex provides a cross index from the RTOP number assigned by the NASA rusponsibte organization to the corresponding accession number assigned sequen tiatiyto the RTUPs in ATOP Summary As indicated above, responsible technical monitors are listed on the RTOP summaries. Although personal exchanges of a professional nature are encouraged, your consideration is requested in avoiding excessive contacts which might be disruptive to on-going réséarch and development Any comments or suggestions you may have to help us evaluate or improve the effectiveness of the ATOP Summary would be appreciated. These should be forwarded to. National Aeronautics and Space Administration -, Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology Washington, D.C. 20546 -. ` `~ ` Atth: Roy'L:D~isey Resources and Management Division (RMP) Dr. A. M. Lovelace Associate Administrator for Aeronautics and Space Technology PAGENO="0229" :225 TABLE OF CONTENTS Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology PAGE AERONAUTICS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY BASE 1 Man-Vehicle Technology 1 Materials 2 Structures 4 Propulsion Environmental Impact Minimization . . 6 Propulsion Components 8 Air Breathing Engine Systems 10 Fluid and Flight Dynamics 11 Avionics 1 5 Aircraft Operations and Safety 1 7 Low Speed Vehicle Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics 19 High Speed Vehicle Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics 22 AERONAUTICS SYSTEM STUDIES 24 AERONAUTICS SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 26 Materials and Structures Systems Technology 26 Propulsion Systems Technology 26 Avionics Systems Technology 27 Aircraft Operating Systems Technology 28 Aerodynamic Vehicle Systems Technology 30 Man-Vehicle Systems Technology 31 Advanced Civil Aircraft Systems Technology 31 Military Aircraft Systems Technology ... , 33 AERONAUTICS EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS 34 Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology .... 34 Quiet, Clean Short-Haul Experimental Engine 34 Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research 35 Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft 37 Rotor Systems Research Aircraft 37 Quiet Propulsive Lift Technology 37 SPACE AND NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY BASE : 38 Materials .... 38 Structures , - : 42 Fundamental Electronics .. - 45 Guidance and Control 46 PAGENO="0230" 226 PAGE Information Systems 48 Chemical Propulsion 50 Electric Propulsion 52 Space Energy Systems 54 Nuclear Energy 56 High Power Lasers and Energetics 57 Entry 59 Application Data Systems Support 60 SPACEAND NUCLEAR SYSTEM STUDIES 60 SPACE AND NUCLEAR SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 62 Guidance. Control and Information Systems Technology 62 Entry Systems Technology 62 Materials and Structures Systems Technology 62 SPACE AND NUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS 62 Space Technology Shuttle Payloads 62 Office of Energy Programs ENERGY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 64 Office of Applications WEATHER AND CLIMATE 68 POLLUTION MONITORING 70 EARTH RESOURCES SURVEY 74 Office of Space Sciences LAUNCH VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT 80 PLANETARY EXPLORATION SCIENCE 81 PLANETARY EXPLORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 86 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY 88 PAGENO="0231" 227 PACE PLANETARY BIOLOGY 98 PLANETARY QUARANTINE 99 LUNAR SCIENCE 99 PLANETARY ASTRONOMY 102 Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 104 Office of Manned Space Flight ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT 108 Indexes SUBJECT INDEX MONITOR INDEX 1-41 RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX --49 RTOP NUMBER INDEX 1-55 V PAGENO="0232" 228. TYPICAL ClTATIO~1 A1'JD TECHI'~1ICAL SU1J~PJ~ARY RTOP ACCESSION NUMBER ~- W76-70005 504-09-31 `~-RTOP CURRENT NUMBER Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va RESPONSIBLE NASA FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION ,,,,-~JESntt8O4-B27.3745 - TELEPHONE NUMBER The objective is to define the crew responsibilities, flight TITLE procedures and control and display requirements for advanced ~-TECHNICAL SUMMARY transport systems The concerted effort underway to improve TECHNICAL MONITOR th afety a d cf-f e y of ad a ced t a sport y t s eq research in both hardware and human elements to systematically - carry Out the above objective Therefore, the preseht work will take the following approach Ill continue to develop tools and techniques that will define the crew responsibilities and measure their workload. 121 apply these tools and techniques to assess current and contemplated flight systems, and 131 develop analytical techniques that will assess advanced system requirements and human operation and predict cockpit displays and controls needed for a satisfactory flight management system PAGENO="0233" a summary OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Aeronautics Research and Technology Base W76-70001 504-09-1 1 Langley Research Center, Langley Statinn, Va HUMAN RESPONSE TO NOISE Hnldenfels 804827.2043 The nbjective nf this work is to define and quantify properties of aircraft noise that caose community annoyance Incloded is the development of research evaloation techniqoes and measoring scales along with accomplishment of research to assess effects of aircraft noise on sleep, speech interference, and performance FY76 effort, along with limited contract/grant studies, will be directed toward studies concerned with noise annoyances, background noise, low fm quency noise, speech/communication effects, sleep/performance effects, anxiety/fear, and multi-event noise exposures A downstream goal of this program is to develop a model for reliable prediction of response of people to aircraft-generated noise W76-70002 504-09-12 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif ACCEPTANCE OF AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS - TECHNOLOGY ASSESSME NT H. P Klein 415-96S-5094 150409ff) The oblective of this program is to develop an understanding of the social and psychological effects of large scale technological innovations, as exemplified by air transportation systems, and to attempt to model such effects soas to impact the design of these systems To achieve this oblective studies of both the short and long term social impacts lincluding psychological. political, environmental, and economic) of air transportation as an element of the totaf transportation system will be continued. Field studies of existing systems will be conducted as needed to meet the objectives Supporting work developing theory and methodology for assessing community acceptance of aircraft xperationv and social and psychological impact of related technologies will be conducted. W76-70003 504-09-13 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va AIRCRAFT INTERIOR NOISE REDUCTION Heldenfels 804-827-2043 The objective is to develop the technology needed to reduce aircraft interior noise levels to achieve increased operating safety. hearing protection, and comfort of crew and passengers with minimum weight and cost penalties. Tb e noise sources for STOL. helicopter, and general aviation aircraft will be determined from this as well as other ongoing programs. In addition, the FISCAL YEAR 19Th transmission of the noise through the structure and the transmission paths will be determined Structural designs will be investigated which have more acceptable transmission characteristics with minimum weight penalties. A parallel effort will determine acceptable levels of interior noise for safety and comfort of crew and passengers Full-scale flight tests will be made incorporating noise reduction concepts to verify the technique and the passenger/creus acceptability W76-70004 504-09-21 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va RIDE QUALITY R Heldenfels 804-827-2043 The objective is to define and qualify those ride-environment properties, particularly motion, cabin noise, and vibration, that determine ride quality and associated passenger acceptance pertaining to air transportation systems To achieve these objectives research studies will be conducted to develop data appropriate for establishing criteria for ride-environment require- ments and for aircraft operatioval limits relevant to aircraft attitude, accelerations, interior noise level, and angular motions. Included are field studies to obtain data aboard scheduled airline systems as well as nther vehicles, studies under controlled conditions aboard research aircrafr including in-flight simulators, laboratory studies using ride-mvtion simulators under very closely controlled conditions, and analytical studies of experimental data tv model the phenomena and to develop criteria Suppxrfing effort will be carried nut to develop appropriate study methvdology, soblecrive response opiniun questionnaires, portable ride- measuring instruments, laboratory simcilatxrs, and analytical procedures W76-70005 504.0922 Ames Research Center, Molfett Field, Calif RIDE QUALITIES CRITERIA VALIDATION/PILOT PERFOR. MANCE DURING LOW ALTITUDE HIGH SPEED FLIGHT H P Klein 415-96S-S094 ARC. FRC and LRC at econtivuin g tu evaluate the B-f airplane for possible research areas which will contribute to advanced technology of interest to NASA The R-t is considered to be an available test facility providing flight information not readily available from other sources. Tentative research areas have been identified as follows structural mode control/ride quality, pilot performance during manual terrain following, tranvonic aeroelastic loads measurement, inlet/engine compatibility; aft nacelle aerodynamics, new subcritical flutter prediction technique This RTOP is for the Ride Qualities Criteria Validation/Pilot Performance During Low Altitude High Speed Flight only Specific oblectives are to (a) validate/refine current ride qualities criteria, and )b) develop pilot/vehicle systems models which account for the effects of ride qualities, handling qualities and display configuration on pilot terrain - following performance Results from ungoing and planned Rockwell Inc sim ulation and flight tests will be analyzed with the above objectives in mind If practicable, NASA recommendations regarding simulator and/or flight experiment 229 ~A1~CH AND ~I~CHNOLOGY ©P~ATllNG ~I~LAN PAGENO="0234" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 230 protocol and instrumentation will be implemented to maoimize utility of results for NASA objectioes. W76-70006 504-09-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS J. E. Stitt 804-827-3746 (513-52-011 The objective is to define the crew responsibilities, flight procedures and control and display requirements for advanced transport systems. The concerted effort underway to improve the safety and efficiency of advanced transport systems requires research in both hardware and human elements to systematically carry out the above objective. Therefore, the present work will take the following approach: (if continue to develop tools and techniques that will dehne the crew responsibilities and measure their workload. 121 apply these tools and techniques to assess current and contemplated flight systems, and 131 deveTop analytical techniques that will assess advanced system requirements and human operation and predict cockpit displays and controls needed for a satisfactory flight management system. W76-70007 504-09-32 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. AIRCREW PERFORMANCE AND AVIATION SAFETY H. P. Klein 415.965.5094 (515-51-11; 504-09-33: 505-08-231 The objectives of this program are to investigate current problems in pilot training, performance measurement and evaluation, and communications between flight crewmembers and ether components of the aviation system. General aviation and civil air transport operations will be considered. Specific objectives are: 111 develop objective, precise, and stable measures of aircrew performance for use in research and operational training programs: 121 develop new technology and methodology for training necessary flight crew skills; and (31 euplore fundamental problems in the transfer of information to pilots from other components of the aviation system. e. g.. navigation charts, and cockpit warning systems. To achieve these objectives OAT-i simulator will be modified to permit full-mission simulation capability and automated performance monitoring. This facility will be used to examine pilot behavior, especially cognitive or decision-making behavior, and to evaluate alternative methods of human performance measurement. The effectiveness of various candidate solutions for identified training problems will be evaluated using both formal experimental evaluations, and more informal feasibility demonstrations (pilot projects(. Specific problems in the transfer of information between pilots and other components of the present aviation system will be used to identify fundamental problem areas. and to develop and evaluate potential TECHNIQUES J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 The objective is to contribute to the technical advancement of flight simulators as applied to aeronautical research, develop- ment, and flight training. New eperational requirements for simulators ix support Langley Research Center programs provide the mntivatinn and laboratory environment for significant contributions to the advancement of simulation technology. fvteragency involvEment with the application of the Differential Maneuvering Simulator also provides valuable insights into the needs for improved simulator capability for flight training and pilot proficiency, as well as for the support of research programs. This RTOP will cover both in-house and contractual studies which address current constraints iv simulator equipmevt, the formulation of simulation math models. and the linkage of the two to provide effective simulations. Results of the effort will be documented in NASA Technical Notes and contractor reports and will be applied to simulation of interest to Langley Research Center. W76-70010 504-09-42 Ames Research Center, Moffeit Field. Calif. SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR AERONAUTICS H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 (504-09-32; 504-09-33) The objective of this RTOP is to provide a scientific and technical base of information that will allow the valid, reliable and economic substitution of simulators for actual flight operations in aeronautical research, development and crew training. Specific objectives are: Ill provide an understanding of pilots' perception and processing of complex visual, motion and other stimuli, with emphasis on how these relate to the fidelity of compleu visual scene generation techniques; 121 provide task related criteria for vision and motion simulator systems; 131 develop compensation techniques to obtain the motion simulator performance required for various simulation tasks; 141 provide engineering development and evaluations of advanced computer driven visual displays; and (51 develop a Simulation Facilities User's Guide. In-house perception studies will be continued with emphasis both on characterizing human perceptual response characteristics and developing experimental techniques for measuring the fidelity of simulator displays An in-h ouse study of the effect on pilot perform ance caused by the phase lags in the simulation (computer, motion, visual) will be initiated. An analytical model of the motion simulator will be developed. Both in-house and contract studies will be continued (or in some cases ivitiated( to further the development of promising techniques for scene technology. A Simulation Facilities User's Guide will be completed. W76-70008 504-09-34 W76.70011 505-01-11 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT IN REMOTE PILOTED SYSTEMS RELATIONSHIP OF ATOMIC STRUCTURES TO MATERIAL W. B Winter 805-258-33tt PROPERTIES This flight test program is primarily to develop and evalaate H. B. Probst 216-433-4000 an integrated system for pilot control of remote piloted vehicles. (606-01-121 The pilot task load will be analyzed and correlated with the The broad objective of this work is to gain a better psychophysiological response of the aircrew during the develop- understanding of the basic structure and behavior of metallic ment of the RPV system. The general objective is to define and nonmetallic materials. The ultimate value of such an improved operator/system interactions, flight procedures in control and understanding will be in its utilization to produce new and improved display requirements for remote piloted vehicles to be used as materials particularly for aeronautics applications. The approach training simulators and as active flight vehicles. The specific taken to achieve this improved understanding is to conduct basic objectives are define and correlate major workload with observed ,esearch in three broad classes of high temperature materials; response to form predictive performance models (21 evaluate these are alloys, coatings, and ceramics. A more complete RPV cockpit configuration pilot responses, and display and control understanding of the mechanism of ovide dispersion strengthening variations to optimize simulation effectiveness and remote in Ni. Ni-Cr. and Ni-Cr.A( alloys will be sought. The solidification operation efficiency to include horizontal landing. White developing process in directionally grown Ni-base eutectics will be examined. and utilizing R PV techniques, cockpit configurations will be A better understanding of the occurrence of segregation and of systematically varied while the effects upon pilot response are the relationship between eutectic structural variables and tabulated. mechanical properties will be sought. The kinetics of coating formation and degradation of alumivide coatings will be studied. W76-70009 504.0941 Silicon carbide ceramics will be investigated to improve our Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. knowledge of the relationships between processing, structure, FLIGHT SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION and mechanical behavior. 2 PAGENO="0235" 231 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70012 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio ADVANCED PROPULSION MATERIALS H B Probst 216-433-4000 (505-01-111 The objective of this RTOP is to provide improved materials. both metallic and nonmetallic, for ose in advanced air-breathing power plants. particolarly for aeronautical applications Materials are sought that offer improvements not only in technical performance but also in economy in terms of costs and life The classes of materials to be investigated include directionally solidified eutectics, dispersion strengthened alloys, protective coatings, and ceramics Property improvements are sought by basic changes iv materials per se. e g - alloy compositional changes. and by processchan ges applied to existing and new materials. Material improvements are judged by measurements of mechanical and physical properties as well as qualitative evaluations of microstroctural fearvres and performance in simulatvd-engixe environments Ultimately, highly promising materials and processes that result from this program become candidates for the MATE program to accomplish scale-up and full scale engine testing. W76-70013 505-01-21 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. FATIGUE, FRACTURE. AND LIFE PREDICTION M H Hirschberg 216-433-4000 The major objective is to obtain a better understanding of the failure or fracture mechanisms that are involved in the application of advanced materials to aeronautics structures or propulsion systems A second malor objective is to develop methods for predicting the life of specimens or components when they are subjected to constant temperature and monotonic loads or to complex patterns of temperatures and cyclic loads as a function of time To achieve these objectives, research is underway to extend existing life prediction techniques and analyses, and to develop new methods for determining the stress and strain distributions in the vicinity of discontinuities such as flaws or cracks, as well as to understand the reaction of advanced materials to these di scvntinu ties when subjected tx various enuirxxmental conditions Various apprxaches are also being examined for predicting the time to initiation of the first detectable cracks as a result vf mechanical and thermal fatigue and to predicting the prvpagat;ov rate vf these cracks Stundard test methods and specimens are being developed tx properly characterize the fatigue and fracture behavixr vf materials and to provide background information for rational design procedures W76-70014 505-01-21 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. FATIGUE. FRACTURE & LIFE PREDICTION D. R Clrapman 415-965-5065 The objective is to develop the basic understanding required to capably select materials antI tx reliably predict the life xf engineering structures exposed to potentially degrading chemical environments through the study of the following programs the prediction of time-dependent fracture of structural metals caused by subcritical crack grxwrh. the study xf the mechanisms of failure of fibrous compxsire materials, and the definition of stress-corrosion cracking of iron, nickel, aluminum and titanium base alloys ix anticipated service environments Experiments will be conducted on metals under conditions of static and cyclic loading in a variety of environments lx determine the mechanisms and kinetics involved in the process of environmental embrittle- ment. Experiments will alsx be conducted on fibrous cxmposite materials to determixe tfre relation of load characteristics and the prxpenres of matrix. fiber and interface to the failure behavior. Alsx, tests will be performed ox allxy steels being considered for high strerrgth aeronautical applications tx determine the incubation period fxr crack growth as a functixx xf parameters of service enuirxxment In all cases, the experiments will be related through appropriate analyses to tfie responsible failure mechanisms Where possible, these results also will be related to anticipated situatixxs 505-01-12 W76-70015 505-01-31 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. FIRE-RESISTANT. NON-TOXIC POLYMERS 0. R Chapman 415-965-5065 1505-08-21) The objectives are It) to develop lire-resistant materials for increasing the survivability ix commercial oiid iriihitary aircraft; 12) to synthesize new and improved high temperature polymers such as pxlyphxsphazine. elastomers. polycarbonates. bismalei- mides and high temperature adhesives; 131 to evaluate the tuxicity xf the gaseous thermal degradatiox products xf these and xther polymers; (4) to select pxlymers based on criteria such as flammability axd limiting oxygen index and tx utilize these polymers in the fabricativn xf fire-resistant composites; and (5) tx evalute the response of different kinds xf detectors toward the pyrolysis products of varixus polymers To achieve these objectives fire-resistant polymers will be syxthesized for potential use in aircraft Typical polymers will include polycarboxate films. bismaleimide resins. high temperature adhesives such as pxlyimides and epxxies. potyphosphazines and uthers The thermxchemical and thermxphysical properties of these polymers will be determixed. Low density pxlymeric cxmpxsites will be developed, and their thermxphysical properties evaluated. State of the art detecturs will be evaluated by determixing their response to the pyrxlysis and combustixn prxducts of pxlymers and cxmposrtes W76-70016 505-01.32 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif FIRE-RETARDANT AND LASER COUNTERMEASURE MATERIALS FOR MILITARY PROGRAMS 0. R Chapman 415-965-5065 (505-01-31) The ob(ectives are. It) tx apply state of the art and advanced aerospace derived fire-retardant and laser resistant materials and technxlogy developed at NASA Ames to support current and future DOD survivability programs and other related military efforts, 121 lx identify the chemical and physical mechanisms of the ablatixe of the transparext polymers EXt 12 and EX-4F9 ix varixus laser environments. (~) to study the reactixn parameters gxverning the thermal decomposition of the polymers at high heating rates and tx ascertain the physical phenxmena. such as char swelling, internal gas generation and mechanical spallation. (from the perfxrmance of the EXt 12 and EX-4F8. concepts are tx be established to suggest improved laser resistant materiafs for a pulsed laser envirxnmeetl. 141 tx study the processing parameters xf the EXt 12 and EX-4F9 necessary to make an aircraft canopy To achieve these xbjectives assistance will be prxvided the military to reduce the vulnerability of flight arrd missile systems when subjected to ax induced fire enviroxmext axd to provide laser hardened materials for selected applications The transparent polymers EXt 12 and EX-4F9 will be char, acterized as to molecular farm and thermal-chemical properties Emphasis will be placed xn the exact molecular fxrm. functional groups and degree xl crosslinks within the polymer. The mechanism of degradation xf these polymers will be investigated as a functixn of heating rate using a thermx-graximetric analyzer W76-70017 505-01.34 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. COMPOSITBS~:,. R. H Kenrp 216-433-4000 (743-32-241 The overall objective of this research is to develop fiber and laminate composite materials, structures, and components for varixus aeronautical prxpuls:on applications The higher mechani- cal properties and reduced weight xl the composites ix comparison to monxfithrc engineering materials make them particularly attractive for advanced turbine engine components such as fan and compressor blades. fan frames, guide vaxes. and' sxund suppressors. Recent payoff studies shxw that the application of composites tx these cxmponenls is highly cost-effective. Composites being considered include resin matrices reinforced with graphite. borxn. Kevlar 49. and glass fibers. lx addition. aluminum and titanium matrices reinforced with bxron and SiC fiber are being studied far temperatures beyond the capabifmty 3 PAGENO="0236" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 232 of the esin matoces. In the tesin matiio sooth. einphass is placed oo the development of ptocessab!e polyinnides and polyphenyl quinvz alines to pios'ide incieased tempetatuie capa- bility ovet the convectional eposy mateuals to the metal matiio wosk, emphasis is placed on the development of fabtication ptocesses and the impiovement of impact esistance A funhei obiective of the eseatch is to deselop fite ietaidant polymeis fot ose as mattio matetials has'ivg loss ot no tonic combustion pod acts W76-70018 505-01-34 Langley Reseaich Centet, Langley Station, Va COMPOSITES AND ADHESIVES ft. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to develop ness- et imptoved lightweight polymetic composite and metallic tnateials that has-c longet lifetimes, gteatet eliability and inipios-ed sttvctutvl efficiency in aetonautical stivctutes. The scoik suiT consist of teseatch aimed at impiovement of stivctuiat tesins and adhesives thtovgh systematic satiation in the polymet moiecv!at sttvctvie. detesmina- tioe of behaviot of ness oi advanced fdamentat- composite mateoals containing eithet iesin ot metal matoces, and develop- ment of ness oi impioved fabocation methods fot metal-mattio and tesin-mattit compnsite maleoals ffeseatch cc ill also be ditected at tepait technology of composites ieclvding detection of flasss, deteimination of cstical flaw siaes, des'elopmeot of appmpoate epan piocedvies, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the iepaits oe composite behavioi Studies of inteifacial eactions and diffusion piocesses in advanced metal-mattio com posites us ith emphasis on degiadation asalunc ion of tempetatute, stiess and enuconmeofal convsion scill aloe be made These slu dies cull help to identify ness oi advanced matesals fot aemnautical stiuctuiat applications and sill pioside impnnant data on the behav~ot, capab~lities and limitation of svch matesals W76-70019 505-02-12 Flight geseaich Ceotem, Ed-cads. Calif HYPERSONIC VEHICLE STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGY Rogei A. Fields SOb-25S-33t The ptogmam will attempt to eopesmentally s-alidate suin~fmoaet hypetsonic-cehicl estiuctu al concepts aed incestigate flight-loads measoting techniques lot these sttuctv'al concepts as they apply to the HRA W76-70020 505-02-12 Langley Reseatch Centet, Langley Station. Va HYPERSONIC VEHICLE STRUCTURES R. R Heldenfels 804-827-2042 SOS-05-4f I The objective isto eoytote ihetioal,sttvciutal concepts tot futute hypetsooic aitciafi. and deuce anal-~-sis and design methods applicable to such concepts geseatch and deselvpmeot is being cattied out Iv establish a techoelogy base tiom which the sltuctuies and theemul cvet'ol systems lot h~'pnisonic cehcles can be designee Included in the pmoumun'i ac butn eocem~mnental and analytical dIets on nouveau d aimfame stuctume concepts sshich s-ill withstand the tiuOms of eotended and mepeated use in a hypeis onic en vimvemnieut Resnach data oTtained lions both labotatoty and wind tunnel espemimenets usmtl seue to unify des~on and analysis emethods, establish design gu~delines, and pos-mde guidaoce lot lutue eseamch elloits - W76-70021 505-02-13 Langley ffeseaich Ceotet. Langley Statios, Va GENERAL AVIATION CRASHWORTHINESS R S Heldeofels 804-527-2042 The objective is to cieate and es-al vale uilcaec ccl sltuctsites concepts, develop techeology lvi ieipvuiug auctafi ciashusothi- ness, and detis'e analysis and ilesign methuds lvi accialt sttuctoies. This RTOP is the NASA puitive of a lout FAA NASA Geeeial Aviation Ciashusvmthioess Fmogaem to pmvu~de the analyst om designem with v plus-en asalytical mnetliudulupy fm p-cAution of collapse ef a stmuctic'e unt'ei cash cum'd'tiuns Tv achisce the vbjectis-n. unalyticul and eopem~ieeentul smivns c-cl, be ynitumnmelt to deliee tee basic in ecnue's ins ins'u1und in c-as'- technology. cvcpled -.`.`ith ieseach vein-p-cued nec-p-, d'ss;cutinn coscepts ss-ili be applied to euttent geeetal aviation aitciaft to evaluate potential imptos'ements in sumivability tot specific etash ens-elopes. Thete ate thtee basic ateas of teseatch in this ptogtam: full-scale ctash simulation testing, nontineat stuctutal asalyses eecessasy to ptedict total collapse of the vehicle, and evaluation of enetgy absotpti on concepts fot specific component design Both analytical and expeitmental methods will be used to develop eopettise in these thtee ateas Analyses ssill include both simplified ptoceduies fvt estimating eneigy absotplioe capabilities and mote compleo computet ptogtams lot analysis of genetal aitftame espoese Undet the cash ptogtam these analyses usd1 be developed to ptovide the desigoet with methods fot ptedicting acceletations load, and displacement histoties of collapsing sttuctutes Full-scale tests of typical sttuctutes as usd1 as tests on sttuctutal components usd1 be used to vetify the analyses and to demonsttate imptosed desi go cone epts. W76-70022 505-02-14 Langley fleseatch Centet. Langley Station. Va COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN METHODS R. Hetdenlels 804-827-2052 1506-17-21; 743-01-01; 743-0l-tfi Develop advanced compute-aided analysis and design methods lot design of aictaft sttuctues. Deeelop analysis lechniques auth the genemalily and efficiency tequited lot the itetatis'e calculations involved to sizing stu etutal membets Develop and evaluate algomithms to accomplish sttuctutal sizing to meet consttaiots including sttength. stillness, aetoelasticity, thetmal sttesses, and minimum gage Eealuate and define best atchitectute of sttuctuctal analysis and design systems and evolee specifications lot the component technical computational modules in such systems W76-70023 505-02-21 Ames Reseatch Centet, Molfett Field, Calif. LOADS. AEROELASTICITY, AND STRUCTURAL DYNAM ICS ft H Feiesen 415-865-5850 1505-17-31' 506-17-32; 516-51-02; 743-05-011 The ob~ectiue of this teseatch is to pmouide impioced pmed~ction methods and data that apply to sevemal dyoamic load and aeoelasticit~- ptoblems involving aictalt. In the atea of dynamic loads, n-.'estigatmons ssill be conducted 10 study the floss fields ann pessute fluctuations usithin and in the sincinity of cavities isuch as open pots and bomb baysl, ptotubetances, and tuttets on amictalt. Means of eliminating cavity tes onances and alleviating high-istensity local dynamic loads will be sought. With coped to aemcelasticity, both analytical and eopenmeetal tovestigati005 will be coeducled to develop and validate computational methods lot pmediction of panel flutte including the effects of the boundasy lab-ct Impoved methods lot ptedictieg aetoetastic loads will be incompoated in FLEXSTAB including gust loads and active coettol loads capability Etpeimeotal investigations of unsteady ptessutes ye oscillating 2-dimensioeal s-togs will be investigated at tansonic speeds and studies usill be conducted of the fluttet and divetgence of oblique sings W76-70024 505-02-21 Langley Rescue h Cede. Langley Station, Va LOADS. AEROELASTICITY. AND STRUCTURAL DYNAM. ICS R S Heldenlels 804-827-2042 In odet to pedict Ilutte and othe aetoelastic phenomena mome accutately, eseach usd1 be conducted to impoce aetoelastic analysis melhods, to povide accuate uosteady ttan500ic aeodynamics. and to s-alidate 010 dynamic analysis The feasibility of inceasing the Mach eumbet ange of the ttansonic dyeamics toned ssill be eoploted. In ode to impove and oalidate aetoelaslic loads analysis pogtams, eatious load pediction techniques liocluding FLEXSTABI stall be evaluated aod imptoved lv integmatiuo into com pole systems such as ATLAS and IPAD In odem to develop methods lot pedicting acoustic loads, sttuctcaI esp005e, and noise tuesmission thtough aicaft smsictves. methods fo analyaing panel esponse with a thick bcuedaly icl'em usill he des-eloped and compated with etpemiment `use tmansm'nissiue Ihivugh accah sttuctutes usill be studied PAGENO="0237" 233 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY The objective of these efforts is to provide the technology eecessary to increase aircraft performance aed extend service life aed to improoe aircraft safety and ride quality through rmprooements in methods for predictieg loads, aeroelastic effects, and structural response. W76-70025 505-02-22 Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif DAST (DRONES FOR AERODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL TESTING) Berwin M Kock 805-258-331 (505-06-44; 505-02-021 Project DAST (Drones for Aerodynamics and Structural Testing( is a technology development program that will provide data that will lead to a better understanding of unsteady aerodynamic loads and flutter at transonic speeds The program is a combined theoretical, wind-tunnel and flight-test activity and is a joint LaRC/FRC program The flight-test activity is the subject of the RTOP. A supercrrtical wing will be installed on a Firebee 2 This wing will be at a planform representative of transport aircraft The wing will be designed to be flutter critical within the normal flight envelope of the modified Firebee II A system will be installed to provide the necessary flutter damping The vehicle will be instrumented to measure wing pressures. accelerations and strains The vehicle to be modified will he the Firebee 2 used in the capability development program currently underway at FRC. W76-70026 505-02-22 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va DAST (DRONES FOR AERODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL TESTING) Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to provide the technology necessary to increase aircraft peiform anon and evtnnd service life, and to improve aircraft safety and ride quality, through improvements in methods for predicting loads, aeronlastic effects, and structural response The approach is to provide flight data for comparison with results from various prediction methods and for cases where analyses are known to be inadequate Emphasis will be on measurements of transonic aerodynamic loads and flight demonstrations of active control systems for load alleviation and flutter suppression. Flight testing techniques will be developed using drvne-type vehicles to gather the desired data An aeroelastic research winq will be provided with its flutter bouedary within the flight envelope when flown on a Firebee II vehicle First flights will be aimed at measuring aerodynamic luads in the transxnic range. then active control systems will be incorporated fur flight assess meets of their performance in alleviating leads and suppressing flutter. Flights will be made conyeratively with the Flight Research Center W76-70027 505-02-23 Flight Research Ceeter, Edwards. Calif FLIGHT LOADS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES M Jenkins 805-258-3311 Two prolrlem s are Currently being addressed thruugh the resources of Iris RTOF. Work is cxetivuinq toward develnynig a solution to the problem of weldable strain gages having a deleteri vus effect on the fatigue life of super-alloys and titaniunr alloys. Weldable strain gages have the must faunralile high teerperatures characteristics Using vu R and D cuntract. methuils ru accomplish a metal to metal attachment fur useldable strain gage corrfiguratixns to super-allnys and ritairium allvys Work has begun on a detailed examinatiun uf the prublems of assessing the accuracy of flight luad measurements It is kvown that calibration philusoyhies eleveluperl in tIre fifties are nut vu lid for curepl en struc turns arid (or composite structures Wurk has begun to exam inn delta wing load calibratiun results fur potential yhilusuphical nrndificativns to the load calibratiun prucndure W76-70028 505-02-24 Flight Research Center, Edwards. Calif FLIGHT RESEARCH OF A STRUCTURAL MODE CONTROL SYSTEM ISMCS I.E - MODAL SUPPRESSION SYSTEM) Jim M Mckay 805-258331 1 (505-02-241 An investigation sun derway on the improvements in total dy- namic response of a flexible aircraft and the pntextral benefits to ride qualities, handling qualities, crew efficiency, and reduced dy- namic loads on the primary structure Tb e effectiveness and per- formance of the SMCS which uses small aerodynamic surfaces at the vehicle nose to provide damping to the structural modes will be evaluated W76-70029 505-02-25 Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif. B-i FLIGHT LOAD MEASUREMENT RESEARCH Alan L Carter 805-258-331 1 The objectives of this research are to evaluate airload measurement techniques on large flexible aircraft, and tu evaluate vewly developed compuler programs for aeroelastic analysis A joint NASA-contractor program will be conducted in which 11) point load strain gage calibration accuracy will be evaluated using data recorded during static tests of the instrumented flight load survey aircraft, 121 strain gage load measurement accuracy will be evaluated through comparisons with in flight pressure survey results, and 131 NASTRAN and FLEXSTAB predictions will be evaluated through comparisons with wind tunnel, ground and flight test results. TIre contractor will be responsible for acquiring and documenting the test data and modeling the aircraft in NASTRAN and FLEXSTAB NASA usill perform strain gage calibration research, NASTRAN and FLEXSTAB analysis and report the final results W76-70030 - 505-02-31 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va FATIGUE AND FRACTURE R. R Heldnefels 804-827-2042 (506-17-02, 743-01-011 The research is conducted through a combination of analytical development, experimentation. aed supplementation of in-house work by contracts and grants Sume specific goals are to improve fatigue life predictiun techruques. to devise ways to predict the residual strength of reinfurced sheet structures, to assess the feasibility of compressing test time during the measurements of fatigue lives of aerodynamically heated structures, axd to devise and apply the reliability methruds to aircraft structures where the number of structures tested is limited by cost and where measured parameters must be revised according to new data acquired during fleet operative. To the degree possible, the work anticipates the desige problems aed materialu that will be encouxte red by advanced subsuxic and suyersxeic aircraft, rotary-wing aircraft, and vertical- and short-take-xff'avd-landieq W76-70031 505-02-41 Langley Research Center, Langley Statixn, Va COMPOSITE MATERIALS APPLICATION TO AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES Heldeefels 804-827-2042 505-Of-3d; 510-51 ~ 743-01-221 The ubjective is to cunduct research on composite materials ru resulue problems brat may hinder their application, to decelxp the rechenlugy required fur their utilizatine in future aircraft structures, and tu establish confidence in the use uf cxirnpusites through luegtime flight service of structural cvmpvnerrts on cummercral transpurt aircraft airsl Army helicupters The wurk nesists of the fnllnwirrg 111 Deunlup analytical methruds re improve uederstaedieg of cumpesite materials, evaluate behavior under varixus enciruem entab conditiuns, develop cxncepts. fabricutiorn. and evnrdnstructiue evaluative techrnulxgy (21 Fabricate arnd test critical every unents tu demunrstrate perfurmaxce (31 Cunduct engieenring studies tu determine applicability of cumpusites in primary yr secundirry structures xf commercial or military aircraft 141 Establish chair techniques fur flawed en damaged structxire 151 Decelup applrcatines tu operatiunal aircraft such as the CH-b4B hehicupter. 737. L- Off, aed DC-tO cerenrercisil rnanspurts 161 Determine mawr eeaece experience with flight service applicalives Ruth nr-hnuse mimI cuntractuul lie undertakern TIre results nI these studies will prunide new techrmnical imnfxrmeatinn and flight' service experience brat will PAGENO="0238" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 234 develop confidence required to permit early application of filamentary composites in aircraft structures. W76-70032 505-02-42 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va DESIGN TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPOSITE STRUCTURES R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 1505-02-t tI The objective is to advance the technology of filamentary composite structures which will provide the potential of a 25% weight reduction by conducting analytical and eoperimental laboratory investigations of selected components. Advanced methods of predicting the strength and stability of laminates, panels and stiffened components will be applied to new test data. Analysis will be applied to define the limitations of conventional test methods, and to develop more satisfactory test methods. Development of a strong in-house program for design and test of aircraft components will be continued. Designs for wing compression covers will be dvveloped using advanced methods. A large series of graphite panels with either open or closed sections will be designed, fabricated and tested in the LaRC Structures Labvratory. Effort will include industry- developed as well as NASA-developed designs. Data will be generated over a large range of loading to provide a substantial NACA-type data bank upon which to base designs. A parallel program for wing shear webs will be continued. Optimum design curves will be developed over a wide loading range for both sandwich and stiffened shear web designs Maoimum strength of large graphite webs will be determined iv a series of tests at Langley. In the first quarter of FY 76. data from a large series of low velocity impact tests of stressed and unstressed sandwich structure will be published. Residual strength data for impact- damaged graphite. Kevlan and hybrid laminates has been obtained. W76-70033 505-02-43 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio COMPOSITE FAN BLADE STRUCTURAL ASPECTS 6. H. Johns 216-433-4000 The general objective of this program is to develop the structures technology required to provide foreign-object-damage (Fool resistant composite fan blades. Both resin-matrix and metal-matrix composites will be considered. Fibers investigated will include graphite, boron. Kevlar. and glass: matiiv materials considered will include epoxy, polyimide. and aluminum. The hybrid composite concept sicill continue to be developed to maximize the impact resistance to satisfy foreign object damage require- ments Combinations of fibers, orientations of multiple laminates. and fabrication techniques will be evaluated to maximize toughness consistent with ether design requirements such as strength and aeroelastic response. Static impact testing and single blade whirling arm rig tests will be used to compare and evaluate differ ent concepts and assure adequacy xl heal design and W76-70034 505-03-11 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena BASIC NOISE RESEARCH 6. R. McDonald 213-354-6186 The general objectives of this RTOP are (11 to characterize the fluctuating quantities and obtain a relationship bets-men the fluctuations and the intensity and frequency spectrum xl the noise radiated from lets. (21 to find methods xl reducing jet noise by cxelrxlling the shear vuise snorces. and 131 tu determine how cure flow distuibances increase the radiated noise from jets with the ultimate goal of developing efficient means of reducing let noise emission by reducing cxiv flxw disturbances Experiments of supersonic lets over a temperature range up tx about 1500 F are conducted in an anechoic chamber The turbulent eddies are characteiized in terms of cross-cuirelations of the fluctuating density obtained from the detected signals of crossed-laser beams set up as a Schlierensyste m Cxwparisxns are made of the density crxss-cxrrelatiox function integrated ever the volume xf the jet with that determined frxw th enxise signals detected by pairs xl microphones located xvtsidn the let The elfects of core flow distoibances which will be examined are evtrxpy fluctuatiun interactions These interactions will be induced by introducing pressure fluctuations as well as rapidly alternating carbon dioxide and air flows into the plenum located upstream of the nozzle. Spectral intensity of the radiated noise will be `mpared with the induced composition fluctuations. Pressure arid cxmpxsitixn disturbances within the plenum will also be monitored. The experimental work will be supported by analyti- cal studies. W76-70035 505-03-11 txgley Recearch Center. Langley Station. Va. BexSfC NOISE RESEARCH R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 l5.:5-03.2t- 504-09-111 The objective of this research is to provide a data and techvxicgy Ii. cv for reducing aircraft propulsion generated noise with minimum weight, performance. and economic penalties. Included in this xbjective is the identihcatixn and Iocatixn of sound sources in flow fields, and in situations where aerodynamic flows interact with surfaces: atmospheric prxpagatixn including refraction and scattering: the improved efficiency of acoustic suppresm tn materials and treatment technology: and the development of a unilled daia acquisition system. Both theoretical and eoperimental studies tie involved and snerk will be ac- complished in-house and by grants and cuntracts. Emphasis is placed on substantially iwpmoving analytical and experimental methxds as well as eeuipn-ent and facilities for subsxnic and supersonic jet noise meseaich aimed at optimizing jet enhaust noise suppressor designs. The effects xl Ihe atmosphere on exise propagation will be studied using instrumented lowers and outdoor instrumented ranges to co~relate acoustic and atmospheric phenomena This wurk will also include precision measorements and calculations xl the sound fields inside finite ducts with airflow. with nanyin gcross sectional areas, and with and without acxustic treatment materials. Results of in-house analytical duct pixpaga- tiun and radiation studies, acucstic measurements in the ANRL flawing impedance tube and flow resistance apparatus. and xl contract and grant study programs unill be inputs tx the development of mxre efficient acoustic liners and a program for predicting the a'-xustic perfuiwance xl engine fluca ducts. W76-70036 505-03-11 Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif BASIC NOISE RESEARCH R. H. Petersen 415-965-5880 1505-06-231 This research is being cxnducted to improve our understanding xl the fond~mentals of aerxthermxdynamic noise generation and prxpagatixn. The primary objectives are Ill to develop xplimum subsonic and supersonic jet and core noise suppression methxds ihat will provide at least a 60% reduction in currently achievable thrust loss pevalty. 121 tx develup imprxced and/ur new methods of predicting noise generation: and 131 lx predict the effect xl a turbulent jet exhausting mIx an ambient mean flow. Thi sresearc will involve both analytical and experimental studies xl aerodynam- ic noise generation and suppression in prxpolsixn systems The research nn noise generating mechanisms in hut. subsxvic and sopersunic jet flxws will include detailed studies xl the noise suppression effects of swirling flow on the noise producing mechanisms and the cxupling mechanisms between core and combustion noise smith the jet noise. A thexcetical analysis xl the turbvl ence structure and noise producing characteristics xl swirling lets us-ill be emphasized Complete fields xl mean velocity and all the turbulent correlations will be computed W76-70037 505-03-11 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio BASIC NOISE RESEARCH W Conrad 216-433-4000 (505-90-03. 505-03-1 21 This RTOP covers wxrh directed lxxvard understanding the basic principles and phenomena involved in the geneiation. propagation and suppressiun xl turbowachinery. let, jet-surface interactive, and cxiv exise The xcxrk cxmbines in-house analytical and experimental stodies xsmiih a number of university type grants and cxvtracts Ix form a covidivated basic noise research program that is structured Ix permit aere acxuslic PAGENO="0239" 235 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY specialists to carry out investigations of several years duratron. if appropriate The work is drrected toward providing a broad base of understanding and knowledge of the various noise areas through fundamental, analytical and eoperimental studies This foundation will provide a fundamental base for reducing aircraft propulsion generated noise with minimum weight. performance. and economic penalties. W76-70038 505-03-12 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. NOISE TECHNOLOGY W Conrad 216-433-4000 (505-03-11) The objective is to provide data and a technology base directed toward improved understanding of noise generation mechanisms and improved correlation and prediction techniques for reducing aircraft propulsion noise with minimum weight, performance and economic penalties. Research is performed on fan, core and combustion noise generation and its suppression and shielding. Fan nuise research will be conducted in the 20-inch model rig in W-2 as well as by contract. Several acoustic parameters (such as reduced fluctuating stator lift, reduction of mpt's in and supersonic fans by means of shock swallowing and shockless rotor blades, reduced rotor stator interaction, and boundary layer bleed) will be evaluated Core and combustion noise research will be conducted to determine internal and far field noise spectra. Jet noise generation and methods of shielding let noise will be eoamined Forward velocity effects on STOL and CTOL engine- over-the-wing configurations will be evaluated. New ideas for noise generative mechanisms, noise reduction, and noise measurement will be investigated, and improved correlation and predictive techiiiques will be established Sonic and hybrid inlets and inlets witlr large area variations will be studied and evaluated experimentally to optimize noise reductions with regard to performance losses and operational limitations W76-70039 605-03-12 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif NOISE TECHNOLOGY C T Snyder 415-665-5567 1505-10-311 This RTOP covers acoustic research on axial flow fans with emphasis on thxse designed fur V/STOL propulsi xv systems. Our xblective is to achieve meaningful reductions in Ian-stage source noise tlrrough improved aeroacoustic design and testing practices The program proposed fxr FY76 will continue tx investigate and emphasize the contrxl of fan inflow properties such as inlet turbulence and distortion as necessary to achieve lower fun-stage source noise. Programs already underway in PP -75 to mxre completely explain the lower fan tone noise levels in flight cvmpared to static levels will continue. The investigation of and attainment of lower fan stage noise will also require new testing techniques scme of which have already been used xv small scale programs and will he extended to lull W76-70040 505-03-13 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. GENERAL AVIATION NOISE REDUCTION 6. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective xl this research is to develop and demonstrate advanced noise reduction technology fxr general aviation to meet proposed noise standards with minimum performance penalty and without degrading flight safety; and to develxp a more complete understanding xl propeller/propulsor noise mechanisms that will provide for aerx/ acoustic design prediction methodology for the evaluation and demonstration xl noise reduction techni- ques Theoretical and experimental studies will be undertaken in-house and under cxnrract. Flight and wind-tunnel experiments will he undertaken with a specially instrumented prupeller in order to relate the noise radiatixe to fluctuating pressvre measuremevts un the blade surface as part of a gexeral theory of noise generative. Other experiments involve wind-tunnel tests of acoustically designed shrouded propulsxrs. performance designed propellers, and the documentation of th enoise signatures of typical general aviativn aircraft W76-70041 505-03-21 Lewis Research Center. Clexeland, Ohix. NOISE FOOTPRINT PREDICTION F. J. Moxtegani 216-433-4000 Based ox theoretical and experimental knowledge of aircraft component source noise and noise propagation. noise prediction models are formulated for incorporation into the NASA aircraft xoise prediction program being developed at Langley Research Center for noise footprint prediction. The specific aircraft noise areas of major technical effort are: fan/compressor, turbine, let, flap. combustion, duct acoustics, and shieldieg/retlectiOn. The noise prediction models are formally documented as NASA publications. Those research areas critical to the improvement of noise prediction are identified and specific research programs to obtain the improvements are sxggested The work is structured to permit convenient validation, improvement and updating of the prediction models as additional information is developed. W76-70042 505-03-21 Langley Research Center. Langley Statixx. Va. NOISE FOOTPRINT PREDICTION R. R. Heldeelels 804.827-2042 The objective of this work is to develop an verify ax rntegrated. state-of-the-art aircraft exise prediction program (ANOPPI A wide range of activities is being undertaken to assure that the most advanced, yet widety accepted. prediction methods are implemen- ted. The areas of flyover noise measurement-noise data reduction techniques. airport and aircraft operating procedures, data base maintenance, component noise sources and source noise modeling. shielding, reflection. propagation. and computer sciences will be continuously reviewed and updated W76-70043 605-03-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. EXHAUST EMISSION POLLUTION RESEARCH S Love 804.827-2893 1505-03-3 21 The objective of this work is to experimentally and analytically investigate the effect of combustion kinetics, temperature. pressure, and mixing on the production of gaseous and particulate pollutants in hydrocarbon-air combustion systems. The results of these studies will be used to assemble more reliable chemical kinetic schemes for describing the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels such as jet fuels and predicting pollutant formation (NOx and sxotl in gas turbine cxmbustvrs. These studies will be made usieg labxrarury flame burners, a chemical hi oetic shxu k tube, and a jet stirred combustur. This study will also investigate the effect of hydrocarbon fuel structure and composition on the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and associated flame radiation and xrtrrc oxide levels Empirical relationships between fuel properties and pollutant/radiation levels will be assembled W76-70044 605-03-32 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio EXHAUST EMISSION POLLUTION REDUCTION R A. Fludey 216-433-4000 (743.34-211 The xb~ective is to develop. evaluate, and demonstrate the technology required to reduce modern gas turbine aircraft engine exhaust emission pollutants to levels complying with current and future environmental air quality standards with minimum adverse effects xx performance, weight and complexity. Various techniques for reducing pollutants emissions are being investigated both in-house and under coxtract in full scale combustor rigs. combuster segment rigs, and basic flame-tube type rigs. Five major multi-phased contract efforts are being used to develop and demonstrate, ix modern aircraft engines, advanced combus- or concepts that are aimed at reducing the pollutant emissions to levels equal to or less than those established by the EPA for engines manufactured after 1979 These programs include, candidate engines from all designated classes covered by the EPA standards for civil aviation aircraft. In-house and contract efforts lx explore high pressure-high temperature advanced cxmbustor designs, fundamental modeling and combustion pxllutant formation studies. ideetification of odorants. and eon-invasive measurement techniques are also being conducted PAGENO="0240" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 236 W76-70045 505-03-32 Jet Propulsion Lab., Cahf. lest, of Tech.. Pasadeea GAS TURBINE ENGINE POLLUTION REDUCTION TECH- NOLOGY R R. McDonald 2t3-3S4-6tS6 Ness lunconven tionall combustvr design cone epts for application to aircraft gas turbines am being ecaloated for their poteetial for piovidieg sigeificaetly reduced pollutaet emissioes Reducieg ooides of ertrxgee ushile maretarereg efflcrent. oboe combustion is emphasized The central coeceptual approach is to minimize NO formation rates by teducing flame temperature and by promoting ofstoichrometec burning The ocerall objection for FY'76 is the demonstration of feasibility of implementing the H2enrichm ent cone ept to provide for very lean combustion of H2-/JP feel mixtures. Pvmary emphasis is placed on establishing an experimental burner configuration that demon- strates stable, high efficiency cxmbustion with loss pollutant emissions os-er a range of inlet air conditions typical of contempor- ary, high performance turbine engines. Prou-rdrng that concept feasibihty is demonstrated using bottled-H2. a second objective is to commence exploratory experiments on the feonibility of incorporating a parlial-onidarion reavtioe cone to generate the required H2 A continuing ubjective is the establishment xl design criteria for implementing the H2-enrichm net cone eye in practical combustion systems for aircraft turbine engines W76-70046 505-03-33 Lessis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio GENERAL AVIATION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE POLLUTION REDUCTION E E Kempke 2t6-433-4000 The overall oblective of this program is to establish and demonstrate the technology necessary to safely reduce general aviation intermittent combustion engine exhaust emrssions to meet EPA 1979 standards and to reduce fuel consumption ssith minimuni adverse effects on cost. weight. and reliability With the advent of more restrivtrs'e standards on the pollutant emission of aircraft piston engines and the driu-e to conserve our natural resources, there is a need to determine and develop better says of handling the dis-erse but related areas A comprehensive program comprising contract xs'ork by the primary engine manufacturers as s--elI as a Leu:rs Research Center in-house technology effort has been established Work performed under contract to the engine manufacturers sill be directed to establish near-term solutions chile in-house x:ork us_ill concentrate on longer term soluti onssuc h as alternative engines and concepts requiring additional technology. The experimental investigation of the lean operating limits and engine performance u' ith an on -boord hydrogen generator ushich supplies hydrogen for injection into an engine to extend the flammability limits of the primary gasoline/air mixture ssill continue W76-70047 505-03-41 Flight Research Center, Edusards, Calif ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION INTERACTION TECHNOLOGY fMINI-SNIFFERf Robert Reed 805-258-3311 The objective of this RTOP is to develop a small remote piloted sampling vehicle lMini'Snileri capable of encountering and sensing both natural and man-made atmospheric contaminates and fine tcrbulenve in the altitude range from 50.003 to 100,000 feet Since the vehicle will flu' at los.' expected speed it pros-ide precise positioning and maneuvering in segmented atmospheric pollution concentrations at these altitudes as well as defining the basic fine atmosphesv turbulence characteristics at these altitudes The Mini-Sniffer is the only stratospheric sampling platform that cart gather both fine turbulence data in aircraft snakes as well as ambient atmospheric data igust velocities less than 0 1 foot per second and ssave lengths less than 200 feet) in horizontal and vertical somseys The design target is to develop an inexp ensive s'ehic In and an operational technique requiting only a one or tuna-mae cress' to operate in addition to radar and payload support personnel W76-7004S 505-03-42 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif CV-990 AIRCRAFT SUPPORT OF LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER GLOBAL AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM (GASP) 0. R Chapman 415.965.5065 1505-03-411 This RTOP is to provide CV-990 aircraft INASA 7121 support of the Lessis Research Center Global Air Sampling Program IGASPi The LeRC Experimental equipment un-ill be mounted and flos~n aboard the CV-990 for purposes of des-elopment and prototype testing of instrumentation to be installed on commercial airliners The research program is under the cognizance of the Lewis Research Center P J. Perkins and G. V. Reck). W76-70049 505-04-11 Lessis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio INLET AND NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY D. N. Sowditch 216-433-4000 lmprxved analytical and experimental design methodology for inlets and nozzles s-sill be generated to achieve higher perform ance us ith increased propulsion system stability. These results suill minimize future development effort and cost of ads-anced civil and military aircraft. Computer analysis programs for predicting both internal and external flxsss ssill be synthesized in-house and by contracts and grants These programs s-sill mzke it possible to analyze combined viscous and inviscid flows and, in some cases, three-dimensional (los-us. A matrix of inlets and nozzles s-ill be tested for comparison ssith theory and to provide design trade information for xptimization of aircraft configurations. The compatibility of the inlet and nozzle with the turbine engine and airframe sniill be investigated to develop inlet-engine-nozzle compatibilith- methodology Experim ental testing s-sill take place in OntO. 8x6, on the P106 aircraft and in a static thrust stand, CE 22 W76-70050 505-04-1 1 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va INLETS AND NOZZLES E Sos-er 804-827-3285 Studres of locations of the engine posser plant in various positives vf the airframe sill be conducted in order to achieve better integration with the airframe and to exploit any favorable let interference effects suhich may enhance the s-sing lift performance efficiency, reduce drag or permit vectoring of the let exhaust to improve performance and control of the aircraft. For the exhaust eva ale, investigations s-ill be made to determine a means of imprus'ing the internal and eotervai performanve of both uninstalled and installed nozzles and to explore the integration procedures for incorporating the exhaust system into the fuselage or pods General experimental and theoretical research studies s-sill be conducted to improve the understanding of the flow phenomena associated saith inlet boattail/jet/empennage interference Experimental research on cxi and nun-axisymmetric nacelles and inlets will be conducted for correlation s-ith analytical results and design procedures s-sill be developed from this W76-70051 505-04-11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif INLET TECHNOLOGY Richard H Petersen 415-965-6116 1505-OS-f 5. 505-06-111 The objectives of this research are to provide infcrmation in the desrgn and vperation of efficient air induction systems for sabsoeiv and supersonic aircraft and to apply this technology to other internal flos.' problems of importance The specific areas receiving attention are. 111 a general understanding of the basic problems encountered in inlet flows externally produced flow fields at the inlet entrance, boundary layer grossith and interaction ssith shvvks~asies. boundary layer separation, mass exchange at the boundaries. etc I and development of vesa mathematical design procedures. 121 detailed studies of tue/v general classes of inlets, tssx dimensional and anisymmetric. that are readily amenable to mathematical modeling~ (31 continuous updating of available computer programs derived to aid in inlet desrgn~ 141 floes drstortion and unsteadiness at the engine face and correlative of these phenomena s'ith loss in engine stall margin, and ISI application 8 PAGENO="0241" 237 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY of inlet technology to the development of high performance and diffuseto for gas dynamic lasers W76-70052 505-04-21 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. FAN AND COMPRESSOR TECHNOLOGY M J. Hartmann 216-4334000 (51 1-5t-Otl Approaches to improve efficiency, operating range, distortion tolerance, durability and reliability and to redace weight. volume. and cost of the wide variety of fans and compressors required for advanced propulsion systems will be investigated Analytical methods to improve accuracy of performance prediction to reduce the time, cost and risk of incorporating advanced fans and compressors into future engine development programs will be developed and compared to experimental data obtained in advanced single and multistage compressors Both in-house and contract' efforts are required The major program thrusts are (1) extend fan stage pressure ratio. 121 improve fan performance with low noise design and devices, (31 improve distortion performance. (4) evolve design/analytical/evaluation method; (5) improve performance retention. (6) determine matching require- ments of high pressure stages; (71 extend core stuge pressure ratio, and 181 improve perlormance of small centrifugal compres- W76-70053 505-04-22 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio TURBINE TECHNOLOGY O Poferl 216-433-4000 The turbine program includes research on turbine aerodynam- ics. turbine cooling, and turbine life Each of these areas are inter-related, and it is not practical to conduct research in one area without considering how the other areas will be affected Advanced cooling schemes for very high gas temperature operation will require increased use of film cooling The effects of this and other types of cooling air discharge are being investigated from the standpoints of heat transfer, aerodynamics. aid blade life Heat transfer, fluid flow, aerodynamics. and life investigations are underway for a variety of convection and film configurations for turbine sizes ranging from those for helicopter engines to high spool turbines for turbofan engines Fundamental heat transfer investigations on film cooling are also continuing Turbine cooling problems become much more severe at the very high heat fluxes that are enceuntered with turbine inlet temperatures in evcess of 3000 F. and high gas prensures xncountxrx d with uompixssxr pressure ratios in the range from 30 to 40 Oesign and fabrication of a turbine rig to investigate the heat transfer and structural problems encountered with these high temperature, high pressure turbines is being accomplished using Coff funds In addition, investigations are being made on multi-stage turbines with work factors from 3 to 5 for application to high bypass ratio lilt or W76-70054 505-04-23 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. PROPULSION INSTRUMENTATION .N. C Wenger 216.433-4000 Present effort in propulsion research are often limited by the inability to make rapid and precise measurements of the parameters of interest Rapid advances in propulsion technology have in many cases pushed conventional instrum extation techniques to their limits Further work on improving conventional instrumentation and measurement techniques will probably result in only incremental improvements. The oblective of this RTOP is to expand the instrumentation technology base and to explore new concepts that have the potential for significantly advancing present measurement capabilities Particular emphasis will be placed on six critical areas that have been identified as serious impediments to full scale engine and component testing They are It) turbine blade temperature measurement; (2) gas temperature measurement. (3) gas flow measurement; 14) blade tip clearance measurement; (5) blade flutter measurement; and (6) rotary instrumentation systems New and improved measure- ment concepts and techniques in each of the six areas will be explored with each study culminating iv ax experimental demonstration of prototype instrument or system. W76-70055 508-04-31 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio COMBUSTION AND AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS TECH- NOLOGY R A. Rudey 2t6-433-4000 (505-03-32) The objective is to establish the technology necessary for combustors and augmeetoes to achieve high performance and good durability at operating conditions typical of advanced commercial and military gas turbine engines A sw'rl-cae combustor is being developed for use in the high pressure facility )HPF) both as a heat source combustor for the turbine rig and also as a research combustor. A variety of new combustoi concepts will be investigated, first in a sector rig at low pressure. then further refined in design and tested as full annular designs in ECRL-1 at pressures up to 120 psi, and finally tested in HPF at pressures up to 580 psia This effort will be supported by research in liner film-cooling, jet penetration and mixing. fuel injection, vaporization and premixieg. premined fuel autoignitiox and various diffuser and cold flow model tests Several designs xl small combustors of the reverse Ibm and axial flow types will be designed and tested for performance and emission characteristics. Ax augmextor program will study ways of improving augmenter perfxrmance of turbofan engines by investigating a variety of new design appioaches W76-70056 505-04-41 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. DRIVE SYSTEM MECHANICAL COMPONENTS TECHNOL- OGY W J Andersen 216-433-4000 (506-16-22) The objectives of this work are to advance the technology for bearings, shalt seals, gas path seals, gears. shafts, lubricants, lubrication systems and mechanical punier transmissions to achieve increased effectiveness, lile. reliability, elliciency. and low weight in the high temperature. high pressure, and high speed environments of turbofan and turbopropellor engines, and mechanical power transmission systems Basin materials development, design theory. lubrication techniques, analysis and experimentativo will be performed for extreme conditions with lubricants, lubrication systems. bearings, seals and gears of advanced aircialt turbojet and tuiboprcpellxr engines to achieve efficient performance, reliability and extended life Analytical techniques for balancing, determining and controlling the dynamic behavior of shafts and rotors will be developed and corroborated experimentally to provide better des'gn tools lot high speed torbomachinery. shafting and transmissions New transmission concepts will be developed W76-70057 505-04-51 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio FUELS TECHNOLOGY R A Rudey 2t6-433-4000 Tb eobjectiver are to uetermine the properties xl future aviation turbine fuels derived frxm non-petioleum sources sue as shale and coal, to acquire sufficient quantities of these fuels br performing research rests. to determine the effects of these fuels on the performance and durability xl lee engine components and materials, and to evolve the necessary technology that is required to use these fuels in jet aircraft engines Laboratory research Ix synthesize and characterize candidate aviation tuibine fuels from coal and shale eil crudes will be conducted both in-h ouse and under contract. Feasibility studies will be perlormed under contract tx determine available sources of shale erl and to determine pilot plant capabilities required to produce sullicient let bud from shale oil to perform lull-scale turbine engine compxnents tests by FY 1 979 Subsequent feasibility studies will be performed under contract to obtain similar information on jet fuel deived Irom coal. Combustor tests will be conducted with hydrocarbon blends that simulate the anticipated range of properties xl synthetic fuels with broadened specifications Subsequent combustor, fuel system. and full-scale engine eve arch 72-434 0 - 76 - 16 PAGENO="0242" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 238 will be conducted as various candidate synfuels become available NASA-Lewis fuels technology effort will be coordmated with complementary activities being performed by the Art Force Aero-Propulsion Laboratory (APL). W76-70058 505-05-11 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL D. I. Drain 216-433-4000 The objective is to improve the understanding of and prediction of propulsion system dynamic behavior so that the system can be controlled at maximum perfvrmance. Furthermore, the control of the system most be able to accommodate sudden and unexpected disturbances safely and reliably. The approach is to apply the methods of dynamic analysis and simulation to establish the characteristics of airbrearhing propulsive systems Control theories and concepts will be developed and applied to achieve improved performance and operation of the system Special control hardware, such as servos, instruments, and actuators, will be developed as required. Experiments with components and complete systems will be performed to validate the methods and concepts developed for improved propulsion ny-stem control W76-70059 505-05-1 1 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY Weneth D. Painter 805-258-3311 The objective of this effort is to flight test an integrated propulsion control system )IPCS) on an F-f f 10 airplane. The IPCS program objectives are to Ill demonstrate the control of a state-of-the-art propulsion system using a digital computer and associated interface equipment: (2) evaluate the improvement in steady-state and transieet prupulsi on system performance due to IPCS: and 131 evaluate the changes in compatibility between the engine and inlet. (stall margin change) W76-70060 505-05-21 Lewis Research Center, Clevelaed. Ohio ENGINE TECHNOLOGY Ross Willoh 216433-4000 The objective of this prop-am is to provide an improved technology base for future enqine system development. Experimen- tal and analytical efforts are cndnrtake.-r to acquire undnrstaeding and to improve the technology base for the various technical diciplines associated with the detailed behavior, both dynamic and steady state, of the complete engine system. The objectives will be accomplished through research sub-proprams on advanced subsonic and supersonic civil and military engines. Particslar emphasis will be placed on seeking understanding and solutions for the dynamic ivteraotioe probems encountered s-hen engive components are combined to farm ax engiiie system. The sub-program will include ievesrigafives in ar ei- sac h as Aerumechanical instability. fan and compressor performance, inlet distortion, engine dynamics and ceetrols. and the performance of various compunents. The overall program is primarily concerned with significant technical areas cs'here large descrepancies exist between theory and actoal performance. Engines currently in the program include J-85-f3. J85'2i. TF-30 and the Ff00. W76-70061 505-05-22 - Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. POWERED LIFT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY Carl C. Ciepluch 216-4334000 (738-01-01: 505-02-431 The objective of this RTOP is te advance the technology related to understanding the ivteracticns bvtcsnen the engine. nacelle and airplane for powered-life propulsion systems. Thy particular interactions to be studied include the nacelle, includ- ing inlet and exhaust euzale. reverse thrust cvnfiquration and the wing/flap configurarixe Buth aerodynamic and acoustic interactions will be studied lv additive, technology will be developed for fans and ejectors suitable for thrusters fxr VTOL aircraft systems. The desired rechnoloqy will be brought forth through analytical model developweet and test programs using models, components engines and engine, nacelle and 5-aing systems as required W76-70062 505-05-24 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. LIFT/CRUISE FAN PROPULSION SUPPORT A. G Powers 216-433-4000 (514-54-021 This RTOP is to cover the continuing lift/cruise fan engine contract effort and LeRC technical involvement in support of the jointly sponsored preliminary studies of the L/C fan technology aircraft. The support includes: Ill extension of the present engine contract to further rehee the preliminary design and, in particular. to evaluate problem areas: and (21 LeRC technology studies of lift fans and turbines. W76-70063 505-05-41 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. BASIC HYPERSONIC PROPULSION R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 This research program is directed at the development of concepts for airframe-integrated scramjet engines and the assvciated basic technology. Component development investiga- tions are conducted inhouse at LRC ox inlet. combustor, and nozale designs applyieg to flight Mach numbers from 3 to 10. These results are incorpxraxed mx complete sub-soul e hot engine models on which experiments are conducted at Mach 7 in the LRC Scramjet Facility and at Mach 4 ix the AEDC APTU Facility. More basic research is conducted on H2 fuel injection, mixing. and combustion in both 2-D and axisymmetric flow fields fur bxth wall and stream injection in order to advance prediction and design techniques. fnhxuse program is augmented in some areas by R and 0 grants and contracts. Design studies on flight weight, fuel-cooled engine structures and systems are conducted in parallel with the aerothermal program. Program generally is focused on definition of experimental scramjet engine fur flight tests on research airplane. Studies of low speed thrust devices are cvnducted primarily inhouse for the purpose of synthesizing complete propulsion system concepts fur hypersonic vehicles. W76-70064 505-05-41 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. HYPERSONIC PROPULSION RESEARCH Richard H Petersen 415-965-5876 505.04-if. 505-06-151 This is the final effort of the investigation of advanced hypersonic inlet floss fields to develop the methodology for predicting the internal floss (i.e.. shock-wave boundary layer interactions. etc I in hypersunic inlet systems needed for efficient and stable scramjet engine system design. Experimental and analytical studies of hypersoxic inlet flows are to be concluded in which the effects of coupling betuseen the inlet, fuel injection system and combustor are to be evaluated, and in rshich fuel injectixx and combusror pressure rise are simulated so that the effects of these factors on mixing flow distortion and inlet perfvrmance can be determined. A body of detailed internal flow data urgently needed to enable assessments of analytical methods will be obtained and reported The study will be concluded by mid FY76 W76-70065 505-05-51 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohix. ADVANCED SYSTEM CONCEPTS R. J. Weber 216-433-4000 In-house and contracted studies will be performed of engine cycles, complete propulsion systems, and integrated exgine/ airframe cxmbnations applied lx representative airplane missiuns. The object xf the studies is to determine desirable engine compovent and system design characteristics fur future aircraft and tu identify technology deficiencies and profitable areas for research. The studies will explore the opportunities for satisfying environmental and natural resuarce constraints and their related impact on propulsion system selectiun and aircraft performance. Representative topics include concepts for reducing fuel consump- tion xf sobsunic transports and variable-cycle engines for supervvxic military aircraft. Supporting efforts will be included tu develop ness or impruved techniques for xstimating the cycle performance, weight. and other characteristics of advanced engine oxeceyts. 10 PAGENO="0243" 239 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70066 505-05-51 Jet Propulsion Lab Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena HYDROGEN ENRICHMENT FOR AIRCRAFT PISTON ENGINES R. A. McDonald 213-354-6186 Analytical and experimental innestigations of the potential for hydrogen-enriched fuels achi eying significant reductions in fuel consumption while simultaneously reducing pollutant emissions in conventional aircraft piston engines will be conducted. Analytical representations of both supercharged and normally aspirated engine systems including all components required for on-board hydrogen generation will be formalized as a means for estimatin gchanges in u;rcraft systenrelliciency and aircraft operating envelope. The perfnrnrance improvements indicated by these estimates will be nerrlred in a senics yf laboratory experiments on a selected aircraft engine type utilizing currently anailable hydrogen generators as separate laboratory components The performance of these generators will be nerifred with aircraft typo fuels prior to integration into tIre laboratory systems The estimated impacts on aircraft performance will be verified by flight testing the selected engine type in an aircraft which eormally uses that engine las unmedifredl. Aircraft/engine modifications mill be limited to those minimum changes commensurate with a definitive noperiment. an integral with engine hydrogen generator. and aircraft safety. A cooperatine effort between NASA and cost-sharing Industrial Contractors is contemplated W76-70067 505-06-il Amer Research Center, Molfett Field. Calif COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS Leonard Roberts 4t5-965-5859 )505-06-15. 50-0-tI The objective is to develop analytical and numerical procedures which can be used for the study of complex aerodynamic flow fields at subsonic. transonic and supersonic flight speeds The procedures will apply to two and three-dimensional configura- tions and will include consideration of viscous effects. Flow field studies in the subsonic. transunic and suporsonic speed regmnre will continue covering flows, with annt without separation, using finite difference, relaxation technique, and integral method solutions Ueder this ATOP theoretical methods also will be developed to produce the flow fields about hrghlift wings and complete configurations atsu bsonrc speeds Computer codes will be written for two- and three-dimensional multi-element wings includin g viscous interaction effects The theoretical programs will be supported by experiments under RTOP 505-06-31 The Ames Finite-Element Wing-Body Aerodynamics Computer Program will be modified to incorporate multiple bodies and vertical surfaces Several of the computational methods that are under development or nearing completion will be tested and/or modified for use in the aircraft synthesis program (ACSYNTI being used to study various vehicl econce pts. The computer codes will be compared against a more simplified existing code and implemented in ACSYNT. Emphasis will be given to correlating the results of these programs with experimental data and displaying the results on computer graphics equipment. W76-70068 505-06-11 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS R. E. Bower 804-627-3285 1505-06-14; 505-06-151 The objective is to develop the capability to analytically predict complete aerodynamic characteristics of complex three- dimensional aircraft configurations. now obtainable only by extensive wind tunnel tests constrained by Mach number and Reynolds number limitations, sting and wall interference effects) to a degree that preliminary design concepts can be evaluated and screened with reduced wind tunnel test time and cost. Analytical and numerical procedures will be developed for the prediction of pressure distributions, aerodynamic characteristics. flow holds, skin friction and heat transfer for inviscid. viscous and coupled ixciscia-viscous flows with attached and separated boundary layers. detached lee side flows with vortex formation and other interactions. Both linear and nonlinear, exact and approximate flow equations will be applied as appropriate Mathematical techniques required typically depend on the problem; however. finite-element, finite-difference relaxation. time-asymnptvtic. chaiacteristrcs arid integral methods are the most commonly used fur solving irvvlmniear problems. Linear problems will generally be solved by the distribution xf various types of singularities wIn vse strengths are determined by the solution of a matrix eqoatrun. Several yrublems requiring large computer storage will he programmed fvr the STAR with particular emphasis on efficient solution algorithms W76-70069 505-06-12 Ames Research Center. Mvflvtt Field. Calif DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL AERONAUTICAL CODES FOR ILLIAC D. A Chapman 4t5-66S-SO65 1505-06-131 The overall objective is to dvvelvp efficient computer programs for solving fluid dynamics prvbfems on the ILLIAC and large serial computers A wide variety vf fluid flows, steady and unsteady. rnvrncid and vrscvus. is to be simulated from low subsonic to by yersunic speeds fur two- and three-dimensional cunfigurativns Specific ubl ectrues are categurized under Ill numerical methvds fur partial differential equations. 121 CFD language suftware. 131 transvnrc flvws. 14) supersonic flows, and 151 viscous flvws New nunmerrcal methods will be developed and analyzed with emplrasis on thuse particularly suited for vector and parallel yrvcessin g The cvmputvr programs will be written in CFD language fur prucessing urn the ILLIAC. and with translators it will be pvssrbln lv debug and execute the same programs on large svrral cumpaters. viz - the CDC 7600 and IBM 360 and 370 series W76-70070 505-06-14 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATED FLOWS P E Bvwer 804-627-3265 The objectives are to pnrlvnm basic research advancing the knowledge and predrctrvn of uervdyrramrc phenomena involving various three-dimensional separated flows. Plows such as separation-induced vurtex flows with reattachment on lifting surfaces and cross-flow separative on fuselage-type rotating bodies at high angles xl attack are being studied. Theoretical and empirical methods are being developed to allow prediction of the aerodynamic characteristics and critical design Ixads of aircraft configuratruns to a degree that preliminary design concepts van be evaluated with reduced wind-tunnel test time and cost and the aerodynanric and srrcvrcrai rraden can be more nearly optimized The obl ectrves also include studies of methods for optimizing and augmenting the separation-induced vortex lift for applications related to improved maneuver lift. In-house experi- mental and analytical studies augmented by additional studies performed under contracts arid grants will be utilized to accomplish the oblectives. The dvvelupment vf theoretical methods for lifting surfaces will utilize finite element techniques and the edge suctrun analogy method. TIre body crvss-flow research will involve wind-tunnel studies of rvtatrng budres and the development of semi-empirical prediction methods based on two-dimensional nuncircular cylinder data Favorable component interference and powered augmentatrun nrethvds will be used to improve the vortex-induced maneuver lift W76-70071 505-06-15 Ames Research Center. Moffetf Field. Calif. TURBIJLENT BOUNDARY LAYERS Richard H Petersen 415-665-6116 1505.06-11; 505-04-111 The oblective is to cxnrduct analytical and voperimenral investigations of turbulent bvundary layer flows under conditions where our present understanding of such flows is inadequate. These conditions include Ill fluws over highly carved surfaces providing severe adverse pressure gradients )wrth and without bleed or mass infectrvnsl. 121 fluws in the immediate region of, and downstream vf. shuck-wave boundary-layer interactions, and (3) flows subject to narration of edge entropy. The flow may be attached or separated in any vf the foregoing cases. The results will be utilized to obtain by mid FY-77 empirical turbulence 11 PAGENO="0244" FFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 240 models for ose in advaeced computer pmgrams foe calculaseg complete flow helds includieg reg~ons in~ which viscous eflects play a predominate cole W76-70072 505-06-15 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS R E Bower S04-S27-32S5 1505-06-ill The objective is to research to significantly improve our ability to predict the behavioi of geneiel turbulent shout floes including turbulent boundary layers and five mining flue's for aeeoeautical design purposes. Theontical and ecpeiimental research on turbulent boundary layers. fiee mioing layers, and recirculating floes's including effects of compressibility, pressure gradients, mass and heat transfer and three dimensional floe's on turbulence modeling Develnpment of physical models of turbulent shear, stiocture of turbulent floes's, and investigations into the concepts of controlling turbulence by introducing acoustic energy into the flow or by modifying boundary conditions A coordinated theoretical and eoperimnntal program in which theoretical turbulence modeis are postulated based on the physics of the situation, with inputs from carefully conducted enperiments which measure If) surface shear and heat transfer, and (2) detailed structure of turbulent floes's obtained by standard techniques and by means of hot evens, lasers and other advanced measurement techniques. Detailed data and turbulence models are used to develop and verify snveral large num ecical codes including computational methods for three-dimensional boundary layers. three-dimensional fluid mixing. and vertex and separated flues's. W76-70073 505-06-16 Ames Research Cnntnr, iloffett Field. Calif. DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED FLEXSTAB PROGRAM R H. Petersen 4t5-965-5SSO (505-02-2 11 The aeronlastic deflections enpnsenced by large aircraft both in steady state and maneuvering Ipeeturbed) flight have a major impact upon performance, stability, control, and the internal loads arising ftom such deflections A major objective of this research is to dnvelop improved analytical methods and to incorporate such im provemeets in the FLEXSTAB system of computer programs foe calculating stability and control cf tlnnible aircraft. Both longitudinal and lateral-directional motions are included. Modifications are planned that es'ill provide improved lateral- directional results, more complete loads infoimation, effects of active controls, and improved representation of non-linea aerodynamics. As modifinutivns ore made, the FLEXSTAB program will be validated by computing cvmpvtnd results with enperimental measurements from both flight and wind tunvel tests. W76-70074 505-06-17 Ames ffesearch Center, Moffett Field, Calif. EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT FLOW FIELDS ON ELECTROMAG- NETIC WAVE PROPAGATION R H. Petersen 415-965-5550 1505-02-2t) The object of the research is to predict electromagnetic esave distortion in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum, resulting from propagation through an open pun of an airplane turret. This program evil) consist of both theoretical and experimental research. Wind,tunnnl tests simulating the various types of floe' surrounding the turret esill be conducted for the purpose of improving existing or ness theory. The tests are also intended to provide a better understanding uf the phenomena so that the distortion can be minimiznd. The tests will include a scale model of an actual flight system, and the results will be correlated ssith flight test data to be obtained by the Air Force Weapons Labvratory. A theoretical study of electromagnetic esave propagation through a turbulent medium will bn performed. W76-70075 505-06-21 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. NONSTEADY AERODYNAMICS H. Petersen 415-965-5880 The principal objectives of this research are to obtain an improved understanding and definition of the unsteady aerodynam- ic pressures and forces associated with aircraft buffet as affected by aerodynamic and geometric parameters, to obtain an improe'ed understanding of the reaction or coupling of the aircraft structure to the unsteady aerodynamics, to develop methods of piedicting buffet intensity and wing rock. and to develop means of extending the buffet bouxdaey Wind tunnel tests. nerifind by selective flight tests, esill be conducted to obtain unsteady loads. pressures and model response characteristics for conditions from buffet onset through maximum buffet and wing rock onset. Additional esind tunnel parameteric studies esill be made to assess various approaches toward alleviation of buffet and wing rock. W76-70076 505-06-23 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. AIRFRAME AERODYNAMIC NOISE R. E. Boeser 804-827-3285 Noise generating mechanisms and far held acoustic signatures esill be investigated using scale models of complete aircraft and of individual components. Methods for measuring airframe noise from models esill be developed. The aerodynamic integrity of models being tested ssill be assured Effort sell be made to correlate floes field characteristics esith noise Work evil) be done ix quiet floes facilities, esind tunnels. RPV's and the A N R L. Analytical methods evil) be derived for predicting the noise of individual components, component combinations, and complete configurations. Both empirically derived scaling laws and prediction methods based on the floes fields and geometry are under dne-elvpment. Trailing edge noise, as it relates to fla p noise sources, is a topic eshich sill receive special emphasis theoretically and esperimentally. The development of instrumentation to measure acoustic signale in a floes and efforts to reduce the background noise in the V/STOL and FS esind tunnels esill continun to imprue'e the suitability of lvcal facilities fvr acoustics related research. W76-70077 505-06-23 Flight Research Center, Edevards, Calif AIRFRAME AERODYNAMIC NOISE P L. Lasagna 805-255-331 The technical objective is to obtain an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved in the generation of noise from other than propulsiv esources by the airflow over the airframe of an aircraft in flight, and to investigate methods sshereby such noise could be effectively reduced esithout undue design pnnalties. In addition to theoretical studies, flight tests esill be made using a series of airplanes to measure the ground noise of each airplann s-chile descending along a landing approach path with the engines off. In so far as practical, the flight speed and configuration geometry of each airplane s-ill be varied to ascertain the effects of flaps. slats, cavities, etc - on the noise spectrum and level Tests have been done ssitl' an AeroCommander. JetStar and CV-990. Testing s-ill be continued using the JetStar and CV-990 W76-70078 505-06-23 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. AIRFRAME AERODYNAMIC NOISE L Roberts 4t5.955.5055 l505-03-t tI The objective of this RTOP is to provide the necessary data and to determine the design principle s necessary to reduce airframe noise by tO db in the next decade As a first step in this process, the noise Invel and spectra from the major sources of airframes noise are being identified by performing extensive measurements in such large scale ssixd tunnels as the 40- by SO-foot ss-ied tunnel and the 7- by 10-foot ssind tunnel. Additional small scale testing on specifi cnxise sources are being conducted in the 25- by 35-cm Acoustic Test Apparatus Noise sources investigated include turbulent boundary layers, vortex systems and evokes, separated flness, landing gears, and high lift devices. Special diagnostic techniques are under development for discriminating the desired noise signal from thn extraneous noise generated in the send tunnel environment. A parallel theoretical effort for predicting the noise generated by solid bodies in an airstrnam is also underssay. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms ssill be used to design incisive experiments sshich ssilll reduce aircraft noise to acceptable les'els 12 PAGENO="0245" 241 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Noise reduction techniques will be vertified in a series uf wind tunnel tests on models of existing aircraft and representations of future aircraft. W76-70079 505-06-24 Jet Propulsion Lab Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena AIRFRAME NOISE T. Vrebalooich 213-354-45fO The oblective of this task is three-fold (11 to identify the sources of aerodynamic sound due to the flow about aircraft component models; 121 to seek means of reducing this noise through geometrical adjustm ents not inconsis tent with aircraft design requirements; and 131 to gain improoed understanding of the physical mechanisms of noise production according to which 121 can be accomplished These oblectioes are to be pursued through wind tunnel testing. and with the use of a special acoustic measurement system developed for this use W76-70080 505-06-31 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. AIRFOIL AND CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS E. J. Saltzman 805-258-3311 The oblectioe is to improoe ability to predict the aerodynamic efficiency of vehicles which move through the atmosphere, also. to define how the efficiency of airfoils or complete vehicles is influenced by geometry. Reynolds number, surface roughness and teoture, and free stream and local flow conditions In addition. eoperimental research on turbulent boundary-layer phenumena will be conducted The latter will include exploratory model studies of the use of wing sweep for boundary layer removal on a swept back-swept forward Idiamondl wing combination to improve maneuverability at low and tr ansonic speeds Overall and incremental drag of powered and coasting vehicles will be defined by the accelerometer and/or dyvamic analysis methods augmented by the stabilized glide and rate of sink methods Airfoil performance will be defined by conventional pressure distribution techniques. bxundary'layer rakes and trailing wake probes augmented by flow visualization where required Pressure distribution techniques will also be used in assessing boattail and base drag and in studying moans of reducing these components of drag The compliant skin approach of reducing friction drag may alsu be assessed Turbulent boundary-layer studies will utilize rakes W76-70081 505-06-31 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va AIRFOIL AERODYNAMICS R E Bower 804-827-3285 1505-06-11; 505-tO-ti; 505-10-211 The objective is to provide improved airfoils and multi-element high lift airfoils in four major sub-program areas Ill advanced fixed-wing subsonic aircraft, 121 tr ansonic executive and com- mercial transports and military aircraft, 131 advanced military and civil helicopters, and 141 special applications such as remote piloted vehicles (RPVsI and outsized cargo aircraft Improvements are sought in the areas of basic aerodynamic performance. high lift and controls performance, and stall behanrur. The work will be an intermix of both experiment and applied theory and will provide Ill measurements of aerodynamic characteristics for selected configurations. 121 upgraded predictive aerodynamic analysis. 131 generation of airfoil design methodology for both subcritical and supercritical aerodynamic regimes. and 141 stim ulatron of new and unique design concepts, theoretical methods, and experiment techniques Examples include new supercrrtical airfoils, General Aviation airfoils, leading and trailing edge high lift devices, and new rotorcraft blade sectiuns In addition, the work includes improvements in existing research facilities and techniques together with development of new and unique capabilities. These new capabilities are specifically directed toward achievement of high quality data at intermediate and very high Reynolds numbers, such as are obtainable through cryo-tnchnolxfy. at high angles of attack at transonic speeds. and at very high coefficients using multrelement airfoils at subsonic speeds W76-70082 505-06-31 Ames Research Center, Moffelt Field, Calif AIRFOIL AND CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS H Petersen 4t5-g65-5859 1505-06-ti; 505-t 1-121 This RTOP covers experimental investigations on airfoils, cxmpxnents. and configurations tot advanced subsonic. transonrc, and supersonic aircraft. The objectives of this research are to provide basic aerodynamic reformation on advanced and/or improved airfoils, to improve the basic understanding of complicated flows, such as flow separation on both swept and onswept multi-element high-lift wing configurations. and to determine the potential configuration advantages of the oblique wing concept for use on various configurations. The airfoil data will be for use xx both fixed and rotary-wing aircraft This work will be primarily experimental and will be conducted in-house Complementary theoretical investigations are covered in RIOP 505-06-it W76-70083 505-06-32 Langley Research Center, Langley Statrxn. Va AIRFOIL DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND HANDBOOK SERVICES FOR GENERAL AVIATION P. K Pierpont 804-827-2210 The oblectives are to develop capabilities outside of govern- ment organizations to use advanced analytical methods and computer programs to (11 design and develup new low-speed airfoils for specific applications, and (21 to analyse and predict performance of new supercritical airfoils In the face of strong international competition, such new expertise will provide needed additiunal direct technical support for the U. S. General Aviation industry Specific applications will include light to medium weight single and twin engine private. sports. agricultural, and business aircraft - both propeller and jet types. The work will include. (11 dedication of contractors' exrstingc omputational facilities and aerodynamic analysis competence. 121 implementation of government supplied airfoil analysis and design programs and techniques. including tuning and optimization procedures where applicable, (31 demonstration of operational analysis and design capabilities, and 141 conduct of analysis and design services to both industry and government The expertise to be developed is intended to expndite introduction of the advancements in both low speed and supercrrtical airfoils together with high lift technology into U S manufactured aircraft. and to permit NASA research scientists to focus on further advancements in analysis methods and numerical design techniques W76-70084 505-06-41 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va BOUNDARY LAYER STABILITY AND TRANSITION R E Bower 804-827-3285 The objective is to identify and control sources of stream disturbances in supersonic/hypersonic wind tunnels, identify and eliminate dominant causes of transition in noazle wall boundary layers. develop and test noise shield concepts to reduce and control test section noise levels, develop methods to predict effects of various disturbances on transition and on fully turbulent boundary layers and shear layers. and design and construct a /2-Meter Quiet Tunnel The approach is to test and perfect settling chamber components. laminar flow nozzles and sound shield in a Mach 5, 5-inch exit diameter. Pilot Quiet Tunnel Hut-wire and high response pressure transducers lot microphonesl are used to determine disturbance sources, amplitudes, and scales All phases of the work are being conducted under close consultation with Rnshotko, Klnbanoff. and other members of tIre NASA Transition Study Group. The 1/2-Meter Quiet Tunnel will be constructed in two phases as follows. Phase 1 is now underway and consists of modifying and mounting an existing hnatnr case as a settling chamber plus the development and testing of optimum components such as turbulence screens. baffles, and acoustic silencers sshrch have to be tailored to the specific installation Phase 2 will be funded with C of P money and consists of the design and construction uf a laminar flow nozzle and the design and fabrication of the test snctixn. noise shield, and vacuum system. W76-700B5 505-06-42 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. 13 PAGENO="0246" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 242 TUNNEL AND SCALE EFFECTS IN TIIANSONIC FLOW R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 The technical objectia c is to poe do 1 lecheotogh or improved transonic wind 0000! sot 5apab ity lot esporienental prediction of performance id 1 aht ph t~ te' v.5 0' conceptoal or new aircraft designs lv coos coettact ad govt scc poeted research utilizing both ,-sztlst,cal ed eo'eorneottal approaches will be used to accomp' oh the 0"J' olive csth the elicits borg concentrated in the toho,'; `-~ spe0-l c a-coo ti ceyvqen'c windtunnel technology ~`iv stad es in dite,t sopport of the Transonic Research Tune'' p'clc,t. ,2i s c's and decctopm'nt directed towards applic t on o' the sapetco'doctien magertic balance and suspension s--sc--s to the t / 3-octet cr-y-cqeoic transonic wind tunnel. a-~ 2. - iv. 5h on tra"son.c tann-' walls designed to minimize i-st.tle"' oh the oevetopes ~et of improved wall interferer05 s0"O Pt method, W76-70086 505-06-42 Ames Research Center. iplfett Fi-id. C-ill TUNNEL AND SCALE EFFECTS ft TRANSONIC FLOW H. Petersen 415-865-5850 The general oblective of this research is to develop by FY77. improved transonic wind ta'in,.l lost te'-tivicjaes ,o code- to reliable correspondence bets' ten viscosity -depodeet data obtained from scale-model lets aid that Itom lul-scale flight tests. Tunnel wall coeslreiot,. lIes', c,cai'ty- aed means for simulating higher Reyvai..s -t `i hr i_cs__s a,~ be ivcest.gated analytically and enperie-"i ii W76.70087 505-06-43 Langley Research Cent" L_'y "-,- St,.~eot h'. FLOW MEASUREMENT TECIINtQUES E Bower 804-827 3 This effort will develop i - i-_ito' ti_it `ova to .icp'oov measurement techniqces to ,ot.s' e' so t -. `i-tee i-'-ao ,,tical testing requirements The "c-i. i' p-_i- -to `_t `, vi n ho ,e cllc't with emphasis placed c "s".'t_h `i-i sot. ,.`si,. c,' Is provide measurement te o"c'tp - Lv,. p' - - b'e to avtasiaari- cal programs Technoii -- - ,.~ i - -_ `a' h' STOP vii b' coordinated with more t, , so" -` ,,r''nt v "`apeteol ti cther programs Research to i'c p s,a i' i- vi's d"selep'nevt cl gas velocity measurement lv hoe,, e `tip_v.' `oei'ts in lied ll.so avd thermal mapping measoteei--t't., ae'ody'am.- aad vn025-.stee'ents. model attitude, and dip'ta1 d to n,/a~ siliO. tvchniqces These research tasks will be cc `i'sa'i ci - -d a',-ith pteoe'st and crc~ected aeronautical program rnves' `tnt-st teo,,-testi. tn W76-70088 505-08-43 Ames Research Centet `,t `fcC `v i__ FLOW MEASUREMEI-lT TECltrhlQIJES Richard H Petersen 4t5.e-, si-0' 1505-06-15, 505-06-3' _s0-Ca A laser nelocimete- s, i- `- `o d' -r"pe- to' cbta 0 05 mean velocities, tutb,,i'' - 0" ` pod Fp,' i'0 sttess components in both los-. `i h oi'~ 5' ``0 l c", Ftthvt, a latgo scale 18 wattl portable p' t `Cii -s' , - s' ot `-s i- to 5 - developed for measuring local cel ,v - " - - 2 b, 2-loot aed 6- by 6-foot facilities Me,s `ten- - to -`i sto " to cc i-sad- oath the 4-watt laser velocivt~tvt in th Ce's S s 8 inch sopetsceic wind tunnel in the euluta bocttdst', i,,, ,,o toe laced wall and downstream of a shyci, a'. toe bocsdaty layet i't'tastocn, and compared with hot mite an- etometet ieea°i'emeis's This elloet to be completed by FY-77 5-,-i, F-v. coo,dittalcd asith the a't,iyttcal and enperimental studies .`t ho ta'bc"et b ad ty layer task of RTOP 505-06-15 The so',. iv, i 2' e 2 aid tcsnel sill be coordinated with the ellc't I -`to- stad vs e ATOP 505-06-31 and the 6'x6 wind torn,, so - -v.t~". to' oil be con-donated with the stall/spin RTO° 505 CS-Sb W76-70089 505-06-70 Jet Propulsion Lab. Cold loot ol Tecs. Pa'adetoa NON-LINEAR WAVE INTERACTIONS IN FLUIDS T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530 The object of this OTOF to o. -eon a ccv', then-p of differential systems, cv.' lv eTi. to to 5h-e-,-,no a systet'rattc understanding of sole to o `-`v_tort ` qo tons of vctstinccm mechanics. The methods being developed are especially applicable to coupled sets of nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, shore results previously have been found by ad hoc methods. Enamples are Ill invariance transformations, 121 general similarity solutions. 131 characteristics. 141 integral conservation theorems, 151 discovery of nonlinear superposition principles, and 161 variational principles Of these, 131. 141, and 161 ate of direct applicability in writing programs for numerical compotution. 15) and 161 are the most active current areas of research in applied mathematics, and progress by' close interaction of computer simulation studies and analytical techniques. The method is based on the modern calculus of eoterior differential forms, and is especially appropriate for nonlinear equations such as occur in describing aerodynamics flows and in nonlinear wave propagatIon phenomena. The systematic structure of the theory also altos-as the use of computer symbolic analysis. The most recent work under this task has been Ill in the application to coupled sets of ordinary' differential equations, in showing how Hamiltonian structures may aRaays be found for these, and 121 in discovery of transformations generating multiple soliton solutions to nonlinear dispersive wave equations Such equations occure 01 only in classical fluids, but in plasmas, solid-state docives, laser optics, and ness superconducting computer elements. Work is in progress in applying the theory to the systematic dtscovery of conservation laws and variational principles. These are used in relaoat,on type computer calculations, and have previously been discovered only by ad hoc methods. W76-70090 505-06-71 Langley Reseatch Center, Langley Station. Va. INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (ICASEI J. 6. Duberg 804-827.2664 Thts RTOP procides for the continuing operation of the lestitute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering IICASEI located at the Langley Research Center. Hampton, Vitgin~a. The Institute brings together eoperts from universities aed industrial establishments to perform research in applied mathematics and computer science in conjunction with Langley Research staff members. The major research areas include activities related to compctarional fluid dynamics, the efficient use 01 fourth generation compcters, the development of numerical algorithms for scientific and engineering calculations, and large-scale evgineerieq and scientific software systems Additional research is carried cut in a variety of areas also of interest to Laegley Research Center. The Institute is operated under an agreement between the Langley Research Center and the Unicersities Space Research Association This RTOP provides for a 100 1cr the Association, salaries of a small permanent scientific staff, stipends for visiting onioersity professors, post-doctoral fellowships, support for student assistants. and a sm aft administrative stall. Other members of the Institute inc/-ide NASA fellows and industry' associates whose salaries are paid by their employers. The Langley' Research Center provides office space and some admieistrative and technical support. W76.70091 505-06-72 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIOUES 0. R Chapman 415-665-5065 1505-06- 121 The oblective is to invent new mathematical methods and to exteed and improve eoisting methods for simulating on a computer various physical phenomena. Emphasis will be placed on the study of numerical methods rather than the solution of the physical problem although the latter is the ultimate objective. Various aspects of the malhemat,cal procedure will be studied. Initially, the goeereieg equations must be form ulated in a coordonate system that is appropriate to the particular problem ssith its boundary and initial conditions Then various mathematical methods mill be aealyzed fur accuracy and efficiency using model eqaations. Promising methods svill be tested and evaluated for simplified problems usith known analytic solutions Finally, the best method usill be applied to the full equations gocerning the physical phenomenon. 14 PAGENO="0247" 243 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70092 505-06-73 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE J. E. Stitt 804-8273745 This ATOP is for basic research in the disciplines of applied mathematics, numerical analysis. and computer science, with emphasis on the application of computers to anrospace problems. The objections of this reseaich are the development of mathemati cal and computer science theory and the development of more effective analytical and computational techniques for the solution of the types of aerospace research problems encountered at LaRC In fiscal year 1976 the topics to be addressed are Ill approoimation and estimation theory and techniques. (2) optimization theory and methods. (3) statistical methods for cluster analysis, (41 the theory and numerical solution of differential and algebraic systems. (5) interactive computer graphics. (6) computer aided symbolic and algebraic manipulation, and 17) programing languages and methology Most of the work covered by this FITOP will be performed in-house Some support contractor assistance is anticipated in the development of computer programs. comparative analyses. etc.. and a number of grants or research contracts will be awarded in selected areas within the specialities of the Langley Researchers W76-70093 505.06-91 Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif HANDLING OUALITIES' CRITERIA FOR HIGHLY AUG. MENTED VEHICLES H. A Redress 805-258-331 1 The overall oblectixe of this effort is to advance the fundamental knowledge of flight dynamics and to eoploit this knowledge to develop methods for optimizing specific flight control or performance goals and to improve flight-test analysis techniques Analytical studies, computer simulations arid flight-tests are being performed both in-house and under research contracts and grants to meet this objective. The range of command responses of augmented aerospace vehicles that optimizes the pilot-vehicle performance for specific missions or a specific task within a mission will be investigated The main emphasis will be to investigate criteria for desired command responses that are meaningful to the systems designer and not needlessly restrictive as to the system concept employed. Certain aspects of wake vortex encountering dynamics will be studied through theoretical analysis. simulation and flight tests to assess the hazard involved and the ability of alleviating the upset by use of an automatic control system. W76-70094 505-06-92 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif HANDLING OUALITIES - TURBULENCE/FLEXIBILITY EFFECTS H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 Aircraft and pilot responses during atmospheric turbsilexce encounters are prime factors in the design and operation of all aircraft. To develop the basis for improved methods for specifying acceptable aircraft behavior under these circumstances, work is underway to: (11 refine enisting ride qualities criteria for application to future large military or civil aircraft where structural mode eocitation may have a first-order effect on both ride and handling qualities, and on pilot/aircraft performance, and (21 develop improved displays, autopilot modes and pilot procedures for severe turbulence encoun tots with advanced short-haul transport aircraft. This work will be accomplished by means of analytical and piloted simulator studies, both in-house and under contract Research related to objective Ill will be completed by both in-house and contract personnel on the VARD simulator Oblectixe (21 will be accomplished by means of a contract study on either the VARD or another suitable ARC motion simulator W76-70095 505.06-93 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va ADVANCED CONTROL APPLICATIONS 8 E Bower 804-827-3285 (766-75-02: 742.73-011 The oblectives are to develop a broad base of technology in control systems which make available to the designer the ability to improve tIre handling qualities, ride qualities, and stability and control of various types of aircraft, to investigate and encourage the adoption of techniques allowing maximum utilization of these principles by incorporating lb ese considerations in the early design stages of an aircraft, and to improve techniques of eotractixg aerodynamic data from light tests. particularly at high angles of attack The approach is to conduct analytical studies to investigate the applications of several aspects of modern control theory to aircraft dynamics and control system synthesis. These studies include methods of decoupling airplane responses to individual control inputs, the automatic stabilization and control of helicopters with external slung loads, analysis of automatic landirrg systems, and the syntheses of gust-alleviation systems. Simulation studies are used to investigate the effects of promising systems on pilot opinion and on handling qualities. conduct studies of gust-alleviation systems vtilizing accelerome- ter or v ann seesors and airplane control surfaces, complete flight tests of simulated STOL airplane with decoupled controls, conduct studies of automatic control system that will perform steep. curved apprxaches; conduct srmvlaticrn studies of methods of stabiliz- ing and cuntroling helicxpters with external sling Ixads. and continue analytical and experimental studies on extraction of aerodynamic parameters from flight data fxr various aircraft at moderate and high angles of attavk W76.70096 505-06-95 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. VEHICLE DYNAMICS - STALL/SPIN/HIGH ALPHA CHAR- ACTERISTICS Richard H. Petersen 415-9656396 (505-1 1-22) The objective is lx provide a basic understanding of the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft at high angles of attack through the develxpmnnt of improved theoretical methods supported by static and dynamic wind tunnel tests Ultimately. through the application of improved methods and test results new criteria can be established for designing vehicles capable of performing controlled maneuvers xver an expanded angle-of- attack envelope Theoretical methods for calculating static aerodynamic cveflicients are being developed in-house and on contract Experim ents in several wind tunnels are being performed to study basic aerodynamic flow phenomena. especially, at high angles of attack Investigati unsure in progress to evaluate various experimental methxds for determining dynamic characteristics of aircraft and experimental capabilitiey are being upgraded lxi testing at high angles of attack and high Reynolds numbers, both for static and dynami vcharavterisrics Dynamic apparatus are being vxnsrrcvred to evaluate aerxdynamiu coefficients w inch are pertinent to all phases of high-maneuver flight from controlled mxtixns to fully dnvelxped spins W76-70097 505-06-95 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu VEHICLE DYNAMICS STALL/SPIN/HIGH-ALPHA CHAR- ACTERISTICS Bower 804-827-3285 The broad oblective is to expand fundamental knowledge of the stall/spin characteristics xl aircraft, and to determine (re elfects of these characteristics in terms of piloting the aircraft Specific oblectixes are It) to investigate the fundamental nature xl stall/spur including the develxpment of methods for theoretical analysis. (21 to investigate rise of control systems for automatic spin prevention. (3) to determine aerodynamic characteristics at high angles of attack. and 141 to determine characteristics which produce a spin-resistant airplane The methods xf approach include wind-tunnel force tests. theoretical analysis. piloted simulator tests, and dynamic model tests. W76-70098 505-07-11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif APPLICATION OF CONTROL AND GUIDANCE THEORY TO THE AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL CONTROL OF FUTURE STOL AND VTOL AIRCRAFT C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5567 (513-53-03. 513-54-01) The purpuse of this research is to eotend and apply advanced 15 PAGENO="0248" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 244 linear and noelinnar modem control theory techniques to the guidance and control of STOL and VTOL aircraft Two malor efforts ate involved, develop methodology and algorithms for generating fuel, time and noise optimal trajectories of STOL and VTO L aircraft operating in an advanced air trafhc control environment; verify the goidance algorithms through an euperi- mental flight program on the augmenror asing let STOL aircraft and the tilt rotor research aircraft; develop and evaluate. usith the assistance and participation of the FAA. a candidate 4D RNAV system in a real time terminal area simulation. and use the algorithms to establish optimum fuel consemation operations for in-semice aircraft over the entire mission and identify airborne and ground systems required for implementation This technique can be used for both STOL and CTOL operations. The second effort is to design a Full Flight Envelope Autopilot which uses a digital computer and the basic norilin ear aircraft force and moment equations to calculate open loop and corrective closed loop control sequences which smooth, follow' and regulate general ATC tra~ecrory commands. s'erify system performance by an eoperi mental flight program using the STOLAND system on the augmenror ss-ing let STOL aircraft, and apply FFEAF design technique to tilt rotor aircraft. W76-70099 505-07-12 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. JOINT UNIVERSITY PROGRAM ON AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS E Stilt 804-827.3745 513-52.01; 513-50-51; b12-51-02l The primary oblective of this effort is to foster development of a university research capability across the disciplines that involve the au'ionics and flight control systems of aircraft and their interaction svith the air traffic and airport operating environments A secondary objective is to encourage university interest in inter-disciplinary education that will provide engineers and scientists capable of attacking the system problems involved in these areas of air transportation Efforts to further improve communications and interactions between the schools, and to foster initiation of complementary projects c' ill include net quarterly meetings of the principal investigators, the production and exchange of video recordings of technical lectures, and the eotnnsion of the contract between Litchford Systems, Inc., and the universities NASA. FAA. industrial and aircraft user-operating organizations will participate in briefings for program coordination W76-7O100 505-07-13 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICS IN DIGITAL CONTROL J. E Stitt 804-827-3745 lbl2-53-Ot; bt2-5t-02l The development of low cost flight computers of ever increasing speed, capacity, and reliability in recent years has provided a potential for more effective and easier implementation of flight control law mathematics than has been the case for the continuous time or analog systems of the past. Early applications of digital flight computers to control systems have in many cases emplob-ed rudementary and intuitive ccncepts for control law development and implementation. This situation existed because a theoretical background of design techniques for discrete time feedback systems and failure management has not been developed to the extent that such material exists for the continuous time systems used in the past The purpose xl this RTOP is to provide for theoretical researches to study and develop needed design techniques and operational concepts for discrete time systems to insure more efficient and effective use of digital computing systems for fligh: control Experience and studies in the more applied programs such as ASA. TCV and the F8 DFWB program will sewe to highlight problems of significance to which attention will be given. In turn the theoretical treatments in this RTOP s-ill serve to advance concepts for possible proof of concept exploration in these more experimentally oriented programs. Areas to be given attention ix this RTOP during the next year will include pattern recognition theory as appljed to learning control concepts, the control of nonlinear plants through im proved adaptive means, the integration of flight control functions, the improvement of energy management concepts, and the optimum design of multimode control software W76-70101 505-07-21 Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. GENERAL AVIATION FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM AND DISPLAYS Shy W Gee 805-258-331 1 1505-10.131 This program is a coordinated effort to provide avionic sys rem technology, development and criteria that usill continue the improvem ents ins afery and utility of all aircraft, particularly general aviation type aircraft Various new concepts in flight control. navigation, and display systems are being invesriguted through the use of simulators and flight vehicles that will reduce the pilots c-.'orkload and enhance his performance by applying human factors engineering to system design. Emphasis c-ill be xv low cost designs for general aviation W76-701O2 505-07-22 Lang!ny Research Center, Langley Station, Va. AVIONICS ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY Stitt 804-827-3745 1512-52-02; 505-07-121 The oblecrice of this RTOP is to develop low cost antenna technology for avionics systems that will be added to the existing aircraft This includes the development of low profile antennas that can be added on usah a minimum of structural penetration, and the determination of optimum locations of ant ennas using computer aided design techniques The approach to be used is to expand prnvinxs usork xx printed microsrrip and other low profile antennas to produce practical antenna elements and arrays with the polariaarion patterns and gain required, extend present computer programs and analysis to alloys treatment of GA aircraft. and to conduct cxmputeriaed siting studies along with extensive measurement s using sc ale model aircraft The results expected include prototype antenna hardware and drausings. a document- ed siting and antnnna type study for programs such as MLS. and possible flight testing of antennas on selected aircraft. W76-701O3 505-07-24 Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Va NON-COOPERATIVE PILOT WARNING SYSTEM C. Parker 804-824-3411 1505-10- 141 To determine the feasibility of a low-cost computer-aided radar system for automatic mid-ale collision warnings on a voncoxperarive basis to all aircraft equipped with only standard NAV-COM systems in an uncontrolled air traffic terminal area. Studies cull be perlormed to define lb e uncontrolled air traffic parameters, midair collision dynamics, systems approaches for detecting collision situations in this environment and for providing earnings to pilots involved. The feasibility of a system to provide pilot warnings and to prevent mid-air collisions in the uncontrolled terminal airspace will be evaluated analytically and demonstra- ted using existing and experimental breadboard systems. W76-70104 805-07-31 Langley Research Cvnter. Langley Station. Va. HIGHLY RELIABLE CIVIL AIRCRAFT COMPUTER TECHNOL- OGY J. E. Stilt 804-827-374b 1513-52-01; 512-53-01. 505-07-411 Detail logic design of two advanced fault-tolerant computer system architectural concepts will be initiated. Fxrmal proofs of design will be developnd to prove correct fault recvvery strategies Procedures for obtaining data inputs for reliability assessment tools will be developed, and reliability assess meets will be performed for the fault-tolerant computer system designs Software faults and their impact on systems reliability will be investigated In-house investigations of off-the-shelf computer systems will be performed to gather data for determining that reliability improvements and fault-tolerance are reliable W76-70105 505-07-41 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. 16 PAGENO="0249" 245 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY AUTOMATED VTOL AVIONICS E Stitt 804-827-3745 (513-53-04. 513-54-02; 505-10-23) This effort will derioe and oalidate the advaoced aoionics technology required for reliable, all-weather operations of a viable short-haul transportation system in the 1 980's Technology developed under this ATOP along with coordinated efforts in - aeronautics (505-f 0-23) and operating systems 1513-54-02) are the major elements of an integrated LAC program with the ultimate goal to develop and demonstrate operational capability of VTOL as a short-haul transportation system. The navigation, guidance. and control requirements for enroute. terminal area, and approach and landing of VTOL aircraft will be determined with emphasis on automatic operations New technology will be used to develop low cost and reliable radio-inertial navigation systems, displays, sensors, and to evaluate hemispheric coverage landing guidance systems. Designs of functionally integrated systems will be implemented in prototype hardware and flight tests will be conducted to evaluate and demonstrate systems perforxrarrce VTO L guidance, navigation, and control requirements, and concepts will be investigated by extending previvos analytical studies, simulation, and flight experiments to include automatic flight and landing operations W76-70106 505-08-10 Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif. KNOWLEDGE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES L. J. Eherxberger 805-258-3311 151 6-51-021 The objective of this work is the definition of the atmospheric conditions in which turbulence. remperatore transients, potential pressure altimetry problems and excessive wind shears occur The major emphasis is the atmospheric environment of supersonic aircraft Development and acquisition of sensors needed to measure these phenomena are also included Results of this work will be applicable to aircraft systems design as well as flight operations routing and scheduling. Observations of these phenomena are obtained from instrumented aircraft test flights The associated meteorological conditions are analyzed and studied both in-house and on contract W76-7O107 505-08-10 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala KNOWLEDGE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES O H. Fichtl 205-453-0875 The objectives of this ATOP are 11) the definition, modelling. and simulation of steadysrare wind and turbul once eec for aircraft accident investigation and the identification of aircraft operating hazards; 121 the modification of airports, and 131 the development of techniques and procedures whereby the know- ledge of the natural environment can be better utilized fur the safe operation of aeronautical systems The objectives shall be accomplished by It) the development of models of atmospher- ic boundary layer flow properties. 121 the development of probabilistic models of turbulence and the conditions which lead to turbulence, and 131 performing analytical and laboratory tests relative to the life cycle of fog To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be performed Ill Task-Ot Induced wind environments at airports. 121 Task-02; Natural environment reconstruction fur aircraft accident and operating hazard investigation 131 Task-03. Free atmospheric perturbations and turbulence ICATI 141 Task-04 Fog modification. 151 Task-OS Laser Doppler acquisition of gust correlation matrix data W76-70108 505-08-20 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT OPERATING EXPERI- ENCES Bower 804-827-3285 ,Statistical data ye the operational experiences of general aviation airplanes are being collected and analyzed. Data are obtained by NASA VO and VOH flight recorders from airplanes involved in representative operations of general aviation aircraft usage. Data collected provide information on the ground and flight loads. on the airspeed and altitude operating practices, and xv the aircraft's operating environment The information obtained provides- It) a continuous basis for comparing actual aitplane loadings with design loadings, and. tlrereby. a check on the adequacy of design criteria; 121 a nreans of detecting dnaraticipated operational practices; and 131 provides a bank of data useful in the design and development of airworthiness requirements for new types of airplanes W76-70109 505-08-21 Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston, leo AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND SAFETY R&T W Bricker 713-483-3166 The effort defined in this ATOP consists of acontinu ation of work originally started in FY73 and continued through FY-75 It also provides for funding the additional task of technical and operations support by DTMO Development Testing and Mis- sions Operations) This task will cover the refurbishment, instrumentation of the 737 fuselage, and conducting of the testing of materials for flammability. W76-7O110 . 505-08-21 Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif lost of Tech - Pasadena AVIATION SAFETY R&T -FIRE TECHNOLOGY McDonald 213-354-6186 The objective of this ATOP is to reduce the fire hazard associated with aircraft systems This objective will be ac- complished by research in two areas. Ill by modification of the fuel, and 121 development of analytical methods for predicting thermochemical behavior of the polymers in a fire environment. Fuel aetimisting fuel additives will be developed which will markedly reduce the mist formed when a fuel tank or line is ruptured, with a consequent reductiun in the fireball which can furm on ignition. The effectiveness uf these antimisting agents appears to be related to the development of a high tensil eviscos ity, but also the effect i ssens itive to high shear rates and temperature A systematic study of such rheelugical behavior will be conducted to facilitate tailoring the additive and its concentration to varied use conditions. Thermochemical modelling thermodynamic calculations and modelling will be accomplished to investigate the parameters that determine the potential for flashover and flame spread with emphasis on polymer thermal stability and identification of polymer degradation products. Although flashover is poorly understood, it is presumably highly dependent on the composition, thermal stability and degradation mechanism of the materials involved in fires An important goal will be to define the flammability limits of mixtures of air and the smoke and flammable gases geverated by polymers in the fire environment A combustion model will be developed to predict the flammability hazard of a given situation and to provide criteria for new materials and configurations for greater fire safety Condensed phase thermochemical phenomena will receive attention in the light of previous experimental and theoretical wurk on the burning of solid propellants. W76-7O111 505-08-21 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif AVIATION SAFETY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY O A Chapman 415-965-5065 1505-01-3 11 The objective is to develop the technology base for fire safe aircraft structures utilizing lire resistant materials, and fire control systems such as detectors and fire extinguis hants, tv fire harden aircraft interior structures and in particular lavatories, galleys, cargx compartments, and aircraft interior passenger compartments, and tx determine the degree of fire hardening against various fire threat levels xf the above structures This program addresses itself to fire hardening of wide body jet aircraft against the following fire threats It) the in-flight fire. 121 the ramp fire, and 131 the post-crash fire In regards lx in-flight and ramp fires, the approach includes the establishment of the fire threat level that unattended are as such as lavatories can withstand without fire propagation in the passenger area Fire resistant materials will be developed and applied in these areas to increase the fire hardening uf these struc lures Detectxrs and eutinguishants will also be evaluated In regard to pvst-crash fires, fire resist ant struc tvral panels and windows will be developed and evaluated fxr prvtection' of the fuselage against external 17 PAGENO="0250" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 246 fires. Solid fire extinguishants will be evaluated for use on engine nacelle fires for commercial and military aircraft. W76-701 12 505-08-22 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND SAFETY R&T R. D. Siewert 216-433-4000 The objective is to provide a broad base of safety-oriented technology for identifying and defining the hazards associated with aeronautical systems; and establish criteria for aircraft design and operating techniques leading to reduction in accidents, loss of life and injuries, and loss of equipment. The approach is to define, recommend, and support research activities that provide solutions to problems impacting on the safety of aviation. Cooperate with other NASA Centers and Lewis Divisions to eoploit unique facilities and engineering talents necessary for addressing these safety problems. Coordinate research results with the FAA. NTSB. DOD. other interested Government Agencies. and the aviation industry. Specific areas of current research activities include: lightning hazards, rotor burst protection, hi-energy brakes, and aircraft fire technology. W76-701 13 505-08-22 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. HAZARD AVOIDANCE AND ELIMINATION R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 The objective is to provide basic technology for the improve- ment of the level of safety in aircraft operations with regard to natural atmospheric phenomena and aircraft-induced haaards. Eoperimental flight research and analytic studies are to be conducted in areas of aircraft trailing vortices and slant-range visibility measurements. Assistance will be provided to other agencies on these problems as requested. W76-70114 505-08-22 Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. AVIATION SAFETY - FLIGHT TESTS OF WAKE VORTEX MARKING SYSTEMS L C. Montoya 805-258-331 1 1505-08-20; 514'52-Oll This RTOP covers FRC activities related to flight-test evaluations of environmentally acceptable vortex marking systems, specifically the JPL. ITetra Ethylene Glycoll system will be flight tested in FY-76. W76-701 15 505-08-22 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. AVIATION SAFETY RESEARCH E. A Weaver 205-453-4629 Using the laser Doppler technique, systems and instrumenta' tion will be developed for measuring nato ral and induced atmospheric flow phenomena concentrating on clear air turbulence ICATI and aircraft wing tip vortices. System feasibility studies, design studies, analyses and tests with ground based laser Doppler instrumentation will be performed to determine operational requirements, specifications. constraints and capability. The three major tasks in the RTOP are; 11) - lDevelopment and Test of a Clear Air Turbulence Detection Systeml Develop and test a laser Doppler clear air turbulence ICATI detection system as appropriate on the ground and aboard an aircraft, evaluating test data and the findings as the basis for system modification to assure overall system performance goals. 121 - Development and Test of a Scanning Laser Doppler Vvrteo Systemi Develop and test two- and three-dimensional systems for measuring atmospheric flow, concentrating on aircraft wing tip vortices. 131 - IVisible Scanning Laser Radar Visibility Studiesl Study and test the capability of a visible scanning laser radar in determining airport slant range visibility. W76.701 16 505-08-22 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena HAZARD AVOIDANCE FOR AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT R. R. McDonald 213-354-6186 The objective of this effort is directed toward improving aircraft safety. Specific effort proposed includes: a practical approach to marking trailing vortices generated by large aircraft will be investigated, with emphasis placed on injection of nonpolluting particulates. A preprototype model will be designed and tested. Based upon these results, it will be installed on a light aircraft to demonstrate feasibility. Flight testing phase will utilize NASA-FRC facilities. W76.701 17 505-08-22 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. AVIATION SAFETY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY- WAKE VORTEX HAZARD C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567 (514-52-011 A wake vortex avoidance system is under development by the FAA that will employ groundbasod computation to determine safe separations for given aircraft pairs with consideration of current local environmental conditions. A part of the data base for the system will be provided by this ATOP and will include: development of criteria to define hazard boundaries for a range of aircraft sizes, evaluation of existing mathematical models for computing the response of an aircraft to a known vortex, and development of improved mathematical models for computing the response of aircraft to a known vortex. The hazard criteria will be developed throuxh the use of piloted moving-base simulation. The existing and improved mathematical models will be verified using velocity data and aircraft response data obtained simultaneously during vortex penetrations. These data were obtained in flight tests with the Ames Learjet instrumented with a hot-wire anemometer. W76.701 18 505-08.23 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. HAZARD AVOIDANCE- DATA PROCESSING AND FLIGHT SIMULATION FROM AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT RECORDINGS C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5429 (505-08-22) This is a cooperative program with the National Transportation Safely Board. Bureau of Aviation Safety INTSB-BASI. The general objectives are to 11) develop improved data processing techniques for analyzing aircraft accident recordings. and 121 develop the capabilities at NASA-Ames to respond expeditiously when flight simulator analysis of an aircraft accident is deemed appropriate. Task 1 involves the investigation and evaluation of advanced data analysis methods (e.g.. smoothing and parameter identifica' lion) for the processing of data from either the foil or digital flight recorders. These advanced methods will be used to obtain, from a limited set of accident data, a comprehensive scenario of the aircraft's position, velocities. orientation, configura- tion changes. etc., and other derived information which may not have been directly recorded. Task 2 involves the development of the capability to expeditiously simulate, using piloted Eight simulators, a given aircraft accident. This flight simulator would then be used to aid the accident investigation. A key activity will be the establishment of a library of transport aircraft simulator models. The data from Task 1 would be used to help ensure that the flight simulations resulted in a faithful reproduction of the given aircraft accident. W76-701 19 505-08-25 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va WIDE-BODIED JET TRANSPORT OPERATING EXPERI. ENCES A. E. Bower 804-827-3285 Statistical data on the operation experiences of wide-bodied jet transports collected prior to closure of the NASA VGH transport o rogram will be analyzed and reported. Since no other operational flight data of this type exist for wide'bod;ed transports, this analysis will provide: (1) a me:.ns to study the operational practices of these aircraft to determine if aircraft size has instigated changes in these practices from procedures followed with smaller jet transports. 121 an assessment of the effect of atmospheric turbulence on heavier aircraft with respect to frequency of occurrence and magnitude, and (31 a comparison of gust and maneuver loads with design gust and maneuver loads. W76-70120 505.08.30 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. 18 PAGENO="0251" 247 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY CROSSWIND LANDING FOR STOL OPERATIONS A. E. Bower 804.827-3285 The objective is to investigate STOL crqsswind landing problems and methods of eotencling the crosswind limits for landing. A flight investigation will be conducted to determine the relation between airplane control, airplane response, piloting techniques, flight safety margins, and crosswind limits during STOL-fype landing operations. A crosswind landing gear will be designed. built, and flight tested. W76-70121 505-08-31 Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS OPERATIONAL SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT D. R. Chapman 415.965-5065 The objectives are to improve aircraft safety and efficiency on the runway through the utilization of advanced materials incorporated in aircraft tires and brake linings, to develop and evaluate new elastomer formulations for use in tires on high performance aircraft having wear and safety characteristics superior to those of state of the art tires, to improve aircraft braking by the utilization of improved materials for brake linings. and to develop and evaluate composite carbonaceous materials which serve as long wear and improvet~ frictional materials. Thermal-ooidative degradation and basic wear mechanisms of state of the art and candidate aircraft tire tread elastomers will be investigated. Tread vulcanizates of new and improved elastomers in polyblends with artural rubber and/or cis polykuta- diene will be evaluated with respect to wear and dynamic properties. A set of aircraft tire carcasses will be retreaded with a natural rubber/trans polypentenamer polyblend (as a follow-up to current work on tires retreaded with a natural rubber/vinyl polyburadiene polyblendl and evaluated in commercial airline operations as well as in special runway traction tests. Brake lining composites will be molded of p.polyphenylene. polybismalei- mide. and branched polyphenylene. The processing and formulation parameters will be investigated. The key properties will be determined. These include friction, wear, thermal and ouidative stability. Selected composites will then be tested on a full scale dynamometer. W76-70122 505.08-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu. AIRCRAFT GROUND PERFORMANCE R. A. Heldenfels 804.827.2042 The objective is to establish new concepts and techniques in aircraft systems design. resting, and operarrun wh,oh wiii permit increased operating efficiencies. Aircraft operations on prepared runways under adverse weather conditions and on certain unprepared surfaces present requirements of braking and steering systems, tires, and runway that are vital to aircraft safety and passenger comfort. The objectives of programs covered by this ATOP are: (11 to improve the performance of braking systems. 21 to improve the performance and lifetime of pneumatic tires. 131 to develop new landing gear systems that would permit operations on unprepared fields, including water, and permit continuous use of prime runways for all-weather operations. (41 to evaluate tire cornering behavior with and without braking such that high-speed turnoffs can be designed to increase the flow of traffic at congested airports. and 151 to relate the character of the runway surface to aircraft braking and steering performance. Research to meet these objectives will employ fullscale aircraft. landing gear systems and subsystems. and scaled pneumatic tires The test facilities will consist of the Landing Loads Track. airport runways, including the landing research runway at Wallops Flight Center. ground test vehicles, flight-type aircraft simula- tots, and various laboratory equipment. W76-7O123 505.10-11 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. GENERAL AVIATION - AERODYNAMICS R E Bower 804-827-3285 The objective is to develop and demonstrate advavced technology that will permit the design of general aviation aircraft that are safer, more productive, and clearly superior to foreign competition. This work will be accomplished by analytical studies. model tests, and flight tests to develop and demonstrate improved airfoil sections. wing designs. control characteristics. handling qualities, stall/spin characteristics, drag reduction. ride comfort, and pilot information. W76-70124 505-10-12 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif GENERAL AVIATION AERODYNAMIC PER FORMANCE TECHNOLOGY Roberts 415-965-5066 The objective is to provide advanced technology for general avIation that will permit the design of future aircraft that are safer and more productive. Advanced wing designs will be developed having improved low-speed control and stall characteris- tics combined with improved cruise drag and stability. Stall envelopes of eoisting light aircraft will be eopanded and improved through wind tunnel testing of various aerodynamic and control system modifications. In addition, promising future aircraft configurations will be studied which have potential for inherent or imposed stall immunity. The climb/cruise performance of general aviation aircraft will be improved by reductions in engine cooling losses and airframe drag of third level carrier type aircraft W76-70125 505-10-13 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. FLIGHT DYNAMICS- CONTROL AND DISPLAY S. W. Gee 805.258-3311 1505-07-211 The objective is to identify and demonstrate the optimum levels of stability control, and handling qualities for general aviation aircraft that can be achieved through the application of advanced technology: and to investigate methods that will reduce the noise signature of these airplanes. Flight and simulator studies will be continued in control display interactions. Degradation of system and component performance will be used in addition to wiving control modes between axes in order to define minimum system characteristics. Economical system mechanizations that provide these characteristics will be eoplured. Studies will be made of benefits, including direct lift/drag control devices in a flight path command mode of control W76-70126 505-10-14 Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Vu. ANALYSIS OF UNCONTROLLED TRAFFIC PATTERN FLOW DYNAMICS FOR LIGHT AIRCRAFT Loyd C. Parker 804-824-3411 The ubjnotivn is to collect and analyan general aviation piloting procedures and aircraft flight dynamics data to define significant performance and operational parameters during landing approach and departure from airports. A data base has been collected which is comprised of over 3000 three dimensional radar tracks of arrival and departure flight profiles and the corresponding environmental conditions which existed for each flight. Math models for the analysis and quantitative definition of pilot and aircraft performance and piloting procedures have been developed Math models for analysis of the mid-air collision hazard in uncontrolled airspace, simulation of existing air traffic and for assessment of new air traffic pattern concepts have also been defined and prototype models dnmonstrated Utilizing these models, pilot procedures will be characterized for various aircraft type and environments and simulations of various uncontrolled traffic pattern concepts conducted to minimize the mid-air collision hazard and improve community noise exposure created by present patterns. W7B-70127 505-10-21 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif HELICOPTER AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE, DYNAMICS AND NOISE C T. Snyder 415-965-5567 1505-10-22: 791-40-221 This RTOP covers research on performance, dynamic loads. stability, control system, and noise characteristics of advanced edgewise rotor concepts and configurations. Analyses will be followed by large scale wind tunnel tests to evaluate configurations and provide a data base to improve analytical techniques. A 19 PAGENO="0252" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 248 dynamic properTies evaluation of the eea: Rotor Test Apparatus will be completed to insure applicabibty to a side satiety of rotor systems. The baseline rotor csdl be tested. The design and fabrication of ao advanced research rotor wdl be injtiated This rotor will ocorporate latest concepts of rotor airfoils, camber aod twst etc. aod soul be used to evaluate helicopter dynamic load prediction methods tot nonstaodard rotors The Controllable Twist Rotor wdl be tested to determme performaove/stress tradeoffs Desigo and c005truction of multicyclic flap systems tot vibration/sttess so ppression cull continue. The blade/norton interaction study mdl b econtinu ed. and a rotorcraft drag reduction study will commence. Design and fabrication of optical elements for a laser velocimeter for application to rotor inflow studies in the 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel csill be completed W76-70128 505-10.21 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. "a. HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS R. F. Bower 804-827-3285 )505-tO-23. 505- 0-26; 5 4-53-Of 505-06-3t I Analytical and eoperimental studies will be made to identify factors contributing to the aerodynamic and structural characteris- tics of rotors University grants and contracted studies cod! be continued to define wake geometry and analytical procedures which mvfude wake characteristics in predicting airloads. structural response and aerodynamic performance. In-house eoperimental studies will be cootinu ed to bntter define unsteady local-floss' parameters significant m the prediction of rotor blade section lift and drag. Analytical. csind-tunnel. cs-hirl tower, and flight innostigations will be made to determine performance, dynamic loads, vibrations and wake flow characteristics of adcanced rotor concepts. rotorcraft configurations, and tail rotor arrangnmeots These studies coil> be coordinated csith the airfoil development research under STOP 505-06-3t, with the rotor aeroelastic and acoustic studies coder RTOP 505-tO-26 and c-itS rotor systems development under 5t4-h3-Of. These programs will, in general, be carried out jointly with the Langley Directo~ate of the Army An Mobility Research and Development Laboratoiy. W76.70125 605-10.22 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif TILT ROTOR AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE, DYNAMICS. AND NOISE C T. Snyder 4t5-565-5567 1505-f O-2t I This STOP covers activity in reseatch and technology lvi `the tilt rotor aircraft program to provide asvun d base for definition of petformanve dynamic loads. stability, control system and noise characteristics of advanced tilt rotor concepts and configura- tions The basic in-house dynamic stability theory eotended to coupled niodes and feedback control synthesis in FY75 will be eoteeded to complete aircraft math modeling. In-house eupeemon- tat studies will be initiated Contracted analyses and tests cs-ill be continued to determine -tilt rotor gust response and means for gust alles'iation and blade load suppression Contracted genemaliaed vvntrollem studmes fom complete aircraft gust allesiation csill be confined A contract tOt vied tunnel dynam;v data analysis technmqves will be evtended W76-70130 505-10-23 Ames Research Center. Mofiett Field. Calif ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT DYNAMICS C T Snyder 4f5-S65-5567 An investigation csill be made of the iniemaction bet--eec. and relative inipottance of helicvptei stability and control characteristics, displays, and pilot wvmkload cc performance of specific military tasks low-level m aneusers. temmain masking and cnmasking. lvss light level operatives. hub-vp and weapons firing> The objective is to provide a data base tv quantity the tradeoffs between system vomplenity and task perform anve so that cost effective design decisions van be made in the implementation of hardware desives on military helivoptets F:oed anit mvc;ngbase piloted simulations c-ill be used to es-aluate ask petfvmemance Selected results sail) be setmfied with tlg'il escvti-nents cony a c-amiable stabml~tj- helicnpmet as an in-fkgnt s~m~aamcm Ten apvccatvn of ads'aeced cnntavl s',stems lv I'm Pvlv' acaft a'' be enamined, through analysis, piloted sim ulations and . flight' eoperiments in the Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft. W76-70131 505-10-23 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT DYNAMICS R E Bower 804-827-3285 Sf35402. 505-O7-4t) The objective is to use brood capability helicopter in-flight simulators to primary tools, conduct tesearch required to develop improved and certification criteria lprimarily in the areas of handling qualities and overall flight characteristics) for the can ous classes of VTOL vehicles as cant) as for helicopters and other roturcraft The scope of the research includes consideration of manual FR flight conditions, as can)) as consideration of advanced vehicles having automatic and active control capability snith satisfactory provision for pilots to monitor and take over flight control manually co-ith particular emphasis on flight in the terminal area Representa- tive types of problems to be investigated include defining the requrements and flight/operational characteristics of aduanced flight control systems inc)udivg active controls, inherent and augmented stability, cockpit display-s. pilot controls. s'ehicle -`pilot interfaces with ground based and onboad navigation systems for manual flight in IFR conditions, and vehicte/pilut interfaces with automatic flight systems. The VALT CH-47 will be instrumented to provide a highly fleoible and efficient replacement for the CH-46 in-flight simulatot during FY 976. The SH-3A will be used for cockpit display - pilot workload studies W76-70132 505-10-24 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. ROTORCRAFT CIVIL HELICOPTER TECHNOLOGY R. E Bower 804-827-3285 i505-fO-2t. 505-tO-23. 505-tO-26l The objectives are: It) to identify in critical disciplinary areas. the projected requirements, and associated criteria fur achieving successful and acceptable civil operations, and to evaluate eoisting vehicles in meeting these requirements. (2) to assess the entent to which enisting advanced technology- can be applied to meet pmo;ected requmemeets, and to identify areas mequinng additional research; (3) to conduct vehicle and systems design application studies utiliaing enisting advanced technology; and 14) to carry' out key- enperimental evaluations ishich are deemed critical to industry acceptance, and-use of promising advanced technology featumes Studies cs-ill be varied out both through analytical, design. and systems studies and through enperimental evaluations of selected systems in simulated operational enciunments. The p0gm"' will criliae principally contractual effort, plus some in-house effvmt in flight research euperimeers W76-70133 505-10-26 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va ROTOR ACOUSTICS AND AEROELASTICITY F Boss-er 804-827-3285 505-1O-2t, 505-tO-25) The objective uf thms plan is to develop technology related the aetuelastic and noise chamacteristcs of rotoms, and to use this technolvgy in develnp~ng and validating adequate dnsign pred;ccon methods Technical ameas of interest include methods of predicting aemoelastic stablity characteristics uf rotors in hovem and forward flight. sibtat~on characteristics of helicopters and means tar reducing of allec~ating eocessive u-ibrations. unsteady rutom aerodb-namivs, noise source identification, improved noise piediction techniques, and means for controlling the noise from helicopter rotors. Work coil! continue on the establishment of a Oennraliaed Rotor Aeroelastic Model IORAtu1( to be used for enperimental correlation of advanced aeroelastic stability analyses being developed in-house and under contract Data from tests of Bell research tutor configuration on DRAM will be used to correlate UCLA stability analysis. An analytical stody.to develop means fur predicting the vibratiun characteristics of, complete helicuptem configurations coil! continue Full scale rotor vacuum chamber tests c-ill provide data identification techniques. Oevelnpment of a rotor unsteady lifting surface theoey cnm)l continue A pmogam to investigate the use of active controls lvi c'ibativn yvntroi coil! be initiated. Sotor tower tests on four. 20 PAGENO="0253" 249 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY three, two, and one-bladed rotor configurations to measure high frequency fluctuating loads will be, completed. Flight tests of UH-t Ogee tips will be conducted Critical ueroucxustic model experiments on tip cortex modifications will be established W76-70134 505-10.27 Ames Research Center. Molfett Field, Calif. ADVANCED TILT ROTOR AERODYNAMICS .W. L. Cook 4t5-965-5559 The objective of this effort is to proeide technical data to enable rotor and control system design optimization fnr advanced tilt toter aircraft. Design information for cvntrol systems that will maximize aircraft maneuver capability, reduce rotor loads, and reduce tilt rutor sensitivity to gust and turbulence will be developed Variable gexmetry rotors will be investigated to determine pxtential improvements in rotor and aircraft cruise performance. A dynamically scaled wind tunnel model of a tilt rotor with a cvmpvsite blade hingeless rotor will be tested under contract The parametric variation in rotor and aircraft loads during transitive will be investigated and the current tilt rxtor mathemati- cal model updated The performance gains and blade load reduction achievable by puttin gcyclic control under pilot command will be assessed. The existing data base for hingeless rotor performance will be extended to a simulated cruise speed of 300 knots Small-scale telnscvping blade rxtor tests will be performed vnder contract in Fl 1977 The effect of tilt angle and flight speed xx the transition flight boundaries. rvtor performance and stability characteristics will be determined W76-70135 -, . 505-10-31 Ames Research Center. Mvlfett Field. Calif VTOL AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE C T Snyder 4t5-965-5S67 1505-03-f 21 This RTOF covers research on the aervdynumics. performance. stability and control of premising let-lilt VIOL cxmmerciul and military trunspnrt configurations, including a better understvnding of propulsixn-aerodynamic rnteractivns Analytical methods fur predicting these characteristics will be imprxved Wind-tunnel investigations of a large-scale modnl xl a lilt-fair research aircraft both in and nut of ground effect will begin Large-scale wind tunnel invnstigativns of aircraft compxnenls will c entinve, as will wind-tunnel research xx the noise genera ted by lift-fan jet-lilt VIOL aircraft at forward speed Analytical studies to imprvve predictivv methods will begin. Studies xl advanced augmentxrs at both large and small scale will cvxtinae Theoretical and experimental studies of cruise performance of lift/cruise fan powered VIOL aircraft will cvntinue - W76-70136 505-10-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu VTOL AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE R E Buwer 804-827-3285 (SOS-lt-411 - This research is a centinuin g three-part effort in VTO aerodynamics invxlving applied fluid mechanics phenvinena. cvmbat aircraft, and transport aircraft. The basic researc Ii vbjective is to prvvidn the technvlvgy required fur improved perfvrmunce. stability, and control vI premising VIOL cvnfigurativns applicable lv military combat aircraft and vIse to civil and military transports Limited fundamental studies will be contivue d in-hvvse and by cvntruct to develop. thrxvgh thevry and experiment, engineering design methods for optimizing the aervdynumics of VIOL aircraft University grants will augment the in-h vvse analytical eflxrt Majvr emphasis will be placed on wind tunnel investigatiens of combat aircraft cenliguratiens and promising lilt-lax transperts for both military and civil applicative Exploratory research will be condvcted in an attempt te integrate V/STOL capability into beth c enven tienul and highly maneuverable fighter aircraft designs This research will include configvrativns suitable lvr shipbvard vperatixxs where cv catapults yr arresting gear is used and embracesv arievs prepulsien schemes svc h as ejecters. thrust deflecters. and lilt-plvs-lift/crvise engines ` . . W76-70137 505-10-32 Ames Research Center, Mvlfctt Field, Calif VTOL FLIGHT DYNAMICS C T Snyder 4t5-965-5567 (505-10-351 Design and handling qualities criteria will be developed for satisfactory manual control of jet or lilt-fe-n VTOL aircraft Two areas are of primary concern The first is to develop advanced flight control systems that overcome deficiencies of existing systems designed for these aircraft The second is to study and solve specific problems that are associated with adapting VTOL aircraft to operatixns from ships A particular advanced controller concept, called the state rate feedback implicit model follower, will be studied in a piloted moving-base simulation and cempared directly with a convex tional response feedback controller. Flight research in the hovering mode, using the X-t48 aircraft, will also be employed to study advanced control concepts Piloted moving-base simulation will also be employed to study special problems involved in munval conttvl xi the take-off, approach, and landing of VIOL aircraft from Navy shiys during severe weather cenditivns The techniques developed will be employed in simulations required for the NASA/NAVY Lift/Cruise Aircraft Technelogy Program (RTOP 505-10-351 as well as in simulations lv meet the objectives xf this RTOP. W76-70138 505-10-34 Ames Research Center, Meffett Field, Calif SIMULATION MATH MODELS OF ADVANCED TRANS- PORTS C T Snyder 415-965-5567 Simulatien medels xl all important aircraft concepts in the CIOL, RTOL, STOL and V/STOL commercial transport classes are required to svppxrt the study xl terminal area efficiency factors To permit valid comparisons, the models of all com- peting concepts must be designed to the same level and technolegy and, where pessible. er the same missivn Simulatien medels of premising concepts will be deneleyed. commensurate with the reguirem ents lvi compvter storage mid speed of execution, yet censistant ssith the aim xl providing representative pilet handling qualities The initial eflort will c enceetra te on medelling and simulatien en the Ames Flight Simulator for Advanced Aircraft xl a 1985 technelvgy level 100 passenget tilt rotor vehicle, including its ride quality and gust allen alien centrel system Tb e next airc alt types to be medeled will be commercial derivatives xl the Air Force AMSI velvclcs and a 16w wing leading STOL with ride quality centrol W76-70139 505-10-J5 Ames Research Center, Melfett Field, Calif NASA/NAVY MULTIMISSION V/'STOL AIRCRAFT TECH- NOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 14 L Coek 415-965-5903 (514-54-01) This RTOP is lx cvver the Ames Research Center's lechnelegy Oevelepmnnt Pregram er the yetential FY-77 New Start lxr the NASA/Navy Mvltipurpese V/STOL Technelegy Aircraft These lechnelegy Develepment Programs are being equally cefunded by Ire U S Navy, and Lewis Research Center is supporting the lechnelegy Prvgrams lot tIre lilt/cruise prnpvlsi en system Thus research aircraft weuld have V/SIOL capability provided by integrated prepulsien/centrol system having lilt/cruise fans lvi hover and lb ecrvise modes xl flight The deuelvpment el lie technelegy weuld allew preceeding with the lilt/cruise fan denelepment ix P1-76 lellewed by start of lubricative xl `the research aircraft in FY77 The lechnelegy Oesielvpmext Pregram includes (1) small-scale and largescule wind tunnel tests xl tIre research aircraft to be cenducted in the Ames 40- by 90-Feet and the Langley V/STOL Wind' Tunnels, (21 static tests xl large-scale thrvst deflecters lvi th ecruise fans, (31 integrated cenirel/prepulsien systens studies and tests, 141 cenceptual design studies vf the petential research and technelegy aircraft fer NASA and Navy flight ~nuestigatien purpeses, incleding estimates of and schierlules er budgetary purpeses prier lv proceeding with thin research aircraft pruject. and 15) denelnpment vI math medels based ye existing data Inn 6-degree ef metien sirnulatren the putential research aircraft dun eq Fy76 21 PAGENO="0254" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 250 W76-70140 505-10-41 Langley Research Center. Langley Statinn. Va. POWERED-LIFT AERODYNAMICS R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 (769-38-02; 769-39-03) The objective is to provide the technology required to improve the low-speed performance and aerodynamics and high.speed cruise performance of powered-lift aircraft configured for short-haul applications. Primary emphasis in FY.t976 will be placed on upper-surface blowing (USE) concepts which employ attached exhaust flow on the upper surface of the wing during terminal-area operations. In-house and contract efforts which utilize wind tunnels, static test rigs, and theoretical and analytical approaches will be directed toward providing data and prediction techniques pertaining to aerodynamic performance. W76-70141 505-10-41 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. POWERED-LIFT (STOL/RTOLI AERODYNAMIC PERFORM- ANCE C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567 1505-06-231 This RTOP covers Ames efforts in R/STOL Aerodynamics and noise. The goal is to provide aerodynamically efficient, quiet. and mechanically simple powered lift systems having RTOL and STOL performance. The experimental investigations at large and small scale as well as theoretical studies for improving augmex- br performance and acoustics will continue. General support in the investigation of other powered lift concepts will be continued ix both theoretical and experimental effort Supporting investiga- tions of wind tunnel wall effects for STOL aircraft, ground effect. and noise characteristics of STOL aircraft will be conducted under this RTOP. W76-70142 505-10-42 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. STOL/RTOL FLIGHT DYNAMICS C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567 Generalized analytical studies, ground-based simulation. and flight research will provide data for revision and extension of existing handling qualities and certification criteria for STO aircraft. The data will apply to the following critical areas: flight-path, airspeed, and attitude control; landing flare in presence of ground effect; roll and yaw control for cross-wind landing; and the control of a powered-lift STOL following loss xl an engine Tentative airworthiness criteria based on studies of representative powered-lift aircraft, together with techniques for determining compliance will continue to be developed ix cooperative FAA/NASA piloted simulation studies ox the Flight Simulator for Advanced Aircraft. These results will contribute to generalized criteria for all concepts. Flight research in both handling qualities and certification areas will be accomplished using the Augmentor Wing Jet STOL Research Aircraft; a DHC-6 aircraft equipped with hinged-plate spoilers (joint NASA/FAA program); and the QSRA. YC.t4 and YC.t 5 aircraft as they become available. A simulation experiment will be conducted to develop means and procedures for minimizing landing field length for short-haul RTOP aircraft W76-70143 505-10-43 Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif. STOL - CRUISE AUGMENTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Richard H Pelvrsex 415.965-5859 )505-l0-4t1 This work will cover the Ames research effort to explore the possible benefits to the cruise performance of augmentor-wieg jet STOL aircraft by operation of the augmentor in the cruise flight regime. The primary goals of this study are It) to develop an efficient augmentor configuration for STOL aircraft over the entire flight Mach number range, with particular emphases xx the cruise speed; (21 to improve the overall propulsive efficiency of STOL aircraft; and 13) to attain high wing efficiency utilizing the augmentur system as a bovvdary layer control device; i.e.. with a suitable design 1 isexpecte d to maintain a `flal top' pressure distribution over almost the entire upper surface of the wing (thus emulating the so-called super-critical wing sectionl Because little is known about behavior of the augmenter flap at STOL-cruise speeds, it is proposed to carry out the research work ix a step-by-step or multi-phase in-house aed contractual program. Thus, tests will be conducted ix tow speed tuenels and then, high speed tunnels, using both 2 and 3 dimensional STOL-augmextor configurations. The effort will be supported by appropriate analytical analyses. W76-70144 505-10-44 Langley Research Center. Laegley Station. Va. POWERED-LIFT ACOUSTICS AND LOADS R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 1769-38-02; 769-39-031 The objective is to provide the technology required to improve the terminal-area noise and to define the loads xf powered-lift aircraft configured for short-haul applications. Emphasis in FY 1976 will be placed ox upper-surface blowing IUSBI concepts which employ attached exhaust flow on the upper surface of the wing during terminal-area operations. In-house and contract efforts which utilize wind tunnels, acoustical laboratories, xutdoxr test rigs, and theoretical and analytical approaches will be directed toward providing data and prediction techniques pertaining to acxustios. and loads phenomena Studies will also be carried out of integration of these results into optimal configurations. W76-70145 505-11-12 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. SUBSONIC/SONIC AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC PERFORM- ANCE Richard H. Petersen 415-965-5990 1505-06-31; 791-93-621 The objective of this investigation is to determine the aerodynamic performance. stability and control characteristics. of the R.T. Jones oblique wing transport aircraft coxfiguratixx at subsonic. transonic and low supersonic speeds, and to provide adequate aerodynamic prediction methods for this class of vehicle This information will be used for mission studies to assess the potential of axtisymmetric configurations for advanced transport application. Concurrently, analytical and experimental investiga- tions of nacelle-airframe configurations are uedermay using a scaled wind tunnel oblique wing transport model designed for flight up to M.- 1.2. The performaxce xl wind tunnel model will be compared with analytical predictions to assess the validity of the methods used W76-70146 505.11-13 Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif. OBLIQUE WING FLIGHT TEST TECHNOLOGY William H. Andrews 805-258-331 1 (516-5010; 505-11-121 This test program will be conducted in two phases and will be directed toward the operation of an RPV and full-scale manned airplane modified to demonstrate the oblique winged configuration concept developed by R. T. Jones of the Ames Research Center The initial program phase will consist of testing ax R PV, Firebee 2. particularly ix the critical regions of the projected flight envelope. The second phase will be directed to flying a manned LTV F-8 airplaee to fully demonstrate aed gain industry acceptance of the concept. Bulk vehicles will be modified to incorporate essentially an elliptical. full-span, variable-sweep wing (Lambda = 0 deg to 60 dog) fabricated to standard structural design specifications. The incorporation of conventional lateral control and high lift devices in the wing or other alternatives will be considered ix the development stages of these programs. Basic control and stability augmentation system modifications to the test vehicles will also be assessed ix the early develop- ment phase of each vehicle, respectively. The objective of the flight programs will be no demonstrate the feasibility and utility of the concept by evaluating the following: W76-70147 505-11-13 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. OBLIQUE WING FLIGHT TEST TECHNOLOGY R H. Petersen 415-965-5881 The primary objective of this project is to denelop and improve analytical and empirical prediction techniques that will provide 22 PAGENO="0255" 251 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY more accurate estimation of aircraft dynamic flight behavior from static wind tunnel data. Investigations of the currently used methods for predicting dynamic derivatives from static aerodynam- ic data and methods based on wind tunnel flight-data correlations mill be made and effort will be made to improve these methods and develop new methods where appropriate. Initial efforts under this project will be directed at developing the NASA capability for predicting the dynamic behavior of oblique wing aircraft based on static wind tunnel and calculated data. An oblique wing remotely piloted aircraft will be wind tunnel tested and the aerodynamic data will be used to develop a simulation of the aircraft. The aircraft will then be flown to generate the actual dynamic behanior. The dynamic derivatives will be eotracted from the flight test data. Correlation of the flight determined values with the wind tunnel data and the predicted derivatives will be used as a guide in the effort to develop improved prediction techniques. W76-70148 506-11-14 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. CIVIL AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT TESTING - INDUSTRY AND OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES R. H Petersen 415-965-5848 Civil aircraft research and development generally require supporting wind tunnel investigations. lv particular. Reynolds number effects on high-lift system characteristics at take-off and landing speeds. and performance. stability and control characteris- tics and aerodynamic loads assessment at transoxic and supersonic speeds need experimental evaliation. Notably the 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel and the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel are well-suited for such investigations and, when technically appropri- ate. are utilized accordingly Proprietary testing at the request of a particular company is charged for in accord with NASA policy. Testing for other government agencies is dove withovt transfer of funds W76-70149 505-1 1-15 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 The technical objective of this work is to provide the analytic methodology and a background of aerodynamic data throughout the speed range (up to about M .4.51 for defining and optimizing the aerodynamic performance of high-speed aircraft çoxligura- lions. The approach to be used will employ both theoretical and experimental investigations of generalized aircraft configurations to develop techniques for increasing aerodynamic efficiency; to determine means of managing the aerodynamic center variation with Mach number to attain low static margins without encountering regions of static instability; and, to develop new aerodynamic control concepts to provide maximum aerodynamic control effectiveness with a minimum of control force. Attempts will be made to formulate original theories and to adapt eoisting theories to practical usage in computing programs. Limited wind-tunnel tests will be made to verify, to establish limits of, and where appropriate, provide empirical corrections to theoretical results. Interactive computer graphics will be developed for efficient use of both manpower and computer power. W76-70150 505-11-16 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. LONG-HAUL AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS AND PROPUL- SION SYSTEM INTEGRATION R E Bower 804-827-3285 The objective is to provide advanced technology required to improve the aerodynamic performance of advanced medium-to- long-haul transport aircraft without undue degradation to other characteristics. Emphasis will be directed toward technology development applicable to next generation transport designs configured to conserve fuel and be environmentally acceptable, and toward advanced very large aircraft for cargo or other applications. In-hoase and contract efforts which utilize wind tunnels, acoustic laboratories, outdoor test rigs, and theoretical and analytical approaches will be directed toward providing a data base and prediction techniques pertaining to subsonic aerodynamic performance for both cruise and high.lift conditions. propulsion system integration, stability and control, and where appropriate. acxvstic and loads phenomena. W76-70151 505-11-21 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. MILITARY AIRCRAFT - AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS Richard H. Petersen 415.965.6116 1505-06-95: 505-04-111 Experimental and analytical studies will be made to provide the aeiodynamic technology for design of advanced military aircraft. Large scale wind tunnel studies will be condvcted on components and integrated configurations to determine the mutual aerodynamic interference effects between the airframe and propulsion system for military aircraft at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds. The effect of fuselage geometry and inlet location on aircraft and inlet performance will be determined. Various numerical analysis and apprxvimatiov techniques will be employed to serve as a basis for the detailed numerical study, and to aid in defining cost effective experimental programs. Wind tunnel studies and existing tuvvel results will be made over the Mach number range to verify the analysis and xx evaluate the mutual aerodynamic interferevce effects between the airframe and propulsion system that are beyond the sccpe of present analytical methods. It is estimated that this effort wili extend thru FY79. W76-70152 505-1 1-21 Langley Research Center. Langley Statixn, Va MILITARY AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS P. E. Bower 804-827-3285 The technical xbjective of this work is xx develxp the aerodynamic technolxgy base for the design of future military aircraft. The approach to be used will combine both analytical and experimental studies xf the integration of advanced aerodynamic concepts such as supercritical aerodynamics, wing warp, maneuver devices. thrust-indvced lift, and cxmpxnent ivterfereece iv the design of complete aircraft cxvfiguratixns. Particular emphasis will be placed on the improvement of performance and stability-and-control characteristics iv the high avgle.xf-attack tango at subsonic, xravsvvic, and supersonic syreds. W76-70153 505-11-22 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. MISSILE AERODYNAMICS R E. Bxwer 804-827-3285 The objective is xx provide a xechvolxgy base such that maximum advantage of aerxdyvamic effects are realized in missile performance. Identify new aerodynamic/missile concepts and establish the data base xx evaluate the perfxrmavce of the concept The approach to be used will combine bxth analytical and experimental techniques Studies will provide the xechnolxgy for advanced missiles ax all speeds for various mission requirements including the aerudynamic stability and conlrol characteristics of surface-tx-air. air-tx-ground, air-tx-air, and surface'to-surface missiles with wing, tail. canard, or jet controls. Emphasis is to be given xx aerodynamic problems of fundamental importance xx a class of cxnfiguratiovs xx permit a later selection for a specific develxpmevt. Studies will include rocket as well as air-breathing systems with special cunsideration being given to inlet-airframe integration. W76-70154 505-11-22 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. MISSILE AERODYNAMICS Richard H. Petersen 415.965-5859 1505-06-9 51 This program is aimed at providing consislent basic know- ledge, experimental tools, data, prediction methods, and theory for determining the aerodynamic and control characteristics of high'maneuver missiles for the 1980's. The basic approach is to carry out four highly integrated tasks. Task 1. develop prediction methods for estimating static fvrce and moment chaacteristiCs ax high angles of attack (xx 180 degl and provide experimental verification on basic missile-type bodies. Task 2. determine dynamic stability characteristics through wind tunnel experiments 23 PAGENO="0256" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 252 and prooide data for formolatioir of semi-empirical prediction methods A eeoc large scale oscillatory apparatus us-ill be fabricated lot this task The large rotary apparatus being constructed under RTOP 505-06-95 u-all also be osed Task 3. provide, both theoretical and enpnsmeotal tools to nualuate the influence of socket eohaust plomes on the missile aerodynamic and control characteristics Theoretical methods u-ill be developed and eopetimnntal moestigations mill be conducted to determine adeqoate eohaust simolation techniqoes for eotensis'e usied onset tests on conhgotati oes no plored in Task 1 Task 4. opgiade current prediction methods for calcolating aeroelastic effects on conhgurati mrs on det high loads doe to aerodynamic and thtost controls fectease the capability of the conipotei program. FLEXSTAB. and coedoct eoperimenral tests to eerily improce- Vd76-70155 505-11-23 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. MILITARY AIRCRAFT - VECTORED THRUST MANEUVER- ABILITY ft E. Saucer 804-827-3285 The objectice is to espand VIFF stud:es of the Harrier to matimom speed and throat Fl:ght trials of the Phase 2 Jo~nt NASA/U. K VIFF flight research program mill be completed in the U.K osing a modifind Harrier aircraft supplied by the U K These trials mill be in lu-a parts fl air-to-air and 21 air-to-ground W76-7O156 505-11-24 Flight Research Center. Edusards. Calif F-15 STALL/SpIN - RRV-FLIGHT TESTS G P Layton 80525833ff This program invoIces the dnsige and construction of three 3/5.scale remote piloted F-tb fighter aircraft configurations to be air-launched, louse through high angle-of-attack m aenuc ers and rdcooered by horiaontal landing cc Eda-ards Dry Lake or by parachute re000ery. These cehicles are to be 11cc-n to gather needed flight data at angle-of-attack values at, near, and beyond the aircraft stall and departure The o-anrali cb~ectiv-es are to develop a remote controlled test technique that is suited to stall spin type research: to obrain high anale-of-attack data specifically for a 3, 8-scale F- 5 configuratjon up to and including post-stall, pie-spin conditions, and to assess aduanced control systems in pm-stall, post-stall, and pc-spin fight W76-70157 505-11-25 Flight Research Center. Edo-aids. Calif RPRV CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT B tat Kook 80525833ff This RTOP covers a Remotely Piloted Research Vch~cle IRPRVI capability development program The program a-ill develop a baseline capability for performing flight research u-itS supersonic. maneuverable, vehicles Particular emphasis usill be placed on developing the evisrin g FRC RPRV operating systems to be compatible us-ith this class of a-chicle A Firebee 2. target drone 18DM-3d E/Fl converted to an RPRV. audi be used The cehicles ss-ill be on loan from the USAF The technique develop- meet program usili consist of a serins of Lights using MARS nuns-cry and a series of flights using hc-izoetal landing as the recocer'y technique During these fl:ghts the performance and maneuvering envelope of the airplane audi be esptoed so as to meet the program obiectivcs To accomp'ish the prog-ann the vehicles usd1 be modified us'ith a complete research instrumenration capability This instrumentation along u-.'~th the RPRV voer-eand and control capability usd1 deuelop the Fireben 2 into a versatile high performance research test bed VV76-70158 505-11-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC TECHNOLOGY Bouser 804-827-3285 1505-04-31. 501-22-061 The purpose of this usork is to pros-ide the technology for the design of efficient, practical hypersonic airbreathing aircraft A number of aircraft systems are being studied These inulode hypersonic transports, military strike and reconnaissance vehicles. hypersonic research airplanes. and the aebreathing launch vehicle The aabreathing launch vehicle us-hich is potentrally capable of providing a truly lou.' cost space logistics systems can fill an nopected need in the NASA/DOD program in the post 1990 time period The hypersonic transport, usith its bog-range capability and cruise sonic boom levels that may be acceptable over populated areas, has the potential of prov'iding a major step in air transportation in the latter part of the century. Airbreathing vehicle systems must folly evploit synergistic interactions betus-nen aerodynamics. propulsion, structures, trajectory selection, etc - to achieve manimum overall efficiency and operaticoal flenibility. Detailed usork on configuration concepts. reliable prediction techniques. full-scale Reynolds number effects, engine-airframe integration. etc - usd1 be vigorously pursued to pros-ide the technological base necessary The technology for all three systems oceds to be demoestrated in flight before commitmeot to mission harducare is made. The X-24C research aircraft coocept result- ing from the Joint .USAF-NASA study completed in January 975 usd1 be used as a focal point in the technology development. W7B-70159 505-11-41 L-imngley Research Center. Langley Station. Va DOD ASSISTANCE - SPECIFIC MILITARY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM `E Boa-ce 804-827-3285 . The objectiuc is to determine, at specific request of DOD. the aerodynamic characteristics of models aod model components at subsonic. transooic. and supersonic speeds. Current emphasis is focused on the USAF 8-f, USAF F-tB, USAF F-SE. USAF A FTI configuration and several missile coocepts. Anr~cipatnd emphasis u-oIl be focused on DOD requested Iprogram interest to NASA) gcreeraliaed research programs on methods to improve aircraft maneuverability Results usill be obtained by means of u-cind-tunnel investigations coo ducted over appropriate raoges of aerodynamic variables to determine forces, moments, and loads as u-cell as by the use of the many available analytical programs Analysis of the results usd1 be performed and selected -esults us ill be documented W76-70160 505-11-41 Ames Research Center, Moffotl Field, Cal~f. DOD ASSISTANCE Roberts 415-965-5848 :136-63-02: 760-74-Of - 764-74-011 Technical assistance, voesuirive services, and facility support us/I be prov-idnd to the DOD in support ci m:iitarr' aircraft and enissile development programs Included are research efforts to a:d in assuring satisfactory aerodynamic and handling qualities of piloted aircraft and in assuring satisfactory- fligl'it path and attrfuade control of these aircraft in given automatic flight modes, such as radar-gurdcJ approaches and landings on an aircraft carrier locluded also are efforts to define and develop techniques for improvement of margioal or cesatisfactory characteristics of onus airplaoe designs r5/rod tunnels, flight simulators, and central computer facilities 13601. together vsith applications of advanced control theory, us-ill be empl/yed as required Specific useapon systems programs for us'hivh support ,is planned daring FT 976 include the B-i. AV-S - - 2-Kiloton Surface Effects Ship. YC-t5. AFTI. Navy Oviet Torpedo. A-7E ACLS. Lightuseight Fighter. Point Defense Missile and EA-68 APC'ACLS W76-7O161 505-11-41 Lea-is Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio OUTSIDE AGENCY SUPPORT AERONAUTICS TESTING O N Bous'ditvh 216-433-4000 The objective is' to support requests from the Department of Defense. Department of Tiansporiation and other federal agencies outside of NASA for aerodynamic testing in', the facilities of the Leusis Research Center Aeronautios System Studies W76-70162 791-40-03 Ames Research Ceeter, Moffert Field, Calif CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND CONCEPT STUDIES L J iaa'illiams 415-965-5887 The cbjnutivn of this RTOP is to provide systems analyses 01 future civil air transportation systems and concepts in order 24 PAGENO="0257" 253 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY to identify promising aeronautical systems, determine optimum characteristics, and define technology requirements and costs associated with such systems. Studies will be conducted for a satiety of air transportation systems including short haul, both commuter and regional, and long haul, both domestib and international. Emphasis is to be placed on fuel economy in future air transportation systems. Total system studies will be carried out considering all of the interactions between aircraft, airports, airways, community inipact, and economics Iboth within the aviation industry and on a national basisl. Studies of a short term nature will be conducted in suoport of the aeronautical program planning activities of ARC and OAST. This RTOP is responsive to the program objectives related to Civil Air Transportation Studies, fuel conservation in aeronautics, and systems analysis methodology and support. W76-7O163 791-40-04 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. MILITARY AIRCRAFT CONCEPT ANALYSIS AND METHOD- OLOGY DEVELOPMENT L Roberts 415-965-5881 The objective of this RTOP is to develop a methodology to aid in defining the benefits of new aeronautical technology and to increase the value of NASA's research to DOD for preliminary design studies and evaluations. The approach will be continued incorporation of advanced technologies into in-house aircraft synthesis programs and exercising these programs by analysis of aircraft systems intended to meet mission requirements obtained from or developed in coeperation with appropriate DOD planning personnel. Historically. NASA has supported the DOD by generating advances in technology and by providing analytical and test assistance during the development of specific designs. NASA is involved in assessing the readiness of advanced technology and assisting the military in determining its effect on future aircraft. W76-70164 791-40-08 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION R. E. Bower 804.827-3285 151 6-50-201 The objectives are: to develop an improved model for calculation of variable life.cycle aircraft operating costs with emphasis on better evaluation of the impact of advanced technologies, to determine future market growth, mission requirements, and overall transportation system demands which vould impavt design features xf both cvexes tional avd advanced air cargo concepts, and to evaluate potential market response to the introduction of an advanced air freighter with significant improvements in efficiency, productivity and payload capability; and to assess the technological impact of advanced and unconvevtional aircraft on the national interest and public sector through predicted interactiun with the economic, social, environ- mental, political and legal systems in both dxmestic and internatienal arenas. A joint effort by an operating airline and an aircraft manufacturer will be conducted tu develop imprxxed methodology fer determining aircraft opeiating costs. The Phase 1 contract jointly funded and administered by NASA and the National Science Foundatien to assess the technology impact of large air transports will be completed and the results evaluated. A follow-on Phase 2 effort will be broader in scope focusing on the most promising interface fer all transportation elements ef a comprehensive intermodal system. A contractual study will be initiated to identify the unique transport needs ef developing countries and to propose an air transport system to serve those needs. Contractual studies will provide an in'depth analysis ef those specific facters which would impact the design features and determine the potential impact on freight market shares. W76-70165 791-40-11 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va STUDIES OF ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT FUELS AND GROUND SYSTEMS R. E. Buwer 804-827.3285 The objectives are. to generate by exploratery and by systems studies sufficient technological data. comparable to that already available on airplane design, for the purpese ef defining and describing an air transportation system in which conventional jet fuels are replaced bj liquid hydrogen as a measure to conserve natural crude petreleum. Data from initial studies indicate eptions and opportunities to farther the evolutionary process of definivg a hydrogen air transportation system. Under this RTOP. contract studies will be extended to investigate the mest premising option and opportunities. W76-7O166 791-40-15 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. CIVIL AIRCRAFT ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT R. H. Petersen 415-965-5881 The objective of this research ~s to develop and use an overall system synthesis capability which can identify the best aircraft characteristics for various air transportation systems. Mathematical models ef the air vehicle elements will be used and verified by comparison with eperational situations. Quick response studies of civil air transports will be cenducted to identify critical research areas, assess energy consumption and provide information for cost benefit studies. Specific studies of aircraft optimized for cargo, reduced energy consumption, and reduced nxise and wake-vortex hazard will be initiated. These in-house studies will pruvide guidance fyi possible future centract studies. W76-70167 791-40-18 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. STUDY OF POTENTIAL UTILITY OF RPVS (REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES) FOR CIVIL APPLICATIONS R H Petersen 415-965-5881 1516-50-10. 50511-12; 505-11-131 Studies will be conducted to identify and describe the potential civil market for RPV's, to assess the associated benekts and costs of using these vehicles, and to identify likely candidate vehicle concepts and the technology required to satisfy civil markets The study will include an assessment of the impact of safety, reliability and environmental requirements on the future use of civil remotely piloted vehicles. A contracted study will be completed in about April of 1976. W76-70168 791-40-22 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif ROTORCRAFT MAINTENANCE COSTS METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT W. L Cook 415.965-5559 1505-10-22, 505-10-211 This RTOP covers evaluation of current rotorcraft maintenance cost experience of both civil and military operations and the establishment of techniques for projecting maintenance cost of advanced rxtxrcraft. in particular the tilt rotor cencept. Com- mercial and military operations will be surveyed to provide a data base on current experience Projections of likely technological developments in subsystem design and the effect en rotorcraft maintenance cysts will be made Multiple regression techniques will be used to develop the impxrtance of parameters such as vibration level, mission cycle vs. flight hours. etc as well as the effects of major technical design differences. if pertinent, in determining goed maintenance cyst estimating relatienships W76-70169 791-40.23 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF INTERCITY TRANSPOR- TATION SYSTEMS H. Hornby 415-965-5895 The objectives of this RTOP are to enhance NASAs contribution to our nations ability to prxxide adequately fur its futere transpurtatien needs, including modal systems and their energy requirements; and to determine the possible impacts on the timeframe and goals of aviation and air transportation R&T of the more promising future intercity transportation systems and corresponding urban structures. The approach will be based on extending the NASA/DOT joint agency Technolxgy Assessment of Intercity Transportation Systems into Phase 2 activities. Phase 2 shall include the selection and initiatien of fellow-on studies of critical issues, constraints, barriers lidentified in the 25 72-434 0 - 76 - 17 PAGENO="0258" 254 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Phase 1 technology assessment) which require further definition toward future objectives of the NASA aeronautics program. The follow-on activities emanating from Phase 1 which are of mutual interest to both NASA and DOT will be jointly funded by the two agencies, and those tasks of sole interest to each agency mill be independently funded. Aeronautics Systems Technology Programs W76-70170 510-51-01 Langley Research Center,.Langley Station, Va. COMPOSITE MATERIALS APPLICATION TO THE C-130 CENTER WING STRUCTURE R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 (505-02-4 1) The objective of this program is to obtain longtime flight service performance of filamentary composite materials in the center wing boo of C-13O aircraft. The objective will be achieved through a systematic program as follows: 11) conduct advanced development study to provide design allowables. manufacturing and process methods, required analysis methods; (2) perform detailed design; (3) fabricate three composite-reinforced alumi- num-alloy wing booes; (4) perform ground test on one full-scale boo (fatigue and strength); 15) install wing booes in two C-130 aircraft, and deliver aircraft to Air Force; and (6) perform periodic monitoring to establish performance of wing booes. The results of this flight service program will provide meaningful data on the performance of composite materials in a primary structure in the flight environment. Results will also be obtained on design, manufacturing and processing methods, nondestructive evaluation and field inspection procedures heretofore unavailable on large scale composite-reinforced primary aircraft structures. The program will provide confidence needed before commitments are made to future applications in aircraft structures. W76-70171 510-52-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. COMPOSITE PRIMARY STRUCTURES FLIGHT PROGRAM R. R. Heldenfe)s 804-827-2042 (505-02-41; 510-51-01) The objective is to establish a confidence level and economic base for filamentary composite primary structures that will warrant a production commitment by airframe manufacturers to incorporate these structures in future commercial transport aircraft. This objective will be accomplished by demonstrating weight savings of about 25 percent with composite materials, by accumulating operation and maintenance eoperience in an airline environment. and by developing the design and manufacturing technology required to (ower the acquisition cost of composite primary structure as well as to achieve tife-cycle costs comparable to current metal aircraft structure. The flight components wit) be replacement parts on eoisting commercially operated aircraft. W76-70172 510-53-01 Lewis Research Center, Geveland, Ohio. MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TURBINE ENGINES (MATE) N. T. Saunders 216-433-4000 (505-01 -12) This program involves the application of at least five new materials and manufacturing processes for aircraft turbine eng:nes planned for the 1980-85 time-frame. (t wil) cover the advanced development, rig, and engine testing necessary to demonstrate the potential of new materials technology for use in future engines. The purpose of this program is to accelerate the application of new materia)s technologies to aircraft engine use in order to achieve improved engine performance benefits. The program will be conducted through contracts with domestic engine manufactur- ers and their vendors. New materials and processes that have shown )aborarory feasibility in eoploratory development programs will be selected for further development and evaluation under this program. Cost/benefit and risk analyses will be conducted to help guide the selection of the best candidate materials. The selected materials will then be scaled-up, manufactured into appropriate engine hardware, eutensively evaluated to provide preliminary design data, and tested in both engine-simulation rigs and euperimental engines to demonstrate their potential for future engine use. W76-70173 510-54-01 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. INTEGRATED PROGRAMS FOR AEROSPACE-VEHICLE DESIGN ((PAD) A. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to reduce vehicle design cycle time by 50 percent and design costs by 25 percent by 1980 through development of a computer-aided design system (or industry. Statement of Work is complete incorporating results of Boeing and Genera) Dynamics (PAD Feasibility Studies, critiques of those studies, and a missile system design application study. )ndustry interface approach has been formulated and summarized in a Prospectus disseminated to industry for their feedback. (vdustrial development will be undertaken with a prime contractor if industry reactiun to Prospectus if favorable. (n-house work will be aimed at preparing the (PAD Development Section to monitor the cuntractor to ensure development of software which will improve the productivity of the U. S. aerospace industry. W76-70174 510-55-01 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio AEROELA5TICITY OF TURBINE ENGINES R. H. Kemp 216-433-4000 The overall objective of this area of research is to evolve improved empirical flutter boundary criteria and to obtain information concerning the factors that influence these criteria. Also, to provide, through analytical and euperimertal research, a more scientific basis for the reliable prediction and avoidance of instability regions. A program plan has been evolved by a joint NASA-LeRC/U5AF.APL pane) that was established in Decem- ber 1973. The work outlined by this ATOP ducument is based on the deliberations of that panel and reflects the areas of responsibility recommended by the panel to LeAC. The LeAC program contains a number of related elements covering nonsteady aerodynamics, structural dynamics, coupling analyses, and euperimental flutter boundary data coliection and correlation. In-house theoretical and euperimenta) studies will be com- plemented by contractual work to take advantage of special evisting flutter research facilities and capabilities. W76-70175 510-56-01 Ames Research Cerer, Moffett Field, Calif. FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS ENGINEERING D. A. Chapman 415-965-5065 1505-01-31; 505-08-21) The objectives are: It) to accelerate the transfer of advanced materials and structures technologies to application in design of fire safe airframe structures and aircraft interiors; and 12) tu provide the technology base required for the airframe manufactur- ers to make future aircraft materials, structures and subsystems as fire-resistant as feasible in crder to provide an increased probability of passenger and crew survivability in aircraft interior Sand euterior fires. Fire-resistant materials and fire control systems will be evaluated fur application to aircraft interiors and fuselage. Tests will be conducted to assess the fire threat levels that state of the art materials and aircraft structures can withstand. The limit of the degree of fire'hardening for state of the art aircraft structures will be established. Initially, tests will be conducted on unattended areas of aircraft such as lavatories. cargo bays, and other aircraft interior sections retrofitted with state of the art materials. Folluwing these tests improved fire-resistant materials will be utilized to construct those systems which subsequently will be evaluated to determine the degree of fire-hardening. This program will be conducted in cooperation with the Johnson Space Center. W76-70176 511-51-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. ADVANCED MULTISTAGE AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR M. J. Hartmann 216-433-4000 1505-04-21) 26 PAGENO="0259" 255 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY Compressors for advanced military and commercial aircraft must be lightweight and efficient and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. Hardware, maintenance, and operational costs and fuel consumption must all be reduced below present levels. Besides achieving high component performance levels the compressor must be selected to be compatible with eopected advancements in the related technology areas of materials, structures, acoustics, fans. combustors, turbines, controls, bearings and seals. To meet these requirements high pressure stages must be properly matched in a multistage compressor operating at high rotational speeds. The compressor is the pacing item in advanced engine development programs. From program risk and schedule considerations, it is necessary to select a compressor design that has demonstrated suitable performance or to minimize modifications to such compressors. To provide an advanced compressor utilizing high levels of stage pressure ratio. the performance of a multistage compressor designed for an overall pressure ratio in the range of 15:1 to 20.1 will be determined. A preliminary design and definition study will investigate compressors having from sio to twelve stages and having overall pressure ratios of 15:1 to 20: 1. The compressor indicated in the preliminary study as providing the greatest benefit to advanced transport aircraft of the mid 1980's will be built and tested at the contractor's site. W76-70177 511-53-01 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. QUIET. CLEAN GENERAL AVIATION TURBOFAN IQCGATI G. K. Sievers 216.433-4000 1505-03-12) An eoperimental program is planned to provide the technology for quiet, cleat and economical general aviation turbofan engines. The program will utilize an eoisting general aviation turbojet or turbofan core in an eoperimental quiet high bypass turbofan engine. The experimental engine will incorporate the latest quiet engine technology derived from the Ouiet Engine program, the Ouiet Clean Short-haul Eoperimental Engine program and other related component technology programs. The approach to be usnd for noise reduction will be primarily directed toward the reduction of source noise by the use of such techniques as a high bypass ratio fan plus fan and turbine noise reduction techniques in preference to the use of eotensive noise suppression systems, Three study contracts will be awarded to three small turbofan engine manufacturers to provide NASA with information required to start an experimental engine program IQCGATI. A single contractor will then be competitively selected fur the eoperimental program which consists of design. fabrication, assembly and ground tests of an experimental turbofan engine. W76-70178 512-51-01 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. DIGITAL FLY-BY-WIRE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT C. R. Jarvis 805.258-3311 1512-51-021 The overall objective of this effort with LaRC is to provide the technology necessary for the implementation of advanced reliable Digital Fly-By-Wire systems in future aircraft. Negotiations have been made with JSC to include as an additional objective; flight-test verification of key space shuttle flight control system software, hardware, and redundancy management concepts. The program is to be carried out in accordance with the schedules and resources identified by the Digital Fly-By-Wire project plan lrevised yearlyl. The Phase 1 flight-test program to establish Digital Fly-By-Wire systems feasibility has been completed. In Phase 2. a multichannel digital system is to be developed and flight tested in the F-8C aircraft. This will be a three~channel system utilizing redundancy management concepts developed for space shuttle application and providing the capability to evaluate. in flight, advanced control laws being developed by LaRC. W76-70179 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. DIGITAL FLY-BY-WIRE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 (512-51-01: 505-07-31) The objective of this effort is to provide a design base for reliable, cost-effective digital fly-by-wire flight control systems for commercial and military aircraft applications. A cooperative program of theoretical and experimental research and demonstra- tion in DFBW flight control will be carried out by the Plight Research Center and the Langley Research Center, As presently conceived this program has two phases, phase 1 of which is an initial demonstration and exploration program using Apollo hardware. This program is complete. Responsibility for this program lay with FRC. Experimentation in control law software will take place during phase 2. The phase 2 program. in addition to experimentation in advanced control laws will involve researches into redundancy management of sensor systems that will benefit the flight control task. W76-70180 512-52-01 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. GENERAL AVIATION - ADVANCED AVIONICS SYSTEM C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5427 The overall objective of this program is to provide the critical information required for the design of a reliable low-cost avionics system applicable to General Aviation aircraft which would enhance the safety and utility of this mode of transportation. Sufficient data mill be accumulated upon which industry can base the design of a reasonably priced system having the capability required by General Aviation in and beyond the 1980's. It should also be emphasized that this program is directed at establishing the technology for a total avionics systems design lie., navigation. guidance, control, powerplant management. displays. etc.) as opposed to singling out a particular subsystem, or function. upon which the research effort will be concentrated. The program will include: analysis. system concept studies, piloted simulation and component research and development. Throughout the program, active coordination will be maintained with the DOT-FAA. It is recognized that an essential ingredient in this program is the strong and direct participation of the General Aviation industry and its representatives. W76-70181 512-52-02 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. GENERAL AVIATION ADVANCED AVIONICS J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 1505-07- 12: 505-0722; 513-05-511 This effort will develop and apply advanced avionics and fluidics technology to the instrumentation and control of general aviation aircraft. Emphasis wilt be directed toward the light aircraft end of the general aviation spectrum, which comprises about 85% of the G. A. aircraft. For this reason, low cost and lam maintenance Ihigh reliability) will be primary drivers in this program. Evolving technology such as fluidics. special purpose integrated circuits, and low-cost microprocessors will be investigated for use in avionics and control systems for light G. A. aircraft. Subsystem and component designs will be made to evaluate the new technologies, and to provide examples of the avionics and controls capabilities. These designs will be aimed at providing increased capabilities for the relatively inexperienced pilot without significantly effecting his workload, particularly in planned or unplanned operations under adverse weather condi- tions. In the controls area, fluidics work previously under 505-07-23 will be continued to expand the technology of no-moving-parts autopilots. Also, stall-warning/control sensors and systems will be developed. The avionics work will develop an ineopensive moving-map display, and matrix display concepts. W76-70182 512.53-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Vu. ACTIVE CONTROL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT EXPERIMENT J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 1512-63-021 The objectives are to identify, develop and validate technology required to establish design guidelines for the incorporation of active controls in future civil aircraft and to demonstrate this technology using a special flight research vehicle. This will result in aircraft with improved economics, performance and ride qualities while being safer to operate. The approach is to Ill validate active control technology by direct comparisons of theoretical 512-51-02 27 PAGENO="0260" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 256 and wind tunnel and flight enperimental results. 12) provide missing data nnednd for thn design of active control systems. (31 develop computer programs to be used in integrated conceptual design studies. 14) establish the benefits of using active control systems. through integrated conceptual design studies, and 151 demonstrate the application of active controls using a special research vehicle. W76-70183 512-53-02 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. ACTIVE CONTROL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT EXPERIMENT C. Thomas Snyder 4t5.965.5444 1512-53-Ot; 512-53-03; 505.07.t The objective is to apply Active Control Technology (ACT) to short haul, turboprop. STOL. and VTOL aircraft to assess potential performance, fuel savings, and passenger acceptance benefits, identify technology requirements, provide a test bed for verification and application of technology, and provide a data base on which design criteria for these aircraft can be developed. Provide a proven methodology to apply advanced control concepts to these aircraft, with attention to aircraft and control system modeling, simulation, testing hardware development and flight verification of systems. Develop a data base for eovpowered-lift and power-lift aircraft which ssill include economic justification. technical feasibility, ride control, gust load alleviation, aircraft handling qualities, effects of failure modes on controllability. redundancy requirements, ATC coupled systems, and interactions of these concepts. The approach will be to integrate the relevant computer programs used in aerodynamics, structure. propulsion, control and economics into a single interdisciplinary action control system design program that is applicable at any state in the aircraft desjgn cycle The design program will be evaluated by simulation and flight test using a DHC.6 turboprop aircraft with modified control surfaces A conceptual design of an optimally ACT-configured short-haul. nonpowered-lift transport will be developed and evaluated. In addition, design methodology for total active control systems for powered-lift STOL and VTOL aircraft usill be developed. This design methodology sni ill be evaluated by simulation. W76-7O184 512-53-03 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. ACTIVE CONTROLS AIRCRAFT FLIGHT EXPERIMENT D. A Dents 805-258-33t 1 (512-53-Oil A coordinated program is planned in conjunction with the Active Controls Aircraft Program to supplement, validate, and demonstrate the design techniques required to incorporate active control into the design of future civil aircraft. The specific FRC objectives include: It I design and test simple aeroelastic wind-tunnel models and RPRV flight test models to demon- strate flutter suppression concepts as they are developed; 121 conduct studies to determine the most effective means for demonstrating and transferring action controls technology to industry; and 131 conduct flight demonstration tests of a special ACA research vehicle. Theoretical and wind tunnel work will be performed under research grants. Studies and fabrication of demonstrator will be dove by contractor. W76-70185 513-50-50 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. TRAVELER ACCEPTANCE - LOW DENSITY SHORT-HAUL SYSTEMS R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 1504-09-211 The objective is to identify, study in detail. and model those factors influencing acceptance and use of aircraft as the prelerred mode of travel by the public iv the low- to medium-density short-haul market Appropriate information will be compiled through literature search. traveler questionnaires, and measure- ments aboard low- to medium-density, short-haul airline systems. Limited information will also be obtained concerning competing modes of transportation which could influence choice of travel mode The data ssill be analyzed and mathematically modeled. Some existing types of aiicraft Lsed in low-density, shun-haul service svill be evaluated using this model. The majority of effort will be carried out under grant. W76-70186 513-50-51 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. VLF WIDE AREA NAVIGATION FOR LOW-DENSITY SHORT-HAUL TRANSPORTATION J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 1505-07-121 The objective of this work is to investigate VLF navigation techniques and to develop promising approaches for en-route and terminal area navigation. Systems such as Omega can provide large geographic coverage with a limited number of ground stations, and are relatively unaffected by altitude or terrain. Characteristics such as these are highly desirable for short-haul. low-density transportation systems. where direct terminal-to- terminal routes at relatively low altitudes are required. The application of VLF navigation to civil aviation will also enhance air safety by reducing pilot navigating within a network of approximately 1000 VOR stations. Work will be conducted in two areas. The first area consists of the measurement and analysis of errors doe to propagation anomalies and atmospheric noise. The second area consists of the development and evaluation of Omega avionics, including both differential and composite Omega configurations. W76-7O187 513-50-53 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATIONAL COMPATIBILITY OF FUTURE CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION AND CONCEPTS T. L Galloway 415-965-5887 (513-50-52; 513-50-531 The objective of this RTOP is to provide analyses of nova civil air transportation system operational concepts and procedures that will result in improved airport functions and reduced congestion, increased safety, and improved air traffic control Specifically, the study of the design, the operation and potential market for future medium density transports will be continued along with studies of the effect of microwave landing systems on airport capacity and short haul transportation system turn-around times In addition, studies of future airport concepts will be initiated. These studies will be performed both in-house and under contract. Close coordination will be maintained with the Department of Transportation on each of these studies W76-7O188 513-50-54 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. FEASIBILITY AND VALIDATION OF LOW COST MI- CROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM AVIONICS C Thomas Snyder 4t5-B65-548B 151 3-53-02; 513-53-03; 512-52-011 The overall objective is to support the FAA in implementing the National Microwaoe Landing System IMLSI Program by validating the feasibility of low cost airborne M LS avionics. Specific objectives include establishing the operational/functional require- ments and specifications for a low cost MLS receiver; design- ing, constructing and testing selected subassemblies that haoe the greatest potential for reducing receiver cost; assessing low cost receiver performance by integrating the individual subas- semblies into a functional receiver; flight nalidating the avionics feasibility model performance with two or more MLS ground stations of snidely differing degrees of complexity for application to low density STOL and small community business and general aviation operations; and producing a detailed final report for distribution to the FAA and avionics/MLS manufacturers. The basic approach is to accurately define the required low cost MLS receiver performance specifications, identify the cost critical receiver subassemblies. design and construct biassboard models of those seIne ted subassemblies with the primary emphasis on red acing enst and establishing a design-to-cost figure. integrate the subassemblies into a feasibility model MLS receioer and perform a flight test validation of the airborne avionics. Refined cost projections will be obtained after hardware optimizations are made. These optimizations will assume volume fabrication and production techniques and a quantity standard of 1000 units. Cost reduction of operational MLS avionics developed through this program will be the primary measure of program effectiveness. 28 PAGENO="0261" 257 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70189 513-52-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. TERMINAL CONFIGURED VEHICLE PROGRAM E. Stitt 804-827-3745 (505-07-311 The Terminal Configured Vehicle ITCVI Program is an advanced technology activity focused on Conventional Take-Off and Landing ICTOLI Transport Aircraft that will be operating in reduced weather minima in the future high-density terminal areas equipped with new lunding systems, navigational aids, and increased surveillance and automation under development by DOT/FAA. The broad objectives of the Program are to provide improvements in the airborne systems (avionics and air vehiclel and operational flight procedures for reducing approach and landing accidents, reducing weather minima, increasing air traffic controller productivity and airport and airway capacity, saving fuel by more efhcient terminal area operations, and reducing community noise by operational procedures. This involves research analyses, simulations, and flight studies A modified Boeing 737 airplane. (Research Support Flight System. RSFS(, equipped with highly fleoible display and control equipment being made available by DOT/FAA. will be used to study operations in simulated future terminal area environments. Active coordination will be maintained with DOT/FAA and DOD Particular emphasis will be given to compatibility with the microwave landing system IMLS( under development by DOT/FAA and with future air trafhc control systems. CTOL transport, terminal area, productivity. capacity, fuel saving. MLS. reduce noise, acceptance rates, air traffic control, reduce runway occupancy. W76-70190 513-53-01 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. TECHNOLOGY FOR ADVANCED INTEGRATED AVIONICS FOR TERMINAL AREA FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS IN STOL AIRCRAFT C. T. Snyder 415-965-6383 (513-53-02; 513-53-03) The objective is to develop navigation, guidance, and control avionics for use in STOL flight eoyeriments and for use in STOL validation flights for the new common-use civil/military Microwave Landing System (MLS(. The potential advantages of STOL can be realized only with advanced avionics systems and associated operational procedures which eoploit the capabilities of STOL for making steep ascen ts and descent, tight turns, and slowspeed approaches and landings within the constraints of proposed ATC systems Performance and design requirements for a fleoible avionics system which will operate in various manual and automatic modes will be defined to satisfy the objectives of STOL flight eoyeriments and of STOL MLS validating flights In particular, requirements will be based on the use of the developmental scanning beam system, MODILS. (and perhaps the MLS( provided by the FAA for use in the STOL flight eoperiments The fteoible avionics system referred to as STOLAND will be designed and developed and then installed in appropriate STO L aircraft and tested in flight. With the eoceptron of MODILS/MLS. the flight tests will be conducted using standard instrumentation. tracking. data processing. and navigation aids The detailed design and devetoyment of STOLAND. which will be performed by the contractor, will be supported by relatively complete fined base and moving basesimu lations of the aircraft and avionics sys rem at Ames Research Center W76-70191 513-53-02 Ames Research Center, Moffert Field. Calif. MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM VALIDATION FOR STOL AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS C Thomas Snyder 415.965.5488 1513-53-01. 513-50-54) The overall objective is to assist the FAA in developing the Microwave Landing System IMLSI. Specific obtectives include the refinement of the MLS operational/functional requirements for STOL operations, assisting the FAA in developing the prototype MLS conhgurations and specilications. establishing the MLS/ STOL evaluation criteria and procedures, and evaluating a prototype basic configuration MLS for STOL operations The basic approach is to utilize analysis, piloted and computer simula- tions, and the results of the STOL Operating Systems Eoperiments to refine the M LS operational requirements and evaluation criteria for STOL operations The results of the MLS Feasibility tests. the MLS Technique Selection Process. and the STOL Eoperi- ments will be incorporated into this evaluation. The above facilities will also be used to refine the prototype M LS accuracy specifications The suitability of the MLS for STOL applications will be evaluated utilizing representative STO L aircraft, the experimental STOLAND avionics system. and a prototype basic configuration MLS W76-70192 513-53-03 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif STOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENTS USING MODELS AND THE CIVIL MILITARY MICROWAVE LAND- ING SYSTEM (MLS) C. Thomas Snyder 415-865.5424 (513-53-011 Eoperiments will be conducted on navigation, guidance. control, and flight management systems for STOL aircraft using advanced airborne avionics and a Microwave Landing System. The results will be used to evaluate system concepts and define design criteria and operational procedures for STOL aircraft This program is part of the Joint DOT/NASA Operating Systems Eoperiments Program Investigations will be conducted encompas- sing analysis, simulation, flight eoperiments. and supporting studies These investigations will emphasize the terminal area navigation, guidance, control and flight management problems which must be soloed to take maoimum advantage of STOL capabilities for making steep ascents and descents, tight turns. and slow speed approaches and landings. The flight eoperiments will be conducted using a fleoible research avionics system. referred to as STOLAND. in conjunction with appropriate STOL aircraft The complete research system comprises STOL aircraft. avionics system, instrumentation, and the following navigation aids: VOR/DME. TACAN. and a microwave landing guidance system to be provided by the FAA. W76-70193 513-53~05 Ames Research Center. Molfett Field, Calif. INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF STRAPDOWN INERTIAL SENSOR UNITS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF FLIGHT CONTROL GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION FUNCTIONS. C Thomas Snyder 415-865-5983 The objective is to research in-flight investigation of specihc strapdown sensor systems for a lowest cost, highly-reliable inertial guidance and control concept which can be used as an integrated sensor package, and for use in improving navigation. This system will make full use of digital computer technology with the system elements regrouped for maximum performance and minimum compleoity and cost. It will be a redundant system which utilizes an aircraft control computer for navigation, guidance and flight control. A candidate system with ring laser gyros is being developed by ARC which will replace all the standard set of inertial sensors with a tetrad strapdown inertial refer ence system configuration There are four tasks in this program Task 1 is the establishment of requirements, identification of applicable technology, and thy configuring of ARC prototype flight systems Task 2 is the identihcation of system performance and the fabrication of the ARC prototype strapdown inertial reference systems Task 3 comprises the investigation of these systems through a simulation, laboratory test. and flight test program. It includes the development of Kalman filters for tetrad redundancy management and inertial smoothing for radio navigation. Task 4 is the utilization of radio signals for aiding the prototype ARC Ring Laser Gyro Tetrad strapdown system when performing the short haul aircraft guidance and control missions. W76-70194 513-53-06 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. TERMINALAREA EFFECTIVENESS PROGRAM - OPTIMIZA- TION OF FLIGHT PROCEDURES OF SHORT HAUL TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT C. T. Snyder 4t5-965-5b67 (505-10-341 The overall objective of the program is to provide guidance 29 PAGENO="0262" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 258 to NASA's aeronautical research and technology efforts by developing techniques and facilities for determining and improving the effectiveness of future short-haul air transportation. The criteria for effectiveness will include such factors as fuel usage, noise and pollution impact. terminal area capacity, ride quality, airspace and ground space usage. pilot acceptance, operating economics. etc. Special emphasis is placed on the terminal area although certairl criteria must be considered over the entire mission for meaningful results. Mathematical models required for effectiveness studies will be developed for future short-haul transport aircraft. their noise and energy usage characteristics, and for the future air traffic environment as well as for other elements of the short-haul system. These models will be used in fast and real time simulations to develop optimum flight procedures. System studies will be conducted to determine the capacity of future terminal areas as a function of implementation olternotives. A methodology will be developed for integrating the effectiveness measures in order to obtain a total assessment of terminal area effectiveness. A terminal area simulation consisting of a piloted simulation at Ames and a FAA-NAFEC directed ATC simulation will be conducted to validate the procedures and systems resulting from the effectiveness evaluation studies. W76.70195 513.54.01 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. VTOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENTS C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5569 (513'53-O1; 513-53-03) The objective is to develop a data base for use in estaslishing system concepts, design criteria, and operational procedures for VIOL aircraft. This technology base will aid the development of efficient, economical VTOL short-haul operations with minimum adverse environmental impact. The objective also includes a research and technology program to support military requirements for assuring a VTOL operational capability into a wide variety of landing sites, under reduced visibility conditions. The approach will utilize: analytical studies, piloted closed-loop simulations, and flight experiments. Analytical studies will be carried Out in-house and under contract. Piloted simulation studies will be accomplished at Ames prior to flight tests. Flight experiments will be carried out in the Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft IXV-1 51 using V/STOLAND. Two avionics systems (V/STOL.AND) will be procured. The first system will be installed in a fixed-base simulator at Ames for development of computer software programming and piloted simulation studies. This system will then be checked out in an Army UH-l prior to installation of the second system in the XV.15. The XV-15, with avionics system, will be used to investigate alternative avionics functional configurations. flight paths, operational procedures. levels of automation, and landing aids. Time constrained flight paths, steep curved, decelerating. and omnidirectional approaches. and the effects of winds will be investigated. This RTOP describes the NASA tasks in a joint program with the Army. The systems will be also used by the Army for simulation and flight investigations of tactical helicopter missions not described herein. Joint funding is shown. W76-7O196 513.54-02 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ROTARY WING VTOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERI- MENTS J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 (505-10-23; 505-10-24; 505-07-4t1 The program will encompass the investigation of operating systems and piloting techniques for operations from downtown vertiports under all-weather conditions. Terminal air traffic procedures, airspace requirements, the avionics system require- ment for navigation, guidance. flight control, and displays for takeoffs, cruise and landing will be defined. Flight vehicles and simulation facilities equipped with electronic display systems and advanced control concepts will be used to define the degree of automation required in the aircraft control system and in the guidance, display, and communication systems onboard the aircraft for VTOL terminal-area operations. Operating procedures and piloting techniques for curved, decelerating approach trajectories will be explored for application to steep-gradient operations into congested areas. As part of the joint NASA/Army program in which a CH-47 is being provided, studies will be made of pilot cueing requirements for improved handling qualities, warning for critical envelope limits and for aiding the pilot in interfacing with the automated or partially automated control systems. W76-70197 513-54-03 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. HELICOPTER - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INTEGRATION STUDY J. E. Stirt 804-827-3745 1505-10-23; 514-53-02) This research is concerned with the problems of integrating V/STOL aircraft and their air traffic control system into the total air traffic control environment of the terminal area. The objectives are to determine: It) aircraft design and equipment require- ments; 12) operating procedures and airspace volumes; 13) ATC equipment and handling procedures, and (4) requirements for compatibility and integration of the V/STOL system with the total ATC complex. Real-time simulations are being conducted of a VTOL aircraft operating in metropolitan areas and performing precision approaches at high-density airports. These simulations will be improved to include new terminal-area routings and approach concepts based on the low-speed and maneuver capabilities of V/STOL configurations. Increased reality will be obtained by linking the Langley simulator with the FAA's ATC simulator at Atlantic City, followed by the eventual linking of a V/STOL aircraft operating at the Wallops Radar Flight Facility and being provided simulated total terminal-area traffic environ- ment by linking to the Atlantic City ATC simulator. W76-70198 514-50-01 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. ADVANCED V/STOL AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND APPLICA- TION STUDIES W. L Cook 415-965-5559 (505-10-35; 744-01-01; 769-02-021 The objective of this effort is to investigate advances in V/STOL aircraft technology which offer unique performance and operational advantages (yr civil and military application. Aircraft design and application studies will be performed to support technology development programs for advanced V/STOL aircraft. and to provide guidance to the planning and conduct of related OAST research programs. Potential applications of lift fan, tilt rotor, and advanced helicopter aircraft to a wide range of civil utility missions are currently being studied under contract. Those applications which can best exploit the capabilities of V/STOL and lead to significant improvements in mission effectiveness will be identified by matching aircraft performance characteristics to mission requirements. Design Studies of a gust alleviation system for the XV-t5 tilt rotor research aircraft utilizing composite blade hingeless rotor with integrated rotor/flap/aileron feedback controls will be initiated. These studies will provide preliminary estimates of system gains, authority and control rates for follow-on wind tunnel investigations. This design study will use eoisting computer programs modified for this particular study and the Ames turbulence moth model for simulation. Conceptual design studies of tilt rotor commercial transport aircraft having telescopic (TRACI rotors will be performed. These studies will provide an assessment of weight penalties, performance gains, fuel efficiency. DOC and noise. Rotor design and wind tunnel test requirements will be determined. W76-70199 514-52-01 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. WAKE VORTEX MINIMIZATION C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567 (505 -08-22) Short and long range aerodynamic solutions to the aircraft trailing vortices will be obtained. Investigations will be made to determine: (1) the fundamental mechanisms involved in vortex generation and decay; 121 the components of vorteo velocity. turbulence, and the rolling momont on a following aircraft up to large distances behind the aircrafl for various conditions of angle of attack, flap deflection, stabilizer incidence. etc.. and 13) vorteo dissipation resulting from variations in span loading and turbulence at the generating aircraft. Both theoretical studies 30 PAGENO="0263" 259 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY and experimental investigations utilizing wind tunnels and water tow facilities will be made. Promising vortex alleviation concepts will be applied to specific transport aircraft and evaluated in flight. W76-70200 514.52-01 Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif. WAKE VORTEX MINIMIZATION FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS Larry C. Montoya 805-258-3311 1505-06-221 This ATOP covers FRC activities related to full-scale flight'test evaluations of various aerodynamic wake vortex alleviation devices. These devices have been, and/or, are being developed in ground facility test under the related ATOP 1505-06-22) The approach taken will be that of flight testing the devices on actual transport aircraft (e.g.. 747's, 727's. L-101 l's. etc.). Comparisons of the vortex characteristics with and without the devices will be made by probing the aircraft's wake with specially instrumented probe aircraft (e.g FRC's 1-37 and ARC's Lear Jet). To facilitate wake probing and visual determinations of vortex breakdown characteristics an improved vortex visualization system will be developed. This development of an improved vortex visualization system will provide information relevent to the related RTOP )505-08-1X). The persistent nature of trailing vortices generated by jet transports create a documented safety hazard for following aircraft. This hazard severely curtails optimum use of our nations airports. The FAA's present solution to this problem (increase separation distances to 3 to 5 miles) is not satisfactory because it results ix a greatly reduced runway utilization rate. W76-70201 514-52-01 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. WAKE VORTEX MINIMIZATION FLIGHT RESEARCH A. E. Bower 804-827-3285 1505-08-221 The objective is to develop and demonstrate wake vortex minimization methods and devices acceptable for routine aircraft operations. Laboratory and flight tests have established the feasibility of modifying the trailing vortex system of an aircraft by aerodynamic means. Laboratory testing will continue to develop alleviation means that will allow safe and economic operation of aircraft with separation distances of two nautical miles. Flight evaluations will be conducted as required to demonstrate the effectiveness and operational suitability of the alleviation methods and devices. W76-70202 514-52-02 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VORTEX WAKES Harvard Lomax 415-965-5124 1505-06-121 The objective is to develop a computer code that can be used to calculate the flow behind an airplane in the takeoff and landing condition A primary purpose is to simulate the effects of vortical turbulence that arises from landing gear, flaps, nacelles and other protuberances that disturb the flow in the wake of a large airplane. The codes will be used to study the sensitivity of wake flow to changes in airplane configuration, flap deflection and wing loading, in general. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with an eddy viscosity will be used as the governing equations. They will be solved numerically to find the time history of the vorticity generated behind an airplani traveling at a low Mach number. At least two codes will be developed. one in a Lagrangian. vortex-tracing frame and the other in a fixed Eulerian mesh. The initial study will involve relatively simple vortex interactions so that the codes can be tested and verified both against one another and with experiment. W76-70203 514-53-01 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. ROTOR SYSTEMS FOR ROTOR SYSTEMS RESEARCH AIRCRAFT R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 1505-10-2 11 Ix order to insure timely rxtorcraft technology development and demonstration and to provide maximum efficiency of utilization of the Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRAI. research rotor systems will be selected, designed. fabricated, and flight tested. A technology program for hardware development and flight experiments will be defined for testing of current and advanced technology rotor systems through a broader flight envelope to define and document technological advancements for rotors and rotorcraft. Through a series of advanced systems design study contracts initiated in FY-1975. definitive program plans are being developed in order to establish both technical and budgetary data necessary for initiating the initial major rotor system design and fabrication in F'r'-1976. Parallel effort will be continued to provide the design verification information required for both the variable geometry rotor and the composite structure rotor. Predesign studies leading to definition of effective manufacturing techniques for the aerx/acxustic rotor are also being carried W76-70204 514.54-21 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. F-is FLIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM Adkins J. 805-258-331 1 The objectives of this effort are: Ill assess F-is high alpha and agility, including stall/spin, flying characteristics and compare with other experimental data; 121 assess F-i 5 engine/inlet compatibility, particularly at higher alpha. and compare with other experimental data; 131 assess F.i5 airframe/propulsion system interference Iboattail dragl and correlate with other experimental data; 141 assess the flight suitability of integrated digital propulsion system controls on the F-is and correlate with other experimental data; and 15) support the USAF ix dntermining the acceptability of F-iS product improvement items. This will be a jxint USAF/NASA Intercenter effort with flight activity being conducted at FRC in accordance with a Memoran. dum of Understanding which will be negotiated with the USAF. NASA unique flight activities will be fully funded by NASA under this ATOP. USAF unique activities will be fully funded by the USAF. The USAF is expected to administer all NASA contracts which involve the USAF Contractors for the F-iS and its systems. NASA will maintain and operate the airplane and its systems and will provide funding for ox-site contractor support of the flight activity. The USAF is expected to allow NASA reimbursable access to the F-is logistics system for spare parts and component repair and to assign a high priority to this logistic support of the program. W76-70205 515-51-li Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. HUMAN FACTORS IN APPROACH AND LANDING SAFETY H. P. Klein 4i5-965-5094 (504-09-32; 505-08-23) The objectives are: Ill to provide objective information regarding factors in the aviation system which cause or contribute to the occurrence of human errors in air transport operations. especially during the approach and landing phases of flight; 121 to evaluate the potential dangers posed by these factors in aviation operations; 131 to examine ways of eliminating such factors from the aviation system, or of minimizing their potentially harmful effects; and (41 to reduce the incidence .xf approach and landing accidents caused by or attributed to human errors. The approach is to do Ill descriptive and analytic studies of occur rences. incidents and accidents to determine system and other factors,which are associated with human errors in air transport operations; 121 full-mission simulation studies to evaluate the ways in which these factors influence human performance; 131 evaluation in simulation or flight research of candidate solutions designed to eliminate or minimize the decremental effects of these factors; and 14) collaboration with government and industry groups in implementing promising solutions designed to reduce the num- ber and seriousness of human errors in the aviation system. W76-70206 516.50-10 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. OBLIQUE WINGED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM STUDIES R. H. Petersen 4i5-9B5-588i 31 PAGENO="0264" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 260 The objective of these studies is to provide configuration definition and detailed analysis in selected technical areas of oblique win god transport aircraft. Previous contract system studies identified promising high transonic speed, oblique winged aircraft at the conceptual design level. An ongoing study of FY-1975 will also identify a similar subsonic aircraft. Studies this year will provide technical and economic depth to the understanding of both the high transunic and the subsonic spend concepts. Contracts will be initiated to perform an assessment of the relative economics and energy consumption of oblique wing aircraft fur subsonic and Mach = 1.2 flight and to perform an assessment of operational and practical application of oblique wing aircraft in an airline environment. Further studies will be initiated, in-house, to noawine the potential for application of the oblique wing concept to high performance shorn-haul transport aircraft The study of relative economic and energy characteristics will be a competitive 9 month contract ending in June 1976. The airline evaluation of oblique winged aircraft will be a competitive contract eoteedieg over a 6 month period ending in June 1976. Technical refinement of the subs onic concept will be an eoteesiov to the current contract, to be completed in a 6 month period ending in May 1976. Refinement of other key technical areas will be a competitive contract of 5OKS ending in September 1976. W76-70207 516-50-11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. TECHNOLOGY STUDIES OF AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS M. D. Ardema 415-965-5887 The objective of this work is to help develop a sound technological base for future decisions relating to the design. development, and operation of commercial transportation systems This oblectine will be achieved through studies that eoam,ne the relationships between aircraft technology airline economics and markets, and environmental constraints. These studies will be done in sufficient detail to provide a realistic assessment of technical problems regarding transport aircraft design. develop- ment and operatiovs and their development and operational costs Study results will be used to help define the future direction of productive technical land system relatedl activity for air transportation systems. This investigation will be performed in-house and under contract. W76-70208 516-60-20 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY STUDIES E. Bower 804-827-3285 1791 -40-011 The objective is to perform systems and design integration studies for subsonic C/RTOL commercial transports in order to Ill identify and quantitatively evaluate technology advances that will improve aircraft economics, fuel consumption, noise. emiss;ons and terminal-are a congestion; and 121 determine the technical and economic feasibility of utilizing other fuels in combination with JP fuel In-h ouse studies supplemented by contractor studies in critical areas will be performed for aircralt and secondary systems. Contractor capabilities will also be utilized to upgrade eoisting in-h vase en hide design computer software W76-7G209 516-51-01 Plight Research Center. Edwards. Calif YF-12 FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS Gene J. Matranga 805-258-331 1 743-05-22; 743-01-21; 743-Ot-22; 743-01-23; 743-02.221 The YF-12 type airplanes are the only airplanes in the free world which are capable of sustained Mach 3 flight Major areas of research include the evamination of the hot. fleoible structure; dynamic inlet behavior; airframe/propulsion interaction, and general problems related to high speed and high altitude flight. In the structures area, thermocouples and strain gages have been installed in airplane 935 Ground calibrations uvill allow foe the measurement of hot loads in flight. Flight results will be compared with NASTRAN predicted information Dynamic inlet information obtained in flight will be compared with results from a 1/3 scale inlet model and a full scale inlet operated in the wind tunnel. Airframe/propulsion interaction flight information will be related to data predicted using a 1/12 scale airplane model. The airplanes will be used in support of numerous Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research projects. W76-70210 516-51-02 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. YF-12 PROPULSION RESEARCH M. 0. Dustin 216-433.4000 1506-05-111 The objectives are. 111 to evaluate the capability of currently available computer simulation techniques to determine the dynamic behavior of a high Mach number wined compression inlet to downstream and upstream disturbances, 12) to determine the steady state and dynamic performance of a high Mach number. mioed compression inlet and compare the performance with a similar inlet in flight; and 131 to study evisning aircraft control systems and investigate alternate techniques that minimize the propulsion system-airframe interaction W76-70211 516-51-02 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif YF-12 DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH Richard H Petersen 4159656010 1505-04-111 The unique performance capabilities of the YF-t2 airplane provide an opportunity to obtain heretofore unavailable flight data. These data are invaluable for the assessment of theoretical and empirical prediction methods. Comprehensive wind tunnel tests are being made in the areas of Ill the engine-air inlet and internal flow system; 121 the effects on the aircraft aerodynamics produced by the various modes of operation of the propulsion system; and 131 aeroelastic effects on the aircraft stability characteristics Flight tests will be conducted by the NASA Flight Research Center for correlation with the wind tunnel results, and with prediction based on theory Current prediction techniques will be improved and resulting technology provided to industry for use in design of future supersonic cru isv aircraft and an advanced YF.t2 airplane to increase its Mach number and attitude capability. W76-70212 516-51-02 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. YF-12 DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH R. B Bower 804-827-3285 1766-72-02; 766-72-02; 76672021 The objectives are to evaluate analytical techniques for pred;ctivg boundary layer transition, heat transfer, and skin friction; to provide the basis for improved design prediction techniques; no define and provide solutions for unknown problems in flight. and to evaluate the application of eoperimeetal wind tunnel results no flight conditions Approach will be to conduct pertinent ground-based analyses and wind-tunnel tests on a boundary layer test component hollow cylinder 10 ft. long and 1.5 ft. in diameter) that will be flight tested on the YF-t2 aircraft. Analyze and correlate these data with those Irom flight tests on the same W76-70213 516-53-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. FUEL CONSERVATIVE AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TECHNOL- OGY R. B. Bower 804-827-3285 1505-06-31; 79t'40'08; 5t6-S0-20l The overall objectives are to develop advanced technologies that will lead to major savings in aircraft fuel consumption and to verify and demonstrate that the fuel conserving technologies are practical, economical, and safe for use on future transport aircraft ln-hnuse ground-based eoperim nets supplemented by contractor efforts will be performed to develop aerodynamic fuel cveservivg technologies Aircraft systems studies, both in-house and contracted, will determine the most effective means of integrating these technologies and other fuel-saving technology for manimum fuel conservation consistent with ecological. economic, and operational considerations As fuel conserving technology development progresses, limited flight euperiments 32 PAGENO="0265" 261 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY will be performed to verify benefits and establish confidence in the technologies. W76-70214 516-54-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu. HYDROGEN-FUELED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY R E Bower 804-827-3285 The objective is to provide a technology base in materials. structures. configurations, and tank systems to establish the feasibility and payoffs of liquid hydrogen fueled aircraft, and to determine the hazards and preventative measures which will permit a high degree of safety for hydrogen-fueled aircraft. The efficiency of various tank insulations suitable for use aboard aircraft, the compatibility of various metals with hydrogen and the fuel pump and distribution system for aircraft one will be established by the design and testing of subscale and, if required, full-scale eopnriment'al hardware. The approach is to perform in-house and contractual eoperimental studies of subscale cryogenic tank systems `including lightweight insulations, and utilizing the most promising flight weight tank systems, perform experimental studies directed at application to aircraft design. Also, conduct configura- tional studies of liquid hydrogen aircraft concepts and carry out safety programs. W76-70215 516-55.01 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. VARIABLE CYCLE ENGINE COMPONENTS SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY E. A. Willis 216-433-4000 Modern high performance aircraft are required to operate over a wide variety of flight conditions This creates conflicting requirements on the propulsion system which, in many cases, can be most effectively met by a Variable Cycle Engine )VCE). A VCE typically has 2 or more distinct operating modes. le.g. turbofan and turbojet), each tailored to provide optimum efficiency at one uf the major flight conditions. e.g takeoff, subsonic cruise and supersonic cruise The success of any VCE concept depends in torn on the proper functioning of its components -- which in many cases must operate safely and efficiently over an unprece- dented range of operating conditions. In order to provide technology readiness for these components, studies will be conducted to: identify those for which the payoff for technol- ogy advancement is highest, determine liv the case of a variable geometry component) the optimum degree optimum degree of variability, and select the most promising design approaches The components initially considered will include but not be limited to the fuliuwing: highly variable fans; variable HPC's. lIFT's. and LPT's; variable exhaust systems. burners, mixer valves and flow diverter valves. W76-70216 516-56-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 6. E. Bower 804-827-3285 505.11-31; 505-04-21; 501-22-061 The purpose of this work is to provide the technology required for flight demonstrations and tests of advanced propulsion and structural systems associated with achieving efficient sustained hypersonic flight In addition, this work is tu support jointly with USAF the configuration development, thermal protection system verification and rocket engine selectiun for the test vehicle IX-24Cl xx which the experiments would be carried. A joint USAF-NASA ad hxc committee has developed a research aircraft concept meeting the flight research requirements of both agencies. Detailed work on configuration development including integration xf the majur flight experiments such as a scramjet will be cunducted Further, the verification xf the thermal protection system and studies leading tx the final selection of the rocket primary propulsion system will be conducted lv addition, this program (iv cxxpnratixn with the R&T disciplinary research programs) will develop the techeulogy for advanced systems demonstrations fur eventual flight test on the X.24C. Technology development leading to the fabrication and ground test of a flight-weight scramjet module designed to fully integrate with the vehicle as well as the development and test of liquid hydrogen fuselage tanks and advanced structural panels will be spensored under this RTOP W76-70217 517-51-01 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. TRANSONIC AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY ITACTI Weneth D. Painter 805-258-331 1 1517-51-02; 517-51-031 The objectives of this effort are: It) to demonstrate the supercritical wing improved transonic drag rise and lilt levels for buffet onset shown in wind-tunnel investigations; and 121 establish the desired level of confidence in prediction of sxpercritical wing characteristics for future applications. This is a loint NASA/USAF program being conducted in accurdance with a Memorandum of Understanding dated 16 June. 1871. The supercritical wing and associated parts were provided by Convair Division of General Dynamics under Air Force Contract AF 336t5-71C-1912 The left-hand wing was structurally proof tested at the AFFD Wright-Patterson AFB NASA FRC will supply and install the basic instrumentation as well as perform the aircraft modification and wing installation NASA FRC will alsx be responsible for the flight test and total program management beginning at the end of the envelope expansion phase of the flight test NASA FRC assumed responsibility for the TACT program management as of August 28. 1974. W76-7021B 517-51-02 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif F-ill TACT RESEARCH AIRCRAFT R H. Petersen 415-965-6463 The overall oblective of the Transonic Aircraft Technology (TACT) program is tx provide a proof-of-concept research flight demonstration of recent advances in supercriticul wing technology leading to the development of design criteria for future military ard civil aircraft. Specifically, the effort at the Ames Research Center will be to provide thorough wind tunnel investigations as the basis for prediction xl aerodynamic performance, stability, control, buffeting characteristics, and structural loads of the TACT airplane. Correlation of the predicted characteristics based on the wind tunnel results with lull-scale flight test data is a further major objective. Current projections are that all wind tunnel test data require for the correlation of wind tunnel and flight test results will be obtained by end of FY77 W76-70219 517-51-03 Langley Research Center. Lanoley Station. Va TRANSONIC AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY (TACT) R E. Bower 804-827-3285 The xverall oblective xl the Transonic Aircraft Technology (TACT) program is to provide prool-xf-cxncept of supercritrcal airfoil technology in the transonic and low supersonic flight regimes and to provide dvsign critvria for the design of future military and civil aircraft. The eflxrt at the Langley Research Center will be to analyze and document wind tunnel test results of the nozzle thrust-minus-drag and fuselage afterbody drag coefficients for use in correcting static aerodynamic data to lull scale airplane values for various engine power settings The Langley effort will alsu prxvide technical assistance for the correlalion and analysis xl the wind tunnel and flight aerodynamic data. W76-70220 517-51-04 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif MILITARY SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY T. R Srsk 805-258-3311 NASA-FRC has obtained permission tx participate iv several AF development and flight programs xl highly maneuverable aircraft Being involved in these programs permits FRC to obtain ax early insight into many xl the design innovations of these advanced technology aircraft and allows detailed planning of follow-on programs to cxmpare to model data and analytical prediction methods Some of the areas of interest include It) stability and control characteristics at high angle of attach and advanced load factor. (2) buffet/wing rock characteristics (3) effects of maneuver enhancement devices such as flaps and strakes. and 14) effects xf advanced design features such as RSS and canards 33 PAGENO="0266" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 262 Aeronautics Experimental Programs W76-70221 723-01-01 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. HIGHLY MANEUVERABLE AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY (HiMATI - FLIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM G.P. Layton 805-258-331 1505-06-441 This RTOP covers the flight test phase of a program to provide improved technology for the design of highly maneuverable aircraft. Present design restraints will be relaoed to permit complete freedom in the application of state-of-the-art system soch as integrated, computerized controls, composite structures, propulsion augmentation of lift and control and the like in order to achieve maoimam benefits from synergistic effects. The complex and innovative configurations soch as the HiMAT designs can only be oalidated and the high risk technology matured for manned vehicle application through eotensive testing of the complete configuration in the real and dynamic environment of flight. The high level of technical risk inherent in the HiMat designs precludes their application to manned prototype vehicles because of pilot safety concerns and the enormous cost of these aircraft. This program will use large scale free-flying models controlled by remote piloting techniques to acquire actual flight tests data at a minimum cost. The facility for these tests eoists at FRC and is currently being eotended to handle supersonic vehicles. W76-70222 723-01-03 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. HIGHLY MANEUVERABLE AIRCRAFTTECHNOLOGY/WIND TUNNEL SUPPORT R E. Bower 804-827-3285 The objective of this research is to investigate and develop the technology base required for the design and development of new highly maneuvering aircraft concepts. Study of several onconventionnl concepts will be pursued with the objectives of defining the subsonic stability, control and performance character- istics at high angle of attack. The successful accomplishment of the goals of this research can proizide significant increases in the aeronautical performance for future fighter aircraft. Promising ideas for obtaining high aerodynamic performarce for m anueuver- ing fighter aircraft will be eoamired analytically and eoperimentolly with primary emphasis on investigating their aerodynamic performance, propulsion, stability, and control characteristics. Representative promising concepts which may be investigated include configurations employing high respect ratio, two- dimensional, vectoring eozzles; new and innovative wing designs including aeroelastic tailoring, and anti-spin deveices. The eoperimental studies will be conducted primarily in the Langley 16-foot. 7- by 10-foot. spin. and 16-foot transonic dynamics W76-70223 738-01-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. QUIET CLEAN SHORT-HAUL EXPERIMENTAL ENGINE IQCSEE) Carl C. Ciepluch 2t6-433-4000 (505-05 -221 The objective of this program is to design, build and test eoperimeetal engines to consolidate and demonstrate the technology needed for very quiet, clean and efficient propulsion systems for economically viable and environmentally acceptable powered lift short-haul aircraft. Two eoperimental propulsion s~ stems, engines and nacelles. one for under-the-wing and one for over-the-wing installation, will be designed, built, tested and delivered to the Lewis Research Center. Acoustic and aerodynamic performance testing in wing/flap system installations will be conducted to verify system characteristics and achievement of program goals. W76-70224 Langley Reseaich Center, Langley Station. Va. SCAR - STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 (743-01-it; 732-01 -12. 732-01 -221 The objective is to assess merits of structural arrangements, concepts, and materials for advanced supersonic aircraft and determine best approaches. Perform studies to develop baseline structure for arrow-wing aerodynamic configuration and guidelines for future research. Acquire analysis and design tools for future- in-house studies of advanced configurations. Develop advanced composite panels for low-weight and high fracture-resistance. Assess impact of application of composite structures in a continuation of Boeing structural concept study contract. Perform sensitivity studies in-house with LTV team to eoamine impact of structural modifications and composites on aeroelastic behavior. Purchase advanced composite panels for testing in-house. W76-70225 743.01.02 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. FUEL TANK SEALANTS 0. R Chapman 415-965-5065 The objective of this RTOP is to develop fuel tank sealants which offer long semice life under conditions encountered in advanced supersonic aircraft. The specific objectives are to: synthesize, characterize and vulcanize sealant elastomers; study mechanism(s( by which they deteriorate on eoposure to heat both in the presence and absence of fuels; select optimum sealant and determine its thermophysical and dynamic properties; and evaluate it by performing appropriate environmental and flight testing. Novel elastomers will be synthesized as candidate fuel lank sealants designed to meet Eight requirements of Mach 2.7-3.0 and higher. The mechanism sealants mill be selected, compounded and tested under simulated fuel tank conditions to establish their long term service life. The optimum sealant will then be applied to a fuel tank in an advanced aircraft and flight-tested. W7B-70226 743-01-11 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SCAR- COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 (743-01-01; 743-01-12; 743-01 -221 The objective is to develop computer-aided design methods for supersonic cruise vehicles with particular attention to aeroelastic. flutter. thermal stress, and fatigue and fracture considerations. Under grants and contracts, eotend or improve computer codes for design-oriented aerodynamics, fatigue and fracture design. and flutter optimization. In-house. define component processes for a flutter design computer code module. W76-70227 743-01-12 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SCAR- LOADS AND AEROELASTICITY TECHNOLOGY R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 1743-05-04; 743-01-111 Under the specific objective to establish an eopanded supersonic structures and materials technology base in parallel with the eopansion of other supersonic disciplinary technologies which will permit major reductions in structural weight by research on new materials with satisfactory fatigue, fracture, and lifetime characteristics under supersonic cruise conditions, the objective xl this plan is to develop, in-house and with contract support. technology in the area of loads and aeroelasticity to a sufficient state of readiness to provide an adequate base for confident initiation of development of advanced supersonic cruise aircraft. A multi-faceted approach will be used to meet this objective. The development of advanced Putter analysis theories will provide improved inputs to the flutter design module now being developed 1743-01-111 particularly in the transonic and low supersonic speed regimes. Loads analysis techniques to include aeroelastic and nonlinear transonic effects will be developed. Both existing and new wind tunnel eoperimental results will be used to verify and improve analysis techniques. Acoustic pressure inputs from the engine nohaust will be quantified and the response of various structures will be analyzed. A program to predict aircraft landing. taoi and takeoff motion will be formulated and the benefits of an active landing gear on the ride quality and loads will be determined. Related work is being done at Langley. Ames and Plight. The DOT SST technical follow-on program has related tasks which have been considered in developing this program. 743-01-0 1 34 PAGENO="0267" 263 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70228 743-01-13 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SCAR - ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to establish and eopand sopersonic structures and materials technology base which will permit major redactions in stractural weight for supersonic cruise conditions and to establish the aeroelastic behavior of highly flexible long and slender aircraft in the transonic and supersonic flight regime. Detailed definition of power spectra of turbulence and wave motion characteristics present in the atmosphere in various meteorological conditions will be obtained. Special emphasis will be placed on the determination of the spectral shape at wavelengths of 30.000 ft or greater and altitude of 30.000 to 65.000 ft Meteorological conditions will include jet stream, mountain waves. gravity waves, and near thunderstorms as well as earth boundary turbulence measurements, the latter primarily for instrumentation verification. Consistency of spectra and directional characteristics of wave phenomena will be investigated. All measurements will be made utilizing the same instrumentation system and same data processing procedure. Instrumentation includes low, inertial flow vanes, an inertial platform for measuring aircraft motion angles. platform mounted accelerometers integrated for aircraft velocities, and rate gyros for angular rates. A total of 6090 flights should yield sufhcient data to accomplish the objectives. W76-70229 743-01-22 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. SCAR - MATERIALS APPLICATIONS R. R. Heldexfels 804-827-2042 (505-01-31; 505-03-21; 505-02-41 505-02-421 The objective of this program is to advance composite and titanium materials and structural component technology to achieve longtime structural integrity and low weight in supersonic cruise aircraft structures. The technology development program will consist of development of advanced fabrication methods; performance of strength. fatigue. and fracture tests to establish structural integrity of materials and representative components; development of methods for acceleration of fatigue tests; performance of time-temperature-stress investigation to determine limitations of advanced materials; development of new or improved resins, adhesives, and coatings; and fabrication, ground test, and installation of components on the YF.12 and Boeing 737 aircraft for flight service evaluation. It is anticipated that these programs will provide important advances in materials and structural component technology; help establish the future role of advanced composite materials; and indicate approaches for achieving lower structural weight. improved structural integrity, and lower fabrication costs for supersonic cruise aircraft. W76-70230 743-01-23 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. SCAR STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY Alan L. Carter 805-258-3311 (501-32-05; 501-32-061 The objective is to determine the structural performance of candidate AST materials and fabrication techniques Icorrugated and honeycomb sandwich. composites. conventional skin - stringer. etc.l subjected to load and thermal cycling Conduct a coordinated program of flight and laboratory tests on specimens supplied by Langley. For the flight program, representative panels would be designed, fabricated and flight rated under contract and installed on the YF-12 for exposure to realistic operating environment during NASA flight tests. Subsequently the panels would be subjected to thermal and load testing ix the FRC Heat Facility. lx addition, a series of small specimens. supplied by Langley. will be tested in the laboratory for additional background W76-70231 743-02-22 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu. SCAR - STRATOSPHERIC EMISSION IMPACT- TUNABLE LASER MEASUREMENTS E. S Love 804-827-2893 1506-18-121 The objective of this research is to develop laser flight instrumentation to measure trace constituents in stratospheric let wakes and the effect of these constituents on the ambient stratosphere. This RTOP continues a program initiated in FY.73 [501.24.20]. A feasibility study under that program identified tunable laser instruments which are capable of making fast time response spatially resolved measurements of jet wake constituents with greater sensitivity than currently available in-situ techniques. Under an FY74 program 1743-34-221 a Phase A contractual design and cost study of a flight instrument for two-ended diode laser absorption demonstrated the feasibility of a two-ended ,absorption measurement operating between the cabin of a chase aircraft and a wing-mounted retroreflector. The approach to this program will be to continue a phased contractual program An FY-75 contract will be initiated to provide in-flight wing motion measurements of the U-2 aircraft and to design and build a wing tracking mirror. An FY-76 contract will be let for design and construction of the flight instrument. In-house laboratory and theoretical studies will be continued to provide calibration spectra for the jet woke and stratospheric constituents. W76-70232 743-02-22 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. SCAR - STRATOSPHERIC EMISSION IMPACT 0. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 1989-15-20. 505-03-41. 976-61-111 The basic objective is to develop an understanding of the interaction of supersonic jet exhausts with the upper atmosphere to provide data which can be used to assess wake impact on the natural atmospheric composition. Detailed objectives are to determine composition of the jet wake and the perturbations chemical. fluid-dynamicl in the stratosphere caused by the passage of supersonic aircraft ix a specified air corridor, and develop and apply advanced instrumentation to measure these tra cc constituents in the stratosphere. The Stratospheric Jet Wake Program will continue its studies in two parts: wake assessments cvncluding in FY76, and far-wake evaluations, if warranted. through FY79. Integral with these activities is ax advanced instruments development program The near-wake studies involve the use of newly available instruments on a U-2 aircraft flown into the visibly-marked wake of a supersonic aircraft iv the stratosphere to measure exhaust gases These data are being used to improve and verify mathematical models of engine exhaust wake chemistry. Fluid-dynamic models of the wake are being verified by photographic methods which provide wake dimensions with time. Far-wake studies require new types of instruments being developed ix the advanced instruments development pregram. These devices will provid e sensitive measurements xf very dilute exhaust gases and atmospheric constituents with which the exhaust may react. Improved wake visualization methods are also necessary so aircraft can be directed into and near aging exhaust plumes. W76-70233 743-03-11 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. SCAR NOISE REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY U. H. Von Glahx 216-433-4000 The objective is to develop the technology required to quiet both conventional and advanced supersonic transport engines to levels acceptable to the community. Areas of particular concern include noise suppression of high velocity jets and choked inlet suppression of rurbomachinery noise. Wind tunnel tests will be conducted using scale-model nozzles developed for advanced duct-burning turbofan engines to determine airspeed effects on the jet acoustics of such nozzles. Studies will be continued to determine the effect of aircraft motion on noise sources External flow effects on various jet noise suppressor types and on the acoustic characteristics associated with engine cycles of interest will be evaluated. W76-70234 743-03-21 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio SCAR POLLUTION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY R. A Rudey 2164334000 150503-32. 505-04-31. 743-02-221 The obl entice is to minimize the amounts of pollutants being discharged by aircraft engines into the upper atmosphere, by 35 PAGENO="0268" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 264 improving combustor and/or augmentor dnsigns. Achieving low levels of exhaust emissions from high altitude aircraft by improving combustion design principles is needed in order to minimize any potential interaction of combustion products with the ambient atmosphere. Reductions in combustor exhaust emissions are being sought in two efforts The first, which has been completed. was directed toward modificatiov to combustor hardware presently being developed in the clean combustor program with emphasis placed on reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOv) at supersonic cruise conditions. The second approach, which is currently under way. is tu evaluate novel and unique techniques to minimize NOo to the lowest values possible in combustion systems eventually applicable to aircraft engines The first effort is aimed at the near term emission reductivns that may be practical, whereas. the second effort is geared toward developing technology for future supersonic aircraft engines. The evaluation of potential augmentor emission reductions will be used to assess the impact that well designed augmentors, used during cruise, would have on total engine emission levels The augmentor program is being initiated and a follow-on effort to the low cruise NOx efforts is being planned W76-70235 743-03-31 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio SCAR INLET STABILITY SYSTEM M. 0. Dustin 2t6-433-4000 The objective is to demonstrate an improved ivlet stability system for supersonic, mined-compression inlets The system will allow the inlet to operate at a higher pressure recovery with fewer inlet uvstarts than for the present inlet system. The development of a shock stability bleed system using mechanical relief valves will be accomplished in wind tunnel tests using a full-scale YF- 12 inlet If successful, the stability system will be evaluated in flight on the YF-12 aircraft. W76-70236 743-03-41 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. SCAR ENGINE STUDY E. A. Willis 216-433-4000 Adoances in propulsion system technology will be required to permit the development of a quiet, clean, economical commercial supersonic transport. Cvntracts for the study of such airplanes have been let by Langley Research Center and other supporting work is being performed by LaRC. LeRC. ARC. DEC. and DOT. As part of this effort. LeRC has let contracts to study various types of propulsion systems that might be applied iii the advanced aircraft The studies will determine the desirable characteristics of the engines, assess the benefits of advanced technology. and identify the needs for future research They also will be used to define the content of a possible experimental engine program. W76-70237 743-03-51 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. SCAR - TECHNOLOGY-UNIQUE COMPONENTS R A Signorelli 216-433-4000 Advanced aircraft that must perform efficiently over a wide ange of subsonic and supersonic flight speeds may employ variable bypass engine cycles which require a number of unique components. These components include a through-flow fan and sound suppression system which must provide a high level of performance over a uside range of flow conditions. The large complex sections must be fabricated with lightweight structural materials capable of operating at the high temperatures encoon- feted at high flight speeds and in the hot section of the engine. Advanced composites provide the most promising materials for the se struc lures To provide lb e nevess ary high levels of performance and advanced materials fur lb ese unique components of variable bypass engines, the Ivllowing major thrusts are included It) advanced boron/aluminum composite materials for lightweight Ian blades u/ilk improved impact resistance will be evaluated, (21 structural and fabrication properties of an applicable high temperature composite material (silicon carbide' in metal matrix) will be evaluated for use in the hot sections of the engine. and (31 supersonic through-flow fan stages applicable to a supersonic cruise engine will.be evaluated W76-70238 743-04-01 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. SCAR - AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY (SYSTEMS INTEGRATION STUDIES) R. E. Bower 804-827-3285 The work performed under this RTOP will address the impact of advanced technologies applied to supersonic cruise aircraft by studying their effects on the overall characteristics and mission capabilities of promising aircraft concepts. Integration studies will typically evaluate advances in aerodynamics/configurations, propulsion, structures, materials. and avionics. These studies will not only indicate the most favorable design tradeoffs, but will also point out the directions for productive future research and technology activities. Throughout the studies, major considerations will be the meeting or exceeding of current noise and pollution levels and improving the energy utilization of supersonic cruise aircraft. The work will be carried out in two ways In one, SCAR will support the supersonic technology efforts of a team from the Vehicle Integration Branch of the LRC Aeronautical Systems Division. The emphasis of this team. which is made up of in-house and nonpersonal services contract manpower, will be on providing early assessments of new technology on the characteristics of the total aircraft, and on defining reference configurations for future comparison purpose. In the other approach, industry expertise will be utilized by awarding contracts in areas of particular company capability or initiative, and where practical design and construction methodology needs to be considered W76-70239 743-04-12 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. SCAR AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY CO N CE PTSf R E Bower 804-827-3285 The objective of this program is to develop advanced supersonic cruise vehicle concepts and to provide a source of experimental data which can be used in the optimization of these concepts. The goal is to provide fully integrated configurations which provide at least a 30 percent improvement in supersonic cruise efficiency while meeting the requirements of other disciplinary areas such as structures, propulsion, and flight controls The effort will be conducted in two ways. In one approach, ic-house developments in the concept area will be analyzed and tested extensively at subsonic, transonic and supersonic spec ds Iterations will be made on the concepts and wind tunnel models will be tested to establish trade information and to provide cause and effect relationships In the other approach, cooperative NASA/Industry programs will be supported to develop data bases and trade information on promising airframe industry supersonic cruise vehicle concepts W76-7024G 743-04-21 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. SCAR-AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY (THEORY) R E. Bower 804-827-3285 (743-04-21; 501-06-01) The objective of this program is to develop and validate methods for use in predicting overall aerodynamic characteristics and detailed load distributiuns, for design and off-design conditions, of advanced supersonic aircraft configurations Theoretical methods will be developed through contract and in-house studies and then evaluated with in-houue tests of representative models of advanced supersonic aircraft. The studies will involve Improvements to existing linearized-theory area rule methods and to the inclusion of local Mach number effects to allow prediction of detailed surface loadings and flow fields of complete configurations The off-design and critical design load problems snill be approached by including leading edge separation and reattachment in finite-element lifting surface theories W76-70241 743-04-21 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. AERODYNAMICS AND PERFORMANCE (THEORY) C T Snyder 415-965-5587 (50506-11; 505-06-31) The research performed under this RTOP is to develop and 36 PAGENO="0269" 265 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY evaluate aerodynamic theories for use in predicting the high-lift characteristics at advanced supersonic technology aircraft. including wing-body interterence. propulsive flow effects, airframe acoustic shielding effects, and ground effects. The overall objective is to provido the theoretical technology for design of advanced supersonic technology aircraft having acceptable aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics during landing. take off, and subsonic flight operations. W76-70242 743-04-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SONIC BOOM R E Bower 804-827-3285 This RTOP is in support of the Supersonic Cruise A/C Research Program. The objectives are to provide an understanding of sonic boom generation and propagation, and to develop methods of estimadion and minimization. In recognition of the substantial accomplishments already made for supersonic speeds approaching the hypersonic range, and in the absence of a national supersonic transport development program. the present research porgram is rather limited. Contract work has been terminated, and the present university grants will be discontinued this year. An in-house program of analytic studies and wind-tunnel eoperimentation will be continued. The work will cover refinement of minimization techniques and their application in definition of configuration requirements for low levels of sonic boom. W76-70243 743-05-01 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif STABILITY AND CONTROL PREDICTION OF FLEXIBLE AIRCRAFT H Petersen 4t5-g65-5880 1505-02-21. 505-06-16. 5t6-51 -02) The objective is to develop and incorporate into the FLEXSTAB computer program system improvements that will increase the accuracy and efficiency of analysis of stability and control characteristics of flexible aircraft, and that will add aerodynamics design capability, and analysis of maneuver and gust loads and active control characteristics. To apply the FLEXSTAB for configuration analysis in support of SCAR Program objectives and to make the program available to aerospace industry. Coiitracts have been obligated with previous fiscal year SCAR Program funds that are still in progress that will provide much of the new technology needed to accomplish the above objectives Although no new funding is requested in FY 1976. cysts will be incurred during FY 1676 from the existing contracts W76-70244 743-05-04 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va ACTIVE CONTROL OF AEROELASTIC RESPONSE R R Heldenfels 804.527-2042 151 2-53-011 In order that dynamically scaled aeroelastic wind tunnel models may be used to study and validate active control applications fur the minimization of aircraft anroelastic response. the state of the art of mudding technology, including model design and constrocrion and resring techniques, will be advanced as required fur active control applications In addition to basic technique development, considerable emphasis will be placed on validating model procedures by correlating wind tunnel results with analytical and flight data. In urder that future supersonic cruise aircraft can take full advantage xl the potential benefits of active control for the minimization of aeroelastic response technology, research will be conducted to develop new active contrxl concepts and apyrxachns that are particularly applicable to SCAR class aircraft. The efforts are designed to help mevt the general vblvctioe xl establishing an expanded supersonic stability and cxvtrvls technology base in parallel wiih the expansion of other supersonic disciplinary technologies which will provide major contrul system ado ances a pplicable to aircraft operating at supersonic cruise speeds W76-70245 743-05.22 Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif SCAR-COOPERATIVE AUTOPILOT/SAS/PROPULSION CONTROL SYSTEM Gene J Matranga 805-258-331 1 Significant airplane flight path disturbancesattributabfeto the propulsion system, have been observed on the XB-70 and YF-12 airplanes at high speed. This RTOP is developing wind-tunnel and analytical techniques for predicting airframe/propulsion system interactions of advanced supersonic aircraft and determin- ing the feasibility and benefits of a cooperative autopilot/SAS/ propulsion control system. This goal is being pursued by conducting simulator and analytical studies to determine the possible benefjts to be derived through the use of such an integrated control system on the YF-t2. Contracts are being let for the design. construction, and installation of such a system on the YF-12. Flight tests are planned to verify the benefits that can be obtained by such a system in an operational environment. W76.70246 743-05-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ACTIVE FLUTTER SUPPRESSION OF SUPERSONIC CRUISE AIRCRAFT R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 Active flutter suppression systems appear to be attractive for application to future flutter deficient aircraft designs from performance and costs points of view, since the potential eoists for considerable weight savings as compared to traditional passive approaches of increasing structural stiffness and/or mass balancing. However, specific comparisons of active and passive solutions to increasing flutter speeds are needed so that the quantitative benefits of active systems can be determined. This is the objective of this RTOP. The objective will be reached by using contractor studies to compare active and passive flutter suppression applications to increasing the flutter speeds of particular structural configurations. W76.70247 744-01-01 Ames Research Center, Molfett Field. Calif. TILT ROTOR RESEARCH AIRCRAFT PROGRAM W. L Cook 415-965-5442 744-Ot-OtI The design, development and flight research on two tilt rotor research aircraft are proposed to prove the tilt rotor V/STOL concept for potential military and civil missions A program of direct supporting technology is also a part of this RTOP The Project Plan for Development of V/STOL Tilt Rotur Research Aircraft. Revision 2. dated January 1974 and Change 1 to the same. Dated September 1974. address the technical objectives. approach. justification, the operating plan. ovoiroemeeral impavr statement, milestone schedules and the review and reporting for the subject project. W76-70248 745-01-01 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. ROTOR SYSTEMS RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IRSRAI Robert E. Bower 804-827-3285 (505.10-24; 505-10-21; 505-f 0-23. 505-10-26. 514-53-011 The Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRAI objective is to develop and bring into uperation two versatile flight research aircraft to provide economical rotorcraft research capability in the real and dynamic environment of flight These research aircraft will provide research capabilities that cannot be duplicaied in groundbased facilities and that haoe previously been restricted because of the expense of specialized vehicles The versatility of the Rotor Systems Research Aircraft will pruorde (11 economical flight research of a wide variety of promising new rxtxr concepts. and 12) real-world verification xl rutorcraft supporting technology offering potential solutions ix existing xi anticipated problem areas This is a joint prugram with the Army, iv accordance with tIre Memorandum of Undnrstanding between NASA and the Army dated November 1. 1971 TIre program will be managed thrxugh a vet prxject ullice iv accxrclance with the NASA/Army Rotor Systems Research Aircraft Prolect Plaii which was jointly approond by NASA and the Army xv February 23. 1973. and updated February 7. 1974 by the NASA/Army RSRA Project Office W76-70249 Ames Research Center, Molfett Field. Calif 769-01-01 37 PAGENO="0270" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 266 AMST PROGRAM PARTICIPATION C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5567 (769-38-01) This RTOP provides for participation by NASA/Ames in the Air Force AMST program and for the subsequent use by NASA of the AMST aircraft. NASA's role in the AMST program includes joint planning with the Air Force of the flight test program. arrangements for the provision of special instrumentation or modifications to the aircraft, arrangements for the performance of support effort in wind-tunnel and simulator facilities, the conduct of additional analyses and tests in support of NASA's unique flight test requirements for the AMST. and participation with the Air Force in the Air Force flight test program, and later, the conduct of unique NASA tests of the AMST aircraft. Accomplish- ment of the above requires achievement of a framework for joint NASA/AF working level flight test planning. Also required is an evaluation in depth of the capabilities of the AMST aircraft to perform propulsive-lift flight research and an investigation of modifications which may enhance their flight research usefulness. The first stage of the flight test program will be devoted to achieving the Air Farce primary objectives and as much as NASA's technology-oriented research as can be accomplished concurrently without interference with the primary objective. Following completion of the one year of prototype evaluation planned by the Air Force, the aircraft may be turned over to NASA for tests more closely related to NASA's flight research objectives. W76-70250 769-01-02 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va AMST EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM PARTICIPATION R E. Bower 804-827-3285 1505-1 0411 The objectives are to obtain, through participation in the U. S. Air Force advanced medium STOL transport (AMST) prototype aircraft program, upper-surface blowing and externally blown flap propulsive-lift flight research data. The Langley Research Center will supply principal investigators to plan and help execute specific eoperiments in various discipline areas. A Langley representative will serve on the Inter-Center Quiet Propulsive-Lift Technology IOPLT) Flight Eoperiments Working Group where the NASA noperiments will be planned. evaluated. and integrated into the joint flight test program with the Air Force-led flight tests and later NASA-led flight research utilizing both the Boeing YC-14 and Douglas YC-15 AMST aircraft. For justification, see specific objective and targets for AMST experiments, quiet propulsive-lift technology. page 3 1-1. PASO Document dated February 1. 1975 W76-70251 769-01-03 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. AMST FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS M R Barber 805-258-331 1 This RTOP cxvers FRC activities pertaining to svpport xf the jxint Air Fxrce/NASA AMST program and activities. Specific areas involved are, 11) participation on the AMST Joint Test Team; including flight test planning. developing NASA prxposed flight experiments, developing research instrvwentatixn and data acquisition requirements, in-house data reduction and analysis. and informatixn disseminatixn; (2) prcpvsing. reviewing, develop- ing, initiating. ard assisting other NASA Centers in implementing flight experiments derived frxm the QPLT Flight Experiments Working Group. 131 measuring the nxisec haracteristics xf the AMST aircraft; and 141 investigating cxntrxl system/stability and control requirements and xperating evvirxnwent for fullow-on NASA Lead AMST flight experiments. All xl the abxve listed activities were essentially new efforts in FY-74 covered under the RTOP 769-89-01 W76-70252 769-01-04 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. AMST EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM PARTICIPATION Michael F. Valerino 216-433-4000 This RTOP provides for Lewis Research Center participation in the jxint Air Force/NASA AMST program which includes definitixn xf flight research experiments in the areas xl prxpulsixn system performance and nxise to be conducted using the Boeing YC-14 and Douglas YC-15 prototype aircraft. LeRC will define, develop, and implement NASA propulsion-related flight experiments to be conducted daring the Air Force-led portion of the AMST flight test program and daring the subsequent NASA-led flight research program. W76-70253 769-02-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio QSRA PROPULSION SUPPORT M. F. Valerino 216-433-4000 LeRC is supporting ARC in the propulsion systems of the OSRA aircraft, including the study of engines potentially suitable for the research aircraft in achieving its powered lift, noise, and near terminal performance goals. Based upon the results of these and the aircraft studies, the hybrid upper surface blowing system has been selected for incorporation into the Buffalo aircraft. These velections then resulted in the selection xf the Lycoming YF1O2 series turbofan engine as that most suited for the intended application. The continuing engine support will then include further determination of modifications required to the engine to accxmodate the needs of the research aircraft, and the provisixrf' xf gxvernment-owned YF1O2 engines for the flight aircraft and for supporting ground studies by LeRC. The effort also includes participating in all other propulsion aspects of the aircraft program. In addition, assistance will be proxided to the QPLT Office in its staff support role to the OAST Transport Technology Programs Office in carrying out the nertical cut responsibilities for the Short-Haul Transport Technology Program. This includes participa- tion in the development of a Short-Haul Transport Technology Program plan. W76-70254 769-02-02 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. QUIET SHORT-HAUL RESEARCH AIRCRAFT (QSRA) W L Cook 415-965-6181 1769-02-0 11 This RTOP covers the design, fabrication and test of a quiet propulsive-lift research aircraft which will permit flight research beyond the flight regime of the AMST and the existing augmented let flap Buffalo aircraft. The approach stresses low-cost modifica- tion of another existing Buffalo aircraft. Key design simplification guidelines are use of fixed landing gear. 160 knot maximum speed. +2g. -O.5g limit load, and design life of 500 flight hours. The flight research will advance technolxgy for future development of reliable, quiet. and economical prxpulsive lift transports. The test program will provide specific information on flight characteris- tics. and powered lift performance, as well as information on design, noise. operational features and propulsive-lift system economics, all needed narixusly by designers, regulatory agencies and operators. The research aircraft design goals include: capability of usable approach lift coefficients greater than 4.6; 90 EPNdB noise footprints smaller than one square mile. and roll cxntrol power greater than 1 rad/sec/sec. The project will include modification of an existing C-8 Buffalo aircraft into an advanced hybrid/upper surface blowing propulsive-lift configuration with updating existing Lycoming YF-1O2 engines with A-9A gearbox and accessories to power the aircraft in its flight research program Refer to the following documents for all the required additional RTOP information: Ill Project Plan for QSRA October 11. 1974; 121 Flight Test Plan for OSRA. August 1974, Risk Assessment for OSRA. September 1974; 13) Ennironmental Impact Statement for QSRA, September 1974. Space and NuClear Research and Technol- ogy Base W76-70255 506-16-11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. SURFACE PHYSICS 0. R Chapman 415-965-5065 Studies are being conducted to expand the understanding xf surface and interfacral properties and surface-ennironment interactions to determine their effects on material behavior. These 38 PAGENO="0271" 267 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY studies range from describing the changes in surface properties that result when atomic and molecular beams interact with solid surfaces to the study of the growth characteristics of thin films and of the nature of composite interfaces. In addition, a study was initiated to correlate grain boundary chemistry of fracture surfaces and embrittlement of structural materials. This study uses an Auger analysis system and has the capability of fracturing and eoamining in-situ a variety of metal alloys in aggressive environments. Other eoperimeetal studies will involve in-situ high resolution electron microscopy of thin film nucleation and growth phenomena in ultra-high vacuum under well controlled eoperimen- tal conditions. Additional high resolution electron microscopy work has been initiated to investigate gas/solid interactions of small metallic particles 110-100 Al of interest to catalytic reactions. Thin particulate Pd films of well defined properties will be prepared to study the influence of particle size and structure on their surface free energy and catalytic activity. LEED/Auger/work function/thermal desorption studies of the interaction of metal vapors and gaseous species with metal and graphite surfaces will continue and concentrate on the effect of thin intermediate oxide layers on the atomistic properties of metal/metal interfaces. The Auger-microprobe capability will be further developed. W76-70256 506-16-12 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS R. A. Lad 216-433-4000 1506-16-141 The objective is to increase the base of understanding of the relationships between the electronic, atomic, molecular and microscopic structures of sofids and their useful mechanical structural and chemical properties: the focus is mainly on basic problems associated with metal matrix composites, the hot corrosion of superalloys and the functioning of battery separators. The emphasis in composites is on phenomena which contribute to low impact strength, a wide spread in mechanical properties and deterioration during thermal cycling. The emphasis in hot corrosion is on the study of the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction, the composition of the gas phase and solid phase chemical species involved, and the thermochemistry acid thermodynamics of the reactions. The battery separator research is focussed on definition of the requisite film properties for good ionic conduction and on the determination of factors which control density formation and film peeetratioo. W76-70257 506-16-12 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 The objective is to develop efficient computer programs to calculate reliable wane functions for ground and excited states of atoms, diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules, and solid state matter. These wave functions will in tore be the basis for precision calculation of many basic properties of matter such as bond dissociation energies, radiation transition probabilities, dipole moments. Auger transitions, chemical rate coefficients, and solid state properties Computer codes for calculating wave functions using the CDC 7600 and the parallel processing feature of the ILLIAC 4 will be developed. These codes will be.compared with the best available numerically computed wave functions, to assure the coding is reliable, then they will be used to calculate larger expansions of these wave functions, which will be more precise than heretofore, and also wave functions for species which have not yet been computed. Several low-lying states of each symmetry type will be computed, and optical transition probabili- ties between these states will be evaluated. The work will concentrate on molecules such as CN. CIO, NOI±l. N2l+ I. ClOD. etc. which are of current interest with regard to upper atmosphere pollution, planetary entry, heat shield ablation. or gas lasers. W76-70258 506-16-13 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICA- TION E. S Love 804-827-2893 Four related research efforts comprise this program. Ill Research on GaAs epitaxial solar cells is directed toward achieving high efficiency, high temperature, radiation stable solar power for space and terrestrial application Improved substrate material and ultra-thin GaAIAs epi-layers will be employed to improve efficiency. Improvements are being made in junction formation. surface properties, and electrical contact technologies with in-house and contractual research. 121 Research and development of delayed chemiluminescence pollution detectors will develop rubrene as an ozone detector and assess other materials for the detection of other atmospheric pollutants Ic g.. diaminobenzorc acid for NO2I. An indepth effort is being mode to develop the technology for use as a personal pollution exposure monitor EPA co-sponsorship of this work will continue. Practical measurements of reaction parameters as a function of temperature. time. 03 concentration, etc.. and fundamental measurements of reaction products and the chemical mechanism are being made. 131 Sophisticated quantum mechanical techniques are being used to investigate sunlight eocitediO2 reacting with NO to eoplain anomalous observations in photochemical smog and photoeocited SO2 reacting with molecular H2O. These calculations will yield energies of reaction and reaction products which are critical to proper detection and alleviation of NO and SO2. 141 The floating Gaussian orbital computations of solids and surfaces are providing a method for computing energy and structure to obtain general chemical trends and to predict chemical behavior. W76-70259 506-16-13 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICA- TIONS T: Vrebalovich 213-354-4530 1506-1 8-331 This program parsons basic investigations into new technolo- gies needed to meet NASA's unique requirements for electronic components Investigations are directed at thin MOS structures. Schottky barrier solar cells, and superconducting Josephson junctions. Thin MOS lmetal-ooide-siliconl structures with oxide thicknesses on the order of tOO A are being investigated by three tasks for their application in ultra-high-density microelectron' icy which will make on-board data processing practical. This technology is predicted to come through normal commercial development in 10 to 15 years. but a well-directed effort in this program can help lay the groundwork to foreshorten this time by a least five years Two tasks attack basic questions on the properties and limitations of these thin MOS structures with unique technique 5 recently developed at JPL. involving resonant tunneling and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A third task on Submicro Microelectronics is an expansion of existing activities to investigate the limitations of submicron-sized MOS devices with 100 A thick gate oxides Schottky barrier solar cells are being investigated for development into low-cost, high-efficiency cells which could have major impact in the space program. The effort is directed at optimizing the metal-semiconductor contact on Ill-V compounds. This approach eliminates the recombination problems of GaAs junction solar cells. Superconducting quantum detectors are being investigated by two tasks for applications in the millimeter and far-infrared wavelengths. The approach includes the study and improvement of weuk-lrvk devices used directly as detectors, and also the study of such devices with an infrared-actice overlay to improve sensitivity and selectivity. Studies are also being undertaken to increase operating tempera- tures for improved performance and reduced refrigerator requirements. W76-7O260 506-16-14 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio INTERDISCIPLINARY LABORATORIES FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH R. A. Lad 216-433-4000 (5O6-t6-t2l The objectives are to obtuin new understanding of the relationships between electronic. utomic. molecular and micro scopic structures of solids uvd their useful mechanical, struc- tural, electronic and chemical properties: to emplvy the expertise existent in universities to obtain knowledge in those ureus of 39 PAGENO="0272" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 268 direct interest to NASA long range programs. Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research involving several departments is condacted at 3 universities in areas recommended by consultations with a committee composed of representatives from Headquarters. LeRC. LaRC and ARC Research areas under study are: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Ill mechanical and structural properties of metals, composites and polymers; 121 surfaces and interfaces of crystalline solids; and (31 relanatiun and transport properties in solids Rice University . hI stress corrosion and hydrogen in metals; 121 optical and magnetic memories; and (31 polymers and high temperature materials. University of rVashington . (1) solid electrolytes; (21 ceramic fibers; and 13) ceramics processing. W76-70261 506-16-15 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena NON-METALLIC SUPERCONDUCTORS T. Vrebalovich 2t3-354-4530 The primary objective is to determine the possibility of synthesizing a high temperature superconductor. The feasibility of obtaining a high temperature superconducting state depends upon the effective utilization of the encitonic mechanism. This mechanism may be optimized, or enhanced vonsiderabty, thru the use of quasi one dimensional Ii Dl structures A strong eucitonic interaction can yield a high temperature eocitonic superconductor directly. A moderate interaction may result in a highly conducting 1 D metal in sshich a high temperature infinite conducting state is possible via the Frohlich collective mode (Frohlich superconductiviryb. Therefore, the approach will involve a coordinated experimental and theoretical effort directed towards the investigation of quasi-i D organic and organometatlic structures in which the eucitonic interaction is stressed. The experimental program will consist of chemical synthesis and physical characteri- zation efforts The chemical synthesis effort will emphasize structures containing Ill cation radicals and anion radicals. (21 polymers containing highly polarizuble heteroatoms and radicals. and (31 organometallic coordination compounds with highly polarizable leucitonici ligands. Physical characterization will involve electrical, magnetic, optical, and X-rays measurements Prof. A. Hermann of Tulane University. under a subconfract, will carry Out thermoelectric povver and photoconductivity measurements of single crystals and thin film samples to assist the JPL experimental effort. Prof. W. Little of Stanford University. also under a subcontract, will carry out normal reflectivity measure- ments on single crystals. W76-70262 506-16-16 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. RELATIONSHIP OF ATOMIC STRUCTURES WITH MATERI- AL PROPERTIES W D Klopp 216-433-4000 (506-i 6-211 The obl evtives of this program are to elucidate the re- lationships between atomic and microstructurat properties for refractory metal, iron-, and nickel-base alloys and to relate these to useful engineering materials properties in oider to help guide the development of these materials for advanced space applica- tions This research program is conducted primarily through grants with universities plus a limited in-house ellort. The current projects include. (1) determination of the relationship and mechanism of grain-size effects in creep of nickel and binary nickel alloys. (2) determination of the threshold stress (or diffusional creep of dispersion-strengthened alloys. 131 correlat:nn of electronic properties of dilute body-cevteted-cvbic alloys lircluding Mv. Nb. and Fe alloys) with the lxvi' temperature solution softening observed in these alloys, and 141 investigation of the micrxstrxc- rural contributions to the inverse relationship between fracture toughness and strength for 300-grade maragivg steel W76-70263 506-16-17 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif lost xl Tech.. Pasadena VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS T. Vrebalovich 2f3-354-4530 This is a program of fundamental research on the mechanical behavix of polymers It is intended to determine the molecular parameters which control rheological behavior This has been successful in simple amorphous rubbery systems cihich ate ext chemically reacting. The goal now is to extend this work first to longer times, where degradation may set in. and then Ix shorter times, where the material is glass-hard. At the same time a modified theory must be developed to describe crystalline and polyphase systems. The general approach involves the syntheses of both new and modihed polymeric and prototype chemical structures, the characterization of these materials and the determination of chemical structure, morphology and property relationships. Applications for the mechanical properties work might range from improved solid propellants. expulsion bladder and valve seat materials for liquid propulsion systems, sealants for high-speed aircraft, new types of reinforced plastics, and high reliability belts and tapes for spacecraft magnetic recorders. W76-70264 506-16-21 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SPACE R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objectives of this research are: (11 Ix identify mechanisms xl mechanical property degradation in advanced materials such as metal matrix composites; 121 Ix expand capability tx predict mechanical property degradation of these materials; 131 to define the operating condirixes fur which these materials are suitable; and 14) to modify the materials to improve properties and reduce degradation. Metal matrix composites such as Borsic/Ti. B/Al. and Rorsic/Al will be subjected to thermal and mechanical cycles. Residual mechanical properties will be evaluated, and degradation of these properties will be correlated with microstruc- tural changes. Analyses of diffusion, phase change. and chemical reactions wilt be developed, and these analyses will be applied to.predict microstructural changes These analyses will then be extended to predict residual mechanical properties directly in terms of thermal and loading histories. Finally. with this quantitative analysis in terms of materials variables available, the materials will be modified tx reduce degradation. W76-70265 506-16-21 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio ADVANCED MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROC- ESSES N. T. Saunders 216-433-4000 1506-16-1 61 The objectives of this program are to characterize the suitability of present materials and to devetup improved materials and manufacturing processes for advanced space systems, such as power-generation systems, communications systems, propul- sion systems, and reentry vehicles. This is a combined in-house and contractual effort with current projects directed at the following: (1) development of new iron-base alloys with high fracture toughness over a wide range of temperatures 1-196 C to 540 C) 121 improvement xl the long-time, high-power transmission properties of laser window materials; (31 determina- tion of space environmental effects on properties of columium- base and nickel-base alloys; and 141 improvement of the manufacturing process control of boron/aluminum composites to achieve more consistent and greater design-allowable mechanical properties W76-70266 506-16-22 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. MATERIALS FOR LUBRICATION AND WEAR IN MECHANI- CAL COMPONENTS R L Johnson 216-433-4000 1505-04-41) The objectives are to obta;n greater understanding of the structure of materials to eliminate empirical approaches in the selection of materials for lubricants, seals, bearings and other mechanical components; to extend the technology of application methods improved materials including designs lot optimized solid and fluid mechanics in mechan;cal components for the real and anticipated extreme environments of aerospace devices; also. the utilization of aerospace materials and tribological concepts for the general benefit of mankind, and further. lx pursue solutions to anticipated lubricarion. hydraulics and mechanical components problems for aerxspace vehicles such as the space shuttle engine and vehicle as well as for advanced aircraft 40 PAGENO="0273" 269 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70267 506-16-31 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. SPACE VEHICLE THERMAL CONTROL HEAT PIPES P Mcintosh 301-982-6071 The objectives of this task are to improve both the capability and reliability of spacecraft temperature control in the following manner develop more reliable heat pipes and vapor chambers in the ambient and cryogenic temperature range. and by development of stable thermal control coatings. The approach considered for the heat pipe development is: (1) develop reliable high performance heat pipes for ambient temperature; use this technology to develop isothermal vapor chambers, and eotend the temperature range to the cryogenic region; (2) investigate the problems associated in integrating a cryogenic heat pipe and IR type detectors; (31 establish acceptable standards for the manufacture and testing of heat pipes; and (41 for the coatings developmedt the approach is to develop low ulpha/E coatings which have low xutgassing and well defired reproducible optical properties. W76-70268 506-16-31 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS John V. Foster 415-965-5083 The objectives are: (1) to develop basic control mechanisms by which heat pipes may achieve variable conductance, feedback control, or thermal diode performance; (2) to improse liquid transport capacity and reliability; and (31 to participate in flight tests of advanced heat pipe technology to establish flight level confidence. The Ames Research Center shall act as the lead OAST Center and provide guidance to IA. OSS. and OMSE in this capacity as a means of extrapolatirg basic understanding into practical missions. Development of basic control techniques will be continued with increased emphasis on cryogenic thermal diodes, vapor controlled variable conductance heat pipes, and cryogenic gas-controlled heat pipes. Liquid transport capacity and reliability will be increased through the development of higher performance non-arterial heat pipes, development of gas invulnerable and fleoible arteries, and continued research into electrohydrodynamic pumping. Performancn predictions and design techniques will be improved in the cryogenic region where liquid transport capacity is currently limited The Ames Heat Pipe Experiment (AHPE) an OAO-C and the Advanced Thermal Control Flight Eoperiment (ATFEI on ATS'F will be supported. A new eoperiment to flight test a cryogenic diode, phase change material, and cryogenic fined conductance heat pipe will be developed for Landsat-C. W76-70269 506-16-31 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. THERMAL CONTROL WITH HEAT PIPES James F. Morris 216-433-4000 The objective is to establish materials, design, and processing for efficient, durable heat pipes for space applications iv the cryogenic, ambient. superalloy. and refractory'metal temperature ranges. The approach is to screen compatibilities. evaluate performances, and determire lifetimes for selected heat-pipe fluid, wick, and envelope materials. designs, and operating conditions, and to use these results to propose and specify heat pipes for `space applications in the various temperature ranges. Justifica- tion for this heat-pipe work appears on page 4-3.1 in the PASO document and in the following paragraph. Conventional heat pipes are self.contaixed. self-pumped energy-transport systems with high throughputs. small temperature drops, and numerous applications Producing heat pipes to operate reliably and efficiently with long lifetimes requires proper material selection, design. fabrication, processing, and filling and closure techniques. A thorough knowledge of corrosion mechanisms. impurity effects, gas generation, and deposit accumulations is also necessary to prevent heat-pipe degradation and failure. This program comprises approaches to this technolugy for assuring the desired--'~ W76-70270 606-16-33 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS AND PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS Donald R. Wilkes 205.453.0186 1506-163 SI As a continuation of work in the thermal control field. our efforts will be directed toward methods xl improving NASA's capabilities of controlling spacecraft temperatures This work is divided into two tasks. The first is to complete development of the best white paint. Zn2 Ti04 pigment in an 01-650 glass resin binder, and to test this and other thermal control coatings for their environmental stability and contamination sensitivity. This best white paint will be reduced to a NASA specification coating. The second task is to further develop the Phase Change Materials (PCMI technology. With requirements for lower temperature operation and higher cyclic heat loads. PCM techniques and materials will be studied to provide PCM operation at low temperatures (below -20 CI and at higher heat capaci- ties. The tasks covered by this RTOP have been defined to be essential technology for NASA's planned missions by the Space Transportation Systems Technology (STSTI Thermal Control Working Group. W76-70271 506-16-36 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SPACE DEBRIS STUDIES S Love 804.82T2893 The objective of this RTOP is to provide spacecraft designers with current knowledge of the meteoroid environment, man-made earth orbital debris. and the effects of these on space operations. Such knowledge is basic in insuring proper mission planning and implementation. A model of the meteoroid environment in the solar system is being generated. This model will account for the interplanetary meteoroid environment and the gravity well effect of planets. All available data are being used in this effort. This is a long range effort ending in 1977 The hazard which man-made earth orbital debris presents to spacecraft is being studied under this RTOP. This hazard must be evaluated for its impact in the space shuttle era. This evaluation will form the basis of a report to be presented and distributed internationally. Laboratory experiments are part of this RTOP. The effects of meteoroid and man-made debris impacting on spacecraft and schemes to protect spacecraft against these hazards are being studied and evaluated empirically in the Langley Impact and Prolectile range The scope of the original RTOP has been expanded slightly by inclusion of work on developing space debris experiments for the Long Duration Exposure Module (LDEFI. W76-70272 506-16-41 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. PLANETARY ENTRY TECHNOLOGY Dean R. Chapman 425-965-5065 (506-16431 The objective is to develop the aerothermodynamic and abalative heat protection technology required to design spacecraft for entry into Venus and the outer plunets. and to evaluate heat shield design concepts for future space exploration vehicles capable of entering atmospheres at speeds to 60 km/sec The approach is to define the heating environments to be encountered; to minimize the heating rates and total heat loads by proper choice of trajectory, vehicle shape. and heat shield material; to evaluate available materials in simulated environments including a number of different atmospheric compositions and combined convective and radiative and convective heating loads; to develop new materials tailored to provide maximum heat protection in given environments Heat shield materials capable of the severe entry conditions of the outer planets will be tested in arc lets and their performance evaluated. A comprehensive realistic description of the gas cap radiation environment coupled to the material response for graphitic. reflecting and transpiration cooled heat shields will be performed by carrying out computations on the Illiac computer. Proof xl cxvcept for reflecting heat shields has been demonstrated and development of more efficient reflecting heat shields will continue. W76-70273 606-16-42 Ames Research Center, Mxlfett Field. Calif. ADVANCED THERMAL PROTECTION MATERIALS AND EARTH ORBtTAL APPLICATIONS 41 72-434 0 - 76 - 18 PAGENO="0274" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 270 Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065 (506-16-43) The objective is to develop the thermal protection technology required for design of advanced space shuttle vehicles -and earth-orbital spacecraft for the later 1980's. This program will address (if the improvement of current reusable surface insulation IRS)) materials and development of new reusable heat shield materials, and (21 the evaluation of advanced thermal protection concepts and materials that have promise for improved performance, weight and cost savings. The effects of cyclic arc plasma eoposure on new TPS materials will be studied to determine changes in crystallinity. morphology, chemical and physical properties that are related to TPS performance. The specific focus of the program shall be in three areas: (if improvement of current reusable heat shield materials for advanced shuttle and other earth orbital vehicles, 12) advanced TPS for future earth orbital vehicles, and (3) minimum cost advanced TPS materials for shuttle in orbit heat shield repair. Analytical and experimental studies will be conducted in-house on the specific areas of interest. A number of improvements for current silica RSI such as impregnation with silicon carbide, increased firing temperature and density, development of a material using no binder and development of none coating systems are under may. This research is expected to yield a material stable to 2800 F. Among the systems to be evaluated in FY-76 are semirigidized alumina and mullite, composite silica/mullite composites and new coating systems that may be stable to over 3000 F. Low density P81 will be studied as a candidate for thermal protection of advanced earth orbital vehicles. W76-70274 506-16.43 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. SPACE SHUTTLE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065 (506-16-42) The performance, including reusability, of candidate heat shield materials and design configurations will be evaluated and failure modes and material modifications identified that would increase the performance potential. Immediate objectives far FY-76 include completion of materials evaluation leading to materials selec- tion, confirmation and continued Reusable Surface Insulation IRS)) and Reinforced Carbon/Carbon )RCC) exposure to arc plasma flows leading to material characterization'. This is the determina- tion of the residual thermophysical and mechanical properties after 100 simulated flights and is required for final TPS design confirmation. These material evaluation tests will be done in the Ames Aero and 20MW Pilot TPS Test Facilities. Details of the shuttle TPS designs result in elements that require evaluation in the appropriate environments. These evaluations are referred to as clesing development tests--an example being tile-to-tile gap joint design. Tests to support this activity will be performed in the Ames Aero, 20MW Pilot IFS Test Facility and 60MW Interaction Heating Shuttle Panel Test Facility. W76-70275 506-16.43 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SPACE SHUTTLE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS R. R. Helclenfels 804-827-2042 The objectives of this RTOP are to provide heat shield testing to support the space shuttle program, and to develop improved thermal protection materials and systems for advanced vehicles such as a flyback booster. Available arc-tunnel and other facilities mill be used as required to validate the space shuttle TPS. If - problems are discovered in the course of this testing, in-house programs will be undertaken to find solutions. Environmental exposure testing of RSI will continue. Emittance measurements ox shuttle IRS materials will continue. Technology studies of alternate shuttle TPS will be completed if facility time is available. For advanced vehicles, new materials and materials configurations will be developed with emphasis on metallic materials. High temperature creep will be studied; data will be generated on various alloys and a design methodology will be developed based on statistical analysis of the data. A model for cyclic creep will be developed. Thermomechanica) processing techniques which improve creep resistance and other properties of materials mill be developed. W76-70276 506-17-11 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. LARGE ERECTABLE SPACE STRUCTURES R. R. Heldvnfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to provide technology which will lower cost and improve the operational effectiveness of future space systems through the creation of new concepts for expandable structures needed for antennas, solar arrays, and reflectors. The approach is to continue efforts to define LARGER, a largv geometry erectable space structures experiment for shuttle. Through combined in-house and contractual studies define structural concepts for future space payloads that require large area and/or accurate geometrical shape and orientation, such as antenna or solar arrays. Preliminary industry system studies will be initiated to determine critical design conditions imposed on such structures during operation in space. Dynamic response and thermal problems unique to large area structures will be identified and investigated. Contractual studies supported by in-house analytical and experimental efforts will lead to the development of new viable concepts for typical components. Particular emphasis will be placed on new cxncepls for long boom type structures that have potential application to first generation shuttle missions. W76-70277 506-17-12 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. COMPOSITE TANK TECHNOLOGY R. H. Kemp 216-433-4000 Composite pressure vessels and propellant containment tanks offer a variety of attractive advantages in space vehicle applications. Due to the high structural efficiency of the constituent materials, a composite vessel is significantly lighter than an all-metal vessel. Even relatively small weight savings can be significant for upper stage vehicles such as the shuttle orbiter )S3OK/lbf and tugISi 60K/lbf. The catastrophic shrapnel-type failure of a metal vessel can be prevented by using composite vessel technology. This can provide a reliability advantage which is ext directly relatable to a cost savings but is considered a major factor ix selection of candidate system configurations. In addition, composite vessels have an inherent design flevibility in providing optimum combinations of thermal, structural, and weight characteristics. The principal objective of this program is to develop structurally efficient, reliable, low cost composite vessels from a variety of composite materials including S-glass. Kevlar 49, and graphite fibers in epoxy resin matrices. In this context, a pressure vessel is considered to be a complete structural system. Due to the porous nature of high-performance composite vessels, liners are required. Both structural flxad-bearingf and xonstructural (thin-metal or polymeric) liners are therefore a part of this program. W76-7O278 506-17-14 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. COMPOSITE MATERIALS APPLICATION TO STRUC- TURES R. H. Kemp 2i6'433-4DOD Composite materials offer a high potential for reducing the weight of many structural components. However, before full advantage can be taken of the unusual properties of composite materials in such applications, considerable material property and design information is needed. It is proposed that studies be continued that will: (1) develop analytical design techniques for predicting structural characteristics of given composite configura- tions and for optimizing composite structures for minimum weight, cost, or maximum efficiency; 121 provide )in'house) testing facilities for measuring the mechanical properties of fiber composites under complex loadings, environments, high velocity impact, and for determining flaw growth characteristics; (3) determine the effects of cyclic loading on the sad-carrying ability of composite components with and without flaws and develop )rn'house and by contract) improved finite element capability consist with NASTRAN requirements to permit improved stress analyses of fiber composite components; and (4) develop improved composite analysis capabilities for high velocity impact, flaw growth and arrest, and develop fin'house and by contract) composite systems with improved impact resistance and the methodology for assuring structural integrity. The studies outlined above have been reviewed 42 PAGENO="0275" 271 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY and coordinated with cognizant Langley Research Center personnel and do not doplicate work at that CenteL W76-70279 506-17-15 Jet Propolsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena ADVANCED CONCEPTS FOR SPACECRAFT ANTENNA STRUCTURES R R. McDonald 213-354-6186 (506-20-22; 645-25-02) Outer planet and planetary missions in the 1978-1988 period will require substantially increased communication low cost capabilities. JPL studies of NASA Payload Models indicate that optimum telecommunication design for deep space missions is realized with 5 to 30 meter 115-100 It) antennas which have much higher gain than currently used on Mariner type spacecraft. and will be dependent on the technology of furlable or erect- able structures. The principal objective of this effort is to fulfill the need to develop and make available the technology required by near term flight projects (1978-1988) for utilization of new. low cost, high performance, erectable antennas. A number of furlable antenna configurations have been considered from 5 to 30 meters (15 to 100 ft( in diameter for operating frequencies up to X-band. The technical approach is to demonstrate feasibility on small scale models as close to flight hardware as possible. The design. fabrication, and preliminary mechanical and RF testing have been accomplished for a 5-meter flight-like furlable conical antenna. Final functional testivg. RF evaluation and technology extrapolation to larger size antennas will be ac- complished for the conical lien source feed antenna during FY-76. The development criteria includes, low cost and weight per unit area of reflector, surface accuracy in the operating environment and reliability of deployment. This effort will be coordinated with Microwave Techniques and Components. RTOP Code 506-20-22. W76-70280 506-17-21 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. NASTRAN (FORMERLY) GENERAL PURPOSE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to provide advanced design techniques including automated analysis and design methods which will greatly improve capabilities for development of efficient, reliable. and cost-elfective aerospace vehicles. To maintain and improve NASTRAN as the NASA standard structural analysis tool Planned improvements are selected from those most needed by space shuttle contractors, aerospace industry users, and NASA Centers. Capabilities of final level of NASTRAN will be defined and plans established to accomplish this level by FY-78. W76-70281 506-17-22 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. THERMAL/STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR SPACE TRANS- PORTATION SYSTEMS R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 1506-16-431 The objective is to develop and evaluate thermal/structural concepts needed for efficient, reliable and cost-effective space transportation systems. Evaluate the integrity and aerothermal performance of surface TPS and control surface dynamic seal concepts by tests in the 8-foot High Temperature Structures Tunnel 18' HTSTI and the Thermal Protection System Test Facility (TPSTF); maintain, operate and improve these facilities. Conduct analytical and experimental studies required to establish design technology for hot structures concepts for future space transporta- tion systems such as fly-back boosters and SSTO vehicles. W76-7O282 506.17-23 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. FRACTURE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY R. H. Johns 216-433-4000 The major objective of this work is the technology development necessary for effective design. evaluation, and maineenance of structurally efficient and damage tolerant aerospace components. Both primary structure and propulsion system components are included. Fracture control developments oriented by the require- ments of advanced space transportation systems will be emphasized. To achieve these objectives, programs structured to provide fracture control methodology, supporting test data. and definition of the NDE capability necessary to assure reliable. long life, and lightweight structures for reusable weight critical vehicle components will be conducted. A 100 mission reuse and 10-year operational fife capability will be targeted as minimum objectives. Specific tasks will develop fracture control methods (including advanc~d fracture mechanics data and techniques when required) and provide failure criteria for structural metallic alloys. These objectives will be addressed by a program of interrelated in-house and contract activities. W76-70283 506-17-24 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION FOR SPACE STRUC- TURES R. L Davies 216-433-4000 (506-17-121 This program involves the development of advanced technol- ogy and adaptation of current technology to provide improved nondestructive evaluation )NDEI processes for future space vehicle structures. The main thrusts of this work will be the improvement of reliability and detection limits of current inspection methods for use with fracture control design methods for metallic structures and the development of the base technology required to determine the quality of composite materials and structures. This mill include the use of NDE techniques in the study of failures in composites and the development of automated-signal processing and analysis methods to put inspection on a more quantitative basis. The program will be conducted through both in-house and contractual efforts. W76-70284 506-17-25 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED METHODS FOR SHELL ANALYSIS R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 The objective is to provide advanced design techniques including analysis and design methods needed for efficient, reliable. and cost-effective space vehicles. The approach is to continue support of development of advanced computerized analysis of shell-of revolution structures using methods which are foolproof in requirements for user skills because of the use of integration (the `field' method) for solutions rather than more numerically uncontrolled algebraic solutions. Continue support and improve- ment of analysis tools which determine linear/nonlinear stress behavior and vibration characteristics of two-dimensional shelf structures. Apply analysis to critical agency problems as required. Study effects of imperfections in shell structures to generate more rational design procedures. I n-house efforts will be focused on studying new solution techniques which will permit in-depth. practical modeling of critical areas of structure. W76-70285 506-17-26 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. COMPOSITE SPACE STRUCTURES R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 (505-02-421 The objective is to provide, through advances in the state of the art, efficient, cost effective structural concepts for future earth orbiting. planetary and deep space spacecraft and launch vehicles. Design concepts for ultra fightweight space panels will be investigated. Structural integrity of panels with surface densities of about one tenth of pound per square foot mill be studied in laboratory tests. Methods of design for composite shell structures will be developed. Advanced concepts for cylindrical shells will be investigated. To sane costs, the feasibility of conducting cowed panel tests in lieu of full-scale shell structures will be investigated. Buckling tests on a series of curved panels and a limited number of large shell structures will be conducted. W76-7O286 606-17-27 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va'. - FATIGUE AND FRACTURE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 1505.02-31: 743-01-011 fe-house and contractual research will concentrate en 43 PAGENO="0276" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 272 of the structural system will be developed. Also, improved methods for aealytically colcoloting highfidelity mathemotical models of spocecroft aed payloods will be devised. The followieg tasks will be undertakes to accomplish the objective: task 42. development of modified vibration test criteria for qualifying space vehicle components, task 51. methods for combining payload parameter variations with input environment, task 52. development of free field acoustic test technique, task 61. statistical iteration method development, and task 62. spacecraft structural response prediction and minimization. W76-70287 506-17-31 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. PAYLOADS DYNAMICS R. H. Petersen 415865.5880 W76.7O291 506-17.31 )505'02'2t; 506-17-32) Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena The objective of this research is to provide improved prediction PAYLOADS DYNAMICS methods and data on the dynamic loads resulting from aerodyna R. R. McDonald 213-354.6186 mic noise, and exhaust plume interactions with the flow field The principal objective of this five-year effort is to perform and the (esulting effects on dynamic loads. The research on research and advanced development in structures and dynamics dynamic loads will include basic experimental studies of surface design, analysis, and testing in order to reduce the cost of future pressure fluctuations due to attached and separated boundary spacecrafts and shuttle payloads. Shuttle payload related activities layers and shock waves at transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic are to be coordinated with OMSF. The research and advanced speeds Empirical formulae that predict the temporal and spatial development plan coordinated with NASA headquarters and other characteristics of the nonsteady loads svill be derived from these NASA centers will be pursued. Wherever feasible. the tasks will data. use Viking Orbiter's existin g load analysis, rust data, flight data. and schedule data. W76-70288 506-17-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. W7670292 50617.32 PAYLOADS DYNAMICS Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. R R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 SHUTTLE DYNAMICS AND AEROELASTICITY (506-17-32) R. R. Heldenfels 804-817-2042 The objective us to provide dynamics technology for the shuttle (506-17-31) development team tx assist them in the design xf the vehicle. The xbjective is to provide dynamic and aeroelastic technology and to reduce the cost of future space systems through for the shuttle deveTopment team to assist them in design of improvement of payload vibration analysis. The approach is to the vehicle, and to reduce the cost of future space systems continue development of technology lx properly define the dynamic through improvement of spacecraft acoustic and vibrations analysis environment experienced by payload during shuttle launch. A and test programs. Many of the previous studies in this area flight dynamic loads experiment will be defined for La R C's were oriented toward identifying potential problem areas requiring LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) shuttle payload. Efforts further research. Much of the current program is directed toward to understand boss to analytically predict coupling of vibration evaluation of identified potential problem areas. definirg methods behavior of individual components will continue. Major experimen- of alleviation, and validation of final design concepts ssith regard tal efforts will be focused on studies of a model payload and to dynamic loads and aeroelastic stability. The investigations will carrier structure. Feasibility of mini-computer-controlled data be primarily in-house with some contract support, and will make acquisition and shaker control systems for dynamic simulations use of both analytical and experimental methods. will be investigated. Model tests of coupled shuttle system will be completed and analyzed. Analytical correlation xf data obtained W76-70293 506-17-32 on 1/8-scale models of the external tank and solid rocket booster Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. structures will be investigated. SPACE SHUTTLE DYNAMICS AND AEROELASTICITY R. H. Petersen 415.965.5880 W76-70289 506-17-31 1506-17-31) Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Wind tunnel test support and analysis xvi)) be provided to PAYLOADS DYNAMICS investigate transxnic buffet (including aeroelastic effects), J. P. Young 301-982-4864 aerodynamic noise inputs and response, and flutter of a space The xvera)l ubjective is to reduce the cost and increase the shuttle vehicle. Rocket exhaust plumes will be simulated by cold effectiveness of structural evaluation-and reliability demonstration jets so that static and dynamic loads can be measured in a services for spacef)ight hardware. This ebjective will be approached realistic launch environment. The dynamic response of representa- through a study of means to improve the cost effectiveness of tive skin panels will be determined in wind tunnel tests which both test and analysis services. The above xbjective will be met simulate the actual launch environment. The f)utter of representa- during FY-76 by performing the following activities: (1) continued tive skin panels will be evaluated and a computer program for development of more cost effective test specifications for predicting the flutter of space shuttle type panels including components. 12) development of cost effective alternate ap~ boundary layer effects wi)) be validated. Aeroelastic effects on prxaches to creating shutt)e spacelab payload environmental test the stability and contrul of the space shuttle will be determined requirements. 13) development of analysis method to predict lxxv using the FLEXSTAB computing program. Additional models will frequency acoustic environment in the shuttle payload bay at be tested as needed to investigate panel response, buffeting lift-off, 14) development xf approach to be followed in the and f)utter. and pressure fluctuations will be measured in generation of a NASA'wide shuttle payload general test regions of high intensity noise to evaluate aerodynamic noise plax/specrfications, and (5) development ef spacecraft past inputs. performance data from which cost versus risk tradeoffs can be made xx future preshuttle and shuttle era programs W76-70294 506-17-33 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. W76-70290 506-17-31 STOP (STRUCTURAL-THERMAL-OPTICAL-PROGRAM) Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsvi)te, Ala. H. P. Lee 301-982-5275 PAYLOADS DYNAMICS The xbjective xf this RTOP is to advance mu)tidiscrpTinary R. S. Ryan 205'453-2481 analysis capabilities by developing unified genera) computer The ubjective is to derive and develop space vehicle structural programs in relevant technical disciplines. The purpose is to provide dynamic technology that wil) establish techniques and methods greater solution accuracy and to increase cost effectiveness by resulting in a more efficient design with a lower cost. More reducing the need to develop separate analytical models with accurate methods of predicting dynamic loads and the response the concomitant requirement for intermodef data transfer. Unified developing engineering analyses which predict the fatigue lives and fracture strength xf composite materials. Failure modes xvi)) be studied, and the relevant parameters which ccntrol fai)ure modes identified. Specific studies include the analysis xf stringer stiffened xrthotropic sheets, tests uf thermally cycled composite materials. and an extension of an engineering model of laminar fatigue to interlaminar fatigue. 44 PAGENO="0277" 273 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY approaches are particularly effective in cases such as space-borne telescopes where small thermally caused deflections can cause significant degradation. The approach is to develop a general purpose finite-element heat transfer computer program compatible with the structural version of NASTRAN. The results of the thermal deformation analysis are then used in another eoisting ray-trace computer program to evaluate optical or RF performance. The unihed thermal-structural model simplifies the discipline interface and permits a virtually unlimited problem size. An analytical capability to assess the sensitivity of temperature variances due to uncertainties inherent in input values of system parameters is also included in this ATOP. Included in this current RTOP are efforts to provide capabilities to deal with heat pipe and phase change effect methods of precision temperature control, develop higher order elements to improve solution accuracy and efficiency. and automate portions of the program which currently require a long train of input cards. The approach is to develop the analytical methods to achieve these goals in-house. Implementation into a working program is to be accomplished by contract. W76-70295 506-17-34 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C SHOCK AND VIBRATION INFORMATION CENTER ISVICI Douglas Michel 202-755-2364 The SVic is a government and industry sponsored facility located at the Naval Research Laboratory that provides a focal point and source for shock and vibration information. It receives its support principally from DOD and NASA. W76-70296 506-18-11 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena ADVANCED IMAGING SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY R. V. Powell 213-354-6586 The lung-term objective of this ATOP is the development of imaging system enabling technology to meet the anticipated requirements of future planetary imaging missions. The general approach includes the study of future missions as a source for the postulation of future imaging requirements, the study of current and projected imaging technology as a means of establishing a state-of-the-art baseline, and the implementation of specific technology development tasks to provide the desired enabling technology. The current objective is the development of solid state imaging sensor technology for both Mariner and Pioneer class spacecraft. based upon charge-coupled device )CCD) technology. These devices have the potential advantages of small size, reliability. scan nersutility, geometric fidelity, magnetic cleanliness, and very high sensitivity. Furthermore, they are eopected to lead to an integral solid'state camera lexcluding optics) with major cost savings to future missions. A near-term target is to provide, by FY-77. a CCD ima~ing sensor with 10 to tOO times the sensitivity of the Mariner vidicon for outer planet flybys. The approach includes a three phase contractual program coupled to an in-house analysis and test program. The technology advances resulting from this RTOP are being applied to OSS camera development programs for Jupiter-Uranus flybys and Jupiter Orbiters, and to development of sensors for Large Space Telescope applications. W76-70297 506-18-12 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. HIGH RESOLUTION SENSORS J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 1176-30-31; 683-10-001 The objective of this research is to develop advanced sensors and sensor systems technology for remote and in situ sensing of the earth, aircraft, and spacecraft environments. Technology areas to be investigated are: It) hydrographio LI DAR techniques for the measurement of chlvrophyll a concentration, salinity. and turbidity of bodies of water; 121 continuously tunable infrared diode lasers for high resolution absorption and emission spectro- scopy of low concentration atmospheric constituents; 131 miniature diode laser velocimeters for aircraft and spacecraft boundary layer gas flow field measurement; 14) ultrasonic sensors for particulate detection in turbid fluids; and (51 ultraviolet absorption sensors for smoke stack effluent monitoring. W76-70298 506-18-13 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. ASTRONOMICAL HIGH RESOLUTION SENSORS J. 1. Williams 301-982-5095 The objective of this RTDP is the development of high performance astronomical sensors. In particular. we will investigate: an opaque photocathode camera, a photon counting TV using ICCD arrays. and development of large area CCD arrays as high resolution devices for future astronumicaf space missions. W76-70299 506-18-21 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND COMPONENTS J. E. Stilt 804-827-3745 (520-71-01; 51252-021 The objective is to develop advanced electronic devices and components required for application in future aerospace missions. Analytical studies and laboratory investigations in selected areas of electronic materials and processes will be conducted and research contracts will be used to develop these materials and processes to provide new electronic devices and compnnents. Those material and process technologies, with the potential for providing improved and reliable electronic performance in cost effective devices and components, will be emphasized. Current research efforts include the investigation of new materials and processes for developing improved infrared detectors, strain and heat flux sensors. and filament materials for calibrating mass spectrometers. Organic materials as a storage medium in optical mass memories and garnet films for magnetic bubble storage systems are investigated. Liquid crystal and light emitting diode modules for application in panel cockpit displays, charge coupled devices for buffer memory and filtering applications, and solid state photosensor arrays for planetary imaging and spectrometery are being developed. Graded band.gap materials are being investigated to develop solar cells with improved power conversion efficiencies. Material and device technology is being investigated for application in monolithic configurations for integrated optic data systems W76-70300 506-18-22 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D.C. ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND SYSTEMS SUPPORT C. E. Pontious 202-755-3227 (506.18-21; 506-18-31; 506-18-32; 506-t8~33) The objective of this program is to provide effective coordina- tion of NASA sponsored research and dovolepment eflerts en electronic devices and systems with similar work supported by DOD and other government agencies. Through associate membership on the Advisory Group on Electron Devices and its constituent Working Groups. NASA program managers receive expert advice on the feasibility, currency and soundness of planned A and D prxcurement activities, lung range A and R requirements. cemplementary work in other government agencies. and ferecasts uf new technical developments. W76-70301 506-18-23 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena FIBER OPTICS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESS- ING V Powell 213-354-6586 The gxal of the proposed effort is to apply the emerging technology of hber optics and integrated optics to NASA needs, and to contribute to the advancement of the technology in selected areas The initial effort, in collaboration with the Langley Research Center. is lx define reqairemnnts for a selected application (shuttle payload), to identify the limiting technology, and to define the approach to be taken toward the construction of a flight experiment type of data-link for the shuttle payload. Other applications will be considered as the work progresses The long term goal is to provide the technology for the application xl hber optics and integrated eptics in a variety of space flight and ground applications in order to obtain benefits of lower costs, reduced weight. and improved immunity to noise pickup, electromagnetic interference and grxund Ixops. During FY.76 the requirements study for the selected shuttle payload system will be completed and a laboratory 45 PAGENO="0278" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 274 breadboard will be constructed having appropriate performance. A second application, probably an intercomputer data-link, will also be defined and requirements established for it. W76-70302 506-18.31 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. DESIGN. PROCESSING AND TESTING OF LSI ARRAYS John M. Gould 205-453-3770 (506-18-32; 506-18-33: 180-17-55) The objective is to improve product uniformity and perform- ance. reduce the cost, size and power requirements of large scale integrated circuits ILSIC's) and hybrid electronic devices for all NASA applications. The approach is to provide the technology, techniques, equipments. and sources to ensure that long-life ISI arrays can be produced economically and consistently through the accomplishment of the following tasks. Ill Task 01: device technology: design and test software: 121 Task 02: IS) processing technology: 131 Task 03: controlled LSI processing techniques: 141 Task 04: hybrid microcircuit technology. W76.70303 506-18-32 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. SCREENING AND RELIABILITY TESTING OF MI- CROCIRCUITS AND ELECTRONIC PARTS L C. Hamiter 205-453-3770 1506-18-31: 506-18-33) The objective is to develop approaches for assessing and assuring predictable long operating life of microcircuits and other electronic devices used in aerospace applications. A reliability study and test program is being conducted on solid encapsu- lated microcircuits in order to identify failure mechanisms associated with the designs. materials, and processes used in their fabrication. This study will also develop qualification, screening, and inspection methods necessary to assure the reliability of these devices in space applications. Programs are also being implemented to develop new and improved accept- ance tests and inspections for electronic parts. Included in these efforts is a study to investigate the potential of using operating temperature cycling of microcircuits to screen poorly bonded internal interconnecting wires and defective die metallization. A test program is being initiated to determine the effectiveness of low temperature operating life tests to screen microcircuits and other electronic parts having complex metallization systems that may be highly susceptible to adverse reactions to minute amounts of chemical contaminations. Also, a program will be continued in the area of improving wafer level testing of microcircuit die used in hybrid and discrete microcircuits. This program is intended to significantly improve reliability and reduce the costly rework necessary using present techniques. W76-70304 506.18-33 Jet Propulsion lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena PREDICTABLE LONG-LIFE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY N. V. Powell 213-354-6586 The goal of this effort is to provide NASA with a microelectron- ics technology which will provide the reliability that is necessary to achieve the mission objectives of a wide range of future space missions including those involving unusually long flight times. The approach will be to thoroughly investigate those technologies which NASA will be utilizing on future missions and to identify the life limiting mechanisms inherent in the basic processes involved. Models will be developed of specific failure mechanisms. These models will be used in combination with test chip measurements to predict the probability of device failure. and their specific behavior under varying environmental stresses. This understanding will promote constructive feedbock to the fundamentals of processing which will then further enhance device reliability. The near term objectives will focus specifically on standard MOS Technology and appropriate hybrid packaging techniques which will take full advantage of the MOS potential. Specific investigations of failure processes will center around: oxide breakdown, charge instabilities. `metallization instobilities. and silicon defects. The work under this RTOP is being conducted in close cooperation with the MSFC to satisfy the specific NASA objective long life reliable circuit technology. Specific RTOP target objectives are: Ill by late FY76 establish basic CMOS life prediction techniques which includes the known dominant failure mechanisms. These techniques provide for the inclusion of new failure mechanisms as they are identified and defined: 12) by mid-FY.76 complete the evaluation of thick vs. thin film packaging technology: (31 by late FY-76 report preliminary findings on CMOS accelerated tests: (41 by late FY-76 determine the effectiveness of wafer test circuits for predicting device reliability. W76.70305 506-19-11 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. INERTIAL COMPONENTS B. P. Walls 205-453-5910 (909-10-311 The objective is to continue technology development in the inertial sensor field. The major effort being on the ring laser gyro and in developing hybridized electronic packages peculiar to inertiol sensors. Other sensors such as the dry gyro will be investigated. The laser gyro work supports the redundant strapdown inertial navigation system under development at MSFC. This system is presently boselined as the tug IMU. Work will be performed to advance the laser gyro basic technoTogy and to evaluate candidate ring laser gyro performance characteristics. A continuing program in design and hybridizing the peripheral electronics required by inertial sensors will be continued. The work to be performed under this program is divided into four tasks: Ill laser gyro development: 12) dry gyro for stropdown systems: 131 investigation of stropdown sensor rebalance loops and system redundancy concepts: and 141 experimentol studies of body-mounted gyroscope design. W76-70306 506.19.12 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. ADVANCED COMPONENTS FOR PRECISION CONTROL SYSTEMS H. E. Evans 301-982-5194 1506-19-13: 506-19-141 This task covers research, design and evaluation of cost effective advanced control and stabilization components and related control circuitry for precision pointing appications and long duration missions. Components and control systems for both earth orbital and interplanetary applications are included. For precise pointing systems, prototype components and control systems will be developed with: 11) broader range dynamic control capability. 121 greater efficiency, and (31 increosed reliability by elimination of life-limiting elements of attitude control components. Component technology advancements are utilized which include the technical breakthroughs in the areas of electronic commutation. magnetic suspension techniques and microprocessors. These concepts are integrated into cost effective precision component designs such as long life magnetic bearings, isolation systems. multiaxis control and advanced motors and actuators. Speed and position control systems compatible with these new concepts also form part of this work. Advances in the above areas of technology are supporting Applications Technology, Planetary. Earth Orbiting systems. Shuttle and have general applicability throughout the Guidance and Controls area. W76-7O307 506-19-13 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED SPACECRAFT AND EXPERIMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 1909-74-351 Technology will be developed to permit the design of cost effective spacecraft and experiment control systems for earth orbital missions. Simulations will be made of new and existing control concepts for earth orbital vehicle/missions in order to determine required system and component performance. Effective system configurations, low-cost system integration, multipurpose operation, and component standardization will be used to reduce systens,and component cos;s while achieving- required perform- ance. Control software and hardware needs will be defined and development efforts undertaken. Critical hardware elements will be carried through laboratory developments to establish feasibility. This effort is directly coordinated with GSFC. JSC. MSFC. and 46 PAGENO="0279" 275 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY JPL GSFC developed components will be integrated into Langley control actuator hardware. W76-70308 506-19-14 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena EXTENDED LIFE ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEMS (ELACS) FOR UNMANNED PLANETARY VEHICLES Robert V. Powell 213-354-6586 1186-6854) The long range objective of eotended life attitude control system (ELACS) is to develop and demonstrate a spacecraft control concept that is applicable to a wide range of unmanned. earth orbital, planetary, and shuttle programs. In combination. these missions demand longer life, improved accuracy. lower weight, less power, and greater cost effectiveness. Specific program targets are: Ill by FY.76. complete development of flex, body control analysis technology for predicting induced angular rates of planetary science instruments Ix better than 1 sec/nec; (21 by mid FY-77 mechanize and test a breadboard programmable attitude control electronics with fault tolerant capability with a life potential of greater than 5 years; 131 by end of PY.77, develop and demonstrate a long life dry gyro inertial reference unit IDRIRU) to achieve a weight savings of 45%, and a cost reduction of 43%. as compared with the present Mariner/Viking dual IRU; (41 derive and demonstrate a final design by early FY-78 of control filters and state estimation algorithms for fault tolerant programmable electronics to meet science pointing requirements for rate settling to 2 sec/sec in less than 10 seconds; (5) by early FY-78, develop and demonstrate an engineering model long life reaction wheel with life potential greater than 8 years; 16) by mid PY.7g, develop and demonstrate an engineering model star tracker for economical long life attitude reference (STELLAR) with a cost saving 50% (i.e.. 1.200k reduced to 500k) of a typical Mars orbiter program; and 171 by FY-79. mechanize and test a breadboard extended life attitude control system )ELACSI with a 0.01 deg pointing accuracy and a lifetime potential of more than 10 years with functional redundancy. W76-70309 506-19-15 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. VIDEO INERTIAL POINTING SYSTEM FOR SHUTTLE ASTRONOMY PAYLOADS J. V. Foster 415-965-5083 (356-41 -06) The objective of this RTOP into develop and flight demonstrate an attitude reference system that will satisfy the acquisition and pointing requirements nf shuttle attauhed astronomy payloads. including the shuttle infrared telescope facility )SIRTFI. The video inertia) pointing (VIP) system will provide computer generated error signals for three-axis stabilization and pointing of the astronomical telescope. In addition, system outputs will drive a display for use in star held/target identification and manual pointing control. The star field sensed by a coarse and a fine video sensor aligned to the optics of the telescope will provide the basis for a three-axis attitude reference. The relative positions of two or more stars in the field will be combined with the outputs of a triad of rate integrating gyros (RIG's) in an onboard digital computer to generate pointing and stabilization error signals. The outputs of the video sensors will also drive a CRT display at the operator's console to facilitate quide star/target acquisition and manual pointing of the eoperiment. The VIP system will be developed in several stages with each stage culminating in a flight evaluation on the Ames Infrared Balloon Borne Telescope lAIROscopel. Analysis and simulation will be used to develop the multiple star processing and gyro filtering capability. An advanced CCD sensor will be developed by JPL for use in the flight evaluations. W76-70310 506-19-16 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena EXPERIMENT POINTING MOUNT R. V. Powell 213-354-6586 1506-19-14; 186-68-541 The shuttle instrument pointing system currently being proposed by ESA does not fully satisfy all user requirements or meet all desirable vehicle and payload consttaints. The objective of this effort is to formulate an experiment pointing technology IEPTI approach that will meet Spacelab payload needs in a cost effective manner. An ad hoc Working Groop will be established to develop user requirements that are applicable to payload control parameters. Alternate and complementry pointing systems presently being suggested and studied will be considered for their individual technical approach. The activities will draw upon existing studies of experiment pointing subsystem requirements and suggestions from the steering group Space Transportation System - Payload Requirements and Analysis Group (SPRAG). W76-7031 1 506-19-21 Jet Propulsion Lxb.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION FOR UNMANNED PLANE- TARY VEHICLES R. V. Powell 213-354-6586 (186-68-74; 310-10-60) The objectives are to derive and verify advanced navigation techniques incorporating new ground and on-board measurements and software into a navigation system which minimizes trajectory correction delta V requirements. enables efficient gravity-assists. and permits precise scientific observations resulting from improved field of view delivery capability, increased mission opportunities. and lower operational cost for future exploration. Specific targets are: (1) by FY76, demonstrate the ability of S-X band multi- frequency and multi-station rudiometric data to reduce effects of dominant error sources by a factor of ten and yield increases in accuracy. reliability, propellant savings and missixn design flexibility; 121 derive and validate in-flight approach guidance techniques which yield 25 micro-radian measurement accuracies in 6-hour turn around times and can allow up to 50% payload increases through on-board propellant savings for outer planet missions; with satellite/star scene and CCD measurement technologies to be available in FY77; (3) by PY-79. demonstrate outer planet satellite ephemerides programs. which improve present (FY74) ephemerides by factors of 5-20 and allow a factor of 50 reduction in the time required tx generate satellite trajectories resulting in project cost savings and increased mission operations flexibility; (4) by FY80, demonstrate in the laboratory an optical navigation system using simulated flight data processing which reduces the measurement processing time from the 6 hours currently tequired to 2 minutes while retaining the accuracy tx within 20%; and 151 by FY-86, design and validate in flight a fully autonomous system with the capability of on-board flight path control to 1 km within two minutes of final measurement for small body rendezvous or flyby missions. W76-70312 506-19-31 National Aeronautics and Space Administratixn. Washington. D.C. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE W. Gevarter 202-755-3227 (506-19-321 The objective of this RTOP is to improve our ability to manage large amounts of data, to effectively utilize sensed information, and to provide more efficient methxds for processing informa- tion. Near term targets include development of automated problem-solving systems and techniques for machine perception and analysis of scenes. The technical a~prxach is to develop computer models which simulate intelligent system xperatixns such as perception, question-answering and learning and test these models with various real or approximately real functional problems. The results will provide guidelines for the development and exercise of autonomous or robotic systems such as the JPL robot Rover project. The work will be performed through a series of research grants and contracts with academic and industrial laboratories recognized for their competency in automated information systems R and 0. W76-70313 506-1932 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR INTEGRATED ROBOT SYSTEMS R. V. Powell 213-354-6586 The long-range objective is to establish a technology base in robotics and semiautonxmous cxntrxl of unmanned machines 47 PAGENO="0280" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 276 or vehicles to support lunar and planetary surface explorations The results of the work will also be applicable to other remote systems, automated fabrication facilities, and other systems and activities of importance to NASA and the nation as a whole. At JPL. a robot rovingve hide is being assembled to demonstrate semiautonomous operations, provide practical tests of machine intelligence concepts, define research requirements, and develop design guidelines for system apphcations. During FY t976. a four-wheeled vehicle, a manipulator, a laser rangefinder, stereo `(`V. and navigational and proximity sensors will be integrated with each other and with a computer system, and tethered operations will begin in an indoor laboratory. In FY 1977. this breadboard system will be extensively tested to evaluate controlling software, system operational procedures, and strategies for coordinating sensors and effectors to accomplish such tasks as moving from one location to another and picking up a rock or tool without operator assistance In FY 1978, semiautonomous operutions of an untethered vehicle in increasingly complex outdoor settings will be demonstrated. In FY 1979 and subsequent years, new concepts in manipulators, sensors, and control strategies mill be incorporated ard evaluated; studies will be made to determine the balance between autonomous control and interactive man-machine) control fur the elfiuient sundout of remote operations; and data and engineering criteria will be provided no guide the desigin-of.jynar and planetary rovers and other remotely controlled machinesT W76-70314 506-20-il Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena ADVANCED DIGITAL DATA SYSTEMS FOR DEEP SPACE R. V. Powell 213-354-6586 The goal of this work is the development of advanced technolugy for integrated spacecraft data systems including the functions of control, data acquisition, data processing, and data storage. Wurk during FY-76 will focus on three objectives: 111 development of a unified data system IUDSI. for missions having launches after 1977; 121 data compression and processing research; and. 13) development of a magnetic bubble buffer memory. A specific UDS design was achieved in FY-75 and a breadboard test and evaluation is planned fur FY-76 The effort encompasses the consolidation of hardware, the application of microprocessors, simplification of software, and incorporation of fault tolerance The justification of a new UDS design is based on a cost savings goal of approximately S1300K per mission for the missiun set listed in 15.8 of this plan. The 51300K per mission saving represents 5500K saving in flighi software costs, S400K saving in support equipment and support software costs, andS400K saving in hardware costs due to the common processor and standardized S/C interfaces. Research soil) continue on tasks pertaining to advancement of data compression technology. The main emphasis will be directed toward planetary optical imaging and radar imaging applications. The work s'vill include investigation of incurporating pattern recognition into the control elements of the RM2 compression algorithm. simulations with the basic RM2 algorithm to enable investigation of image fidelity considera- tiors, and study of RM2 hardware implementation issues over a wide range xl input data rates. The architecture fur a static memory using bubble technology was completed in FY-75, ard a functional breadboard was cunstructed using commercial bipolar memories. During FY-76, breadboard testing will be cumpleted. The procurement of a bubble memory building block is scheduled for mid-FY-76 with functional and environmental tests to follow. W76-70315 506-20-14 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. AUTOMATED DATA HANDLING TECHNIQUES AND COMPONENTS (HIGH CAPACITY DATA SYSTEMS) David H. Schaefer 301-982-5184 (656-21 -011 The focus xl this RTOP is to develop methods of on-board analysis of image data generated by earth observation and other image sensing missions. Under this RTOP. parallel image processing systems are being develuped Such systems process all points of an image simultaneously. Priurity is being given to the development of a digital type of parallel image processing known as a tse computer. Such computers are two dimensional analogs of conventional digital computers These computers mill process from sixteen thousand to one million points simulto- neously. It is the aim of this RTOP to develop computing systems suitable for spacecraft on-board use that have an effective bit rate of 10 to the t 2th power bits per second. Real time image processing systems that utilize coherent optical phenomena are also being developed. W76-70316 506-20-21 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena MICROMINIATURE TRANSPONDER DEVELOPMENT R. V. Posoell 213-354-6586 1186-68-53; 506-20-221 The objectives of this RTOP and OSS RTOP t86-68-53 are to jointly develop microwave radio transponder techniques. components, and subsystem technology required for NASA planetary missions in the period 1977 to 1982. Particular emphasis will be placed on substantially rvducivg the cost of transponders while improving performance capability, reliability, and lifetime and reducing size, weight. volume, and power consumption. The key element of the develupment is a microminiature multimission transponder (MMII consisting of an S-band receiver and an S/X-band eooitnr assembly utilizing such advanced devices as beam leaded RF-IC's, surface acoustic wave filters ISAWP( and ceramic substrates. Accomplishments to date include: 11) the demonstration of technology readiness of a discrete component- printed circuit board version xl the MMT by the end of FY-74 (this model became the baseline design for the MJ577, Pioneer Venus and B-Sanl. This version has the following advantages over the Viking Orbiter design: an order of magnitude improvement in differential phase and group delay stability; and reductions of 35% in per unit cost; 72% in power consumption; 60% in vulume; and 50% in weight. 121 The development, lab and evaluation of a set xl SAWP's on quartz substrates (for very low IC necessary to reduce phase delay variations) by the end of the third quarter of FY-75. 131 The development, lab and evaluation of abreadboard version (beam leaded components in non-hermetic ceramic submodules) of the MMT by the end of FY-75. By the end of FY-76 micruminiature brassboard assemblies and modules will have been tested to type approval and qualification test levels to demunstrate the technology readiness for flight missions beginning in t979 which has the following advantages relative tu the discrete component version: A doubling of mission life potential (adequate for 10-year missions ss'ithout additional redundancy(; and reductions of greater than 50% in weight and W76.70317 506-20-22 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena MICROWAVE COMPONENTS AND TECHNIQUES R. V. Powell 213-354-6585 1506-20-21; 650.10-15) The long range objectives of this RTOP are to (11 devise, analyze, develop, and test new telecommunication subsystems which are needed to meet the requirements of the deep space exploration mission set for the next decade, 121 investigate means xl increasing the performance and decreasing the cost xl existing subsystem designs. and 131 better understand the interaction uf the telecommunication system with other spacecraft and ground systems in urder to ensure that pruper emphasis and direction is given to future system requirements and designs. The objectives of the FY-76 efforts are: Ill investigate advanced digital radio technology and components in micruminiature form that will substantially reduce the cost of npacecraft radio, telemetry, .ommand. navigation, and radio science functiuns sohile improving performance capability and flexibility, reliability, and life time; (21 begin development uf an active antenna pointing system for use soith antennas on the order of 15 meters at X-band frequencies, and steer the antenna R.F. beam electronically over the range of the attitude control system deadband; a near term objective is to develop an electronic array feed pointing system capable of working with a 3.6 meter antenna over a 2 degree range; (31 develop efficient techniques for determining the far held properties of large antennas from near field measurements, and provide analytical tools for designing and predicting the properties uf array/reflector configurations; (41 analyze the effects on 48 PAGENO="0281" 277 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY electromagnetic waves propagating through dispersive media, and construct turbulence models for the solar corona and planetary atmospheres; and (51 investigate coding and modulation techniques which can be used to improve the efficiency ol deep space microwave communications. The approach taken for all these efforts involves tradeoff studies, analysis, simulation. breadboard evaluation, and system testing. W76-70318 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. MICROWAVE AMPLIFIER TECHNOLOGY R E Alexovich 216-433-4000 (643-40-10; 643-60-011 To advance the state-of-the-art of microwave power amplification for space and terrestrial applications above one GHz will be investigated. To achieve this objective, research and technology development programs will be undertaken on microwave amplifiers, high current density electron emitters and high power microwave passive components. Studies and investigations of space.earth propagation and interference will be undertaken to guide high power communication component and subsystem investigation. Specific techniques such as multi-stage depressed beam collection and beam refocusing for linear amplifiers are amovg promising techniques being investi- gated iv addition of rf circuit and electrov gun optimization studies. W76-70319 506-20-24 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. MICROWAVE NEAR EARTH DATA TRANSFER AND TRACKING F. J. Logan 301-982-4901 The objective of the work under this RTOP is to achieve technological advances in data transfer and tracking systems in order to satisfy the demanding communication requirements for future space flight projects, such as space shuttle, earth observation satellite program and TDRS. The capability and performance requirements on the communication links for these advanced projects are characterized by high data rates (up to 200 Mb/sI simultaneous multi-link operation, and reliable long life operation. The attainment of these parameters requires technological advances iv spacecraft techniques and hardware. High power efficient solid-state amplifiers at Ku-Band will be developed. These advances will be utilized iv the development of a high data rate spacecraft transmitter package capable of direct communication to ground or to a data relay spacecraft. Previous work under this RTOP has verified that small, light- weight spacecraft low-noise parametric amplifiers are aohiovablu iv the existing NASA frequency bands. The future goals iv this discipline are: improve overall power efficiency and reliability in existing designs, and prepare for future applications iv both communications and microwave instruments by development of a space qualified parametric amplifier iv the 35-40 0Hz range. W76-70320 506-20-26 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. MILLIMETER WAVE COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT King 301-982-5702 1650-60-1 11 The objective is to develop millimeter wave component technology iv the 50-200 0Hz frequency range for use iv advanced communications and sensor systems. Radiometer systems will be fabricated at 94 and 183 0Hz to measure atmospheric losses by means of sun tracking and sky temperature ivversiovs. Gallium arsenide Schottky barrier miners and solid state impatt local oscillators will be developed to function as the hoyt ends of these radiometers. This miner performance will be compared with harmonic mining to measure loss of performance due to harmonic mining. After the development of mixer/local oscillator is complete. it will be installed iv the 183 GHz radiometer tu improve the existing systems performance. At this point, work will be started on the 94 0Hz mioer using a 92 0Hz fundamental frequency impale local oscillator. Plans for this program are divided into three areas Ill components and techniques development. 121 system development, and 131 propagation experiments. During FY-76 components and techniques will be emphasized at 94 and 183 0Hz. but in subsequent years systems and propagation W76-70321 - 506-20-31 N ational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D.C. OPTICAL DATA TRANSFER RESEARCH C. E Catoe 202-755-3227 This program of research is directed toward providing NASA with the fundamental tools and methods needed for the development and analysis of new types of lasers and laser devices that are applicable to future planetary, earth observations, and data relay missions. The activities addressed in this program will result in the advancement of laser technology in the areas of optical communications and tracking, optical processing and spectroscopy. This program will advance the optical laser technology by means of two research grants: one at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology which is concerned with the quantum aspects of optical communication, and the second at Stanford University that is concerned with development and understanding of laser phenomena. W76-70322 506-20-32 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. OPTICAL DATA TRANSFER SYSTEMS J. H. McElroy 301.982-5608 NASA flight missions iv the 1980's and 1990's will need high capacity data transfer systems. This RTOP is for the development of the technology to provide 300 P1bps and above data transfer terminals for space-to-space-tx-ground relay links. The C02 laser offers the best promise to meet these requirements and laser heterodyve systems using this laser are being developed under this RTOP. Theoretical, analytical, and trade-off studies are conducted to establish system parameters. Research and development is carried out to advance the state-of-the-art critical components such as waveguide lasers, infrared mixers, modulators. modulator drivers. and current regulated high-voltage puwer supplies needed for the laser discharge tubes. Acquisition and cracking techniques are beivg develuped for spacecraft termi- nals First-of-a-kind subsystems are assembled into engineering models iv spacecraft configuration. Systems are evaluated in the laboratory and in test chambers to determine system performance parameters. such as bit error probability, receiver sensitivity. laser stability, and tracking errors (spatial and frequevcyl. W76-70323 506-20-33 Goddard Space Flight Cevter. Greenbelt. Md. GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY M. W Fitzmaurice 301-982-4948 (645-40-01. 161-02-01. 653-01 -011 This RTOP is to provide the technology necessary for the development of precise space-to-space and space-to-ground-to- space laser range/range rate systems. Specific ublectives are (11 to develop the component and subsystem technology to advance the state-of-the-art iv ground based laser ranging systems to the 5 cm level iv FY/75-76 and to the 2 cm level iv 1978. and 121 to develop the flight qualified components for a spaceborne laser terminal with 2 cm/ 003cm per second range/range rate precision This spaceborne terminal is to be tested at the engineering model level iv 1979-80 and flight tested on a 1980-81 shuttle mission. This RTOP interacts closely with RTOPs 161-02-01 and 653-10-01-03 iv the development of ground- based systems and interacts closely with 645-40-01 iv the development of the spaceborne systems. The four major tasks within this RTOP are: Ill advanced receiver development. (21 flight qualified Nd:YAG laser development. 131 high/accuracy tracking and control systems development, and (4) C02 laser experiments will become equal iv importance. Radiometer systems will be developed to measure atmospheric losses from the gound and from high altitude aircraft flights for use in communications systems modeling and meteorological sensing of water vapor and precipitation. The first years component development effort will include improving the performance of mixers in the 183 0Hz and 94 0Hz frequency bands and developing solid state local oscillators for receiver systems iv the same bands. Performance 506-20-23 goals include achieving an 8 dB noise figure at 183 0Hz and a stable 5 milliwatt oscillator at 183 0Hz. 49 PAGENO="0282" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 278 tracking systems. During FY-76, Task 1 will emphasize the optimization of existing avalanche photodiode detectors for the short poise ranging receiver application and will initiate the development of a swept image converter receiver for next generation systems. Task 2 will initiate the development of a 0.2 es pulse laser for the 2 cm ranging systems and will continue the development of CW laser pumps for range rate systems. Task 3 will develop and demonstrate the techniques of open- loop satellite tracking at the 20 arc-second level and Task 4 will continue the feasibility analysis of C02 laser tracking systems. W76-70324 506-21-10 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. ADVANCED LIQUID ROCKET COMPONENT TECHNOL- OGY D. A Petrash 216-433-4000 The general objectives of the programs conducted under this RTOP are to provide the technology for improvements in performance and reusability of liquid rocket components and subsystems. Experimental and analytical programs will be conducted to denelop It) low cycle thermal fatigue and heat transfer technology for reusable thrust chambers, 12) advanced thrust chamber technology using un conventional nozzles. 131 Improved fabrication techniques for thrust chambers and 14) reduced gravity fluid acquisition and transfer systems. In the area of reusable thrust chamber technology, efforts will be devoted to obtaining fundamental fatigue data, developing the analytical capability to predict thrust chamber life and testing materials or new designs ix an Inexpensive thrust chamber simulator. Advanced heat transfer techniques will also be applied to ease the severity of the thermal load of high performance thrust chambers and improved fabrication techniques involving sputtering and electroforming will be evaluated to produce better, more reliable thrust chamber hardware. Unconventional nozzles will be investigated to provide more flexible design options, low pressure solutions to advanced engines, and high area ratio. high performance thrust chambers in a minimum size envelope Low gravity fluid system studies will investigate critical characteris- tics and components for in-orbit fluid acquisition and transfer W76.70325 506-21-11 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. ADVANCED LIQUID ROCKET SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY John W. Gregory 213-433-4000 (909-75-03; 506-21-121 Analytical and experimental efforts are being pursued to provide technology required for advanced reusable hydrogen- oxygen space propulsion systems, such as the spac~ tug Although much of the MPS technology is applicable lx aerospike engines. the effort thus far, has been primarily directed toward bell nozzle type engines. In FY-76. the program will be expanded to include technology directly applicable to annular throat, anrospike type engines In the bell nuzzle type engine area, the effort is directed at developing the technology for small, high-pressure, reusable. pump-fed, staged-cow bustion cycle hydrogen-oxygen rocket engines. The work, which started in FY-72 and will carry through FY-77, is concentrating upon critical component technology for a 20.000 lb. thrust engine operating at a chamber pressure of 2000 psia. The component technolugy programs are in the turbumachinery and thrust chamber areas. If the FY-77 new Initiative is approved, the components developed in these technology programs will be assembled into a powerhead breadboard assembly IPBA). Tests will be made to assess engine and component adequacy, capability and operating characteristics. A preliminary design study of the PBA will be conducted in FY -76 to enable assembly of the existing components. In the aerospike engine area, effort will be directed at determining the performance, regenerative cooling capability and the weight potential of an advanced, hydrogen-oxygen, aerospike thrust chamber for pussible applicatiox in the main propulsion system for the space tug W76.70326 506-21.12 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio REUSABLE CRYOGENIC STORAGE AND TRANSFER John W. Gregory 216-433-4000 The work conducted under this RTOP will provide the technology required for the effective design and fabrication of reusable cryogenic thermal protection and fluid transfer systems. This work will be conducted on thermal protection systems designed to meet the problems assuciated with the changing environments experienced during a typical flight cycle by a reusable high energy upper stage. Work on a purged multilayer insula- tion system will be continued. Experimental evaluations will be conducted on the several baseline TUG multilayer insulation systems that have been proposed to demonstrate their perform. ance under cyclic environmental conditions. Work will continue on a high performance load bearing insulation that is capable of providing performance approaching that of uncompressed MLI while still providing all of the advantages of an evacuated system without the attendant weight penalty usually associated with rigid vacuum shells. Experimental and analytical studies will be conducted to optimize multilayer insulation by selectively varying thickness and shield emissivily. The effort on fluid transfer systems will be applied to evaluation of the use of composite materials for the fabrication of engine feed lines, vent lines. pressurization lines, valves, and fittings. Designs will be evaluated to provide lines that are lightweight, have low axial heat conduction, and provide rapid chilldown. W76.70327 506.21.21 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena LONG.LIFE ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR PLANETARY SPACECRAFT P. J. Meeks 213.354.2546 (506-21-51) The objective of the work proposed in this RTOP is to provide for the advanced development of key liquid feed assembly components and the rocket engine assembly for advanced liquid propulsion systems that will be used on planetary missions. Specifically, in FY-76. fabrication of two each of propellant shutoff and isolation valves will be completed and the design of a remotely actuated fluorine fill valve will be initiated. Fracture toughness testing and impact testing on one heat of Ti6Al-4V will be completed. Additionally, the investigation of a fluorine-compatible foam insulation will continue. lx order to finalize the baseline thrust chamber, a contract will be issued to design two ablative thrust chambers. The design will be based on the results xf Contract NAS7-304 entitled Chamber Technology for Space Storable Propellants. From the design drawings, one engine design will be selected and two chambers will be fabricated and tested at C-stand at JPL's Edward Test Station. Cuncurrent with this effort a high-performance injector will be fabricoted and tested. Systems studies will continue evaluation propulsion system configurations including structural and thermal support, based upon information generated from the valve and engine work Main emphasis will be on the design of a bluwdown propulsion system. W76.70328 506.21.30 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. THE CHEMISTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTIONS OF EXHAUST CLOUDS FROM ROCKET VEHICLES E S Love 804-827-2893 1180-72-501 The objective of this research is to develop a basic understand- ing of the chemistry of exhaust clouds from rocket vehicles and Interactions of the exhaust clouds with the atmosphere including precipitation. Although the initial composition of the rocket exhaust is known at the SRM exit plane, it is of little use in determining ~re ultimate chemical and physical distribution of these pro- ducts in the atmosphere, or on the ground. The chemical composition of the exhaust cloud changes continually; rapidly at first as a result of high-temperature reactions with atmospheric species and nucleation of condensible species, and then more Slowly as a result of both ordinary and photochemical gas and condensed-phase reactions, gaseous diffusion, droplet growth and evaporation, and various other interphase and transport pheno- mena. Thus, a complete chemical characterization of the resulting exhaust cloud as a function of propellant, atmospheric condi- tions, and time is needed to properly assess the environmental impact of the exhaust products The results of the research 50 PAGENO="0283" 279 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY proposed herein will provide a critical part of the technology base required by NASA to develop and substantiate the environmental impact statements for future NASA rocket launches. W76-70329 506-21-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED PYROTECHNIC/EXPLOSIVE SYSTEMS TECH- NOLOGY E. S Love 804-827-2843 The overall objective is to develop and demonstrate technology for pyrotechnic systems to meet expanding aerospace flight requirements. Eoperimental programs will be conducted to develop engineering design guidelines to meet pyrotechnic system requirements, such as safe, reliable initiation, stable pyrotechnic and eoplosive materials, and the selection and sizing of pro- pellant loads to accomplish a variety xl mechanical or chemical functions. Ignition, combustion, and energy delivery mechanisms will be studied through the use of advanced perfxrmance monitoring techniques and systems, developed to simulate the actual flight working conditions and requirements. Developmental studies will include: the selection and evaluation of a variety of safe, electrically nonconductive first-fire propellants. as well as high-performance gas generating propellants, and the eopansion of the NASA Langley Research Center explosive seam welding technique to meet advanced aerospace fabrication requirements. W76-7O330 506-21-32 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. cf Tech., Pasadena ADVANCED SOLID PROPULSION AND PYROTECHNIC CONCEPTS P. J. Meeks 213-354-2546 (506-21-521 The long-range objective of this RTOP is to develop and demonstrate solid rocket propulsion and pyrotechnic advanced technology that can be applied to. Ill reduce cost, improve performance, and improve reliability of existing concepts, and 121 provide new concepts for future NASA missions, in which existing propulsion and pyrotechnic mechanisms cannot be used to satisfy the mission peculiar requirements A comprehensive approach. which employs analytical and experimental investiga tions, in both in-house and subcontracted modes, will be utilized to select, develop, and demonstrate the required advanced technology. Work also will be accomplished to provide solutions to solid rocket motor operational and design problems. This plan is the major element of the OAST Level 4 program on Low Cost Solid Propulsion. The efforts included in this RTOP are Waste Propellant Disposal with Component Salvage and Reeyelo. Moditication of Aluminum Fuel by Surface Oxidation, Heat Sterilizable Propellants. Gas Dynamics of High Back Pressure Propulsion; Laser Beam Chemical Eoplxsives Interaction. Long Term Storability of Solid Propellant Motors; High Energy Upper Stage Restartable Solid Rocket Demonstration. Advanced Propulsion Module Motxr Technology; Pyrx and Explosive Technology; Squib Pyrotechnic Material; and Solid Propellant Combustion. W76-70331 506-21-33 Lungley Research Center. Langley Station. Va SOLID BOOSTER EXHAUST E. S Love 804-827-2893 The objectives xl this research are to examine and to demonstrate the effectiveness xf chemical agents and delivery systems in nextralizng the acidic effluents emitted in the troposphere by the sxlid propellant bxosters of the space shuttle. The Environmental Statement fxr the Space Shuttle Prvgram (July 19721 states that vperatixnal constraints will be imposed on space shuttle launches to eliminate the possibility of unaccept- able hydrogen chloride concentrations in the troposphere. The possibility of the delay of launches due tx the possible unaccept- able environmental impact of hydrogen chlvride would be cause for concern This research will attempt tx demonstrate that the hydrogen chloride emitted in the troposphere can be neutralized by a cost effective system and that the pvtential toxic hazards due to the gaseovs hydrxgen chloride can be removed and the possibility of an acid rain eliminated Several potential neutraliza- tion agents have been investigated and it has been calculated that it is chemically possible to neutralize all of the hydrogen chloride by the addition of chemical agents to the exhaust cloud The various methods xl delivering the agents to the exhaust cloud include adding to the deluge water presently used to cool the launch complex, spray entrainment in the ducted exhaust gases at ground level and airborne delivery using aircraft similar to those employed in forest fire control. A feasibility study and demonstration of the system is necessary before the decision to proceed with the design of the modification and/or additions to the launch complex. W76-70332 506-21 -40 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. LASER PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY D L Nored 216-433-4000 (506-25-5 1) The objective of this program is to evaluate the cxncepts and establish the potential feasibility of laser propulsion by 1980. The program will investigate propulsion concepts and systems based upon the energy being transmitted by a laser beam from a remote station. Space, aircraft and earth-based laser systems for potential NASA and military application will be included A broad technolvgy base will be developed for realistic appraisal of systems, mission application and design. Efforts will concentrate on most appropriate laser systems, beam transmission, laser-beam receiver systems. elficient conversion of laser beam energy to sensible propellant enthalpy, and viable thruster design. The program approach includes: Ill identification of laser energy absorption mechanisms in prxpellants; 121 performance of components and system studies (synthesis, definition, design, tradeoffs, and problem area idnntificationl; 131 evaluation of potential mission possibilities; 141 design, fabrication and evaluation of laser thruster concepts; and (51 investigation of optimum wavelengths and lasers for propagation, absorption by propellant and compatibility of optics systems. W76-70333 506-21-41 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio ATOMIC AND METALLIC HYDROGEN Gerald V. Brown 216-433-4000 The objections are to produce and store hydrxgen in each of two different monatomic forms, metallic hydrogen and spin-aligned atomic hydrogen. Eilher form would store an energy of approximately 50 K cal/gram with respect to the molecxlar state. Such stored energy would be recoverable by allowing reversion to the molecular state. Superconductivity of metallic hydrxgon will be studied, and other prxpertins xl both new atlotropes will be determined High pressure devices capable of producing a few wegabars will be developed to cxmpress hydrogen rv about 15 times the ordinary molecular solid density and thus cause the predicted transition to the metallic state Hydrogen dissociated to atoms by varixus means (electric discharge. photolysis. and irradiation( will be stored at temperatures below 2 K and in magnetic fields xf 2 to 10 tesla to paramagnetically align the electrxn spins and prevent formation of the molecular bond. Matrix storage xl H in H2 will be investigated to determine maximum H concentration possible as a function xl temperature (below 2 K( and magnetic field W76-70334 506-21-42 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. PROPAGATION STUDIES USING EXTENDED WAVE- LENGTH RANGE OF HIGH POWER LASERS (PROPULSION NEW HORIZONS) S Love 804-827-2893 (506-25-55; 506-18-121 The objective is to extend the wavelength range xl high power lasers (C02, CO. OF. HF( fur imprvved atnrospheric transmission and to evaluate their potential use in spacecraft experiments For this purpose high power/high pressure laseys are being developed which permit tuning acrxss pressure broadened laser lines The timing characteristics and mode structure of a high pressure (approximately 5 atml photopreionized pulsed C02 laser with medium pulse energies (approximately 1/10 Jxule(. recently developed under contract. will be evalu- ated with a laser heterxdyne spectrometer and laboratory 51 PAGENO="0284" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 280 transmission cells. High power/high pressure C02 lasers will be developed with high resolution tuning at higher pulse energies (greater than or equal to 1 Joulel and high pressure operation of other laser types (CO. OF. HF( investigated. The feasibility of high pressure CW operation of high power lasers will be evaluated. The results svill be coordinated with laser propulsion studies at other NASA centers and related DOD studies. W76-7O335 506-2143 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena NEW HORIZONS IN PROPULSION P. J. Meeks 213-354-2546 The objective of this program is to identify and conduct research on new concepts in propulsion which offer significant improvements over systems that now exist or are in development when these new concepts are applied to a variety of future propulsion requirements. The approach is to define the concepts in sufficient detail to allow initial applications analyses to be made and then to evaluate the applications. These concepts are compared with current systems and with each other. Experimental and theoretical investigations are then conducted as required for verification of thus e concepts which are promising. Studies which will be conducted include: Ill the production and storage of antimatter and the control of matter-antimatter annihilation. (21 methods of tapping energy available in space such as may be obtainable from the interaction between a fluctuating magnetic field located in the vicinity of a planet and an electrically conducting fluid in turbulent motion aboard the spacecraft. 131 system analysis of the use of indigenous materials for propulsion and power. 141 the utilization of planetary atmospheres. 151 efficient physical processes for converting a high energy density source into thrust. and 161 laser propulsion W76-7O336 506-21-44 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif lest of Tech.. Pasadena GENERATION AND STORAGE OF ACTIVATED SPECIES P. J. Meeks 213-354.2506 The main objective of this task is to perform experimental and theoretical investigations of methods of producing and increasing the lifetime of excited states of helium and other atomic and molecular species in both the superfluid and solid phases of helium. A second objective is to perform experimental and theoretical investigations'of p(oducing and stabilizing solid materials containing very high concentrations of hydrogen/ deuterium. and also producing and stabilizing solids which have undergone electronic collapse. A third objective is to perform theoretical investigations of metallic hydrogen, thereby comple- menting the euperimental work being done at LeRC W76-70337 506-21-51 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena SPACECRAFT LIQUID PROPULSION RESEARCH Paul J. Meeks 213-354-2546 1506-2t-2tl The combustion, injection, ignition, and wall compatibility characteristics of those propellant combinations utilizing fluori- nated oxidizers and amine fuels are being studied both experiment- ally and analytically The objective is to provide fundamental understanding of the interacting chemical processes that are essential to the development of a technology base that forms a precursor to the application of these high performance propulsion systems to unmanned space exploration missions Of particular interest is the formulation of an analytic representation lcomputer modell of a rocket combustor which predicts performance in terms of specific impulse and compatibility in terms of chamber lifetimes and integrity as well as plume elfects on presumed adjacent spacecraft components and structures In its completed configuration the input parameters for such predictions must be limited to those quantities Isuch as dimensions and assigned flowsl that are a-priori known. The concomitant instrumentation required for the experimental work is being developed. W76-70338 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst xl Tech . Pasadnna SOLID PROPELLANT RESEARCH P. J. Meeks 213.354-2546 506-21-52 1506-21-321 The objective of this RTOP is to establish scientific bases for the chemical formulation, mechanical design, and surveillance of solid propellants for rocket motors. Theoretical and experimental investigations will be performed in rheology, network structure. ingredient synthesis and purification, and curing and degradation chemistry to: (11 obtain a better understanding of propellant mechanical property, processing and environmental stability characteristics to permit the formulation of techniques for the control thereof; and 121 derive information which will enable one to design motors as structurally integrated units with a minimum of empirical study and to predict their useful lifetimes on the basis of expected environmental patterns. W76-70339 506-21-53 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. CHEMICAL PROPULSION RESEARCH 0. A. Petrash 216-433-4000 The xbjxctives of this wxrk are xx expand the basic understanding of injection, mixing, combustion, and other chemical physical processes in chemical propulsion systems in order to provide higher performing, more reliable, and lower cost systems for future missions. These objectives will be attained through theoretical studies to delineate the important design parameters required to achieve engineering improvements. euperimental studies to demonstrate the validity of specific theoretical approaches and design parameters, and exploratory studies to investigate new techniques or theoretical approaches that svill provide further engineering improvements in liquid rocket engines. Areas in which this effort will be applied are the following: Ill combustion. 121 fluid flow, and 131 thermodynamic, transport and kinetic data W76-70340 506-21-54 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio SPACE SAFETY RESEARCH P. M. Ordin 216-433-4000 The objectives are to obtain a better understanding of the hazards and improve the safety of NASA and contractor operations associated with oxidizer and fuel systems and related propellants for flight. R&D facilities and ground service equipment. Specific areas of current interest include preparation of criteria for the design and operation of propellant systems, investigations of the initiation of oxygen system failures induced by contaminants, investigations of combustion and nonideal explosions caused by propellant spills and tank ruptures, and the analysis and tests of gravity effects on fire extinguis Sweet systems. W76-70341 506-21-55 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala LAUNCH VEHICLE PROPULSION J. A Lombardo 205-453-3791 1502-04-21; 502-24-211 The effort described in this RTOP is directed toward improving the boundary layer JANNAF reference program which predicts rocket thrust chamber boundary layer performance loss and heat transfer. The predicted boundary layer losses obtained from existing turbulence models will be compared with boundary layer measurements derived from hot fire tests at high area ratio now planned under an existing program. The analytical models will then be revised as indicated by the euperimental data Should the experimental data indicate that model revision is not required then an alternate study to investigate the desirability of using a kinetic rate control method in place of the present chemical equilibrium method in the boundary layer model will be conducted. W76-70342 506-22-10 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. AUXILIARY ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS Robert A. Callens 301-982.4205 Uxmanned meteorological, communication, earth observation. and other application satellites require, not only long-lived. light-weight spacecrah propulsion systems, but also ones capable of providing north-south station keeping, procession control. east-west station keeping, or precise attitude control. The objective of this RTOP is to identify and develop electric propulsion 52 PAGENO="0285" 281 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY systems that promise to provide yubstantial improvement over (180-t7-571 conventional propulsion systems. When necessary, they are The objective of this RTOP is to insure the availability of solar evaluated at GSFC's facilities and space flight tests of candidate array technology which meets solar electric propulsion require- systems are conducted to further demonstrate their capability ments. The approach is to perform a preliminary design in order for space flight application, to identify the solar array technology required to support solar electric propulsion This technology will be compared with the W76-70343 506-22-11 state-of-the-art to identify areas where demonstration of further Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. development of technology is needed. These areas will be worked AUXILIARY PROPULSION ION THRUSTER TECHNOLOGY as specihc tasks with results being fed back into the design R C Finke 216-433-4000 effort. The availability of overall array technology will be The objectives are Ill to develop prototypical xne.millipound demonstrated by fabricating and testing a full-scale wing. To mercury ion thruster system hardware and subject it to flight accomplish the objective, the following tasks will be performed: qualification level testing, and 121 to provide the technology to ITask 1 was completed in Dec. 19741, 111 preliminary design eotrapolate mercury ion thruster performance at larger or smaller for identification of required technology. 121 materials demonstra- thrust levels. The technology developed will result in hardware tion, 131 thermo-compression bonding of solar cells to electrical for flight prototype thruster subsystems of demonstrated efficiency interconnects. 141 solar cell selection and characterization, (5) and durability, thus assuring a firm base of technology-ready solar cell module thermal cycling. 161 nondestructive inspection hardware for application to anticipated auxiliary electric propulsion and tests, and 171 full-scale wing technology demonstration. controlled spacecraft W76-70347 W76-7034.4 506-22-12 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech. Pasadena SEPS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CHARACTERIZATION OF PULSED PLASMA THRUSTER J B Stephens 205-453-2114 INDUCED ENVIRONMENT (180-17-561 A Briglix. Jr 213-354-6137 This RTOP is for the investigation of the parametric qualities The exhaust plume of both a micropound and millipound associated with terrestrial perturbations in the lower stratosphere pulsed plasma thruster will be examined during operation in and the troposphere from the release of mercury. The study two vacuum facilities These results will be used to evaluate Ill contract for RTOP 180-17-57 on the Environment Impact of the amount of ion and neutral material impingement on various Solar Electric Propulsion revealed that a detailed analysis of the locations downstream of the thruster, and 121 the amount of effects of a mercury release from a failure mode in these regions degradation due to surface contamination that might be expected of the atmosphere required additional definite investigation to in the function of spacecraft solar cells, thermal control, and establish reaction rates and diffusion parameters. This work will optical surfaces. The amount of infrared interference of the plume address two separate problems. Ill the reactions and rates of with infrared sensing spacecraft instrumentation will also be mercury with ozone to determine the long term effects of examined The environment exhibited by both a LES.6 micro- mercury on the ozone layer in the lower stratosphere: and 121 pound-second thruster and a millipoundsecond thruster will be the development of mathematical methods to account for the characterized The plume of each thruster will be experimentally deposition and diffusion of mercury in the troposphere. investigated in detail in a 9 ft. diavacuu m tank. Instrumenta- tion for in-situ determination of surface effects will also be 506-22-40 developed in this facility These results will be verified in the liquid-helium-cooled Molsink facility which provides a neatly ideal simulation of the vacuum and cold sink of space for surface effects testing An analytical model of the plume and neutral materials will be constructed from the experimental test results. 506-22-33 W76-7O348 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. ION THRUSTER RESEARCH R. C. Finke 216-433-4000 The objective of this work is tx increase the knowledge of electron-bombardment ion thrusters in an orderly and meaningful manner Basic physical processes are studied, both experimevtally and analytically, for a range of thruster sizes commensurate with thrust levels of 2 to 000 mrllieewtons Although mercury vapor is the chief propellant used, other propellant gases, such as argon and xenon are also studied fxr specific mission or ground-based applications. A further objective of this work is to define and understand interactions between ion thrusters and the spacecraft, mission and science payload Experimental and analytical studies are conducted through grants, contracts and in-house programs Specific programs include Ii) probing the plasma discharges of the thruster to identify reactions and support analytical theory. (21 developing analytical theory to predict thruster limitations and ultimate performance. (31 novel ways to imprxve thruster starting reliability, such as the use of a HV pulse to light the cathodes, 141 measurement and control xf thruster efflux, both in the thruster and on spacecraft surfaces, and 151 the measurement of electromagnetic and magnetostatic fields produced by the thruster system and the:r effect on the spacecraft/ science payload W76-70345 506-22-30 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio PRIME PROPULSION ION THRUSTER TECHNOLOGY R. C. Finke 216.433-4000 The overall program goal is to identify and develop the required technology to demonstrate technology readiness status for primary propulsion subsystems for proposed missions Development and testing of thrusters, power processors, and interface elements will be done to optimize element performance. lifetime, and reliability and also define and characterize the critical system interfaces and requirements The program mill result in a baseline technology and design criteria for application to anticipated electric propulsion spacecraft A major program will be to define requirements. develop to engineering model status, and verify by life tests and multiple thruster operation, primary propulsion thrusters which satisfy the range of requirements of foreseeable missions. Power processors will be designed and developed to functional model status, integrated with thrusters, and verified by system level and lifetime testing Other critical system elements such as gimbals. propellant storage and distribution system. and thrust subsystem-spacecraft interface hardware and software will be simulated and integrated into a functional subsystem Thrust subsystem interactions and ixtegration problems will be investi- gated to the ext ent necessary to clearly define critical interfaces and system requirements and reduce risk in future applications. W76-7O346 506.22-32 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala SOLAR ARRAY TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION AND PAYLOAD APPLICATIONS E. Young 205-453-21 tO W76-70349 - 506.22-41 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio ADVANCED PLASMADYNAMIC LASER RESEARCH George R Seikel 216.433-4000 The objective is to define the feasibility aird potential of novel plasma laser concepts that exploit' technology developed lot electric propulsion Investigations are aimed at understanding the controlling physical processys to determine limitations on efficiency, power density. and attainable laser wavelength regions Investigations will aim to define and meet laser requirements for potential high-power applications of interest to NASA. Analytical and experimental studies which include extensive 53 PAGENO="0286" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 282 diagnostics will be made. Novel concepts such as charge-exchange ion lasers will be explored and atlempts to demonstrate their feasibility in MW quasi-steady experiments will be made. Research will include estimating performance of laser concepts and use of lasers. High power lasers are potentially of interest to NASA for a number of applications However, at present only molecular long output wavelength lasers leg.. C02 laser output is 10.6 microns) can operate at high Igreater than kwl average output power. This research will explore the feasibility of developing high power ultraviolet and/or visible wavelength ion and atom lasers using novel high power flowing plasma technology concepts. W7670350 506.22.43 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. ION BEAM APPLICATIONS RESEARCH R. C. Finke 216-433-4000 The broad objective of the work described is to provide the basic research and technology needed to define and develop eonpropulsion applications of electrostatic accelerator technology. By conducting pertinent experimental and analytical studies, the xverall program is directed at demonstrating fruitful application of the unique capabilities of electrostatic accelerator technology to the improvement of the state-of-the art of Ill sputter deposition by ixn beam. 121 ion sources for fusion systems, 131 ion milling and polishing, and 141 space manufacturing applications. Major programs are directed at identifying applications which could strongly benefit from the unique capabilities inherent in this technology. Specifically, the program goals are to identify manufacturing processes which could substantially benefit from the ability to clean and etch a substrate and deposit layers of virtually any material in a high vacuum environment, free from undesirable contaminants. Freedom to independently control substrate temperatuxe may allow the material to be deposited in structure ranging from epitaxial to amorphous. Controlled impurity deposits and graded layers will be investigated. Large. high current. svell-neutralized ion beams for injection into magnetic bottles will be investigated. Other applications requiring the unique capabilities of this technology will be expTored and investigated. W76-70351 506-22-44 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. lest. of Tech.. Pasadena PULSED MPD ARC JET WITH INDUCTIVE ENERGY STORAGE A Briglio.Jr 213-354-6137 1b06- 24-3 11 The objective of this RTOP is to investigate and assess the feasibility of operating quasi-steady MPD arc jet thrusters directly from a nuclear thermionic power source through an inductive storage device The magnetoplasmadynamic (MPDI arc jet is an electromagnetic plasma thruster which operates from a low voltage (100-15OV) at high current (greater than 10.000 A). The self-inductance of this device at large current levels generates a desired magnetic field for propellant acceleration, increasing the propulsion efficiency. The thruster operates at lower average posver by pulsing, where very large capacitors are presently used for energy storage. It now appears that inductive energy storage could lead to a more desirable power system development than capacitive storage The feasibility of this concept requires study W76-70352 506-23-12 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena PLANETARY SOLAR POWER RESEARCH AND TECHNOL- OGY A Brigliu. Jr. 213-354.6137 A listing of the JPL FY76 program for planetary solar arrays and solar cell technology development is given bnlow (11 continue the program to develop lightweight solar arrays. 121 continue the development of .01-cm-thick high-efficiency solar cell, 13) continue the development of low-cost solar array technology. (4) continue the program to test and evaluate solar cells fur deep space applications. (51 development of improved radiation- resistant cells. (6) c ontinve the silicon research program, and 17) continue the inversion layer solar cell program. This work will be accomplished through combined in-house and contracted efforts with indvstry and un'vnrsitins W76-70353 506.23.15 Goddard Spoce Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLAR CELL DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION L W. Slifer 301-982-4841 The objective is the development of high efficiency solar cells into production line item, and the evaluation of production line cells for space flight use. The approach is to It) evaluate pilot line samples of high efficiency cells, 121 transfer technology to production line. (3) evaluate production progress samples, (4) flight qualify production cells, 15) develop large area production cells, 16) develop thin production cells. (7) perform yield and cost analysis, (8) develop detailed production procedures, 19) develop quality assurance requirements, and 110) develop high efficiency solar cell specification. W76.70354 S06~23.17 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY 0. T. Bernatowicz 216-433.4000 The objective of this RTOP is to develop the technology for low-cost solar cells and arrays with high end'of-tife efficiency. Research and technxlogy prxgnams will becxntixue d in the following areas: It) research into the basic loss mechanisms in photovoltaic devices: 121 development xf cells with improved end-of-life efhciency, including epijunction cells, back surface held cells, heavily doped cells, and cells with wraparound contacts; 131 investigation of processes for fabricating low cost cells, including continuous growth of web-dendrite ribbon. automation of wafer cell fabrication, thick hIm processes for contacts and interconnects, and low cost reduction and purification of silicon: 141 development of PEP-covered solar cell modules, and (5) flight euperiments to evaluate improved solar cells and modules. W76-70355 506.23.22 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. BATTERY QUALITY CONTROL AND TESTS T. J. Hennigan 301-982-5547 The objectives are to: (1) advance battery material develop- ment, 121 investigate areas that will lead to an increase in the usable energy density of nickel cadmium cells, (31 improve cell and cell component characterization methods for application to fabrication process control. (4) develop analytical methods for cell component analysis, and 151 maintain a NASA Test Facility to perform battery life tests and investigate methods of accelerated cell/buttery testing. W76-70356 506-23.23 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech., Pasadena ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STOR- AGE A. Briglio. Jr. 2t3-354-6t37 1506-23-33) This RTOP is directed toward providing the battery technology to support future planetary missions and terrestrial applications The objectives. ix accord with the NASA Program Objectives. are to attain long-life ltO-year(. high-energy-density, and highly reliable and low-cost electrochemical energy storage devices by advancing the technology of its components, operating and storage techniques, and test and evaluation procedures. Specific targets are 111 to advance the state-of-art of the nickel-cadmium technology by developing a cell capable of a tO-year life and anene rgy density of 25 Wh/lb.. and by establishing a nickel- cadmium predictive model based on all available empirical data. and by red ucing costs through innovative designs and operational techniques such us with nun-gassing cells; (2) to develop primary batteries for planetary probe missions that can deliver high power outputs Ii 5C1 after prolonged 17-tO yearsl storage; 131 to develop advanced battery electronics including modular sequential charging and pulse charging thereby improving reliability and extending the lives of cells and batteries; and 14) to determine the effects of a zero-gravity environment on high power outputs of nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc and nickel-hydrogen batteries through the use of test veh:cles such as the Astrobee Sounding Rocket and the shuttle 54 PAGENO="0287" 283 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY W76-70357 506-23-24 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES Harvey J. Schwartz 216.433.4000 The object of this program is to attain long.life. high energy densities and high reliability for electrochemical energy storage devices. In order to meet this objective, work will be performed to develop silver-zinc batteries with 4-5 times the energy density of nickel-cadmium batteries for 5 years life in synchronous orbit and planetary applications by FY 1978. A longer lived (10 year( higher energy silver-hydrogen synchronous orbit battery will be developed by FY 1979. A high energy sodium-sulfur cell using a glass fiber electrolyte will be demonstrated by FY 1978. Solid electrolytes suitable for operation in alkali metal batteries of the 100-150 WH/lb class will be identified by FY 1976. Testing of a prototype cell for a 20 lb/KW. 10,000 hour life H2-02 fuel cell system will be completed by FY 1977. W76-70358 506-23-30 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. ADVANCED LOW COST POWER PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY P. A. Thollot 216-433-4000 1506-23-311 The objectives of this program are to advance the stateof-the- art and establish the technology required to improve aerospace power processing and distribution systems. Terrestrial applications will also be considered in the establishment of this technology. Addressed are, improvements in electrical circuit performance, and the general optimization of power processing and distribution systems including development of advanced circuit techniques and the utilization of integral solar array power regulation and conditioning. In addition to general technology, this program has. as an objective, directed technology for specific applications. Included in this category are, Ill power processing concepts with efficiencies in eocess of 90% and power densities with a target value of 2.5 kg/kW for ion thrusters and other high voltage loads, and (21 modular power conditioning techniques leading to low cost, reusable space applications and shuttle requirements. Also included in this program is an effort directed tvward developing engineering tunIs, using modeling and analysis techniques, which will enable designers to rapidly and accurately assess total system interaction and trade-off effects. e.g. weight vs. efficiency, cost vs. efficiency, etc Contract and in-house studies will be implemented to perform analytical and eoperimental investigations and hardware fabrication as required to establish the technology of new circuits and power pravessin g and distribution systems. W76-70359 506-23-31 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. HIGH PERFORMANCE POWER ELECTRONICS COMPO- NENTS P. A. Thollot 216-433-4000 (506-23- 301 The objectives of this program are to advance the state-of-the- art and establish the technology required to improve electronic power components and subsystems and to investigate interactions between the electrical systems and the environment of spacecraft. This includes the development of improved electronic power components as required for use in low weight. high efhciency power processors and distribution systems It also includes the effects of photoconductivity in space type electrical insulating materials at high voltages. Contract and in-house studies. experimental investigations, and hardware fabrication will be performed as required. W76-70360 506-23.32 Goddard Space Plight Center, Greenbelt. Md. POWER PROCESSING FOR EARTH ORBITAL SPACE SCIENCE AND APPLICATION SATELLITES Edward R Pasciutti 301-982-4885 This RTOP defines a program in power electronics utilizing university and industry personnel and facilities GSFC personnel involvement is limited to the extent of initiation, guidance, and evaluation plus, as warranted, a necessary amount of eoplvra- tory investigation, or advanced in-house design and development. The RTOP objectives are: to expand the power electronics technology base, to lower cost by both reducing development time and the achievement of commonality of designs. to use new components, circuits, and increased frequency bandwidths to reduce size and weight. to improve high voltage, circuit reliability through research of circuits, components, materials, potting and assembly techniques. W76-70361 506-23-33 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena LONG-LIFE. HIGH-PERFORMANCE POWER PROCESSING FOR PLANETARY APPLICATIONS A Briglix. Jr. 213-354-6137 1506-23-231 The objective of this RTOP is to develvp and demonstrate advanced power processing and distribution and related system configuration and integration technology to meet the requirements of future planetary spacecraft. These requirements, as identified in NASA's Objectives Oocumentation. include longer life, higher performance. higher reliability and lighter weight than is achieved with existing technology. The intent of this work is to develop designs that nut only can meet the technical requirements but which can also be built and incorporated into the spacecraft power system for minimum cost. In developing the necessary capability, techniques and hardware it is required that the specialized requirements of both solar and sun.independent pnwer sources be accommodated. The basic approach being taken is to develop modular designs for the major power processing elements within the spacecraft power system These designs are standardized to the maximum extent pussible and feature active rather than standby redundancy. This minimizes the total number of separate modules required in the system and, hence. the cost to build and test it. High-performance circuits are used throughout, and the basic approach affers a large degree of flexibility for scaling the system to different input voltages and power levels, thus providing capability for multiple applicatiuns. Additionally, standardized design and analysis methods are being developed and applied for all power processing circuits used in planetary spacecraft power systems, and test methodology and equipment for multi-redundant power systems are being developed. W76-70362 506-23-34 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. MULTI-KW DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY J. L Fetch 205-453-4634 As part of the NASA space vehicle technology development pregram. the Marshall Space Flight Center conducted a compre hensive Space Vehicle Electrical Power Processing. Oistribution and Control study. This study, which was completed in late 1972. disclosed that significant reductions in weight. greater design flexibility, reliability, and lower cost can be realized for large future aerospace vehicles through use of higher dc distribution and transmission voltage (above 100 Vdcl when compared to conventional 28 Vdc or 115 Vac systems. It also showed that maximum benefit can be obtained when high voltage dc distribution is coupled with use of remotely controlled solid state switchgear and multiplexed computer controlled supervisivn and checkout of the electrical system. The approach which has been selected for providing technotogy-readin ess consists xl test and demonstration xl complete multi-kw power distribution systems using voltages up to 300 Vdc The following task will be performed design, fabrication and operation of a flexible technology breadboard test facility to be installed at MSFC W76-70363 506-23-35 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst xl Tech. Pasadena AUTOMATED POWER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT A Briglio. Jr. 213-354-6137 Future planetary spacecraft will have to perform for greater perivds xl time, more remotely from ground control, in more hostile environments than their predecessors Furtherwnre. missions will become more cnmpleo involving orbit changing and real time adaptive sequence changes fur planetary urbiters and myers It is the more demanding aspects of future missions 55 PAGENO="0288" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 284 which establish unique requirements upon power system capability, reliability, and operation System capability will be pressed by the wide variations in posser system parameters which are dependent upon distance and mission duration. Reliability requirements will be determined by the need to perform for up to 10 years Operations will be significantly impacted by the increased action/reaction cycle time lop to 8 hoursl. Perhaps the most stringent demands will be for the power system to accommodate real time changes in mission enecutiun and to provide fault correction capability autonomously, because intervention from ground stations cannot occur in real time The work described in this RTOP will develop the technology required to achieve autonomous capability in planetary spacecraft power systems. Referred to as APSM. Automated Power Systems Management is the capability of a spacecraft passer system to automatically perform monitoring, computational, command, and control functions srvithoat the need for ground intervention. The effort will include analysis, design, development, and evaluation of hardware and softsvare necessary to demonstrate the readiness of APSM technology in FY80. APSM technology will be developed for Mariner class solar array avd RTG poavered systems. and battery possered lentry probel systems. Major technical emphasis will be svith respect to defining the appropriate functions to be managed. sensor development, interface definition. software algorithms, and breadboard demonstrations using off-the-shelf computer hardware. W76-70364 506.23.40 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio THERMO-MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION R. P. Migra 216-433-4000 The objective of this RTOP is to provide a technology base for high-efficiency. long-life, low-cost, thermo-mechanical space power conversion systems applicable to near-term NASA missions. (early 8O'sl. This program will include a demonstration of the Brayton posser conversion process in the fractional-to-2 kilowatt power level NASA missions in the early 80's appear to require power levels in the veighborhood of 1 kilowatt Several of these missions, especially deep space probes, cannot use solar arrays. In addition, certain DOD missions in this time period require compact power systems with long life and in the range of 1 kilowatt power output. To fulfill these needs and especially to provide confidence fvr mission selection, a proof-of-concept Brayton demonstration system ssill be designed, built, and run to demonstrate failure-free and unattended operation for a continuous period of at least two years. The tO KW sub engine under endurance testing at LeRC will receive a total teardown and inspection at 20.000 hours and be reassembled for continued endurance testing to 50.000 hours if warranted by inspection W76-70365 506-24-11 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC PLASMA COHE REACTOR RESEARCH K Thom 202-755-3066 1506-25-311 The objective is to establish the scivvtific understanding of gaseous 235 UF6 nuclear reactors and plasma core nuclear reactors fur the future development of such energy sources for major advances in space propulsion and in the generation and conversion of nuclear energy in space and on earth. Specifically. to elaborate the physics of cavity reactors that are fueled with a gaseous fissioning medium at stationary conditions and under condition at which the fuel is flossing through the reactor and is confined by a wall jet inflow of buffer gas In addition, to investigate the non-equilibrium distribution of ionized and eocited states in the tissioning gas and possibility of nonequilibrium e m. radiation The HO funded research at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASLI includes 11) nuclear pumped laser research for dir ect conversion of fission fragment energy into coherent m. radiation. using the LASL 000IVA fast burst reactor. 121 gaseous fueled cavity reactor theory and experiments to establish the reactor physics of such systems, to prove their safety and control. and to probe their usefulness iv respect to goals, employing a beryllicm moderator-reflector, a control system, and a pressure vessel salvaged from the previous NASA Nuclear Rocket Program, and (31 LASL osill subcontract United Aircraft Research Laboratory for UF6 handling research and to design and fabricate UF6 canisters and flow systems components for insertion into the reactor cavity. W76-70366 506.24.11 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. PLASMA CORE REACTOR RESEARCH S. Love 804-827-2883 1506-25-311 The objective is to establish the scientific understanding of 235UF6 and 235U plasma-core nuclear reactors avd to study their technological usefulness. Emphasis in this basic research is on the physics of fission fragments - gas interactions to understand the mechanisms of nuclear-induced electromagnetic radiation, the transport of this radiation and its conversion to useful forms of energy. In addition, a major effort of research is directed toward fluid mechanical confinement of fissioning gaseous nuclear fuel and for floss and materials studies of UF6 and uranium vapor handling systems. The fluid mechanics. UF6 handling and part of the optical radiation research ssill be conducted under contract under LaRC direution. Other supplementary radiation research is conducted under the LaRC 506-25-31 RTOP. Nuclear reactor eoperim ents us ill be conducted under a separate NASA Head- quarters RTOP. W76-70367 506-24-13 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena NUCLEAR PUMPED LASERS T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530 The primary objective of this work is to develop high pressure. visible and vacuum ultraviolet lasers where the laser pumping is provided by a pulsed nuclear reactor. A secondary objective is to conduct supporting theoretical and experimental research which ssill lead to an understanding of the kinetic processes responsible fur lasing in high pressure plasmas produced by the products of W76.70368 506-24-16 Lessis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. BASIC STUDIES IN HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID MECHANICS Lester 0. Nichols 216-433-6203 The objective is to provide basic knossledge required to predict and control processes involving hot gases, reacting eonstituents, coolants, and radianu heat fluxes as they occur in energy-transfer systems. The work iveolves efforts in the research areas of heat transfer and fluid mechanics The approach is to study basic behavior and processes applicable to whole classes of energy- transfer systems. Theoretical models of processes are developed and are tested by comparison with experiment. These euperiments are generally small scale, and are devised to produce general inform ation needed for predicting performance of full-scale systems The ideal performance of an energy-trarsfer system is an essential benchmark in assessing the performance of such a system. It is often the rationale fur assigning an efhciency or coefficient of performance. W76-70369 506-24-21 Leuvis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. HIGH-EFFICIENCY THERMIONIC CONVERSION James F. Morris 216-433-4000 The objective is to acquire the technology required for high-efficiency thermionic cuneersiun xf heat from various energy sources for use iv a wide range xf puwer-generariun applications. Coordinated cvvtract. grant, and in-house theoretic and experimen- tal studies will yield better emitters, collectors, and ion generators. The resulting reduced electrode wurk functions and interelectrode losses will produce more efficient thermiunic converters, which will in turn lead to mure effective space power systems. Justification xl this thermiunic-cuveersion usork appears on page 12-2.1 in the PASO document and in the following paragraph To meet all eventual NASA needs, thermionic R&T must pruvide fur low to near-megawatt pouser levels, and high space power reqvires high ssaste-heat-rejection temperatares to xbtain 56 PAGENO="0289" 285 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY acceptable radiator weights. So the NASA program must cover the full range of thermionic-conversion lemperatures. W76-70370 506-24-22 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMIONIC CONVERTER T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530 (506-24-311 The long range objective is to develop a low-temperature converter having a conversion efficiency which is more than twice that of high-temperature converters. In the high- temperature converters. reradiation heat losses from the high-temperature emitter are a significant part of the total input energy required to operate the converter. This reradiation loss can be drastically reduced by lowering the emitter temperature Resulting reduction of thermionic emission current can be readily compensated by a reduction of emitter work functions (from 3.0 eV to 2.0 eV(. However, the smaller emitter work function creates a need for a collector work function as low as 1.0 eV so as not to lose the output voltage. Thus a development of a low work function collector, which operates at a temperature as high as 800 K. becomes necessary. The immediate objective is to fabricate and test a low temperature converter having an appropriate emitter such as a barium oxide cathode and a low work function collector. The first collector tested will be a negative electron affinity (NEAl type electrode and the second choice will be a metal-oxygen-cesium electrode system. For reducing the plasma losses, effects of molecular nitrogen on the converter output voltages, and a discrete ion source approach will also be investigated. W76-70371 506-24.23 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena THERMIONIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530 (506-24-221 The long-term objective of this technology effort is to achieve high efficiency nuclear thermionic power subsystem technology readiness for application to space power. The intermediate objective is to establish the feasibility of key technology items. and evaluate the capability for low-cost production of thermixxic systems. These objectives are accomplished through system design studies and a well-defined directed technology effort at the component and subsystem levels Work is to be coordinated with applicable technology efforts from other programs. A typical thermionic power subsystem consists of a heat source, therwionic converters, heat exchanger, heat rejection radiator, pum ps. controls, structure, nuclear shielding, power processing, and distribution. The power subsystem is expected to be integrated with electric propulsion in a nuclear electric propulsion (NEP( stage far exploration of the outer planets in the 1990's. Other applications, both for space power and terrestrial power. will be studied as appropriate. In particular, low-cost solar concentrators with low-cost, high'efficiency thermioxic converter technology are to be evaluated in the FY 75-76 program. W76-70372 506-25-11 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. PLASMA DYNAMIC ENERGY SYSTEMS George R Seikel 216-433-4000 The objective is to establish the knowledge required to produce. confine, and utilize plasmas for advanced power and propulsion systems xf potential importance to NASA, and to understand the fundamental physical processes involved in plasmadynamic energy systems. Analytical and experimental studies which include extensive diagnostics will be made. Topics to be investigated include: MHO generators for both open and closed cycle electric power systems, and high-temperature (fasion( plasma heating and containment in open and closed magnntic geometries. Investigations will include studies to define poten- tial system performance, critical techna(xgy needs, system concepts leading to new NASA capabilities and missions, and alternative applications of technology develxped. Justification An improved understanding of the physics and of the dynamics of plasma is needed to acquire the ability to generate and manipulate plasmas ix ways serving specific objectives related to NASA programs. Amang such potential applications of objectives are space propulsion and power generation (embracing not only MHD generators, but also controlled thermonuclear reactxrs(. The obtective. targets, need, and relevancy of this research are described on pages 13.1.0 to 1.1 of the PASO dxcument. W76-7O373 506-25-21 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio MAGNETICS AND CRYOPHYSICS Gerald V. Brown 216-433-4000 The objective is to achieve intense magnetic fields iv large volume with minimum mass and power requ;remnnt; to conduct research on superconducting materials to improve stability, current density. operating temperature. and strength; and to study the low temperature and/or intense field characteristics xf materials and devices of significance to refrigeration, power, and propulsion applications. Basic and applied research in magnetic cxxling and solid state physics are included. A new mechanical design and forced-convection LNe heat transfer will be applied in a cryogenic magnet to produce a 30 T steady-state magnetic field. (Present record steady field is 22.6 TI. High-field supercxnductors (e.g Nb2Sn( will be produced in a substantially improved composite farm to give magnetically stable, high current density magnet windings. The pxtextial high efficiency of magnetic heat pumps and refrigerators will be evaluated by building and testing devices in the entire range from 4 K to room temperature. W76-70374 506-25-31 Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS T. Vrebalxvich 213-354-4238 The objective of the laser kinetics task is to conduct the research required to dnvelxp various types of high pxwer. efficient. shxrt wavelength lasers. Emphasis is placed on understanding the basic physical phenomena that determine the efficiency, wavelength, size, and power output of laser devices. The principal objective of the electron impact spectrxscxpy task is the generation xf reliable cross sections for electron-molecule (atom( interactions Particular emphasis is placed on obtaining cross sections for use in the understanding xf the behavior of high energy lasers, plasma devices, and the energy degradation of high energy electrons. The objectives at the nuclear Zeeman maser task are: (11 to study the feasibility of constructing a nuclear Zenman maser. (21 tx investigate the characteristics xf sach a maser as an oscillator and as a low temperature rf amplifier, and (31 ta develop and apply the NMR line narrowing technique to Mxssbauer systoms in nrdnr to enchance the resonant emission or absxrptixn cross section of gamma rays, which might eventually lead to the gamma ray laser system. Theoretical and experim ental development of distributed feedback (DFB( as a laser optical system will be applied to various lasers that currently exhibit external mirror prablems. A theory far self-sustained DFB will be developed. An attempt ta induce laser action ix He 2 (800 A( will be made. In the physics of molecular interaction pragram, basic research xx the chemical and physical interactions xl ions. electrons, metastables, and molecules is conducted, with particular emphasis on processes involving the production of excited states. A related applied research study is underway to develop a new class of charge transfer ian lasers. W76-70375 506-25-31 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS W. Blue 216-433-4000 The LeRC cyclotron accelerates all the isxtxpes of hydrogen and helium to energies as high as 75 MeV. These high energy particles are used to excite atoms and/ar nuclei far the following purpxses: lx cause (11 nuclear excitations for possible use ix a gamma ray laser (graser(, (21 radiatian effects on optical windows used to view the plasma in fusion and fission devices, and (3) atomic excitation of inner electran shells created far trace emelent analysis of environmental samples The approach is lI to study photonic recoilless emission from nuclei and thereby to determine the energy. level width and lifetime xf nuclear states. (21 high energy protons are used to simulate fast neutrons and gamma radiation and the optical opacity determined as a function of 57 72-434 0 - 76 - 19 PAGENO="0290" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 286 temperature and dose rate, and (31 opacity measurements of glass microspheres containing H2. D2 and He3 at too atm. made during and after proton bombardment. W76.70376 506.25-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS E. S Love 804-827-2893 The fundamenta( characteristics of a fissioning uranium p(asma wit) be investigated to determine the feasibi(ity of direct conversion of nuclear energy into electromagnetic radiation. (user power or work. The thermodynamic properties of uranium heoafluoride wit) be investigated and the interaction of fission fragments with uranium heoufluoride and other gases will be determined. Radiation induced p(asmas will be studied to determine possible popu(ation inversion. nonequilibrium emission, and ionization and eocitation cross sections. A new hypocycloida( plasma focus wit) be constructed with great(y increased plasma confinement time. The increased neutron production expected from this device should improve the production of fissioning uranium plasmas by increasing fission yie(d. The interaction of intense C02 (aser radiation with the dense plasma focus wilt be investigated, specifically the efficient conversion of (user radiation to X-rays. Photo catalysts wi(l be investigated with the aim of providing direct photo- dissociation of water by sunlight. A new hypocycloida( plasma focus wit) be constructed and tested for possible use in the production of a fissioning uranium plasma. Studies on the properties of fissioning uranium plasma produced in the LRC p(asma focus device will continue Research on fission-fragment induced plasmas, on characteristics of the radiation emitted from fissioning plasmas, and on photo-electrochem ica) production hydrogen will be performed under grants to various universities. W76-70377 506.25.31 Nationa) Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D.C. FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS K. Thom 202-755-3066 The objectives are to do fundamenta( physics research on e.m. radiation-matter interactions, to eoplore the principles of the generation, conversion, and utilization of power at energy (evels much higher than used in conventional thermodynamic systems, for great(y improved capabilities in space propulsion and the usage of energy in space and on Earth (n particular. the objective is to explore means of power generation from fission fragment-gas interactions in form of em. radiation in the visible to ultraviolet spectrum, to generate (user power direct(y in this spectra( range. and to investigate basic principles of the direct conversion of (user power into electricity, or mechanical work without going through phases of thermalization of energy. The approach is through the following grants: University of Florida research on nuc(ear pumped (users and fissioning plasma radiation. University of Washington for research on direct (user purser conversion, and (user plasma heating. Stanford University for research on (user-electron beam interactions W76-70378 506-25-32 Ames Research Center, Mof(ett Field. Calif. QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 0. R. Chapman 415.g65-SO65 (506-25-61) The objectives are to conduct enperiments and analysis of topics in the physics of quantum electronics that provide basic data on. and understanding of. the interaction of (aver radiation with matter in support of a broad range of NASA applications in propu(sion. power transmission, lasers and space, and atmospheric physics. The specific approach will inc(ude an investigation of the following areas: the interaction of high intensity radiation with solids. (iquids, gases. and plasmas leading to oon(inear and nave) effects Experiments mill be performed to obtain inversion on ultraviolet, soft X-ray, and even X.ray transitions. Using tunable sounces. investigations of excited state quenching, transfer, and chemical rate depend ence vs ill be examined. Similarly, tunable (asers will aid iv investigations of isotope and isomer separation as well as (aser-induced chemistry. A theoretica( investigation of vibrational energy transfer in laser gases will be conc(uded. us will the eoperimenta( investigation of the ion-electron recombination (user. Finally, a study wil) be continued to determine work functions, therma( stability and atomic structure of electropositive (ayers co-adsorbed with oxygen on single crystal surfaces. W76-70379 506-25.41 Natixna( Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D.C. HIGH POWER LASER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY J. G. Lundholm 202-755-2488 The objective of this program is to evaluate the potential of high power (users systems for NASA applications. The program will define and evaluate both space and ground-based systems for potentit( NASA. cummercia). and/or military applications. A broad technology base is involved and must be considered for a rea(istic appraisal of systems and applications and for future design, development, and use of such systems. An in-depth investigation by an appropriate organization to assist NASA ix defining program guidelines for the next 3 to 5 year period is contemp(ated. W76-70380 506-26-41 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. HIGH-POWER LASER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY 0. L Noted 216-433-4000 The objective of this program is to evaluate by 1980 the potential of high-power (users for NASA applications. This program wilt define and investigate high-power (aser systems and their potential use. Both space and ground-based systems for potentia) NASA, commercial, and/or military applications wil) be inc(uded. A broad technology base will be provided, as necessary, for realistic uppraisa) of systems and applications, and for future design. development, and use of such systems. Efforts will concentrate on evaluation and technology investigation of flowing gas (user devices suitable for future high-power (aser transmitter systems, efficient passer generation systems for such devices, conversion systems for high-power (user energy receivers, optical components unique to (arge high-passer (users, and on screening and definition of applications. The program approach includes: 11) identification of potential applications. and in-depth evaluation of their requirements (a continuing effort); (2) component performance and system studies; 131 experimental investigation of component and subsystem technology within critical areas; 14) design and operation of high-power lasers to assist in the component technology investigation program; 151 design. fabrication and testing of high-power (user transmitter systems for evaluation of system-type problems; and (61 design, fabrication. and operation of systems and eoperimevts applicable to potential applications, including laser propulsion W76.70381 506-25.41 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. HIGH-POWER LASERS O R. Chapman 415-965-5065 1506-25-321 The objectives are to conduct experiments and analysis of topics in the physics of quantum electronics that relate to the development of (users and ancillary devices suitable for NASA missions and applications solar physics, space physics, atmos- pheric physics. and space flight technology. This work should provide the necessary research and technology base needed to evaluate the potential of the (user for these needs. The specific approach will include an investigation of the following areas. Firstly. the development of an efficient, supersonically cooled. electric discharge carbon monoxide ICOEDSI (user will be pursued. Secondly, an arc-heated CDL facility will serve as a versatile test bed to examine CW (using at higher pressures and temperatures than previously attainable by others Various lasant mixtures, the effect of contaminants, and supersonic injection of the (avant will also be examined. Thirdly, the study and assessment of potential (user energy converters will be pursued. After detailed eoamination of the pertinent physics and engineering of such candidate devices, such as metal-barrier-metal optical diodes. (user heated thermionic converters. (aser engines, and (aser assisted dissociators. specific dnvices wil( be experim enta(ly 58 PAGENO="0291" 287 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY examined for conversion efficiency and suitability for space usage. Finally, the theoretical analysis and development .of computer codes suitable for optimization of existing, and development of new, laser systems will be pursued Typical of such efforts are the computer code for predicting the output power of a C02 gasdynamic laser, and a comprehensive theory of vibrational energy transfer in anharmonic diatomic gases W76-70382 506-25.41 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst. of Tech . Pasadena HIGH ENERGY LASER TECHNOLOGY T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530 (506-21-62) The objective is to develop the necessary technology required to construct various types of high power, efficient, short wavelength lasers. Emphasis is placed on the development of scaling laws that govern the efficiency, size, and power output of specific laser devices W76-70383 506.25.42 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadena LASER ENERGY CONVERSION RESEARCH T Vrebalovich 213-3544530 The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of efficiently converting laser energy to electrical energy and to advance our understanding of physics involved in the conversion process. Investigations will be made with. (1) Schottky barrier (SB) photovoltaic converter, (2) SB laser rectifier, and (3) a plasma device such as a laser phasmadynamic (LPD) converters (1) Laser Photovaltaic (LPV) Converter: The materials to be used will be gallium arsenide and ternary Ill.V compounds for the visible range, and gallium phasphide. zinc selenide. and zinc oxide for the ultraviclet range. The barrier fabrication will be the Schottky barrier technique. (thin metal film-semiconductor). Emphasis will also be placed on control of the interfacial layers on the semiconductor These layers can significantly increase voltage outputs, and hence, conversion efficiency. Multilayer barrier devices will also be tested (2) Laser Rectifier. The feasibility of rectifying the laser light wave to obtain electric current will be investigated with a SB diode having a light wave guide built into its barrier region This type rectifier has an advantage of being able to handle a larger power than a point contact rectifier. (31 LPD Converter This effort will be continued at a reduced level to fully understand the findings that have been obtained through FY75. Minimal amount of experimental work will also be continued to supplement the analysis. A documentation of the LPD converter research will be completed W76-70384 506-25-43 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. HIGH RESOLUTION LASER ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMIS- SION RESEARCH (HIGH POWER LASER SYSTEMS TECH NOLOGY) S. Love 604.627.2893 (506-21-42; 506-18-12) The objective is to perform in-house high resoluti xv spectros~ copy of atmospheric transmission windows with tunable lasers. High power gas lasers using C02., CO.. OF-. and HP will be operated at high pressures Igreater than 1 atm) for tuning off atmospheric absorption lines. Low power tunable diode lasers will be operated in two modes: (1) laser as source for long path transmission, (2) laser as local oscillator of heterodyne spectrometer with sun as light source. Under a university grant laying at visible wavelengths will be studied with novel chemical laser constructed in FY75. The influence of high pressure operation of chemical )HF.DF) lasers on cascading between vibrational levels and resulting multiline output, harmful to atmospheric transmission, will be studied Also some effects of high intensity laser radiation on transmission and photochemistry. through excitation of higher vibrational levels, will be evaluated The results will be coordinated with studies at DOD and ERDA W76-70385 506-26-10 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va ADVANCED EARTH-ORBITAL TRANSPORTATION AERO- THERMODYNAMICS S Love 804-827-2893 The oblective of this study is to develop the aerothermody- namic technology required for the design and operation of ad- vanced vehicle systems suitable for space or global transportation in the 1990's and beyond. The intent is to derive viable vehicle configuration concepts utilizing technologies advanced beyond the base being established by the space shuttle program. Programs designed to provide solutions to key technology issues will be designed and implemented using both ground based facilities and flight experiments (as may be accomplished through the capabilities offered by the space shuttle) as required. Candidate concepts will be evaluated through a series of analytical and experimental investigations which will include the impact of environmental constraints such as sunic boom and the effects of variations iv the atmosphere Analytical efforts will include the development of methuds far vehicle characteristics definition Computational flow field methods will be developed with particular emphasis on realistic configurations; verification will be throught specifically designed experimental investigations. Langley facilities such as the 6-Inch Expansion Tube, the Hypersonic CF4 Tunnel. Continuous Plow Hypersonic Tunnel, the 22-Ivch Helium Tunnel. and others will be used to perform parametric studies of real-gas effects, viscous interactions, vortex interactions, and convective heat transfer of a broad range of vehicle configurations and components over a broad range of flight conditions. W76-70386 506-26-20 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va PLANETARY ENTRY AEROTHERMAL R&T 6. 5. Love 804-827-2893 The objective is to establish the technology base necessary to assure survival and reliable performance of scientific probes during entry into the atmospheres of Mars, Venus. the outer planets, and certain natural satellites such as Titan. The technology readiness target schedule, which assumes a cutoff in technolagy development 3 years prior to launch, is mid 1975 for Venus (Pioneer Venus), late 1977 for Jupiter (Pioneer Jupiter Orbiter/Probe) and late 1978 for Saturn and Uranus. This target schedule is the key for the specific task milestones. The objective will be pursued using analytical and experimental methods and will be conducted primarily in-house with contract support as justified. This work will encompass the following topics: (1) studies to define hypemelecity entry vehicle heating and aerodyvamic environments, and minimize radiative and canvective heating and/or heat loads and optimize aerodynamic performance by choice of tralectory. nehivle, shape. ero. (2) dnvelupm ent of aerothermal technology required for upgrading of existing facilities or design of new facilities considered appropriate to development of planetary entry aerothermal technology. W76-70387 506-26-21 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. GAS DYNAMICS RESEARCH 0. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 The objective is to add to the understanding of high-energy fluid flaw processes and the relations between such flow processes and the basic thermodynamic avd transport properties of matter, including kinetic rate processes and radiative transfer in gases Classical, semiclassical, and quantum theories will be explored to find the most efficient models for these properties in terms of the aerodyvamic problems of present and potential long-lead-time NASA mission requirements, particularly in the area of processes induced in the earth's upper atmosphere by high altitude hypersonic aircraft and space shuttle type vehicles, and also in the area of problems experienced by entry probes ivtx the planetary atmospheres, such as those which effect thermal protection and communication. These models will be tested. where possible, with experimental results. Numerical solutions using Monte Carlo statistical modeling of fluid flow will be developed which utilize the large size, speed, and parallel processing features of modern computers to calculate transport properties of gases and other flow properties. Such solutions will be used to determine the domain of validity of numerical flow field calculations based on the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid flow, and also for determining transpurt properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity. 59 PAGENO="0292" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS ANO SPACE TECHNOLOGY 288 and diffusivityl of reactive gases more accurately than has been possible with previous lineariaed methods W76-70388 506-26-22 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL AEROTHER- MODYNAMICS Dean R Chapman 415-965-5065 1505-06-t2; 505-06-131 The objective is to develop the aerothermodynamic technology required to define the flow field around entry vehicles Emphaso is on the developmevt of turbulence models from numerical and physical eoperiments These models will be used in computer codes that numerically simulate the floss fields. Numerical and analytical studies will be performed to develop new turbulence models appropriate for high-speed flight and incorporate these models in advanced computer codes Eoperimeets at hypersonic speed specifically designed to verify these turbulence models and computer codes are to be performed. Additional enperiments will be performed, as required, to define the aerothermodynamic environment for particular classes of entry probes such as the effect of moderate to massive ablation rates on transition to turbulent flow on blunt entry probe shapes. The first verification experiment will be that of an axisymmetric shock-wave-eopansion interaction with a hypersonic turbulent boundary layer. The computer code planned is the complete solution of the Navier- Stokes equations including various models for the turbulent transport terms. Additional experiments will be performed as needed to verify new development in turbulence modeling and computer codes. W76-70389 506-26-23 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena PLANETARY PROBE DESIGN/OUTER PLANETS R. R. McDonald 213-354-6186 This plan forms a part of the Planetary Probe Design Specific Objective of the Entry Technology Program. The assigned objective of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to determine the dynamic behavior of outer planet atmospheric gases and atmospheric entry probe response in very high speed entry includes five tasks: Ill radiative gasdynamics, 121 boundary layer and base flow, (31 systematic performance study, 141 entry dynamics, and (51 facilities development. Since the outer planets have atmospheres consisting mainly of hydrogen and helium, most of the work performed is applicable to entry into Uranus. Saturn. Jupiter and Neptune although the speeds of entry differ. In trying to reduce the uncertainties in predicting radiative and convective heat transfer. an approach incorporating a solid theoretical foundation combined with advanced state-of-the-art experimental techniques yields the most rapid progress. Measurements of shock heated gas radiative emission and convective heat transfer are used to validate analytical and numerical models which are in turn used to compute and predict the floss-field and II ones en perienced by a proposed planetary atmospheric entry probe. Aerodynamic stability of entry probe models is to be based on various free-flight tests which provide the coefficients necessary to predict entry probe motion in a 6-deg of freedom computer program. W76-70391 506-26-31 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. SPACE SHUTTLE: CONFIGURATIONS AND AEROTHER- MODYNAMIC5 Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065 The objective is to evaluate the aerodynamic performance, stability and control and heating, of the space shuttle orbiter and launch configuration and ferry configuration to pinpoint and find the solution to aerothermodynamic problems of these vehicles in support of shuttle vehicle development by JSC and its contractors Models resulting from contractor and in-house studies salt be tested in subsonic, transonic. supersonic, and hypersonic facilities of the Ames Research Center The wind-tunnel data will be used by NASA and shuttle contractors to evaluate the space shuttle and ferry configurations characteristics. Numerical methods and computer programs will be developed for calculating the three-dimensional chemical-nxnequitibrium inviscid and viscous real gas windward floss around space shuttle orbiter configurations at angle of attack Codes svill be written for parallel and serial computers and parametric studies of shuttle entry flow fields us ill be performed on llliac 4 when it becomes operational. Sufficient experimental data will be obtained to verify the correctness of the computer codes W76-70392 506-91-10 Leuvis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. APPLICATIONS DATA SYSTEM SUPPORT 0. Mandel 216-433-4000 The objective is to operate an Aerospace Safety Data Bank to collect, analyze, evaluate, retrieve and disseminate safety-related technical information available to all elements of NASA. its contractors and the technical com munity; to assure that information on the latest state-of-the-art regarding safety is available for use in planning, design, fabrication, testing and operations of aerosp ace vehicles and systems and associated ground facilities. ASRDI will use the resources and services of the Lewis Computer Sewices Division for access to the data bases. ASRDI sill, also, use the resources of the NASA Facility to have its information files available for retrieval at remote consoles at every NASA installation ASRDI will call on all elements of NASA. its contractors, and other organizations to provide basic, applied and operational data related to ground-based and flight safety experience for the Aerospace Safety Data Bank. Cooperative and eochange programs have been, and will continue to be. established with similar information activities in government and industry with the intent of utilizing existing compilations of accurate data. Liaison is being established with these activities to assure access to the information contained in these sources as needed The information will be analyzed, verified, correlated and qualihed as required This information will be made available to all elements of NASA. its contractors, other governm ent agencies and the technical community. Improved methods of storing. searching. retrieving and disseminating information are being developed and implemented Space and Nuclear System Studies W76-70390 506-26-30 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va W76-7039, 790-40-03 SPACE SHUTTLE DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif Inst. of Tech., Pasadena E. S Love 804-827-2893 TECHNOLOGY READINESS This RTOP focuses Langley's expertise in configuration R. V. Powell 213-354-6586 aerothermodynamics and operational flight mechanics on those 1684-30-951 concerns having greatest impact on successful development of The objective of this RTOP is to assess the readiness of the shuttle. The RTOP supports the Shuttle Program by 111 technology alternatives for specific candidate planetary missions providing time in Langley ground-based facilities for direct and to recommend change strategies for promising new OMSF/contractor requested support. (21 continuing independent technologies. The Mariner Jupiter Orbiter lMJOl mission will be in-house shuttle technology and development studies. 131 addressed in the study snith particular use of the Mariner responding to specifically requested task-study areas from the Jupiter Saturn 1977 (MJS( technologies and designs as the Program Office at JSC. and 141 maintaining a strong basic technology base The proposed introduction of block change for aerothermodynamic supporting technology program. In addition, the MJO mission will be considered throughout the study. The Langley will perform independent evaluations and assessments approach cv ill be to develop descriptions of the technology uf the configurations and operational modes and requirements alternatives which appear attractive for the MJO mission. based a s necessary. This RTOP's program is coordinated with other on: proposals emanating from advanced technology areas xf NASA centers and the Phase C/D contractor through appropriate subsystem development groups; and logical extensions of MJS Program Office Engineering Coordination Panels at JSC technology as defined in technology descriptions evolving from 60 PAGENO="0293" 289 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY other studies. An anulysis of change introduction will be made and appropriate recommendations derived. This task will make use of the MJO mission study 1684-30-95-00-tO) supported by NASA (SL) during FY-75. W76-7O394 790-40-04 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech Pasadena TECHNOLOGY ENABLEMENT ANALYSIS R. V. Powell 2t3-354-6586 The objective of this STOP is to identify and assess the enabling technical developments in the disciplines of environment control and communications which would have the greatest benefit/risk/cost potential for application to future NASA missions. including a set of shuttle launched missions. The results of this assessment will be presented as a recommendation for the development of specific technologies supported by benefit/risk/ cost analyses Areas of communications and environment control technology requiring further development to It) support currently projected NASA missions of the 1980's and 1990's; 12) provide greater mission capability; and 13) provide capability for missions not feasible now, will be identified. Technology identification will be accomplished by identifying the requirements of the pro- posed NASA missions and identifying current state-of-the-art advances that could effectively be employed by further missions. This activity will take full advantage of other separately funded work in the general area of technology projection, such us the Space Transportation System Technology lSTSTl and Advanced Systems Technology lAST) Working Groups fur Communications and Informative Systems and for Thermal Control; the General Dynamics Future Payload Technology Requirements Study. Report No. ATR-WP-0O4, administered by Ames. the Marshall shuttle payload study, and the NASA-wide Outlook fur Space studies. Included under environment control are the disciplines of thermal control, cryogenics, contamination, and nuclear radiation, but eocludes thermal protection. Included under communications are the disciplines of tracking, telemetry and command, encompas- sing both spacecraft and ground systems. W76-7O395 790.40.06 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION FEASIBILITY STUDY J Billiegham 415-965-5729 1790-91-02) The objectives of this study are to eoamine the validity of, techniques for, appropriate target stars for a systematic search for intelligent life within t.000 light years of earth. This STOP is for a study program to eoamino the feasibility of interstellar communication, to select the must promising system for the search, and to develop a plan for further engineering studies. The approach will be to perform basic concept review and preliminary target star identification studies in-house with the guidance and assistance of distinguished scientists), and also by out-of-house preliminary engineering studies. The in-house team will report directly to the Chief, Systems Studies Divisiqn, Ames Research Center. The study will capitalize on the already completed, comprehensive Project Cyclops study, and will evaluate the Cyclops proposals as one of several possible approaches to iiiterstellar communication. Candidate system concepts will be evaluated, and the selection of a preferred system made according to major criteria such as cost, national goals, international cooperation, and contributions to science and technology, particularly nadioastronomy of approaches to advanced system design and a detailed examination of the relative impact of assumptions as to achievable levels of various technologies offers a suitable means of identifying those technologies which are crucial as well as those most cost effective; this identification will be a primary output of the effort. An inherent characteristic of any such advanced system is that it offer clear and significant cost/capability advantages relative to current systems. Programs to provide solution to key technology issues will be designed based on the results of these studies The activity will be pursued through a series of contractual system studies, technology planning methodology development studies, and selected in-house analyses as required. W76-70397 790-40-11 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND SUPPORT O B Wood 301-982-2330 The objectives are to provide an improved analytical basis for OAST management decisions on R&T program planning and selection; develop and eoercise techniques by which modern systems, economic and decision analysis methods can be applied to the planning process. W76-7O398 790-40-12 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. ADVANCED HIGH PRESSURE ENGINE STUDY John W Gregory 216-433-4000 NASA is currently conducting studies of advanced vehicle concepts for the 1 990's and beyond time period to provide direction for technology advancements to best meet future national needs and agency goals. Various single-stage-to-orbit ISSTO) shuttle vehicle concepts have been studied and appear promis- ing as low cost space transportation systems. Such vehicles utilize high pressure rocket engine systems and may employ mined-mode propulsion wherein high bulk density propellants are burned at take-off and low bulk density, higher performance propellants ILOX-LH2) are burned later in the flight. Studies will be conducted in FY-75 of such rocket engines to determine cooling limitations, turbopump drive cycle limitations, engine weight, and performance for various propellants and auxiliary coolants. These studies will include dual fuel engines, which are capable of burning two different fuels with LOX in the same thrust chamber. In FY76 this study will bo uctended to include high pressure LOX-LH2 engines which may be used only in vacuum conditions or may operate from takeoff to orbit like the SSME. W76-7O399 790-40-45 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF POST EOS/SEOS OPERATIONAL SYSTEMS Edgar M. Van Vleck 415-965-5898 The objective of this RTOP is to capitalize on existing and xe-going study results to determine desirable technical characteris- tics and research and technology requirements of post EGS/SEOS earth observations systems; to identify optimal sensor comple- ments, operational procedures, data flow patterns, orbital configurations, etc.; and to develop an understanding of total W76-70396 790-40-07 program lifetime cost impacts of key system options The approach Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va is to expand the studies of earth observation satellite options ADVANCED MISSION CONCEPTS - EARTH ORBITAL into the post EGS/SEOS timeframe and explore the cost- TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY REOUIRE- effectiveness xl varying these options as to: sensor cumplements, MENTS data product packages; coverage frequencies; orbit; mixes of E. S. Love 804-827-2893 satellites; synergistic combinations of sun synchronous and earth The obloctive of this study is to identily the technology synchronous satellites, aircraft, RPV's and in situ sensors; satellite required for the design and operatiun xl advanced earth-orbital size tradeoffs, satellite reliability/maintainability tradeoffs; spatial, vehicle systems for application in the post-shuttle time frame, spectral, and temporal resolution, user acceptance; and cost- The intent is to analyze potentially attractive concepts which effectiveness. The optimal technical characteristics of post build upon the technology base developed for the Space EOS/SEOS xperational systems will be studied as a guide to Shuttle Prxgram utilizing projected advances in such areas as the cxeceptual studies, research and technology development, materials, structural design, and propulsion systems. Definitixn and experimental demonstration satellites necessary to achieve an operational system in the future. 61 PAGENO="0294" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 290 Space and Nuclear Systems Technology Programs W76-70400 520-71-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SOLID STATE DATA RECORDER J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745 (506-18-21) The overall objective of this project is to provide, by CY-1978. a 10 to the 8th power solid state data storage system suitable for replacing tape recorders in many aerospace vehicle applications. Specific intermediate objectives are: Ill to design a 10 to the 8th power bit data recorder osing bubble technology. (21 develop and demonstrate a basic recorder in a breadboard configuration. and (3) develop and fabricate a prototype 10 to the 8th power bit recorder. A two-phase developmental contract will be used to provide the 10 to the 8th power bit data storage system. This contract will be supplemented by analytical studies and laboratory investigations in critical areas of the recorder magnetic and electronic systems. These studies will be directed towards providing improved operational characteristics, longer useful life. and reduced costs W76-70401 521-71-01 Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT EXPERIMENT Jack L Kolt 805.258-331 1 The subsonic and (ow supersonic characteristics of a configuration representing an advanced class of entry sehicles is being studied by means of a coordinated flight and wind-tunnel test program with the X-248. The program will yield the detailed aerodynamic characteristics of a high hypersonic L/D entry vehicle and an indication of the ability of the wind tunnel to predict these characteristics. A flight-test approach will assess the handling qualities and piloting problems of this class of vehicle while determining performance and stability and control character- istics. Energy management and approach schemes will also be investigated during unpowered flight periods W76-70402 524-71-01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va CASTS - COMPOSITES FOR ADVANCED TRANSPORTA- TION SYSTEMS R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 (505-01-34: 505-02-41: 743-01-221 The broad objective is to increase the maoimum operating temperature of resin-matrio composite materials for structural applications to 600 F to meet requirements fur advanced space transportation systems and payloads. The objective will be achieved through a joint in-house and aerospace industry contract effort which will (1) development and characterization of currently available polyimide resins and adhesives and new resin systems. 21 development of manufacturing and quality control procedures. (3) development of thermal structural design methods, and 141 design. fabrication and ground tests of small scale components and full-scale space structure demonstration components. Space and Nuclear Experimental Programs W76-70403 750-01-02 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif. IMPACT OF THE SHUTTLE/'SPACELAB OPPORTUNITY TO EXTEND RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS INTO SPACE ON SPACECRAFT FAILURES AND ANOMALIES F. F. DeMuth 415-965-5638 The objectives are: to determine if the opportunity afforded by the Space Transportation System/Spacelab to eoteed research and technology programs into the space environment by providing a means to conduct in situ technology eoperimeets demonstrations or tests can have a significant input on the quantity or seriousness of anomalies eohibited in-flight by spacecraft: (1) to catalog those anomalies eoperienced by in-flight spacecraft when access to space could have been instrumental in eliminating the cause of the anomalies or reducing their impact: and 12) to identify those technological or programmatic areas where acess to space could have been significant in reducing the impact of in-flight spacecraft anomalies. The approach is to review and analyze, in light of the objective, the 1230 spacecraft anomalies contained in the PRC/SSC Space Data Bank. W76-70404 750-01-10 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF OAST SPACE TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES E. S. Love 804-827-2893 (750-01-12: 750-01-31) The objective of the OAST Space Technology Shuttle Payloads Program is to eoploit the Space Transportation System (shuttle. Spacelab. tug) to accomplish innovative, cost effective research and technology investigations in the space environment which require the characteristics of space (weightlessness. vacuum. radiation, and unique location) and complement ground-based and airborne investigations. This effort addresses the organization and management of OAST Space Technology Workshop activities The objectives are to identify research and technology eoperiments which can/should be conducted in space utilizing the Space Transportation System (STS): identify technology needed from OAST by OSS. OA, OMSF, and OTDA in order to meet the objectives of their space activities: and broaden the STS user community. The approach is to: conduct an in-house NASA workshop in the summer of 1975 to identify those engineering technology areas which could beneficially utilize the STS to conduct eoperiments in space, and identify specific eoperiments: sponsor a symposium in the spring of 1976 to present NASAs thoughts (from the in-house 1975 summer workshop( to the non-NASA engineering community (other government agencies. universities, and industry): and conduct a 1976 summer workshop to obtain inputs from the eon-NASA community. W76-70405 750-01-11 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY SYSTEMS DEFINITION E. S. Love 804-827-2893 1750-01 -121 Langley Research Center in-house studies have established the feasibility of a Spacelab compatible Advanced Technology Laboratory (ATLI. These designs included definition of LaRC eoperim ents, AlL and Spacelab concepts and operational requirements. The objective of this effort is to provide a systems definition of an ATL which utilizes the NASA shuttle and European Spacelab for advanced technology investigations. The ATL will provide CAST with the capability of implementing a spaceborne research program that is truly accessible to the ground-based researcher. This primarily contracted effort will focus on major ATL program functions for the lirst ATL payload (ATL No. 11 such as: eoperiment/payload layouts, interface hardware, display and controls. data management. mission analysis. interface GSE. etc. Design analysis will also be conducted to assess the impact of Spacelab on NASA's advanced technology program. In addition. costs. schedules, and implementation plans will be defined for phased follow-os activities. Further refinement of the ATL design will focus OAST shuttle sortie research requirements and make timely contributions to the concurrent NASA shuttle and European Spacelab design activities. W76-70406 750-01-12 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT DEFINITION E. S. Love 804-827-2893 750-01-10: 750-01-11. 750-01-311 The objective of the CAST Space Technology Shuttle Payloads Program is to eoploit the Space Transportation System Ishuttle, Spacelab. tug) to accomplish innovative. cost.effective research and technology investigations in the space environment which 62 PAGENO="0295" 291 OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY require the characteristics of space (weightlessness, vacuum. radiation, and unique location) and complement ground.based and airborne investigations. The Advanced Technology Laboratory IATL) is a set of Spacelab payloads which will provide the capability to perform multidiscipline research and technology experiments in space. The objective of this effort is to identify and define experiments to update the ATL experiment manifest. In-house studies initiated by Langley in 1972 have established the feasibility of the ATL concept. These studies included the identification and definition of 42 ATL multidiscipline experiments. This effort to identify and define additional AlL experiments will be accomplished by in-house efforts, outside consultants, research contracts, and selective procurement of experimental studies and equipment. This effort will provide experiment definition assistance and guidelines to ATL eopeiiwenters to ensure that experiments are designed to operate effectively and safely in space. The experimenter and his supporting organization will be responsible for follow-on experiment funding, development, fabrication and operation. W76-70407 750-01-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. LDEF EXPERIMENT DEFINITION E. S Lone 804-827-2893 The broad objective of this RTOP is to identify through contacts with the scientific community experiments which could be conducted or future Long Duration Exposure Facility ILDEFI missions. This task will be directed toward assessing demands and requirements and systems planning. Potential users will be identihed and briefed on the general capabilities of LDEF. The experiments identified will be studied in sufficient detail to provide information on the scientific return, complexity, cost, and impact on LDEF mission and system characteristics. A contract will be awarded to assist LRC in this experiment identification effort. Other smaller contracts way be awarded to such areas as university research centers to assess the contribution of LOEF to their research programs. W76.70408 750-01-51 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. DEFINITION OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE S Love 804-827-2893 This RTOF supports two parts of the total program. the Physics and Chemistry Experiments (PACE) Working Group activities and the Molecular Beam Lab )MBL) experiment definition studies. The goal of the working group is to formulate a PACE program designed to use the shuttle transportation systems to: (1) promote physics and chemistry as a laboratory science to be performed in space; (2) provide the opportunity to perform PACE experiments in space to a broad community of researchers and to encourage their participation in the program: (31 define and develop for space flight fundamental and applied FACE experiments for which the space environment is essential; (4) define and develop the facilities required to perform these experiments in space. The goal of the MBL dehnition studies is to define the experiment and facility concepts which will be developed and flown on space shuttle. The Molecular Beam Experiment Facility is a Wake Shield Facility modified by the addition of a hole at the apex of the cone permitting the entry of atmospheric gas. The experiment facility will be used to perform research in the fields of gas-surface interaction and in atmos- pheric physics. The first gas-surface research involves the initial oxidation kinetics of a clean metal surface with atomic oxygen from the atmosphere. This is important for corrosion technology. electronics, and catalysis. Precise characterization of the upper atmosphere by MBL will permit scientists to detect and understand the effects of solar wind and magnetic disturbances on the atmosphere. W76-704O9 750-01-53 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio DEFINITION OF FLUID PHYSICS AND COMBUSTION SPACELAB EXPERIMENTS D. A Petrash 216-433-4000 The general objectives of the program conducted under this RTOP are to provide specific proposals for experiments to be conducted in the Spacelab of the shuttle. Analytical as well as experimental programs conducted on the ground and in the LeRC Drop Tower Facilities will provide the information from which these proposals will be drawn. During FY74. overview studies on fluid physics and combustion were conducted by scientific experts in the private domain in order to identify areas in which worthy Spacelub experiments could be conducted The studies to be carried out and the principal investigators involved will primarily be determined by the recommendations of these overviews Although the majority of the research will be conducted by non-NASA personnel, some in-house work is planned in the lute 1970's W76-70410 750-01-54 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. DEFINITION OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS IN SPACE William C. Cliff 205-453-0875 The overall objective is the conduct of definition and feasibility studies of candidate experiments, in the area of the physics and chemistry of fluids (single and niultiphasel. which require and utilize the unique zero or low gravity of earth orbit The candidate experiments (tasks listed below) are motivated by the need to resolve fundamental problems and issues which are of significant importance in the areas of pure and applied physics and which relate to national needs. Individual objectives are 111 the development of a model and theory for the kinetics of the scavenging of aerosols by walls. (2) the development of a model and theory for the effects of gravity on two phase flow phenomena, (31 the development of a model and theory fur diffusion due to the presence of a mass density gradient, and 141 the development of a model and theory for nucleate boiling burnout in the asymptotic limit of zerx-g. The objectives shall be accomplished by developing theories and experiments for a zero-gravity environment which (1) separate gravity scavenging of particles from wall scavenging. 121 separate the gravitational slippage from accelerating slippage (relative motion( in two phase flows. (3) produce a density gradient with attendant muss diffusion, and (4) separate gravitational body forces from wetting forces. W76-70411 750.01.61 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Culif ENTRY TECHNOLOGY PAYLOADS D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 The objectives are: to dotormine the feasibility of using the shuttle or a shuttle payload to advance entry technology; to identify those planetary entry flight experiments which can be conducted using the shuttle (augmented with a booster); and to define the parameters of a dedicated shuttle payload which can be used to simulate an outer planet entry and an abortive reentry of a nuclear waste disposal package. The approach to be followvd in utilizing the shuttle system for achieving the objectives of entry technology is to study and assign priorities to experi- ments, to determine the levels of complexity of the experiments; Ii e.. piggy-back experiments, or a shuttle flight dedicated solely to the experiment). Examination will be mude of such questions as availability and capability of boosters. weight requirements. scheduling of experiments, costs, and impact of the experiment on the shuttle vehicle. Experiment definition will include definition of the experimental objective and the contribution it will make to the existing technology. W76-70412 750-01-62 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. SHUTTLE ENTRY TECHNOLOGY PAYLOAD AND EXPERI- MENT DEFINITION S. Love 804-827-2893 The planned operational flight frequency of the shuttle coupled with its large payload carrying capability will provide an unprecedented opportunity for conducting aerothermodynamic research as an adjunct to orbital operations. This research capability can be separated into two categories: (1) those research experiments which will utilize the shuttles normal interaction with it's environment during ascent and reentry; (21 those experiments which will utilize a vehicle launched from the Orbiter 63 PAGENO="0296" OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY 292 for earth entry. The successful application of these eoperiments and the effective utilization of the shuttle flights for reentry payload faunchmg with minimum impact on the shuttle system and primary mission objectives depends on early experiment and payload definition, development, and system integration. It ssill be necessary to determine in-house research requirements applicable to shuttle and shuttle-launched payloads and conduct studies to define feasibility and capabilities of various shuttle launched payloads, design launch systems, and define shuttle interfaces and mission peculiar requirements. W76-70413 750.01-71 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. DEVELOPMENT OF INDUCED ENVIRONMENT CONTAM- INATION MONITOR (IECM) Robert J. Naumann 205-453-0940 1506't6'35; 909-54-131 The broad objectives for the STS Induced Environment Contamination Monitor IICEMI are to conduct an indepth survey of the potential contamination of experiments from the induced environment in and around the STS on the early Orbital Flight Tests IOFTI of the Orbiter. LDEF. and Spacelab during all mission phases in order to: 111 verify the specified requirements in Volume X of JSC 07700; 121 provide diagnostic data to identify any sources that contribute to not-of-specification conditions so that corrective action may be taken; 131 measure the contamination effects from delivery. deplvymeet, retrieval, and landing a free-flying payload; and 141 perfvrm routine monitoring to detect any anomalous operating conditions such as teaks in the hydraulic, coolant, or fuel system; sloughing off particulates from TPS. insulation, or experiments, xutgassing from new components or various experiments. tv. Basic instrumenta- tion concepts have been established and breadboard instruments are being procured for evaluation. A demonstration model of the IECM will be assembled and demonstrated by Oct. 1976 A proposal stage program plan for an FY77 nez. start has been prepared and submitted W76.70414 750.02.01 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY PROJECT E. S Love 804-827.2893 The broad Long Duration Exposure Facility ILDEFI Project objectives are the following: to develop LDEF, a simple. low-cyst, free-flying facility for performing long duration technology and other experiments in the space environment using the Space Transportation System lSTSl; to develop a hrst set of experiments for the facility and, by the performance of these experiments. obtain valuable technological data and demonstrate the unique shuttle/LDEF capabilities and features; to broaden the STS user community by providing a simple low-cost apyroach to integrate and operate a large number of OAST and other unmanned lung duration experiments via the STS. The LDEF is a reusable. unmanned, low-cost, free-flying structure on sshich many different experiments can be mounted. The facility will be delivered to earth orbit by the shuttle. After an extended period in orbit. the facility will be retrieved oii a subsequent shuttle flight and returned to earth for experiment analysis. Many of the experiments being cvnsidered for the LDEF are completely passive with the active data measurements being made in the laboratory after the experiments are returned. W76-70415 750-03-01 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena DEVELOPMENT OF A SHUTTLE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT: DROP DYNAMICS MODULE T. Vrebalovich 2t3-354-453O The principle objective of this RTOP is to design, fabricate. and test an acoustic levitation and manipulation module for Spacelab and to utilize it to perform an initial set of experiments as part of the NASA Physics and Chemistry in Space Program on ax early shuttle/Spacelab flight. The module is scheduled to be ready for the ESRO-NASA joint Spacelab mission. and will be available for Spacelab flights thereafter. This acoustic positioning and manipulation module will allow us to utilize the unique zero-g envirxnment provided by a shuttle/Spacelab flight to perform drop dynamics experiments that are impossible to perform in a gravitational field. Examples are: Ill study experimen- tally the problems first proposed by Newton, and never satisfactorily studied, of equilibrium figures and the bifurcation processes of a rotating spheroid, and 121 understand the fission and fusion processes in drops that are also applicable to meteorvlvgy and nuclear physics The scope of this work is threefold. Ill to determine the maximum capability of this facility ssith,x the constraints of money and schedule, through consultation with the scientihc community and investigators; 121 to fabricate a flight unit, and 131 to perform an initial set of experiments. Drop Dynamics, as part of the NASA Physics and Chemistry in Space Program. The scientific cvmmvnixy will be invited to participate in experiments informally thrxugh international symposia and colloquia Some scientists will participate with JPL as science zssvciates and consultants. Others will presumably submit experiments in response to NASA AFO's. OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS Energy Research and Technology Programs W76.70416 776-10-01 Marshall Space FIght Center, Huntsville. Ala. SPACE BASED POWER CONVERSION AND POWER RELAY SYSTEMS ijbialter E. Whitacre 205-453-3465 The objective of this RTOP is to develop a data base for assessment of satellite power systems in the areas vf technology. envirvnmental impacts, costs, and competitiveness in comparison with earth based systems; and to provide thereby a sound basis for future decisions cuecerning satellite power systems develop meet. Analytical and experimental ienestigativns will be conducted under contract and in-house These studies will be designed to identify and develop the critical technologies. assess envirunmental effects, develop procedures to minimize these impacts, and estimate the costs of system development and operation. Space based solar and nuclear energy sources direct and dynamic power conversion systems, and active and passive power tiaesmission systems will be considered. The technologies will be developed directly and through the support of other projects, with the aim of remxning technical. ecunomical. and environmental barriers, cumpurisons will be made with cunvee tional and advanced terrestrial purser systems in the areas of perfurmance. costs of develupment and operation, and malur impacts; this phase uf the ssurk will be vlusely covrd:nated with studies in prugress and planned at JPL W76-70417 776-10-02 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. uf Tech., Pasadena COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ORBITAL AND TER- RESTRIAL CENTRAL POWER SYSTEMS M. E. Alper 213-354.6948 The NASA Office uf Energy Programs is presently conducting a study of the pvtential utility of large orbital central power stations as energy suurces fur terrestrial applications. As part cf this study, which will continue in FY.76, a survey of potential terrestrial energy cunversivn systems is being made in order to provide a basis fur assessment of orbital central power stations. `he terrestrial systems studies include the areas of system perfurmance, operations, costs and impact. Terrestrial puwer plant types include standard and advanced fossil and nuclear energy systems and several types uf solar energy systems. Cnnventioeal and more advanced methods of energy transmis- sion are also included. In conducting this study. maximum use uf the existing literature is being made. W76-70418 776-15-01 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION B. V. Powell 213-354-6586 04 PAGENO="0297" OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS (643-60-10) W76-70421 778-10-01 This plan continues a five-year long cooperative effort with the Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. Lewis Research Center to answer some fundamental questions ENERGY CONVERSION ALTERNATIVES STUDY about microwave power transmission and to advance the state L I. Shore 216-433-4000 of the art therein. FY-76 efforts will deflne the properties of The objective of this program is to provide an evaluation on large-scale transmitting arrays to enable the design and dvvelop- a comparable basis of ten major classes of advanced stationary meet of an array that can replace the existing klystron and power covversion systems for electric utility application using 85 foot diameter antenna used in the initial test. This transmitting coal or coal-derived fuels. The evaluation will be on a basis of array will be intended as a prototype of one suitable for spaceborne energyconse rvation. environmental intrusion, economic viability. applications. Shuttle mission experiments in space power and natural resource requirements. The study of each of the transmission will be designed. In particular. JPL will do the conversion systems is being conducted under two major contracts following 11) complete the Rectenna Verification Tests using with the General Electric Company and Westinghouse. These the JPL Venus-DSS-13 26m antenna and transmitter as the contract activities will be supplemented by an in-house analysis high power microwave illuminator; 12) obtain preliminary ef several of these advanced systems in order to assist pro)ect component phase characteristic data for DC-RF converters. RF management in guiding and directing the studies. The output of mixers, phase locked loops, and filters; (3) perform system analysis the contracts will be data that will be assessed in an LnRC and design xptimization of a power transmitting phased array; in-house national energy system model to determine impacts (41 obtain breadboard phase control system performance data; and benefits on a national scale. This prxlect is being performed and (5) develop the system specification and begin preliminary by NASA for the ERDA and NSF and is jointly funded and design of the microwave power transmitting phased array for directed the FY.78 large scale verification test. W76-70422 778-11-02 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ATTACK OF STEEL D R. Chapman 415-965-5065 The objectives are to define the effect of relevant high temperature gaseous environments on the integrity of pressure vessel steels used in planned and operating coal gasifiers and. if possible, to develop improved materials and/or operating procedures to increase the efficiency of gasification systems. The environments of concern consist primarily of gaseous hydrogen mixed with significant quantities of steam. CO. and C02 and lesser quantities of CH4. NH3, H2S. and HCN at pressures from 15 to 1500 psia and at temperatures from 150 to 500 C This program will be cvnducted in close cooperation with the Electric Pxwer Research Institute EPRI) and will consist of four separate components aimed at improved efficiency (reliability) of coal gasifiers The NASA work is one component of the overall program and will concentrate on developing improved understanding of the behavior of steels in high temperature, hydrogen rich environments with EPRI concentrating on the remaining objectives The NASA program will define not only the effects of the environments including the anticipated important effects of minor constituents) on the kinetics of relevant surface and bulk reactions. but also will define influences of these rzactixns ye the mxvhanival integrity of the steel alloys Of special interest will be the influence of alloying additixns and structural modificativns to the steels The results of these kinetic and mechanistic studies will be W76-70420 777-40-01 combined in an effort to onderstand and predict the rate and Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio severity of degradatixn encountered in specific engineering ASSESSMENT OF THE ENERGY APPLICATION OF apylications ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES James R. Ramler 216-433-4000 The objectives are to identify the xpportunities for application W76-70423 778-15-01 of advanced energy technolvgies. and assess their potential Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio benefits and impacts 1° the nation, and. tv identify within the DIRECT CYCLE GAS TURBINE ENERGY CONVERSION technologies showing significant benefit, those in which NASA M. H Krasner 216-433-4000 could potentially make a majxr contribution. The approach is xx The objective is to contribute to development of a new conduct in-house and contracted studies to identify and assess Power Conversion Loop IPCLI to be used in commercial nuclear opportunities for advanced energy technology applications; plants for base electric load applications The plant will use a determine the performance and costs of systems incorporating developed High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGRI as a advanced energy technologies, and their benefits and impacts heat sxorce. t 500 F helium available from the reactor will be on the nation; compare alternative advanced technology systems used iv a Brayton cycle turbine system to generate electricity. which are functionally competitive. These evaluations will be The advantages yf this system stem from its ability to use dry conducted within the framework of the U S. energy and heat rejection economically EROA is the funded agency for the economic systems and will include both national and regional xverall program and all funds will be transferred. The approach considerations. Various energy and econumic system projections is to manage cxmpletixn of the conceptual design of a Helium scenarios) will be considered based on a range of assxmptixns Components Test Facility (HCTFI capable of testing a full-scale regarding such major factors as depletion of resources, population prototype PCL Ithe facility will use a fossil-fired heater to simulate growth rate, availability of capital, and others. Since these studies a reactorl, these tests will cxnfirm system performance, establish will address a broad spectrum of energy related questions and transient characteristics and demonstrate maintenance tech- technology areas, an inter-center coordinating group will be formed niques; manage and execute programs to investigate the suitability to insure that the interest and expertise of other NASA centers of key HCTF components or subcomponents resulting from the involved in energy related work will be appropriately utilized conceptual design; and assist in the definition phase of a and incorporated into the overall study. supporting base technology program for the PCL 293 W76-70419 776-40-01 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. SOLAR IRRADIANCE DATA FOR ENERGY CONVERSION FROM METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES M P. Thekaekara 301-982-5034 The objective of the RTOP is to develop and apply procedures for determining solar flux en the ground by joint analysis of satellite measurements and grxund truth data. An ultimate objective is to prepare solar energy maps for the United States and its bounding waters, to be used for guidance in the optimum siting of solar power conversion systems. in solar heating and cooling of buildings. biocxnversixn for clean fuels production. and desalination of water. Analytical and empirical methods will be investigated for the application of satellite data in conjunctrxn with ground truth data to the determination of ground level solar energy llux. The analytical method will take accxun t of the dependence of ground solar flux on the insxlatixn at the top of the atmosphere, the planetary albedo. the ground albedo, and the solar energy absorbed in the atmosphere The empirical method will relate ground level flux tx satellite-obtained imagery of the cloud cover and associated hours of sunshine Data from previous and ongoing metexrxlxgical satellite missions will be used These efforts will be contractual. Ground truth data determination will be perexrmed by in-hxuse stall 65 PAGENO="0298" OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS 294 interim measurement method established in FY-75 will con- tinue. The sensitivity of solar cell performance to nariations in terrestrial insolation will be determined. A second Workshop on measurements will be held to establish specifications for a permanent measurement method and a suitable solar simulator. Real-time and accelerated endurance tests will be continued and studies of the failure mechanisms initiated. W76-70427 778-24-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS Ronald L Thomas 216-433-4000 The objective of this program is to develop the technology for cost competitive wind-turbine generators IWTG'sl and demonstrate a sufficient number of WTGs in actual applications so commercial implementation will begin by 1980. Wind energy represents a clean non depleting energy source that is available in sufficient quantities to provide a signihcant portion of the nations energy needs for electricity. Tests will be made on wind-turbine generators to determine performance, operating and engineering data. Studies and designs wiTI be made of minimum cost WTGs from 50 kW to 3000 kW. WTG's with potential for mm-cost will be demonstrated in actual applications. The utilities will be involved early to remove barriers to implementation. The suppliers for the WTG's will be developed early in the program to aid the transition to commercial status. This program will provide the technology base and demonstrations to lead to commercial implementation beginning by 1980. Program will also develop energy storage systems. Energy storage systems particularly attractive for use with WTGs will be identified and these storage systems will be tested with WTGs. W76-70425 778-21-01 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena LOW-COST SILICON SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT R G. Forney 213-354-6709 W76-70428 778-30-01 1506-23-121 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. The objective is to develop low cost, reliable, silicon solar ADVANCED SURFACE PROPULSION RESEARCH AND array technology required for production of more than 500 MW TECHNOLOGY per year at a cost of less than $0.50 per peak svatt with 20-year - Donald 0. Beremand 216-433-4000 lifetime by 1985. The plan for this program is described in the The objectives of this RTOP are: Ill to assess the need for JPL document, Program Plan, Low Cast Silicon Solar Array surface propulsion research and technology to meet a number Program, dated November 15. 1974. no. 1200-181. The Task uf suggested mid-term and long-range objectives and goals for Order is RD152-A66. This Project svas initiated under the surface propulsion; (21 to define the alternative research and Memorandum of Understanding between National Science technology programs required to meet these goals and objectives; Foundation NSF) and National Aeronautics and Space Administra- and (31 Ix establish the analytical methodology and data base non INASAI Cuncerning Cuoperative and Collaborative Research required to rapidly assess the impact of new technology on the Efforts on the Subject of Solar and Solar Derived Energy for objectives and goals. Terrestrial Use, dated 27 September 1974. In December. this effort was transferred to Energy Research and Development W76-70429 778-31-03 Administration (ERDAI from where it will be administered as Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena part of their Photovoltaic Conversion Prograw. The Project will SYSTEM DESIGN PHASE. HIGH EFFICIENCY. LOW- assess the many competing and augmenting technologies involved POLLUTION ENGINE PROJECT in the production of arrays by soliciting Industry and Universities 0. W. Meisenholder 213-354-4058 fur their proposals including materials, solar cell formulation. The work described in this RTOP will begin in April 1975 encapsulation and the automation of the various steps and and will be approximately 50% complete by 30 June 1975. processes. Production quantities will also be procured for test This RTOP is submitted for the continuation of this work This and demonstration purposes work will build on the completed NASA sponsored concept feasibility (bottled gas vehicle) effort, the completed EPA W76-70426 778-21.02 sponsored critical evaluation of the hydrogen enricbed fuels Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. concept, the completed DOT sponsored lean combustion work. PHOTOVOLTAI C TEST. STANDARDIZATION AND SYS- the NASA sponsored hydrogen grneration technology work, and TEMS APPLICATION the on-going NASA sponsored engine rwprovement work to yield Daniel T. Bernatowicz 216-433-4000 a system design for planned demonstration research vehicle. To The Lewis Research Center will conduct fur ERDA the Test achieve the objective of this work, the interrelated tasks described and Systems Application Project under the ERDA Photovoltaic below will be accowplished: It) establish a vehicle system design; Energy Conversion Program. The objectives for this project are 121 establish component and subsystew performance requirements (1) to determine the system operating characteristics for a variety hased on this design; 131 evaluation experimentally the perform- cf photovoltaic systems and subsystems. (21 to prove by once of critical cxmponents and component interfaces; 141 evaluate demonstrations that photovoltaic systems can satisfy the experimentally the performance of critical subsystems and requirements of potentially attractive applications. (31 to devise subsystem interfaces; (5) modify the system design and and maintain a standard solar cell performance measurewent cumponent/subsysrem requirements as dictated by the euperimen- system, and 14) to determine the endurance of solar cell arrays ral results; and (61 result in a mature system design and a plan under terrestrial conditions Cuntingent upon final agreement for the demonstration research vehicle phase. between NASA and ERDA. the work for FY 1976 will include cunstruction of a System Tests Facility and testing of a breadboard residential system in it. start of design and construction of a prototype residential system, and the initiation of definition studies for a residential demonstration system. Implementation of the W76.70424 778.20-01 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. EARTH BASED SOLAR POWER CONVERSION AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS W. E. Whitacre 205-453-2817 The objective is to bring xx a logical and timely conclusion in FY-76 the analysis and subsystem/system designs and testing of concepts for the development of earth based electrical power generation systems utilizing involution as the energy source. Plans for this program were formulated in CY-74 and were phased to systematically investigate concepts, subsystem designs and system problems through analysis, design development, and testing, which would culminate in an earth based solar powered electrical demonstration power plant of 100 KW capacity. Uncertainties in roles and missions affected funding almost from the beginning which resulted in limiting the scope and placing funds on high priority rechnolxgy needs. Three areas were pursued. fresnel lens collector technology development, the acquisition of insolation data including procurement of an automatic insolation measuring system, and coatings Imaterrals) technology. Subsequent events now require concluding the effort in a way that maximum value will be realized from the past work. This will be accomplished by completing the test and evaluation of a full size fresnel lens collection module f6'x12'l completing the analysis of the NOAA solar flux data, testing the automated insolation measuring system to be delivered in August `75 and utilizing results of the coatings (materials) technology xow in process. All acticities are sched- uled fur completion by the end of CY 1975. W76-70430 778-32-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. ERDA/NASA AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE PROGRAM J. A. Holler 216-433-4000 66 PAGENO="0299" 295 OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS The objective of the program is tv transfer current and on-going aerospace technology, particularly in the areas of turbomachinery. metallic and ceramic materials, and combustion and, by this means, to improve the fuel mileage by 30 percent beyond the planned 100 ph ERDA upgraded engine performance. while maintaining emissions below the 1978 standards, and to achieve this goal by FY 78. Current aerodynamic turbvmachinery technology is being applied to the design of ERDA's new 100 pH upgraded gas turbine, and proven new technology will be retrohtted into the new engine after delivery. Results of advanced gas turbine studies will identify new technology required and guide new and on-going advanced automotive gas turbine technology. W76-70431 778.36-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. NI.ZN BATTERY/ELECTRIC CAR FEASIBILITY DEMON- STRATION Homey J. Schwartz 216-4334000 1141-93-00; 506-23-24; 778-36-021 The objective of this program is to demonstrate the feasibility of a NASA.developed nickel-zinc battery to meet performance requirements of an urban electric passenger vehicle. The program is undertaken at the request and with the guidance of the Division of Advanced Automotive Power Systems IDAAPSI of the Energy Research and Development Administration. Nickel-zinc batteries incorporating a new separator will be built by two commercial battery companies and tested in an urban electric car to a standard driving cycle recommended by DAAPS. W76-70432 778-4001 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. ADVANCED COAL EXTRACTION SYSTEMS DEVELOP- MENT R E. Pease 205-453-4113 The objective is to conceive and develop new concepts for efficient coal entraction frvm underground mines, both newly opened mines and abandoned mines with large coal deposits. The current Bureau of Mines R and 0 programs to improve the eoisting mining methods through automativn and remote control techniques are targeted to satisfy the United States near term energy requirements However. it is felt that the upper limit in production of coal by these methods will soon be realized and that entirely new methods will be required to meet the long range energy requirements of the U.S To entract coal from an underground coal seam, there are certain basic functions that must be performed and they include. Ill cutting the coal from the seam; and 121 haulage of the coal from the working face to the mine mouth. W76-70433 778-41-01 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED LDNGWALL SHEAR- ER Pease 205-453-41 13 The objective is to develop, fabricate and test a coal interface detector and control system for automating a hi-directional double-drum ranging shearer/loader of the type commonly used in lovgwall cool mining The automatic control of the drum shearers will consist of two control functions One function utilizing the coal interface detector, will continuously adiust the vertical positron of the drums to insure maximum cutting of the coal from the seam, with a minimum penetration of the roof and floor strata TIre second control function is to drive the drums on a specific trajectory to maintain the desired profile of the working cool face The critichl component in the drum vertical control is a coal interface detector (CID). The development of a CID that is reliable and capable of substained operation in the adverse environment of a cool mine will receive the major emphasis of this effort The second control function will require the develop- ment of a practical. low cost control system for the shearer guidance This control system will direct tIre drum shearers to mine fully the coal seam the desired depth of cut and maintain proper vertical and horizontal aliqnmerrt of the coal face to errsure maoimum production of coal for each pass of the shearer across the face W76-70434 778-41-03 Marshall Space Flight Cenfer. Huntsville. Ala. LONGWALL MINING SYSTEM RELIABILITY AND MAIN- TAINABILITY STUDY R. E. Pease 205-453-41 13 The underground coal eotractixv industry currently has demands upon it to increase production and provide a larger portion of the nation's energy. The Iovgwall mining method, presently in use by the mining industry, is the most promising advanced mining method. Reliability and maintainability, however. have contributed heavily to the prevention of longwall mining from reaching its full potential. This study will apply the analytical techniques of reliability and maintainability analysis to the goal of increasing coal production. The expected term of the task is ten months. W76-70435 778-61-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio REDOX ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM Harvey J. Schwartz 216-433-4000 This RTOP covers a joint program between the ERDA (lead agencyl and the NASA to demonstrate a tOO KW Engineering Model System of a low-cost bulk energy storage system based on the Redox Flow Cell by FY 1981. The unique features of the mdxx flow cell allow bulk energy storage systems to be built iv any size and sited almost anywhere. Key technology areas such as the ion exchange membrane separator, evaluation of electrochemical couples, and system optimization will be investigated through suitable electro-chemical experiments. materials developments, design studies, and laboratory tests W76-70436 778-54-01 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY O L Nomed 216-433-6948 The objective of this program is to extend aerospace-derived energy storage technology to terrestrial applications. Technology developed by NASA may apply to utility, industrial, commercial. and residential energy storage. Examples of NASA programs that relate directly to terrestrial energy storage include Brayton- cycle space power systems using thermal energy storage, flywheel systems for orbital attitude control and energy storage. hydrogen fueled power systems. hydrogen storage and combustion, and the development of high pressure ratio compressors and high temperature turbines. These technologies will be used to define nnergy storage oxvenpts. systems, and applicatiuns which support and complement EROA's energy storage programs Candidate energy storage concepts to be investigated include compressed air, flywheels. thermal storage and hydrogen An assessment of their operational and economic characteristics, potential impact and benefits, and technology requirements alxng with a critical comparison of alternate approaches. will be completed in FY76. Supporting systems and technology studies, and preliminary experimentation, will be conducted to establish the feasibility of concepts for electric utility peak-leveling systems and other energy storage applications. Technology development and demxnstraticn prqgrams will be formulated for promising concepts. Results will be forwarded to ERDA for their use iv formulating and implemen- ting conservation R and 0 programs. W76-70437 778-60-01 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM DEFINITION STUDY M. E Alper 213.354-6948 1778-60-02. 77860-031 The Hydrogen Energy Systems Technology (HESTI Study conducted under this RTOP outlined a preliminary POP for a Federally coordinated Hydrogen Energy Systems Technology Program to begin in FY77. This was presented to the NASA Office of Energy Programs in June 1975 for their review and consideration Oaring the first quarter of FY76 the HEST Team at JPL will support OEP in the documentation and refinement of the POP for FY77 and beyond Work under this RTOP during FY76 will also emphasize the investigation and ivitiatiox key elements of hydrogen energy research and technology identified 67 PAGENO="0300" OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS 296 during the HEST Study and in which JPL has special capabilities. Primarily in the category of hydrogen production, the work will include investigations of (11 a relatively low temperature thermochemical cycle using ineopensive materials such as limestone as a feedstock, (2) kinetic rates in thermochemical cycles. 131 increased current densities from pulsed electrolysis, 141 microbiological production of hydrogen. (51 thermochemical cycle interfaces with nuclear reactors. 161 reversible storage of hydrogen in low cost aeromatics, 171 iecovery of hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide, and 181 tests of specific devices to generate performance data. This work will serve to identify areas of signihcant payoff in hydrogen technology, begin key work prior to the FY-77 federally coordinated program start, and focus in-house capabilities on hydrogen technology problems of potential national interest, initiating an R and T base for the solution of these problems W76-70438 778-70.01 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. ADVANCED MULTI-PURPOSE GAS TURBtNE TECHNOL- OGY R. P. Miora 2)6-433-4000 The oblective of this effort is to define an advanced groundoriented gas turbine technology program of broad applicability leading to a substantial improvement in performance Ifuel savings), adaptation to alternate fuels such as coal or coal derivatives with minimum pollution and have obvious benefit to the nation's energy needs. A coordinated program meeting the needs of the variaxs government agencies and industry suppliers would eliminate duplicative efforts Technology advances having application to the full range of gas turbine power levels and uses would result in maximum impact at minimum cost. A secondary objective of this RTOP is to initiate proof-of-principle eoperiments, important studies and technology evaluation in FY-76 using NASA funding in those areas cohere NASA-developed technology from aero and space appear to be applicable. The continued planning and new technology efforts will provide the base for a comprehensive gas turbine technology program The general approach will be to make use of an in-house Lewis team of gas turbine component and system experts to define technological areas that need to be advanced, have a wide range of applicability, and have obvious benefits to the nation. W76-70439 778.91.01 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech. Pasadena HELICAL SCREW EXPANDER PROJECT M E. Alper 213-354.6948 The purpose is to evaluate the mechanical and thermodynamic characteristics of a commercial-size It megawatt( Lysholm-type helical rotary screw enpander utilizing total brine floss frum liquid-dominated geothermal fields. The eoparider to be used as a prime mover for loss-cost electrical power generation from high-salinity resources which because of scaling and corrosion have not presently been exploited. The plan for this program is described in JPL Proposal 151-330. titled A Project to Evaluate and Characterize a Helical Rotary Screw Expander Power System for Electrical Puwer Generation from Geothermal Brine-Phase `I', dated June 26. 1974. This project is to be accomplished under funding by the Energy Research Development Administration (ERDA) The initial phase (Phase Al is to purchase and prepare a commercial-sized single-stage rotary screw expander power system module for testing and evaluation on high-enthalpy geothermal brine. During fabrication of the module, test stes will be evaluated and selected and the planning and preparatixns for the second phase (Phase 81 testing of the system will be OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS Weather and Climate W76-70440 175.10-10 Ames Research Center, Mollett Field, Calif. SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH 0. R. Chapman 415-965.5065 The oblective is to investigate the utility of satellite and air- borne observations to local weather and its effect on atmospheric composition problems. The approach will be to continue development of the MESO-MET cumputer program to model mesoscale meteorological and dispersion problems, primarily in the area of coastal phenomena and of stagnation conditions on urban scales, and to use these models to evaluate methods of interpreting and applying remote observatixns. to deline additional capabilities desirable in future satellites, and to investigate the use of such observations in develuping, improving, and extending the MESO.MET model. W76-70441 175-10-30 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va. SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH E. S. Love 804-827-2893 (175-10-40: 174-30-401 The technical objective is to develop numerical models for the movement, growth and behavior of severe local storms. Continued development of the present Langley model to determine analytical solutions for the movement, growth, and behavior of thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes will be stressed. These sulutions will be validated with aircraft and satellite data and numerical solutions applied to study the structure of the storm. Expected results are (11 method fur detecting tornado cyclones from satellites, and 121 models for fxrecasting the location, time. and intensity of any tornadoes generated by a tornado cyclone. W76-70442 175-10-40 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH W. E. Shenk 301-982-5945 (175-10-70. 175-10.301 The objectives are to: (11 develup improved objective methods to detect and predict severe storms and mesoscale phenomena. 121 obtain a better understanding of storm dynamics. and 131 specify ness satellite capabilities for detection and understand. ing of these phenomena. The overall approach is to synthesize measurements of severe storms and mesoscale phenomena and their environments and to study these data using vu menical and statistical models wherever possible. The measurements mill be obtained from satellite, aircraft, and conventional sources. Special processing systems will be used to extract parameters to be used in models Coincident with these efforts, new aircraft sensors will be developed and tested to provide new or improved data pertinent to the understanding and detection of severe storms and mesoscale phenomena. The results of various research appruaches case studies, modelingl ssill be synthesized for a systems appruach tu the problem uf severe sturm detection and prediction The expected results of the prugram are 111 a collection of the most complete and correlated set of data available to date on severe storms. 121 ness techniques for extracting vital parameters from available measurements. 131 development and test of sensxrs tx provide ness data, especially from satellites. (41 verification or rejection of hypotheses on the structure and dynamics u severe storms leading to a better understanding of them, and 151 improved objective methods of detectign and furecasting severe storms using mudding techniquns. W76-70443 175-10-70 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH William W. Vaughan 205-453-3100 (175.10.40. 645-10.011 Using correlative atmospheric measurements from satellites, aircraft, radar and ground based sensors, determine to what extent satellite observed data can be used to detect and describe mesoscale phenomena - especially severe sturms. Make assess- ments of satellite data and, sshere appropriate, improvements in interpretation techniques and identification of current sensor limitatiuns or potentials. Conduct the research necessary to euplore the theoretical basis of cloud microphysicai processes relative to luss gravity experiment potentials. Explore various experiment system components and accomplish the necessary research investigations to provide the required technology for use in 68 PAGENO="0301" 297 OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS developing the initial and future shuttle flight experiment payloads. Using results xf MSFC developed flight laser Dxppler system. determine its applicability tx severe storms research and develxp the system if proven feasible. To accomplish these objectives. the following tasks will be performed (1) Task-6t. structure and dynamics of mesoscale systems; (2) Task-li: theoretical studies of microphysical processes; 131 Task-41: warm cloud experiment technology development; (41 Task-42: cold cloud prxcess experiment technology; and 151 Task-2t. laser Doppler flight system. W76-70444 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. DAILY WEATHER RESEARCH Stitt 804-827-3745 The objective of this work is to investigate the application of microwave/millimeter wave techniques to the weather and climate discipline which relates to the sea-air interface. The research will cxncentrate upon radiometer hardware performance and radiometric data analysis and interpretation. The approach to the hardware phase is to develop near octane bandwidth. swept frequency microwave and millimeter wane radiometers having low noise characteristics and high efficiency antennas for use on aircraft and space shuttle. The approach to the analysis is to conduct controlled experiments with a wane tank and to utilize field data for establishing a unique correlation between the radiometric signature and the physical characteristics of the wind-driven ocean surface This work will provide techniques for measurement and separation of surface parameters. For example. the isolatixr of the emission from ocean foam will yield independent measurements of surface temperature and surface wind speed W76-70445 175-20-40 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. MULTISCALE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH John S Theon 301-982-5249 (175-10-40. 175-30-40. 175-40-40. 175-50-401 The objectives are; to improve remote sensing techniques for observing multiscale meteorological parameters; to develop. test, and calibrate new remote sensing instrumentation required for such observations; and to demonstrate the application of meteorological data from such satellites as Nimbus, ATS. and SMS to the solution of outstanding meteorological problems involving multiple spatial and temporal scales Studies of radiative transfer problems including numerical modelling and involving gaseous and partoulate constituents, polarization, reflection. absorption, and transmission in the atmosphere will be conducted utilizing laboratory measurements, balloon, aircraft, and satellite observations These studies will seek to improve the remote sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles, sea surface temperatures, ocean roughness, surface winds, atmospheric moisture and snow and ice cover Systems to suypvrt the required aircraft and syacecralt sensors and provide the efficient acquisition of the data produced will be developed. Laboratory facilities to calibrate, evaluate, and test remote sensors will be supported Data from such satellites as Nimbus. ATS. and SMS as well as from balloon and aircraft will be analyzed to determine the spatial and temporal distriliutions of atmospheric temperature, cloud cover, snow and ice cover, the earth's radiation budget and the interannual variations of these indices Improved techniques for the determination of atmospheric temperature profiles; cloud amount and height; atmospheric moisture distribution; sea surface roughness and temperature; and the radiative energy budget are expected These improvements will result from advances in sensors, in the analyses of the data, and in suypvrting theories W76-70446 17530-40 Goddard Inst for Space Studios. New York STUDIES IN THE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE DATA TO LONG-RANGE FORECASTING AND CLIMATE PREDICTION AT COLUMBIA. CUNY. NYU. AND MIT. M Halem 212-678-5618 The oblective of this research program is to develop methods for the utilization of meteorological satellite data for application to long-range forecasting and studies of climate change Part of the program covered by the RTOP involves grants to New York-area universities for work in direct support of GISS meteorological projects. The work is performed on GISS premises by advanced graduate students and research associates from the universities involved, working under supemision of members of the GISS staff holding adjunct faculty appointments. These research assistants and associates make up the on-site Iunixr'leuel scientific staff at GISS. Major projects conducted ointly with nearby university personnel under this RTOP include: 11 analysis of climate satellite data; 121 stochastic dynamic forecasts (monthly( from climate data sets; (31 studies of feedback mechanisms leading 175-20-30 to droughts and deserts; 141 physics of atmosphere-ocean interactions; (51 development xf theoretical models for studying climate change; (6) development of initialization and balancing schemes for the assimilation of satellite sounding data; and (71 mathematical and numerical analysis support ix the application of long-term integrations for climate przdiction. The collaboration between New York-area universities. MIT. and GISS is the backbone of the scientific resources required to carry out the program objectives laid out in the GISS 5 year meteorological W76-70447 175-30-50 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena GLOBAL WEATHER RESEARCH D P Burcham 213-354-3028 This research is geared to providing a detailed understanding of the exchange of heat (both latent and sensiblel and momentum between the atmosphere and a snow cover and the employment of that knowledge in parameterizing that interchange for a general circulation model (0CM) of the atmosphere. The study expects tu include all heat transfer mechanisms at the surface, i e the conduction of heat through the snow into the grvund. the turbulent exchange of heat from the surface, the radiation balance in the atmosphere above the snow and at the snow surface, and the latent heat transfer throegh evaporation and melting of snow. This involves a detailed numerical model describing the above processes and possibly some experimental data to verify results W76-70448 175-40-10 Ames Research Center. Molfett Field. Calif CLIMATE RESEARCH D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 (176-10-11) Long range goals are to assess the sign and magnitude of climatic variations induced by changes in the amount uf various atmospheric aerosols, trace gases. and solar spectrum. The effects of both natural and man-made perturbations will be cunsidered A cxmbinativn of laboratory measurements, theoretical modeling. and cxmparisun with recvrds of past climatic variations will be utilized to assess the possible climatic effects uf contaminant emissions into the armvsphere Laboratory measurements will be made of the radiative properties uf candidate contaminants These include the specification of the optical properties of aerosols of interest. The theoretical modeling includes the development of radiation and dynamical models that will be applied on local. regional, and global scales Studies of records of past climatic change. us illustrated by the investigation uf polar ice cores, will supply clues on the causes of past climatic change, as well as permit an assessment of the models The use of remotely sensed parameters in the climatic models will be stressed, and techniques will be developed to determine some of the important model parameters by remote sensing measurements The sensitivity of the models to noriations in the parameters they utilize will be assessed. W76-70449 175-40-30 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va CLIMATE RESEARCH E S Love 804-827-2893 (683-75-32) The principal oblectives are to adopt evisting methods. nraterials. and flight hardware to the development of an accurate, but i nevpensiv e, satellite system for measuring the earth radiation budget. The satellite system will provide the long-term characteris- tics of the earth.ocean-atmnsphere system and will emphasize 69 PAGENO="0302" OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS 298 the understanding of the physical basis of climate. These measurements are also important to determine the direction of climate change (warming or cooling), and thereby assess the effects of pollutiun. It will benecessary to continue these measurements for perhaps two solar cycles (about 22 years) in order to assess both short- and long-term trends. Studies of existing data will be used in planning and designing the eoperiment. Plans for reducing and analyzing data for the long period will be developed, and climate modeling established. W76-7O450 175-40-40 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. CLIMATE RESEARCH o F. Heath 301-982-6421 The principal objectives are. 111 the development of a climatology of the stratosphere from satellite observations of ozone and stratospheric temperatures which are subsequently used in the investigation of large scale stratospheric processes /and solar-meteorological phenomena. 121 Measurements of the temporal variability of the solar constant and spectral irradiance with an accuracy sufficient for climatological research. The approach to be used is the use of the five years of ozone observations from the BUV experiment on Nimbus 4 and the stratospheric temperature data from the SCR eoperiments on Nimbus 4 and 5 to develop a climatology of the stratosphere. This global data set of stratospheric ozone and temperature data will be used to investigate stratospheric warmings. meridional transport. circulation, and the rote of the stratosphere as a connecting link between the tropospheric phenomena and the interplanetary solar magnetic field sector boundary passages identified in solar meteorological phenomena These results will be combined with other stratospheric trace constituent soundings to assess the seriousness of anthropogenic pollution of the stratosphere. Periodic flights of solar constant and spectral irradiance and atmospheric radiance experim cots on aircraft operating in the stratosphere will be made assessing the temporal variability of the solar constant and solar flue and the UV solar flux divergence in the photochewical region of the stratosphere The eopected results from this effort will include: It) development of a climatology of the stratosphere. (21 determination of the magnitude of solar fluo variability as a climate parameter. (31 fundamental research into stratospheric processes, circulation and its role as a connecting boundary in solai-weteorological W76-70451 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. xl Tech.. Pasadena CLIMATE RESEARCH 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 (175-30-50) The location and duration of snow and ice cover are recognized to be some of the most important variables in the earth's heat balance, since the albedo of ice and snow is about 80% while the albedo of bare ground and open water vary from about 5% to 20% Changes in the ice and snow cover can have a significant effect on weather and climate. Kukla and Kukla 119741 showed that a large increase in the snow and ice cover occuired in 1971 and later, which may have been related to the anomalous global weather patterns in 1972 Monitoring of the extent of snow and ice can help to predict future weather and climate changes A better knowledge of the changes in the snow and ice cover in the past few years, when these inter esting changes were nuted by Kukla and Kukla. can help to understand the mechanism relating these variables to the weather Previous axalyses have been made using data from NOAA satellites However, these analyses have used data which have been degraded in resolution and number xl brightness levels, and have had as much as a S-day error introduced into the time that changes occurred. This study will develop techniques for the best xse xl satellite data for scow and ice mapping using the JPL image processing lab, and will reanalyze some of the older data to evaluate the magnitude of errors introduced by degradation of data. This study is undertaken in cooperation with Dr George Kukla of the LamontDoherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University. W76-70452 175-40-60 Wallops Station, Wallops Island, Va. CLIMATE RESEARCH - OZONE MEASUREMENTS A. C. Holland 804-824-341 1 (176-10-6 1) The objective is the improvement of techniques for the measurement of atmospheric ozone. The approach will be to: (1) Study improvements in optical methods for measuring atmospheric ozone using Monte-Carlo simulation of radiative transfer through the atmosphere. Assess errors or limitations in measurements due to scattering and/or absorption by mole- cules and aerosols. Perform studies to determine optimum instrument design parameters with necessary design modifications to satisfy future requirements for routine synoptic measurements of ozone. (2) Perform evaluation and intercomparison of satellite-borne, aircraft-based. balloon-bxrne and ground-based sensors for the measurement of ozone. Determine the degree to which these different techniques are capable of giving conxistent results. (3) Use the ground-based, balloon-borne and aircraft-borne ozone measurement systems to provide correlative (including in-situ) truth data for the calibration and ealidation of rocket and satellite borne ozone sensors. For example, the limb radiance inversiun radiometer ILRIR( scheduled to fly on Nimbus F to measure ozone profiles from 15 km to 60 km W76-7O453 175-40-70 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. CLIMATE RESEARCH William W. Vaughan 205-453-3100 1175-40-40; 175-40-10: 175-40-601 Based upon previous MSFC global reference atmospheric model development efforts, expand and improve the model to provide a reference for use in evaluating and improving numerical models of climatic change. Satellite and ground-based data ~vill be used to develop the physical statistical atmospheric model. Develop theoretical geophysical fluid flow models for simulation of atmospheric and oceanic circulations with goal to providing scientific base for future shuttle sortie experiment/payload. Conduct research on a solar-climatic model with view to furthering the development and testing of model relationships between solar activity and climatic (precipitation. etc I patterns and climatic dynamics. To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be performed: 11) Task -41: simulation and modeling of geophysical flows. (21 Task -61: solar-climatic relationships, and 131 Task -71: climate model. 175-40-50 W76-70454 175-50-40 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. PROGRAMMATIC SYNTHESIS AND AUGMENTATION A Neil 301-982-6291 The objective of this RTOP is to provide financial support to the NASA Meteorology Program Ofkce (MPO( in the conduct of its business in support of the Office of Applications and the various program offices represented. Results of efforts under this RTOP will be used in performing evaluations, providing recom- mendations. and developing future plans for NASA's weathe' and climate missixii and programs. Funding will be utilizec in-house and through available support services cxntractxrs for selected efforts ix fulfilling the objectives of the MPO as defined in its charter. Studies will be focused on emerging technology so as to expedite its application and on future requirements so as to identify areas reqoiring initiation of new technology development. Functional expertise available at GSFC and other Centers involved in weather and climate activities will be drawn upon to the maximum extent possible. Technical and programmatic conferences as required from time to time by NASA Headquarters will be arranged and supported, and information resources to support program planning/evaluation activities will be developed and maintained. Reserve funding for contingencies or asgmenta- tion of other UPN 175 RTOPS is also provided Pollution Monitoring W76-70455 176-10-11 Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif. 70 PAGENO="0303" 299 OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS GLOBAL STUDY OF STRATOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS 0. A. Chapman 415-965-5065 (505-03-04; 743-02-22; 175-40-10) Goals are to precisely assess effects of pollutants on composition, dynamics and structure of the stratosphere; measure global distribution of trace constituents, aided by theoretical studies and interpretations; assist in evaluation of satellite remote sensing eoperiments to monitor the stratosphere. These goals are to be achiened by means of model studies and by making physical measurements in the upper atmosphere Theoretical models of the global stratosphere are being used to calculate the effects of pollutants. with special attention to anthropogenic sources, on the ennironment. particularly on stratospheric ozone. 1-. 2-. and 3-dimensional chemical-dynamical models are being used, modified or deneloped to provide assessments of such sources as fleets of supersonic transports or industrial halocarbons Interpretation of model results provides a basis for evaluating and interpreting in situ and remote sensing eoperimental programs. Airborne measurements of 03. NO. and aerosols are being made seasonally and in northern, temperate and tropical regions to determine the variations of these constituents fur model interpretation and verification. Additional natural constituents and pollutants require simultaneous measurement to deduce interactive processes which may affect the ozone shield globally New instruments to measure NO2 and 0 are being developed in this program. Instruments for measurements of other critical constituents are being developed in other programs. but their application will also greatly benefit this activity W76-70456 176-10-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM E Stitt 804-827-3745 (176-10-32; 176-20-31) The objective of this work *s to improve our knowledge and understanding of the stratosphere by developing advanced sensors to allow broad surveys of atmospheric constituent distribution. by research into, and modeling of. the transport dynamics and constituent photochemical reactions in the stratosphere The sensor development work includes the design of an improved limb-scanning infrared remote sensor to measure vertical distribution of stratospheric constituents important in ozone depletion chemistry. This work includes SRT on detector coolers and elevation scan and azimuth pointing servo systems, and detailed optical, thermal and radiometric analyses of the sensor, with a laboratory test program to verify the results A feasibility study of a near-IA-correlation instrument to determine the vertical distribution of stratospheric HCI based on solar attenuation measurements will also be performed. This effort under strato- spheric modeling includes an evaluation of the relative roles played by aerosols and ozone depletion on the atmospheric thermal balance (and dim ate). Previously developed one-dimensional photochemical models will be applied to determine the impact of injecting Cl. NOn, and H20 into the stratosphere. Coupled multi-dimensional dynamics model will be completed. and studies of interactions between troposphere and stratosphere performed W76-70457 176-10-32 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER-GEORGE WASH IN GTO N UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING PROGRAM S Love 804-8272893 The objective of this work is to conduct an educational and research program the purpose of which is Ill to expand the environmental modeling activities at Langley in a manner which directly supports the Office of Applications' remote sensing activities. Langley Research Center's involvement iv the NIMBUS.G satellite experiments, and other environmental modeling activities at Langley (21 to strengthen and expand the research and educational opportunities within Langley. (31 to increase the quality and number xl trained research scientists in the area of environmental modeling, and 141 to promote cooperation between NASA. and other organizations and agencies involved in this work area (EPA. NOAA. etc.). The approach taken to accomplish these objectives will be to establish a research and education program in environmental modeling in cxnlunctixn with university senior faculty members and qualified graduate research assistant scholars. The faculty and research assistants will conduct research in conlunctixn with Center professionals which is supportive of the needs of Langley and the Office of Applications. The research and educational efforts of the research assistants will lead to a Master of Science degree upon completion of the basic requirements, normally two years The program will be managed by a coordination committee of university W76-70458 176-10-41 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM O F Heath 301-982-6421 The principal objectives are: the use of a 2-D photochemical model in conjunction with satellite derived ozone and temperature fields to investigate photochemical effects, meridional circulation and transport processes between the hemispheres, and large scale stratospheric processes; the development of a 3-0 quadrupole mass spectrometer to search for new stratospheric trace constituents, and the development of a fast detector for stratosphere water vapor. The approach is to use an existing 2-0 photochemical model with existing satellite and rocket data on constituents and structure to understand the physical processes which govern the stratosphere. A 3.0 quadrupole mass spectrome- ter will be built and flown aboard an airplane operating iv the lower stratosphere A new water vapor measurement technique will be tested and flown on board an airplane and then a balloon. `The expected results are concerned with providing new know- ledge in such areas as stratospheric warmings. polar night and equatorial processes Eventually a survey will be made xl the stratospheric trace constituents which could affect the stability of the ozone layer. W76-70459 176-10-42 Goddard Inst. for Space Studies. New York ATMOSPHERIC MODELING OF POLLUTION TRANSPORT Richard W. Stewart 212-678-5579 The objectives of this research are to utilize mathematical models. (1) to aid in the interpretation of satellrte and aircraft data on atmospheric composition and xx assist in establishing sensor requirements for future missions. 121 xc assess the impact xl aerospace and industrial activities on the atmosphere. The approach is to develop increasingly comprehensive and sell- consistent models for the description of atmospheric phenomena in both the stratosphere and troposphere. The initial models describe the distributions of chemical species in the atmosphere on urban, regional and global scales for prescribed thermal and dynamic atmospheric properties. Intermediate models will couple solution of the energy balance equation to that for the species continuity equation to xbtain thermally consistent results Advanced models will. in addition, calculate radiative and dynamic properties of the atmosphere and thus be fully interactive Expected results include 11) an assessment of SST. space shuttle, and ground-level industrial activity on stratospheric ozone levels, and 121 the development xl operational urban and regional scale pollution models for describing the effect of specified ground-level pollution sources and for conducting simulation and sensitivity studies for projected remote sensing nope riments. W76-70460 176-10-51 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM 0. P. Burcham 2133543028 1645-20-02; 743-02221 The composition xl the atmosphere over a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere will be investigated by means of remote infrared sensing techniques in a series of aircraft and balloon lliglxts extending over a period of three years The oblective of the observational program is to obtain a complete mnventxry of atmospheric trace constituents and pollutants with a sensitivity extending down to the 10 to the minus 10th power to tO to the minus 11th power by volume rairge. and to study their 71 PAGENO="0304" OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS 300 three-dimensional and temporal variation in thn troposphere and stratosphere. The experimental approach involves the use of a nery high resolotion 10.05/cm) fast Fourier intnrferometnr spectrometer to obtain absorption spectra in the t to 9 micron region in short time intervals lapprooimately 200 see). The instrument will be moontnd in aircraft flying at altitudns ranging from t km to 20 km Observations will be made by viewing the earths surface in the nadir mode to stody tropospheric composition, and by observing the son through long atmospheric paths traversing the stratosphere in the horizontal-looking mode. Balloon flights will be conducted for stratospheric observations in the 20 to 45 km altitude range with solar observations as well as in the nadir mode. In addition to the construction of an improved lMark 2) version of the existing High Speed Interferome- ter and its integration into the U-2 and CV 990 aircraft and the balloon gondola, the work includes the observational program using these platforms and the analysis and interpretation of the data obtained from them. W76-70461 176-10-61 Wallops Station, Wallops Island. Va. DETECTION. CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS A. C. Holland 804-824-341 1 1175-40-60; 175-40-61; 185-47-94) The objective is to develop the analytic techniques necessary to interpret remotely sensed data on the atmospheric aerosol; and to develop the models necessary to evaluate the impact of atmospheric aerosols on the earth's albedo. Models of radiative transfer through the earth's atmosphere for both plane wave and finite beam illumination will be developed and tested. The model atmospheres used will be (1) plane-parallel, stratified, and 121 spherically symmetric, stratified models These simulations will be used to determine the best strategies for the remote detection of atmospheric aerosols using both passive and active techniques. The models will further be used to calculate the effect of varying amount of atmospheric aerosols on the earth's radiztion budget. W76-70462 176-10.62 Wallops Station. Wallops Island, Va. INVESTIGATIONS OF STRATOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS T. Shardanand 804.824.34t 1 1176-1 1-611 The oblective of this ffTOP is to carry Out an integrated laboratory study in order to determine the spectroscopic and chemical kinetic data which are important to stratospheric studies. In the later part of the program the data obtained in this investigation will be used for photochemical modelling of the stratosphere. Also, these data (absorption and scattering coefficients, chemical rate coefhcients etc( are important to assess the elfects. to detect and quantitatively determine the amounts of minor constituents in the earth's atmosphere. Although the bulk of absorption coefficient data for most of the individual gases do exist, a careful consideration is required in their use when more than one gas are simultaneously present and subject to photochemical changes. However, our knowledge of photon scattering (Rayleigh. Raman. Resonance.fluorescence( is very meager. Therefore, we intent to obtain the absorption data in simulated conditions of photochemical equilibrium (dynamic and/or static) for chemically active coristitutents (oxygen, ozone. oxides of nitrogen, chlorine and hydrogen...) For this purpose the multiple gas cells in series which can be connected to each ot:rer for reactions to occur will be utilized. The study of photon scattering will also be an integral part of this program to obtain the spectroscopic data of electromagnetic radiation interaction with atmospheric constituents. Also, the data obtained in this study will be used in the photochemical scheme fur ozone W76-70463 176-20.11 Ames Research Center, Moffert Field, Calif TROPOSPHERE AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND REMOTE SENSING EVALUATION D R. Chapman 415.965.5065 1175-10.10) The oblective is to develop, test and utilize a chemical kinetic dispersion model uvhii~h can be economically used with the ARC three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model IMESO-MET( Ix simulate air pollution in the presence of complex terrain. The approach will use existing chemical kinetics models in a three-dimensional. time dependent Eulnrian dispersion model by reducing their computation cost to a minimum while retaining their simulation capabilities. This dispersion model will then be incorporated in MESO-MET and used to model au pollution phenomena in a complen area to demonstrate and verify its simulation capabilities. Tho total MESO-MET/dispersion model will then be used to investigate in a realistic manoer the interpretation of observations from remote pollution sensors, and to define desirable future capabilities of remote observations of mesoscale and regional scale air pollution. W76-70464 176-20-31 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va REMOTE MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF TROPO- SPHERIC POLLUTANTS S Love 804-827-2893 The objective of this RTOP is to evaluate the role and capabilities of airborne and spaceborne remote sensors for monitoring air quality en urban'to.global scales. Measurement technology development is a major portion of the current tropospneric program but the program also includes work on numerical modeling and statistical techniques to aid in the interpretation of remote sensor data. The sensor development uvork begins with the definition of observables Ic g.. spectral characteristics, and radiative models) and proceeds through evaluation of measurement concepts and techniques applicable to both aerosol and molecular pollutant monitoring Emphasis ix the aerosol measurements area will be on establishmert of inversion schemes for the visual polarization measurement technique. Molecular trace constituent sensor work will continue to emphasize passive techniques such as the gas filter correla tion analyzer (MAPS NIMBUSI and correlation interferometer (COPE) instrument fur total gas burden, but studies started ix FY 75 to evaluate active (LIDAR) techniques for profiling measurements will also continue. In the numerical modeling area. work will concentrate on regional-tourban scale models for dispersion studies and work on statistical analysis techniques will continue as required to aid interpretation of aircraft and satellite sensor data W76-70465 176-20-32 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va DEMONSTRATION TESTING OF TROPOSPHERIC SEN- SORS ON URBAN AND REGIONAL SCALES S Love 804-827-2893 117610-31; 176-20.31) The technical objectives are to: (11 Demonstratn the capability of remote sensors for detecting, mapping and tracking tropospheric pollution on urban to regional scales (21 Evaluate the role of I remote sensors in integrated monitoring systems. (31 Develop the capability for providing ground truth for eventual satellite measurements. (41 Develop a systematic approach fur evaluating remote sensor candidates for fiurure missions The approach will be: (1) Aircraft tests u' available remote sensor concepts in an urban enqj~oxment in conlun ction with user agencies. (21 Evaluation of remote sensor flight test data and correlation with in situ support data. 131 Systems requirement studies snill be initiated to evaluate the eventual role of remote sensors in urban and regional monitoring systems W76-70466 176-20-42 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md REMOTE SENSING CONCEPTS FOR TROPOSPHERIC POLLUTION C L Korb 3019826233 117620.31; t76.20.5t) The objective is to develop and evaluate an atmospheric pollution monitoring experiment which will provide the capability for measuring from aircraft and spacecraft the vertical pollution concentration profiles and near surface concentrations for a large number of tropospheric pollutants The approach selected utilizes high spectra resolution and the variation of line profile with 72 PAGENO="0305" 301 OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS pressure in the atmosphere to obtain pollutant vertical concentra- tion profiles. The solar reflected infrared portion of the spectrum is used since the measurements in this region, unlike those in the thermal infrared, are srnsitive to the effects of near surface pollutant concentrations Also, the measurements are self contained since they are relatively independent of external environmental variables, such as surface temperature, and atmospheric lapse rate. Laboratory measurements will be made using a recently bsilt breadboard unit, with synthetic pollutant atmospheres to validate the concept and evaluate possible eoperimental problems. An upgraded breadboard unit will be used to conduct field experiments and verify the concept of atmospheric concentration profiling. Analytical studies using a very high resolution atmospheric transmission program will be conducted for data interpretation purposes. High resolution laboratory measurements of the line strengths and widths of various pollutant bands will, be made as required. Instrument optimization studies will be conducted and an aircraft instrument will be built and tested for the major tropospheric pollutants. These studies and measurements will provide a new technique, and the required instrumentation and analysis for remotely obtaining vertical concentration profiles for the major tropospheric pollutants. With these techniques recent analyses predict that fifteen important tropospheric pollutants can be measured with sensitivities which range from 0.0003 to 0.005 ppm. W76-70467 176-20-51 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena TROPOSPHERIC POLLUTION SENSING 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 The general objectives are to develop and evaluate high spectral resolution remote sensor concepts for the measurement of tropospheric pollution. and to address current problems in tropospheric sensing with eoperimental studies. Specifically, the task covers: Ill Development and evaluation of both active and passive instruments which use infrared laser and heterodyne receiver technology. 121 Experimental pollutant measurements with the Mark 1 High Speed lnteiferumeter IHSII, in a program which leads to a bvtter understanding of urban air quality and to the definition of experiment requirements to make similar observations from airborne platforms in the future The approach involves two areas of work. Improved infrared spectra will be obtained with laser sources and used to determine how well an airborne laser absorption spectrometer (LASI will be able to produce altitude profiles of several important constituents leg. 03, H20. ND, N02l. Ground-based laser instruments will be used to monitor ozone and nitric oxide over horizontal and vertical paths in the JPL ambient atmosphere. with emphasis on evaluating instrument sensitivity to various degrading factors The Mark t HSI will be deployed in a number of preselected areas in the Los Angeles Basin at various times during the year which reflect typical meteorological conditions. In-situ measurements of atmospheric composition will be made near the ground over various path lengths and correlated with total vertical column abundances obtained from solar observations The measurements will permit interpretation of the results in terms of spatial, diurnal, and seasonal variations in the air quality. W76-7046B 176-30-11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. REMOTE SENSING OF LAKE PROCESSES. INCLUDING EUTROPHICATION AND WATER OUALITY D R Chapman 415.965-5065 1176-13-ti; 176-53-1 11 The objective is the measurement and use of those characteris- tics of water pollutants and water quality indicators which are accessible by remote sensing in order to provide and demonstrate remote sensing techniques for the identification, quantification and mapping xf water pollutants and their behavior as a means to understand those whole-lake processes necessary for monitoring and control and to characterize the eutrophic status of lakes. Techniques for the identification, quantification and mapping of suspended sediment, algae, other water pollutants and water quality indicators by remote sensors will be developed and documented Laboratory and field measurements of the spectral characteristics of such pollutants will be developed into a library of spectral signatures using spectroradiometers and a rapid scanning spectrometer. Field measurements will be taken ix conjunction with multispectral. narrow-band and color aerial photography, aerial spectrometry thermal linescanning. Landsat data and surface truth. Water bodies containing predominantly one type of pullutant will be examined to develop basic data on spectral signatures and thermal effects of the pollutant as well as for comparison with laboratory data. The relationships of spectral signatures to the phutography and satellite data will be determined, including the averaging effects of broad bands. In addition, much of the same data will be used in the study of whole-lake processes involving the eutrophication of lakes such as lake circulations, circulation models, algal boom dynamics and lake eutruphication classification in a way acceptable to limnologists and other users. W76-70469 176-30-21 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. WATER/LAND POLLUTION MONITORING FEASIBILITY STUDIES H. J. Mark 216-433-4000 1176-90-211 The technical objectives are: Ill to detect, identify and monitor by remote sensing techniques, pollution due to strip minieg of coal and other surface mining, and to determine the impact on the water quality of streams due to runoff from these mined areas. 121 continue development of remote sensing systems for monitoring water quality and limnolugical parameters in the Great Lakes. The approach will Ill continue present research on the spectral signatures xl various soil types and demonstrate that multispectral sensing can detect and discriminate specific soil types. Develop a method to predict stream water quality changes due to runoff over these various soils. In cooperation with departments of the States of Ohio and Kentucky investigate the ability of remote sensing techniques to validate the system for application, 121 use existing data, such as ERTS, and additional aircraft overflights with multispectral sensors as required with ground truth to develop methudolugy fur inferring water quality and limnolugical parameters Continue to utilize cooperative arrangements with EPA, NOAA. and Canada for surface truth measurements in the Great Lakes urea. Document techniques for transfer to user agencies. W76-70470 176-30-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Statiun. Va COASTAL ZONE INVESTIGATION RELEVANT TO OCEAN DUMPING MONITORING E S Love 804-827-2893 The objectives of this RTOP are: Ill to develop and evaluate remote sensing techniques for the detection and monitoring of substances and processes which affect water quality, 121 to develop analytical techniques including modeling which will permit more effective use uf remote sensing data in water pollution monitoring and environmental assessment. and 131 to cvoperate with user agencies in applying NASA technology to the monitoring of the water environment. Existing and new research will be extended through the focusing of the work toward applications using remotely sensed data to measure coastal zone parameters relevant to the monitoring of pollutants dumped into oceans A joint plan will be developed and implemented with NOAA and other users tu apply NASA technology to the monitoring of ocean pollution. The determination of spectral signatures of pollutants in water will continue with emphasis on the spectral signatures of special significance for ocean dumping. The development of pollutant transport and dispersion models for data interpretation and analysis will continue and measurements required for validation efforts in the New York Bight will be dehned Overflights will be performed with various existing sensors to evaluate their use in this specific monitoring task. Data analysis techniques will be extended to be as specihc and quantitative as possible through the use of NOAA surface truth. W76-70471 176-30-41 Geddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. NEARSHORE. RED TIDE AND ESTUARINE WATER CHARACTERISTICS 73 72-434 0 - 76 - 20 PAGENO="0306" OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS 302 Warren A. Hovis 301-982-6465 (177-52-4 1) The objective of this effort is to develop remote sensing techniques for use in detecting and identifying organic materials. soch as red tide and pollutants, that occur naturally or are dumped into ocean waters; carry out supporting truth measurements. including development of new equipment and techniques; and to use thematic data to assess changes in estuarine water quality. Field investigations will be carried out combining ship and aircraft observations where in simultaneous surface truth measurements and remote sensing are carried out. Spectrometers and multi- spectral imaging radiometers will be flown on aircraft in selected coastal areas, such as the N.Y. Bight and the Gulf of Mexico, concurrent with surface measurements of such parameters as transmissivity, scattering and phytoplankton type and concentra- tion. Comparison of the surface truth data with the remotely sensed data will bn made to develop optimum data processing techniques for eotraction of the desired parameters, eg.. type of red tide organism and concentration, type of pollutant and concentration, from the remotely sensed data. Spacecraft sensor data, LANDSAT in particular, will be used to evaluate changes in estuarine water quality and occurrence and coverage of red tides in coastal zones. These investigations will provide the basis for a remote sensing program to monitor red tide onset and growth, and pollution dumping and dispersion, by defining optimum spectral intervals and data processing methods to extract character and quantity information from remotely sensed data. W76.70472 176.30-51 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech. Pasadena EPA/JPL LAKE CLASSIFICATION PROJECT R. H. Green 213-354-6703 1141-95-01) JPL and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Corvallis. Oregon have conducted a feasibility program to utilize Earth Resources Technology Satellite IERTSI Multispectral Scanner IMSS( data to examine fresh water lakes currently being studied by the EPA National Eutrophication Survey. Preliminary analysis of the results of this effort indicate that there is a high positive correlation between the spectral signature obtained by the ERTS MSS and water quality measurements and parameters gathered by EPA using ground observation methods. This proposed work will continue the effort and expand the development of lake classification procedures by machine methods. Additional emphasis will be given to the development of trophic index models through the combined use of EPA ground truth measures and ERTS MSS data Utilization of EPA in-house eopertise and JPL image processing and multispectral analysis capability will permit the development of cost-effective lake classikcation procedures. EPA will attempt to coordinate its water sampling program with projected future ERTS overpasses Use will be made of existing spectrographic instruments for field checking of known water samples and/or lakes. Particular attention will be given to examining the spectra) response of phosphorus. nitrogen, dissolved ovygen. chlorophyll and dissolved sediments in water. Attempts will be made to obtain EATS/aircraft coverage simultaneously with the three projected sampling periods by EPA Ispring. summer, fallI. W76-70473 176-90-21 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio EPA/NASA GREAT LAKES BASIN PROGRAM S. Fordyce 216-433-4000 1176-53-21. 644-02-02) A joint agreement between EPA Region 5 and NASA Lewis is being developed which will respond to need which EPA has defined in connection with its responsibility for the Great Lakes Basin. The specific objective is for NASA to use its technology and capability to develop environmental monitoring systems for the Great Lakes Basin. The approach to be followed is a phased eflort ix close coordination with EPA Region 5 covering the development, test, feasibility demonstration and technology transfer of the following monitoring systems: for water (1) remote sensing; (21 in-situ automated; 131 shipboard; for air (11 baseline/trend; and 121 ground based regulatory, and for land a remote system for eon-point source runoff. In support to the above, a comprehensive effort on the development of data management and display systems and transport and dispersal models for Great Lakes application together with network strategy and communications will be undertaken. W76-70474 176-90.31 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va COORDINATION AND PLANNING ACTIVITIES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROGRAM E. S. Love 804-827-2893 The purpose of this RTOP is to continue the Focal Center planning and coordinating activities for environmental quality; to explore with user agencies cooperative programs that will utilize NASA's expertise in the area of pollution monitoring; to conduct economic studies with emphasis on stratospheric research and future polluting monitoring missions; to establish updated list of measurement parameters to be used in support of advanced missions; tocontinu e the existing agreement between NASA Langley and the Region 6 Virginia State Air Pollution Control Board; and to continue supporting Headquarters-OA with technical assistance involving preparation of material for the annual congressional testimony for the agency's Environmental Quality Programs, and preparation of material in support of New Start Programs. Additionally. Langley plans to prepare a tropospheric research plan which will essentially address the same questions as was covered in the Stratospheric Research Program plan approved by the Associate Administrator for Applications during FY.75. This RTOP is also intented to cover the extensive coordination activities required between this office and other Lead Centers. i.e., EATS fallow on evaluation. Aircraft Support requirements and participation in the many inter-agency working groups and committees leg; ICMSE. ICMAREP, COSPAR. ICAS. ICCERSPI involved in Environmental Quality Programs. Earth Resources Suntey W76-70475 177.11-51 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena SCANNER/CAMERA EVALUATION O P. Burcham 213-354-3028 Most digital imagery is acquired at lower resolution than is available from photographs taken under similar circumstances. The loss in resolution of spatial features is compensated for by an increase ix spectral response; photographs monitor only visible and eear-visible light but multi-spectral sensors are sensitive in reflective and thermal IA. and can be extended to microwave. Furthermore. digital imagery is in a convenient format for application of image enhancement and classification techniques. using a digital computer. These procedures have proven their utility at JPL and elsewhere over the past decade. The objective of this work is to evaluate the validity of human interpretation of high resolution black and white, color, and color-IR aerial photographs compared to computer-assisted interpretation of lower-resolution digital multi-spectral scanner imagery, including multi-spectral enhancement and image classification. Pho- tographs and digital imagery of urban, agricultural, and geological test sites will be analyzed comparing the interpretations of the imagery to ground truth. The results of the study will be formulated as guidelines describing the circumstances for which photo- interpretation is the most cost-effective analytic tool, and those for which digital processing is required Paranreters limiting the utility of each technique will be identified, including those imposed by instrument design. Recommendations for modification of future instruments and processing techniques will be itemized in a comprehensive report. W76-70476 177-22.41 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. VISIBLE AND IR SENSOR SUBSYSTEMS Harvey Ostrow 301-982-4107 High performance visible and IA sensor systems are required for future earth observation survey missions Increased spatial and spectral resolution, improved signal-to-noise ratio, response 74 PAGENO="0307" 303 OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS into the emissive IR and improved radiometric accuracy of the sensor systems are required. The tasks included in this RTOP will by used to achieve this improved sensor performance. Improved visible and 1Ff detectors will be developed with special emphasis placed on self-scanned linear arrays fncluded will be photodiode arrays. CCD arrays and hybrid structures in which HgCdTe elements are coupled to a silicon CCD in order to provide performance in the 10 micrometer spectral region. Other programs include Ill development of solid state detectors with low noise preamplifiers to provide performance better than PMTs and 121 development of detector arrays that operate in the time-delay-and- integration mode to yield substantial improvements in signal-to- noise performance. To improve the radiometric accuracy of the sensors, better calibration techniques will be developed includ- ing very stable radiant sources as well as sources specially adapted for use with very large aperture sensors such as the thematic mapper High performance scanning radiometers require accurate scan mechanisms with minimal jitter and high reliability. These will be developed in this program. The developnrent of a laburatory to provide peformance testing of earth observation sensors will be continued to permit in-orbit evaluation of system performance. Some of the critical technology required for advanced sensors that will be fluwn in future earth observation missions will result from the work performed in this RTOP. W76-70477 177-22-91 John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach. Fla. REMOTE SENSING OF SEA TEMPERATURE AND TURBID- ITY R. A. Bland 305-867-7705 1177-56-91; 177-70-911 It is proposed to construct a laser system which will ultimately be employed as a remote sensor to obtain subsurface tempera- tures. turbidity profiles and other data in fresh and marine waters These profiles will be obtained from the measurements of the shifted and unshifted wavelength radiation returns due to the Raman. Brillnuin and Tyndall effects. Major components of this system will be obtained based on the results of a design study which will be completed December 1975. Initial laboratory eoperiments will be performed as the system is developed. Eotensive testing of the laser system on a ship will be performed before the system is tested and operationally used in an aircraft. W76-70478 177-28-41 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md SIMULATION STUDIES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THEMATIC MAPPER AND ADVANCED SENSORS R. Jastrow 212-678-5619 The objective is to optimize the specificatiuns of earth resource sensors in the visible and infrared regions by conducting simulation studies on the accuracy of terrain classification as a function of instrument performance parameters for the thematic mapper as well as more advanced sensors. Special emphasis is placed on spectral band-width, band placement. signal/noise ratio, electronic filter specifications, optical system. size and shape of IFOV, and sampling rate. Techniques and software have been developed to simulate satellite observations of earth resources for up to 24 spectral bands. Band width, band placement and various aspects of instrument response Isee above) are specified for each study. The basic input to the simulation study consists of spectral signatures obtained by aircraft spectrometers for various crop types and soil conditions. Eopected results are. It) an evaluation of the effect of band size, band placement and instrument performance parameters on crop type discrimination, 121 the construction of a comprehensive library of spectral signatures for important agricultural crops at various stages of growth, soil and illumination conditions Initially, spectra will cover the range 04 to t.1 micron The data base will ultimately eotend to 15 micron. W76-70479 177-31-52 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena IMAGE PROCESSING/LAND USE/HCMM Fl. H. Green 213-354-6703 The objective of the project is to expand upon the Land Use Management Information System ILUMISI application with special emphasis on It) analyzing the suitability of using remotely sensed data and technology in the preparation of the LUMIS data base and using ERTS technology for updating the data base and 12) generating a transferrable LUMIS software package for use by other local and state government agencies Tacoma. Washington has been selected as the initial city for transfer of this technology as specified in FY-75 RTOP 644-5X-XX. Using the FY75 LUMIS as a starting point, the LUMIS application will be expanded in both scope and depth. Cost data on system development has been collected during FY75 Similar data for system operation will also be collected and these costs will be used along with observation of actual L A. City Planning Department utilization to dehne the technical specifications for generating a transferrable LUMIS software package. Furthermore. working iv conjunction with L A. City and the ASVT prolect definition FY76 RTOP 177-6X-XX Multiple Input Land Use System for Metropolitan/Regional Applications in California). this project will determine the extent to which remotely sensed data and technologies and digital image processing techniques can be utilized. A software requirements analysis plus an initial transferrable software package will be available by the end of FY76 A more comprehensive package incorporating greater use of remote sensing technology is planned for FY77. W76-70480 177-32-51 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena LOW COST DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM O P. Burcham 213-354-3028 The purpose of this task is to define advantages, disadvan- tages. availability, capabilities and other pertinent features of potential low cost data analysis equipment for small or medium size users to interface with their existing equipment or for stand alone data processing The study will be restricted to processing data from imaging sensors and to the conversion of data from other sensors when necessary for relating to image data. Experience at JPL has shown that crucial factors in efficient image processing lie in on-line digital image acquistion. on-live volatile and hard copy display, and the image processing software system itself. thus those will be the primary areas to be studied. Because of the interrelation between software and hardware in image processing. consideration must be given to available image processing software and to tradeoffs between hardware and software processes. Thus, the recommendations for development of needed equipment and systems may include software. Since previous surveys have been aimed at the larger user, they must be reviewed for applicability to the small user. The data in these will be updated with new mavufacturer's intxrmatiOn. and the present state of the art will then be compared to that required for efficient image processing Due consideration will be given to the possibilities of modular upgrades and standardized interfaces to keep user costs down. W76-70481 177-42-51 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena DATA TECHNIQUES FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION 0. P Burcham 213-354-3028 The primary objective is to refine and improve image enhancement techniques developed by the JPL Image Processing Laboratory IIPLI and to apply these to geologic problems. In the past, these methxds have proved to be extremely useful for the detection of hydrothermal alteration zones associated with possible mineral deposits, and for identification and mapping of geologic structxres and lithxlogic units. Using a data base of spacecraft acquired multispectral digital data, computer process- ing with image analysis is necessary to extract that subset of information pertinent to solving a particular problem Sup- plementary spectral data will be acquired using the previously developed backpack spectrometer. aircraft data, and laboratory analysis. Specific objectives will include the detection of prophyry copper deposits in southern Arizona and New Mexico in cooperation with Continental Oil Co.. the detection of uranium sands in Wyoming in cooperation with the University of Wyoming. and the study of xltramahc rocks in southern Brazil in cooperation with the U.S G.S. Further work will be undertaken in the field of lithologic identification and mapping Areas of study will include southeast Alaska in cooperation with the U S G.S. and crystalline 75 PAGENO="0308" W76-70482 177-42-52 Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif. Inst. of Tech . Pasadena HIGH RESOLUTION ERS DATA TEXTURE ANALYSIS D P. Burcham 213-354-3028 (177-42-52) The long term objective of this work is to demonstrate the utility of placing sensors capable of directly measuring ERS picture element teoture on board future satellites. A family of teoture measures will be delineated. Selection of the teoture measures will be guided by effectiveness and ease of hardware imp)ementa- Son. High resolution images from sources such as Skylab or U-2 wdl be scanned and digitized. Teoture will be measured for regions that correspond in size to one ERS picture element. In this manner we produce teoture images that correspond to the standard MSS images. The teoture images will supply additional dimensions to the four-dimensional MSS data. The effectiveness and utility of the teoture measures will be demonstrated by segmenting the scene by the JPL MSS Bayesian classifier operating on teuture images and four-channel MSS images. W76-70483 177-42-85 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston, Tex. LARGE-AREA CROP PRODUCTION INVENTORY BY REMOTE SENSING A. E Potter 713-483-2071 1177-51-81; 177-52-821 The eopansion of crop production inventory technology from the relatively local areas over which it has been developed to the larger areas required for large area inventories using satellites. ha s uncove red a number of technical problems previously overlooked or underestimated The objectives of the tasks outlined in this RTOP are to investigate solutions to problems associated with large area crop production inventory. The approach has been to separate the large-area crop production even tory process into a sequence of technical areas, and then to define the most important problems in each. Production estimates are based on the combination of yield and acreage information. An initial breakdown of tasks is made according to whether each relates to acreage, yield, or production. Within these areas, further subdivisions are made according to technical problems which nerd solution. Total crop acreage in large areas is estimated from computer-aided analysis of satellite multispectral imagery. The approach is first to determine crop acreage for a number of small sample areas chosen within the large area. W76-70485 177-44-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. SENSOR EVALUATIONS E. S Love 804-827-2893 The objective is to determine the spectral bands euhich provide the characteristic signatures that relate remote sensor measure- ments to aquatic primary production This effort will investigate the use of characteristic spectral signatures of the carotenoid pigments in phytoplankton to remotely determine quantitative characteristics of algae such as mass, productivity and growth rates. Initial studies will review available spectral data and an evaluation of the known relationships between carotenoid concentrations and the quantitative characteristics of interest. Subsequent work will include in-house laboratory studies of these relationships, development of multi-band recognition schemes. and laboratory tests of candidate sensor systems, with held tests of selected systems beginning in FY77. Alsà included in this effort is correlation of eelgrass productivity with remote sensing techniques, originally using Kodak's special water penetration film and extensive surface truth measurements for synoptic coverage. In-house research will be augmented by a contract with Virginia Institute of Marine Science. W76-70486 177-44-52 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena SENSOR EVALUATIONS 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 1645-30.08) With the ready availability of the 24 channel multispectral scanner data and the Portable Field Reflectance Spectrometer )PFRSI. the problem of determining the most suitable bands and ratios for discriminating various geologic units and areas of hydrothermal alteration become exceptionally difficult by the techniques previously developed at JPL Multivariate statistical analysis must therefore be used to analyze the 24 channel multi spectral scanner data to determine the optimal channels and ratios needed to distinguish various geologic units and recognize potential areas of economic importance. Such techniques include principal component analysis and discriminant analysis. Principal component analysis can be used to determine the interdependence of the various spectral channels and ratios for different geologic materials. Discriminant analysis enables the determination of the optimum combination of spectral bands which discriminate the spectra signature of one geologic unit from another. Ground-truth measurements on the spectral reflectivity of various materials obtained from laboratory analysis of held samples and in situ held measurements with the PFRS will be statistically compared to the 24 channel MSS data. The collected samples will also be analyzed to determine the minerals and chemical elements responsible for the material's spectral signature. A companion study will be the evaluation of the effect of sensor parameters on the ability to classify materials based on multivariate analysis. 304 OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS terrain in New Mexico in cooperation with' thb University of and subsequent analysis. For example the class that corresponds New Mexico. Assistance will be provided to other investigators to the peak in the histogram or the variance of the histogram based on the applicability of their problems to developing or texture measure). extending IPL enhancement techniques W76-70484 177-43-51 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena ERS SUB-PIXEL CLASSIFICATION AND SPECTRAL RESOLUTION STUDY 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 The objectives of this research is to demonstrate the utility of on-board classification of high resolution multispectral image data and to develop a quantitative relationship between the measurement element size effective earth surface area implied W76-70487 177-44-53 by one image sample) and the spectra) signature of the finest Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena data element to be resolved An ancillary objective is to propose SIMS EARTH OBSERVATIONS SRT suitable classification strategies and to study the data compression D. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 capability offered by the application of pattern recognition 1645-30021 techniques to on-board data processing High resolution images This RTOP combines a previous program `Microwave from sources such as Skylab or U-2 will be scanned and digitized Radiometric Measurements of Ice Thickness' 1177-55-521, with at a family of sampling intewals. The high resolution images a new program to provide supporting research for a Microwave will be `smeared' to produce an equivalent ERS MSS image. Earth Observations experiment for the shuttle. Microwave That is an image with approximately 100 square meter surface radiometry has been proved a useful remote sensing tool for resolution. Smearing xvi)) be accomplished by averaging the earth observations the NEMS and ESMR experiments on number of high resolution image samples equal to one ERS NIMBUS-5 and the S-193 and S-194 experiments on Skylab. image sample. The ERS equivalent images svi)) be segmented These experiments have led to other microwave experiments either manually or by the JPL MSS classifier to define the class developed for NIMBUS-F and now being developed for NIMBUS-G resolution provided by the data. The high resolution component and TIROS-N. The shuttle, because of its extended capabilities images will also be segmented into classes and a histogram over previous space transportation system offers a unique (relative frequency of occurrence) of classes xvill be generated, opportunity to significantly extend the developing applications of We will convert the histogram into a single feature for transmission microwave radiometry. It can provide improved surface resolution 76 PAGENO="0309" 305 OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS at frequencies which hane been used on prior euperiments, and pronide for menningful measurements at lower frequencies which bane not been feasible for previous eopnniments. Measurements with improved resolution at lunger wavelengths are especially useful for observing phenomena such as soil moisture permafrost regions, ice boundaries in lakes and oceans. etc. The shuttle imaging microwave system (SIMSI. now in late definition phase will provide such measurements This cask will provide the supporting research required for interpreting the SIMS measure- ments in terms of geophysical parameters, which are of interest for hydrology, geology, routing, and other applications. The research will include theoretical modeling and controlled experi- ments using eoisting instrumentation (with minor modifications( previously developed as part of the ice thickness program. W76-70488 177-44-83 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston. Tex. MULTIFREQUENCY MICROWAVE CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE OBSERVABLES Curtis C Mason 713-483-6287 (177-51-84; 177-44-821 Extraction of qualitative information on agricultural and soil properties has been demonstrated using data from microwave systems This effort will eotensively quantify the information available from the response of active and passive microwave sensors to a wide range of agricultural and soil hydrological phenomena associated with both surface and/or subsurface obsemables The overall objective is to develop techniques by which (11 soil moisture profiles and (21 key agricultural crop phenomena can be accurately determined and/or differentiated by active and passive microwave sensors, The soil moisture investigations are acontinu ation of those being conducted within the joint soil moisture experiment using field and airborne microwave sensors Field measurements of key crops (corn, wheat. soybeans, and mi(o( will be conducted by the University of K ansas using a radar spectrometer. These measurements will extend those previously conducted by the U of Ks. but will cover a morn comprehensive range of phenomena over the complete growth cycle. The Investigations will result in the definition of the microwave sensors response as a function of frequency. polarization. and incidence angle to (11 soil moisture profiles for diflerent conditions including al crop cover. (b( surface roughness, cl soil type, (dl underground anomalies. and el moisture state, (21 agricultural phenomena, including al crop type. (b(maturity. cl plant turgidity, (dl foilage orientation, (xl fuilage density, fl fvilage muisture. and (g( plant health. The results can then be used in the definitiun of optimal sensor type, frequencies, and operational conditions for use on shuttle and other spacecraft and aircraft applications. Data analysis techniques for optimal interpretation and utilization will be developed W76-70489 177.51-41 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md JOINT MICROWAVE SOIL MOISTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT T. J. Schmugge 301.982.6360 The objective of this effort is to determine the capabilities of active and passive microwave techniques for use in the remote sensing of soil moisture. This involves the ebservation of changes in the emissivity or reflectivity for a soil as a function of moisture content. In addition, the possibility of using microwave techniques for detecting important parameters of a vegetative canopy such as amount and type of crop cover and degree of moisture stress is to be studied. The recent work under this RTOP has involved field measurements using truck-mounted microwave sensors for the determination of the emissive and scattering properties of surfaces and aircraft flights for the demonstration of the remote sensing capabilities of these sensors. It is proposed that these efforts be continued and thvt work be initiated on the development of models which can make use of this remotely sensed soil moisture data for the estimation of agricultural crop yieldn. Toward this end specific questions that must be answered include the depth to which the techniques can sense soil moisture varia- tions, what amount of vegetative cover can be penetrated by the `microwave radiation, and what information concerning the vegetative canopy can be obtained from the emissive and scattering properties of the crop itself. To accomplish these objectives a Joint Soil Moisture Experiment working group was formed in August 1973 consisting of personnel from Texas A&M University. University of Kansas. University of Arkansas. USDA.ARS (Chickasha, OK( and NASA (both JSC and GSFC(. It is expected that the field and laboratory measurements will continue to be performed at these universities and this group will provide the manpower for performing the flight missions W76-70490 177-51-42 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md CROP CLASSIFICATION USING TIME DERIVATIVES OF LANDSAT DATA R. Jastrow 212.678.5619 (177-20-411 The general objective of this program is to develop innovative techniques for extracting maximum-information from LANDSAT data with special emphasis on agricultural applications. Specific objectives are to (11 evaluate accuracy of crop classification and determine crop acreage using time-history techniques; 121 study signature-extension techniques. with objective of minimizing dependence of crop classification on ground-truth; (31 improve classification accuracies by correcting for atmospheric effects Discrimination of wheat from other crop and plant canopies will be emphasized. A data-processing method has been developed by GISS working with Dartmouth and Columbia personnel to process LANDSAT data and other multispectral data on the basis of a profile of changes in spectral signature with time, i.e.. time-history. The technique makes a pixel.by-pixel comparison uf changes in spectral signature for up to four successive LANDSAT passes. An automatic discrimination is applied on the basis of timedeiivatives of the spectral signature, represented as a vector in the four-dimensianal space corresponding to the 4 MSS bands. Experiments to date involving this method, with only two ERTS passes and first time-derivative of the spectral signature have proven highly accurate in classification of wheat acreage. In FY-76. the project will be extended to more difficult crop-classification problems, using more ERTS passes and higher-order time derivatives. Further improvements in classifica- tine accuracy will be attempted by inserticn of atmospheric corrections derived from detailed theoretical modelling of atmospheric absorption combined with high-spectral resolution airborne spectrometer data. Expected results are improved acreage and yield estimates at earlier times in the growth cycle, and minimization of the ground-truth required to make regionally valid crop production furevasts. W76-70491 177-51-81 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Too. FORESTRY APPLICATIONS PROJECT A. W Patterson 713-483-2204 The JSC Earth Observations Division and Southern Region. U.S. Forest Service began a cooperative effort in July 1971, to investigate the applications of remote sensing to Forestry. Two Forest Service employees were assigned to the Applications Office Since then the Forestry Applications Project Team has determined that the following tasks should be developed into applications procedures-timber resource inventories, and soils resource inventories-using automatic processing and multispectral data The over-all objective is to develop procedures for making forestry inventories utilizing remote sensing and implementing suitable techniques in the Southern Region The approach to meet this objective will be through a thorough investigation and implementa- tion of the fallawing tasks (11 determine Forest Service requirements which can be accomplished by remote sensing techniques. (21 Establish task objectives and procedures for remote sensing studies involving certain requirements. (31 Perform the above tasks utilizing present state-of-the-art remote sensing technology, define areas of needed technological research and direct that research toward satisfying project objectives (41 Evaluate the results of the investigations and assess their economic feasibility. (51 Verify techniques in a different forest ecosystem to determine breadth of application. (61 Transfer to the user agency the acceptable techniques and assist them in the implementation of the applications. 77 PAGENO="0310" OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS 306 W76-70492 177-51-91 John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach, Fl a. THE APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TO EVALUATING SURFACE TEMPERATURE DURING FREEZING CONDI- TIONS P. 0. loft 305-867-7705 (177-70-911 The primary objective of this investigation is to establish a cost-effective method using remote sensing to accurately determine the amount (temperature and dorat;onl of crop freeze eoposure over large geographical areas, and to develop a comprehensive cold weather climatology classification and geoatmospheric model of Florida's citrus areas for accurate freeze exposure forecasting. The approach selected utilizes airborne and satellite thermal data to measure the earth-air interface tempera- tures over selected agricultural areas during freeze conditions. The data are then used for comparison with actual freeze conditions and inputted into computer models. These models would then be improved as indicated by the comparison of the predicted vs. measured temperatures. W76-70493 177-52-21 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio. SOIL VEGETATION AND WATER IMPOUNDMENT STUD- IES OF MIDWEST STRIP MINED AREAS Mark Herman 216-433-3000 Various soil, water and vegetation parameters characteristic of both coal and clay strip wined areas will be used to classify selected wined areas as to their suitability for reclamation. In addition, current efforts as well as the effectiveness of earlier efforts for mined area reclamation will be evaluated. W76-70494 177-52.42 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. REGIONAL APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT P. J. Cressy 301-982-2658 (644-01-41; 683-76-411 The objective is to undertake projects involving joint participa~ lion of users and the Information Transfer Laboratory IINTRALABI in the development of techniques for the application of remotely sensed data to regional problems. U sers us ill be invited to participate with INTRALAB in the analysis of user'identified problems of regional operational significance. Users wiTI supply ground truth, and will assign personnel to work with INTRALAB. which will provide remotely sensed data (aircraft and space- craftl. discipline experts. and advanced facilities and information extraction techniques for image analysis. The intent will be to not only develop aed transfer techniques for the user's specific problem, but also to thoroughly explore the utility of present remote sensing technology for the application under study. These studies will: 111 provide specific users with hands-un experience in applying remote sensing techxiques to meet the user's xperational xbjectives, and 121 establish a realistic basis for dehning requirements for, and assessing potential benefits of. future earth applications missions. W76-70495 177-52-82 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex. REGIONAL APPLICATIONS EXPLORATORY STUDY PROJECT G E. McKain 713-483-6287 1177-42-831 Early in 1973, the JSC Earth Observations Divisox and the State of Texas began a cooperative effort to investigate the utility of remotely sensed data as a source of land resources information. The specific objectives of the effort are To establish. within the State of Texas, a capability to utilize remotely sensed data Tx develop and transfer to Texas remot esensin g technology which will support the operational needs of the State. To design and conduct pilot demonstrations of the application of remotely sensed data. To establish a mrchanism within Texas for the implementation of a joint Texas/NASA demonstration project. The project is primarily a State activity within NASA making its major contribution in the following areas: Ill Orientation and training of State personnel to remote sensing technology. 12) Remote sensing systems design. technology development and technology transfer in support of State pilot demonstrations. 131 Providing remote sensing consultation in support of State prxgrams NASA's cxntributixxs in areas 1 and 3 will be accomplished by Project personnel: area 2 will be accxmplished through NASA's supporting research and technology programs. The SR&T activity required to support the State's operational demonstrations will be mutually defined by Texas and NASA personnel W76-70496 177-53-41 Goddard Space Plight Center, Greenbelt, Md. GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS USING LANDSAT AND RELATED DATA Herbert Tiedemann 301-982-5123 The objectives are to continue evaluation of application of LANDSAT/EREP data to practical geologic problems in exploration for fossil fuels and geothermal energy sources, nuclear plant siting and envirxnmental geology, and pursuit xf increased computer and optical processing capabilities to identify, enhance and extract data relevant to solution of these problems. Current studies will be expanded to evaluate (11 finears mapping as a guide xx subsurfave struetore in petroleum exploration and for regional tectonic assessment required for nuclear power plants siting. (21 use of color/tonal anomalies as guides to surface alteration effects related to petroleum ur geothermal sources. and (31 potential for satellite data in production of environmental geology maps. Expanded capabilities in computer processes and optical techniques will be used to improve analysis of digital data and imagery. These studies will: (11 assess the capability uf various data enhancement and extraction techniques available at GSPC to resolve energy- and environment-related geologic problems, and 121 identify limitations of present data and/or systems for use in addressing future requirements W76-70497 177-54.11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. HYDROLOGIC MODELING A. J. Stratton 415-965-5898 1177-64-111 The objectives of this work are to: (11 develop inter-related management-oriented hydrological models, taking into account both supply and demand, that make optimal use of modern remote sensing capabilities; and 121 study the cost-effectiveness of such models as compared to the utility of conventional, presently used mxdels or other management tools Large water basins and regional water distribution systems, as typified by the California Water Project, mill be the focus of study. Effort will be devoted to both the supply and demand aspects of such systems. The development of advanced applications techniques which provide methods of acquiring data inputs to supply and demand models will be pursued. As the remote sensing application techniques are developed, they will be made available for quasi-operatixnal demonstratign tests conducted jointly by NASA and user agencies under separate funding. W76-70498 177-54-12 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. REMOTE SENSING FOR SNOW AND ICE MAPPING AND MONITORING W. I. Linlor 415-965-5538 (177-54-11; 177-64-111 The objectives are snowpack measurements by use of remote sensor technology, to obtain hydrological cycle data input, so as to achieve better utilization of water resources. flood forecasting. hydroelectric energy production, and related activities. Remote sensing techniques will be applied for the measurement of the extent, depth, density, and percent moisture of snowpack. to assist in water resource management Specific techniques include surface, airborne, and satellite-based instrumentation Surface systems are needed for ground truth data. Time' progressive infxrmation will be obtained by cxmpletely automatic. remote installations to measure moisture in the snow by attenuation of microwaves between source and receivers that move vertically within dielectric tubes. Data would be relayed via satellite link. This is a joint project with the U S. Forest Service and thn U S. Geological Survey. Airborne systems will 78 PAGENO="0311" 307 OFFI CF OF APPLICATIONS be investigated using passive and active electromagnetic measurements, the latter being based on multifrequency sounding to obtain snowpack depth, density, and moisture Calculations will be continued for representative models snow, ice, water. and earth. Satellite-based systems will include passive microwave measurements to give synoptic. time-progressive surveys of snow coverage, waler equivalent, and snowpack moisture lripnnessl, in a joint project with the U. S. Geological Survey. W76-70499 177.54-22 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio SATELLITE ICE MONITORING FEASIBILITY STUDIES HJ Mark 216-433-4000 The objectives are to explore the use of remote sensing techniques for transportation applications in the oceans; to determine the feasibility of extending present techniques and capabilities that have been developed for Great Lakes ice shipping to shipping operations in Arctic areas including the use of satellite data to develop a transferable system for application to sea ice navigation. The approach is to use experience gained in develop- ing a Great Lakes all-weather ice season navigation system. expand and extrapolate it. including the use of any applicable satellite data. to the needs of ocean shipping with emphasis on shipping operations in Arctic areas. W76-70500 177-54-41 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md MONITORING AND MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC SYS- TEMS A Rango 301-982-5480 The thust of this effort is to; (1) characterize snowpack parameters with microwave measurements and digitally map snowcovered areas. 121 develop physically-based ftoxdprxne area signatures, (3) modify hydrologic models to make better use of remote sensing data, and (41 investigate new hydrologic modeling concepts that will make more optimum use of remote sensing capabilities. lx order to measure more meaningful snowpack parameters satellite, aircraft, and field microwave measurements will be combined with detailed ground truth measurements. Semi-automatic mapping of snxwcxvered area for operational use will be accomplished using digital LANOSAT multispectral classifications. Multispectral signatures will be developed ix areas known to be floodproxe. and the signatures will then be transferred to other floodprone areas and any discrepancies will be field checked and the signatures refined The currently existing capabilities of LANDSAT for measuring land use, surface water area. and imperviousness will be exploited to full potential by modifying existing hydrologic models so as to better accept the remote sensing inputs. Snowmelt subroutines will also be modified to accept the direct input of sxxwcxver area, snowline elevation and albedo. New modeling concepts will also be tested ix regard to compatibility with remote sensing Streamflow simulations from models with and without remote sensing will be compared. It is expected that the microwave studies will for the first time allow high altutide estimates of snow depth and water equivalent Combined with semi-automatic snowcuver area extraction, the microwave data will provide results allowing recommendations for ax operational snowpack monitoring remote sensing system. The development of floodplain signatures with physical explana- tions will permit operational agencies to make more obiective use of remote sensing for flxodprone area delineation and developmental monitoring. The results from the modeling effort will show the expected benefits of having upto-date remote sensing information incorporated into streamflow simulations for water management. cooperative research program with USGS. CRREL Bureau of Land Management, NSF. and NOAA ix conjunction with their recently initiated Arctic Off-shore Program IAOP). These studies are also directed towards the definition of an ASVT for sea ice monitoring, which would involve the operational utilization of satellite data obtained from the NIMBUS-S. NIMBUS-6, NIMBUS.G and the SEASAT-A satellites The cooperative research program will entail both the acquisition of data, its interpretation. and a cxuperatiue planning of an operational ice warning system Acquisition of data from aircraft platforms will involve utilization of USGS aircraft on a regular basis and NASA aircraft on an occasional basis. Instrumentatiun to be used to acquire sea ice data will involve active and passive microwave wagers. infrared wagers, and photography lx defining ax operational system, the following possiblities will be considered 111 the feasibility of transmitting, via APT mode, satellite informative directly to ships and drilling platforms; and (21 relaying data acquired by surveying aircraft to such ships and drilling platforms by satellite relay in a fashion similar to the ice warn system developed for the Great Lakes. It is expected that this effort will result in lhe definition of a sea ice warning ASVT. W76-70502 177-55-31 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va COASTAL PROCESSES E. S. Love 804-827-2893 The objective is to investigate the ERS potential concerning coastal zone processes dealing with sedimentation (sediment transport, beach erosion, sediment quantification. etc.(. current analysis, and water color Research is to be oriented lx take advantage of satellites such as SEASAT and NIMBUS in addition to ERTS. Emphasis will be on improvement of methods for quantification of sediment cuncextration. development of computer facilities and algorithms for the identification and quantification of multispectral scanner signatures of marine waters, and to investigate the pxxential of ERS in current analysis. Sediment integration of the methodologies of leading authorities to develop understanding of remote sensing process of particulates followed by the development of strategies for quantification of sediment concentration; conduct additional aircraft flights with improved ground truth support; and initiate methods of evaluating dredge spoil plume dynamics and circulation patterns Scanner signatures: adapt langley computer facility into advanced system specifically aimed toward identification and quantification of marine signa- tures; and expand capabilities for pretreatment of data and multiple regression techniques The system development will include capability for accepting classification approaches from other organizations Current analysis: existing ERS data will be examined to determine area and reflectance limit s necessary to recieue current data from ERS; and feasibility of enhancing water current patterns with additives will be studied, and experimental observations of promising candidates will be made during aircraft and satellite overflights. W76-70503 177-61-42 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md DEFINITION OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL ASVT V V Salomonson 301.982.6481 (177-54411 The objective uf this effort is to define a program that will involve the use and evaluation of products derived from spaceborne observing systems by agencies having mandated responsibilities for the management and control of water resources in the United States and selected regions. A particular objective is to define in detail the prucessrng and distribution of remotely W76-70501 177-54-42 sensed-data as it proceeds from satellite observing systems to Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. the point where it is used to make a decision or determination SEA ICE MONITORING involving water resources or associated systems This approach P. Gloersen 301-982-6362 to be used will involve meeting and planning with user agencies 1177-54-22) representatives so that a pruject plan can be derived,that will The objective of this program is to determine the feasibility clearly meet real needs of the agencies involved and have their of an operational sea ice monitoring system for the purpose of concurrence Certain representative data products that the providing increased safety for shipping operations ix the Arctic agencies can evaluate and approve will be produced The prucess sea lanes and for Arctic off-shore resource extraction, e.g., drilling of producing these data products will be documented and platforms for oif-shxre oil. Effort will be directed towards a feasibility established from these prototype exercises for the 79 PAGENO="0312" OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS 308 conduct of a complete Water Resources Management and Control ASVT (WRMC-ASVT). The expected results from this effort will include: (t) selected data products representing those common outputs to be produced during a WRMC-ASVT; and (2) a project plan that meets the requirements outlined in Appendix A of the Ofhce of Applications Earth Resources Program Summ ary. January 1975. W76-70504 177-61-52 Jet Propulsion Lab Calif. tnst. of Tech Pasadena MULTIPLE INPUT LAND USE SYSTEM FOR METROPOLI- TAN/REGIONAL APPLICATIONS IN CALIFORNIA R. H. Green 213-354-6703 (177-52-51; 644-02-02; 656-ti -031 The objective of this ASVT definition project is the design and development of a land use information system to serve urban and regional applications. Major emphasis is to be placed upon (1) technology development for construction of data base systems. 121 program design that assures that potential users in the State of California be able to interrogate/interface their own information systems with the data base, and (31 system design that accepts the full range of data sets of potential use to a variety of agencies operating in metropolitan regions. The data base ensign will incorporate the interfacing of tabular formatted geocoding systems already in existence with an on-going development of a rastnr scan formatted gnocoding system. To insure that the overall system design is acceptable to user agencies. JPL's contacts with government agencies in southern California through the LUMIS project (RTOP 177-52-511 s.!l be expanded by drawing in consultants from the University of California system (Riverside. Los Angrles. Santa Barbara. and Berkeley) to assist in project design and execution. The system will be developed with the close cooperation of the Southern California Association of Governments ISCAGI. The program would encompass a hoe-year period incorporating progressively larger regions. The hrst year's effort will be devoted to determining system design criteria and user needs for the ASVT project. By the end of FY-77 software development and construction of a prototype geocoded information system of land use for metropoli- tan Los Angeles should be complete During FY-7B and .79 data base sets will be constructed fxr urbanized and urban fringe areas in California and modeling and inventory applications will be conducted with user agencies. During FY50 JPL will provide information to the State initiate a stand-alone land use information W76-70505 177-70-11 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. WESTERN REGIONAL APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT J. M. Deerwester 415-965-5597 The objective of this RTOP is to provide a focus for bringing to bear Center competence in remote sensing. data collection. and systems analysis on problems facing state and local agencies. Experiments will be performed to determine the contributions that remotely sensed data and other products of NASA technology can make to the statutory needs of the cooperating agency. These applications developments will make particular use of expertise in the fields of land use inventories, geology, hydrology and coastal processes. Wherever possible, the program will exploit Landsat data, including use of the Data Collection System. In general the approach will be to coordinate user needs directly with respective agencies within the eleven Western States (as dehned by the Office of User Affairs). Emphasis will continue. however, on cooperative projects within the State of California. Workshops and seminars of general interest to regional users will be held, as appropriate, to apprise potential users of the applicability of aerospace technology to their nends Those experimental projects that yield favorable results would be considered at a later date as candidates for more extensive applications demonstration projects. The objective is to search for, define and demonstrate applications of remote sensing in cooperation with local, state. federal agencies and academic institutions. Regional applications that may be extrapolated to other areas will be emphasized. Particularly important are projects that impact coastal zone problems. Especially mans interaction with this zone as he seeks for example to manage wetlands, develop residential areas and industrial sites The approach is to combine remote sensing techniques already developed and apply them to local problems along with a modest amount of development at Wallops Flight Center. Resources to be drawn upon include the ground truth instrumentation, aircraft, datacente r, analysis equipment, and the various support services available at WFC. Users include those WFC is already working with such as the Park Service and Agricultural Extension Services along with users still to be identihed especially those connected usith the Delmawa Advisory Council. a local group representing a wide range of economic activities in this region. Emphasis will be placed on projects which have application to the coastal zone. W76-70507 176-56-12 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES H. P. Klein 415.965-5094 The objective is to apply NASA radio-telemetry. bio- instrumentation and remote sensing technology to the needs of wildlife resource management programs as dehned by user agencies and the Congress. Demonstrate to user agencies how NASA technologr- can be used to gather critical data concerned with environmental vigor and degradation, wildlife resource and behavior patterns, and disease factors affecting domestic stock. human populations, and wildlife resources. The approach will be to match aerospace technology to the needs of user agencies for mapping and tracking of natural resources and anim als Coordinate these efforts through GSFC. JSC. and HO in order to reduce redundancy and take advantage of best methods. ARC is responsible for coordinating the animal handling through the user agencies, developing animal collars, harnesses, and big- instrumentation. and coordinating all NASA efforts toward goals responsive to the user agencies. GSFC will develop the instrumen- tation antennae and power supplies associated with long range telemetry. Use of aircraft and satellite imagnry for detecting meteorological, sea ice, and vegetation changes will be studied to demonstrate its usefulness in combination with telemetry for wildlife resource management programs. The combined imagery and telemetry studies will be in conjunction with existing efforts of user agencies working on real-time wildlife resource manage- ment models. The user agency will take the responsibility for animal handling and much of the ground truth. W76-7050B 150-06-60 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC LAUNCH VEHICLE PLANNING STUDIES B. C Lam 202-755-3726 The objective of this task is to provide the studies and analyses required for OSS Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs planning, for OSS level space program planning, and ~or space shuttle user charge policy planning Individual tasks are formulated and assigned by the Office of Space Science, by Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs. or by the Technical Planning Office. NASA/JSC. The contractor conducts studies and analyses lOSS planning studies, economic analyses. trade-off studies, investigations in areas of launch vehicle technology; etc.) that provide a base of technical information that can be drawn 177-70-61 coon in the formulation of program recommendations. OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES Launch Vehicle Development W76-70506 Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Va. MULTIDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL APPLICATIONS AND W76-70509 180-17-50 LAND USE Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. J. 0. Oberholtzer 804-824-341 t SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESS- 80 PAGENO="0313" 309 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES MENT FOR UNMANNED MISSIONS G. Wittenstein 205-453-3017 From previxosly developed studies and computer programs. new studies and programs will be developed which will evalaate system requirements in order to enhance accomplishment of unmanned missions. Special mission planning tools will be developed in conjunction with this. To accomplish this, the following tasks will be performed: (1) maintain and opdate methodology and computer programs. (2) provide evaluation of unmanned L/V and systems with respect to OSS mission accomplishment, (3) continue to analyze the Scout L/V perform. ance reliability program. (4) perform mission planning and reliability assessment required for the various experiments, and (5) perform a special Mission Planning Computer System evaluation and feasibility study. W76-70510 180-17-54 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. GUIDANCE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY B White 205.453-3987 The coming decade of vigorous space activity by NASA and other organizations will require an increasingly reliable launch vehicle family. This includes the development of technology to provide flexible and re)iable computation for future space missions. High performance data processing configurations with useful lifetimes up to five years for long duration earth orbital and p)anetary missions are being emphasized. Digital logic, circuits. packaging techniques. avd configuration are being deve)oped to meet the reliability and environmental constraints of these advanced missions. Emphasis is being given to continuation of research in modular computer configurations. Existing software is being refined and expanded and new software developed in the areas of failure detection, switching control, and recovery. The culmination of these developments and evaluations will result ix the fabrication of a breadbxard modular computer system which demonstrates and verifies the objectives, approach, and architecture of a long life fault tolerant computational system W76-7051 1 180-17-55 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. CONTAMINATION CONTROL IN HYBRID MICROELEC- TRONIC MODULES Salvadore V. Caruso 205-453-1505 (506-18-31) The objective of this effort is to develop, test and evaluate processes, process controls, and electronic coating materials for protection of hybrid microelectronic circa it mudules from contamination In addition, detection methods for contamination inside packages will be developed and/or evaluated Investigations will be performed to select and evaluate electronic passivation methods and materials and processes for applicativn in particu late contamination control Studies will also be performed in related areas such as wire bonding, package sealing and particle detection methods To accomplish these objectives, a task in Hybrid Microelectrov:cs Development Studies will be performed. W76-70512 180-31-52 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Ivst. of Tech . Pasadena LIQUID PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY P. J. Meeks 213.354.2546 (506-21-21) The overall objective of this effort is to evolve and demonstrate the technologies of critical components for a 950 )b sub f thrust bimode propulsion system. Once Ihese technolagies have been demxnstrated, they easily can be adapted to flight application by the ultimate user. The engine development effort, which consitutes a vajor portion of this RTOP. has as its objective the demonstration and evaluation of a preflight configuration bimoda) rocket engine for unmanned planetary spacecraft applications It will utilize the earth-storable propel)ants nitrogen tetroxide )N204) and hydrazine (N2H4), and will produce a bipropellant vacuum thrust of approximately 4275 N (950 lb sub f( at a 40. 1 expansion area ratio The Preflight model will be designed based on criteria sub p and information generated during prior years's efforts. This engine then will be subjected to performance, margin-limit, and life testing in a vacuum environment. System design and application analyses will be conducted to guide component design and development. These studies will be coordinate with potential earl y users to ensure that the resulting technolxgies will be applicable to proposed flight systems with minimal modifications. W76-70513 180-32-51 Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va SOLID ROCKET PROPULSION SYSTEMS E. S. Love 8O4-827~2893 A review wil) be made of the criteria and methods of analysis used in the design. prucesses, and techniques used in the fabrication of solid fuel rocket motors. particu)arly those used in the Scout vehicle, and identify those areas where the design and/or process controls are inadequate. A development program wil) be conducted to determine the selection of an improved materia) to replace graphite materials currently used for nozzle throat inserts on solid propellant motors. A progiam will identify the critical design parameters that affect the reliability of pyrotechnic systems so that lxw cost, simple, and reliable systems can be used. An investigation shall determine what materials and designs are best for solid rocket motor nozzles including those used in new high energy propel)ant programs. Studies and demonstrations of high energy propellants iv existing solid rocket motor hardware shal) be initiated. A design feasibility study shall be conducted to delineate the mechanical and structural concepts and configurations fur strapon bovsters on small launch W76-70514 180-72-50 Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va. ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS RESULTING FROM EFFLUENTS PRODUCED DURING NASA UNMANNED ROCKET LAUNCHES E. S. Love 804-827-2893 The objectives of this researcs are to examine the effluent from NASA unmanned launch operatiuns which may alter the environment and to conduct a prugram to assess the possib)e impact of these operations on the environment The type and amount of effluents from launch operations will be determined from studies of the launch systems. Analytical models are being developed and applied by the Marshall Space Flight Center to describe increases in cvncev tratixn ard dispersion of launch vehicle effluents. Measurements of the concentration and dispersion of effluents from selected launches will be made by the Langley Research Center. The analytical predictions and the experimental measurements xvi)) be used joint)y to assess the effects of NASA unmanned launch operations on the environment The primary environmental effects that will be determined are (1) the spatial and tempxral distribution of toxic materials in the vicinity of the (aunch site resulting from NASA unmanned launch operations: (2) possible adverse effects of exhaust effluents on vegetation and man is the vicinity of the launch sites, by studying the environmental fate of the effluents, and (3) the type and amount of material deposited in the troposphere during launch operations This study is being coordinated with other related studies on the environmental impact of exhaust effluents through the NASA Panel on Shuttle Exhaust, OAST Shuttle Technxlvgies Office. This work is also being cxxrd:nated with re)ated DOD studies. Previously developed measuring techniques and hardware will be used whenever practical. Planetary Exploration - Science W76-70515 185-47-51 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbe)t. Md ABSOLUTE PRESSURE. ATOMIC OXYGEN. AND ENERGET- IC BEAM CALIBRATION FOR MASS SPECTROMETERS H. B Niemann 301-982-4706 The objective of this work is to develop new laboratory techniques and to construct facilities far testing and calibration of instruments to measure the neutral particle composition and temperature of planetary and cometary atmospheres. The 81 PAGENO="0314" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 310 different atmospheric environments encountoted in the various planetary and interplanetary missions as well as the different scientific goals set for the study of the planets require an eotensive instrument and test facility development program which leads to a satisfactory laboratory capability for evaluation and calibration of flight instrument concepts and subsequently flight instruments. The different chemical properties of the various atmospheric constituents and the various gas dynamic covditi ons eopected in a planetary entry or cometary encounter make it necessary to develop several separate systems each with a limited range of fleoibility which together satisfy the test requirements. Static pressure calibration systems have beee developed for calibration of mass spectrometers with nun-reactive gases in the pressure range suitable for mass spectrometer operation. i.e.. equal to yr less than .001 mb. This technique has to be eopaeded to include pressure regions up to 100 bar, where instruments with eotended dynamic ranges of greater than or equal to 10 to the 9th power can be calibrated for detection of minor constituents and the precise determination of isotope ratios. High speed computer compatible data recording is planned to improve measurement accuracy and data handling efficiency. Particle beam systems have been developed for chemically active gases. i.e. 0 and H. These particle beam techniques eeed to be eopanded to increase the kinetic energy of the beam particles from is less than or equal to 0.5eV to greater than or equal to 10eV for better simulation of actual flight conditions. The effect on the instrument performance of high velocity impact en instrument surfaces by compleo molecules will be evaluated specifically for cometary W76-70516 185-47-52 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. EXPERIMENT DEVELOPMENT FOR NEUTRAL GAS COMPO- SITION MEASUREMENT IN PLANETARY AND COM. ENTARY ATMOSPHERES H B Niemann 301.982-4706 This research plan is concerned with the overall improvement of neutral gas composition measurements planned for the atmospheres of the planets and comets. In general, improve- ments are sought in two basic areas: Ill sensor concept and application, and 121 optimization of basic instrument parameters in anticipation of restrictive mission constraints. In the first area, sensor development will be directed toward: Ill the improvement of ambient gas sampling techniques for high velocity probes into high density atmospheres leg.. Saturn or Uranus entry probes). 121 the design of more efficient ion sources of both the open type which provides side-energy focussing, and the closed type which increases the thermalization of the gas being measured. and 131 development of a neutral particle reparticle retarding potential analyzer for high velocity probes In the second area, neutral spectrometer system development will be directed toward optimizing eoisting techniques in view of rigorous requirements anticipated in forthcoming planetary and cometary flight opportuni- ties. This work will concentrate on. 11) development of smaller. lighter, higher resolution, less eopensive mass analyzers. 121 improvement of ion current detectors applicable to digital systems. emphasizing accuracy, sensitivity, and stability, and 13) develop- ment of improved digital logic and un-board data processing sub-systems. Periodic earth atmosphere flight tests will be performed to evaluate developments in the ion source area and in the on-board data processing system oeder true flight conditions. W76-70517 185-47-53 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. ION MASS SPECTROMETER TECHNIQUES FOR PLANE- TARY AND COMETARY EXPERIMENTS H. A. Taylor, Jr. 301-982-6610 The purpose of this RTOP is to support instrument develop- ment for optimizing the diiect measurement techniques used iv the detection of ambient thermal ion composition and conceetra- lion from planetary probes, orbiters, and cometary probes The desirability for optimizing the Bennett RF Ion Mass Spectrometer measurement technique is brought about by the mission constraints anticipated for future flight opportunities which demand automatic inflight adaptability in response to limitations in telemetry rate, power, and weight. New missions present additional challenges in the measurement technique, in the form of the effects on sampling of high spacecraft velocity. Realization of these objectives in the midst of a constantly evolving technologi- cal development in turn requires a continuing evolution of instrument concepts. To respond to these requirements, improvements in the Bennett spectrometer instrument are planned in three areas: Ill adaptive step-dwell ion peak detection. optimized according to spectral range and peak spacing. 121 access and repeats of randomly selected prominent peaks identified in eoploratory scans, replacing the present requirement for serial selection. and 13) implementation of a triple-beam ion source `test facility, including individually variable energy and density. permitting a more rigorous calibration of the servo Va-Vs ion sampling technique These tasks involve electrical design modifications and testing, emphasizing a controlled and reliable entension of present technology It is planned that these improvements will be evaluated when possible as part of earth flight tests involving cooperative participation as a piggy-back instrument on as'available rocket payloads. W76-7051B 185-47-54 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. ADVANCED EXPERIMENT DEVELOPMENT FOR PARTICLE COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT IN PLANETARY ATMOS- PHERES H. B. Niemann 301-982-4706 The objective of this work is to develop a practical technique for the determination of the composition of the gas and the cloud particles in the lower atmosphere of Venus and the outer planets. The method of mass spectrometry for the composition determination of solid materials and covdensibles will be adopted for space flight application Several different atmosphere sampling techniques will be developed and studied for optimum efficiency in the specific application of the various principle atmospheres. Sampling techniques employed in the high temperature C02 environment in the lower atmosphere of Venus differ significantly from those employed in the relatively cool H2/He environment in the lower atmospheres of Saturn or Uranus Ike analysis of solid particles deserves special attention as it requires a much higher degree of instrument compleoity than required for atmospheric gas analysis. Laboratory proven techniques will be adopted for flight application when practical and new sampling concepts will be developed when required. W76-70519 185-47-55 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PLANETARY AND COMETARY MOLECULES L J. Stief 30t-9B2-2529 The objectives ot this program are to measure the optical and chemical properties ol atoms and molecules which are important in understanding the composition of planetary atmospheres and comets. Emphasis is placed on those problems which are of immediate concern for interpreting the results of rocket and satellite observations lv these investigations the well known techniques of optical spectroscopy and of photochemistry are applied under well defined eoperimental conditions. Sophisti- cated techniques have been developed for data reduction and for handling the small signal levels which are usually encountered. The flash photolysis-resoeance fluorescence apparatus is now equipped with a variable temperature cell and the eetire eoperimeet is linked to the IBM/t800 ccmputer for realtime data reduction and analysis. Time resolved detection of the atomic species H. 0. and S has been achieved via resonance floorescenc and/or resonance absorption The apparatus is being used to measure relative probability of primary photodissociation channels aed to measure absolute rate constants as a function of temperature for atom-molecule reactions Measurements on photodissociative eocitation of C02 have been eoten ded to include cross sectines for producing CO (a cubed pi). C02l - (IA squared pil. and wavelength sub u and a function ol incident photon energy Excitation cross section for electron impact on CH4. NH3. and H20 have been measured for those spectral features which lie between 1100 and 2000A The electron encitation apparatus was modified and results have been obtained for 82 PAGENO="0315" 311 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES electron impact on N2 and 02 to produce emission in the EUV is less than A W76-70520 185-47-56 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md NEGATIVE IONS IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES A. C. Aikin 301-982-4913 The objective is to determine the altitude distribution and species of negative ions present in planetary atmospheres such as Venus and Mars. Since negative ion formation and species will depend on the presence of minor neutral atmospheric constituents such as molecular oxygen and water napor. identihcation of negative ions can be used as a tracer of these neutral constituents. The present study will simulate the lower ionosphere on a C02 atmosphere with trace neutral constituents and identify species of negative ions A negative ion detection system for sampling in planetary atmospheres will also be developed. This system will initially be utilized for the earths atmosphere. The research has application to the manned and unmanned exploration of the Martian surface, since it dehnes the electrical environment in which systems operate It has application to meteorology in that negative ions found can be utilized as tracers to determine factors involved in large scale circulation and interaction between different atmospheric regions Development of an instrument suitable for a Viking type Mars mission is a prime objective. W76-70521 185-47-57 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md PLANETARY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS A. Pirraglia 301-982-4528 Recent planetary missions have greatly increased our knowledge of the atmospheres of Jupiter. Venus and especially Mars, and future missions promise further results For a full understanding. it is necessary to develop a general approach to theoretical atmuspheric dynamics based on the existing tempera- ture structure and cloud formation data obtained from planetary missions. The analytical techniques developed will be used in the interpretation of existing data and in the improvement of models which are necessary to consolidate the measured quantities into a comprehensive view of the solar system. The planets present contrasts in mass, rotation rates, radiative time constants. heat deposition and topographic influence of the atmosphere. These widely differing conditiuns permit the isolation of specific dynamic phenomena and allow comparison of different regions of the parameter space assxciated with a particular phenomenon Our increasing knowledge of these disparate atmospheres when augmented by analytical models will lead to a greater understand- ing of the dynamics of our own atmosphere W76-70522 185-47-66 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL PHYSICS - RESEARCH STUDIES OF PROCESSES IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES. COMETS AND INTERSTELLAR SPACE O R Chapman 415-965.5065 The objective is to determine products, rates, and yields of energy transfer reactions in planetary atmospheres, comets, and interstellar space Solar and galactic radiations interact with the atmospheric constituents to produce excited and ionized species and free radicals, which then react to form ether ionized and excited species, and/or eeutral ueexcited species, and/or reradiate spectral energy. Insight into the nature of planetary atmospheres. comets. and interstellar matter can be obtained from studies of these prxcessesun der controlled laboratory conditions The recombination of CO and 0 to produce CO2 will be investigated under conditions simulating the CO2-rich atmospheres of Mars and Venus This study will consider the effectiveness of minor constituents such as CL, S. and OH iv catalyzing the recombina- ion reactions This latter study is particularly relevant to the C02 photochemistry on Venus, The ultraviolet photolysis of CH4. NH3. H20 and H2 will be investigated and the quantum yieltls and fluorescence em issi uncross-sections determined These studies will contribute to our understavdinq xl the photochemistry of reduced atmospheres le g Jupiter) and will provide scientific support for future planetary exploration W76-70523 185-47-67 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. STRUCTURE OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 0. R Chapman 415-965.5065 1384-47-66) The basic goal is to connect atmospheric observations with theory. Immediate objectives are' Ill structure of the ionospheres of Venus. Mars, Jupiter. and other planets, and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. 121 interactions of planetary ionospheres with the solar wind; 13) dynamics of the atmospheres of Venus and Mars; 14) atmospheric structure of the Jovian planets and Titan; and 15) mean particle sizes and optical depth of Saturn's rings. All of this work is closely related to recent spacecraft missions. to programmed missions such as Venus Pioneer. or to missions in the study stage such as those to the outer planets. The abundances and distributions of ions, electrons, and minor constituents on Mars., Venus. the outer planets, and the moons of Jupiter and Saturn axe being studied theoretically, using data from observations and laboratory measurements. In each case this work involves numerical solution of appropriate conservation equations For example. in the case of lx we solved the complete set of coupled mass. momentum. and energy consemation equations for electrons, ions, and neutral particles. Thermal strxcture models have been constructed to understand the operation of the greenhouse effect on Titan In order to understand the dynamics of Venus' atmosphere, calculations are being carried out to examine the effects of rotation, apparent solar motion. and the energy deposition profile on the circulation of the atmosphere. The Mintz-Arakawa model of the earth's atmosphere is being adapted to the conditions on Mars to permit a calculation of the general circulation uf the Martian atmosphere Estimates of the particle size in the rings of Saturn are obtained from analysis of IR and microwave measurements. W76-70524 185-47-68 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES - STRUCTURE AND COM- POSITION Alvin Seiff 415-965-5685 1185-47-69; 185-47-67) The ongoing OSS program to explore the planets includes two missions, Viking and Pioneer Venus. on which prxperties of the planetary atmospheres will be measured during entry and descent to the surface by instruments carried by the probes. These experiments have grown Out of research supported by this RTOP. The continuing studies will optimize the a~sp,,rxach and maximize the return related to atmosphere structure `I'rnrno., the Viking Entry Science experiment, and will further develop the capabilities of the Pioneer V enus nope rimenr. A mator thrust of this ..ryork recently ha«=" been the relationship of measured parameters to ihe winds at the entry sites and the overall circulation of the planets' atmospheres The further development of wind observational techniques will require continuing effort. Extension of experiment capabilities in several directions is also to be pursued These include turbulence measurement. and its relationship to turbulent mixing and transport in the atmosphere; precise definition of molecular weight of hydrogenhehium atmospheres, as a means for defining the hydrogen-helium ratio; and definition of the probe mass loss as a function of time, to permit the experiments to be performed with precision on entries into the giant outer planets which are accompanied by large mass loss of the heat shield In addition, some work will be devoted to study of composition experiments for missions to Saturn. Uranus. and Jupiter W76-70525 185-47-69 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES EXPERIMENT DEVELOP- MENT O 6 Chapman 415-965.5065 The objective of this program is to establish the feasibility of experimentally identifying the composition of planetary atmospheres by utilizing the spectral signature of atmospheric cow povents as measured with attenuated total reftection techniques IATRI on atmospheric probes ATR techniques shou Id be especially effective for monitoring the proposed organic and 83 PAGENO="0316" 312 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES inorganic constituents of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Venus without the recessity of sample ingestion or erectiue of experimental components eoternal to an atmospheric probe. The ATR technique w ill be applied to the measurement of the spectral characteristics of thin films of typical proposed consti- tuents condensed onto the outside of simulated s'induuvs of an atmospheric probe Commercially available apparatus xc ill be employed to obtain the pertinent signatures. applying minor hardware modifications necessary fur the particular requirements of the pertinent atmospheric constituents The possibility of identifying several constituents from a layer of one constituent deposited on a sub-layer of another constituent, as well as single layers of miotures of two or more constituents, will be investigated. Based on the results of the measurements. consideratiue,will be given to the feasibility of incorpnrating a typical ATR apparatus into a space en pesment by considering component development requirements. W76-70526 185-47-71 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadena ATMOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT DEVELOPMENT D. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 This work defines, develops and evaluates noun or improved science experiments for the exploration and study of the atmospheres of solar system bodies from spacecraft The approach is through research in the follxusing cuteguries: If) develnpment and application of practical radiative transfer theory applicable to remote sensing experiments; 121 interpretatiun and critical analysis of existing data from planetary missives and Earth- based observations; 131 lxburatory and theoretical studies of physical and spectral properties of atmospheric gas and clvud constituents relevant to specific experiment guals; and 141 participation in planning mission science by evaluating feasibility of key xblectiv es using realistic technology within a framework of spacecraft and mission constraints Instruments and techniques are developed via detailed numerical studies and error analyses and laboratory. grxund based or airborne experim ents as appropriate. Atmuspheric models are developed and cuntinually refined to maximize the realism and relevance of numerical work. Experimental techniques developed under this task are being implemented on Viking. MJS and Pioneer Venus. Innuvative approaches to the analysis of infrared radinmetric data origi- nated under this task have been applied a pvstnrinri to Mariner tO and Piunner to/ft data to make important dicnveries about Venus and Jupiter. New and continuing work fur FY 76 centers on If I remote sensing of Uranus and Neptune. 121 direct measurement of the H2/He ratio in outer planet atmosphere. 131 advanced Jovian temperature sounding experiment, 14) experimental methods for the structure and cxmpxsitinn of cloudy atmuspheres. especially Venus. and (51 develvpment of ion sources for entry probe mass spectrnmerers' W76-70527 185-47-72 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena THEORETICAL STUDIES - PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES D. P. Burcham 2f3-354-3028 A bnard program of applied and theoretical studies related tu planetary atmospheres sail) be cunducted. u'ith the fullxuaing primary objectives: It) understanding the properties and deferminatiun nf the parameters of planetary atmnsphnres. (2) applicatiun of labnratory experimental data tu the understanding and interpretative of spectral features and mechanisms fur cumptex planetary afmnspheres. 131 applying these findings toe~ard design of ground based and spacecraft experiments and (4) interpretative of above data as cue)) as other observations lx aid in the evolution of valid planetary atmuspheric mudels This program contributes tu NASA planetary missinns buth in its direct research el nuance to planetary atmospheric science and in the maintenance within JPL xl a staff of spncialisfs who may evaluate and define scientific objectives and experiments for planetary flight projects Thn studies to be conducted in FT 76 pertain lx planetary atmnspheric mudeling radiative transpurx thnvry and thnvretical spnctruscvpic develvpment fur studies xl planetary atmuspheres W76-70528 185.47.74 Jet Propulsive Lab - Calif Inst of Tech - Pasadena IONIZATION AND RATE PROCESSES IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES 0. P. Burcham 21 3-354.3028 The objective is xx apply the unique and complementary laboratory instrumentation at JPL towards a dedicated study of univ processes and chemical synthesis in planetary atmnspheres Some specific objectives for the coming hscat year include. (11 determine the rate constant fur the three-body reaction of CH3I-l ions with H2 and other three-body macfinns of importance at Jupiter. 121 studies xf the reaction of H atoms and other radicals ucith ions, 131 laboratory wurk on the upper atmospheric chemistry of the satellites of the Outer Planets. 14) modeling of the upper atmuspheric chemistry of Jupiter including effects of metal ions and of energetic particle precipitation via the b-ian flux tube. Using a new calibratiun procedure developed in xur laboratory. absxlute elastic and inelastic, differential and integral, cross sectiuns of a electron-mulecule lur atom) cxlljsion processes which occur in planetary atmospheres are measured, and the methnds of electron-impact spectroscupy are used to Incate and identify luw.lying optically forbidden transitions in C02. H20. NH3. CH4. H2S, and HCN. Elastic, inelastic, and supemelastic cross sectiuns from radical atomic species, and metastable mxlecxlar states [0. 02 12 super 1 delta g)] are also measured. W76-70529 185-47-91 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va PLANETARY ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND MEASURE- MENTS S. Love 804.827.2893 384-47-9 11 Properties and processes of the earth's upper atmosphere. as well as the atmospheres of other planets. will be studied using grxund-based and satellite measurements. labxratory simulations, and theoretical studies Earth xeronomical measure- ments employing various techniques are compared with drag measurements of the NASA Langley Air Density Explurer satellites to obtain a more comprehensive picture of our thermxsphere and exosphere. The vertical distribution of ozone in our atmusphere is determined spectrophotometrically from ground-based measure- ments of satellites passing mIx the Earth's shadow. Photochemi- cal models of ozone are formulated. Theoretical and experimental studies of gas-surface interactions are perfurmed. A number of studies concerning atmnspheric processes and measurements apply tu other planetary atmospheres Studies of the meteorology uf Mars. Venus. and other planets are being employed to evaluate and improve instruments and measurement techniques on other planets A unique molecular beam mass spectrometer system is being develuped to study reactive and nunreactive gases in planetary atmospheres Theoretical studies are being performed on the cumpusitiun, density, temperature, and evolutiun of the thermospheres and exospheres of Mars, Venus. and other planets and planetary satellites. Improved techniques are being develxped to analyze radio tracking data, solar occultation data, and other data types tx determine characteristics of planetary atmospheres. Design studies and fnrmulatinn of design criteria for possible instruments, measurement techniques, and spacecraft tu further our understanding of planetary atmuspheric processes will be W76-70530 185-47-92 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS S Love 804-827-2893 The overall objective of this wurk is to accurately measure the cunstituent number density uf the terrestrial thermuspheme (100 to 300 km) The approach centers on the development of a unique mulecular beam mass spectrometer system which virtually eliminates gas-surlace infnractinvs and makes possible the accurate measurement of reactive g asessuc h as atomic oxygen The feasibility of this instrument design fur measurement of reactive gases in the atmosphere has been demonstrated by thenretical and experimental wvrk This work has included design and tests of engineering mudnls xl tl'a primary instrument cump unents such as the ion source, mass separator, and ion cvllnnmvr system Studies of vehicle requirements for flight measurements ucith this instrument have alsx been initiated and 84 PAGENO="0317" W76-70532 185-50-40 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. PLANETARY X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER Thomas A. Parnell 205-453-5130 An X-ray diffractiometer will have high priority on any planetary landing mission Constraints imposed by the environment will restrict the range and power of techniques which may be applied, and consequently the value of the mineralogical information carried in diffractograms produced In order to obtain the most powerful instrument, sam e unusual techniques of diffractometry need be examined The specific objective of this program is to analyze quantitatively the performance of multiele- ment proportional counter arrays used in diffractometry and to test the results with a laboratory model of such a counter. This RTOP consists of a single task. Design studies will be made for a multielement proportional counter diffractometer capable of good resolution at most Bragg angles, yet with adequate speed of analysis, low pxwer consumption, low weight, high detector signal-to-noise ratio, and long lifetime Mathematical analysis will be perfarmed to determine the optimum extent, type, and geometry of such a multi-element prxpxrrixnal exunter array. A model will be built and used to prxduce diffraction patterns of minerals Multilayer prxportional counters will be used to determine the extent to which the nuclear generater and cosmic ray background can be reduced. W76-70533 185-50-51 Langley Ffesearch Center. Langley Station, Va. REMOTE DETECTION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF PLANETS S Love 904-627-2693 The xbjective xf this research is the determination of planetary surface properties such as particle size. interparticle separation. albedo. cxmpxsitixn. dielectric constant, and surface rxughness from analyses of the characteristics xf radar signals and solar radiation that have been reflected from planets and are detected by planetary orbiters yr Earth-based instruments. The research is divided into three parts 11) a thexretical part, that includes rigorous derivations xl phxtometric functions that describe reflected radiarixn in terms of scattering gexmetries and surface properties, quantitative treatments of pxlarizatixn phenomena, studies of the phxtometric effects of rxugh txpographies. and the development of a comprehensive mathematical formalism for accurate interpretations vf radar-backscatter data from small planetary areas; (21 an experimental part, that includes brightness measurements of labxralory sxil samples fur the purpose of verifying, refining, and supplementing the thevretical formulae. 131 an applicatixns part, that includes the interpretation (by means of the theoretical expressixnsl of existing and (stare photxmetric, pxlarimetric, and radar data xx Mars and pxss;bly other planets OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES W76-70535 185-50-61 Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field, Calif THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PLANETARY BODIES 0. 6. Chapman 415-965-5065 The objectives are to obtain a better understanding of selected problems pertaining to planetary surface phenomena. the composition. structure and evolution of planetary bodies and their satellites, and the origin of the solar system by means of theoretical investigations employing the results of spacecraft and grxund-based experiments Theoretical knowledge. physical insight, and mathematical modeling techniques are used, together with astronomical and gexlxgical data, to construct self-consistent mathematical descriptions of planetary processes and structure. Analysis and interpretation of the results of these model calculations are applied to such topics as: the evxlutixn of Jupiter. wind-blown surface features xx Mars, and the calculation of cxnditixns within the early solar system. W76-70536 185-50-72 Jet Prxpulsiox Lab.. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadena PLANETARY STUDIES 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 We are prepared to measure the near IR 11-5 micronl reflectance of various ices and from the spectra, determine the complex refractive indices of these ices. The ices may exist either as pure phases, mixtures, hydrates. clathrates. compounds or as altered compounds (by UV irradiation or proton bxmbardmentl. With our present system, we will be able to study all but the altered cxmpxands The fundamental physical constants meas- ured in this program may be used for scattering calculations in any thenretical mudel uf atmospheric xr cloud radiative transfer or surface reflectance. W76-70537 185-50-73 Jet Prxpulsixx Lab - Calif. Inst. xf Tech - Pasadena PLANETOLOGY INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT O P. Burcham 213-354-3028 The goal of this work is the denelxpment of six spacecraft- borne experiments which shxuld be particularly effective in the study xf planetary surfaces Extensixn beyxnd present capability for the explxratixn xf Mars is the principal xbjective in each case, and these specific experiments were selected xx their potential fxr shedding new light on sipnificant questixns regarding that planet Hxwener. there alsx exist potentially important applications for these instruments on xther planetary missions. The six instruments/experiments are (11 X-Ray diffractxmeter/ spectrxmeter. 121 differential scanning calorimeter, (31 area array camera using DDC nensurs, 141 orbiting gamma-ray spectrometer. 151 Alpha/X-ray analyzer using sxlid state detectxrs, and (61 dielectric cxnstant/Ixss tangent xl C02 ice by radar A com- plementary camera development activity to the linear array camera described is covered in an Advanced Technical Develxpment (Code 1861 RTOP, sesnxr development is being suppxrted by an OAST task 313 these preliminary studies indicate that all vehicle requirements 0 6. Chapman 415-965-5065 can be met by using the third stage of nhe Scout vehicle or the (384-50-711 second of a Delta vehicle with only modest modifications The objectives are to Ill study the relative expressions of the impact process on the production of surface features of W76-70531 185-47-94 inner planets and their satellites, 121 determine parameters Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Va. governing eolian processes in the Martian environment and use EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PLANE- this information to perform wind tunnel experiments, and 131 TARY ATMOSPHERES determine feasibility of making lead age determinations xx A. C. Holland 804-824-341 i planetary surfaces using a miniaturized ion probe. The approach The objective of this RTOP is to carry out an integrated is to (11 characterize morphxlxgy and size frequency distributions experimental and theoretical stady aimed at improving our on recognized mercurian surface units and use these data with understanding of the optical properties of planetary atmxspheres other inputs to reconstruct the impact history and to evaluate including the effect of aerosols on slant path visibility through plains forming mechanisms. 121 carry out a statistical analysis the atmosphere. Special emphasis will be placed xx Ill developing involving all Martian craters with diameters larger than 3 km and improving model atmospheres for use in remote sensing. that will include all parameters necessary to evaluate the style 121 development of instrumentation for measuring optical of cratering xx Mars as compared to the Moon and Mercury. parameters, of the atmospheres, 131 imprxxing existing theoretical 131 Conduct experiments using the Martian Surface Wind Tunnel models of radiative transfer through the atmospheres containing to study threshold, and in other studies, assess the effect of significant amounts of particulate matter (i.e. haze, dust, ice crater geometry on eoliax patterns and stxdy the paths of wind crystals, fxg dropletsl. driven grains resulting from crater controlled wind patterns using computer models W76-70534 185-50-60 Ames Research Center, Mxlleit Field. Calif PLANETOLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE PROCESSES OF PLANETARY BODIES 85 PAGENO="0318" 314 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES Advanced for 8-year missions w/o additional redundancy): and reductions of greater than 50% in weight and volume. W76-70540 186-68-54 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. )nst. of Tech., Pasadena GUIDANCE AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANE- TARY MISSIONS R R McDonald 213-354-6186 1506-19-14. 506-19-211 The objective of this work is to make available a planetary star tracker suitable for use on the proposed 1979 MJU mission. This work will also provide the technology base for a standardized low cost star tracker for broad application to anticipated NASA missions from 1980 on This star tracker has been designated by the acronym STELLAR, for Star Tracker for Economical Long Life Attitude Reference. The STELLAR makes significant improvements in reliability by utilizivg an all solid-state image sensor thereby completely eliminating high voltage circuitry and vacuum tubes as used in current star trackers and in addition provides significant reductions in vest, size and weight. The STELLAR concept is a revolutionary rather than evolutionanyl departure from current star trackers and is keyed directly to the fast emnrgieg new technology of charge coupled device ICCD'sl photodetectors. The objective of the STELLAR development effort is to achieve the improvements in reliability 110 year lifetime vs 3 yeansl. performance and cost lover 50% reduction in sensor costsl and to demonstrate these improvements in an evgineering model STELLAR This work is jointly funded by OAST ELACS RTOP no 506-19-14. W76-70541 186-68-55 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena G&C TECHNOLOGY FOR MARS ROVING VEHICLES R. R. McDonald 213-354-6186 The work proposed in this RTOP will provide technical assistance and direction to the NASA Headquarters University Grant NGL 33.018-091. This grant is to Rensselaer Polytechnic Ivstitote for development of component and system technology for Mars Roving Vehicles. The JPL effort will consist of reviewing the work at RPI as well as correlating RPI's effort with ongoing work at JPL It is understood that NASA will reduce RPI's funding during FY76 and end the work in FY-77. W76-70542 186-68-62 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena PROPELLANT COMPATIBILITY WITH MATERIALS FOR LONG DURATION MISS) ONS R R. McDonald 213-354-6186 The objective of this work is to provide the technology for propellant/material compatibility that will be used on future planetary missions. Current objectives include work to determine which materials are acceptably inert for use in the construction of propulsion subsystem components in contact with earth storabTe liquid propellants for long duration missions The test program involves continuing actual specimen storage tests in a controlled environment osieg the compatibility test facility at the JPL Edwards Test Station Detailed chemical and physical analyses of specimens and propellants mill be performed after specific storage periods and a rating assigned for design purposes W76-70543 186-68-65 Ames Research Center, Moffrtt Field. Calif. PIONEER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY O P Chapman 415.96b.b065 1186-68751 The objective is to develop basic spacecraft systems using enisting technulogy. as close as possible to Pioneer 10/1 1. and Pioneer Venus configurations, respectively, consistent with specific mission requirements This will-provide the basis for the realistic estimates of performance, costs, reliability, and scheduling so vital to project definition and decision waking This can only be accomplished by understanding the requited technology, sub' systems, and the respective interfaces Program costs are determined by the ability to define realistic system and subsystem requirements. The approach is to concentrate on the most critical areas first, understand the technology requirements, evaluate Planetary Exploration Technological Development W76-70538 186-68-52 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech - Pasadena IMAGING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANETARY MISSIONS R. R. McDonald 213-354.6186 1185-50-73: 50618-111 The objective of this program is the development of imaging instrument technology using line and area array CCD ICharge Coupled Devicel sensors. Eopected advantages of cameras using these sensors, compared to current Mariner technology, are extended red and near-IR response, increased sensitivity and dynamic range, lower cost, lower instrument weight, decreased power, and a simpler interface adaptable to different types of spacecraft. The camera development will be coordinated with development of CCD sensors, with the initial objective of developing a medium-resolution area anray camera for use on the proposed Mariner Jupiter/Uranus 1979 IMJU'791 Mission. Future development efforts will be directed to inoreasieg the camera format using sensors developed under an OAST RTOP task. The larger format cameras will be designed to provide large area coverage at high resolution. Fabrication and testing of a litre array camera has been completed. and the design of a breadboard area array camera is nearing completion. This breadboard will serve as the design base fur the feasibility model camera to be built in FY76. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of using a CCD sensor for planetary imaging. work will commence this year on preparing to build such an instru- ment for the proposed MJU'79 Mission Spacecraft interface definition will begin, camera design characteristics will be documented, telescope/sensor integration will be initiated, and a more intensive sensor development activity will be undertaken These activities will provide the base upon which a project funded MJU'79 Imaging Instrument can be built W76-70539 186-68.53 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calil Inst of Tech., Pasadena MICROMINIATURE TRANSPONDER DEVELOPMENT R R McDonald 213.354-6186 150620-21: 506-20-221 The objectives ol this RTOP and the OAST RTOP 50620-21 are to jeintly develop microwave radio transpunrler techniques. components, and subsystem technology required lot NASA planetary missions rim tee periucl 1977 Ix 1982 Particular emphasis will be placed un substantially reducing the cost xl transponders while improving perlurmance capability, reliability, and lifetime while reducing size. weight, volume, and poser consumption The key element of the development is a in icrommniature multimussiun transponder IMMTI cvesust.eg of arr S-band receiver arid an S1'X-baed necuter assnnrhiy vt~liaung such advanced devices as beam leaded RF-lC's. suriacn acoustic usave f:lters lSAWF) arid ceramic substrates Accuccylmvhernrmrs to date include Ill the item eostnatioo of tevhvviagy readiness xl a discrete cow penen I-printed circuit board version of the MMT hi' the end of FY'74 lihis mudnl became thn baseline design fur thy MJS77. Pivnerr Venus and Ja paves e Breadcast Satellitel. Thrs version has the fell owing advantages over Ire Viking Orbiter design an order of magnitude improvement iv differential phase and group delay stability, and reductrues of 35% in per unit cost: 72% in power cvesuumytion. 60% iv vulvme. aird bO% in weight. 121 The development. faIr and evaluation of a set of SAWF's en quartz svhsnrales lIar very usa TC necessary tu reduce phase delay varuatiu'rsl by the cnn xl sn third quarter of FY-7b 13) The developmemrt, lab viii evalaativrr of a breadboard version beam leaded components irr nonhernietuc ceramic submodulesl xl the MM I liy the end of FY 75 By the end of FY76 micruminiature hrasshoard assemrrhlinc and modules cull have been tested Ix type appros-al and qualifiyatrvn tnsr levels to demonstrate the technology readiness for fliqht m~ssivns beginning in 1979 which has the fullowueg advantages relative to the discrete component cersiun A doubling xl mission life potential ladnqaatn 86 PAGENO="0319" 315 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES alternatives, and investigate the most attractive but unproven concepts. Emphasis will be placed on obtaining experimental data. Evaluation and application of existing technology will have the highest priority. All efforts will be primarily hardware-oriented and related to specific missions W76-70544 186-68-73 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. EPHEMERIDES AND RECOVERY ANALYSIS FOR COM- ETARY MISSION PLANNING R. W. Farqvhar 301-982-5063 The principal goals of this RTOP are to provide and catalog up-to-date data on comets that are possible targets for proposed missions in the 1980's. For each comet and comet mission opportunity, the following data will be collected or generated It) orbital elements and ephemerides, (21 the evolution of cometary position uncertainties near each mission opportunity, 131 earth-based sighting data and polar plots near each mission opportunity, and 14) past physical, photometric and spectrxscxpic data for each proposed target comet. Using all available observations, improved orbits will be computed for target comets. Cometary ephemerides and the evolution of position error ellipsoids will be computed for the various mission opportunities. Literature searches will be conducted to gather physical observations of target comets. For each mission opportunity, earth-based sighting conditions and polar plots will be generated to facilitate the comet's early recovery by ground based observers All data or the proposed target comets will be systematically cataloged and made available to all interested parties. W76-70545 186-68-74 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst of Tech., Pasadena SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION - NAVIGATION AND MISSION ANALYSIS R R McDonald 213-354-6186 The objectives are the development of a comprehensive navigation accuracy analysis software system for low thrust missions and the exercise of that software for the generation of navigation accuracy forecasts and requirements for advanced SEP missions and the development, testing, and evaluation of navigation strategies incorporating advanced data types and filtering techniques Development and utilization of a comprehen- sive mission analysis capability for determination, evaluation, and study of (ow thrust Iboth SEP and NEP) mission concepts. In FY-76 dxvcmentarion of the existing software system will be completed, and capabilities will be expanded to narruw the gap between conservative and realistic analysis capability for future missions. Performance software to accurately simulate the low thrust hardware system and assess mission impacts of various operational strategies and constraints will be used to develop data to a limited extent for missions, such as comet rendezvous, and a description of the software initiated. Limited expansion of capability may also occur. Active cognizance over the software will be maintained to allow a timely response, on a limited scale, to questions that may arise in connection with preliminary mission performance studies or thrust subsystem development, at LeRC W76-70546 186-68-76 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif PLANETARY SURFACE PENETRATOR TECHNOLOGY Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065 Recent studies have shown that Surface Penetrators are attractive tools for exploring the solid bodies of planets and satellites Several aspects of the science instrument design and regolith modification caused by penetration must be assessed before a penetrator mission can be approved Studies and tests will ho performed to confirm the survival of several candidate science instruments and to measure the amount of change produced in the regolith by penetration. W76-70547 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena MISSION AND SYSTEM DESIGN - MJU79 R R McDonald 213-354-6186 (18668-78. 186-68-79. 186-68-801 The objective of this RTOP is to accomplish the mission and spacecraft system design for a Mariner Jupiter/Uranus 1979 mission, such that a science payload confirmation can be made by January 1977 Conceptually. the MJU79 spacecraft design is a direct adaptation of the MJS77 syacecralt hardware. software and ground data system design. The only modifications to the MJ577 spacecraft to be considered are those that are necessary to accommodate the MJU mission; this involves three spacecraft subsystems and the science payload. A study xl the incorporation of these modifications. ix a spacecraft system context, will be accomplished and ultimately, a spacecraft system design will be defined. Mission design will be undertaken with initial efforts directed to those mission definition activities required to support early science selection activities. Mission design activities will conclude with a finalized mission design at the time science confirmation is wade. The approach to be taken will be to form a single design team to accomplish the mission and spacecraft system design. The team will be comprised of personnel representing each of the JPL technical divisions. as well as the Project Engineering and Space Science divisions. Team representa- tion will also include certain technical disciplines, e.g., mission analysis) having a major involvement in the design and science payload definition activities. The team will operate under the direction of a designated team leader and by means of regularly scheduled meetings will define the MJU79 design W76-7O548 186-68-78 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst of Tech., Pasadena MJU79 BUFFER MEMORY DEVELOPMENT R R McDonald 213-354-6186 1186-68-771 The objective of this effort is to develop a no-moving-part memory for the Mariner Jupiter-Uranus 1979 IMJU-791 mission. The established Silicon-Nitride menrory technology. MNOS. will be used. The memory will be capable of being used as input-output buffers for NASA Standard Tape Recorders or as a stand-alone memory to provide redundancy to the tape recorder. The memory will have the capability of graceful degradation in case of component failure. The memory will be based on a two dimensional array of identical memory modules; the array parameters will be determined by input-output data rates. preferred degradation modes, and detailed mission peculiar requirements. The MNOS memory device will be developed and qualified starting in FY-76 In parallel with the device develop- ment. the memory architecture will be rekned, and a functional breadboard based on that architecture will be designed, built and tested W76-70549 186-68-79 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena MAGNETIC BEARING REACTION WHEEL FOR UNMANNED PLANETARY VEHICLES RR McDonald 213-354-6186 1506-19-14) The objective of this task is to qualify the technology for the magnetic bearing reaction wheel IMBRWI initiated by the ELACS task (506-19-14) to achieve technology readiness for MJU79 An engineering model MBRW is under development at Sperry Flight Systems Phoenix and is scheduled for completion about November 1975 It is proposed that this contractual effort be supplemented to qual;fy the MBRW and electronics controller technology. W76-70550 186-68-80 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif Inst. of Tech. Pasadena MARINER JUPITER/URANUS 1979 SCIENCE STEERING GROUP R. R McDonald 213-354-6186 It 86-68-771 During Fiscal Year 1976 preliminary selection will be made of the investigations for the Mariner Jupiter/Uranus 1979 IMJU 791 mission This selection will be wade on the basis of the evaluation of proyosals received in response to Announcement of Opportunity No OSS-t.75 Follvwivg selection on about December t, 1975. the Principal Investigators will be formed into a Science Steering Group 15513) for the MJU 79 mission 186-68-77 87 PAGENO="0320" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 316 Thepurpose of this RTOP is to provide funding support for this SSG. Contracts will be et to each investigator to support his activities daring the preliminary phase leading to the final selection of investigations. PhySiCS and Astronomy W76-70551 188-36-55 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI- CLE/FIELD INTERACTION D. R. Chapman 4t5-965-5065 (385-36-Ot) The objective is to improve understanding of the dynamics. origin, and termination of the solar wind by observations and their theoretical interpretativn, and by investigating techniques to improve space plasma observations. Techniques to imprvve the lifetime, reliability, sensitivity, sampling rate, dynamic range. and resolution of space plasma evperiments are studied Means for improvement of measurement resvlutivns for the individual plasma parameters, the temperature, density, velocity vector and tem perature anisotropy. and investigation vf techniqves for improvement of calibration procedures and calibration data analysis are included. Thevretical studies provide designs of plasma analyzers for testing in the labvratvry. Theoretical studies aimed at understanding the large-scale dynamics of the solar wind, its acceleration and heating mechanisms, and its properties at large heliocentric distances are carried out. These studies employ known theoretical techniques of plasma physics and maqnetvhydrody- eamics, and also often require eotensions of basic theoretical plasma physics. Theoretical develvpmeets are related to spacecraft plasma and magnetic data, as well as to indirect observations of the svlar wind. W76-70552 188-36-55 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC. MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI- CLE/FIELD INTERACTIONS E. R. Schmerling 202-755-3685 The objective is to II investigate the processes occurring in the magnetosphere of the earth and in interplanetary space through a study of energetic neutral and charged particles and their interactions with magnetic and electric fields Areas of investigative include trapped and avrvral particles, the magneto- pause, geomagnetic tail and svla cvi nd. 12) investigate the processes which result from the arrival of solar particles near the earth, and the conse qveeces uf variatives in the incident fluo Eutend these investigations tv the magvetvspheres of other planets The approach will be to Ill develop instruments far me asuring neutral and charged particles from several eV lv several tees of MeV. dc magnetic fields frvm below 0.t gamma to several oersted; electric fields and VLF wave activity. (2) develop the theory needed to understand the magnetosphere, the auroras. the solar wind, the interplanetary regions and the observed boundary effects, down tv roughly the plasmapause W76-70553 188-36-55 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md MAGNETODYNAMICS.NON THERMAL PLASMAS Keith W. Og:lvie 30t-682-5504 The object of this research is to ivcrease the knowledge and crrderstandieg vf eovthermal plasmas occurring in nature. and also to improve the theoretical description of their properties This requires continuous improvement in measurement techniques. and interpretation of appropriate space and laboratory erperimeers The interpretative re qvires corres pending improvements in numerical techniques. and in methods of data display The Vector Helium Magnetometer is being developed for use on missions to the outer solar system where extremely weak interplanetary or interstellar fields will be measured and where intense planetary he(ds may also be encountered JPL scientists and engineers carry out tests and experiments to establish the fundamental principles of the magnetometer operation and design. Improved components are developed, the desi go is changed to yield improved performance, and new modes of operation are investigated. The basic objective is to provide continuing theoretical support for NASA's observational space plasma programs. An analytical tool developed earlier under this task will be applied to the problem of magnetic merging at the magnetopause and to studying the influence of solar-wind thermal pressure on magnetospheric motions. To set the stage fur analyzing spacecraft data in terms of solitons, a new theoretical investigation will be undertaken to determine tI under what conditions solitons will form and propagate in space plasmas, 121 where and to what extent solitons contribute to the dynamics of space plasmas. and 131 how solitons can be identified. W76-70555 188-36-56 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. PARTICLES AND PARTICLE/PHOTON INTERACTION G. R. Swenson 205-453.4t75 1356-36-041 The objectives of this RTOF are: 11) to update ground based instrumentation Ii e, Fabry-Perot interlerometer, sector spectro- photometer. 4 channel tilting photometer, and J.5 sounderl; 121 to measure, in support of MS. at MSFC. nightglow wavelength 6300 temperatures and winds (F region), to measure wavelength 6300. 5577. 5200. and OH intensities in nightglow, and provide the data in a usable form to the World Data Center in Boulder. Colorado; 131 to make measurements at a Polar Cusp Station of particle related emissions from the ground to determine rotational temperatures and related spectroscopic emission intensities in the (hat) cusp region and to make these measurements in coincidence with AE.D satellite for particle and photometer infvrmatiov; and (4) to do theoretical studies on the geophysical W76-70556 188-36-56 Goddard Space Flight Cenler. Greenbelt. Md. MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS: PARTICLES AND PARTI- CLE/PHOTON INTERACTIONS James F. Heppeer 30t.982.4797 The objectives are: Ill to conceive, design. develop and test new techniques for space measurements of electric fields. auroral particles. trapped particles. solar-interplanetary particles. plasm a waves, wave-particle interactions. photon-particle interactions, plasma composition. ivnospheric winds, electron density and atomic and molecular collision processes with particular emphasis on magnetospheric and ionospheric regions. and 121 to analyze problems and condvct theoretical studies in magnetodynamics. plasma physics. and atomic and molecular interactions The approach includes detector and supporting electronics, design. laboratory and contractor fabrication and testing, and theoretical studies of field and particle phenomena and distributions in space. This effort is expected to produce. It) instrumentation having the capability to make measurements that previously have eat been possible, particularly in areas where there are significant gaps in var knowledge as a consequence uf there being few or no measurements. 121 accurate models of fields in space which have both scientific and technological utility. 131 indices which describe the instantaneous degree of disturbance in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. 141 advances in the understanding of plasma instabilities, and (51 new techniques far studying the transport of ion and neutral particles in the ionosphere W76.70557 188-36-56 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC W76-70554 188-36-55 MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI- Jet Fropulsian Lab. Calif lest. vf Tech, Pasadena CLE1 PHOTON INTERACTIONS PARTICLES AND PARTICLE/FIELD INTERACTIONS E R Schmerling 2027553685 0 P Burcham 213-354-3028 118836-571 88 PAGENO="0321" 317 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES The objective is to investigate the absorption of solar photons and particles in the earths upper atmosphere, the processes by which the absorption products are dissipated, and the effects which arise therefrom. Included are the collisional, photochemical and electromagnetic interactions which are found in the upper atmosphere, the ionosphere and the inner magnetosphere. These investigations are also applied to the atmospheres. ionospheres and inner magnetosphere's of the planets. The approach will be the development of instruments for the direct and indirect measurement of near-thermal plasmas. neutral gaseous constit- uents, electric and magnetic fields. Coordinated investigations will be conducted for cause-and-effect studies, together with the development of the appropriate theories. The region covered eotends roughly from the lowest ionosphere to the plasmapause W76-70558 188-36-56 Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif. MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI- CLE/PHOTON INTERACTIONS (AERONOMY) D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 1185-47-67) The objective is to investigate the physics of the earth's topside ionosphere and plasmasphere and the coupling of these regions with the magnetosphere and solar wind. Theoretical studies of the thermal charged-particle composition, density, and temperatures are being performed. Computer programs are being coded based on the continuity, momentum, and energy balance equations appropriate to these regions. Data from the Alouette. ISIS. and other satellites will be used as boundary conditions. Special correlative studies are also being performed to investigate the global nature of certain anomalous features; i e., the plasmapause and ionospheric troughs. The results of these efforts are vital to the understanding of the earth's charged particle environment and have application to communications between terminals immersed in these media. The theory and techniques involved are applicable to the studies of atmospheres and ionospheres of other planets and their effects on radio communications of space probes. Preliminary efforts are being initiated to investigate the charged particle environment of the Venus and Jupiter ionospheres. W76-70559 188-36-57 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington. D.C. MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - RADIO SCIENCE E. R. Schmerling 202-7553605 1188-36-56) The objective is to investigate the interplanetary medium, the environments of the earth, the moon, the planets. and the sun, as well as celestial mechanics and relativity, by the propagation or scattering of radio waves. The approach will be to develop techniques for interpreting the refraction, scattering. polarization rotation aed phase shifting of radio signals occurring naturally or generated artificially in terms of physical properties of the intervening medium. To develop instruments for generating electromagnetic waves in space and measuring the effects of the medium, together with the appropriate theory To model, in the laboratory, the ~ilasma interactions and resonances observed in space, and to t~st the theories developed to explain them To investigate the interaction between radio waves and energetic particles in the ennir~nments of the sun, moon, and planets W76-70560 188-36-57 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. APPLICATIONS OF THEORETICAL SPACE PHYSICS T. G Northrop 301-982-4441 Theoretical investigations are presented of a dozen or more areas of space plasmas and of cosmology. These include 11) cosmic ray origin and propagation. 12) supernova explosions, 131 fluxes of electrons and protovs,obsemed by Pioneers 10 and 11 iv Jupiter's magnetosphere. 4) sources of galactic gamma rays. 15) ozone dynamics in the upper atmosphere, 16) dynamics - of earth's magnetosphere. 17) fluid dynamics and Martian cloud patterns. 18) scintillation of radix sources and solar wind, and 19) big bang cosmology. W76-70561 188-38-51 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS AND HARDWARE FOR SOLAR PHYSICS RESEARCH F. Osantowski 301-982-5861 A research program was initiated to develop or improve critical technology items principally, but not exclusively, for solar physics research and tx supply critical data required by scientists in designing and/or proposing advanced instrumentation for space or ground based observations Specifically, the development of specialized optical components, the development or improvement of optical instrumentation, and the development or improvement of various techniques or instruments for support of solar observations is included To accomplish this objective GSFC is conducting in-house, Uviversity grant. and contract experimental and theoretical studies in the following technology: 11) design, fabrication, and testing of glancing incidence optical systems for the 8A to 300A spectral region including the problems of increased energy throughput and scattering, and 12) diffraction grating technology including holographic grating development. Other technology areas will be included to support current programs or problem areas identified by the solar physics community. References for identifying key technology include NASA Document SP.21~. `A long Range Program in Space Astronomy-final report of rho Space Shuttle Payload Planning Solar Physics Working Group Report and the Space Science Board Report - Scientific uses of the Space Shuttle. W76-70562 188-38-52 Marshall Space Flight Cente', Huntsville. Ala. GROUND-BASED OBSERVATION OF THE SUN M. J. Hagyard 205-4535687 1357-38-01; 385-38-01) The Real Time Solar Magnetograph )RTSM) is designed to study small scale variations in the sun's magnetic field in order to determine their role in solar activity. The system uses a narrow bandpass filter, polarizing optics and an SEC vidicon camera system to measure linear and circular polarization in Zeeman- sensitive chromospheric absorption lines An H-alpha telescope and Brightness Distribution Analyzing BOA) system are operated in support of the RTSM for active region identification and flare classification In direct support of the RTSM, theoretical work is being performed with the objectives of It) interpreting the basic phenomena associated with solar active regions by studying the interactions of the solar plasma with local magnetic fields, and 121 reducing, analyzing and correlating solar data on the basis of these plasma magnetic field interactions To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be performed, real time solar magnetograph, and theoretical descriptive and data analysis of solar active regions. W76-70563 188-38-52 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. GROUND BASED OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUN C Brandt 301-982-4701 The Zeiss filtergraph at the GSFC Optical Site will be modified for the objective of recording and analyzing solar velocity fields Our approach will be to utilize a state-of-the-art dual bandpass H-alpha filter, together with vidicon equipment for image handling. Three-color photometry of the corona, to develop a new model. remains as an objective. The present system will be reconfigured for use at the 1976 Australian eclipse. The approach wilt be modified to take advantage of USAF support equipment and to substitute Reticons for the present Digicoes. The present objective of the vidicon systems is to obtain data on chromospheres and possible `solar winds' and `solar activity' of other stars, using as an approach the McMath Solar Telescope and vertical spectro- graph at Kitt Peak. The objective of radio observations under this RTOP is to search for recombination lines of heavy elements in the solar corona and the approach is to use the millimeter wavelength radio telescope of the University of Texas and also the one maintained by NRAO on Kilt Peak. W76-70564 188-38-53 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT - LABORATORY AND 89 72-434 0 - 76 - 21 PAGENO="0322" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 318 THEORETICAL SOLAR PHYSICS J. C. Brandt 301-982-4701 Research toward improved systems for solar observations in the EUV. X-ray and gamma ray regions is being pursued through the development of prototype collimator systems and detectors for these wavelengths. Research into improved hard X-ray detectors emphasizes the objective of extending the energy range of observation to 20 MeV. Use of a passive Li impregnated Bismuth shield offers a substantial improvement over existing methods. Electronics are being developed which together with existing crystal and mechanical fixtures, will produce a detector able to record the spectrum of a solar X-ray burst with 100 milliseconds resolution. Design of high resolution coronal spectrometer/pxlarimeters for the wavelength ranges 1-20 angstrxms and 1200-1500 angstrxms is underuvay and bench testing will be carried out. Microprocessors will be evaluated for application to solar experiments xn satellites and sounding rocket missions Integrated circuits of the buffered COS/MOS type will be tested in typical solar space experiment subsystems. Further development of the infrared upcnnversixn technique will emphasize application to spectrxscxpy. Feasibility xf an integrated xptics approach to xpcxnverting imagery will be evaluated. Fabrication and evaluation of a GaAs Digicon will be attempted. Solid state diode arrays will also be tested in conjunction with circuits fabricated by us. Methods for improved solar observations include the development xf an improved millimeter wave radiometer Extensive laboratory work is performed to support ultraviolet solar observations made from space vehicles, this includes work in our xwn facility and work as guests at a fusion-class laser facility. W76-70565 188-38-53 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL SOLAR PHYSICS E. S Love 804-827-2893 The principal objective is to experimentally determine rate coefficients for ionization and excitation by electron impact for various stages of ionization xl elements of astrophysical interest. These coefficients play an important role in the determination of the ionization balance i nnxnequ ilibrium astrophysical ptasmas such as the solar corona. Elements to be investigated include carbon, nitrogen, xxygrn. neon, and silicon whivh are also xl interest in a large number of laboratory experiments. In addition. a compilation of spectrxscxpic data for atomic spectral lines below 2000 Angstrxms will be maintained. The theta-pinch favility is uniquely suited for the investigation xf collisional rate coeflicients since in the initial shock heating phase the atomic processes are dominated by electron collisions. Accurate measurements of electron number density and electron temperature are obtained by the Thomson scattering of ruby laser radiation. Plasma will be heated to a temperature of two million to three million K in about 00003 sec. This is adequate to produce the high stages of ionization found in the solar corona. Electron collisions will be the dominant process during the shock heating phase. Observation of the time xf peak emission xl the resonance line xf each stage of ionization and a measurement xl the electron number density and electron temperature at that time give the needed information to determine rate coefficient from a time- dependent corona model computer code. Excitation rate coefficients will be determined by measurements xi the absolute emission coefficients for selected lines. These emission cxellicients are related to the excitation rate coefficients by use xl a collisional-radiative model. wide range xl the electromagnetic spectrum from the visible to the gamma ray region. A number xl different instruments will be required to cover this range. They will be selected on the basis xl making comprehensive measurements in their specific wavelength regions in a format which is coordinated with and complimentary to the xther instruments in the payload For example, all instruments will operate with the same temporal and spatial resolution to the maximum possible extent. The instruments considered for this payload are: Ill a solar telescope lphotxhelixgraphl with aperture greater than or equal to 65 cm, (21 a high resolution 1000-2850 A spectrometer used at the fxcus xl the telescope and observing line profiles from the chrxmosphere and the transition region, and 131 digital imaging devices for measuring line profiles with high time spatial resolution. W76-705B7 188-41-51 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. UV AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY Edgar R Miller 205-453-0108 The scope xl the UV and Optical Astronomy RTOP is being reduced to xne task concentrating efforts towards utilizing a unique integrating digital video detector system which allows very high temporal resolution en laint objects and small telescopes. The change in scope also reflects the change in personnel and priorities. Specifically, the xbjective xl the task will be to measure short term variability xl several X-ray sources. Ostriker and Davidson have shown that time variation xl X-ray sources can help in building models of these sources The video system used in conjunction with a low resolution IBoro-Spotal spectrograph allows digital recording and analogue display with spectra to be recorded xx one TV frame, providing data compression capability and hence mxch easier data reduction. The system also provides xbserver interaction, since any digitally tape recorded spectra can be recalled and, for instance, be compared with any successive spectra by placing item on the screen xn the same frame. W76-70568 188-41-51 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten ULTRAVIOLET STELLAR SPECTROMETER DEVELOPMENT FOR SPACE SHUTTLE Y. Kondo 713-483-6467 The objective is to develop astronomical space-UV instrumen- tativn for use in shuttle sortie missions, which will demonstrate state-of-technology detector and tracking performance, flexibility xl interfacing instrumentation with a gnncral purpose telescope platform, and versatili'y xl man's real time xperational involvement. The development xl the ultruvixlet stellar spectrometer for space shuttle is performed through the flights xl the ballovn-borne ultraviolet stellar spectrometer IBUSSI payload as well as through other concurrent laboratory-based developments. The BUSS payload performs high resolution spectrophxtometry xl astronomical objects in the mid-ultraviolet. The first version xl the BUSS payload has been developed and flown success fully three times. It comprises a pointabte telescope 140 cm aperture. 1/7.5 modilind Ritchey-Chretienl to which a variety xl instrumenta- tion can be attached Payload functions are commanded from the ground in real time, and the data are tvlemetered to the ground in real time, where they are monitored in real timn and recorded. Further development xl the payload is planned in conjunction with the cxllaboiative prxgram with the Space Research Laboratory. Utrecht. the Netherlands. In this collaborative program. we shall jointly investigate stellar UV spectra in the range 2000-3400 A with a resolution xl 1/bA. employing an echetle spectrograph in combination with an image intensified storage vidicon detector Subsequent flights will develop the star tracking system for targets as faint as 10th magnitude and for improved spectral resolution. W76-7056B 188-38-64 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. DEVELOPMENT OF SHUTTLE PAYLOADS FOR THE STUDY OF SOLAR FLARES AND FLARE RELATED PHENOMENA K. J. Frost 301-982-4811 The Laboratory for Solar Physics and Astrophysics and Optics W76-705B9 188-41-51 Branch. Mission Technology Division. GSFC. propose to build a Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. group of instruments to observe solar flares and related solar UV AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY phenomena from shuttle sortie and free-flier platforms in 1979. A. Boggess 301-982-5103 1980 and 1981. The scientific cbjrctive xl this paytcad will be The objective is to pursue a long range program in astronomi- to advance our understanding xl the nature xl the mechanism cal research with emphasis on optical xbsnrvations. theoretical xl a solar flare. This will be done by observing a flare over a astrophysics, and other specilic topics xl special interest to NASA. 90 PAGENO="0323" 319 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES The effort includes operation of ground telescopes, development of new instrumentation for ground and rocket use, data interpretation, and theoretical studies. Spectroscopic and photometric data are obtained from ground and rocket telescopes in order to analyze the properties of stellar atmospheres. nebulae, and the interstellar medium. Model atmospheres are being developed to compare with observation, particular attention being paid to non-equilibrium phenomena Additional tasks include calculations of fundamental physical parameters of astrophysical interest, investigations of convective energy transport, and some stellar population problems W76-70570 188-41-51 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 The oblective is to conduct theoretical studies on important fundamental problems in astrophysics and astronomy and to provide theoretical advice and technical assistance for the center program on observational infrared astronomy. Astrophysical theory and mathematical techniques will be used, together with available observational data, to develop self-consistent theoretical models for the investigation and interpretation of astrophysical pheno- mena. Application will be made to a wide range of problems including the time variability of quasars and of X-ray sources. pre-main sequence stellar evolution, structure and evolution of white dwarfs and binary star systems, galactic evolution. interpretation and airborne infrared observations of stars, planets. and H II regions, and others W76-70571 188-41-51 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va UV AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY (COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS) E. S Love 804-827-2893 New and improved computer models will be developed to investigate the evolution and structure of various systems of astrophysical interest, such as spiral galaoies. the asteroid belt and Saturn's rings. Galaoy related problems that will be studied are how the bar-forming instability cue be stabilized to allow formation of normal spirals and the method by which spiral ga(aoies transfer their angular momentum outwards. Another problem to be investigated is the density wave theory proposed to eoplaie the spiral structure of galaxies Computer eoperiments testing the density wave theory without making the approximations required in ae analytical treatment will be performed. A three-dimensional computer model recently developed will be used to investigate the development of flat or disk systems from originally elliptical or spherical systems A hybrid computer model containing both a stellar and gas component will be developed to more realistically simulate the dynamics of spiral galaxies Numerical experiments on the evolution of the asteroid belt will be performed. In particular, resonant effects caused by the commensurability xl asteroids with Jupiter will be investigated. Similar calculations will be made for Saturn's rings. Another problem to be investigated is the particle acceleration and other phenomena occurring in solar flares It appears that particle acceleration occurs near magnetic neutral points and involves magnetic flux annihilation in solar flares, in laboratory experiments such as (he plasma focus, and possibly also in phenomena on a galactic scale. W76-70572 188-41-51 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington, D.C. ULTRAVIOLET (UV( AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY D Rosendhal 202-755-3687 The objective is the advancement of stellar and galactic astronomy through observations and interpretations of data secured in the ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic portions of the spectrum. The emphasis is on research in direct support of ox-going flight programs or in anticipation and preparation for future ones. The four elements supported are laboratory astrophysical studies, theoretical astrophysics, instrumentation development, and direct observational programs A balanced program involving all these elements is required ix order to insure full utilization and healthy development of the space science order to insure full utilization and healthy development of the space science program with the goal of the advancement of our understanding of the universe. The approach includes: developing theoretical models. performing theoretical studies, and determining basic atomic and molecular parameters. Interpretation of data, especially that obtained in the relativity unexplored UV spectral region, requires the additional information provided by these efforts. A broad and sound theoretical framework allows new observutions to be interpreted and new directions to be instituted. In addition to atomic and molecular physics. specific areas of study include stellar atmospheres, stellar systems, and cosmology. W76-70573 188-41-52 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. GROUND-BASED RADIO ASTRONOMY R G Stone 301-982-4631 1161-05-03; 369-05-031 The objective of the Grocnd Based Radix Astronomy Program is to provide a better understanding of the dynamics and composition of astrophysical plasmas in objects such as radix galaxies, quasars, supernovae, pulsars, and solar system sources such as the Sun and Jupiter through the high angular and time resolution observations of radix emission from these objects. -Radix astronomy has provided new insight into such problems which could not have been gained from observations in other parts of the spectrum as the visible or UV region The interpretation of source spectral and spatial distribution in terms of our knowledge of plasmas and high energy processes leads to knowledge of the evolution of the source and of the magnetic field, energetic particle compositivn and dynamic processes within the source. The approach taken involves the use and development of high resolution radio telescopes which permit remote observations of phenomena occurring ix extensive and inaccessible regions The develvpment of radiometers for spectral observations in the freqvency bands of the principal atmvspheric absorption lines will be initiated. A great deal of our knowledge about the evolution of dust clouds into stars in our galaxy has come from the study of interstellar molecular lines. These lines are concen- trated in the millimeter region of the radio spectrum. Part of the mm spectrum is obscured by atmcspheric absorption lines. As a resclt several impvrtant lines vf astronomical interest such as HCN. 02 and 03 require observations above most of the atmosphere Development will concentrate on high frequency mixers and frequency lock loops at 60, 120 and 180 GHz. Radiometers and spectral line. W76-70574 188-41-52 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. lest. of Tech.. Pasadena GROUND-BASED RADIO ASTRONOMY D. P. Burcham 213.354-3028 This RTOP uses the unique facilities of NASA's Deep Space Instrumentation Facility IDSIPI to hnd microwave spectral lines of interstellar atoms and molecules at X'band 18 GHzl and K-band (15 GHzl. regions in which NASA's receiving capabilities are the best in the world Concurrently, a laboratory microwave spectrvscopy program is carried out to measure frequencies. absorption coefficients and cross sections for presently known interstellar molecules and for other molecules whose presence in the interstellar medium is strongly predicted by theory. DSIF equipment to be used includes the 64 m Goldstone antenna; K-band and X-band wideband low noise feeds. masers. and receivers; a wideband digital correlator spectrum analyzer; calibrated noise sources; and programmable local oscillators This DSIF equipment either already exists or is being develvped for programs svpported by the Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition IOTDAI. The spectrometer system to be used in the laboratory investigations includes a Stark Modulation Spectrometer and associated programmable digital data handling and control equipment. Fundamental questions in stellar and galactic evolution to be answered by interstellar microwave spectroscopy include the galactic molecular and isotope distribution and the isotopic abundance ratios; the velocity distribution of interstellar material; and the causes of anomalous interstellar molecular spectral line intensities. Of particular interest is the location and abundance 91 PAGENO="0324" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 320 of complex interstellar molecules, because the mechanism that allows the creation and retention of such molecules is presently unknown. In addition, timing and intensity measurements are performed for 22 pulsars W76-70575 188-41-54 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadrna RELATIVITY & CELESTIAL MECHANICS D P Burcham 213-354-3028 The astrophysical consequences of missing matter in the universe is being studied, fast by formulation of general models with conducting plasma matter content. This research will support interpretation of data on intergalactic matter, its composition. excitation and ionization history, which will result from far ultraviolet quasar spectra taken with the forthcoming tUE satellite. The solution of Einstein's equations for selected anisotropic cosmological models is being investigated. Consequences for observational cosmology have be en considered. This research has supported a study and proposal for measurement of large scale anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation to be made from a Scout-launched Explorer satellite. Advances in techniques of nonlivear applied mathematics are being applied to selected problems of relativistic gravity, in particular to the calculation of fields of axisymmetric spi nnieg snurces. and to gravity waves. Research is being performed on the interaction of gravitational radiation with Doppler spacecraft tracking measurements, and on possible detection of gravitational radiation by simultaneous tracking of several spacecraft W76-70576 188-41-54 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC. RELATIVITY N G Roman 202-755-3649 The primary objective is to niiake experimental tests of the theory of relativity and thereby elucidate the interrelationship among space, time, and gravity. In particular, the test of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is paramount. This formulation is fundamental and of high scientific interest. Experim ental verification is difficult but the ability to orbit large, complex. and extremely precise apparatus, shielded from deleterious perturbations should obviate them. In addition to the scientific goals, improvements and innovations in the technological areas of cryogenics, gyroscope design, and precision clocks are expected. Specific objectives include the development and operation of a flight qualified cryogenic gyroscope, complete gyroscope system error analysis, and the consideration of various theoretical formulations of relativity and their subsequent experim extol implications. Possible future benefits apart from the scientific ones include improved timing for navigation, communication and geodesy as well as cryogenic systems capable of extended operation in space. W76-70577 188-41-54 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. RELATIVITY AND CELESTIAL MECHANICS Richard A. Potter 205-453-3431 The objective of this activity is to develop the technology required to support and lead to a demonstration of the Stanford Relativity gyro euperiment. Two or more gyroscopes, with their associated dewar will be flown in the spacelab or shuttle bay to establish the gyroscopes's ability to operate and function in a near zero gravity environment. The well coordinated. theoretical. experimental and engineering program at MSFC and Stanford University wilt be tailored to development of an cope rim ent system that will prove the required technology during the early shuttle time period. stellar atmospheres in order to account for the properties of these stars. and to determine the abundance of various molecular species in late-type stars in order to estimate their importance as opacity sources. In addition, the extent and distribution of circumstetlar matter in early-type stars will be examined by obtaining the spectra of these stars in the 1-1.6 microv region and using the emission in the hydrogen and helium tines to determine distribution of the material and physical condition in these gaseous distributions. Specific objectives are: Ill qualitative comparisons of the similarities and differences in the live spectra among these stars. avd 121 detailed calculations of the line shapes of the 1-1.6 micron helium and hydrogen lines in Be stars for various model envelopes. Near infrared spectra of appropriate stars will be measured using a Michelson interferometer. The available instrument is capable of spectral resolutions to 0.05/cm in the 1.1.6 micron range. W76-70579 188-41-55 Goddard Inst. for Space Studies. New York. MILLIMETER-WAVE AND FAR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Patrick Thaddeus 212-678-5621 The main scientific purpose is Ill to observe interstellar molecxtes at millimeter and sobmillimeter wavelengths, in order to study the dynamics of dense interstellar clouds. the process of star formation, isotopic ratios, interstellar chemistry, and other astrophysical topics, and 121 to obtain laboratory data on molecular spectra in order to interpret these observations, and in order to search for new molecules in space. The main technical purpose is to extend radio frequency techniques into the far infrared for use on aircraft and space vehicles The approach involves the design. construction, and test of millimeter-wave receivers, observations using these with existing radio telescopes, and back-up laboratory measurements W76-70580 188-41-55 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst. of Tech., Pasadena INFRARED ASTRONOMY 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3026 The objective of this task is to obtain and analyze absolutely. calibrated high resolution near infrared 11-6 micronl spectra of late-type stars and variables The program is a collaborative effort between JPL and the University of Texas at Austin and involves a oct observing program using the JPL Fourier Spectrometer at the 2.7 m telescope. McDonald Observatory, model atmosphere analyses and spectrum syntheses in Austin. molecular physics at JPL and stellar interior modelling at JPL From these data. we hope to learn more about the composition, structure and evolution of these projects W76-70581 188-41-55 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D.C. INFRARED ASTRONOMY N W. Boggess 202-755-3688 The objective is to advance stellar and galactic astronomy in the spectral region between 1 and 1000 microns through observational and theoretical programs Observations in the infrared portion xf the electrumagnetic spectrum are particularly important for an understanding of the early and late stages in stellar evolution, interstellar matter, galaxies and quasistellar objects and the energy mechanisms associated with them, and the residual radiation of the universe A balanced program including observation, technique and instrumentation development, and theory is required to insure the advances needed for full utilization of future platforms in space The approach includes the following elements Ill support observational programs using ground-based telescopes, balloons, and airplanes; and 121 promote the development uf infrared techniques and apparatus. Special emphasis is placed on far IR narross band filters, spectral interferometers, modulation techniques, and multiple detector arrays in xrder to enhance the information content of an observation; and more recently, on development of cryogenic and towbackground telescopes 188-41-56 W76-70578 188.41-55 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF STARS A. E. Potter 713-483-2071 The overall objective is to clarify the structure and nature of cool stars. Specific objectives are to determine accurate continuum energy distributions for typical C, M and S.type stars W76-70582 throughout their phase variations. Results will be fitted to model Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. 92 PAGENO="0325" 321 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES FAR INFRARED ASTRONOMY Michael Hauser 301-982-2468 The scientific objective of this new program is to observe stellar, interstellar and eotragalactic sources of far infrared (10-1000 micrxnf radiation in order to study many astrophysical problems, such as early and late phases of stellar evolution, the composition and dynamics of the interstellar medium, the energetics of high luminosity galactic and extragalactic sources, and the structure and history of the Universe. Since atmospheric opacity and emissivity prohibit or severely limit ground-based observations, high altitude observational platforms such as balloons and satellites must be developed to permit sensitive astronomical measurements in this spectral range. High detec- tivity composite bolometers will be developed to take maximal advantage of the low background conditions achievable at these altitudes. W76-70583 188-41-57 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 Laboratory data will be obtained to support the theory of interstellar molecular synthesis by ion-neutral reactions in cloudy regions of condensed material between stars. Up tv now. theoretical studies which mudel interstellar synthesis by ion-neutral reactions have had to rely, to a large degree, on assumed reactions and assumed rate constants. Those reactions and rate cvnstants which are of most pressing interest for interstellar molecular synthesis can be measured in the JPL Ion Chemistry Laboratory using the ivy cyclotron resonance IICRI technique. The reactions of atomic ions IHI+l. C(+l. Nl+l. 01+11 and simple hydride ions (CH(+(, NHI+l, etc.l with the most abundant neutral molecular species (H2( have been measured in this laboratory. Ix order tu study the reaction of ions with atoms and radicals (H, CH, OH, etc.(, the ICR spectrometer will be mxdified to produce these unstable neutral species. Those electron-molecule collision processes which play an important role in interstellar chemistry will be studied. Cross sections for these processes. and radiative lifetimes of the excited species will be determined in molecular beam/electron beam scattering experiments, and by electrun-photon coincidence measurements, respectively. The methods of electron-impact spectroscopy will be used to identify metastable states of molecules which are not observable via photon excitation. The measurements will be carried out on H2.NO.CH4.NH3.H25,CH3OH. and HCN in a manner that correlates these measurements with all the available experimen- tal and theoretical data. W76-70584 188-41-64 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbvlt, Md. X-RAY ASTRONOMY FOR SHUTTLE Elihu A Bxldt 301-982-5853 Celestial X-ray sources have introduced us to rich new aspects of astrxnxmy ranging from the millisecond bursts of hard X-rays coming from the innermost orbits of matter falling xlv a black-hole to the broadened K lives emitted by subrelativistic cosmic ray iron nuclei ejected mIx the interstellar gas from recent supernovae such as Cay A. The combination of large sensitive area, low detector background, high temporal resolution and eon-dispersive spectruscopy over a broad bandwidth has been our approach in discovering and evplxrivg these phenomena. The power of this approach is being well demonstrated. Extending it with improved spectral resolution and broad-band imaging is a major area of develupment now indicated. This involves the creation and evaluation of new systems incorporating low nuise ionization counters of optimum resolutixv, large area X-ray concentrators. imaging counters and associated scatter-hole camera configura- tions The laboratory-type operation and high telemetry capability of the shuttle make it particularly appropriate fun the effective application of such instrumentation to new experiments in X-ray astrunumy. W76-70585 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. COMETS AND INTERSTELLAR MATTER B. D. Dunn 301-982-5014 This RTOP includes several programs to study interplanetary and interstellar matter. The primary objective is laboratory experimentation relevant to the physicochemical behavior of matter in space. Theoretical analysis of astronomical problems using experimental and theoretical results is a second aim. A third aspect involves observations from spacecraft to obtain new data. The last phase uses ground based telescopic observations. Molecular beam, laser techniques. and resonance fluorescence are being used for measuring production and reaction of atoms. radicals and ions from planetary, cometary or interstellar molecules by impact of photons. electrons and ions. The optics. spectrxs- copy and chemistry of species appropriate to the study of interstellar molecules and grains will be investigated. The possible relation of comelary and interstellar molecules to star formation chemical evolution and the origin of life will be examined. lx support of other research use of image intensifiers to study cumets and interplanetary matter will be investigated. W76-70586 188-45-51 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena COMETS O P. Burcham 213-354-3028 It is the objective of this RTOP to coordinate a program of ground-based observations, laboratory work, and theory addressed particularly toward a quantitative understanding of the physical procexses which give rise to the phenomena of nucleus, coma. and tails called a comet. A further objective is the intercomparison of many comets ix order to enhance the value of data taken on those few that become targets for space missions. The observa- tional program will be carried out at the Table Mountain, Mt. Wilson, and Mauna Kea Observatories. Emphasis will be placed xx using the SIPS lsilicxx imaging photometric system( to obtain two-dimensional photometry of comet comae and tails. These maps will be used to determine the distribution of emitting species ix comet comae. The laboratory studies programs are directed towards understanding photochemical processes in comets and mechanisms of cometary halo production. Theoretical modelling which incorporates both the observations and laboratory work will be used to develop models of cometary structure. Both neutral and plasma gas distributions will be included in the modelling. W76-70587 188-45-52 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. INTERPLANETARY DUST AND COMETARY PHYSICS Nicholas C. Cxstes 205-453-0946 A broad multidisciplinary approach will be applied to problems related to the origin, composition and physical properties of solar-system small boJies, combining the experience in optical scattering and surface phenomena developed in the Skylab Optical Contamination program, the experience in the properties .of porous material developed in the Apollo lunar surface investigations, and the experience with developing and applying state-of-the-art electro-optical observing and automated analysis techniques developed previously under this RTOP. The observa- tional objectives are to xbtain statistical data on the composition of shower and sporadic meteors through spectral analysis; obtain distribution functions for meteor masses ix the range from 0.000001 to 100 grams as a function of hour and season; to map shower profiles in order to obtain the effects of perturbations on the shower components; and to obtain spectral, photometric. and polarimetric data on targets of opportunity such as comets or asteroids that may become visible. Supporting laboratory studies will include the study of simulated cometary structure and physical properties by means of vacuum sublimation of aggregates of various minerals and ices at cryogenic temperatures. Evapora- tion rates of various ices as a function of impurities under solar simulatixn will be studied. and photo-dissociation and excitation of the evaporating molecules will be measured Finally, attempts will be made to relate the research results into a coherent picture of the behavior of comets and the dust they produce. 188-45-51 W76-70588 188-45-52 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va. METEOR ASTRONOMY - OBSERVATIONS. SPECTRA. AND DATA ANALYSIS 93 PAGENO="0326" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 322 S. Love 804-827-2893 The primary objective is to obtain trajectory, orbital, and spec- tral data of chemically differentiated meteors, and of other meteors of special interest. Additional objectives include radiation studies. and studies of earth-orbital, far-UV meteor spectroscopy. Preparations for far-UV meteor photometry and spoctroscopy from space-shuttle launched platforms. LDEM and AlL will be made. Calibration and data reduction procedures for the UV region will be developed. The research will be accomplished by operating and upgrading the two-station, direct-photography and meteor spectra patrol. Statistical studies of data in hand and detailed reduction of selected data will continue. Radiation studies. particularly of self-absorption and energy partition will continue. An engineering model of a far-UV meteor detector/photometer will be developed for intended use on an Explorer class spacecraft and for the space shuttle ATL A UV photometer experiment will be developed for the Long Duration Exposure Facility. W76-70589 188-45-53 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena COSMIC DUST MEASUREMENTS D. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 The objective of this work is to develop a focal plane mass spectrometer with an extremely sensitive ion detector which would allow the simultaneous collection of all ion beams over the mass region of interest. The high sensitivity is particularly important for the analysis of cometary atmospheres where very low densities are likely to be encountered and the ability to optimally trade-off sensitivity and spatial resolution is currently constrained by low duty cycle, scanning instruments. The approach would be to work closely with Professor A 0 C Nier of the University of Minnesota who will provide hardware and sciencn support in concert with an electro-optical detector development at JPL The present concept of the detector is to place a micro-channel electron multiplier array at the focal plane of the mass spectrome- ter where the ion beam signals are converted to electrons with an amplification of greater than or equal to 10,000. The resulting electron beams would impinge upon phosphor coated hber optics yielding photons which are directed to a photodiode linear array. W76-70590 188-45-53 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF METEOR DEBRIS FROM THE ATMOSPHERE D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 1176-61-11; 743-02-22; 195-21-04) The objectives are to compare the properties elemental and mineralogical) of material collected in the atmosphere after a meteor hrebal) event with the debris ablated from meteorites. and the cosmic dust background level in the stratosphere The particulate collections will be obtained using basic instruments currently available and on board the U-2 aircraft supporting Ames stratospheric research prcgram IRTOPs 176-61-11 and 743-02- 221. The collection will be attempted on meteor hreballs with magnitudes of approximately -10 or greater within 30 hours of the event Ito ensure largest possible particles will be collected) at an altitude of approximately 20 km. The flight path will be determined using ground observation data and a meteor fireball wake distribution pattern based upon known stratospheric wind conditions employing a classical atmospheric fallout model. The analyses to be performed on collected specimens will includn optical mineralogy. petrography, density, X-ray diffraction. electron microprobe, scanning electron microscope. laser microprxbn. and ion microprobe. Thesn results will be compared with current data describing physical properties of aerosols in the stratosphere and those characteristics of meteor ablation debris obtained from studies on meteorite fusion crusts and results obtained during artificial meteor ablation expnriwents. W76-70591 188-46.52 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbnlt. Md THEORETICAL HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS R. Ramaty 301-982-4715 The objectives are: 11) to conduct theoretical research in high energy astrophysics with particular emphasis on areas of interest to the general program of the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics. 12) to provide support of graduate students from the University of Maryland to participate in research leading to doctoral dissertations in theoretical astrophysics, 13) to publish in the scientific literature the relevant and significant results obtained from research carried out by members of the group, and 14) to provide theoretical support for satellite experiments and mission definition studies, conducted both within and outside the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics. The Theoretical Group in the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics consists of two civil service employees IR. Ramaty and L A. Fisk), one or two National Academy Research Associates (B Kozlovsky, 1973-74; C. Ryter, 1974-75). and three graduate students (H. T. Wang. T. Bai and R. Bussard). Members of the group have maintained a high level of theoretical expertise in high energy astrophysics and have attempted to contribute to and keep abreast with new developments in this area of astronomy. Using this expertise, they initiate and support theoretical research in the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics. They have alsx contributed to the weekly Goddard-University of Maryland Astrophysics Seminar both as lecturers and as advisors on topics and potential speakers W'76-70592 188-46-56 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington. D.C. PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS Albert G. Dpp 202-755-8493 1188-46-571 The objective of this RTOP is to study the isotopic and charge composition and energy of galactic and solar cosmic rays. The primary galactic radiation represents the direct penetration xf material from the galaxy mIx the solar system. The study of the nuclear composition and energy of this material provides direct evidence of the stellar processes responsible for the cosmic radiation and information on the interstellar material transmitted by the cosmic radiation The observation of solar cosmic rays provides information on the abundances of different elements in the sun and information on the solar processes that accelerate energetic particles to their observed energies. The design. construction and test of cosmic ray detectors is the prime activity supported by this RTDP. Solid state detectors, magnetic spectrometers, scintillators. Cerenkxv cxue tees and ionization spectrometers are typical instruments developed and tested under the support of this RTOP. Research balloons are employed extensively. Balloon flights are used both to test new instruments and to obtain new scientific information on the properties of cosmic radiation. New instrument concepts are also tested at particle accelerators. W76-70593 188-46-56 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS F. B. McDonald 301-982-4801 (188-46-641 The objective is to measure the energy spectra, charge and isotopic composition of the primary cosmic radiation and of solar conmic rays. Supporting this xbjective is the development of new detector systems foe the study of the properties of cosmic radiation, and the associated development of theoretical studies related to these experiments. The results will be used in astrophysical considerations concerning the origin, acceleration and propagation of cosmic radiation. Specific goals are enumerated as follows: Ill measurements of the high energy composition of the cosmic radiation, including spectral, charge and isotopic studies from electrons up through the heaviest elements; 121 development of detectors to study the low energy composition of solar and galactic cosmic rays, with the goal xf measuring the intensity xf cosmic rays at great distances from the sun xx deep space missions; and 13) measurements of the positron ratio from 20 MeV to 20 GeV is terminated. Detectors will be designed, constructed and tested in our laboratories. Detector behavior will be explored using particle accelerator beams and other devices. Balloon flights will be carried out both for the purpose of detector development and for obtaining new scientific information New measurements will be made of the properties of cosmic radiation available for study at balloon altitudes. 94 PAGENO="0327" 323 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES W76-70594 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY D. P Burcham 213-354-3028 This describes the JPL program in X- and gamma ray astronomy, part of which is a cooperative effort with UCSD. The primary objective of the program is to observe nuclear gamma ray line spectra from eotratnrrestrial sources in the .02 to 10 MnV energy range. Such observations could provide important information on nucleosynthesis. galactic history and the physical nature of various celestial objects including cosmic X-ray and gamma ray sources, both constant and transient. Under this program, a high resolution gamma ray spectrometer balloon system will be used in a series of astronomical observations. Additional activities will be the developmevt of advanced concepts in detection techniques. instrumentation and data analysis. The specific objectives for this program for FY-76 are to reduce. analyze, and publish the data from previous balloon flights; conduct two observational balloon flights in the Southern Hemisphere; and continue the development of a gamma-ray burst detector. W76-70595 188-46-57 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY Albert G. app 202-755-8493 (188-46-59) The objective of this RTOP is to measure the characteristics of energetic photon omission from celestial sources and to understand the physical process responsible for the emissions. This RTOP includes photonic radiation from approoimately 10 keV in energy upward to as high as can be measured, that is. from hard X-rays to ultra-high energy gamma rays. Several hard X-ray sources have been identified, which have spectra eotending into the tens to hundreds of keV. The spectra of discrete sources and the spectra and distribution of the diffuse background will provide information on the physical processes active iv stars. galaoies and interstellar space. Gamma ray photons result from a number of physical processes. These processes can furnish information on the synthesis and distribution of elements in the universe, on the magnetoplasma environment of a star, on the condensation and interaction of interstellar material with radiation. as well as other astrophysically important parameters. Gamma rays, which are undeflected by magnetic fields, travel directly from their sources, and anisotropies in the direction of arrival of the photons gives ivformation on the location of the gamma W76-70596 188-46-57 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY C. E. Fichtel 301-982-6281 The technical objective is to develop the most appropriate detector systems for the observation of the astrophysical sources of very energetic photons. The approach has been divided into several different parts. The first approach to the general problem of gamma ray astronomy was the development of a large telescope using digitized spark chambers to be tested on high-altitude balloons and then flown on satellites. Other approaches to detector systems are now being pursued both for the high-energy gamma rays and intermediate gamma ray studies. A medium-energy gamma ray detector has been designed and built. A unique feature of this system is its high time resolution which will permit the tagging of several gamma rays during a short (microseconds) pulse as might be eopected from a supernova outburst. Additionally, the theory of shaped scintillation detectors for measurement of medium energy gamma rays on small satellites is being studied, and design work of a detector system will begin in the near future. Improvements in the particle chamber systerys'are continuing, and methods for accurate timing are bejng' developed for a search for discrete source emission of ..~gamma rays at pulsar periodicities. Special attention in the particle chamber research is now being directed at designing and building a low cost chamber of significantly larger size. At the same time several different approaches are being eoplored to improve angular resolution, especially through better positional accuracy, W76-7O597 188-46-58 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. LOW ENERGY GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY T. L Cline 301-982-4375 The technical objective of this new research program is to carry out ostensive studies iv astronomy in the 0.1 to 10MeV region, intermediate between the traditional X-ray and gamma-ray domains Spectroscopy. as a basic element in this program is central to its success, since high-resolution energy determination is the tool that will make possible the scientific advances in this window of the electromagnetic spectrum where background problems have always predominated. The study of the 0.1 to 10 MeV gamma ray spectrum us critical in high-energy astrophys- ics, since this energy region contains many important monochro- matic lines and spectral features which are the signatures of basic astrophysical processes. Nuclear gamma-ray lines in particular are eopected in great profusion in this energy interval. Identifications of nuclear and isotopic species are uniquely possible with the detection of these characteristic gamma-ray lines. Among these, depending on the process involved, are the 2.23 MeV deuteron line, the 4.43 MeV carbon-12 line, the 6.14-MeV ooygen-16 and 6.33 MeV nitrogen-iS lines, some of which have been observed in solar flares. Additional possibilities are the 0.43 MeV beryllium-7 and 0.478 MeV lithium-7 lines, and the 0.845 MeV and 1 24 MeV iron-56 lines, not to mention the 0.511 MeV positron line, a unique feature not necessarily the product of a specifically nuclear reaction. Many theoretical treatises have been written predicting measureable fluoes of the various nuclear gamma-ray lines from astrophysical sources. including supernovae and novae and their remnants. X-ray emitters, and diffuse regions, including the galactic plane and center. For example. lollowing a nearby supernova event (which itself may turn out to be detectable as a brief but intense X- and gamma-ray emitter), the several-week decay period of the light curve predicts a variety of fractional MeV gamma-ray lines. These, unlike the flare or burst-typo transients. eoist for a---- W76-7O598 188-46-59 N ational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC X-RAY ASTRONOMY Albert G. Opp 202-755-8493 1188-46-561 The objective is to investigate and understand the nature of sources of X-ray emission. The number of sources detected has been increasing by virtue of the action observational program being conducted with balloons, rockets, and satellites. As experimental techniques have been refined, a number of point sources have been identified with unusual optical objects both galactic and extragalactic in origin. In addition. X.ray variability of different characteristic forms has been found; some sources are analogous to the radix and optical pulsars The general cosmic X-ray background. as well as the point sources need further study in order to elucidate the emission mechanism and the cosmological significance of these objects. Specific objectives are the detection of additional sources. spatial mapping of the background; accurate positional determination and correlation with optically identifiable objects. These objectives are met by supporting laboratory studies, flight programs. and theoretical work. Research and development of advanced detectors. shielding systems, and focussing optical systems are being conducted Data processing methods are being rehned. W76-7O599 188-46-59 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md. X-RAY ASTRONOMY Elihu A. Boldt 301-982-5853 Celestial X-ray sources have introduced us to rich new aspects 188-46-57 as well as sensitivity for future gamma ray telescopes. A factor of two improvement in positional accuracy in both dimensions has already been achieved and several approaches for further significant improvements are currently under study. These developments should provide the improvements in sensitivity and angular accuracy which are critical to the future advancement of gamma ray astronomy. 95 PAGENO="0328" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 324 of astronomy ranging from the millisecond bursts of hard X-rays coming from the innermost orbits of matter falling into a black-hole to the broadened K lines emitted by subrelativistic cosmic ray iron nuclei ejected into the interstellar gas from recent supernovae such as Cas A. The combination of large sensitive area, low detector background, high temporal resolution and eon-dispersive spectroscopy over a broad bandwidth has been our approach in discovering and exploring these phenomena. The power of this approach is being well demonstrated. Extending it with improved spectral resolution and broad-band imaging is a major area of development now indicated. This involvbs the creation and evaluation of new systems incorporating low noise ionization counters of optimum resolution, large area X-ray concentrators, imaging counters and assxciated scatter-hole camera configura- W76-70600 188.46-64 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala. COSMIC RAY AND GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY INVESTI. GATIONS T. A Parnell 205-453.5130 The objective is to develop instrumentation, perform theoreti- cal calcxlatixns and develop data analysis techniques for measurements on high Z cxsmic rays and fur gamma rays between 0 t and 10 MeV. To test the instrumentation and techniques fur shuttle era experiments by performing obsernatiuns of the cosmic ray and gamma ray flux on ballouns. This work will include the following tasks: using detectors and techniques already developed, a large-area 125 sg ml multi dE/do Cerenkxv counter system will be flxwn on a balloxn to perfxrm a high resolution measurement of the individual elements from Z = 6 thru 28. A study will be made to extend this class of detectxr system to very large area for use in shuttle era enperiments fur high charge resolutiun measurments in the Z greater than 28 regixn. Theoretical work will continue on the applicatiun of Mutt cross sections to detectxr response fur High Z. A high resolution (GeLil gamma ray detector with a low loss des/ar and large area Nal detectors will be assembled into an instrument fur observation of gamma ray lines from the galactic center region, and to search for small gamma ray bursts. This instrument will include a novel data system now under development for use on long-dxratixn (super-pressurel balloons Calculatixns and experi- ments will continue on gamma ray background due to neutron and proton activation. W76-7O601 188.46-64 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. SHUTTLE DEFINITION STUDIES FOR HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS F. B. McDonald 301-982-4801 1188-46-561 The objective of this program is to develop a variety of new detector systems fur high energy astrophysics research, including cxsmic ray, X-ray and gamma ray astrxnxmy. Meaningful new experiments in these fields presently require the dnvelvpment of several new devices. incurporating new improvements in energy, charge and isotope resolution, in temporal resolution and directional resolution, and utilizing very large payloads of great size and weight, capable of orbit with the shuttle. These include the cosmic-ray composition and energy spectrometers. The technical objective is to measure the energy distributiun and the charge and mass composition of the several cxmpxnents of the primary cosmic radiation. These cxmpxnents include both electrons and nuclei from hydrogen to iron, lead. uranium, and beyxnd Beyond 10 to the 12th pxwer eV, en infurmatiun is presently available, primarily because particles in this range are very rare. The spectra fall steeply with increasing energy requiring large area detectors and lung exposure times. This large enpusure must be obtained while maintaining the resulution of much smaller detectors. Energy measurements in this highly relativistic range are currently being dune using ixeizatiun spectrometers and gas Cerenkov detectors. Development of new techniques such us transition radiation detectors and magnetic spectrometers, n/ill be required fur some measurements. The properties of charge measuring devices, direction detecting devices. and energy spectrometers will be calibrated on the ground and studied at balloxn altitudes. These detectors are being develuped for shuttle missions which will provide the essential expxsxre time and background free environment. W76-70602 188-48-51 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala INTERDISCIPLINARY SPACE SCIENCE RESEARCH E. Stuhlinger 205-453-3033 The objective is to conduct space research in varixus scientific and technical disciplines with a capability of directing quick reaction efforts toward significant problems or prumising areas of research and with the overall purpose of enhancing in-hnuse scientific capabilities of the MSFC. Such research is related to the physics and astronamy programs of NASA. Under the direction of the Associate Director fur Science, Dr. Ernst Stuhlivger. research is initiated in scientific and technical areas which influence the scientific missions of the center. Research projects are selected that. within available resources, contribute significantly to in-hxuse scientific capabilities and state-of-the-art advancement. These projects are then funded from the Interdisciplinary Space Science Research discretiunary funds. W76-70603 188-48-52 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md BASIC THEORETICAL RESEARCH A Temkin 301-982-4091 The objective is to develup techniques for the solution of basic Iprototypel atxmic collisiun problems involved in processes occurring in planetary and stellar atmospheres and in other plasmas also for collision processes that may be used as diagnxstic tuals in atmuspheres. Specific wurk implementing the abxve objective falls intx the following general categuries: Ill study of electron impact iunizatixn, 121 development of techniques and calculations of autxinnizatiun states of atomic systems, 131 calculation of electron molecule scattering techniques, 141 charge exchange of iron nuclei with cosmic gases, 15) study of electron-atom scattering methods. 16) investigation of electron- pxsitron annihilatixn in solar flares, 17) development of a calculatixnal program of electron-ion impact excitatiun. and 181 precisinn calculation of Hl.~l2 transitiun Ire quenc ins. W76-706O4 188-78-51 Gxddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. GENERAL: SIGNAL AND DATA PROCESSING ELECTRONICS; SOLID STATE DETECTORS James H. Trainor 301-982-6282 The technical objectives of this research project are tx develop and test new on-buard signal handling, data prucvssing, storage, computing and auxiliary electronics circuitry for use in energetic particle and astruphysics experiments on spacecraft, rockets, bullauns. etc., as well as special test and analysis equipment applicable also fur both ground and shuttle usage. The growing cxmpleoity of experiments and the often currespunding increase in the volume of data obtained have made signal handling, data processing and data transmissixn capability limiting factors. To reduce the transmission of unnecessary data, it is necessary to increase the experiment's on-board signal handling and data processing capability. This prxgram is approached through (11 the investigatiun and develupmont of new techniques fur signal shaping and handling, data processing and uuoillary circuitry, and 121 the mndificatixn uf existing techniques by the applicatixn uf advanced technology and materials including MDS/LSI technology, thick hIm techniques, and multiple chip techniques. Special techniques must also be devised in order to accurately and efficiently evaluate and test the flight systems at low cast. The use of micrx'processxrs and minicxmputers is being pursued buth for ground testing and in'flight data systems. The technical objective of the research project is tu conduct a program of research and develupment, and device test and evaluatiun in the field of silicon nuclear radiation detectxrs with emphasis on (11 the improvement of detector technulugy; 12) the understanding of the radiation damage effects on device operation and lifetime: 131 the understanding of the effects on these detectors of chemicals commonly used near or on spacecraft; (4) to establish the technolugy fur the fabricatiun of specialized devices not available 96 PAGENO="0329" 325 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES from industry; and 15) to continue the pragmatic life testing now underway. W76-70605 188-78-51 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. LOW GRAVITY SUPERFLUID HELIUM ADVANCED TECH- NOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Richard A. Potter 205-453-3431 Several experiments are currently being developed which will require a low temperature environment for their proper operation in space. Superfluid helium will undoubtedly be used for many of these applications Immediate application to eoperiments is to be found in cosmic ray, relativity and infrared astronomy. The purpose of this RTOP is to investigate theoretically and eoperimentally. where possible, the properties of superfluid helium to be eopected when liquid helium dewars are flown into space. The properties of superfluid helium in this near zero gravity environment will be assessed and methods will be investigated whereby problem areas may be resolved and/or controlled. Low gravity aircraft and rocket flights will be conducted to permit more realistic design on helium dewars. W76-70606 188-78-51 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington, D.C. ADVANCE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, GENERAL; CRYOGENICS M J. Aucremanne 202.755.3676 Physics and astronomy eoperiments are being developed which will require a low temperature environment for their proper operation iv space. Superfluid helium will undoubtedly be used for many of these applications The purpose of this work is to investigate theoretically and eoperimentally. where possible, the properties of superfluid helium to be eopected when liquid helium dewars am flown in space Properties of superfluid helium and other cryogens for application in IR astronomy, cosmic ray physics and relativity will be assessed and methods to deal with problems will be developed. W76-70607 188-78-56 Goddard Inst. for Space Studies, New York. MILLIMETER WAVE AND FAR-INFRARED DETECTORS A. B Kerr 2t2.67g.5S62 Coherent detectors similar in principle to those available at radio frequencies will be developed for the far infrared, and research will be conducted to advance detector theory and technology at millimeter wavelengths In the virtually unoc- plored spectral band from 500 to 1500 microns it is eopected that sensitivities many orders of magnitude greater than those presently available from thermal detectors Ibolometersl can be obtained. The scientific purpose is to lay the foundation for spectral line observations of astronomical objects and the atmospheres of the earth and planets A prime objective is to provide spectral line receivers for the study of interstellar molecules with the large uncooled telescope of the space shuttle, and radiometers for the upcoming generation of meteorological satellites. A 1 7 mm wavelength detector is beirg developed under this RTOP for the Microwave Limb Sounder IRTOP #176-31-531 which is planned for an early flight of the space shuttle, and a low-noise 2.6 mm detector is being constructed for use on the Columbia- GISS Sky Sumey Telescope Quasi-optical guiding techniques will be used, together with new microscopic antenna-like resonant structures produced using photolithographic techniques Existing nonlinear elements - Schottky-Barrier diodes and Josephson junctions - are potentially capable of performing the required electrical functions, but their physical configurations must be revised to permit their integration into microscopic circuit structures. Concurrently with this work a detailed study is being made of millimeter wavelength mixers - which are still poorly understood - to determine the optimum embedding structures for low-noise operation, and to investigate the anomalous noise observed in these devices W76-70608 188-78-56 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. D.C. INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY - IMAGE TUBE AND DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT M. J Aucremanne 202-755-3676 Development of large space telescopes is fundamental to the objectives of the Astronomy Research Program Iris essential that normal incidence image forming systems operating with maximum spatial and spectral resolution in the IR. visible, and ultraviolet regions be evolved. These instruments will be required to detect and present astronomical data in extreme fidelity. In order to accomplish this it will be necessary to develop a series of instruments that both accomplish their scientific objectives and at the same time provide technological data to permit a burgeoning capability. In order to fully utilize such advanced telescopes it will be necessary to concurrently develop suitable electronic image sensing system. W76-70609 188-78-60 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. ADVANCED MISSION STUDIES FOR EXPLORER PRO- GRAMS Paul Butler 301-982-4S03 The objective is to perform studies and necessary research in support of continuing advanced mission studies for Explorer class missions as defined in NASA A0 no.6 and AG no 7. AD no.6 solicits participation in the scientific teams that will define missions for Explorer spacecraft launched by either Scout or Delta vehicles or space shuttle. AD no 7 solicits proposals for the complete definition of individual scientific missions for Explorer class spacecraft launched by Scout only The approach is to support assigned studies and tasks related to the above AD's involving NASA, the U S scientific community and the international scientific community Support will be provided by conducting required study and research effort either in-house, out-of-house, or in combination. Support is being provided now in evaluation of available proposals. This will continue for future proposals. Assistance will be further provided in support of the scientific mission definition teams appointed as a result of the A0 activities. W76-70610 188-78-60 Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION STUDY FOR AIR DENSITY EXPLORERS - 1980 (NEUTRAL DYNAMICS EXPLORERSI S Lone 804-827-2893 1385-36-Ot I The objective is a scientific deheition study lie response to AD no. 71 of the next generation Air Density Explorer experiment which will usn a complementary set of drag and mass spectrometer experiments to study the structure, composition, temperature. and dynamics of the thermosphere and exosphere. The experiment will include neutral and ion mass spectrometers, as well as a drag-free proof mass to allow the detection of accelerations orders of magnitude smaller than flight-proven accelerometers The measurements from these Neutral Dynamics Explorers will be compared to those of ionic constituents from the Electrodynam- ic Explorer type experiment (mentioned in AG no 61. W76-7061 1 188-78-60 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, DC ADVANCED MISSION STUDIES M J. Aucremanne 202-755-3676 The objective of the Advanced Mission Studies is to initiate studies both in-house and on contract for the Explorer Series and for the disciplines represented in Physics and Astronomy Programs This RTOP will permit studies to be initiated for those disciplines outlined in the recent announcement of flight opportunities. The need for observations in the disciplines of physics and astronomy has been expressed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Endorsement of the Explorer Series has been provided by the NAS in their summer studies and by others in the scientific community The purpose of this RTOP is to expedite preliminary and conceptual studies by the appropriate field centers. If 055 is to continue to meet the goals of this agency, then it is imperative that we initiate the studies required to meet oar scientific commitments to the nation. The technical 97 PAGENO="0330" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 326 objectives of the planned effort include support activities in dehnition studies, the review of prior projects to ascertain whether existing subsystems, systems and hardware can be used in a minimum cost approach to designing the basic spacecraft, and the resources required to conduct the missiuns W76-70612 188-78-60 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala SHUTTLE LAUNCHED HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS SPACECRAFT Joseph A. Dabbs 205-453-2817 Shuttle launched free flying spacecraft instrumented for High Energy Astrophysics are planned fur the time period of t980's onward. While it is impussible to predict the instruments and experiments which will have priurity in that time frame, it is reasunable to select several representative experiment comple- ments and associated mission requirements us inputs for evaluation of spacecraft requirements. The mix of science requirements and instruments will be furnished by the Physics and Astronomy Programs Office. Additional information is available from the 1973 High Energy Astrophysics Working Group final report and the t973 Wouds Hole Group. These missiuns will be examined with regard to spacecraft communality and feasibility in a preliminary in-h xuse study. The folluw-on contracted study will dx a detailed technical analysis. Planetary Biology W76-70613 192-55-61 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. CHEMICAL EVOLUTION H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 (192-55-62; 192-55-67) Chemical evolutixn encompasses the study of the evolutiunary path of carbun and its compxunds from the primal fireball, through interstellar dust clxuds. to formative of galaxies, solar systems. and planets, to the beginnings of life on the earth. lx the luburatory. the syntheses uf organic compxunds related to terrestrial bixchemicals are explored in experiments which simulate the putative envirxnments of interstellar dust clouds. cxxling solar nebulae and primxrdial and extant planetary atmospheres and surfaces. The study is relevant to understanding the prebixlxgical chemistry of the solar system which led in the case xf earth to the formatiun of organic cxmpxunds and the origin of life, but which on extraterrestrial bxdies and environments may have taken divergent paths. The study provides an experimental basis for the hypxthesis that the origin of life on earth, and pxssibly elsewhere, was preceded by a period of xrganic chemical evvlutixn in which simple compounds containing the xrganxgenic elements C. N. 0. 5, P. H were cxxverted by abixtic processes intu the complex xrgaeic mxlecxles which are direct precxrsxrs of the macromxlecules essential lx life W76.70614 192.55-62 Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif. ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 (192-55-611 The principles and practices of organic gexchemistry can be applied ix any cxsmx-chemical investigaticn wherein a sxlid matrix is studied fxr the presence of organic matter and its characteriza- tion. Thus. gexlxgical materials from earth and extra-terrestrial samples such as metexrites. lunar materials, and future samples returned frxm planets are objects of stxdy Organic geochemistry seeks to elucidate the occurrence, nature. and distributive of organic cxmpxunds ix melexrites and in terrestrial substances such as cxntempxrary exvirxnments. recent and ancient sediments lincludixg Precambrian rocks), and fxssils. The methxds asd results of these studies can be applied lx the interpretatixn of the significance of organic substances in terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials. By using the earth and its geochemical processes as a model, information abxut the influence of extraterrestrial prxcesses on organic matter can be better understoxd Highly rehned analytical techniques are develxped and used in organic gexchemistrj to separate organic compounds from mineral matrices. These cxmpxunds furm the basis for understanding geuchemicul processes including diagenesis. From these studies chemical criteria develxped in chemical evxlutixx experiments xx distinguish between organic matter of bixlugical and eunbixlugi- cal origin can be tested and evaluated using geological samples. These criteria are essential fur understanding the mxde of origin of extraterrestrial organic materials. W76-70615 192-55-63 Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif. PLANETARY SOIL MICROBIOLOGY H. P. Klein 415.965-5094 1192-55-66) Studies are being performed xx better implement the develxpmext of techniques fur the detectiun of extraterrestrial life fur missixes utilizing in situ instrumentation ix or on soils. or in soil samples returned from planetary evplxratixn missions This work includes the science required to elucidate and/or facilitate the amplihcatiun of bixlugy or bixlugical changes in the gas. liquid or sxlid phases W76.70616 192-55-64 Ames Research Center, Mxflett Field. Calif. BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO EXTREME ENVIRON- MENTS H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 1192-55-67) The objective of this RTOP is lx study terrestrial mi- croxrgunisms which have adapted to life under environmental extremes, as (1) mxdels for organisms which may be fxund on other planets. 121 pxssible terrestrial contaminants of other planets. and 13) examples or organisms which may be present in samples returned frxm Mars in the future. There are terrestrial mi- croorganisms which live ix cxnditixns of high and luw tempera- tures. lxw humidity, high radiative flux, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity; all environments fxund on one or more of the other planets. The enzymes. structural compxnents. and genetic systems of these organisms are being studied xx determine huw they have been modified during adaptation xx such cxnditixns. The ixfurmaxixn will suggest whether it is reasxnable xx expect that life furms resembling terrestrial life could have evolved on a particular planet, and what characteristics might be present in thxse forms. lx addition, there will be informative impcrtant to the questixns of forward cxntaminatixn xf unxther planet, and back cuxtaminatixe to earth. W76-70617 192.55-65 Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif BIOINSTRUMENTATION H. P Klein 415-965-5094 The broad objectives of this effxrt are xx develxp instrumenta- xixn and techniques fur the dexectixx and characterizutiun of life ox other planets. The primary emphasis of the program is directed toward the planet Mars, but cxnsideratixn will be given to applicatixn of the instrumextatixx lx other planets. The wxrk prxjecxs involve the continued develxpmenx of operatixxal breadboard models of the Unified Bixlxgy Experiment and the Wet-Chemical Amino Acid Analyzer, which are being develxped as candidate pxst-Viking experiments. Develxpment of operatixxal breadboards and prototypes fur the Unified Biology and the Wet Chemistry Analyzer experiments will becxntinued with emphasis on test programs xx insure that the current designs will adequately perform the scientific gxals of the experiments and to identify engineering problems which will require further design and develxpment effxrts. W76-70618 192-55-66 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. PLANETARY ENVIRONMENTS H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 1192-55-631 Scientifically justifiable methxds of analyzing biologically impxrxant parameters are being studied for instrumental implementatixn in order xx assess the extent of a planet's bixlugical 98 PAGENO="0331" 327 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES habitability based on the planets atmosphere and water history. and for selecting biologically enriched areas based on water availability and atmospheric characteristics. W76-70619 192-55-67 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. ORIGIN OF LIFE H. P. Klein 415-965-5094 (192-55-64; 92-55-61) The objectives are to advance our understanding of the processes which are critical to the development of the first living systems on the earth, and to suggest how those processes would function on other planets. Studies on the origin of life focus on the productivn of functional macromolecules, their organization into systems with one or more of the characteristics of living cells, and eventually the appearance of metabolizing, replicating organisms. Information which can be acquired about these processes, and how they led to the appearance of life on earth. can also be applied to cunsideration of a biota on the other planets. Laboratory studies will include, assessment of ultraviolet light as a primitive energy source as well as degradative force; the role of changing atmospheric constituents (e.g.. the appearance of ooygenf on the evolution of primitive organisms; the origin and evolution of catalytic systems; and the development of information transfer systems required for cell replication Planetary Quarantine W76-7O62O 193-58-61 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena PLANETARY QUARANTINE ADVANCED STUDIES C. W Craven 213-354-5322 Planning and analytical studies will be carried out which support the development of planetary quarantine requirements together with basic analytical techniques for their effective implementation in flight programs. Potential contaminating events of future missions will be evaluated Specifically, these studies will include. (1) evaluation of the impact of planetary quarantine constraints on Jupiter-Uranus flyby missions, as well as probe missions to the outer planets; and (21 determining the effects of the natural space environment cv the survival of micro- organisms These studies are conducted to identify and better understand the planetary quarantine constraints applicable to various planned missions. This, in turn, will permit the development of procedures and methodology to reliably satisfy such constraints This RTOP also provides br Planetary Quarantine Project Office functions (as directed by the NASA Headquarters Program Office) These include program planning, definition of resource require- ments, technical monitoring of research work, solicitation and evaluation of technical proposals, and establishment of research contracts. lv addition, a JPL detailee. located at NASA Headquar- ters, is provided to support the Planetary Quarantine Program Office on a day-ru-day basis and to provide support in budget and funding analyses W76-70621 193-58-62 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena MICROBIAL ANALYSIS C W. Craven 213-354-5322 The objective of this RTOP is to develop methodology and data for quantitatively estimating the level of contamination resulting from the transfer of contaminants between various elements of spacecraft hardware This involves the development of analytical algorithms as well as the generation of empirical data needed to exercise the model Physically significant parameters and processes will be analytically modeled and experimentally verified, where possible, to obtain confidence in the results The approach will be to Ill perform experimental tests liv existing JPL facilitiesl to obtain parametric data relative to the various physical phenomena being modeled These data will be used to reline and verify the analytical recontamination models, and 121 to perform sensitivity analyses to assess the impact on recontamination of uperating missions iv various modes In addition, contracted studies are planned which will examine. (11 the nonlinearity of the probability of growth for Mars; and (2) the technical propriety for ivflight revision of the probability of planetary contamination W76-70622 193-58-63 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena CONTAMINATION CONTROL C W Craven 213-354-5322 The objective of this RTOP is to develop methodology and procedures for quantitatively estimating and reducing microbial contamination on an assembled spacecraft just prior to encapsula- tion or terminal sterilization This technology is needed for' (1) determining a minimum acceptable sterilization process such as may be required for a planetary lander or probe, and (2) reducing microbial contamination on spacecraft not requiring sterilization so that planetary contamination probabilities may be reduced This RTOP provides for activities of the Planetary Quarantine Laboratory at the Air Force Eastern Test Range. This laboratory's research is directed at improving and evaluating microbial sampling techniques, microorganism enumeration estimates, sterilization procedures and rapid identification of microorganisms associated with spacecraft and their environments The RTOP also covers studies of the interaction between currently used cleaning and decontamination procedures and the operational constraints that may prevail when planetary spacecraft are launched by space shuttle W76-7O623 193.58-64 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech.. Pasadena PLANETARY BACK CONTAMINATION C W Craven 213-354-5322 The primary objective of this RTOP is tx study the quarantine implications of introducing extra-terrestrial materials into the earth's biosphere Such materials may be in the form of samples purposely being returned to earth from extra-terrestrial sites or may exist as `contaminants on vehicles returned to earth after having encountered extra-terrestrial targets The secondary objective of this RTOP is to study methods for. (1) reducing or eliminating extra-terrestrial contamination on earth return vehicles prior to their entry into earth's biosphere, and (2) manipulating and processing returned extra-terrestrial samples in order to make determinations relative to the need for their quarantine or the risks involved in their release therefrom. Basic questions involving the definition and detection of life from a quarantine viewpoint will be addressed Operational protocol and problems assxciared with the use of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory will form a framewxrk rxr the initial part of these studies Lunar Science W76-70624 195-20-01 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. OC EARTH BASED OBSERVATIONS F I Roberson 202-755-1602 Continued study of the lunar surface using earth-based instruments Studies of broadband reflection spectrvscopy is used to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of the lunar surface Study of the moon in terms of composition, surface processes. and retional gexlogy using data from telescopic spectral reflectivity Using telescopic measurements of minute color differences, studies will be on separating lunar maria into chemical stratigraphic units and dating these units. W76-70625 195-20-02 Nariunal Aerunautics and Space Administration. Washington. O.C THEORETICAL STUDIES F I. Roberson 202.755.1602 Oevelopment of scientific concepts about the composition, structure. srratigraphy. origin. and history of the muon and its constituent features requires an iterative process of data 99 PAGENO="0332" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 328 acquisition, synthesis, and theory. The evolving theoretical models of the moon have been constantly refined through testing and modification in this senes of studies. Major areas of research include temperature-pressure studies. cosmogenesis. seismology. electrical conductivity. geologic mapping, interactive of lunar matenals with energetic particles, and thermodynamics of lunar W76-70627 195-20-04 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC EXTRATERRESTRIAL MATERIALS F I Roberson 202-755-1602 The objectives of eotraterrestnal materials program are to mprove and eoteed scientific and technical knowledge of meteorites in order to increase our understanding of the compasition and history of the solar system. give detailed information on present and past conditions of cosmic radiation in interplanetary space Ispace probes), and supplem ent studies of the chemical, physical, and geological properties of the lunar samples. The wide variety of experimental techniques available for meteorite study, including measurements ii crystallography. mineralogy, radioactivity, particle tracks, chemical and isotopic composition. etc. - serve to give us detailed information on the origin, age, and history of these extraterrestrial objects W76-70628 195-20-05 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC ANALOGUE STUDIES F. I. Robersvn 202-755-1602 Studies of terrestrial features that have been formed by similar processes to those that are believed to have shaped the moon's surface provide the data needed to interpret lunar history. The type of features being eotevsively studied are terrestrial meteorite impact structures. terresterial volcanoes, mass ca aste erosive, lava ridges, ash flows and ejecta flows These are the type of features that appear to be dominant on the lunar surface. W76-70629 195-20-06 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ktashiegton. DC SCIENCE EXPERIMENT CONCEPTS F. I. Roberson 202.755.1602 Eoperimental concepts are conceived. developed, and demonstrated that pertain to the lunar orbit and surface which require perfection of techniques of data reduction and analysis. and interpretation as well as inves ligation of concepts, instruments. and hardware including testing and calibration These enperiments emphusiae goephysics and geochemistry W76.70630 195-2102 Ames Research Center. Mvffett Field. Calif. THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE MOON AND METEORITE PARENT BODIES 0 R Chapman 4t5-965.506b The objective is to understand the origin. evolutivn. structure. and present state of the moon by means of theoretical investigations which incorporate the results of lunar, spacecraft. and groundbased eoperimevts To achieve this objective theoretical W7B.70631 195.21-03 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. IMPACT CRATERING IN GEOLOGIC MATERIALS D R Chapman 415-966-5065 1383-21-021 The objective is to study scaling laws and trajectories of debris ejected from impact craters formed in narious targets to understand impact crater formation and emplacement of crater deposits on various planetary surfaces and to study the formation of doublet craters and their ejecta patterns. To achieve this objective the Ames Vertical Gun Impact Range will be used. Gravitative effects are evaluated by cratering dropping noncohesive sand targets where each drop has a selected constant acceleration and where the crutering is recorded on 35 mm stereo movie film. Multicolored, patterned sand targets are used to establish points of origin and deposition of ejecta. A plate dissector will be osed with a high speed camera to record trajectories and velocities of fragments ejected throughout crater growth. Special layered targets will be impacted to study the origin of lunar and terrestrial impact melts, and techniques of achieving simultaneous impact developed earlier will be used to model conditions of origin of selected lunar crater complexes suspected of having such an origin. W76-70632 195.21.04 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif. CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF METEORITES AND ABLATION PRODUCTS 0. R. Chapman 415-965-5065 (385-45-01: 188.45-53) The objective is to utilize various analytical techniques to (11 characterize formation and post-formational histories of carbovace ous chon drites and basaltic achondrites; 12) to determine the feasibility forming iron meteorites from a cold beginning; and 13) characterize the reaction and fractionation products of meteor ablation to develop criteria for identifying ablated debris in the terrestrial environment. To achieve this objective analyses will include the following techniques: electron m icroprobe, microscopy, ion microprobe. heating and phase equilibria. X-ray diffraction. X-ray flourescence and scanning electron microscopy. Most carbonaceous choedrite are breccias that formed in a water vapor environment Ongoing textural-mineralogical studies have resulted in significant progress. Concentrations of volatile and nonvolatile elements and various isotopic ratios in different constituent phases now must be determined to test and/or refine models of their origin. Basaltic achoedrite breccias appear to have formed on the surface(s) of the parent bxdy(iesl Detailed studies of component lithic and mineral fragments will provide information on rocks exposed at the parent body surface during formation and thus evidence of its state of differentiation and history Ongoing experiments are being used to examine the possibility of formation of iron meteorites from parent bodies with low temperature origins. Fosi on crusts and ablated products of artificully ablated materials are being studied and compared to natural materials to develop criteri anecess ary for the recognition of such debris in the stratosphere, in sediments and in glacial W76-7G633 195-22-02 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md THEORETICAL STUDIES A. O'Keefe 301-982-4445 This work consists of diverse theoretical studies on the structure and history xl the moon Included are studies of the mechanics of the earth-moon system during breakup; studies of the loss of volatile material iv the early history of the moon, and experimental knowledge of physical processes are used, together with astronomical and geological data, to construct and analyze mathematical models of lunar processes and structure. The results of these calculations are interpreted ix terms of such topics as: initial thermal state, composition, material properties, and thermal history of the moon, the interpretation of rare gas studies of meteorites and lunar samples. the cratering history of the lunar surface, and the dynamics of tidal fission and subsequent W76-70626 195-20-03 impact of lunar orbiting bodies National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington. DC LABORATORY SIMULATION F I Roberson 202-755-1602 To study the moon by experimentation in the laboratory. This includes study of the lunar surface by laboratory observations the effect of earixus types of solar radiation of silicate glass. Study through models. the lunar interior structure and evolution as constrained by the physical and chemical properties of the same minerals found on the moxn. Study the shock effects, in the laboratory, of rockforming minerals and the synthetic materials under a wide range of temperatures and pressures Study shock metamorphism effects and cratering phenomena to impact parameters of meteorids using the laboratory facilities. 100 PAGENO="0333" 329 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES studies of the deficiency of nickel and precious metals in the moons surface; and studies of tektites, regarded as possible natural lunar samples. Work so far suggests that a number of connectional ideas about the mono are less securely founded than is usually assumed, including the mechanics of cratering, especially by impact. W76-70634 195-22-03 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOLAR SYSTEM SOLIDS A. Philpotts 301-982-5206 (195-22-04; 195-22-06; 383-22-04) The objective is to characterize the phase reactions and associated magnetic properties in materials which simulate meteorites and planetary surfaces and which are affected by shoc)x impact and thermal processes in nariable FO sub 2 conditions, and to relate this information to integrated syntheses and interpretations of available meteorite and planetary surface data in order to dexelnp process-response models tn provide basis for understanding planetary magnetism. Laboratory experiments utilizing man made alloys and other simulations which have been subjected to known dynamic and thermal histories will be conducted concurrently with exporiments on meteoritic material whose histxry mast be deciphered. The manner in which dynamic and thermal processes affect spectral reflectance will be recorded as part of the systematic program in order to relate magnetism tx telescope reflectivity curves and other remote sensing techniques. Newly defined and established rem anence mechanisms fur metals will be systematically evaluated, and the nature xl remanence acquisition by controlled, dynamic, and thermal processes as a function of field dependence will be explained Thermal reduction in low FO sub 2 will be evaluated along with synthesis and characterzation of specimens which will help to understand lunar rock genvsis and in particular rho composition of coexistent metal W76-70635 195-22-04 Goddard Space Flight Center. Grvenbelt. Md GEOCHEMISTRY AND MAGNETISM OF EXTRATER- RESTRIAL MATERIALS A Philports 301-982.5206 1195-22-03. 195-22-06; 383-22-04) The objective is to study the nature and evxlurion of condensed matter in rho snlar sysrew Laboratory dnterwinations will be made xl major and trace element abund avces, winoralugy and petrxlxgy, radiometric ages, isatopic cxwposirixns. magnvtic properties, reflectixilies. and radioaclivitivs. Meteorites will be the prime samples studied W76-70636 195-22-05 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md TERRESTRIAL ANALOGUE STUDY OF METEORITE IMPACT CRATERS J. A Philpxrts 301-982-5206 1195-22-03, 195-22-04. 383-22-04) The objective is to understand the effects xl the meteorite impact process through study xl the nature xl terrestrial impact craters Particular attention will be paid tx the systematics xl the radixmetric daring techniques K-Ar and Rb-Sr. including the cxnd;tions under which partial ar tatal resetting of apparent ages xccurs Cxmpositixnal and other affects will also be studied Terrestrial impactires and unshocked country racks will be the prime samples studied W76-70637 195-22-06 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md SYSTEM AND RADIATION EFFECTS STUDIES FOR ORBITAL X-RAY AND GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER I Trxwbka 301-982-5941 The xxerall xblectine the development xl X-ray and gamma ray spectrometers for remat e sensing systems tx be included aboard lunar and planetary missions A number xl areas are under study. redesign xl the X-ray detector cullimatar to give a more symmetric response as cxmpared with the Apnllx system; development xl a new calibration sxurce in terms xl the variation of the sxlar spectrum; the cantinued study of on-board data processors; the further dexelxpment of near real-time data processing systems, and finally, the study of the cosmic ray induced activity in X-ray and gamma ray detectors. specifically intrinsic Ge. We also plan further development of the Electrun Spectrxmeter for lunar related research. Prxblems in solar wind darkening are of specific interests We plan tu use a honeycomb circular cxllimutor with hexagonal shaped holes This shxuld yield a more symmetric detectxr response with respect to the surface under obsernatixn. Included with the Apollo X-ray spectrxmeter experiment was a sxlar mxnitxr tx be used to calibrate the spectrum for spectral changes in the sun's emission. This system did not turn out tu be too satisfactxry. We therefore plan to study an alternate method which utilizes measurement taken with a methxd depending on the monitoring of the X-ray fluorescence produced in a known composition slab. The slab wxxld be placed so that it wxuld receive direct solar irradiation and the emissixo would be monitored with a detectxr similar to that used in measuring the X-ray flux from the planetary surface. The Multiplex Data Accxmulatxr IMDA) now ope.uting in xur laboratary would be used to simulate previxus on-board data pracessing systems. W76-70638 195-23-01 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech., Pasadena EARTH BASED LUNAR OBSERVATIONS 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 We propxse (1) to cxntinue our ground-based observations of the Mx on using several techniques, and (2) lx accelerate the prxcessing and use xf data already obtained with the Silicon Imaging Phxtometer System SIPS). This wxrk cxnsists of two tasks which are aimed at investigating (1) the cxmpxsition and stratigraphy of lunar mare units and (21 the correlation xf spectral data with gravity, tapugraphy and geochemical inlormation. The Lunar Stratigraphy SIPS) task uses images acquired by our Silicon Imaging Photxmeter System to study spectral units in specific lunar regions selected for study of gravity anomalies or standard areas lot planned overlap with ather data sets A major port of the task is donated to exploring data handling and display techniques designed to make aprimum use xl spectral data far use in synthesis. The facilities of the Image Processing Labora. tory allow a wide variety of geometrical cxrrectixns Isuch as Mercatar Prxlectixn) to be made and a recently acquired GE Image 100 Systems has already been used ta greatly speed and improve the classificatixn and display xl spectral units identified by `cluster' analysis The Infrared Imaging lask is a new effort rx extend rho spectral range of imaging data This is important as several interesting lunar spectral rypes linxludinq `fresh' rock) have greater contrast in this spectral range than at shorter wavelengths. This will be accxmplished using the multiplexing masking camera develxped under DDF funds, which is now xperatixnal with angular resolutixn xl apprxximarely W76-70639 195-23-02 Jet Prxpsilsixn Lab - Calif Inst xf Tech - Pasadena LUNAR THEORETICAL STUDfES O P. Burcham 213-3543028 Lunar physics examines questions about the xrigin and evolution xf the mxxv applicable Ix analysis uf geophysical, geochemical and geolxgic data To the extent that the thermal hislury of this body can be deciphered, we may expect ta understand the xrigin and exxlutixn xl other planetary xbjects. and especially the earth The current program will cxntinues tudy begun last year an recxnery xf the early nearsxrlace thermal history by analysis of surface deforwatixn under loads inferred Ito exist upon it) from the gravity field Secondly, emphasis will be placed on analysis xl tidal deformation xl the wnxn (by earth) using Apxllx seismic canstraints xn. interior elastic prxperties The Lynn numbers for wudels with and withxut rigid cores will be determined. alnog with tidal stress and displacements With these, a distinction may be pussible between a rigid but S-wave attenuating core and a nonrigid fluid or partially molten interior The existence xl a mxon-xiide surface layer allow rigidly (the regolirhl is possibly important in masking bulk elastic pruperties uf the interiur by measurement of surface deformation 101 PAGENO="0334" OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES 330 alone. The extent to which this is so will be determined as a natural eutcome of the analysis The elastic data so obtained may be coupled with Love numbers eventually to be determined from the JPL refined analysis of lunar motion using LURE data. The method of analysis for our elastic problem will bn that originally employed by Alterman Jarosch and Pekeris 119591 in their study of free oscillations of the earth. This well-known method requires solution of a system of six sim ultaneous differential equations in displacements, stresses, and gravitational potential by numerical methods Software for such a solution has largely been developed here us part of previous studies en deformation of spheres under surface loads. W76-70640 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena ADVANCED EXPERIMENT CONCEPTS 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 There are two tasks included in this program The first task. in the urea of Advanced Gamma Ray Spectroscopy. suIt undertake scientific studies ard along lead-time engineering development in anticipation of an opportunity to chemically map the entire lunar surface from a spacecraft placed in a close lunar polar orbit. References points will be the results of the Apollo 15 and 16 gamma ray experiment, and the scientific potential/design requirements of high purity Ge detector instrument. Tb e scone task. Particle Track Cosmochronology. will develop new submicro- scopic methods fur fission track age dating, utilizing the capacity of in situ low-U minerals to record and retain tracks from more labile U-rich phases These methods should permit us to climate the problems with fission track ages due to metamictization, partial annealing of tracks in the host phase, very high track densities due to U-rich phases, and questions of authenticity of tracks. Selected terrestial and meteoritic samples will be used in the developmevt. Support for luvar sample applicatiov will be sought. We will also covtivue development of Tb mapping methods, including a whole-rock Tb method. W76-70641 195-35-01 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greevbelt. Md. LUNAR POLAR ORBITER SYSTEM DEFINITION Marius B Weinreb 301-982-6849 1686-20-001 The ubjective of this RTOP is to covduct a System Definition Study to provide management with the necessary information to initiate the Lunar Polar Orbiter Executiov Phase The required information includes 11) dnfinitiov of overall systems require- ments to carry out the selected experiments: 121 development of and definition of the major interfaces, and 131 development of resources requirements The approach is to covduct a detailed system definition study including Ill support of a science working team established to assist iv developing basic requirements. preliminary designs and ivteriaces for the experiments: and 121 definitive of total system requiremevts for critical interfaces. integration and test, and giound operations for all phases of the execution. The major products will be a System Defivitiov Report. a procurement package covering all major covtracts. and a Project Plan. Supportivg reports will be issued as required W76-70642 195-40.02 Langley Research Cevter. Lavgley Statiov. Va EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS S Love 804-827-2893 The objective of this work is to define and evaluate satellite subsystems which would be applicable to an optimum determina- tion ol lunar avd planetary gravity fields Due to increased interest by geologists avd plavetologusts in applyivg the results of gravity field research to interval structure avd composition ivterpretations. covtivual demands for more exacting information are expected iv the future Throughout the years S/C radio systems have been the primary source of data: however, there exist inherent problems and limitations with radio systems sshich need to be resolved if further advavcnmevts are to contivue iv gravity field definition This research will cvncevtrate on the theoretical evaluation of graviratuoval field srnsivg devices suitable for lunar and planetary orbiting missions for which implementation technology already exists. Examples ef such devices are satellite-to-satellite radio tracking and the gravity gradiometer. Feasibility studies, including as prime bodies, the Moon. Mars. Mercury. and possibly Venus. will be conducted to determine the relative applicability of such devices. Attention will be focused on both the measurement and separability of gravitational effects and the ability of each system to resolve components of the gravity field spectrum. The impact on mission and spacecraft design parameters such as power, weight, and volume will be examined in order to evaluate the merits of each subsystem when compared to the radio system W76-70643 196-41-50 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md GROUND-BASED INFRARED ASTRONOMY V. G. Kunde 301-982.5693 Ground'based measurements of Venus have been obtained with a Michelson interferometee in the 400.500/cm and 750-1200/cm regions with a spectral resolution ef 0.2 cm. Evident in the spectral are numerous C02 molecular absorption lines and several diffuse absortion features in the 850.1200/cm region. Preliminary interpretation of the diffuse features from the observed continuum using homogenous model atmospheres. and considering only absorption, strongly indicates a 75 percent solution H2504 for the composition of the clouds of Venus. The scientific objectives of this research is to develop a more complete understanding of the physics of the Venusian atmosphere in the region above 200 mb. This will be accomplished by developing a more physically realistic eadiative.transfer model for line formation including scattering in an inhomogenous model atmosphere. With this model additional information may be derived from the observed spectra concerning the physical parameters of the cloud particles and the cloud stratification W76-70644 196.41.51 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. RADIO AND RADAR PLANETARY STUDIES K Alexander 301-982-5461 The objective of this program is to obtain information on the nature, extent, and dynamical behavior of planetary magnetic fields, trapped radiation belts, and magnetospheres by studying the nonthermal radio emissions from the planets. The major approaches to this investigation are. Ill synoptic observations of Jupiter's decametric radiation via a global network of monitoring instruments: and 121 theoretical analyses of the generation and prxpagotion xl novthermal radiation in a planetary magnetosphere. The Jupiter Monitor Network is providing unique data relative to the rate and stability of the magnetic field rotation and the physics of satellite-plasma interactions in the magnetosphere. and correlative data for fly-by in-situ measurements Analysis of the radio measurements in the context of new informatixn from the Pioneer 10 and 11 Jupiter encounters may lead to a clearer understanding xf the radix emissions and their role in particle-field interactions iv the magnetosphere. W76.70645 196-41-52 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md GROUND.BASED OPTICAL SOLAR SYSTEM ASTRONOMY S P Maran 301-982-4703 This RTOP provides for the operation of a small high altitude observatory for qualitative and quantitative observations and measurements of solar system phenomena. These include imaging research on comets and their interactions with solar radiation and the solar wind, as well as photoelectric photometry and spectroscopy of asteroids, comets, planets and natural satellites of the planets. In addition, if a suitable bright comet appears optical observations will be made with a mobile viducon facility and radix observations will be made with existing national facilities. W76.70646 196-41-54 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. 195-23-06 Planetary Astronomy 102 PAGENO="0335" 331 OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES ADVANCED INFRARED ASTRONOMY AND LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS Michael J. Mumma 301-982-6994 Two new infrared spectrometers will be further developed and used for high resolution infrared astronomy and laboratory astrophysics. The first, an infrared heterodyve spectrometer, was assembled in an attempt to search for NH3 in Comet Kohoutek and has been used successfully to detect thermal emission from Mars and the Muon This instrument has been re-designed, based upon the euperience gained in building the first version. and is now being re-built. It will feature a 40-channel. 1 0Hz. filter bank and a digital data system for acquiring the heterodyne signal The improved system will be used to study molecular lines in comets, H II regions, and planetary atmospheres The second instrument, an infrared parameteric up-converter has been assembled and an upcunverted 3.3 m signal was detected. Modifications are now being made which are eopected tu reduce the NEP to 10-15 watts/Hzl/2. 102 lower than the NEP of the present version The objective is to have the heterodyne system on-line at an astronomical field site by the end of the year. Laboratory experiments necessary for the proper operation of the spectrometers and/or essential to the proper interpretation of results will also be carried out. These include precise line position measurements, pressure broadening coefficients, and the study of excitation processes. Under a proposed new task, radiometers will be developed for millimeter wavelength observa- tions of several important molecules occurring in planetary atmospheres, particularly H20. 02, and 03. High frequency miners and frequency lock loops will be developed at 60. 120. and 180 GHz. This task will initially use the spectral line receiver developed under the infrared teeterodyne program. W76-70647 196-41-67 Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif. PLANETARY ASTRONOMY AND SUPPORTING LABORA- TORY RESEARCH o R Chapman 415-965-5065 The abundance, temperature, and pressure of certain constituents of planetary atmospheres can be determined by spectroscopic observations from ground-based and from airborne observatories. Such data are necessary for the preparation of model atmospheres that are needed to evaluate the possibilities of life on the planets and to design systems for eoploratory missions The oblectives of this work are to study airborne and ground-based observations of planetary spectra, to obtain in the laboratory the spectroscopic parameters needed to analyze the observatory spectra, and to develop the analytical and computa- tional techniques to interpret the spectra in terms of real planetary atmospheres. Spectruscopic parameters, such as absorption line and band intensities and absorption line hall-widths, as well as their dependence on pressure and temperature, will be obtained for molecules of planetary interest using long path gas cells. cooled and heated gas cells, and high resolution spectrometers and interferometers operating primarily in the infrared Aircraft spectra of the planets and their satellites will be obtained and analyzed to obtain information about the composition and structure of their atmospheres and the composition of their surfaces W76-70648 196-41.71 Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena GROUND-BASED OPTICAL ASTRONOMY 0. P Burcham 2t3-354-3028 The general objective of the Ground-based Optical Astronomy task is a comprehensive study of solar system bodies by means of ground-based astrophysical observations in visible and near-infrared wavelengths )approo. 0.3 to 2 microns). Several sub-tasks are included in this task They are as follows: It) planetary spectroscopy. to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the upper troposphvres of the planets Uranus, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn. through high-resolution astronomical spectroscopy, 12) lo sodium dIme patrol, to investigate the spatial and temporal behavior of the Na D-Line emission from the Jovian satellite lo )J-l) through a coordinated program of photometric imaging and high-resolution spectroscupy. 13) asteroid photometry, to determine physical properties color. albedo. rotation period) of a selected sample of minor planets through a program of multi-color photometry; 14) planetary and satellite photometry, to determine the composition and physical properties of the surfaces of solid bodies in the solar system, particularly outer planets' satellites and to provide photometric information for interpretation of atmospheric composition and structure of the outer planets, particularly Uranus. through use of Multifilter photometry from 0.3 to 2.5 microns and SIPS imaging; 15) comet studies, to obtain basic chemical and physical information an a large sample of known comets, through a coordinated program of photometric imaging SIPS) and spectroscopy; (6) natural satellite patrol, to provide raw positional data on the satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn; (7) infrared multipleoing camera, to obtain improved infrared It micron to 2 micron) images of Jupiter in order to investigate spatial and time-variable phenomena observed in the Jovian cloud deck; 18) to investigate reported asymmetry in the brightness of the ansae of Saturn's rings in the near IR. W76-70649 196-41-72 Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif. Inst of Tech., Pasadena GROUND-BASED INFRARED ASTRONOMY 0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028 1196-41-74) The purpose of this effort is to obtain and analyze high. resolution near-infrared 11-6 microns) spectra of the planets in direct support of ongoing and planned planetary missions The principal equipment employed is the Mk 3 Connes'-type Fourier spectrometer at the 2.7 m telescope, McDonald Observatory. but ancillary approaches such as laboratory infrared spectruscopy. theoretical radiative transfer, model atmospheres and spectrum synthesis are also employed. We also undertake the development of new instrumentation to enhance capabilities for this work. To this end, a design study for a new phasemodulated Fourier spectrometer for the NASA 3 m telescope at Mauna Kea is to be undertaken W76-70650 196-41-73 Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif Inst of Tech., Pasadena RADIO AND RADAR PLANETARY STUDIES O P Burcham 213-354-3028 The ongoing objective of the radio astronomy task is to conduct comprehensive studios of the atmospheres, magneto- spheres, and surfaces of planets and their satellites Theoretical models are constructed and radio astronomical observations are made to test the models and provide input for theoretical refinements Primary interest is currently focused on Venus, Mercury. and the four maior planets and their satellites The observational eoperiments are conducted at JPL's Table Mountain Observatory )TMO). the Deep Space Network Tracking Stations, Caltech's Owens Valley Radio Observatory )OVRO) and other observatories as required by specific needs of the program Research programs at these facilities are planned in order to take full advantage of the unique capabilities of the individual systems, especially the new 36 0Hz interferometer at 1MG and the 64-m antenna and advanced low-noise receivers at the DSN stations The objective of the DSIF radar astronomy task is to obtain radar data on the planets for determining properties of their surfaces, orbits and spins, with Venus. Mercury. Mars. Saturn's rings and Jovian Satellites as prime goals This work emplayes the unique facilities of the DSIF. and euploitation of synthetic aperture techniques. The microwave radiometer development effort is supportive of the radio astronomy task The objectives are to design, construct, and maintain advanced microwave radiometer systems and associated digital systems for use at the Table Mountain. Goldstone. Owens Valley and other radiotelescope facilities that are used by the group Immediate specific oblectives are to maintain and upgrade the existing equipment and to expand the operation uf the 36 0Hz interferometer to the twobaseline capability W76-70651 196-41-74 Jet Propulsion Lab . Calif Inst of Tech - Pasadena INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY O P Burcham 213-354-3028 It 96-41-72) The objective of this activity is to determine those parameters 103 PAGENO="0336" OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 332 of molecular absorption spectra which will be of use to astronomical and space flight studies of planetary atmospheres There are two main functions, namely: ltl to furnish quantitative band or line data chiefly at infrared wavelengths, and 121 to provide direct aid in verifying identifications of features observed in planetary spectra. The primary facility employed in this task is the Spectroscopy Laboratory which contains spectrometers covering the visible, near and middle infrared spectral regions and absorption tubes capable of providing path lengths up to 200 meters. OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION Supporting Research and Technology W76-70652 310.10-22 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. MISSION SUPPORT COMPUTING SYSTEMS AND TECH- NIQUES D. S. Wootston 301-982-5571 1310- 1 0-261 The major objective of this RTOP is to ensure the availability of mission support computing systems to meet the operational needs of forthcoming spacecraft missions. The emphases of the STOP are in the areas of ItI orbit determination and orbit propagation: 121 generalized mission support for the shuttle era. 131 flight maneuver analysis techniques, and 141 tracking data processing and analysis. In each of these areas the limitations of existing technology are being explored and more economical and efficient approaches are being sought. Research efforts are directed, for example, at providing rapid, precision orbit predictiovs valid over long time spans, at improving accuracy and efficiency of computer utilization in image processing by making use of landmark data in orbit determination: at defining mission support requirements in a multi-mission environment. at adapting analytical techniques for orbit prediction to mini-computers: at optimum spacecraft maneuver and control: and at optimum tracking data utilization W76-70653 310-10-26 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbett, Md ATTITUDE-ORBIT ANALYSIS Eugene J. Lefferts 301-982-5508 The objectives of this STOP are to increase the efficiency and decrease the resources needed to meet the requirements for forthcoming spacecraft missions by Ill the use of new data types from on-board sensors and telemetry to decrease the quantity and usage of tracking data for orbit determination and guidance con trot 121 the provision of generalized and flexible computing systems using on-board sensors and processors along with small ground computers to increase the speed of inform ation flow and reduce the demand upon the central computer facility and 131 providing standardized sensor combina- tions. telemetry interfaces and computational algorithms suitable for small computer implementation to effect a reduction in the attitude and orbit determination software development cost. The approach involves the development of computational software to permit the analysis of the coupled attitude-orbit determination process and the generation of suitable efficient algorithms for use on mini-computers. Error anatyses and simulations will be developed to examine the sensitivity of sensor combinations and algorithms for the combined models Analyses of the attitude and orbit determination yrocesses will be performed using on-board sensors and computer systems and small ground-based systems IPDP-t 11 A research mini-computer facility will be acquired to test and evaluate the algorithms and procedures developed under this STOP W76-70654 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbntt, Md FREQUENCY STANDARD SOURCES V S Reinhardt 30t-982-5946 3 10-10-42 (644-03-151 This STOP is to develop improved atomic hydrogen frequency and time standards with a frequency stability of 2 x 10 to the minus 15th power at 10,000s, and with a frequency accuracy of 1 x 10 to the minus 14th power, as well as to aid in the transfer of existing hydrogen maser technology to provide a contractor source of operational hydrogen masers for meeting critical NASA applications such as optical and microwave range and range rate tracking. very long baseline interferometry, and the Spacelab Applications Facility W76-70655 310-10-43 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. ADVANCED LASER RANGING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT T S Johnson 301-982-5538 1161-02-0t~ 502-20-331 The objective is the field testing and evaluation of advanced prototype ranging systems prior to their acceptance and deployment into the operational laser ranging network This STOP svill use the components developed under OAST STOP 506-20-33 and the subsystems developed and tested undc~ GA STOP 161-05-02, and will integrate these technologies into complete laser ranging ground stations These advanced ranging systems wilt be evaluated using the existing tracking facilities at the Goddard Optical Research Facility IGOSFI Presently orbiting satellites of the Beacon Explorer and GEOS series, as well as planned geodetic satellites such as LAGEOS will be tracked and range residuals will be evaluated using contemporary geopotential models Groundbased targets wilt be employed to establish stability and absolute accuracy levels. Program goals include the demon- stration of 5 cm range accuracy ix 1975 and the achievement of 2 cm accuracy by 1978 Ground-based and batloon-bxrxe meteorological instrumentation will be employed as required to establish the range increment induced by the nonuniform atmospheric refractivity. In FY-76, extensive field tests of the high pulse rate l3Oppsl mode locked and frequency doubted Nd:YAG system will be conducted. Such systems operate at relatively low peak powers and therefore offer potential reliability and cost advantages when deployed in the operational laser ranging network. This system approach has been field tested previously only in connection with the lunar retroreflector arrays at reduced pulse rates. The FY-76 field tests at 00SF will evaluate system performances with the geodetic satellites for the first time. Intercomparison of these results with those obtained by the more convex tional giant pulse ranging technique previously developed at GSFC will provide important direction to the advanced technolog work required to obtain 2 cm by 1978. System approaches which show a capability for both near-earth satellites and lunar ranging will be emphasized W76-70656 310-10-60 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena NAVIGATION ACCURACY ANALYSIS O W Trask 213-354-4878 13t0-tO-62.3tO-tO-6t,3tO-tO-64,3t0-1O-66l Those OSN tracking system uncertainties which limit spacecraft navigation capability now and in the future will be determined. The effects of the transmission media and uncertain- ties in platform parameters ISSS location. UTI. and polar motionl represent primary limitations for future missions, especially those to the outer planets. Methods of removing these limitations either by direct calibration or by utilization of less sensitive data types `sill be developed and analyzed Calibration techniques include the use of the S/X band dual fre quency system for the charged particle component of the transmission media and the water czpor radiometer for the wet component of the troposphere. white a VLBI system is being developed to reduce th eunce rtainties for the platform parameters In addition, data types being developed which are less senstive to the above limitations include the use of two DSS to obtain differential VLBI data which measure the spacecraft position with respect to an angularly nearby extragalactic radio source and the use of a single DDS to track one spacecraft with respect to a second angularly nearby spacecraft. In addition to reducing limitations in navigation capability due to the tracking system, this STOP develops tracking techniques to overcome other limitations such as those arising 104 PAGENO="0337" 333 OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION from the trajectory design or spaceyraft characteristics. Exam- ples include multi-station tracking techniques where the differenc- ing of simultaneously acquired range from widely separated DSS is used to overcome the degradation of single station eanigation capability for low declination spacecraft, and the differencivg of simultaneously acquired Doppler is used to overcome the problems arising from unmodeled forces acting on the spacecraft. W76-70657 310-10-61 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena RADIO METRIC INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT Fl. L Sydnor 213-354-2763 1310-10-60; 310-10-66; 310-10-69) The objective of this RTDP is to develop and demonstrate high quality instrumentation and techniques for radio metric data acquisition to support the outer planet satellite, orbiter and entry eavigatiax of the next decade in response to system requirements determined in RTOP 60. These requirements include: a VLBI instrumentation system using tropospheric and charged particle calibration, comparison of bandwidth synthesis techniques. analysis and improvement of ranging systems for long round-trip light time Igreater than 1 hr), improvement in DSS time delay stability to 0.2 meters, improvement in frequency and timing subsystem, and study of a high accuracy 10 cm ranging system at X-band to be demonstrated in RTOP 69. Instruments being developed include, 11) improved frequency standards lH masersl for maintaining low Doppler residuals over the long ruund-trip light times and for maintaining phase coherence over the integration time required for Very Long Baseline Interferometry )VLBI) based data types. 121 equipment and circuits to stabilize and calibrate the time delay uf the DSS tu produce mure accurate range and Doppler data, and 131 inter-site frequency and time synchronization system fur support of accurate multi-station data types. The techniques developed under this RTDP include. Ill optimal time synchronization methods. 121 system engineering of the DSS for use of VLSI-based data and its optimal use, and 13) systems engineering of the Frequency and Timing Sub- system IFTS) to optimize its use for the new data types. W76-7O658 310-20-20 Godoard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT George 0. Clark 301-982.4034 1310-20-461 The two objectives are: Ill to provide for the teleoxmmuxioa- tions simulation of the TDRSS to be used to verify systems performance capability, and 121 to provide for the orderly development of technology to maximize the TDRSS performance capability. Various studies, simulations, and model fabrications will be performed to establish and verify the performance parameters for a TDRSS. Studies will be performed and technology will be developed as required to improve the performance of the TDRSS. W76-70659 310-20-27 Goddard Space Flight Center, Grvenbelt, Md. NETWORK TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNOL- OGY A R. Chi 301-982-2502 The objectives of this reseamh are: to study and develop techniques for time synchronization. to coordinate time determina- tion methods and dissemination formats to meet NASA needs and network requirements. and ra conduct theoretical investiga- tions and experimental tests for network applications. The approach has been the development of a worldwide time synchronization system such as the use of two additional signals in the Navy's OMEGA navigation system. Coordination with the Navy in the transmission of the two additional signals whose frequencies are separated by 250 hertz has been made. These signals are presently being transmitted by two OMEGA stations at North Dakota and Hawaii. A receiver specihcally designed for extracting time from OMEGA has been developed and tested. Modifications of the receivers to improve reception for longer range beyond 8000 kilometers are being made. The system precision is plus and minus 2 microseconds on a worldwide basis. An alternate and more advanced approach has been reviewed and planned. Immediate effort will be directed to investigation of the interfacing problems of using a synchronous satellite system to transpond a time synchronized pseudo-random noise (PRNI coded signal from a ground station to the network stations. The technique as well as the hardware coding design has been developed in another program. The precision of this system meets the projected network requirements of 1980. i.e. below one microsecond W76-70660 310-20-31 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. A GROUND ANTENNA FOR WIDEBAND DATA TRANSMIS- SION SYSTEMS A. F. Durham 301-982-4973 Future advanced spacecraft system will transmit data to the ground at rates much higher than that of current operational systems. The Land-sat used fur Earth Observation will transmit high resolution color imaging data either directly tu a ground station or via a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite ITDRSI. The TDRS will transmit signals from Land-sat arid other satellites which required total TDRS bandwidths well above 100 MHz. Existing NASA ground stations are not equipped for such data rates. Future wideband communication by TDRS. Land sat and other projects, require use of frequencies at which the neces- sary bandwidth can be allocated. A wideband system requires a high performance ground antenna system. Emphasis on overall system efhciency will be essential to an economically feasible ground station. Ix particular, techniques and components will be developed which yield high efhciency antenna systems, feed systems and low noise preamplifiers. In addition. dichroic subreflector techniques permitting simultaneous and efhcient operation of an antenna at different frequencies without degradation of overall performance or flexibility will be refined. Analytical prucedures and design tools will be further developed to support the specific requirements of these advanced antenna systems and the general antenna development program. W76-70661 310-20-32 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md HIGH RELIABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ANTENNAS N. A. Raumann 301-982-6579 The objective is the development of a high performance servo and control system for large tracking antennas. There is a trend in the networks toward higher SF frequencies, switching from S-band to Ku-band of operation. This switch will require ax improvement ix traoking accuracy of the antennas from a present 0.9 mrad to 0.2 mrad. At the same time there is a requirement for increased link reliability due to concentration of data acquisition responsibilities and increasing data bandwidths resulting from redaction in the number xf network stations Thus link downtime has to be minimized by providing a high reliability control system and by reducing routine alignment and mainte- nance requirements. These objectives are met by use of a small digital computer ix the antenna tracking loop. Ax experimental system, the Computer Controlled Antenna System, has been developed under this STOP and is in operation uf the Network Test and Training Facility INTTFI. The capabilities of this system will be extended by development of control algorithms to improve the tracking accuracy and by providing high reliability control system to minimize antenna downtime. W76-70662 310-20-46 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. RF TECHNOLOGY FOR TDRSS USER SPACECRAFT FJ Logan 301-982-4901 1506- 20-241 The objective of the work under this STOP is to achieve technological advances in SF and antenna systems in order to satisfy the future requirements of spacecraft projects that require the near global real-time coverage of the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System ITDRSS). It. Ill identifies the basic operational requirements of these missions; 121 investigates SF components and types xl antennas that are available to attain the required parameters; and 131 develops system designs incorporating the optimum subsystems to permit the spacecraft 105 72-434 0 - 76 - 22 PAGENO="0338" OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 334 projects to obtain proven reliable flight hardware within a reasonable time frame. These advances will be utilized in the development of S-band and Ku-Band spacecraft systems, including the antenna, transponder, transmitter and receiver. These systems will be capable of direct communications to ground stations or tu the TDRSS. W76-70663 310-20-65 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. lest. el Tech.. Pasadena ANTENNA SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT H. P. Phillips 213-354-4743 (3 t 0-10-61; 310-20-66; 310-30-68. 310-30-69) This RTOP develops the technology for increasing the communications capabilities of the DSN ground based antennas as a part of optimizing the overall flight/ground communications link for planned NASA missions to outer planets. Communications capability is measured by the antenna figure of merit (ratio of gain to receive system noise temperature); usable operational frequencies (S. X or K bands); and environmental limits of operation. The cost of construction, operation and maintenance are additional factors in ground station performance. The technology developed provides options for spacecraft planning in terms of single ur dual frequencies of operation, simultaneous receive/transmit or receive only modes and other configurations with advantages for particular missions Flight/ground tradeoffs will balance the needs of mission scientific data transmission requirements, spacecraft parameters and DSN capabilities for single or concurrent missions. Overall performance and economy in spacecraft communications, based on these tradeoff studies, are the key objectives of this program. Advances in ground antenna performance are sought in the areas of microwave techniques; antenna structural, mechanical and pointing systems; and in materials and techniques for producing less costly, more reliable antenna components to reduce operations and maintenance costs. Advanced analytical techniques are developed and applied to the improvement of existing antennas and to the design of new, lower cost antennas with appropriate communication capabilities. A study, integrating current developments in all of the interrelated disciplines projects a 3 db improvement in the figure of merit of existing 64-m antennas. W76-70664 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena RADIO SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT Macgregor S Reid 213-354-3332 (310-20-67; 310-20-65; 310-10-61) The objective is to improve the spacecraft-to-ground radio system elements of the communications link in order to meet the future navigation and high data rate telecommunications requirements of the planetary exploration program. Future missions to the outer planets will require sensitive receivers and wideband radio communications for high rate video, telemetry, navigation, and radio science data. They will also require calibration and models of the propagation medium and of the DSN ground radio parameters. In order to commit the DSN to a specified X-band performance level, a detailed investigation of the propagation medium is required and is underway. Local weather effects at the DSN tracking station complexes on X-band propagation are being investigated and will ultimately provide DSN specifications for the statistical performance of X-band links for use by flight projects. Equipment will be developed for the radio metric calibration of water vapor in the earths troposphere in the line-of-sight of the 64w antennas. The inforwahon from the water vapor radiometer will be used to increase the accuracy of radio metric navigation by calibrating the tropospheric delay and to improve the X-band weather model Other hardware development includes increased bandwidth and reduced noise temperatures of advanced maser/closed cycle refrigerator systems for the DSN. Maser bandwidths will be increased from about 30 MHz to a target of 300 MHz. Reduction of the X-band maser noise temperature from the present value of 7K to 2.5K will improve the received signal-to-noise ratio by 0 7 db Other radio frequency measurement development work supports the precision monitoring and calibration of the ground receiving system, antenna gain, system temperature, pointing accuracy, spacecraft received power level and range delay. W76-70665 310-20-67 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena DIGITAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT N. A Winkelstein 213-354-3843 (31 0-20-66; 310-30-68; 310-30-69; 310-40-72) The objective of this RTOP is to develop digital data handling systems which permit effective communications between earth and spacecraft for mission types of the next decade while minimizing the cost of such communications. The entire communication link from the Mission Control and Computing Center to the spacecraft and back again will be considered in order to tradeoff spacecraft/ground system configurations which will result in highest efficiency and low overall costs to NASA. In particular, a multiple rate flight/ground command system will be developed and demonstrated in FY-76. This system will permit more rapid entry of commands during periods when the uplink to the spacecraft can support higher data rates thus optimizing operations when more than one spacecraft must be sequentially commanded from a single OSN station. In support of tradeoff studies, computer decoding simulations will be developed to verily predicted threshold perform ance under ad verse conditions such as the effect on sequential decoding thresholds when Pioneer Venus 78 transmits through the fading and turbulext transmission path of the Venus atmosphere. Studies will also be made of telemetry bit rates in the 5 megabit per second range required for high data rate missions such as the Mariner Jupiter Orbiter and the Venus Orbital Imaging Radar missions. lx addition, two specific designs are being studied and developed: It) a concatenated algebraic convolutional code which will be used on the Viking 75 X-band telemetry demonstration similar to the demonstration on Mariner 10, and 121 a digital phase locked loop receiving system for optimum reception of signals transmitted through a dispersive medium and for rapid receiver reconfigura- tion when communicating with wore than one spacecraft from a single DSN station during a common view period W76-70666 - 310-30-24 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md. WIDE BAND STATION DATA HANDLING EQUIPMENT Henry J. Franks 301-982-2649 Future NASA Programs such as the Earth Observatory 310-20-66 Program require a data haxdling capability as high as 240 Megabits per second 1Mbps). The Goddard Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network ISTONI presently has a maximum data handling capability otiS Mbps. The STON presently operates at VHF and S-band which cannot accommodate the bandwidth required for the above mentioned program. The objective of this RTOP is to develop prototype equipments that can accommodate these high data rates. W76-70667 310-30-68 Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena STATION MONITOR & CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT N. Bruce Crow 213-354-3291 (310-30-69; 310-30-70; 310-30-72) The general objectives of an approach to this work are to: It) assess the present OSS subsystem technology in its applicability to automated station design considering long term equipment stability, complexity, maintainability, and reliability; 12) specify, in conjunction with RTOP 69, 70, and 72 future DSS system and subsystem technology for high performance automa- tion application including digital signal processing. hierarchial control philosophy, interface philosophy, and minicomputer/micro processor architecture and software (Al Conduct specific development of representative automatic subsystem assemblies which fit automation objectives. Obtain support from RTOP 72 for Control and computation Modules applications; 18) conduct demonstration of NP/microwave/antenna subsystems, automatic calibration, acquisition, failure back-up/diagnostics, rapid reconfig- uration and real time monitoring and logging. The software design is to use structural, top down design using high level language; (C) guide the station system level automatic design. Support feasibility studies using management science techniques for life cycle cost determinations and collect an automation data base for cost-benefit analyses in RTOP 70. 106 PAGENO="0339" 335 OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION W76-70668 310-30-69 Jet Propulsion Lab Calif. Inst. of Tech Pasadena TRACKING STATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY R. R. Green 213-354-3015 (31 0-40-68, 31 0-40-70, 310-40-72, 310-40-65) The objectives of this RTOP are to develop, and demonstrate new station systems capability and new network technology required to support deep space missives in the cent decade. The 400 K watt 18.495 0Hz) X-band transmitter development demonstrated in RTOP 64 in FY75 will be refined and exercised further via planetary radar eoperiments. Additional work in this area will include development of components to operate at the 7.1 to 7.25 0Hz X-band frequency assigned to the DSN. Waveguide components needed to handle high power at low loss will also be developed ard tested. Development of wideband- width high-density magnetic tape recorder system for VLSI, predetection and postdetection of high rate telemetry started in FY-75 will be continued. Also, the development and testing of an automated, computer controlled antenna pointing system, a station controller, and interfaces will proceed toward an ultimate automated station demonstration in con junction with RTOFs 68. 70 and 72. Finally, the planetary radar system which serves as test-bed will be expanded to utilize and test the increased capability offered by X-band. Side benefits obtained from the planetary radar enperiments include data on the transmission medium at X-bznd, updatnd ephemerides to the planets, and planetary surface characteristics, useful for flight project planning W76-70669 310-40-26 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION P. Damon 301-982.6886 The obleotives of this RTOP are to extend the capabilities of the Automated System for Computer Program Documentation in order to (1) operate on the Univac and CDC computers, and 12) to provide the necessary tools which will help measure. manage, predict. and categorize errors which occur in software in order to control software reliability. The plan of activity will include. (1) define categories of errors; 121 measure parameters for the software reliability study, (3) develop reliability model (prototype); (41 evaluate existing software reliability techniques and determine proper areas for advance study; (51 study and develop tevheiques to improve reliability; (61 structured programm- ing; (7) program management techniqaes (a) chief programmer team. Ib) computer program management technique. 181 proving programs correct; and (9) conclusions and recommendations. W76-70670 310-40-36 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md AUTOMATIC DATA HANDLING C Rodgers 301-982-4189 -Improvements to meet the large increases in sopport requirements demanded by NASA's future space programs specifically include a higher level of automation for Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC( facilities resulting in increased data and information cxc hanges between the various GSFC facilities. This STOP shall study methods of handling data and information and shall result in two end products 11) the design and development of a prototype Integrated Telecommunications Distributions System providing a communications network between the Operational M&DOD computers, and (21 the design and development of the Data Accountability System with the necessary capability to monitor, coordinate, and account for the data messages transferred between the remote ground stations and the G SFC facilities The Integrated Telecommunications Distribution System will interconnect existing M&DOD computer systems and will permit any computer on the telecommunications network to communicate with any other computer on the network The Data Accountability System shall interface with the M&DOD computer facilities and NASCOM concentrating on the particular problems inherent in data coordination, and accountability when data is automatically transmitted between ground stations and GSFC by computer-to-computer transfers. W76-70671 310-40-38 Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENT - DEFINITION A Goodson 301-982-5308 The functional capability of the M&DOD computer facilities is continually being reassessed in the light of present and future mission support reqoirements. advances in computer technology. and cost-effectiveness considerations. The purpose of this RTOP is to find practical answers to different aspects of this problem. Emphasis is on using advanced tools and techniques to define computational requirements and to determine alternative means of meeting these requirements To meet this objective the following action will be taken: (1) identify functional requirements of users. 12) identify current system and xser demands, and 131 develop functional configurations W76-70672 310-40-39 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md. IMAGE PROCESSING FACILITY PERFORMANCE EVALUA- TION AND IMPROVEMENT V. Sos 301-982-2841 In the future several new Office of Applications IOAI projects. such as AEM. NIMBUS-G. SEASAT. will require image data processingc apabilities It is planned to augment the existing GSFC image processing facility (1FF) to support, in addition to LANDSAT. the above projects This plan proposes to conduct studies leading to the development of specifications for new 1FF equipment, to define operational concepts for the facility. and to continue the development of efficient image processing algorithms. To assure achievement of high performance it is necessary to develop efficient performance monitoring techniques. parameters to characterize product quality. ard obtain instruments to implement the techniques in conjunction with enisting and planned 1FF hardware. It is also necessary 10 study methods for generating image products that could be less expensive and more useful to the investigator, and to eliminate un-needed and expensive products This plan proposes to develop efficient and accurate methods and equipment for monitoring and controlling performance of image processing systems, and assuring the quality and usefulness of products generated in the 1FF. Higher time resolution will be required on future spacecraft consistent with more sophisticated experiments and with the desire to correlate data from one spacecraft with data from another. It is necessary to study several spacecraft systems with different types of timing problems W76-70673 310-40-40 Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. PROJECT OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER COMPUTA- TIONAL SYSTEM OF THE 1980's: POCCNET ~. DesJardins 301-982-6223 The goal of this RTOF is to develop a control center computational system design lhardware/software( for the 1980's. christened POCCNET. embodying the following features: (1) ultrareliable. fail-salt hardware/software design. (2) high visibility of sytems implementation status and operational state. (31 virtxalization of computational system functions, 14) flexibility and ease of reconfiguration. simplified integration and test. (61 reduced development time and cost, 17) special attention to human interfaces and to software engineering. (8) low-cost standard software and supporting services for the low-cost modular spacecraft (LCMS(. The effort will be subdivided into four elements: (1) identify probable computational requirements on GSFC Project Operations Control Centers anticipated in the 1980's due to Shuttle, TDRSS and LCMS. (21 identify applicable advanced technologies, and develop specifications for minicomputers. high-speed serial channel and telemetry input prepr000ssore; (31 identify applicable software engineering methodologies, specifically including comparisons of systems implementation languages and software design methodologies, and (4) design POCCNET subsystems in both the systems and applications areas. W76-70674 Goddard Inst for Space Studies, New York COMPUTER USAGE TECHNIQUES Paul B. Schneck 2126785617 3 10-40-41 107 PAGENO="0340" OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION 336 The objective is to develop and apply techniques for: ltl increasing the efhciency of current computer systems; and (2) identify criteria for the selection of future GSFC computer systems. The three areas leading to this objective are: (tl Operating Systems: Designs and approaches to improve system performance. identification of hardziare requirements necessary for effective performance: (2) Program Performance: Construction of automatic program improvement (optimization) facilities to decrease the running time of programs; 131 Parallel/Vector Processing Cvnstruction of automatic facilities for converting evisting (serial) programs to forms suitable for use on machives with parallel and vector architectures. The approach wilt be: (11 Operating Systems. A mathematical model of a computer system wilt be eotended to show hardware/software tradeoffs, and the best investment strategy (in terms of configuration selection( for a given dollar cost, Input to the model will come from a hardware monitor which will be attached to the GISS computing facility; (21 Program Performance. The FORTRAN and FORTRAN Optimizing Compiler will be eotended to include additional machine independent program optimizations. The compiler will be brought to a fully operational status and placed in regular use at GISS and GSFC. A preliminary version of the compiler is in use at CERN. The World Bank, SLAC, IBM. Sandia, IRIA and has been distributed to many other laboratories, both domestically and internationally. At the current time it often reduces program running time by 10.20 percent. (3) Parallel/Vector Processing The Parallel Vector Compiler (common uvith the FORTRAN to FORTRAN compilerl will be eotevded to perform translation to a real language for parallel computation. e.g.. CFD for the ILLIAC computer. This compiler will also be made operational so that it may be used for evaluating the applicability of new parallel and vector machines to currevt OSFC programs. W76-70B75 310-40-70 Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena NETWORK MONITOR. CONTROL AND OPERATIONS TECHNOLOGY Richard R. Green 213-354.3015 (310-40-68; 310-40-69. 310-40-72) This RTOP considers the Deep Space Network (DSN( as a single large distributed system. Within this system there are no important types of information flow. Operational control information originates from a single centralized source and must be distributed to each of the several Deep Space Stations )DSS(. Tracking, telemetry, and station status information may originate at any of the stations and must flow back to the centralized cotlection point. The tolerable error rate for the outgoing operational control information (station configuration, spacecraft commands. etc.) is entremely lose, less than 1 part in 10 million. The incoming station originated data can tolerate somewhat higher error rates, typically 1 part in 100.000. This RTOP is Ill developing communication techniques to achieve the required low errors rates. (2) evaluating control techniques for minimizing required communication bandwidth and for achieving immunity from single points of failure. znd (3) investigating techniques for developing network monitor information into a useful aid for effective DSN management, long range planning. and providing cost-benefit analyses. Several achievements are planned in FY-76 to realize these objectives A demonstration of communication error control techniques will be conducted using the high speed data lines to communicate with DSS-t4. The remote automatic control pulsar data collection system ssitl be operated to obtain data on remote control techniques. Using that data as a base. the first part of an advanced automation demonstration system at DSS-t4 suIt be constructed. Information obtained from the pulsar automation demonstration, the RTOP 68 RF automation demonstration, and from DSN maintenance activities will be integrated into a data base for evaluating alternative management and control methods, and system designs for the DSN. W76-70B76 310-40-72 Pasadena Office. Calif. NETWORK CONTROL AND DATA PROCESSING DEVELOP- MENT J. W. Layland 213-354-2757 (310-40-70, 310-30-68; 310-30-69) The oblective of this RTOP is to develop the techniques necessary for the efficient and cost-effective application of computational resources to the jobs of the OSN. New methods allow the design of systems utilizing hardware and software to be performed in a top-down hierarchial fashion to satisfy functional requirements thereby enabling effective management control of system development The economical partitioning of the elements of a functionally designed system between hardware/firmware/ software in a way which satisfies real-time system constraints is a tractable resource-allocation problem within the framework of a hierarchical design. Rules for structured programming and hierarchical design of software systems are being developed via the machine-independent design of a language processor for MBASIC. The MBASIC language itself encourages structured hierarchical software development, and is a proposed standard for all management-oriented computer data access Maintenance of logical hardware in the network environment represents another sizeable cost item for the DSN. This cost is being attacked through the development of a standard set of logical building blocks, the Control and Computational Modules, which wit) be used for the fabrication of a variety of digital systems, from a dedicated signal processor to a multipurpose digital controller. The automation development eoperimevts led by RTOP 310-40- 70. and RTOPS 310-30-69 and -68 are supported in part by computer technology developments in the RTOP. This involvment includes but is not limited to participation in the development of computer communications protocol, interfaces, and software; and the evaluation of impacts of changing minicomputer/ microcomputer technology on future network implementation of automated subsystems. OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT Advanced Development W76-70677 910-01-00 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala. STRUCTURES C. Loy 205-453-3960 The objective of this RTOP is to establish design, analysis, fabrication, and inspectivv techniques to provide lightweight. reliable pressurized and onpressurized structural systems for reusable space vehicles and payloads used on the space shuttle. Use of composite materials will be emphasized where applicable. Development of reliable meteoroid shielding data is planned. To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be performed: 111 Task 31. lightweight shell structure; (2) Task 54. thin gage propellant tank design. fabrication, and test; (31 Task 61, bending/stretching coupling of laminated composite plates; and (4) Task 62. structural analysis of solids. Through fabrication and testing of large structures, close to full scale. representative of a propellant tank and unpressurized eoternal shell, the viability of selected materials, design, analysis, and fabrication techniques will be demonstrated. Selected structures will have all required attachments, and weights derived from test hardware will give realistic data for reusable space vehicles and payloads. W76-70678 910-02-00 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. THERMAL CONTROL J. L Vaniman 205-453-1 171 Space transportation systems thermal control is the mainten- ance of thermally sensitive equipment and structures within specified critical temperature limits through the control of heat floss to and from such equipment. Equipment includes but not limited to( such items as electronic components, optical sensors, fuel cells, batteries. APS systems, and hydrauticsystems. Studies show that sophisticated semi-passive thermal control methods which require state-of-the-art advancements are required to maintain satisfactory thermal conditions under the environmental eutremes encountered by future space transportation systems. The objective of this continuing effort is to analyze, design, and 108 PAGENO="0341" 337 OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT develop thermal control systems lincluding hardwarel and demonstrate system application and `feasibility for maintaining thermally critical hardware within specified thermal units To accomplish these objectines. the following tasks are to be performed: Ill Task 3t: thermal control breadboard: 121 Task 32: electronic equipment internal thermal control: 131 Task 5t: low temperature thermal control: and 141 Task 54: temperature mining control device. W76-70679 910-02-03 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten. THERMAL CONTROL W. E. Ellis 713-463-4941 The primary means for rejecting heat from current manned spacecraft while en-orbit has been through a space radiator system which is mounted on the skin of the vehicle and which rejects heat from a fluid circulating through it by radiation to the space environment The primary goal of this activity is to develop a radiator system which is not integral with the spacecraft skin. and can be separately developed and manufactured. The independent development approach has signficant potential to reduce spacecraft development costs by Ill reducing development and qualification testing. 121 providing a longer production run. 131 simplifying integration between the heat rejection system and vehicle, and 141 reusing heat rejectian systems which are returned from orbit on other experiments. This activity has applicability to a very broad range of future possible missions. and could result in significant overall cost savings during spacecraft development and operations. Two separate advanced space radiator concepts will be pursued in an integratvd effort to develop multi-mission use, low-cost heat rejection systems which can overcome the limitations of current radiator systems. These concepts are not considered to be competitive alternatives, but unique design approaches which have the combined capability to meet a wide range of specific advanced mission requirements at minimum costs Two supporting tasks will be pursued which have application to either of the separate advanced space radiator concepts being developed, advanced heat rejection control techniques, and lightweight radiation fin development W76-70680 910-03-00 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala. MAIN PROPULSION H Pratt 205-453-3623 Activities described in this STOP will utilize data from a current contracted effort to design, fabricate and verify through cold flow component test a lightweight, compact. ovygee/ hydrogen heat eoch anger suitable for use in an engine system for tank head idle mode operation. In a separate task design. fabrication and mechanical test activities will be pursued to validate the mechanical integrity and alignment characteristics of a translating nozzle actuation mechanism and a primary nozzle- nozzle eotension seal. Out-of-house contracted efforts will be pursued. All testing will be performed at contractor facilities. The RLtO engine system will be used as the base for component sizing. Sufficient hardware will be fabricated to allow incorporation into an existing government furnished engine system at a later date. W76-70681 910-03-00 Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio ADVANCED H2-O2 ENGINE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY John W Gregory 2t6-433-4000 1506-21-11) The objective of this program is to provide improvements in the technology of the components applicable to advanced. high performance reusable hydrogen-ooygen rocket engines Such engines must operate reliably in space for long periods of time and provide many restarts during a minimum of 20 missions Included in this program are efforts on components such as thrust chambers, bearings and seals for turbopumps. and complete turbopump assemblies. Technology will be developed for long life, small, high speed bearings for liquid hydrogen turbopumps Both rolling element and hybrid (fluid film) bearings of 20 mm size shaft diamvrerl will be evaluated. Bearing design and fabrication were provided under contract, and bearing testing will be performed in-house at LeRC. LH2 Pump testing will be performed with hybrid bearings installed. Effort will also be applied to the design, fabrication, and testing of controlled fluid film seals for small, high speed liquid ooygen turbopumps. This contract effort will evaluate seals of 30 mm diameter capable of 10 hours operational life and 300 start/stop cycles at shaft speeds up to 90,000 rpm Work was initiated in FY-74 on the design. fabrication and acceptance test of a high pressure lup to 4400 psial liquid oxygen turbopump Complete performance testing of the pump will be done in FY76. W76.70682 910-03-00 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Ten. PROPULSION C W. Yodzrs 7t3-4B3-4924 The objectives of this RTOP are to improve the propulsion systems for post-shuttle programs. Improvements will be achieved by taking advantage of promising design concepts in the areas of Ill high frequency stability, and 121 nonintrusive flowmeters. Current acoustic cavity designs are only effective over a narrow range of frequencies. Recent testing with dual mode conhgurations indicates that this range can be increased to a more desirable range Non intrusive flowmeters are desirable since they are not exposed to propellants and should have long life Methods of increasing their accuracy to 1%. however, are required and have to be further developed W76-70683 910-04-00 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala. ATTITUDE CONTROL PROPULSION F. F. Garcia 205-453-1242 This effort will demonstrate a service life of a minimum of 20 missions and the extent xf performance variations of an improved hydrazine thruster throughout its service life. The performance and endurance of a passive propellant manage- ment system for zerx-g operation wilt also be deomonstrated. A hydrazine thruster for an attitude control propulsion system (ACPSI employing the radial flow catalyst bed technology developed for the space shuttle orbiter APU gas generator will be designed. fabricated, and tested. A passive propellant management system employing a surface tension device of the type being developed for the space shuttle orbiter RCS will also be designed. fabricated. and tested. W76-706B4 910-04-03 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena ATTITUDE CONTROL PROPULSION P. J. Meeks 213-354-2546 The objectives of the work contained in this STOP ore: to tie-off, in a logical manner, the resonance ignition work, and to disseminate the information in the most cost-effective method so that it is available to any potential user both within interested governmental agencies and private industry: 121 to initiate a design study, in conjunction with JSC to implement the substitution of hydrazine N2H4 for monomerhylhydrazine (MMH) in the reaction control and orbital maneuvering systems on-board the space shuttle; and 131 to initiate a contracted design study to adapt the RCS main engine to N2H4/N204 from MMH/N204 W76-706B5 910-05-00 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex. SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL TECHNOL- OGY - O 0. Hydrick 7t3-4B3-3286 The vbjvctive of this program is to provide achievable advancements in the solid polymer fuel cell technology for application to space power generation. It is proposed to take advantage of the inherent characteristics of the solid polymer ion exchange fuel cell. long life, invariant performance. low specific weight I/f kwl and low specific cost IS/kwl in a phased technology program which offers potential benefit and advance- ment to system design of the next generation of solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells Approach - The program will be conducted in a phased effort which represents a continuation of contractor in-house effort, the NASA funded Space Shuttle technology program and the United States Air Force Biosatellite H2/02 109 PAGENO="0342" 338 OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT fuel cell program. The primary phase of the program will address the electrochemical performaece improvements of the basic cell assembly applicable on hydrogen-oxygen and low purity reactants. Subsequent phases will utilize the results of previous phases with evolution of hardware design and test directed toward defined goals relative to use, size, power cost, weight application. ect. W76-70686 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. ELECTRICAL POWER A M. Aden 205-453-4950 The effort described in this RTOP is in support of space systems in the electecal power area The objectives of this program are to develop essential technology, design requirements, and design specifications and to perform component research and breadboard/prototype development necessary to produce flight qualified hardware for long life, cost effective power systems To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be performed: ItI Task 31: Switch Gear and Circuit Protection. Perform necessary research and discrete part evaluation to fabricate breadboard power controllers to switch loads in the 3 to 20 ampere range. 121 Task 32: Power Conditioning. Develop power conditioning circuits and equipment in which built-in rest. system monitoring and control, and advanced concepts will be investigated. Standardized load center and central power supplies and inverters will be designed, built. tested, and qualified. 131 Task 6t: Feed- Thru Electrical Covnectors. Develop a statement of performance, design requirements, and conceptual configura- tions and fabricate acceptable cryogenic feed-thru connectors. W76-70687 910-07-00 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houstnn, Ten. COMMUNICATIONS Jack G Sheppard 713-483-6301 This ATOP will improve the productivity of communications and tracking systems to support Spacelab. payloads, and subsequent programs Improvements will be achieved by taking advantage of advances in solid-state electronics, particularly in LSl large scale integrationl. Other gains will be achieved by transmission system improvements at new frequencies. Television will be important in future programs. It will gather experiment data, control payloads. assist docking operations. inspect damage and provide information to users on the ground. These diverse uses require a family of cameras, monitors, and controls. It is highly desirable that these components be solid state. This ATOP continues the design of required systems and development of key components. RF spectrum crowding and data rates are driving systems to higher frequencies both microwave and optical. Certain key components required for satisfactory implementation must be developed These new systems offer greater performance. but require careful implementation In particular, the integration and operation of electronics and antennas must be investigated to ensure that propogation losses do not negate the advantages of operation at higher frequencies RF spectrum crowding also is impacting tracking systems such as radars The use of communication techniques, such as spread-spectrum, hold promise of greater power and performance within the evolving electromagnetic spectrum constraints, and they will be applied to radar systems W76-70688 910-07-01 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala. COMMUNICATIONS 0. 0. Lowrey 2O5-453-1S7B The objective of this eflort is to des-elop active electronically steerable microwave phased array systems operating in the S-band and Ku-band frequency regions for space communications and tracking purposes. These systems will provide high data rate, telecom m unications capability with simultaneous ors eparate transmit, receive and tracking functions Considerable system advancement and performance with decreased size and weight will be realized over conventional systems using separate transmitters, receivers, antennas, transmission lines, control and driving motors, and associated supporting structures This is a continuing eflort that will produce active electronically steered phased arrays that are lightweight, highly redundant, have low W76-70689 910-07-06 John F. Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach. Fla. COMMUNICATION C H Bell 305-867-3842 The objective of this effort is to demonstrate the installation, operation, and maintenance of a widebavd fiber optic cable transmission system. Field tests will be conducted at KSC in an operational environment in order to determine aod define the installation and maintenance requirements for a fiber optic cable system. W76-70690 910-08-00 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT: STABILIZATION AND CONTROL S. M. Seltzer 202-453-4580 1893-78-571 The approach will be to: Ill develop and exploit modern control theory techniques to assure satisfactory performance of instrument pointing system IIPSI. in the presence of such effects as vehicle flexibility, sensor and actuator eonlinearities. and digital implementation Isamplingl; and 121 study the dynamics and control problems ol multiple space deployment from the tug. Define deployment mechanism requirements. deployment technique and the impact of multiple deployment on the Tug attitude control system design, including a definition of candidate mechanisms which satisfy these requirements. Accomplishthent of these objectives requires as a minimum the following tasks Task 61 - Obsernability and Controllability Analysis: Determine the critical vehicle states of the flexible vehicle. Select and place sensors and actuators to enhance their observability and contrxllability. TASK 62 - Digital Controller Design: Analyze IFS noelivearities, such as quantization. actuator friction and sampling, to determine conditions for limit cycles in order that they may be minimized by proper design. Employ previously developed digital redesign technique to design the digital controller. W76-70691 910-08-04 Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst of Tech, Pasadena INSTRUMENT POINTING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR SPACE LABORATORY Aobert V. Powell 213-354-6586 1506-19-14; 186-68-541 The Instrument Pointing System IIPSI being developed by EAND. et al for Spacelab must accommodate a wide variety of Earth pointing and astronomy payload requirements A high precision pointing system is required for xrievtation and control xf the on-board scientific instruments The most cost effective approach in the development of the IPS would maximize the utilization of Low Cost Systems Office ILCSOI components and year-term-ready OAST-sponsored control system technologies. The objective of this effort is to develop a plan for the integration of LCSO and advanced development technologies which could accommodate instrument requirements and result in significant cost savings for future IPS hardware The plan will be based on supporting studies of IPS requirements; technical interactions with NASA Hqrs. and Centers. and EANO; and system simulations. d.c. power drain, uses 100 percent microwave integrated circuitry and utilizes a modular building block construction concept with standardized modules for maximum design versatility and minimum cost. The study of application of active electronic modular techniques to the Ku-band electronically steered phased array will be continued. The most critical devices and circuits will be fabricated and laboratory tested in descending order of 910-05-00 criticality to verify the design performance. W76-70692 910-09-00 John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach, Flu. SAFETY A J Cerrato 305-867-2780 The disposal of hypergolic liquids and vapors at KSC in such a way as to minimize effluent effects on the environment is a project that is continuing, based en criteria developed under contract NAS1O-8399, Hypergolic Propellavts Liquid and Vapor Disposal. Activities will include the evaluation of microwave 110 PAGENO="0343" 339 OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT ultraviolet background; the infrared background. the molecular column density; the gamma ray background, and the magnetic background to the levels specified in the CR00 requirements 121 Task 52- Continue development of electrets as a contamina- tion control and collection device. W76-70696 910-13-00 John F Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach. Fla INSTRUMENTATION R J Cerrato 305-967-2790 The objectives of this project are to provide instrumentation to support KSC lcuvch operations. avd include the development of a passive methvd for determining fluid covtamieation levels iv fluid flow systems, both on-board and ground, is continuing with breadboard testing and evaluation, the automation of minor chemical analytical instrumentation processes is desired to reduce the manpower requited, to increase proficiency, and optimize processing equipment requirements to support microchemical sample analyses, determine the correlation between automatic particle counters and the conventional microscope method of counting particles for the determinativn of contamination levels in flight and ground support equipment; design and build an automated system to electronically trace and verify prepatched patchboards iv support of the KSC telemetry station; and improve KSC telemetry station operation reliability and reduce opera- tions personnel through the use of a centralized control console W76-70697 910-21-00 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala W76-70694 910-13-00 MANUFACTURING AND INSPECTION Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston. Teo. J. M. Knadler 205-453-2492 INSTRUMENTATION The objective of this effort is to evolve through research. W L Craddock 713-4B3-5t7t development and technology application studies new nondestruc- The Space Environment Simulation Laboratory at JSC tive testing INDTI nondestructive evaluation INDEI techniques represents the state of the art in advanced thermal-vacuum test for application during production. post production. preflight, and (space simulationl facilities. Continuing efforts are being made post flight refurbishment of space systems hardware such as to reduce required manpower and total operating costs, while large space structures, space vehicles, free flying teleoperators. maintaining the high standards of test posture and capability of and elements and components, such as thin wall tank structures the facilities. Research is required to understand and predict and composite materials These techniques must be comprehen- operational characteristics as they apply to actual thermal-vacuum sive. reliable, fast, and give data which have traceability and chambers. payloads, and spacecraft This is to include law cost reproducibility, along with remote and portable application techniques for optical refurbishment and fabrication, a more refined Holographic: ultrasonic and acousro-eprical techniques and analytically predicted thermal model, corona phenomena, test combinatioirs thereof will be investigated in the following tasks articles geometric shapes and surfaces. and to develvp methods ItI advanced remote visual inspection techniques. 121 holographic and systems for identification, measurement, control and theoretical model developments. 131 basic developments in improvements To accomplish the objectives of this RT0P the holographic detection. 141 composite mobile holographic nonde- following tasks are proposed. ltl Task 32 - Corona Detective strucrive testing ICMHNDTI system; 151 acousto-optical holograph- System (continuinge ffvrtl, and 121 Task 4t - Lambertiav/Specular ic nondestructive resting IA0HNDT) system; 161 automated Sources, ISCATE) (continuing effort(, and (31 Task 53-Data holometry fringes inspection and data analysis. 171 refurbishment Acquisition and Control System INIM/CAMACI. nondestructive evaluation (NDEI. (81 advancement of automated ultrasonic testing. W76-70695 910-13-00 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala W76-70698 910-21-09 ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION (CONTAMINATION) John F Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach. Fla R J Naumann 205-453-0940 MANUFACTURING INSPECTION (506-t6-35; 750-0t-7tl S D. Wilson 305-867-2758 Previous work performed under a combination of this RT0P The objective of this prolect is to conduct a test program and RT0P 506-16-35 has resutted in the induced enviroement to evaluate the automatic butt welding of flared-type coneecrois monitor (IECM( which is a complement of instruments designed to stainless steel tubing to replace the currently used technique to verify all the contamination requirements specified JSC of mechanically flaring heavy-walled stainless steel tubing The 07700 during the shuttle DFT Series and early spacelab missions study will include the sample welding of test specimens of stainless and provide diagnostic data on any out of specification condition steel tubing typically used at KSC. a mechanical test program. so that it can be corrected before operational flights begin a cost-trade study and possible purchase of a tube welding Additional requirements have recently been identified by the device contamination requirements definition group (CR001 which require advanced instrumentation techniques in ultraviolet photometry. W76-70699 infrared radiometry, mass spectroscopy, gamma ray spectrometry Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten and magnetometry. ft is proposed that the primary emphasis ol ADVANCED SCHEDULING the RTOP be directed toward developing the advanced instromee- R S Davis 7 t 3-493-4346 ration to perform the measurements specified by the CRDG on The objective of this task 32 is to complete the Phase 2 the early shuttle and spacelab flights. To accomplish this objective prototype development and to verify the PLANS language the following tasks are required; Ill Task 51: Conduct an developed in Phase 2 and thus prove its acceptability for instrument definition study to determine measurement techniques. operational usage. Specifically, the language data structure, library instrument requirements, survey of availability of eoistieg modules, and language statement capabilities will be tested for instruments, and development of engineering prototypes to operational completeness and efficiency of usage This will be measure the size, velocity, and tralectories of particulates, the done through an eotensive series of verification programming iv decomposition as a vapor disposal technique, the operation and evaluation of a prototype liquid disposal pond and the preliminary investigation of state-of-the-art concepts suitable for the disposal of fluorine compounds and diborane fuel. The construction and tosring of two full-scale prototype vapor scrubbers of advanced design lone for fuel vapor and one for oxidizer vaporl will be accomplished. In support of the large quantities of hydrazine fuels to be utilized at KSC in the future, the development and testing of an engineering prototype hydraziee sensor which is suitable will be initiated. W76-70693 910-10-00 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION B. F. Walls 205-453-5910 This RTOP describes the program of research and technology development planned in the guidance and navigation area to establish an adequate techvology base for the design and development of the space tug The objective of this effort is to provide advances in the state-of-the-art in the inertial measure- ment unit and the scanning laser radar sufficient to support the design and development of the space tug mission requirements The approach is the inhouse performance of specific improvements in operational characteristics, weight, cost and reliability of the guidance and navigation systems and components This program takes advantage of other ongoing development programs at MSFC. such as the SUMC computer funded by OMSF and the laser gyro funded by OAST. 9 10-25-00 111 PAGENO="0344" OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT 340 both batch and interactive envaonments. The language translator will be optimized fur the production of PLt object code in order to increase the evocation speed, and a spncification will be prepared for the capabilities of a data management system to support PLANS. Also a specification for the interface between the interactjve use r and the PLANS language will be prepared The objective of supplemental task 6t is to provide interactive eoecution capability for the PLANS language being implemented in Phase 2. Displays. in put conventions, and tutorial aids to support the language will be developed A graphics support software will be prepared and the system implemented in Houston Finally, the Phase 2 demonstration program will be adapted to interactive use and implemented on the system. W76-70700 910-27-01 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex. ADVANCED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT Mary Ann Goodwin 7t3-483-475t This task continues the development of an inter actions oftware program, the Automated Test Data Generator (ATDGI. to aid in the verification of computer software by the use of a network analysis of the software logic The technique was initially conceived as a means of constructing efficient test data. However. eoperience with the system has suggested the technique of software network analysis has broader application. ft is proposed that the present tool be used to evaluate the feasibility of the technique in all areas identified as potential applications, logic error detection. critique of logic construction. modularization. requirement and specification evaluation, and subroutine and unit test design It is further proposed that the logical development of the tool continue. Areas to be further developed include: Ill eotension of manually input and automatically detected constraints: (2) alteration of the path-building algorithm to consider dynamic changes in the network constraints; (31 eotension of the analysis to include more than one subroutine; 141 initialization enecu tion of the subroutine being analyzed from ATDG so that the path generated can immediately be eoecuted and then return to ATDG; and 15) simplify operations and improve displays for the interactive W76-70701 910-28-00 Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten. SOFTWARE PROCESSES C. R Mains 713-483.3281 The objective of this RTGP is to perform research in data management system techniques leading to the development of tools to aid JSC personnel in implementing new applications. selecting among data management system approaches and evaluating the performance of the applications on the host system Research is also being performed on new data structuring techniques. One tool is a math model simulator which will simulate various data ha se structures and access techniques for various host computers and background loads to provide data concerning resource utilization and response time for a particular applica- tion. The second tool is a piece of softsaare called the Real Time Simulator which will interface actual data management systems to permit creation of actual data bases on an actual host computer system to provide instrumentation data for use in calibration and validating the math model simulator and user requirements. After constrcction of these tools, the research will enter a phase of applied research. A comparative analysis of these tools with other methods and techniques for evaluating DMS's and their performance will be accomplished. The purpose of this phase is to further demonstrate the adaptability, accuracy. and accomplishment of original tool objectives by applying them in an operational environment using real applications and central computer facility support personnel and services. W76-70702 910-28-02 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. SOFTWARE PROCESSES Bobby Hodges 205-453-0134 The objective of this effort is the development of techniques and algorithms for the automatic verification/validation of software modules. Current effort places emphasis on analysis of enisting techniques and design of a unified system approach to software testing FY-76 and future efforts are to be directed toward the implementation/application of the techniques. This effort will provide new capabilities for reducing total software testing time without sacrificing confidence in performance. and at the same time improve the cost ratio between hardware/svltware systems W76-70703 910-29-01 Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston. Teo COMMUNICATION/NAVIGATION/TRAFFIC B H Batson 7t3-483-298t This RTOP provides for development of prototype hardware for an all-digital television processing and transmission system Much effort has been directed towards the study of TV digitization. compression. coding. and modulation techniques. but only recently (with the advent of large-scale integrated circuit technologyl has an all-digital system appeared truly competitive with conventional analog techniques. ft is now felt that an all-digital approach to picture transmission is not only feasible for the shuttle operational era, but that such an approach will have very significant advantages, such as low cost, high reliability. light weight, low power consumption, small volume, and high performance. Two techniques for digitization of television presently appear to be promising for manned spaceflight applications One of these techniques (Hadamard transform codingl is believed to offer good picture quality at very low bit rates (less than or equal to 8MBPS(. but requires moderately compleo hardware at both the transmitting and receiving terminals. The other promising technique (adaptive delta modulation with overshoot suppression( also offers good picture quality and has the additional advantage of being very simple to implement. Unfortunately, the required bit rate is relatively high (greater than 20 MBPS(. so much of the advantage ostensibly offered by digital television over conventional analog techniques may be lust if delta modulation is used. It is felt that each of the two techniques warrants further investigation, which will include fabrication and testing of laboratory breadboards of actual Hadamard translorm and delta modulation hardware. W76-70704 910-31-00 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex. SPACE OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES Walter Scott 7t3-4S3-3458 A four part statement of work has been written for this study The first part (onboard consumables managementl has been completed. Task 2 (ground consumables managementl will be completed by September 1975. The third part (Task 31 will define the simulator functional requirements for consumables management, define the required algorithms, and begin the actual software development identified as required in Task 1-3. Task 4t is the development of cryogenics PVT algorithms for space applications The first year of this program completed the equation-of-state for hydrogen and developed an equation-of-state for ammonia In as much as the ammonia effort was added. the density eoplicit functions are deferred slightly. In the second year of the RTOP the contractor will providn a set of computer programs of a density eoplicit equation-of-state for hydrogen, ovygen. nitrognn. and ammonia which will be in the order of too times faster and at least 1/3 smaller in core storage than any model presently eoistin g. Thermodynamic properties of slush hydrogen and ooygen will be initiated this year. W76-70705 910-32-01 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY/SUBSYSTEMS Michael K. Hendrix 713-483-4061 The objective of this development is the feasibility demonstra- tion through evaluation testing of a low cost, standardized. prototype nonvolatile (information is retained if power to the device is lost) semiconductor memory. This device may be used advantageously in eoperiments, control systems, and particularly in data management applications where low power, small size. and high reliability are required The memories will be designed as a standardized functional block which can be assembled into largn. low cost. mass memory arrays. This development effort will be conducted in three stages: Ill A study will be made to determine which microelectronic integrated circuit technology best 112 PAGENO="0345" 341 OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT satisfies the performance~'cOst~ and reliability requirements consistent with the specific data storage applications. The results of this study will define the design requirements for the microelectronic chip (21 A microelectronic chip will be designed. fabricated, and tested. Key design parameters will be retention time, interrogation time, power dissipation, transient tolerance. and radiation resistance. Evaluation testing of key electronic parameters will verify performance of deoice and demonstrate its reliable use in higher level assemblies. 13) A microelectronic hybrid assembly (consisting of several nonvolatile chips in terconnected on a common substrate) will be designed, fabricated. and tested to the requirements of Spacecraft Data Management Branch/EG6. The results of this testing will prove the feasibility of using the non-volatile microelectronic chip in spacecraft systems. W76.70706 910-33-00 Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM R E. Panciera 205-453.3989 The objective of the Space Ultrareliable Modular Computer effort is to develop low cost reliable aerospace modular computers and computer input output hardware. which are applicable to NASA's future payloads. The main thrust of this effort at this time is to implement. into the current simpleo design. adequate reliability by the incorporation of automatic fault detection and correction designs, perform qualification testing. and continue to develop support software. The development of an internally fault tolerant computer must be undertaken immediately for timely integration of future payload information management subsystems such as tug. The objective of the information management effort is to continue to define, develop and space qualify an onboard information management system lIMSI which can best accomplish the requirements of the Space Tug missions. Areas in which analysis and technology developments are required will be identified. The requirements for memory will be determined. A computer, previously developed, under this effort, and computer input output hardware with special monitoring equipment currently under development will be provided for use in the design. development and test of a redundant laser gyro inertial measuring W76-70707 910.33-03 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tee. INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Benjamin H Hood 713-483-5831 This RTOP will determine the feasibility of optical techniques for spacecraft digital data transmission systems similar to the space shuttle data bus system. The use of optical techniques holds promise of improving the cost effectiveness of digital data transmission systems by the inherent immunity of fiber optics to electromagnetic fields resulting from lightning strike, precipita- tion static, RF transmitters, and power and signal circuits routed in proximity to the fiber bundle. Where secure communications requirements apply, design and test costs should be reduced significantly because the fiber optics bundles will not emanate RF energy and can cross red/black interfaces without shielding In some cases filtering requirements on associated conventional wiring can be reduced. System design problems arising from normal EMC wire separation requirements would be alleviated, since the fiber optics bundles are not subject to inter-wire capacitive or inductive noise coupling This should result in a net savings in vehicle volume. It is also eopected that the fiber optics bundles would perform functions equivalent to conventional metal conductors with less weight impact. System and equipment level EMC and lightning protection design costs should be less since the fiber optic bundle will not conduct electrical noise. the avoidance of which is a design impact inherent in conventional wire circuitry. W76-70708 910-35-00 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Teo SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS W. F. Haldeman 713-483-2931 The objective of this plan is to improve the JSC and NASA capability to use costs and schedules as parameters iv future space system design. development. production,and operations. The approach is as follows (1) methods will be investigated to improve the ability of the agency to include cost as direct design parameter in advanced program planning. This will involve improvement of existing techniques for vehicle design synthesis, and the development of new techniques in high cost hardware areas such as avionics; 121 the in-house cost data and analysis capability for advanced space program estimating purposes will be further developed and maintained, including various subsystems which are applicable to payloads and future space systems. An avionics data base of historical cost, schedule, and technical future space system hardware and software developments will be further developed; and 131 the data base developed for each subsystem will be used to determine relationships between cost. schedules, and readily.knowe parameters, such as desired technical performance characteristics. These relationships will form the basis for subroutines in the NASA synthesis model. W76-70709 910-35-01 Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Ten MANUFACTURING IN SPACE ENVIRONMENT P R Maloney 713-483-3987 The objectives are to initiate the exploitation of the space environment to manufacture at low cost for use in space objects of different characteristics Ii e.. curvature, composition, size, thickness, and strengthl; and demonstrate the ability to use the space environment advantageously in the manufacturing proc esses The approach is to use centrifugal force, space vacuum. inert atmosphere, pressure differential, temperature control, electric and magnetic fields, and other physical parameters to form metals and other materials into objects with specific characteristics. The forces of surface tension of most liquids are higher than their cohesive strengths Theoretically, by virtue of these properties. one could in zero-g, by rotating a spheroid of homogeneous liquid about an avis through its center, cause the spheroid to become oblate. By introducing a gas at the aois of the spheroid. it can be made hollow. By a combination of rotation and gaseous pressurization, a spheroid may be made both oblate and hollow. By controlled variation of this combination in conjunction with temperature and rate of solidification, solid surfaces with specific eccentricities may be fabricated Electric and magnetic fields may also be employed to determine geometric shapes and molecular patterns W76-70710 910.35-02 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va INTEGRATED POWER/ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SPACE VEHICLE APPLICATIONS J E Stitt 804.827-3745 1506-19-131 This work will establish the required technology for an Integrated Power/Attitude Control System IIFACSI capable of performing the dual functivn of power generation and attitude control for a large variety of spacecraft and missions. Results from in-house and contractual efforts are being used to investigate power generation and control capability of IPACS. to generate requirements for crilical hardware components; to develop IPACS configurations and control laws; and to define multimission applicability of IPACS to provide low cost modularized vehicle subsystems Viability of the IPACS concept will be verified through integration of critical hardware components into a laboratory IPACS and through thorough evaluation of this unit in a realistic mission and dynamic environment using LRC static and dynamic test facilities. Associated development programs will be directly coordinated with LeRC. GSFC, JSC. and MSFC Preliminary problem areas ivclude the impact of reliability, maintainability, failure modes, and system integration on IPACS performance and multimission usage capability, performance limits of composite materials under cyclic stresses and extended-duration vacuum, development of bearings, seals, and lubrication systems capable of long-life at high speeds and under large cyclic loads, development of high power, high-efficiency motor generator units for operation at high speeds, development of high-power, long-life. low-friction slipring assemblies for operation in a vacuum Solutions to these problems will be verified through hardware tests and simulations, which will determine power generation 113 PAGENO="0346" OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT W76-70713 910-38-00 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala MATERIALS C E Cataldo 205-453-1280 The obiective of the effort represented by these tasks revolves the development of materials and/or processes that coold provide urgently needed advancements in matesals technology. Auvanced space systems mill require materials that provide long bfe with bttlo degradation Improved high efliciency. stable thermal control coatings are needed for all tutore spacec raft. Longer life lubricants are required. A better knowledge of the fracture charactecstics of ceramic/glasses mill be very helpful in the design of large mirrors and reflectors, as well as the design of viewing ports. For structures such as Tug. fracture mechanics data for thin gauge materials usill be required Better quality weldments are needed for all programs. To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will becontinu ed: tI Task 51 porcelain enamel thermal control coativg; (21 Task 52 fracture mechanics of ceramic materials; and (31 Task 53 solid hIm lubricants Additionally. four new tasks will be a part of this plan. as follows: (4) Task 54 fracture properties of thin gauge tankage alloys. (51 Task 61 puddle physics in pulsed arc welding, and (61 Task 62 ferro fluid bearing lubrication W76-70714 910-38-00 Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED NONMETALLIC MATERI- ALS F. S. Dawn 713-483-2059 This RTOP will result in the development of new spacecraft interior nonmetallic materials capable cf meeting rigorous safety and performance requirements Specifically durable nonmetalhc materials are required which are eovburning and low smoking and low offgassing in spacecraft interior environments while exhibiting a good balance of engineeseg p~nperties. Programs are specifically geared toward minimum weights through selection of low density matesals. rmproved component design and high performance requisng minimum-thicknessu sage. Programs reflect W76-70716 910-40-00 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala AEROELASTICITY R. S. Ryan 205-453-2481 The obiective is to improve the accuracy and efhciency in analyzing and testing the dynamic behavior of space vehicles and payloads. There will be developed dependable analytical and empescal methods that will further the development of low cost structures for such as docking vehicles, payloads, and space- crafts. To accomplish this obiective. the following tasks will be performed It) recovery of spinning satellite. 121 development of substructure program. (31 effects of damping on mode shapes 141 experimental study of transient liquid motion in orbiting spacecraft (51 solid prupellant viscoelastic dynamic model, and 161 statistical energy analysis of complen structures lO/GLI. W76-70717 910-42-01 Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex. SIMULATION Donald W. Lewis 713-483-4371 The purpose of this study is to cvntinu e the development/ modification of an interactive computer program to interface with the shuttle procedures simulator and thereby provide a tool for the procedures developer, crew training instructor, and the engineering analyst The digital computer program resides in the CDC 6400 computer and runs in conjunction with the shuttle procedures mav-iv'the'locp simulator and is used in the definition. yerification and modification of advanced manned systems flight techniques and procedures The RTOP will improve the productivity in the area of the development of flight crew procedures and the display and recording of crew and systems performance measurement data to support shuttle and subsequent advanced manned systems. The program has the capability to record and produce step by step detailed crew procedures from - simula- ion runs, compare developed procedures with previously stored reference runs, evaluate crew and system perform once and produce flight crew checklist documentation for advanced manned systems Programming concepts and the program organizational structure previously developed and demonstrated on the part task shuttle procedures simulator will be adapted for use on the full mission simulator. 342 capability, control effectiveness, and spinup, spindown cycling high technology leverage for the most part in that they consist ects on system performance. of combining untried but already developed materials in new usage applications resulting in substanti I Id W76-70711 910-36-00 product perfurmance Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS W76-70715 910-39-00 Richard F Smith 7t3.483-3491 Lyndon B. Johnsxn Space Center. Houston. Tee. The objectives of this RTOP are: It) to gain additional AEROTHERMODYNAMICS technology and experience in the application of an ultra low Robert W. Abel 713-483-3852 expansion material to the surface of spacecraft windows, as a The Engineering Design Integration IEDIN) Project is an means of improving structural properties and decreasing activity sponsored by the Engineering Analysis Division lEAD) spacecraft operational costs; and 121 determine the feasibility of aimed at developing a Computer Aided Design (CAD) capability back driving a brushless dc motor to function as an attenuator for JSC. The long-range goal of this activity is to achieve the and as a drive motor for use in future spacecraft docking systems capability to perform the design xf the next major funded NASA project throughout the preliminary design process entirely on W76-70712 910-37-00 the computer The BAD is committed to developing a CAD Marshal) Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala capability which will span the broadest meaning of CAD by CRYOGENICS develxping and acquiring the software, hardware and support A. L Worlund 205-453-3864 from other JSC organizations esstential to this task The approach The basic program oblective is to prxvide an integrated to developing the EDIN computer aided design system has technology base to enable realistic trade studies involving cryogen been to make maximum usage of existing software and technology. propellant management subsystem options for the full capability The EDIN system is outgrowth of the ODIN system develuped tug Analytical studies. environmental parameters and oxmpx- at Langley Research Center. The strategy has been to develop nent docelupmeet will be combined to establish design data on computer software which enables an engineering team Ix perform performance and reusability. Operational constraints and interface design integration on the computer and make maximum utility design criteria will be a principal output of the subsystem and of existing analysis programs. The development efforts utilizing system testing. Subsystem concepts will be integrated and tested 909 funds are centered in three areas Ill development of CAD to identify system interface problem areas and the mainteeance/ capabilities and software, (21 developing technical analysis cost relationship. Advanced concepts dexeloped under prior programs and 131 developing of design integration techniques technology programs which have not been applied Ix flight and demonstrating their applicability through design simulations. vehicles. but already have a hardware development history will be utilized. Specific propellant management areas to be assessed in the breadboard include HPI reusability. zerx-g propellant acquisition. and low or zero NPSH pumping. The effort will consist of the following: It) Task 31 propellant management/main tank breadboard; 121 Task 34 thermal acoustic oscillations; and 13) Task 6t high performance insulation development W76-70718 910-42-02 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala. SIMULATION (ADVANCED HYBRID COMPUTING SYSTEM - AHCS) 114 PAGENO="0347" 343 OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT R. L Lawr~nce 205-453-5935 The objectives are to co-sponsor the design and development of an Advanced Hybrid Computing System (AHCS) with the Army Material Command IAMCI and other government agencies (Air Force. Navyl; jointly participate in defining and reviewing the hardware and software requirements and system architecture for the prototype development of the AHCS; and to evaluate these prototypes. The co-sponsoring government agencies will have representation on a technical committee which will contract three studies/hardware and monitor the efforts on these contracts. NASA will transfer funds to AMC for administering the contracts through one central office. A written agreement will be drawn up between the participating agencies committee members which will delineate the committee functions and the proposed funding transfer. Optional funding will allow NASA a hardware prototype from this effort.l The tasks are tI to finalize and issue RFPs; 121 evaluation of approaches as to design of hardware and software; 131 evaluation ol software operating system; 141 hnalize hardware design; (5) evaluate hybrid prototype operation; and 161 selection of one vendor for final development. W76-70719 910-49-01 John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach. Fla METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS R. J. Wojtasinski 305-867-2780 The objective of this effort is the improvement of meteorological forecasting and data gathering, transmission, and analyses at the Kennedy Space Center IKSC). The actomation of meteorological data gathering, processing, historical storage. and access for operator usage will be investigated to enhance operating efficiency of the KSC Meteorological Prediction Center. 115 PAGENO="0348" 344 SUBJECT INDEX RTOP Summary FISCALYEAR 1976 Typical Subject Index Listing Rccc Ncse Receach AERODYNAMIC HEATING AC US C 0 G V M M 513-50-51 W76-70185 50s-10-26 W76-70t33 I / La M 0 NUMBER f ACCESbON Dynanca 50Le02-22 . A title is used to povide a mote eoact descsp- D~cclcyc1 a! SuSIe FI0ht ERpelel Dsp P1gb Leads M scent Technques ~6-70027 lion ot the subject mattel The RTOP accession p~~lt saG-louts B-t FIght Lead M steel Reseeeh mb dt I 1 th bbl g ph 1 50 A lions and technical summanes in the Summaty MactaO Ic L,bpatnn ~d Weat n echatna 505-06-16 676-70073 AER~n~:taccn Cia! SpaY Dec&ypnent Testug dully and ohs A s ~ 04 cnn A LHTION E W 6 0 M On ty cc Collects Red An~lysis et Metect DEbts ten ItS Ccptatnal Aecdcaics ~ Ncse - 08 53 W cc ABLATIVE MATERIALS 505-05-14 W76-70070 5056624 W76-70079 195-21-64 0076-70632 VeStS Dp~s - SIIl/Spn/PgS-a'pla Chaattnis- Rinds Dynacs w76-70t35 Cc Lc cc 56 w vu VS Co 56 0 W / w 185-4766 W76-70522 SCAR - AecdyInV Pelcinape Teehclcgy(Systens MIsFIt Aendynancl 176-10-st W76-70460 SCAV-Aecdynane Petctnlnce Technclcgy (Thectyl 517-51-02 W76-7021R 196-41-74 W76-7c65t Aecdyn~nncs ad PeIfcnace (Thecy) 506-26-23 6576-70309 ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 743-c4-21 W76-7c241 AERODYNAMIC STALLING Planeta y Asvcncny and Suppctng Lahnatcny Re- Reign Synens Reseacty AIcah (RSVAI Vehyle DynanVs - SiaI/Spn/Hgh alpha Chanectels- ACCELERATED LIFE TESTS W76 70647 ~ FIgS Espenent 6576-70401 VtyusiDcnanps - Sall/Sccn/ogS-Ilpha Thsnvecc- W76-70355 A b0~~4,5 apha chances- Gip~lAeacn - Aec&pnanncs w76-70097 506-24-21 576-70369 VIg'~lg Ii aecea bIn Ahab! TeyhnclcggfWid Tel 505c422 W7670053 505-03-11 657670635 505-11-41 W76-70159 sos-cc-cl W76 70093 I-i PAGENO="0349" 345 AEROELASTICITY SUBJECT INDEX VRhVIR Dy~~RR SII/Sp~/H~gh &pho Hyd~ogRI-F~RIRd A!V041 SySIRTI TRoh~oIogy Hyp&RRTV A~o04I ARTdy~RTiy T~h~oIogy ChVo~I~sI~ 516-54-01 W76-70214 50511-31 W76-70158 GR~R04 ATRI~ - A~Tdy~~yR I~RRIigRIV~ RI St04RsphR~ C~I~oos 743-03-31 W76-70235 505-10-1 W76-70123 176-10-62 W76-70462 SCAR E~gTR SI~dy SR~0I A~Rt~oI AR~odyVR~~ PR# TTVR TR~h~RIIgy PS~o AITIR hR~ PTRR$RRRT)d M 00$ RTR$II 743-03-41 W76-70236 505-10-12 W76-70124 185-47-91 W76-70529 AIR CARGO Io~ y$$V~VR~IT 0 1 RIOT YIRTV$ E$po~iToIIoi o~d Thoo$RI~oI SI~d,RR RI PIR$RIR$y 7914008 W76-70164 505-10-14 W76-70126 ITRIpOTR CViI A~o~oh AIII6IR 004 Molhodplpgy DRVRIRpTRVI M / W6 6 S W 04 H~I~VptR~ Ao~~dy~o~po W76-70128 AEROSOLS AIR INTAKES - 505-1027 W76-70134 505-08-21 W76-701 10 516-51-02 W76-70210 VTOL ARTdy~TTV ~ DoI,~!I~pI of PhyI~hI0R d ChOTilVy Eop0AT0~Is AIR NAVIGATION 505-10-31 W76-70135 Spopo JO0I UI~oooyy Pog~RT o~ Ao T000POIIIOT VIOL AR~odyooT!p PRthVTTV$ 750-01-54 W76-70410 SyIIITS 50510-31 W76-7013S CVTRIR Ro&oo~ph 5050712 W7670099 Po~o~~od-bft ART4yORTVR 175-40-10 W76-70448 Go~o& AoiRIo FI,ghI CpoVoj SyRIRT ood D~opIoyo / ) W 04 /l d M ~ 1-2 PAGENO="0350" 346 SUBJECT INDEX AIRCRAFT FUELS MttFT Aidolft Vooi00d Thos1 Mooioo~~bil1y AIRCRAFT BRAKES lOFT ~od Sooofoo 505-11-23 W76-70155 Aooodi Sys1i~os OpI I~~il S04iiy~od El1ip~opy 505-04-11 W76-70050 AIR TO SURFACE MISSILES I4p00141'd O~so HypFTooo Ppo!ooo M~LEI1 Aliodyoo400 5050931 W76-70121 505-05-41 W76-70063 505-11-22 176-70153 AoplOI Gooood Po~oo ~ S Coooi Md~Iiiy Ai6,Ifi - VioloIld most MRoRoostsbOty 505-08-31 W76-70122 505-05-51 W76-70065 505-11-23 W76-70155 AIRCRAFT COMPARTMENTS A!thsots Wood AIR AppodsflottodCotlttO ~td GoidFTl Th~ooy 0 Ih~ 504-09-21 W76-70004 ~ At&~ois o~d H~odbook Sooooofo Aototttsto ood M~oo~I Coottol of Fotoo STOL ood VTOL 011sf Aootot 5 7 W 00 Co W 00 Not-Coopitotos Pilot Wottiog SystS0 SOS-OS-il W76-70068 505-06-42 W76-70085 FF0 do ~ do do @0 Pd W7 003 W 3 513-53-01 W75-7OI9O H~~di0fg Qosl045 - T0t50Itt~@/FI1~b~T3y Eftoots LHffg-H50(A0H~5ft AOfHdytf50400500 Ptopo!o~ot SyotR0 S 0 Op ys p0 ttg Mod W ~ °~ w 0 sod doT CoO Mlitoty Miptoso~o~ Loodog SystRos (MLS) dosoood Cootsi App yst005 ~ : : : ~: ~ I ~ : M Lo 0 Ott to Assosst,ott 505-08-30 W7S-70120 512-53-01 W7S-70182 S04-09-12 W7S-70002 Gst,o!Aototot - AOtOdYHst1OS W76-70123 51530 Aoptgft Fight Espotottoot W76-701O3 05 Wi ~ o Vt Co ~ CIA Ttoospottstoo Systoos 0110 CHIt000I 51005 FIg°t Ooyoss W7S-70129 V/SOOL A,otoft Dosgo dApphystHto 791-40-11 W76-7016S VTOL Aotodtos.'st Podotttooyo Hydogit-Foolod Atytoft Syttoss Tsthttotogy hodo Wi 00 00 05 00 Loos /Sott 0d~ 0 0 ~ M I Sys1o~s 50511-12 W76-7014S Fight Risigtyh Ptlgtsy Co ~ 3W to W M /51 Ait Ttsospotstoo std Cotpopts Htgh-Spood Aotodytstttos Soppot Tottytol Atos EtfoottoR0155 Ptogtottt - Optittiostiot of MilotyAttotoft Atodytstto5 W7S-701S2 SCAR- Aotodytsttttt Pottottttstoo Toyhtto(ogy iSystottts (High Coysotty Dots Systiotsi Aytoo Cottof Atotsft Fight Espotttott Soot Shoy-HoI Assloph Ay~tgft (QSRA( W 83 69 910-33-00 W7S-7070S ~g°tt R1$tItHh PIO4ISO1 057 -7 221 Hydogot Ettottot to Atoll Polo Egos 513-SOt spot1110to It 11011 W76-7Ot9O SCAR-ooopltstoo AOIH0Iot/SAS/P1004iItHt Cotttoi F-iS Fight HOIIOHh Pogot - 1-3 PAGENO="0351" 347 AIRCRAFT GUIDANCE SUBJECT INDEX W 00 A1:FhghE~p~~:~U,, 505-10-22 W76-70129 505-1022 W76-70129 STOL Op1A00g Sy01~ ~ 0s~~g MAdIA 505-10-26 W76-70133 505-10-23 W76-70130 ~d.Ih~ C~l M4~~y ~ 00~d~~g Sy111~s (MLS) P~1d-U11 (STOL/RT0LT A sdy SA Pf~~s~ VTOL AIsdyls P1311 513-53-03 W76-70192 505-10-41 W76-70141 505-10-31 W76-70136 VTOL OplAIg Sylos Esp~1s TRygi 0012 Ellpysyssss Pyg00y - Opt Ply st STOL/ATOL Fight Dygs 513-54-01 W76-70195 FIght Ptgppdtps tI Shyty HIT Tt~Ipy9 AistlIt 5051042 w767Ot42 Hpiygptpt - At T4ftp Cyst tttttg4ty Stsdy 513-53-06 W76-70194 Obiqyp Wg Fight T~o 00shsiygy 513 54-03 W76-70197 Ad~~~1~d tttspyy SysIMs 00yhtyiygy 5555 505-1 1-13 W76-70146 505-08-10 SIp PH 5515511 W76-70107 AMST Psgt00 PlEspItot V~-t~ Fhght Esp~sts - A00tts SlOty 680 -FA O5hyisgy - - - 516-51-01 W76-70209 505-08-21 W76-70110 AMST E~pp Its P gt~ttt PIttypIss SF12 Dsspist~ty 0 1s1~Eh AsytLE OppItos sd 531115 660 769-01-02 W7670250 516-51 02 W76-7021 1 505-08-22 W76-70113 AMST Esp Its Psgts Pt pIlot St2bhty otd CsEsi P dstot sf Fiotbip AssAIl AAAIst SIfoy Rpsottsh sd T~yhsiygy - WIkIV3tp 769-01-04 W76-70252 743-05-01 W7670243 WR5Votlpp M 111110 Fight ESpItllI11tS - 0511 Shot-Hot Rpsotsh AtlAS (QSRA) TA Ass 8sot~h Assoft W76-70247 AIRCRAFT LANDING W76 70~2 ::~~t1~s2tt~T! AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES :::i:::: Cossssd L1Sdsg Is STOL Op~otos W76-70t16 H1tdhlg SAlts - T bittsl/FibsbSty 6111511 50~2~51i1sttd SIlssts& Dyotot 5051014 W76-70126 H9p1lA~tydyss W76-70t26 MsdA SSPPIISSS SysII~) W76-70028 W 00 S w / 513-54-02 W76-70196 Pyssppd-Lft A~sdyfIsp 505-06-92 W76-70094 00 M My ~ 82 W 9 W Cs M s w iv 723-0101 PyglO W76-70221 Rdp CAlls Cotot VIlidlIot/Pist Ptosss SCAR MIT Appiyltss W76-7O224 W I w W 00 505-11-41 W76-70159 505-08-22 W76-70114 SCAR-StAysphpy EllIs itt - TsobSL4sp AIRCRAFT NOISE HotId Asydlyp D~tp Pt5155tgltd Fight SCAR - Stltgsphts Espy p1st 551 Rtspssp 15 Nss~ Stills Is Ay111 Ayydpyt Rtssdgs 743-02-22 W76-70232 504-09-11 W76-70001 505-08-23 W76-701 18 AIRFOIL PROFILES SpIll Ally Nstt Rtdsytyt SIlly 55155 AppyIsh Id LIdsg SlOty 5050631 W76-70082 1-4 PAGENO="0352" 348 SUBJECT INDEX ASTROPHYSICS 505 w oo M M 0 W 00 MMD C~ M M G~R~& A~1~ A~dy~ P3~~ 0h~'~gy 506-20-24 W76-70319 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 505-10-12 0076-70124 ANALYZING AYS0I! 6~1Ig1001 505-11-12 006411 A100y~i4 ~ A1~sp46R-V1hi6IR DRsig~ ~ 00g~d RUS0I Sy00~s 505-1 1-21 W76-70151 ANGLE OF ATTACK ASCENT w 5 000 D CI~ P~i~ SIs-flIs Fl hI p ~ A~f~I A0dy~,6s 750-01-62 W76-70412 510-52-01 W76-70171 505-00-31 W76-70081 ASTEROIDS 510-56-01 W76-70175 505-06-93 W76-70095 188-41-51 W76-70571 F-iS FighI Ris~6h p494 V00~4 844$ - S&T/Sp/Hgh &ph4 CI44011- II1pii$I4y Di Rd C0114y Phy00$ YF-i2FlighI 6441401$ w76-70204 W76-70096 ASTRONOMICAL MODELS 516-51-01 W76-70209 WhioV Dyo~oi - S1PI/Spp/High Aph~ Qo461&- 80 Wd OpIoA AiIoooy SCA dy U Wi 0 (Co CA Coop / / SM 743-05-22 W76-70245 505-11-24 0076-70156 188-45-51 W76-70585 U SM M 554$ Of Al 41041 Sysiboo Spi~ ShopO cpyfgyiioyiid 188-41-51 Aito~y W76-70569 791-40-03 W76-70162 ANGULAR RESOLUTION 188-41-51 W76-70569 513-50-53 W76-70187 ANIONS Loo Eoogy G i Riy As oy AIRPORTS No-MssVy Splofdolos 180-46-50 W76-70597 A,oift Good ~ - 188-46-57 Aslooy W76-70595 ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES - Co Sp SN 513-54-03 W76-70197 ANTENNA ARRAYS 188-46-57 W76-70596 STOL/RTOL FIght Dy 0$ W76-70142 ANTENNA DESIGN tot SpSySNSfi Aytss Stytyls ASTRONOMY T~ohV - SVtyo Tioho M$IROOIOgOOI SIIIIYIRS 310-20-46 W76-70662 506-10-13 W76-7029O Oils R1s~ioh Aoioios Atl14 Tsoholygy Psyloids 0 Co 0 w 1761011 W7670455 A Good AIlS 10 Wdsbid Diii Ttisssiy 188-41-51 W76-70569 Co W 06 ALGORITHMS Ni 700005 1 PoyVo Adoiopd Myty StOss 10 Espto~ Pogis Atoytsd Pool S stills M ii 410lllt W76-70098 TR1Y~YiI Cofgpd Viol FogS 188-41-51 Asooly W76-70569 502335 w Ii W : 3V000Co 0 M 1-5 PAGENO="0353" ~, ~ ~ 349 ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION SUBJECT INDEX Th.~.ti~eI High E~.~gy Ast~ophysic. I~sstigat~~ ~f St~atosph~,l~ Co~st~w~t~ RaTe~o~sh~p ~f Ato~Ic St~t~es With MetvIaI 188.40.52 ~ W78*70591 176-1082 W7870462 P~ope~t~.s Pa!tI~t~ Ast?ophysics ~ Afr PolI~tIo~ Mod&fr~; .~d flemot. S.~sI~ 5061610 W7670262 1884656 W7670593 E~uI~atio~ ATOMS ~ R.y AaI?~~,y 176201 ~ W7670463 Physics .~d O~e~i.oy ~f $oI!da 1884057 V~7O7O596 R.~, ~ Se~.l~ ~ ti f~ T,o . he,~c PoIIutIo,~ 506.1612 W7870257 L~ E~s~;y Gs~a Ray Ast~o~o,~y 1762042 W7O7045O ATTITUDE CONTROL 18846.58 W7R.70597 ~ OTOL/RTOL Flight Dy~a~Ic~ Ad~a~e A M!s$io~ St~dAi 0! E~pIo~o~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~O ~ ~ ~. ~a v~ece 5051042 W76.70142 10870.80 W7870009 ~ ttlfrg iOZtttG DOD Assisterce Shttttto Latrnchsd Htgh Erergy Astrophysics Spacecraft * 505.11.41 W7870180 10878.00 W7O.700t2 Atttrrosp crc Effects ssttlttrg frorrr E lrtsrrts Prodttoed Eotetrded Life Attttrtde Cortrol Systsrra (ELACS) lot Adrs,rced Irfrired Astroncrrry cr4 Liborstory Dtt~Irg NASA Urttttetttted Pocket LltrrChea Used Pl~etery Vehicles Astrophysics 18O72~5O W7O7O51 0001914 W707O300 100.41.04 W7070648 Str~ct~re of Plartetary Atrrospheres Eoperlmert Polrrtlrrg Mcttrrt ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION 185.47.87 W7O70523 5o~.to.to W7870310 Propegetiort Studies Usirg Eoterded Wsuelargth Rerge Atrrcspheric Eoperlrrert Deuelcpmert Megretlo Oearlrg Reactior Wheel for Urrrarred of High Pourer Losers lPrcpuulsucr heir Hctlscrsl 1854771 W7E*70520 Plaretery Vehicles 5082142 W7O70334 Theoretical Studies . Plaretary Atrrospheres 180.08.70 W767054O High Resolution Leser Atnrcspherio Ttarsrnleslott 85.47.72 W70.70527 Attitude Control Propulsion Research High Pourer Lees, Oysterrrs Techrologyl Icniestlon ard Rite Ptccesses itt Planatar 0t0~0400 W7O~70O83 6002643 W7870384 At h Attitude Cortttol Propulsion GtcuurdOassd Radio Astrorronry 18647.74 W78.70528 010.04.03 W7E.70884 1884152 W7O.70573 I I lrrstrAtrrent Polrrtlrg Oysterrr Techrology for Spice Pleretery Astronomy cr4 Suppcrnlrg Labotslcry ~P Labotetory Research p 9100804 W787089t 10841.87 W70.70847 lntegtated Pourer/Attitude Corrtrol Systerrt for Space ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER LIV srtd Oproel Astrorcrry Vehicle Apphostlcrrs Krrourledge of Atrtrcspharic Processes 188~4151 W78.70589 0103502 W7870710 505.08.10 W78.70107 Infrared Spectroscopy of Stirs AUGMENTATION ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 1884155 W7870578 PoureredLiIt ISTOL/RTOLI Aerodyrrsrrrlc Penfcrnnarcs Planetary Arrrcspherss . Structure and ~omposlticr lrfrsrsd Astrcrrcrrry 505.10.41 W7870141 185.47.68 W7870524 188.41.85 W7670580 STOL . Cruise Augnrrertor Dsoelcprrrert Prcgrarrr Icnlastior arid Rite Processes ru Plaretary Grcurdbased Infrared Astroriorrry 508.1043 W78~70143 Atrrroepherss 198.41.50 W7870843 AURORAS 185.47.74 W7870528 GrcurudXssed IrrItated Astrorcrnry Magretosphiric Physics . P5210155 and Psnicle/Fiald ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 198.41.72 W78.70049 lrtersctiors t7~30 1W h R h W78 70447 ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE 38 56 h Ph P P W78 70552 175.40.40 W78.70400 192.55.88 W78.700 8 188.38.58 W78.70558 Clirrrsto Research ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AUTOIONIZATION 175.40.70 W78.70453 Ouanturr Electrorlos Esslc Theoretlcsl R esssrch Strstcspheric Research Program 5082532 W7870378 894852 W7870803 178.10.41 W78.70458 Atmosphsric Eoperirrrert Deuelcprrnsnt AUTOMATIC CONTROL Plaretsry Atrrospheres . Structure srd Corirpositior 1854771 W7O70528 Autorrated Pourer Systems Msnagerrsrt 185.47.88 W78.70524 Ad~irced Missicr Studies for Eaplorer Progrerrs 5082335 W7U70353 ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION 188.78.80 W7870800 Deualoprrrert of ar Aiitcrrrated Lorgursll Shaarer Stratospheric Research Ptcgrarr ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING 778.41.01 W7870433 1781051 W7870480 Clirrrate R esesrch Stetior Moritcr & Cortrol Systerr Tochrclogy Rerrots Serslrg Corospts for Tropospheric Pollurior 75.40.10 W7870448 Deueloprrert 1782042 W78~704cc Clurrats Ressero h . Doors M easurerrarts 3103088 W78~70887 Absolute PressUre. Atorric Ocygar, erd Energetic Saerr 175.40.80 W7870452 Natirork Morutcm, Cortrol and Operetuors Technology Calibration for Mass Spectrorrsters Ea r nrsrt I rd The r Ii I Studi f Pier t r 310.40.70 W78'70875 18S475f W78~705f5 Atnros hires Melaorolcgioel lrfomrreluor Systsrrs Aduarcsd Eaperimort Dauelopmert for Panicle 185.47.94 W787063t 010.49.01 W78707tS Composituor Measure mart ir Plaretery Atmospheres ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AUTOMATIC PLIGHT CONTROL 1854754 W78705f8 Solertifuc Defirituor Study for Air Dersity Eeplorars . Rorororaft Flight Dyrarruos Pleratery Atmospheres . Struotuure end Composition 1980 Iheuutral 0 ramlcs Ee lorersl S05'tO'23 W78.70l3t 1054758 W7870524 186.78.80 W78lD8tO STOL Operating Systems Esperimetta Using Models erd A E D I W78 70525 ATMOSPHERIC TURSU~E~E ~ bI 8ff hCiMl ry M La d 92 185.47.71 W7O70525 508.08.92 e or At h W7870004 513.54.01 W78.70t8S Sclertlfio Dafinitior Study for Air Sanity Eaplorems . 505.08.10 W7e7UIO8 AUTOMATIC PILOTS 1080 Ihoutral Dyremsos Eaplorarel Genital Atiatior Aircraft 0 cretin E earierces Flight Manaoemert in Pamore Piloted Systems 188.78.80 W7U70010 600.08.20 W7870fO8 5040934 W78-70000 ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY WideDodsed Jet Trans ott 0 eratir Eaperierces Application of Control and Guittarte Theory to the Scientific Definition Study for Air Density Ecplorars . 5050826 w78'70f 19 Automatic cr4 Menial Control of Future STOL ard VIOL 1980 Iheutrel Dytamics Eoplomersl SCAR . Atmospheric Turbulerce Aircraft 1887880 W78-705t0 743.Off3 W7E.7022S 5060711 W7070098 ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY Platetemy Atmospharas . Structure erd Compositior Getetal Atiatsor Adoeroad Ausonice Planetary Ertry Teohrology 185.47.80 W7870524 512.52.02 W7870t8t 50818.41 W7070272 ATMOSPHERICS AUXILIARY PROPULSION 000 28 DO A P61 W7E 70380 1 VLF W d A N 0 1 L 0 S H 503 22 mEl P I W78 703 0 000 28 22 P V Dy :10 P W73 70380 ATOMIC IEAMS C W70 70180 P TV I 70343 6002823 W7870300 t I y AVIONICS Ertmylochrology Payloodo 70 0 7600.51 W7o'7O4oS ~ Ursoamsimy Program on Air Transportation Ihuttlo Ertmy Taohrology Payload ord Eapemirrart ATOrICCOmLLISI~yNS Palo Pr000ecas in Plaretem 505.07.12 W78'70000 Defiritior Atmos hares General Ausatson Flight Control System arid Displays 750-01.02 W70704f0 ~ W78-70525 005.07-21 W7870t01 Planetary Atrroapheroc Srriin tiire and Coirrpoeition Ma natos horio Ph ace Partiolee and Particle/Photnn Arctics Atlanta Teohnology t8S'47 05 WTU'70024 lnteraotiotc 5070722 W757OtO2 ATMOSPHERIC MODELS 85 30.58 W7o.70500 Automated VIOL Aoiutrios Glottal Weather Ponooroh Saeic Thaoratioal Ifeoaomch 0060741 W70:7OfOS 170.30.00 W7U~7O447 185 48.52 W7070003 Geteral Ausalsor ` Aduorceul Atiorsos Xyeterm Climato Rasearoh ATOMIC EXCITATIONS 0125201 W7E 70t80 754010 W70-70445 Furdamoirral Photonsue Gerersl Ausatiot Aduarrted Ausorce Climate P osearo h 0082531 W77.70375 61255-02 W78.TOtSf 175.40-70 W7O 70463 lnrricetiot arid Iota Prooeecoe ir Plarelamy VLF Wide Amoe Nausgetsurt tom Loot Darsity ShartHaul Global Study it Stratoopherso Cnreritunrre Atmoephemoe Trarsportatior :;rO5Phario Roeeertrr Pro arm W70704SS ATOMIC PHYSICS W70.705DS Fbi dv A I C M W7070180 77 1031 W70 70 00 C M A P I P 0 A Otratoepherit Peaooroli Prrgrommr ~ W7PlOstg 513-00 04 W70 70185 17010 41 W7P 70450 Corrals ond Irlcretallor Matter Teohrolo0y torAdoareed lrta~maredAuonioctuur Temmiral Atrroe~hersm ModoIiir~ of Pollution Trorroiior 804501 W7o'70015 Area PIiOht Eeparirrmerte in UTOL Aircraft 170-1040 W7O 70450 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 613 53-01 W70-TDISO Deleorsor, Char aotersconior ord Anrolyoso of Atnroeirhnsio Pnlotiotehsp ot Atomic Slrusoturee to Msremial Msorouraoe Latdiirp Oyoltrm ValIllatom tom STOL Aimorah f7~ 10:01 W7P 70401 SVIOI.if W70 70011 5~r~i~;ti~s W7870t51 -6 `72-434 0 - `16 - 23 PAGENO="0354" BORON COMPOUNDS 506-16-21 W76-7026S BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL STOL Coooss Aog 0100 Dso~opoo65t Poogo~oo 505-10-43 W76-70143 BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION Oooods~y LXys~ Stlbilify sod Tssosif~oo 505-06-41 W76-70004 516-51-02 0176-70212 506-26-22 W76-703UU BOUNDARY LAYERS CUoopotstiooUf Adyfsooios 505-06-11 W76-7006U Aidosi sod Coofigo~sf57 Adyosooios 505-06-31 W76-700U2 505-06-43 W76-70087 505-06-43 W76-7008U P1sosfs~y P0155 D~s~go/0of1o Pfsosts 506-26-23 W76-703U9 BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS BRAGG ANGLE P571Is ~ X-Rsy D~Yot~sfst 105-50-40 W76-70532 506-23-40 W76-70364 Ditsot Cyoll Gss Totbits Etsogy Coososot BREADBOARD MODELS - Not-Coopsosbos Pilot Wottoog Systsot Solid Ststs Dots R~ootdst 106-60-52 W76-7053U 1OG-6U-7U 6576-70548 108-41-64 0176-70504 A&osoosd D~g0sI 0015 Syststts IOO Dsop Spool BUBBLES Solid SLItS DOS Ryotd~t COtttpObtS Spsos Sttoot~tss 506-17-26 W76-702U5 BUFFETING Notstlsdy AdystlioS 505-06-21 W7G-70075 Militsty Systsoos Tsohoology 517-51-04 W76-70220 Spoo Shg0I~ Dytstoios sod AstosIsst~ty C ~pos~tl Motsogis Applioshot 10 hI C-130 Csttst CAUBRATING 105-47-51 W7G-705t5 Msgostosphstio Physios - Pottoiss sod Potfiots/Ft~Id 108-36-55 176-70551 M~tsotAsttototoy-0b$IoooIi0t1.SpIHft55tOdD5t5 108-45-52 W7G-7058U Rodio Syststtts Dsoslopttsol 310-20-66 W7G-70664 CAU FOR NIA Msftopolitst/RIgiottSI Appliostots Colitottos 105-50-73 W76-70537 CHARGED PARTICLES 506-10-13 W76-70208 186-68-52 W76-7053U CAPE KENNEDY LAUNCH COMPLEX Sot sty 910-09-00 W76-70692 910-13-00 W76-70096 910-49-01 W76-7071U CARBON COMPOUNDS AitotofI Syslsoos Opstslioool Sotsty otd Effioisttoy 505-08-31 W76-70121 CARBON DIOXIDE LASERS Optiost Dots Ttotsfst Syststts 506-20-33 W76-70323 Ptopsgot,oo Stodios USOOg Eotstd~d Wsol!Ittgth RstgI of High Posost Lsssts (Ptypoilliot Nsos Hotioots) 506-21-42 W76-70334 506-25-41 W7G-703U1 LItstoiyotoodlsotopio Stod~ of MstsyotDs OttdAblOli0t 195-21-04 W7G-70632 Loog-HsolloitotoflAodyoioSdPtopolSiooSystlt!t 791-40-08 W76-70164 506-23-24 W76-70357 CATIONS Physios sod ~o:stty of Solids S06-16-12 W76-70257 CELESTIAL MECHANICS CERAMICS ERSA/ NASA Aotottotios Gos Toobios Ptogoottt CERENKOV COUNTERS 188-46-64 W76-70600 CESIUM PLASMA 506-25-42 W76-703U3 CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES Adosto~d Ittsgiog Syttltto Tsohoology 506-10-11 W76-70296 106-68-54 W76-70S40 CHARGE EXCHANGE 188-48-52 W76-70G03 CHARGED PARTICLES Msgtstosphsoo Physios - P00-OTIS Otd PsooT~/FttTd 109-36-55 6170-70552 1-7 350 SUBJECT INDEX GTOL 0~st.Oog Sysfsttts EspstitttBofs Oslog ModOs *od OPts OlAf MiiIsty Miotososos L~odiog Sysfltts (MLS) 513-53-03 W7O-70192 50503-12 0009 W7G-70039 AXISYMMETRIC BODIES R~tsfioify & C~tssfisT M~ohstios 188-41-54 W76-70S7S B B STARS foftstsd SpsoltoSoopy of 51015 180-41-55 8576-70578 B-7U AIRCRAFT SCAR-Coopststtos AofopiTol/SAS/Ptopolsiot Cotttol 504-09-11 W76-70001 BALLOON FLIGHT 188-46-56 W76-70593 180-40-57 W76-70S94 Costttio Soy std Gsottts Roy Asttotootty ftolstig0tiyos 100-45-64 W76-70600 BALLOONS 180-41-56 w76-705U2 BATTERY CHARGERS 506-23-22 W76-703S5 ETIOITOHtTStttHOT Etoligy Coto~tsioo sod 510791 506-23-23 W76-70356 BEACON SATELUTES 310-10-43 W76-706SS 506-20-33 W7G-70323 100-68-53 0176-70539 505-04-41 W76-700S6 506-19-12 W76-70306 BIOCHEMISTRY Ot ott of Lit 192-55-67 W76-706f9 BIOINSTRUMENTATION 170-56-12 W76-70S07 192-55-65 W76-706f7 BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION 192-55-67 W76-706f9 BLADES Cootposits Fst Olods Sfooofotst Aspsots 505-02-43 W7G-70033 OSRA Ptopofsiot Soppott BOATTAILS 514-54-21 0176-70204 BOLOMETERS 188-41-56 W7G-70SO2 BOMBER AIRCRAFT BONDING SoTso Attsy IsohooTogy lot Sofst Elsoftio Ptopotsiot sod 506-22-32 W7G-70346 18017-55 W76-7OS1I BORON ALLOYS SCAR - Tsohtology-Otiqoos Cotttpoosots 743-03-51 0176-70237 PAGENO="0355" 351 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS M1g~I~sph~~ Phys~s - P~Iid~s &~d Ptl~/Ph~t~ (Ay) 105-47-69 W76-70525 CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM R~s~~h (Hjgh ~ ~ SysI~s T~h~00gy) 506-25-43 W76-70384 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPULSION 506-21-53 W76-70339 Ad~~d Py~I~h~ /Epl0s~ Sy0~~s T~h~A~gy 108-38-52 W76-70562 G~~d S~~d Obs 41016 01 ho Sso 100-30-52 W76-70563 CHRONOLOGY M0l0psh1/R~g~~& Appl~~1osos is Csh1oos~ 791-40-03 W76-70162 791-40-10 W76-70167 791-40-22 W7S-7016U CLASSIFICATIONS EPA/JPL Isko Cl sdoOI~so PsojIsI 505-00-22 W76-701 15 175-40-10 W76-70448 179-40-30 W76-70449 1-8 188-41-57 W76-70583 CL000S Ws1o~/L2sd PsilsIoss MosilsAsg Foss,bAty Stodos COAL GASIFICATION COASTAL CURRENTS 177-55-31 W76-70502 COASTAL PLAINS 108-38-53 W7S-70564 COLLISION AVOIDANCE 505-03-31 W76-70043 505-03-32 W76-70044 EVOA/NASA Astotototso Gos Toobsto Ptsgtstt, 505-04-Si W7S-70057 505-05-41 W7S-70063 SUBJECT INDEX 506-21-51 W76-70337 910-03-00 W76-70602 910-03-00 - W76-70682 160-45-51 W76-70586 Pistols ty 55644$ 105-50-72 W76-7053S 106-68-73 W76-70544 188-45-51 W76-70585 188-45-51 W76-70506 188-45-52 W76-70587 506-05-21 W76-70060 Piodstsbito Lssg-L~is Cottop001Yt T~ohioiogy 506-10-33 W76-70304 506-20-26 W76-70320 Cosspss~t~ Motossis Appiost1os to ho C-130 C~ot~t Ctposd~ P tttsty Stisototos Flight Ptogtsttt 510-52-01 W76-70171 506-16-14 W7S-70260 506-17-14 W7S-70278 N0tds$tt~pIt,5 Eosiost,os lot 0psio Sltootoos 506-17-24 W7S-70283 CottopoSd~ Spsos Sttoytot~s St 910-01-00 W76-70677 PAGENO="0356" SUBJECT INDEX COMPOSITE STRUCTURES Co~opo~i11 MISTiAs AppIolhoo 10 Aoo041 SIso1~o~s 505-02-42 W76-70032 505-02-43 W76-70033 SCAR - M41044I AppIo45000 COMPOSITION (PROPERTY) 188-46-56 W76-70593 COMPRESSED AIR 770-64-01 6576-70436 COMPRESSOR BLADES 510-55-01 W76-70174 505-04-21 W76-70052 H~gh)y RIlilbIl Co4 465,111 Coo~po00 T65h00)Ogy 504 65/Cl ,4~4 E04!OICCO (oo~g1 P 1Iiog/Llod UOI/HCMM - 177-31-52 W76-70479 910-39-00 W76-70715 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (o~g4 P~0 IIihg/140d Uso/HCMM 505-02-25 6576-70029 E~gio~~i~g ((CASE) H~gh-Sp~d A~odyo~oos 512-51-02 W76-70179 512-53-01 6576-70102 512-53-02 W76-701U3 514-52-02 W76-70202 AdolobEd T,EoIpoo Sy4110'o TIChOCIO0y S1od~ St4bi(~1ylydCoo,oIP,~diC1iooo1FSOibSAioC,4f1 506-16-12 W76-702S7 Sp0ClSh~o500yoiCIldA1C1!4I1C1y 505-17-32 W76-70293 STOP (SCooC1I-Tho-0pCy4I-P~CgC65o) 506-17-33 W76-70294 400 Nl0,gllioC 1o~ S6504004d PI4o414~y Splol Shollil CColigo,41400 65d A~,C1h4~o,CdyC65CiCI 5101510 dLpCl)W44!hICRIICICC11 100-17-54 6576-70510 186-00-74 657670545 MI3CICCICTTCC Php1A$ - P165011 lOd P1OEC)1/PSC100 (o041C1~Coo (A1'00065y) 100-36-56 W76-70SS8 3(0-10-26 W76-706S3 910-35-00 W76-70706 MJU79 O~0i1 Mo~~y 010 0500101 910-39-SO W76-70715 Eog~65oCog OCASE) -- 505-06-73 6576-70092 310-40-25 W76-75669 310-40-41 6576-70674 SCftC~00 P16511165 ~ A~&yyg. lCd Hl,Cd~p<' 0651 165 SCAR - pC1~-1id1d D1s~go P0065 P~os~~iog loo 54Th 0000) 5)401 SCilOCI lId App0065ICI SoCio~s 506-23-32 6576-70360 AE,0150,,00dyyl,oyl COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION CONTROL EQUIPMENT HlodI0~g 5o4h1i1I - CCIIAI lo, Highly Aoglo~ol1d MOlCoolol (lodoog SyI165C V15d4h00 1o~ STOL Aoooll 513-53-02 W7O-70191 Ado~oC~d V/STSL 400,111 DEIIgC ~od App(iHllloC 514-50-01 W76-7S19U 514-52-02 W76-7S2S2 516-51-02 W76-7S210 SCAR (Tot SllbiIity 5611650 743-03-31 W76-7S235 AdolobId 554,0000 lCd ElpISoolol Coolto) Syo1booI 506-19-13 W76-7S307 CooopollIiColl lod EIpoIitooolT A06510100y106565 506-26-22 W76-70300 Siooi)IIioy S~,dos 10, Sp100iolhCo 0)65104CC .1 IpplI 177-20-41 6576-70470 P04~oIogy SloICoCph000gy lId SiollEl PCCCIIII$ 01 105-50-60 W76-70534 AC CS) 108-70-51 W76-70S04 CONFERENCES CONSERVATION EQUATIONS SpICI Sp65lltooo Tpph,lqotlI Moo,),, ((5CM) 750-01-71 W76-7S413 CACllCyiolliCy COoRS to Hybod MCC044CIIOCiC 100-17-55 W76-70S1 1 193-58-62 W76-7S621 Adogoold (011000101l1io0 (CCollCoioltiCo) 910-13-SO W76-7S695 CONTiNUUM MECHANICS 505-06-70 W76-70089 NASA/Nloy MTCICiII!Cy V/STOL AiCotSl TIChCC)Cgy MiIIi)1A1lCdyCloACl 505-11-13 W76-70146 Adol100d SplClCtSl lId ElpIOlVIl CoolCo) Sppto~ High RAilbility CooRo) Sys11o~1 lot 40110011 1-9 352 PAGENO="0357" CONTROL THEORY Ptajsat Opsastiats Caottal Csotst Catopotstiaasl Systoot of the 19800: POCCNET 310-40-40 W76-70673 CONTROL THEORY Dyo tip Oshsaiat sod (.aottal 505-05-11 W76-70058 Aptaotstip sod Msoaal OPottaI0f Fptats STOL sod VTOL 505-07-11 W76-70098 505-11-41 W76-70160 Atlasoted Osaslapoosot: Stabilisatipa sod Caottal 910-08-00 W78-70690 CONTROLLARILITY Haodliog Qoalitiss - Ctitstjg tat Ai9hly Avgooeotsd 50506-91 W76-70093 505-00-30 W76-70120 505-10-11 W76-70123 Flight Dyosooips - Caottal sod Display 505-10-13 W76-70125 505-10-32 - W76-70t37 505-10-34 W76-70t38 STOL/OTOL Flight Oyosooots 505-10-42 W76-70t42 516-51-01 W76-70209 CONVECTION 195-21-02 W76-70630 CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER 506-16-41 W76-70272 PlaostatyEottyAstpthsooslR&T 506-26-20 W76-70386 COOLANTS 505-04-22 W76-70053 CORE FLOW 188-45-53 W76-70590 188-36-55 W76-7055t COSMIC RAYS 188-78-51 W76-70606 188-70-60 W76-706t2 sodOsottog Ray Spsottatt,staa 195-22-06 W76-70637 I-b COSMOLOSY 108-36-57 W76-70560 100-41.51 W76-70570 UV sod Ophcsl Asttaoatoy (Caoopatstiaeal Physoel 108-41-51 W76-7057t Ulttsaalst ISV) sod Optlas) Asttaoatoy 100-41-51 - W76-70572 180-4154 W76-70575 0- Rsy Asttaoatoy 108-46.59 W76-70598 COST ANALYSIS Syststote Aeslysis Methodology sod SAppaY 790-40-11 W76-70397 SyoteYs Aoalys,s at Past EOS/SEOS Opststtaosl 790-40-45 W76-70399 Assess oeot at the Eoetgy Appliastiao of Adoatcod 777-4Q-Q1 W76-70420 Stattao Maoitat & Caottcl Systeto Techoalagy 310-30-68 W76-70667 COST EFFECTIVENESS 505-10-23 W76-70130 791-40-08 W76-70164 791-40-15 W76-70t66 Stady at Patsotis) Stilt8 at RPV's lVsooately Ptlatsd Vehicles) fat Cotil Applicstiaos 791-45-tO W76-70167 606-17-31 W76-70269 STOP (Sttactctsl-ThstYsl-Opticsl-Ptagt500) 506-17-33 W76-70294 Adcsoasd Cacopaoeoto tat Ptsapiptt CapItal Systetos 506-19-12 W76-70306 790-40-04 W76-70394 Adpgop~d Teahoalagy Laba~staoy Especliosot Oefioitiao 750-01-12 W76-70406 750-02-01 W76-754t4 Scsoost/Cslosts Eaalaatiao 177-1 -51 W76-7O475 177-32-51 W75-75485 310-40-38 W76-75571 310-40-72 W70-70676 910-02-03 W76-75679 910-33-03 W76-75707 910-35-St - W76-75709 506-t8-23 W76-7030t 506-21-32 W76-7O330 Pactet Ptaasgsaog tat Esoth Obital Spaos Sasoas sod 506-23-32 W76-75365 Sf35554 W76-75t88 lotsastallat Catootgaitsbao Fss~bOty Stody 86-68-54 W76-75S40 510-55-01 W76-70t74 CRACK PROPAGATION 505-02-31 W76-75030 506-t7-23 W76-70282 SUBJECT INDEX Fstigoe sod Ftsctpts at Catopasite Mstsosls 500-17-27 W76-70286 5soscslAaiat~aoCtsshacatttooess SOS-02-t3 W76-7052t CRATE RING Thsatstiasl StaSes at the Maao sod Meteaote Psasot Oodles 195-21-02 W76-7O635 loopsct Ctsteoog a Gealaga M steosls 195-21-03 W76-7563t 195-22-05 W76-75636 CRATERS 195-20-05 W76-70621 CREEP PROPERTIES 506-16-16 W76-7526 CREEP STRENGTH Space Shottls Thecoos) Ptateatiao Systsots 506-16-43 W76-7527 CREWS 9tO-42-O1 W76-757t CROP IDENTIFICATION Siotolst,ao Stad!es tat Optaolastiao at Thsooata Mspps sod Adcsotsd Ssosats 177-28-41 - W76-7047I 177-42-85 W76-70483 t77-St-42 W76-70490 CRUISE MISSILES 743-04-12 W76-75239 CRUISINS FLIGHT STOL - Coass Apgooeota, Deaslapoosot Poag~sot 50S-tO-43 W76-70t43 743-0412 W76-75239 CRYOGENIC EQUIPMENT Loot Sosoity Sopectlcid Aelipoo Adcsoaed Teahoalagy 88-70-St W76-70655 CRYOGENIC FLUIDS Spsas Ssfety Resestah 506-21-54 W76-70345 CRYOGENIC MAGNETS 506-25-21 W76-70373 CRYOGENIC ROCKET PROPELLANTS 910-37-SO W70-707t2 CRYOGENICS Aydtageo-Fceltd Aiaatsft Systetos Techoalagy 516-54-St W76-7S2t4 506-t6-3t W76-7526U Thettos) Caottal oath Asat Pipes SOS-t6-3t W76-75269 Veasable Ctyageoia Stooge sod Otsostet 506-21-12 W7G-70326 108-41-54 W76-70S76 Adasoas Teahoalagos) Deoslaptosot. Oaoetsl. 108-78-51 W76-75S56 TheaoslCaotoal 910-02-00 W76-7567U Spsce Qpeostiaos Teahoiqoes 910-31-50 W76-75704 CR TOP UM PING CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 506-16-22 W76-75266 PgYialas sod Psttols/Phatao lotetsatiao 100-36-56 W76-70555 778-41-St W76-75433 CV-990 AIRCRAFT CV-995Aocoeft Sappact atLeacs Vesestah CooteoSlabs) A,t Ssoopliog Ptagtsoo ISASPI 505-03-42 W76-7554U CYCLIC LOADS CYCLOTRON RESONANCE - S06-2S-3t W76-70374 353 PAGENO="0358" 354 SUBJECT INDEX DOPPLER EFFECT L~bRIoyAsIoophysi0s DATA RECORDING DETECTORS CYCLOTRONS CITbooloo I~ Moos Spooloooooos 505-0821 W76-70111 506-2531 W76-70375 DATA REDUCTION 7704101 W76-70433 605032 W 004 M MLE LE D PhUIh~oo0y ~I P!oooooy ood 5061612 W76-70257 M G w (SMCS MVIsI Soppossoo Sysooo) Sy0oo Eop 00001 C000pIs 00t8090 loslolIllot O11IT8ptoItI 010-40-00 W76-70716 SoOd 51011 D810 R~dot Adootlyld M 111141$ lot Spoo 0 55 MS W 0400 06 W 505-06-43 W76-70087 A&ooltyld D~gIlI Doll Sy 111,5 lot DUIP Spool 506-22-33 W76-70347 Dy 06 00 06 W OM UT 506-20-11 W76-70314 ~ I, old Asl~Ilotly lId Lobo,ololy Applyoliol of Coollol old Goid010l ThIoly 10 Ihl Rodo Mohy 11518110101 DIollopIlIll 196-41-54 W76-70646 Ayt000liyood MooooI Coottol of Fold STOL lId VIOL 310-10-61 W76-70657 Dgilol S6SI00S DI000plIII 5050711 W76-70098 09 W7 W w 00 / P0 10 01 M w w Sysloto o,d Doll Ploy otg 69011000$ Solid SIlO DlIlCIoo 310-40-72 11115019 W76-70676 SDftoooo 11101881$ - 188-70-51 W76-70604 DIGITAL DATA 910-20-00 W76-70701 SyslIlls 506-20-11 W76-70314 DATA COMPRESSION 310-20-31 W76-70660 1111/04000 Esololol 0620 W 06 I DIGITAL SYSTEMS 911 01001001100 1176-70402 910-33-03 - W76-70707 Ads800ld SpooloOfo o,d Eopl 01,1 CollIol Syollos DATA MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING - - - 769-01-03 EopolooII8 1176-70251 504-0932 1 0 010101 00101 W76-70007 506-20-22 W76-70317 o 09 W 506-18-23 W76-70301 DEE~d~PA~ CooyopIs lot Spoyoytofl AtlIolo SI~yIylos 04111 lyololl/NoogoIUl/Tloll0 Syslols Atolysis ot Pool EOS/SEOS Opltoiolol DEEP SPACE NETWORK DIGITAL TECHNIQUES W76-707I7 M M W 06 Co / / 177-32-51 8010 AtoTyss 5101111 57670410 310-20-65 - W76-70663 18870056 Wooo,d Foolyl,otod 0111010$ 100-17-54 W76-70510 310-30-68 W76-70667 505-01-Il W76-70011 MI:sllUlO 111400:00 ~ 1100 3103069 SysOos Toyhoology W76-70668 RIghI M010glootl Sysloos Co 04 188-38-52 W76-70562 DEGRADATION 505-07-21 W76-70101 00 10 0 0 w 01 5/ / DAT~P~~ddo lot Otbilot 0-Roy MogRldsphlly Phyoys 1176-70530 DOC~P~IEN~ATIO~1 lot CoIlpyIll 11091811 DATA-RECORDERS DEMODULATORS DOPPLER EFFECT Sold 51811 lob RIpoldol WidI Ood 518100 lob HOIdIlg Eqiplllll AoolOl 501010 RIsIooh I-i 1 PAGENO="0359" 355 DRAG SUBJECT INDEX 505-06-31 W76-70080 EARTH ORBITS 506-23-33 W76-70361 1887860 `A 6 W76-70610 To~sp04:'A. SysI Thyh04ygyR'A,,iH,ypytS O~by& 506-23-40 W76-70364 w W 3 M W 8 W w F-15Sy&l/Sp~, RPV FOght T~I1g W76-70156 ~ ELEC~R~CKP~ITDECN~IALb SyIt1t,t T~yh,yykygy DROP TESTS 176-30-51 W76-70472 506-23-34 W76-70362 Dglypt,,gyt tI Shyttig Fltghy Etp,tty~,tt Dtgp ItPSg~ Ptg st,,tg/Lg,td Us~/HCMM ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS 750-03-01 W76-70415 cyp CI I,hygt,g,t USpyg Ty~R Dg,,~gt,y,gg CI LANDSAT 506-25-11 W7670372 W W M W 049 W M GM A,tp~It SyIt~tt,S 0p~tCtig~& S~f~ty otd EII,yio,py Syst~tttI A'AtyIg CI Pgtst EOS/SEOS 0p~tstHttA Tgght,glggy ItttpCI Syootts 506-23-30 W76-70358 505-08-31 W76-70121 790-40-45 W76-70399 ELECTRIC PROPULSION Cg,t~Isy MgIpyyAI Syltltttl At,&yS,I CI P~tI EOS/SEOS 0pCt,C~0 506-22-10 W76-70342 DYNAMIC LOADS - 790-40-45 W76-70399 506-22-11 W76-70343 H&pCpI~, A Cdyttt~t,y PI~g,,tp. Dy~ps o,d EARTH-MOON SYSTEM PypytR PtCpy,IC1CC IC~ Thttt&tRt T~h~gIggy 56CC Th~~ost0 Slttd,CC 506-22-30 W76-70345 505-10-21 W76-70127 195-22-02 W76-70633 SgUt Atop TWhttglggy ICt SLAt Elpylyip PtCpCII,gy otd TO Ugly, Ayytgft ACtgdytoyy,y ~ DytCACS. ECOLOGY PtyIg~d AppI,p~5g~ sttd N~s~ EpCICgy& 5yjpyy~ 506-22-32 W7670346 505-10-22 W76-70129 170-56-12 W76-70507 Ad~~~6~d PIgSAgdylSt,y,y Lopt IICIUSICh Psylgtdg DyICIty,CC ECONOMICS 506-22-41 W76-70349 506-17-31 W76-7C207 ~ Tottspgo Sygtsog Tsthttylggy SOdAS ELECTRICAL FAULTS MM / / 02 W W ChOCICCCI,CS I - W h U -TUtttpstltytC Thltttt,CSy CySt/COSt 5050695 W7670097 Etyogtty~ysl MCd1Iilg Pogtstst 506-24-22 W76-70370 M M 5 03 3 W 3 LAOM M 506-17-34 W76-70295 W76-70121 188-38-64 W76-70566 MOM M 5050831 W76-70121 Ni-Zy OtItoy/EIstIttC Co FssI,bdity 0 CystIltiCy ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT 778-36-01 W76-70431 Att~Iot-y PICPCTI,CIt Cs Thtylts, Tsthsglygy E 50622 W 910-05-00 W76-70686 506-22-40 W76-70348 REGION ELECTRIC FIELDS ELECTRON DENSITY ICONCENTRATIONI PItt,yI~g ssd P~OtyIs/PhCtgs IyIgtRyI,Cy hyItys - 1/SI ~Y//ts/ /5 Msgttstgsphstit Phystys - P01/pAl sod PSY/CI1/PSCICI/ M / M W76-70047 ELECTRIC GENERATORS W76-70556 A,t,p/,I,~t Tsyhoglggy W76-70318 105-47-52 W76-70516 506-23-31 W76-70359 108-38-53 W76-70565 1-12 PAGENO="0360" SUBJECT INDEX ELECTRON GUNS Miooo~a~s ~ Thoh~ology 000-20-23 W7E-70318 ELECTRON IMPACT F~a~,eH1~l Photo~io~ 000.25.31 W78-70374 ELECTRON MICROSCOPES R~la1io~ship of Afo~io Oo~iof~,s to Mit~~l 505-0111 W7U-7001 I ELECTRON RADIATION ~ 100-30-53 W7E-70585 ELECTRON SCATTERING EesioTho~1,lR~o~~oh 100-48-52 W76-70603 ELECTRON SPIN Atot~,io ~d M.t~ll~o Hydto;~t 508-21-41 W70-70333 ELECTRON TUNNELING Ptop~~1i~s of Ma1eh~ls fo~ El I~o~o Appl~o~hots 500-18-13 W70-70259 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT PtopeUes of Mat.~l~ o~ El,oooto App?o!to~ 508-18-13 W70-70250 ~ 0~oio~ e~d Oys1e~'s S~ppo1 508-18-22 W7S-70300 D!s~g?t. Ptoo~ itgatd T!~ttg of LSI A~ys 508-18-31 178-70302 Sot~i~ge~d R~hablify T~st~g of Mi~ooi!o~its ~d 508-18-32 W70-70303 Th~el Co~hol 810-02-00 W76-7087U ELECTRONIC M000LES 0~d~o~ ~~7~l1~? T~oh~ology 180-17-54 W78-70510 ELECTRONS 188-48-58 W76-70593 ELECTROSTATICS 508-22-43 W78-70350 EMSRITTLEMENT 508-1611 W78-70255 ~ I~b~to~os fo~ M~te~~els Res~~oh 508-18-14 W7U-70260 EMISSION Ad~'~~ood TVpoY Syot~~ Tooh~ology Sf~d~ 518-50-20 W76-70208 506-25-31 W76-70375 X-Ray Mt o~'o~y 188-48-59 W7U-70590 ENCAPSULATiNG CoRtSR!t~St!o~ COhORt Hybhd Mioolaotooy Mod~laa 180-17-55 W70-7051 1 ENERGY Shytfla Lait~ohad High E~agy Asoophya-ys Sp oao~a it 186-78-60 W70-70812 ENERGY ASSORPTION O&Aoiato~, C~ash*o~thiass 505-02-13 W7U-70021 ENERGY ASSORPTION FILMS LaaaE~agyCoioaaohRaaaaoh 508-25-42 W70-70383 ENERGY S000ETG Oafaof~ot. C)1f!aafAh a~d A~alys~s of Atooapha~~o 178-10-81 W70-7046f ENERGY CONSUMPTION Cod A,o~afI A~alysiaa~d Mathodology 0aoalopoa~t 791-40-15 W70-70186 ENERGY CONVERSION Thao-MaohlElgyCootfoh 508-23-40 W76-70304 506-25-31 W76-70377 LEha1gyCoi~oaoiohRasaa!th 508-25-42 W76-70383 Spaoa Oaaad P~a~ Co~oa~a 00 a~d P~a~ Ralay 776-10-01 W7U-7041U ~pa~atioaAsaaaa oahtofOtbdaldToaat)Cahoal Poooat Sysfatfa 776-10-02 W76-70417 Solo odd tfoa Data to Eialgy Co~oao 776-40-01 W76-70419 Eha~gy C oa~Sioh Alfa~ toaa Sody 778-10-01 W76-70421 D~aot Cyola G~ T~b~,a E~a~gy C~a~a~o~ 778-15-01 W76-70423 Eaith Oaoad Solo Poo~a? C ~oa~a o~ aId Daliooy 77820-01 W76-70424 ENERGY DISTRIBUTION )lflatfd Spayt~oaoopy of Sta~a 186-41-55 W76-70578 Shyffla Daf,~dfiol Soddia% fy~ High Ela~gy Aatlophyaios 188-46-64 W70-7060) ENERGY POLICY ~pa1afoaASaaaa leitOf OlbltalahdTaoaatlla lCeioal 776-10~2 W70-70417 Octal Ioadaloa Data to' Elogy Co als~ol too Mataolologoal Sataihtas 778-40-Of W76-70419 ENERGY REOSIREMENTS Taohlolo;y A oait of Iita~oity Taispotfafiol 791-4023 W70-70f89 EgyColoaolAhat~aSSfAdy 778-10-Of W7S-70421 ENERGY SOURCES Naoc HOhOSIa II Pop~l~oi 508-21-43 W78-70335 Coopa!afoaAaaaaltof0bifalahdTaaathal Ca~t~al PRo-a! Syato's 770-10-02 W70-70417 Ad~a~o~d Coal Eotaofioi Sysfaoa Dacalopo.if 778-40-Of W76-70432 Radoa Ettagy Ufotaga Syafaif 778-51-Of W76-70435 Hydtogatt Ettatgy Syafaos Teohology Pogtatt Dahot~ott Sfttdy 778-60-01 W78-70437 ENERGY SPECTRA 188-48-57 W70-70598 ENERGY STORAGE OaoatottattdSfotagaofAo-t~oatedSpao-as 500-21-44 W78-70336 Pclaed MPG At: Jet ooith ltd:otoa Etatg-y Stotage 506-22-44 W76-70751 Eleyfotbaoiyal Soioea 500-23-24 W76-70357 W,td Otatgy Syatai-'s 778-24-01 W70-70427 Redo-a Etttetpy Stotage Syateo 778-51-01 W78-70435 EtteVy Stotage Syaeoe Tao-httology 778-54-Of W70-70436 Hydtogett Ettatgy Syafeoa Teo-httology Ptog~ao Oahttioott Of:dy 778-00-01 W70-70437 ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 777-40-01 W70-70420 Etetgy Stotaga Sy fete Teo-htology 778-54-Of W70-70430 ENERGY TRANSFER 0~iattt~t Eleyfottios 506-25-32 W78-70378 Raeato-.h )H;h Poooat Laoatt Sy taos Techttolo-gyl 506-25-43 W76-70304 ENGINE DESIGN Fat ad Co'pecso Taohtolo-y 505-04-21 0070-70052 L~/Cciae Fat, Ptopi3e~yt S:p041 505-05-24 W76-70082 M atettals fo Adya~yed Totbitte Etgit,es (MATE) 510-53-Of W76-70172 AdOattIed Molf~afage Ao~al F)ooo Coop easot 511-51-01 W76-70170 Ooiaf. Cleai Oettetal Aoiaf,ott T:tbofatt (SCOAT) 511-53-01 W70-70177 Qoiaf Oaatt Shott-hatol Eopetioa~fa) Ettg~tte (OCSEE) 738-01-01 W76-70223 SCAR Ettgta Stoidy 743-03-41 W70-7O230 SCAR - Taohttology-Utqioa Coopottattfs 743-03-51 W70-70237 770-31-03 W70-7S429 Adoattoed H2-02 Eig~te Coopottattt Tao-htology 910-03-00 W76-7008t ENGINE INLETS YF-12 O~aoio-li~at-y Reaaaoh 510-51-02 W70-7O21t ENGINE NOISE 505-03-12 W76-75030 ENGINE PARTS AdoatoeR H2-S2 Ettgtta Coopotettt Teyhttology 910-03-SO W78-7000t ENGINE TESTS Matetiala ott Adtoat,oed Tootbitta Ettgttec (MATE) 510-53-01 W70-70t72 Sc~ef. C)eatt Oattaal Ao,atott Tottbofatt (SCOAT) 511-53-01 W76-70f77 100-31-52 W70-7O5t2 ENGINES 180-31-52 W70-7O5f2 ENTROPY 505-00-15 W70-7007t ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS 0(1 Rotyt Reseaoh Adottaft Wy-gao 744-Of -01 W76-70247 356 EXCITATION The Cheo~atty aid Atooaphetto )ttfeiaotiois of EahaAst CloAde ftoii Rooket Vahiolas 506-21-30 W7S-70328 Soljd 8ooatett EahaAet 500-21-33 W76-7033t ENVIRONMENT MODELS Spaoe Oaods OtAdea 500-10-38 W70-7O27f Laigay Raaeatoh Coat-Scot;. Waahitgtott Utticataty Ettcitoioa~tal Modelii; Pttogtao 178-10-32 W70-7O4S7 Reoota M eaaAtta halt attd Modelttg of Ttopoaphetto 170-2031 W76-70464 ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION DeoottattatotTaatttg of Topoaphato Satsots Oh Utbat 176-20-32 W70-70405 Cootdttattott attd Plattttilg Aotof,aa 01 ha Ettoitoioeit.)0oaltyPtogtattt 176-90-31 W70-70474 Atttttoepha;o Effaota Res:ltttg too Eff:ettta Ptodooed Dottttg NASA Uttoattied Rookat LaAiohee 180-72-50 W70-705f4 ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION Eohaoat Eoaeiot PollAfiol Redootiot, 505-03-32 W78-70044 91009-SO W70-75692 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 790-40-04 W78-7O394 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING EPA/NASA Otaat Lakes Oastt Ptogao 176-90-21 W78-70473 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Coy'dttatott attd Plattoittg Aototiea to ha Ettoitofoaifal0,altyPtogtao 170-90-31 W70-70474 ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS SCAR Sfool~tes attd Matetals Taohttology 743-Of -23 W70-70230 Sotaeh,fg attd Ralabilty TastIg of MoloPofoAfa ad SOO-18-32 W76-703O3 Phofooollaio Tast. Stattdatdaatott *ttd Systaoe 778-21-02 W70-7O420 Solo-goal Adapfafoh to Eotteoa Ettotttoyoettfa 192-55-04 0076-70610 ENZYMES Oologioal Adapfatiottt to Eottaoa Ettoitottoetfa 192-55-64 W7U-70816 EPHSMERIDES Ephe oa idea attd R eoo-cety Attalya a f: Coo a a to- M iasiol 18668-73 W78-7O544 EQUATIONS OP STATE Spaoe Spetafotta Teyhtiyes 910-31-SO W70-7O7O4 Oeologoal (toeslgafoha Uetg LANSSAT attd Related 177-53-41 W70-70490 EROS (SATELLITES) Coast.) Ptoo-essae 177-55-31 W7S-7O502 ERROR ANALYSIS VLF Wtde Atea Naotgahott tot Looo-Oettsyy ShoO-HeA) 513-SO-SI W76-7O180 ERRORS Hyoatt Faofota it Apptoeoh ettd Lattdttg Safety 515-51-ft W70-702OS Nefo-otk Mottitot. Co-tool ad Spetatiots Teohttology 310-40-70 W76-70075 ESTUARIES Neatshote. Red Ode attd Esoetoe Wee CA 170-30-41 W76-7S471 60 ES P6 Adoaho-ed Tachtto-logy Laboteloty Sysfeos Dehtttiott 750-01-11 W70-7O405 EUTECTICS 505-01-11 0070-70011 505-01-12 W76-70012 EUTROPHICATION E:ttophoalto-hattdWafetSAa)tfy 176-30-11 0070-70400 t7O-3~-Sf 0070-70472 EXCITATION S ettetatet attd Stotage of Aotcafed Spaces 506-21-44 W76-7O336 SO6-25-3t W76-7O374 506-25-31 W70-70376 1-13 PAGENO="0361" 357 EXHAUST GASES SUBJECT INDEX Atmosphsrio Chemical Physics Research Studies of Biological Adaptation to Eotrsms Envinonrrnsnts FIBER OPTICS Processes In Planetary Atrrrcspherss, Corrrsts and 1925564 W70.708f8 Fiber Optics for Oats Trensmlsslon and Processing Interstellar Space Planetary Environnnsnts 5081023 W76.7030t 105.4706 W7~.70522 1925506 w78.7061O Automated Data HandlIng Techniques end omponerrts Laboratory and Theoretical Solar Physics Olin of .1, (High Capacity Data Systems) 188.39.53 W78.70585 19255.07 W7870819 5042014 W78.70315 Basic Theorstoal Researo W78.70803 EXTRATERRESTRIAL MATTER Cosmic Dust M sasuremen $ W78*70589 EXHAUST GASES Oçoenc Geoc ems ry W78 7061 CommunIcation General Aviation Internal Combustion Engine Pollution E~tra;srrsetrlal Matarlals 910.07.08 W78.70889 5050333 W7870048 195.20.04 W78.70827 Menu icturlng end nspeotlon W78.70897 Cy.G9oAlrcrah Oupportof Levcls Research CanterSiobal Gecchsnrlstry end Magnetism of Eotratsrrestrlal Information Management Systems Air Sampling Prcgrarnr IGASPI Materials 9103303 W76.70707 505.03.42 W78.70048 1052204 W78.70835 FIBERS Hydrogen Enrichment for Aircraft Piston Engines EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCIES Composites 505.05.51 W78.70088 SroundBased Redlo Astronomy 5050134 W78.70017 SCAR . Stratospheric Emission Impact 1884152 W7870574 Composite Pan Blade Structural Aspects 743.02.22 W78.70232 505.02.43 W78.70033 SCAR Pollution Reduction Technology Composite Tank Technology 743.03.21 W78.70234 F 504.17.12 W78.70277 The Chemistry and Atmospheric Intsractlcrs of Echaust Composite Materials Application to Structures Clouds from Rocket Vehicles 508.17.14 W787027S 506.21.30 W7O70328 P REGION FIGHTER AIRCRAFT Safety Particles and Pantlcle/Phctcr Interaction DOD Assistance 9100000 W78.70892 180.35.56 W78*70555 5051141 W78.70160 ESHASST NOZZLES P.111 AIRCRAFT Military Systems Technology Inlets and Nceales Dynamic Behavior and Control Technology 5175104 W76.7022O 505.04.11 W76700SO 5050511 W76.7005G Highly Mansuvereble Aircraft Technology/WInd Tunnel Pcwered Lift Engine Technology P.15 AIRCRAFT Support 50505.22 W787005f P.15 Stell/Spin . RPV Plight Tests 7230103 W7870222 EXHAUST SYSTEMS 505.1124 W78.70156 FILAMENTS Variable Cycle Engine Components Sysrems P.15 P11 hr Research Pro tam Composite Tank Technology Technology 514.54.21 W7870204 508.17.12 w7870277 518.55.01 W76.702f5 ~ AIRCRAFT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD EXOSIOLOGY Dl Ital Fl b .~lre P11 ht Be erinnent ThreeDlmenslonel Sepersted Plorta Slolnstrumantatlon 512.51.01 w7O.70l7O 5050814 W76.70070 182.55.85 W78.70817 FABRICATION SCARAercdynamc Performance Technology liheory) EXOSPHERE Co I d Adh I 7430421 W7870240 Planstery Atmospheric Pr ocessss end Measurements 505.01.34 w78.70018 NASTRAN Iformerlyl General Purpose Analysis and 185.47.91 W787O5D9 Solar C II T hnol Design Methods Scientific Definition Study for Air Density Eeplorers . 5062317 w78.70354 506.17.21 W787O280 1880 (Neutral Dynamics Eoplorarsl FAILURE ANALYSIS STOP lStructurel.Themmal'OpVoalPrograml 188.70.80 W767001O Pall Pra t 5 d LIe Pradi I n 506.17.33 W787O204 ESPANDASLE STRUCTURES 5050121 W78.70013 PIRE EXTINGUISHERS Larga Erectable Specs Structures Pall ye Fracture & Lila Prediction Aviation Safety Research end Technology 506.17.11 W7O7O27G 505.01.21 W76700l4 5050921 W78.7Ol 11 EXPANSION SCAR . Com uteralded Desi n Space Safety Research Mechanical Systems 7430111 W787O228 5082154 W787O34D 01038.00 W76'7O7l I Pradi bi L n LII Com onent T hnclo FIRE FIGHTING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 5051833 W787O3O4 Aviation Safety Research and Technology LDEF Eepsrlment Definition 0 s S ft I s I h S0S0821 W78.7Ol II 78001.31 W7G.704O7 5082154 W787O34O FIRE PREVENTION Dellnillon of Ph ysics and Chemistry Eoperiments in Im act of Ihe Shuttle S aceleb 0 ontunit to Eetend Aircraft Operations and Safety ROT Specs Vaseerch and Technoic Pro ems into S ace on 5050821 W787OIO9 75OOl~54 W7O~7O4lO S ececraft Failures and Anomelies Avietlon Salary RbT Fire Technology Theoretical Studies . Planelery Atmospheres 7500102 W787O403 5050821 W78.7O1 10 185.47.72 W7570527 Ph I I 7 51 ndardi I n end S I me FireR esietanc Malarials Engineering Development of Eeperiments and Hardvrvare for Solsr A i I 510.58.01 W7O7Ol7S Physics Research 778.21.02 w787O428 Applicetlons Data System Support EOP~IMENTATI0N W787O5G1 FAILURE MODES 5000110 II d N II M W76.7O3G2 Or genies lion and Management or ouon Space 50~E2P2O3E~uironmsnlal Impact W787O347 910.3800 W76.707f4 Technology Workshop ActIvities late rated Povcer 41111 de C I c t I PIRESEE 2 TARGET DRONE AIRCRAFT 79O'Ol~fO W7G'7O4O4 Vehicle A licarlons DAST IDrones for Aerodynamic and Structural Tastingi Advanced Technology Laboratory Eeperimenl Definition 9103502 W75.7O71O 5050222 W7870025 75001.12 W757O400 FANS RPRV Capability Devalopmanl DefinItion of Physics and Chemistry Eeperimenls in d C T h I 60Sf 1.28 W787O157 S~aoa 8050421 W7870052 PIREPROSFING Long Duration Eoposure Facility Project W7X.7O408 FARINPRA~ED RADIATION Airc~aft Operations and Safety ROT W78*7O109 75002.01 W7S70414 18041.58 W75.705X2 Aviation Sefeny Research and Technology Advanced TechnologIcal Develcpmenl General Signal FARADAY EFFECT 5060821 W7870f 11 end Date Processing Eleolronios~ Solid Stale Detectors Ma nelos herb Ph cbs . Redic Soienca FireRasistant Materials Engineering 188.79.51 W7870504 1S830S7 W78705SS SlOXSGf W787Ol75 EXPLORATION FARM CROPS Development of Improved Nonmetallic Materials Geological Investigations Using LANDSAT and Related Joint Micrcvcave Soil Moislura A ricullural Be erimert Sf038.00 W7870714 Data 177.S1.4f W787O480 FISSIONABLE MATERIALS 177.53.41 W7X7O40G FATIGUE MATERIALSI Plasma Core Reactor Research EXPLORER SATELLITES Pall P 1 re nd Life Predi lion SO8'24'11 W78.70385 Advanced Mission Studies for Eepiorar Programs SO5O1.D'f ` W75700I3 Fundamental Pholonlos 18G'78X0 W7S7O800 Com I M tar I A Ii eli a I SIr rur 5082531 W78.70378 Advanced Mission Studies 508.17.14 W7X7027O FLAME RETARDANTS 185.78.00 W7S~7O8l 1 Fatigue and Fraclure of Composite Maleriels FireR esislent, NonTocio Polymers ESPLOSIONS 80817.27 W7S70288 50501.31 W7X.7001S Space Xafety Research FATIGUE LIFE FLAMMABILITY SOX2l.S4 W7X70340 Fatigue, Fracture, and Life Prediction Avialion Safety ROT Fire Technology EXPLS8IVES 5050121 W78700l3 505.08.21 W7870l 10 Advanced Pyroteohnio/Eoploelve Systems Tochnelogy Fell cue end Fracture FLAPS (CONTROL SURFACES) 508.21.31 W7X.7O32G SOSO23l W7S7003O Wake Vortee Mlnimiaarlcn ESTRATERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATION FATIGUE TESTS 5145201 W7S7Ol90 inlarsrellar Communication Feasibility Oludy SCAR . Atmospheric Turbulence AMST FliohI Eeperimenls 780.40.05 W7S7O355 74301.13 W7S702D8 750.0103 W76702S1 EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS FEASISILITY ANALYSIS FLASHOVER Chemical Evolution S ectronic Devioe and Syslsms Support Aviation Safety ROT Fire Technology 152.5581 W7S70613 5081822 W7870300 0450821 W78.70l 10 Planalery Xcii Microbiology 75~:~s~5er mmunIca ion eesibi I ludv~7570355 FLEXIBLE BODIES lX2S583 W787OSI5 FEED SYSTEMS PlighI Research of a Structural Mode Control System Siologloel Adaplelion to Eelreme Enuironmerrls Pro Is ISMCS Ic, Model Suppression Sysremi 1525584 W7S7OXf6 010.0300 W7S70582 SOS0224 W7570028 Pienelary Envirormonls FEEDBACK CONTROL Orability end Conrrol Prediction of Fleeible Aircraft 1028585 W757051S VTOL Flight Dynamics 7430501 W7570243 ESTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 5051032 W7S70137 FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS Planetary Soil Microbiology Ccnlrol of Environmental Effects Tunnel end Scele Effects in Trersonic P1cm l92SS83 W757O81S S0518.3f W757O288 6040042 W7870085 -14 PAGENO="0362" 358 SUBJECT INDEX FLUTTER ANALYSIS Sp~t~ Sh~ot5 Dtt&0p7,~tt S7pp09t CV-99OA91tSAOP~IL~~ R~s~thCgptttGk,bg( EY09II 1A~tttgft F(~tt F~tldg Et gtltit W~09 506-26-30 W76-70390 AU Sttp)tg Pt~~tt (GASP) Ppgggtigt FUGHT CONTROL 505-03-42 W76-70048 505-06-17 6076-70074 504-09-22 - W76-70005 Dt~&p7'.ttt ~t A&~ti~t4 FIEXSTAU W76-70073 SCAR-A dyttg7tD P tgt00 T~h09l0çy (Th~ty) (SCS MUd Syt DPI W Ddy 00 512-53-03 7/7670184 505-08-10 W76-70106 505-06-43 w7U-7oo87 504 09 000 097 M 504-09-31 W76-7000S Ptty~ttft Fi~ght 0976-70130 505-08-22 W76-70114 SYIUIPS W76-7C)006 505-11-13 W76-70147 FLOWMETERS Ab$C1711 Ptssstttt. Atytity Osygtt. sitd Etttgttiy ~ MUt~~y Atiytsh - Vsytytitd ThPISI MStDtsSthty 910-03-00 0976-70682 Cgiibt~tiyt tttt MUtt S7DCIIDtltDtS 505-11-23 W76-70155 FLUID DYNAMICS 185-47-51 W76-70515 D~g~tti Fiy-by-ts09 Fhght Esptttitttit C~titp~t~iytigi Attydyttttti,yg 5101/fOOL FIght Dytisyts F1SSlbtydVhidgtiytDtLCyStMpty~gPIL09dpg itgt~tytt hit pttlt Applygt,Dtis 1 5~tty~~tt 0 00 do 06 w U I W 040 Hsostd Aidgttys - Dos Ptoyssoig ~tidFi,ght i09SStgSt0ttDtthsUssD1St4pdytsttI&ti5i5gp~yt FLUIDFLOW - tot ~ toov FUGHT SAFETY - 513-53-OS W76-70t93 ~hstoos) Pt~yiiittott Rtssoyh - Is 0 Ott 06 w ViOL Flight Dytgtitiyg 0976-70118 ~ Ayt~ft Tsohtoiggy(H,MAT)- FLUIDICS w7670368 505-10-42 W76-70142 AMST Fight EspDoitostttg FLUORESCENCE WhICIS Dytigtti,ot Stsii/Spttt/I-hgh-~iphs FIght S,tt,yigt,yo TDPht&ogy - Sottoittiot TDyht9otg DUST (Dtytts tot Astodyt~tttiy sod Sttoytytgi 115179) DUST (OtDtiDs hit Astodytsttoy gtid Styytoigi T~stiog) Coitipidgt-oosi Astldytgtoiys 606-17-32 W76-70292 505-02-22 W76-70025 505-06-11 607670067 Spsot Shottis Dyosottos sod Attysissttoty DAST (DIDIIS hit AttDdyo~ttii~ sod StiAytiitsi Tistotg) CyooOotgtotogi Asdyosooys 506-17-32 W76-70293 505-02-22 W76-70026 505-06-11 0976-70068 FLUTTER ANALYSIS 1-15 PAGENO="0363" 359 FLUX DENSITY SUBJECT INDEX O~8~y Q~I1y C~6dI ~d T~o~ 505-03-33 W76-70046 A6~dsph~o E3p~4 D~&dp~,~4 w 0 506-23-23 W7670356 Lg-HlAi3ftAddy~~!Ns ~d 1Ydp3Is~ Sys11~ D!~ol CydA G~ T~b~ E?~gy C0~3N0~ FLYING PLATFORMS 516-53-01 W76-70213 185-47-61 W76-70515 D~I0p~~1 dl Sh~110 POyAldI 1y~ th~ SWdy 7 SNI3~ ERDA/ NASA Adld~ld6 G~s T~boe P~ogoN GAS FLOW FlA~ ~d FA~ RAltdd Ph~ 778-32-01 W76-70430 PIOP4IE8d dO IlIAd FLYWHEELS W76-70566 Ad~o~y~d MdII!-Popysd Go Tobo~ TohIloYgy GAS GENERATORS W76-70054 778-54-01 W76-70436 FUEL INJECTION 506-16-31 W76-70269 I IllOIp dIll 1113333$ W76-70107 FUEL PUMPS GAS LASERS - w w GIlilgoS II 3I1!gdhlllN GIg LANDSAT od YllOld SysIos 506-25-41 III ySIdIll 19y W76-70300 FIlgo. Foyll. gd LA POd 516-56-01 W76-70216 GAS SPECTROSCOPY 505-01-21 W76-70013 Fol bk 501015 P3sI~y ASIIIIIIIIlY od SIpplIog LdbodIly SCAR G0Illp111lidld DINg w76-70014 FULISSIcA~LETETST~I Ill SIlo EAlty PIOp7DIT od GAS TURBINE ENGINES w76-70647 743-01-11 W76-70226 PlyllId ApplygIllS Addlold PopIIll Mgtsslt C 3 W 3 W W76707 50 7 W w 505-01-21 W76-70014 Mhgy Agh - AofI Aydygos 505-04-31 W76-70055 Ad~od MIIOIIIS gd M fog P11335 G MIl-Poos G~s Tbos Tohylygy 506-16-21 W76-70265 GAS TURBINES 5 W Fglgogd F 111 II ~IIPINI1 Mgtpgls 192-65-61 W76-70613 77~T~tg~8bA G~s P bo Estgy Clloo (M R U) LA / S M LA w W W AtIsphoy Chs,ygl Physys - Y~oh Stdps If Loss Etstgy Coosso Rosooh 0 POoto y Atosphpss. Clots 3d GALLIUM PHOSPHIDES - 506-25-32 W76-7037U FREQUENCIES 108-36-57 If ThsIsIpgl pos hysos W76-70560 GooG Addly Ctgsholthsss 186-60-53 W76-70539 E:pPihltgl Dssloposot - Lobostoy ~d ThIosfIll ~ Aoghlo NIAS Oddly - 08 W W FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION 188-38-64 35 8sI~tsd hSII53 W76-70566 505-03-33 W76-70046 NRtosIk Tittig lId SyIIhIIIiSgIiII TRyhollogy Ggtg Rgy AsfItly All 855. AISIyN5. 3d Hodb~k Ssoyss fl 310-20-27 W76-70659 188-46-57 W76-70594 5153) AIltI FRES~NEI~R~EFLEdC~OIRSP CITASISO ~d D5lASIy 10846-57 W76-70595 5050632 Fl~hf 0111111 Syss 778-20-01 W76-70424 108-46-57 - W76-70596 No-CoopsotO Pill WIg SysIst 1-16 PAGENO="0364" HELICOPTERS 505-01-12 W76-70012 Phyoos ~od O~o0~y of SoI~ds So~oo SOoYIO Thoo,& POoo S0I00YO 1-17 SUBJECT iNDEX 360 GREENHOUSE EFFECT GROUND STATIONS GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 9)0-13-00 W76-70695 GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS Do) Ai TRIPTYIIIO 791-40-11 W76-70165 505-06-93 W76-70095 Ado~ood V/STOL Aoo~f) O@I~9O.IYdApp?O4 SIMS E~oh OSs~oo~oos SOT G~UIHUO0 )oo~ogl)~oYo UFY9 LANSSAT ~od V00VO Do~ 106-60-76 W76-70546 GEOMETRY GEOMORPROLOSY 506- 20-3 3 GEOS SATELLITES (ESA) 310-10-43 W76-70655 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION 910-30 00 W76-70713 GRAND TOURS W76-7004U H 180-45-Si `76-70585 GRATINGS (SPECTRA) 750 0) 53 W76-70409 GREAT LAKES (NORTH AMERICA) EPA/NASA S~Ni) L~k8o Uoo,o P~og~o~o PAGENO="0365" HELIPORTS HELIPORTS 506-25-31 W76-70375 HERMETIC SEALS Bo1ty0ldyC0ll10lo~1dThs16 HETER005NING 506-25-31 W76-70374 of H!gh P~ Loso~s (P~opolooo Noo~ H~oo~s) 186-46-64 W76-70600 HIGH TEMPERATURE GASES 505-11-25 W76-70157 -18 505-03-33 W76-70046 HYDROGEN EMRRITTLEMENT 505-01-21 W76-70014 770-f 1-02 W76-70422 505-03-32 W76-70045 505-05-51 W76-70066 SIddies of A1181eolioo Aile,A1 FoeS oed G~eoed 778-60-01 W76-70437 506-25-31 W76-70375 ~ Llqo~d Oeekel Syolelles Teyheelegy 506-21-fl W76-70325 Ad~~~l~d I-hgh P~eo Eeg~ee Slody 910-03-00 W76-70680 Soboyfeoe Obopyobico 177-44-03 W76-70488 SUBJECT INDEX IGNITION 910-04-03 W7S-70S84 ILLIAC COMPUTERS Delepe~eet of Ooy,poICtiyeOl A oceofoel Codee foe 505-06-12 W7S-70069 506-16-41 W76-70272 506-16-12 W76-70257 177-42-51 W7S-70401 180-70-56 W76-70608 Oelopeeeeeet of ShellS Peyloode foe the Sfedy of Sole, Flecot Old Floce Added Phoo 100-38-64 W76-705S6 l0~gh Copoo~fy Dole Sysle,,eol 506-20-14 W70-70315 177-32-51 W7S-70480 188-46-59 W76-70599 310-40-39 W76-70672 Coelposife M~teeeoIs Apphyol,oo to Syceofeces 506-17-14 W76-70270 leepeot CloldlIg 0 Geology M~1ee,olo 195-21-03 W76-70631 195-22-05 W76-70636 506-22-33 W76-70347 Mogeeloopheoo Phyo~o - Poe5yl~o ~,d Pgefolo/F~eld 506-91-10 W76-70392 Iefyoeeobyo Mologell1~lf Sytecees 910-33-03 W76-70707 361 185 47 55 W76-70519 PAGENO="0366" 362 SUBJECT INDEX ISOTOPES INP~A~ED A1T~ONOMY D(TAKE SYST8MI CAp 09ssiCAti01 Us1~g Ti~ D i50A,s LANDSAT Th.~tipsl AstAp6y~s P4~is. T~sh~JUgy D~t~ 188-41-51 W78-70570 505-03-12 W76-70038 177-51-42 W76-70490 M4I06,t~1-Ws~ s~d F.~ I50.~.d ~o~y 090 ~d 50096 T809091061 i-c o 188-41-55 676-70579 090094 W76-70049 Cp~1o09& AlA W7O-70067 188-41-55 W76-70580 505-04-11 W76-70050 1091 T~h0109gp 505-04-11 W76-70051 505-06-11 W76-70068 Hyp~oo~o Pop09o~ R~~oth D09p~09 of C p09SooO A 0060914 CodIs to Fo blood A. 0900ly 505-05-41 W76-70064 Ilido 188-41-58 W76705O2 MOloy Aooofl - 009091 Aodyoooos 505-06-12 W76-70069 Lo~ Gooity Sopoflod H&,oo A09090d Tohoobogy 505-11-21 W76-70151 ~ i-IAMB Doo&opogol Moot. 0.000090 boo 0 A pbs 10 Roooooh 188-78-51 W76-70605 505-11-22 W76-70153 506-22-43 W76-70350 Cyogotos 516-51-01 0176-70209 100-45-53 Ms~o.o1o W76-70589 196-41-54 W76-70646 18t~1~~~ Toohotttogy W7670510 ION PROBES 196-41-72 W76-70649 sI:~h09o° POP 00000 - 188-45-53 w7670589 INFRARED DETECTORS 188-38-53 W76-70564 ION PROPULSION 5061821 Tooofo S9otooo W76-70299 514-54-21 Roo!oS P~09160 W76-70204 5062243 Apptogtooo Rpopgyh 5576-70350 bof09od Sppotoooo~y S~~09 Ioootoo ~od too Pooooooo Ptoootoy -19 PAGENO="0367" 363 J-85 ENGINE SUBJECT INDEX J L 506-19-11 W76-70305 5 ~ ~M / ~ I ~ A w LA M M / B~s~ N~s~ R~h LAND USE 506-25-41 W76-70380 / / w W 38 Sl~dd~ ~1 Al1~1~ A~~l1 F~&& ~d G~~d 177-61-42 W76-70503 LASER MATERIALS - Sy0~V~ M~Jsp0 OpA L~d U~ Syo~ FAl-R1LAd~T ~d ~ Cl~V~ Ml1~&$ 791-40-11 W76-70165 MCVp&d/RPg~4I AppIPAVPR ~ M~ht&y PVg~~& Ad~~d T~sp~~ S4OPPV T~h~0~gy S1~dP$ 177-61-52 W76-70504 505-01-32 W76-70016 SCAR 5ppp Vpd~p1pp Th~~I~gy LANDING p1 (bgh Pp~~ LdsP~s (PVp~Is~~ N~ Hp~) LA / Ld ChdVp1i1~ P~Is~d PI~ Th~~&1P I~d~~d A~l~Ad VTOL A~RVp6 506-22-41 W76-70349 W 005 LA M W w LA / w LA w P~As~d MPD A~ JPI ~1h Gd~1~D E~gy S1p~gp LANDING INSTRUMENTS W76-70122 506-20-31 W76-70321 JUPITER (PLANET) Sys~~ W76-70006 500-24-13 W76-70367 M!~ J~p~l/U~ 1979 S VPPP St~~g G~ppp C~I A,~P~l1 D~ IVp~PPt T~l~g - )~d~$Sy ~d 01h~ Fp~dd~~4I Ph~1~p~ M / LE w W 176-30-41 W76-70471 fOgh E~~gy ~ T~h~0Pgy 196-41-51 W76-70644 C~gp Cl~!h~1~ (J~g T~ 01PP~ 4 LANOSAT LAUNCH VEHICLES K hG: I S9OAPA Us~g LANDSAT~dR&d1LE 505-11-31 PIA,~p~g S10d~ w76-701S8 w 0 w X-R~y As1~g~A~y 5y~l~~ ~ ~ Tpph~gIHgy N~pg~hg~ ~p5pp~ LANGUAGES LEVEL (QUANTITY) 513-53-OS W76-70193 ~ SphpdJs~g P~hpA Ao~gphy~A~ KINETIC ENERGY 910-25-00 W76-70699 188-46-56 W76-70593 (V LA w I LA LA I 1(V) 1-20 PAGENO="0368" 364 SUBJECT INDEX MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Ssetstgetd Rsl~ab~tity Tssstg P1Dt!11117s et~ Usttttts Hey As1toto~tty LUNAR CRATERS Elstttyt~: Petts 188.48.57 W76-70594 Theytetys St~des the Myyy atd Mataysta Petsyt 508-18-32 W78-70303 1y* Ea;y G~t~a Hey Ast thly Eod~s Ptsddtabla Lo~g-Lit. Cshps,at Tayh.,ylygy 1884858 W76-70597 195-21-02 W76-70530 508-18-33 W76-70304 Miltista? Wets ad Fe?-Iyfa!Rd Oststttt; Itt~ayt Ctatad it Usy!y -t Metata Athatad Ctt'ptatts Itt FIsts-tI Ctttttl Oystas 188-78-58 W7W70607 1952103 W7670831 505-19-12 W76-70306 LING-TEMCO-VOUGHT AIRCRAFT Thetayel Std~s Satte-y Qelty Cttt) ad Tests 0!~a W'; ct Test ThtoIt;y 195-2202 W7S-70633 509-23-22 W76-70355 505 - 3 5.70149 LUNAR EFFECTS ElsyllUth ItS? Ete;y Ctttstst-t ad O1ts;a ~ Tek T I-? 51 Th atta I St~sa 508-23-23 W75-70358 508-1712 W7U-70277 195-2302 W7U-70U39 1414-115. Hh-Fstlo,a,ya Pttt~t P14455511g U? LIQUID FILLED SHELLS LUNAR EVOLUTION Flats -y App? Pta CyWats TatH Tahtt?pgy ThStltiy& Sttdds 509-2333 W78-703U1 905-17-12 W7U-70277 195-2002 W7U-70825 LIFE DETECTORS LIQUID HELIUM Thstatca? SIdes p1 Ihs Mypt etd Mststtits Petal Pietataty 14? Mypby?pgy Ltht Utatty StpstYd Hsiy, A sItS Taphtp?pgy Bodas 192-55-63 W7U-70515 Daioptst 195-21-02 W7870U30 Pletsta ty Et~tstIs 188-78-51 W7U70U05 LUNAR GEOLOGY 192-55-EU W76-70615 Adtatoa Tsohttiogoal Ostslopt,stt, Oststa?: Path Eased Obsettatos LIFE SUPFORT SYSTEMS Cyygsoa 195-20-01 W7U-70524 F) sets ~ Ettttsrna 189-78-51 W7U-70605 ThsttSI051 51055 192-55-65 W76-70619 LIQUID HYDROGEN 195-20-02 W7U-70525 MIIPbiaI Attelysis Stdts 14 AItsatta Aitoteft Fts?s ed U~ottd Leboato Si allot 193-58-62 W76-7062I Oy500~5 195-2003 W7U-7082S LIFT - s U-7 Theotstloal Stdss of ha Moot ad Mstaptta Fatat Thtaa-0ttatsptsl Sspatstad Floota 5 655-01 0 000ss 505-06-14 W76-70070 LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES - 195-21-02 W7U-70U30 Fotpstsd-1ift ISTOL/RTOL) Asodytso F~dotaps AWstysd Lp-d Pypkst Ct-post Tatholoy Adtaoed Eap~ts-tt tpts 505-10-41 W76-70141 506-21-10 W7U-70324 195-23-08 W7U-70640 Mhtey AllotS - A~otaft Aydya-ts Ltd P pa-Pt 051000 LUNAR GRAVITATION 505-1 1-21 w76-70151 18031-52 W7U-70512 ElIcIt of Tayhqtsa fyt 155 DaIs slot Pt Ltat TIasyty AloeS Thty!ty (TACT) LIQUID ROCKET PROPELLAP4TS ad Fiastey 0etIaIyta? FIelds 517-51-01 W76-70217 Lyg-Its At-os.osd PIUpittit Sates Itt Fiestaty 195-40-02 W7670842 LIFT AUGMENTATION 045I~y5 S LUNAR MARIA H Sly estate bla Aoeh Taohtyio )HMAT) - 506-21-21 W75-70327 EatIh Eased ObssttetUts Fight Psasath pto c AtIttds Colt? Pyp!syl 195-20-01 W7U-70624 723-01-01 W7U-70221 910-04-03 W76-70664 LUNAR ORBITER LIFT DEVICES LITHIUM Let P01st 001st Syststt Dsf,SUt CtttptIaIota? ARydyats Fiesta y Splat Pots V assaph sd TSI1lyltgy 195-35-01 W7U-70U4t Af Asodyap NOes W7U-70057 LITHOLOGY w7U-70352 LUNA~toRS~rs 1 Cots a 505-06-23 W70-70077 Oats TsIhiqaa UI MI-sal Eaplystyt 195-20-06 W76-70029 50062 WE 09 06)0 5) U fOb Up 505 00 3 w 006 0502 2 W76 ~ 95 22 06 0 S W 63 505-06-31 ~° W76-70082 743-01-12 W76-70227 195-35-01 W76-7064t Fight Oyteys - Cytto? ed Ospley LOGIC DESIGN LUNAR SATELLITES 505-10-13 W76*70f25 Adoa~sd Stfttoes Ostslypsy Let FOCI 0-b! Systs DOtty ObIqIR WIg Fight Tsst Tthoitgy 910-27-01 W76-70700 195-35-01 070-70541 505-11-13 076-70140 LONG TERM EFFECTS LUNAR SURFACE Cli AleS Oetsiyytst Tssttg - Idle? sd Os diets V sssetS EatS Bassd Oboe-tatts Gotststt A5!ly55 175-40-10 WT6-7044U 195-20-Of 070-70624 505-11-14 076-70149 LOUVERS LebtattySiet-y AMST Fight EapRt-eta Tie--el dUty? 195-2003 076-70626 769-01-03 W76-7025t 910-02-00 W76-7067U Aaiy4s SIdes LIFT FANG LOW COST 195-20-05 070-70620 Itt/CIsc Fe Pop?ay SIppolt Lytt-Ctst 5.11 Solo Atey Ptp~syt Steps Eapst'sI ~ytyspts 505-05-24 W7U-70062 779-21-Ut W76-70425 195-2006 076-70629 VTOL Asodytatt Pafottaps Redos 6sp-y Soage Syss LUNAR TEMPERATURE 505-10-31 W7U-70t36 779-51-01 076-70435 Th eytstye? SlOes of Ihs M~~t ed Metsyts Pest NASA/Ne-y M?Ittssyt V/ST0L AtlaS Tettygy Adtstysd TsyYt~it~y/U~bcysts is ByAss Oets?Opttel 910-32-Cl W7670705 195-21-02 07670630 505-fO-3S 070-70139 Metfeyttg 1 Spays Ettytlst tat Theystpe? StARs LIFTING ROTORS 910-35-UI 075-70709 195-23-02 076-70639 AMSI Pygtat Petftpsfyt Msthalya? Syatsa LUNAR TIDES 709-Ut-Ut 070-70249 910-30-00 076-70711 Thsystye? SIdes of Os Mott ad Meteytils Past AMST EepeeI5 Ptygtet, Pettopatol LOW NOISE BIdes 769-01-02 W76-70250 Miitetet Wets tO Fat-Ahead Osteotys 195-21-02 W76-70030 AMST Eapstttetts Ptygtett PettopalUl 189-70-56 W7U-70607 ta Thetafys? SIdes 769-01-04 W76-)0252 LOW TEMPERATURE 195-23-02 W76-70639 SOYA Ptop?sot Sppott Lott-Tapsetts Thetyto Cottette LUNAR TOPOGRAPHY 769-02-Of W7U-70253 505-24-22 W76-70370 Path Based Obsetalyts Stat Shot-Ha? P5555th Aptaft )55VA) LOW THRUST t95200t 070-70024 769-02-02 070-70204 Soist Elaott PtopI?sy - Netgatyt ed Ptssyt LIGHT IVISI5LE RADIATION) Atelysa Uittatyief ISV) ad SpIte? Asfytoy 106-60-74 W76-70545 188-41-51 070-70572 LOWER IONOSPHERE 05750 W 050 MC H 108-70-56 W76-70609 LUSRICANTS 516-51-02 076-70210 LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Ole Systeit Msyheiye? dy-poe-its Teyhyiygy MAGNETIC FIELDS E?aylott Dstyes ed Cyposts 505-04-41 W76-70056 Nsto (-(papa It Ptop?syt 505-18-21 076-70299 Mets-es 101 Ltbtoetp sd WesI It Mayhayel 506-21-43 W7E-70335 LIGHT GAS GUNS Copoata Meg.sttaa A Cyophysys Itilpeot Cetetttg II Usy?yUiy Matsais 505-16-22 076-70266 500-25-21 070-70373 19S2t-S3 W76-70631 Meletes Megtstosphato PhysIC - Peoples sd Peltole/Fs?d LIGHT SCATTERING 9103800 W76-707t3 )tIesytyt PatoIs MeesItsIsI ed Mods?tg of Ttoposphsty LU5RICATION 100-36-55 076-70551 OIls Systait Msyhetye? Cttpytstts Tayhtoiygy Msgtatospheto PhysIC - FollIes ed Petto?a/F5?d I U- -31 W76-7U464 -04-41 LIGHZ Opetatols. ad Safsty RAT LUNAR COMPOSITION Matatydylattys Not Thate? Piastitsa 076-70552 505-08-22 W7U-7Ut 12 ~~~::tefIa? SIdes of Ihe Moo sd Msteptts Pest 093555 076-70553 NDLOGY Ic 95 2 02 076 70630 M / Eytltpphiyelot etA WaIst SIcIly ThepIsIya? SIdes 109-36-56 W76-70556 170-30-fl W76-70408 195-22-02 070-70033 MAGNETIC INDUCTION LINE SPECTRA Adletped Eaoeteltt Cttyspts P-?sed MPG Aty Jat otth dolts Etagy Stotage Lebytalot-y ed Theplslta? Sy?et Physys 195-23-00 W76-70640 500-22-44 076-70351 185-38-53 W76-70565 Eos!tsIpt of Telhtp-es fyI Its Oetetttitalott of Lttet MAGNETIC PROPERTIES )tfyetsd Syayttoaoopy of Stats ed Fiesta Cteofetye? Feds PhysIc? etd dlstiye? GlAss of She Syslet SOds 188-41-55 W76-70578 190-40-02 W76-70642 195-22-03 076-70634 1-21 PAGENO="0369" 365 MAGNETIC TAPES SUBJECT INDEX ~ *~d ~ ~f E ~uet.!?.st ~I MARINER PROGRAM NASA/N~y M~Iti~~ V/STOt. A~~c~eft Tath~oI~gy M~t~IeI~ ~ Sy~t~~ T~~h~&~gy o~ PIa~etary Missions ~ 1952204 W7670635 188-6852 W76.70538 505.1035 W7870139 MAGNETIC TAPES Diiidccsetd Coitttol Tschcology ct Platietaty Ccii Altoteft Acalysisatid Msthcdclogy Developtcent Viecoelastio Ptopetlles of Polyctets Missiots 7914015 W7670166 5061917 W70-70263 1666654 W76-70540 T,acelet Accepteitos . Locc Detisity Shotit-HecI MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW Missict od S st 0551 it. MJU79 Systettis Specs ShAttle Thettttal Ptoteotioti Systettis 1666977 W78-70547 5135050 W76-70185 506.1643 W78-70274 Tetittitiel Atsa Elf ticeitess Ptcgiattt . Optitttieetict of MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY 166 66 76 W76 70549 I S H 7 W76 7019 6062511 W76-70372 Megoetit Beetitig Reeotioti Wheel lot Uittttetiited Ad cettoe d V/STOL Aitoteft Desigt std Applitetiot MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS ettetaty ehio~ Wcdies Pclssd MPD Ato Jet coith ltdcotice Eitetgy Stotege 166.66.79 W7670549 514-50-01 W78-70198 5062244 W76-70351 Metittet J~pitst/Utetcs 1979 Soietioe Steetitg Gtocp Payloads Dytetttics Msgtstosphetic Physics ` Patticles atd Pattiole/Field 1886680 W7670550 5061731 W76-70290 MARINER SPACE PROSES STOP 151 oti,tsl.Thettttai.Optioal-Plogtetttl 168-38-55 W76-70551 Teohttology Reeditess 506.17.33 W76-70294 Magitetosphetic Physics Pettioles etd Paiticls/Phctct 7904003 W76-70393 Secete Stctitts etid cost Weethet H eseetoh MARINER SPACECRAFT 1751030 W76-7044t 1683656 W7670556 Ad~etced littsgitg Syslettts Techticlogy SecetS Stotttts cud Local Weethet H eseetch MAGNETOMETERS 506.18-11 W76-70296 1751040 W70-70442 Patlioles stud Petticle/Field Ittetectiotis Te ht I Reedituess StuudiesuttTheApplicstiotuofSetsllitsDetstc LotugRetuge t8O-38-~5 W76-70554 7904003 W76-70393 Fotsoestiutg stud Clitutete Puediotict et Colctutbie. CONY. Otoctid-Besed Obsetcatictu of the ~ MARKET RESEARCH NYU, etid MIT. 188.38.52 W767O502 Cicil Alt Ttetspottetict 175-30-40 W78-70446 lustucuittettatiotu lCctteuttiuietictil 791-40-08 Potettisl Utilit of RPV's IRettuctel Pi ct 354030 W7870449 MAGNETOSPHERE Yehitlssl ct Cicil Appliostucts t.atgiey Ressetch Cetutst-Osotge Wsshttgtcut Uuticetsity Magtetcsphetic Physics 791.40.18 W7o-7Ot67 Eticitcttuteuufei Mcdeiitg Puogusutu 10547-92 W76-70530 MARS (PLANET) 176-1032 W76-7O457 Magtetosphetic Physics - Pattitiss std Petticie/Pisid Negetice lots it Pletetaty Attutcsphetss COsslA DOte luicestigeticit Rsiecsutt to Deceit Dcutupitg 88 38 55 W76 70552 p A ph Dy W76 70520 M76 30 3 W78 70 70 Patticies etid Petticis/ Field Ittetecticits 185-47.57 W767052i Hydtclcgit Modeiitig 188.38.55 W76.70554 Piatetsu'y X-Ray DiffuactcuttetRt 177.54.11 W707O497 It Megtuetosphstio Physics . Patticiss etd Petticie/Phctct 185.50.40 w70-7O532 Thutcteticei Stydies of Platetety Bcdiss W76.7O535 180-36-56 W78-7O558 PiouuMciygcGeotutctphoicgy etd Outface Piocesses of Uittsciclef IUVI etd Opticei Asttctctuty Appliceticts of Thecueticei Space Physics 185-50-60 W76-7O534 100-41-51 w767O572 1003657 W7S70560 ThRcteticel Studies of Pietuetety Bodies CottV5 Rutthoetd Radeu Pietetety Studies w7S70644 105-50-01 ltstt itt tt I tutetut W70-70535 8~ue~eI Studies W76-70506 MAGNETOBTATICS 185-50-73 W76-70537 195-20-02 W76-70625 let Thtuustet Reeeatch MARS BSRFACE Ccuttpuuteticuuel RRquuiusttuetl - Defitiitict 506-22-40 W76-70348 G&C Techtciogy ct Mets Rccitg Vehicles 310-40-38 W767OS71 MAINTAINABILITY 86-60-55 W76-7O541 CoutupuutRt UsagR TRchtiquues Lcuugccsii Mititg Systett RRlisbiiity etd Meititeitiebility MASERS 310-4O4t W78-7OS74 Study Fctdeutusttel Phototics MATRICES IMATHEMATICBI 770-41-03 W78-70434 506-25-31 W76-70374 DecRiopttustt cI Couttpuutetotel Teohtiquues MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS 505-06-72 W76-70091 tlatittsliigetce let Ittegueted Rebel W76-703t3 108-41-54 Stetd d s t W76-70576 MAT~R ~t~sC~puopcisiou MANAGEMENT 3101042 W76-70654 506-21.43 W76-7033b Flight Metuagctutett Syststtts Rsdio Mettic ltsttuuttt ettatiot Decolo uttett MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 504-09-31 W7S70005 310-10-61 W76-70657 Hypeisctiic Vehicle Stuuiotuites Techtoiogy ~ MASS SPECTRSMETERS 50~2'l~t Itottuutttettstiot W76-700t9 177-31-52 W7S-70479 Sttutosphetiteseetoh PtcOtstit W76-70450 505-04-23 W7S-70054 MANAGEMENT PLANNING Abed te Ptsssu Atoutti Xc etu tdEti~u slit Beetit Fiocy M eescueuuuott Tsthiuiquuos Sisotuotic 0 cede etud Systsutts Suuppotit Cal Suet t I I Me S It ta 5O5O643 W7670087 506-18-22 W76-7O300 185-47-51 W70-7O515 Ktcocledgo of Atuutospheuio Puotesses Systetuts Atualysis Methodology etd Suuppctt E o N o C 505-08-10 W7S7O106 790-40-it W76-7O397 M CO ~ h let Mess Spectucittetet Tethitiqces tot Fl eutetety cud Ptogtetttutuetio Sytuth esis atud AuuOttetttetict 185-47-52 W76-7O5 N Cotttetety Eopstittetts 175-50-40 W767O454 Attutos hetio Eo etittteut Deceic tttetut 105-47-53 W7S-7O517 Ettccctittteuttel0uu:lity Piutitiitg Acticities lot the 05-47-71 heti Ph its W7S-7052S M~gtietcdytatttits-Not Thettittal Piasuttes W76-7O553 176-90-31 W78-70474 105-47-92 W76-7O530 Sciette Eopetittstt Cotucepts Hydtdiogit Modeiittg Ccsttt,c Oust M easuute tttetts 195-2006 W7S-7O629 177-54-11 W76-7O497 108-45-53 W76-7O589 MECHANICAL DRIVES Specs Ooetetiots Techtuiquues Sciettitic Oelitiitict Study lot Ait Detusity Bopictets - Dticc Systeutt Meohaitital Cotttpottetts Tethtoicpy 910-31-00 W78-707O4 1900 lNeuuttei Dytstttios Eoplotetsl 505-04-41 W76-70058 MANESVERABILITY 108-70-60 W76-7061O MECHANICAL PROPERTIES RPRV Capability Oecsicputteut Oicitsttuutttsttetioti Coutpctet-Aided Desigti Methods SOS-i 1-25 W78.7O157 192-St-OS W76-708l7 SOS-O2-14 W76-70022 0 5 0 910 300 IC W S 70695 506 6 2 C W76 70256 SOS-i 1-41 W76-7O1SO MASS SPECTROSCSPY Reietictehip ct Atotttio Sttctluutes coith Metetiel Highly M auteuuceta Sic Aiuctatl Techtcicgy/Witid Tcttiei at etttistty o Xci s W767O2SS W767O262 723-01-03 W7S-7O222 Ott ess pRottottetet ectiauuos ct etetsty at Viecoelastic Ptcpeuties ot Polyttuets MANNED ORBITAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES 105-47-53 W787OSI7 508-16-17 W7S-7O2S3 Adoetted Teohttology Labotatotyi Systettts Dalituitiotu AdOettcRd Es etitutsut Oeceiopuiuetit tot Patfidle Adcetced Mststiels lot Space 7500111 W7S704OS Cotttpositiout Meesuutetuteutt it Plaitetsty Atutuosphetes 5061621 W767O26O LOEF Espstitttetit Oslititicit iBS-47-54 W76-7OSIO Adcetced Metetiels atud Matuutaclctittg Ptccesses 750-01-31 W76-70407 MATERIALS 508-16-21 W7S-7026S Lctug Duutatiotu Eopcscte Facility Ptdiecl M atetia is lot Adcetioed Tuutbiue Etugiutes IMATEI Helical Sotecc Espatdet Puoject 750-02-01 W76-704l4 510-53-01 W76-70t72 770-91-01 W76-70439 MANUAL CONTROL MATHEMATICAL LOGIC MECHANtCAL SHOCK Rotcucteft Flight Dyttetttics Adoetced Sohccste Osceiopttueutt Shock atd Vibtctiou Itilcttttstiotu Cettot ISVICI 505-10-23 W76-7013i 910.27-01 W76-70700 506-17-34 W7S-7O29S VIOL Flight Dytetutits MATHEMATICAL MODELS MERCSRY IMETALI MAPI 03 W7 S 5 05 W7 006 6 W 6 3 Floco M eescte tttetut Tethtuiquues tucs opttteut c tttpcteliottasttiquues SOPS Etcitotttteuutal Itttpcct SOS-06-43 W78-70087 Acist~ct Sataty Veseauch etd Techtuolo - Wak~ Votteo S062233 W76-7O347 Clitutete R esesuch Hscetd MERCURY (PLANET) 175-40-SO W76-7O4S1 505-08-22 w76-7Oi 17 Fiatuetology Ocotutotphoiogy atud Suuttuace Puocesses stud Regictusi Scales lot Light Aitctah 1855080 W7B7OS30 178-20-32 W76-7O46S 505-10-14 W76-7O126 MESOMETEOROLOSY X-Ray Asttoutottty Adcatuoed Tilt Rotot Aetodytuatutics Secete Stottuito stud Local Woethet Rsseetch 100-46-SO W78-7OS9S 505-10-27 W70-70i30 175-10-10 W76-7O440 1-22 72-434 Q - 76 - 24 PAGENO="0370" 366 SUBJECT INDEX MODELS S~Y SW~ ~d LR~0 SV~h~ R~s~Hth P~1toy QW~t~ Ad~~d SUdW MIUTARY TECHNOLOGY METAL FATIGUE 5061613 CI MRI~&s 1~ E0RVC~R Apph~5~~s RHIR SyV~ R~h A~VI (RSRA) M M COMO w W SCAR MIHAs AppI!I~s PRH P(RYR$Rg fR EUW 0510 SW SRiRRWd MILLIMETER WARES 743-01-22 W76-70229 APPORRIR SAIlOR MARl WI/I CR/PR/IA DIRRIRpARI Rgyf A w 2 W a LI p AdA/RId MI/RAIl P SpAR 177-44-03 W76-70488 MINES (EXCAVATIONS) M M M( I A A 4bPS/Roy SooooolsIyoo MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES DR/RI/PAR/I RI ~o A//poyIIId LRogoss/ Shssos M CR w 3 W METEORITIC COMPOSITION TsshRlRgyfAdRlId(ooIRpoyIDdApoppsfTooyoo,sl MORAl AR/dy/RAPS SR SR w W M 5 M W M U METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES 168-41-52 W76-70574 AdAd Mossipo, CA/Ips - Es~h 0/boll M M OW M PR ORgy 0 04 5 04 50S-OX-10 W76-70106 MIUTARY AIRCRAFT 106-60-73 W76-70S44 NRA/RI (RI /0/ P11/ItS/p AI//RsphI/I5 MARy Aipsft - A//P/IS Al/pdy//l///ys Ado~~Id Missiy// Stood/Is IR/ Esp/R/s/ P0/Pg/A/s MICHELSON INTERFEROMETERS sf/I/Soy Aoop~ft AloRdy/lAys Ad-/P/Ad Mosgoyo, SI/doll W76-7061 1 W 04 M WA M 00 W DlfAbRRSto/dy /0/ 791-40-04 W76-70163 MODAL RESPONSE - 1-23 PAGENO="0371" 367 SUBJECT INDEX 505-03-12 W76-70039 Q~41. CI~ G~2 A~to~' Tb00~, {QCGAT) Q~1 ShLA-Ho~l R~~h A!~~f1 laSTS) 504-09-13 W76-70003 W76-70016 A~~11 Op p~~d SlOly F1&T 505-08-21 W76-70109 910-03-00 W76-70680 MODERATORS MOISTURE CONTENT N 192-55-66 W76-70618 D~fi1~ 1 Phypyso,d Ch~Ty E~p~~1s S~bsp~p/S~p ~pp~fy A~dy~~ ~ 8 W W M~g~14sphT~ Phys~y~ PT9TS~ ~d PU9?T)P/PhP1~ ~d thE Ctttl M6taty M Tt~UtT Lttdttg SytSttts )MLS) 506-16-11 W76-70255 NEBULAE W76-70154 C~ F~sb51o DpttttPtt At~t,t~td MOOSt Hydt~gtt W76-70333 P4ttttSs ~td ~ ttpt~P1ot 6-70555 w 19523-01 W76-70638 505-03-31 Rpdttato~ Tpyht00gy W76-70043 MOTION SIMULATORS 505-06-41 W76-70084 NASA/N~~y Mtlt,tt~ttptt V/STOL Aitpt~tt TBphttTlpgy NOISE (SOUND) w L~kB CSEsthp8hytt Ptp)BP1 W76-70472 ~4~p0t~ Sttd~s) W76-7023O /c~ w 177-44-52 W76-704O6 504-09-13 W76-70003 -24 PAGENO="0372" 368 SUBJECT INDEX PARTICLES 186-68-74 W76-70545 506-20-32 W76-70322 505-01-1 W76-7001 1 6 I~ M 1:4 50 W 8 NUCLEI (NUCLEAR PHYSICS) OPTICAL RADAR 506-2233 W76-70347 co LA 0 9 8 w Th~~I ~ W76-70553 31010-22 64~p41~g SY$1R~R B4dT~4h4Y4R$ p 0 ORBITAL ELEMENTS W76-70653 PACKAGING 1:0440) (44503 MDOO&T60046 ~ A14011 AR~0dyoooo4 PR~fDOo,3o(T ORBITAL lAUNCHING Poy)o~d ~od E~pRDOOT41 506-16-33 g 4576-70270 w 04 50 w w W 04 W 8 NRDOR5DOR. Rod T~do Rod ES1OROOR WR1RO ORBITER PROJECT 80 ood Opsool AssooHoy )cyoopoooyyo& P501:yo) choRyRoys SyR1R Rd ORdyty EIfRyIs SIOdRO 10 Otb10 XR(4f 188-41-51 W76-70571 OM W76 0637 w FIght M04RgotttRt SystRos ORBITS PARTICLE REAMS 504-09-31 W76-70006 Mst~ot Aol toy - OboRtys. Spools. ~td D~s Absylto Posso. AlTO Osygoo. sd ERgosy Dos OFFSHORE PLATFORMS A50y5 Cgtibsy lot Moss SPROITRIOS OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM ORsyot EsyIiy 188-46-56 W76-70593 Tosp600ly Ogoy Gooshosy M RgRlOsphRO P50sys PRYjOIRB sd Poloto/Phylo 00 06 / AiylRos Pdo110S sod Aisy- SoIRly 108-36-56 W76-70555 5' M / TRoT) CH5glRd VRSytR PHgs OSCILLATORS PARTICLE TRACKS 910-31-00 W76-70704 506-25-43 W76-70384 505-08-22 W76-701 16 -25 PAGENO="0373" 369 PARTICULATE SAMPLING SUBJECT INDEX ShAtA 0~fit!AHt Stt~d~tt 04 Hjgh EIRt9Y AsTYphyoho Thttttto) Ctttlttd Ctttttgt ~td Phtst Ch~tgt M~ttt,&t DtlHptttttt 18 Shyttlo Fhght hop toott. Dtop PARTICULATE SAMPLING PHASED ARRAYS 750-03-01 W76-70415 18845-53 W7670590 Mooo~oo Pootot Ttoo~yt tod R It 188-48-51 W76-70602 PASSENGER AIRCRAFT 776-15-01 W76-70418 Adtotyod M~oiyt Sttt4os 0 04 50~ W76-70003 5061813 )ltgh VOOVIttt,Vt SOtI001 W76-70298 Physyolod Chot041 StAts of SoOt SytotSyhds 504-09-21 W76-70004 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS PIGMENTS PASSIVITY 176-10-41 W76-7045O RAt Qo14oI CoO VtIdot /PI~t Plo sot Cottishot CottA it Hybtd Mt Vol too l001ItGtt!Ot Hf Shstosphoo Coottoots Dtttg Lot Alt1odO Htgh SAd FIght 1801755 W7670511 SpootHoApy ttd Photoohootty of Plo sty 0 AAoos Pod sot std As tot SoOty PATTERN RECOGNITION Cot 1 M I I 504-09-32 W76-70007 Otoloptot of Thoototos t Oigtsl CottA 185-47-55 W76-70519 Fight MotogotOlt 11 Votott Plotod Systos 505-07-13 W76-70100 Cototo sd Ittostolls Motto 504-09-34 W76-70000 Poyloodo Dytottool No-Motollo Sop odotots HgdItG Osolcos - TobIooo/FIosbity Eftoots 606-17-31 W76-70288 506-16-15 W76-7026t 505-06-92 W76-70094 506-17-31 W76-70290 506-23-31 W76-70359 tot Lght Atytoft Psyloods DytOtOs PHOTODISSOCIATION 505-10-14 W76-70t26 70 W w A 00 C Coy Toyhology Poyloods lOGo Pt000IsO)G Foolty Pfotstoo EllIot sd POtty Attosphotos - St ott sd C p toIl w W w M~A Ad Syoot Dosgo - MJU79 177-43-51 W7670484 Voho sd 6104 PIttotty Shot 106-68-77 W76-70547 PHOTOIONIZATION 196-41-51 W76-70644 Dolopot of Shttlo PoyloAs to ho SIdy of Soft Mogtosphoty Physys - P tAos sd Pttiolt/Photo PIONEER 11 SPACE PROBE 01080181 SplAt Spot Alt Do Iopttttttt tot S~oo 8~y Thoottool R~ooh PIPES (TUBES) W76 70644 188-41-51 W76-70568 188-48-52 W76-70603 Ms Ott tog loptoto 9~o~hAtY W76-7071S Msoos Coo) TooholoGy to POotsy PISTON ENGINES PERFORMANCE PREDICTION to Aootoft SI tots 186-6873 W76-70544 ~ to Popho W76-70335 w W 3 M 04ZOoYty/EloottO Co FtosbIty 000000ot 506-23-17 Toyhology W76-70354 ~ W76-70522 I d P I f Photosoltoy Toot. Stododosto od Syotolls 510110 of PIsotoy Atoophoos 5 I A i ~ 185-47-67 w76-70523 910-35-02 W76-70710 TVOLTAIC C NVERSION W76-70426 Plootoy Aloophoos Espoot Otoolopot PETROLOGY PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 1~~~bt1 StAts - Fl 010toly Atoophoos 195-22-04 W76-70635 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Atoophoos 1-26 PAGENO="0374" 370 SUBJECT INDEX PREDICTION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Msgfosphsss Phyoos - POIoIIS Old p /ps~, PLASMA LOSS 0 III TIll gof Too phloo SOlUobso So Th Co So~ Soood-bgsod lofooood Aol oooooooy MlgIooph1oio Phybos P110115 lId P11/PholOl 1763031 W7670470 196-41-50 W76-70643 lobooyoyoo EPA/NASA 5031 13611 Blsio Pgogoo PIoooIOly Asfloooooy Old Soppoofoog Lgbolgloly 188-36-56 W7670556 176-90-21 W7670473 8po~h ApphpAooo of ThIollIoll Spool Phyoyo Coold110oo ood Ploooooog AUfloibIs 101 106 196-41-67 W76-70647 1883657 W7670560 Esooooooosootol GoOdy Poogoooo Gooooood-021ld Opopol ASIIOIOOIIO PLASMA RADIATION 176-90-31 W76-70474 W 8 MMD 1 PLANETARY COMPOSITION P101940 of PIlpofo PWSMA-ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION POLYCARRONATES - 185-50-51 W76-70S33 5od-Oposd 505looofoo of hI ~ 505-01-31 - 011- po~ W76-70015 LA ys Id / So 111 Co PLATARY~OL~JRIOr~ 80db PLASMAS PHYSICS) - ~ Polyooos 1005 So ys So S W 18 PLANETARY LANDING ~hofolIoI of P6)114 PIosoo~ ThoosfOl Ildoold 9io-cs-o~o°11111 10 10611000 W76-70685 LA M So M W 027 Rod,o old flodol P0111010 Sfodos P000 LIqod Rosk~1 Coo 06161 TIohoolo 505-01-34 W76-7001O LA M 0 W w 193-58-62 W7E-70521 lTd~o 115111 Pos14-g SylIlo 10 SOoYO 14floIoOy 506-25-31 0 ~ 676-70376 193-58-63 Cooool 6576-70522 505-19-15 W7E-70309 POROUS MATERIALS RbslooS PLANETARY ROTATION Adoosold D100001o'f S115Ioofiol ~d CoffloI 0-ROy A550101ly PLANETARY SURFACES W76 706S0 POLARIZATION (WAVES) - POWER CONDITIONING W7E-70S93 PLASMA CONTROL Eoo S 01195 74303-41 S16dy 6187 P Hgh-Poof019310l P0011 P100100113 101 w W 3 PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS 11113101?ol 51doo) So~oo Ogosd P0011 C01U110 011 Old P0011 ROoy PI~s~~ Dy139y Elblgo Sooloo 743-04-Of W7E-70238 SosfIs LAM M S M AdAlSold P12093dy113o L3011 Roooolyh 778-31-03 W7E-70429 Olggy GboohIllofly 0 M w 1-27 PAGENO="0375" 371 PREDICTIONS SUBJECT INDEX ObhqooW~og FS0T T~~t Tooho4ogy W76-70084 NASA/Nooy MCII ooo V/STOL Aoo~o5 Toohoology 188-46-59 W76-70598 so~2~2~~ Elloolo Rosolhog hoo EfflytsPdyd 743-03-31 W76-70235 PYR~EcHN~IC~IRh/EI Sy0oo~o Toohoolygy PRESSIJRE DISTRIBUTION W76-702U7 bsPoypolsoy, Toyhogiggy W76-70327 Q PRESSURE VESSELS 77U-30-01 W76-70428 310-40-39 W76-70V72 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Oyo~y VOSBOVI ood Coolo1 TROhOOgY OPIO& 0010 Toslo VooRoo w W 70059 510-51-01 W76-70170 Ego T~~h~l~gy 506-26-21 W7U-703U7 Hgh E11ooyy Solo CoIl Do lOpol od E11g 505-05-21 W7670060 QUASARS 505-06-73 W76-70092 505-05-51 W76-70065 160-41-52 WT6-70573 790-40-06 W7670395 QORI C4o ShgI-hoI EopootoI Ego IQCSEE) 769-01-01 W76-70249 7701001 W7670421 ~ 51dy W76-70223 769-02-01 W76-70253 C~gd go od Plog AyooIoo Ig hO lCoyoplo) QUIET ENGINE PROGRAM EoooIol Golly ~ 743-04-12 W76-70239 Got. Cloo GoRol Ayoloo Tgbolo (QCGATI LA W / / Co w w W R 506-22-30 W76-70345 5062210 W7670342 4oCggpo~tg~ Pdgt Wog Syslo / W 506-22-40 W76-7034U 769-02-01 W76-70253 RADAR ASTRONOMY w PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS MIols go L0bIIOIIV od W~o to Moyhoygl 600 Dotoyto 001210 0 W7670533 V4yoblo Cyglo Ego Coopooto Sysloos 50d5~o~ootol P501015 W76-70375 ~ 0 D000lopotRtt Stool EgO M W 0 1-28 PAGENO="0376" 372 SUBJECT~NDEX REMOTE SENSORS A~e~ed Th~o?~~t ~ Ge~-~' S;~ RADIOACTIVE WASTES s~d D.ta P~~ss:~; EI~:t~-~c~. S~d ~ D~eT~s E~y T~:~'~y Pay':.~s 9101300 `7570594 1857901 W7570534 7500~51 W76.70411 REFRACTIVIT'S RADIATION RAO~OME~ERS ~,, ~ Si~d~s W75 70535 5062531 ` W7570375 1752030 W7670444 REFRACTORY METALS ~d P 1 El's-s SI Is- 0lsl UPs 0~P's1s P55558'S ` OZVPS F 555~?5 Ad~s~csd Mste~sls s~d Msls~'~; P~sssS5s GPP'SS Psy S~syl's~-V;; - 17540E0 W7070452 5091621 W7670265 1952208 W7670037 Vs U's s'U IS Ss"ss~ S~bsys1sPPs Ths& CVPI!sl s~~Ih HesI Pjpes RADIATION SHIELDING 17572241 - I D V ` Lsbs~s1s s~d Thes~e1~ssI 5061831 W7570269 The'ppyop,c Sys1s~s Te:hpcls;y pp. ` REFRIGERATORS 5052423 W7070371 1893853 W7670504 Ms o~et~s sd CPy87PyS~US RADIATION SOURCES MII.~~ste' Ws~s a~,d Fs~t~l's~sd Dstosls~s 50S~25~21 W7070373 Lo* E~s~gy Us~~e Psy As1~s~o~iiy 1887856 W7670607 REGIONAL PLANNING 188~45~S8 W78~70S97 AdssPced I~l,s~sd Ae1~s~s~~y s~d Lsbo~s1o~y ~ TSSIHQ Vt T~spssphs~.s SSPSOIS OP RADIATION TOLERANCE As1~ophysos s~d Peg'o~sI Sosiss PIs~e1s~y Sole, Posos~ Reses~oh s~d Teoh~olo8y 1964154 W76.70040 1762032 W70704S5 5052312 W7670352 REACTION KINETICS Ps~~o~sI Appl,cet~o~s OssetoSHept RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER EohsHst E~~~sss~ Potytop Resss'oh 1775242 W76.70494 Pls~eIs~y Ett~y Teoh~olo~y 5050331 W7S70043 M?IUSOVIPSIV Rs9oPeI Ap~IosIoPs s~ U Ls~d Use 508.1641 W7570272 SVCOIIOSOOSV CPU Photoohe~s',ty 01 P~ 5~~5t5~y CPU 1777061 W7670500 Pls~sts,y E~t'y As,oths,tpsI PSI COP'Vte?'y Motsoes REGRESSION ANALY8IS 5002020 W76703S5 1854755 W78705t8 ROtO'O,sY Ms~tssos Ccc's MsIhVdsToGy Pt I F, D s ~/O~'s~ p~p~ REACTION TIME Decs!op~~is~t 5082023 - ` W7070369 Atss~°s~: Cocos! Physos Pssss'oh Stydes of 7914022 W7670168 M P REINFORCEMENT ISTRUCTURESI 1752040 W7070445 18547 8° W7070522 Co~~~os-te Mete,,e!s ApV?oel'o" to Its C130 CCV,? 75 0 0 V78 70 8 RE C'TION WHEELS w 0 W75 70 70 Cl~'sts P Esss'oh' 0:0', MESS.'s"ePIs Ptsosts~y V;P~!~5 REINFORCING FIBERS 1754060 W7070452 1850979 W7570549 Co~-oos'tes 7570017 ~ REAS~~,E~S5~O. Pesesoy RELATIVISTIC PLASMAS 505 20 2 W70 70387 REACTOR DESIGN W76 70395 88 1 5 W76 70570 1854772 - W7070527 ~ CVOIE Os, TVUPB E~"GV COPSE?5OP RELATIVITY 7781901 W7870423 Ps!eIsty & CslestsI Msohs~os AtIPoshIPol ~ ~" ~ REAL GASES 1884154 W7870575 1854704 W757053t dy~a~o: EsihO,bt.t T,stspoPstoP As,othss~o' 1884154 W7870578 185 50 51 W78 70533 506 26 10 Co d W7E 70385 W70 70577 184 A h W78 70970 506203 W7E 7039 ~ 0,ospd-Oesed Ipt,e'od Ast'o~o'~y REAL TIME OPERATION 1887861 W75~70505 1054172 `W78-70549 A~toIPs1sd Potts, Sys's~e Ms'Ss;sIPsPt AU'SCPOB Tsohpolo8oel DOSSIOOIPSPI. 0e~s,sI, RADICALS 5052335 W70'703E3 cyoge,os N0P'MSIeV: S,ps,oo~dtoto's Ul1'sto!St Ms's S0sot'o~sIs~ 0s58oXIPsPt °` ~ 1887851 W7570G05 5001616 W767026t OPtic RELIABILITY RADIO ASTRONOMY 864151 W7C 70658 H~h!Y 5,!~5', Cs! A~o'eh COIP5sls' TBOh,0!OOV 0,otPdOssSd Redo Ast,o'ioIPy Sp'st-o~ 5050731 w7E70I04 1884152 W7570573 X104201 W70 70717 ~ Mste,s!s AOV!oslo'SIo StVOtt'ss Co RECEIVERS 5081714 W7570278 158 4151 ` - W7070544 Fee, 0-! ye-U Ve~UsI-o~ot 1,880 Cost Mo'otts:e LSPUPG OPOt-ysi MPPO SystsIP ReteS-Ity e~d Ms~ts~s0!ty 195-4173 W70-70650 01350-54 W7870188 7784103 W76-70434 RADIO COMMUNICATION U P / 505 20 2 W75 703 0 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING I I Mc'ottece ~ `Sd ~5V~'S9E~ 5126102 W7670t79 ¶883556 W70'70558 5082Co22 W7070317 L0PG'L'te. H!Xh'P,,follPtsPoe Pottsi Pi0oSSsPG toi Redo Mstio Itst'sPtopteto~ Dets!o5IPsPt MiP'Pste' Wets Co,'~o~s~t 0Ete!03PPCPI P~s'Sels'S Ap~losto~s 3101081 W78-70657 5002020 W75'70320 50623-33 w70-7035t Redo 0yste~'s Dste!o7,PsPt Less, P,op,t!so~ TochPooGy Cod stos e~d Co~t,oI TeohPoIo~y to, P!e~stoPy 3102055 W7S-70804 500-2140 W7570332 MSeops RADIO FREOUENCIES Mo,OIPPets'e T,s~sso~de' Dsts!op"iEPt 1865854 W70 70540 M,lt,tpete,-Weosepd Fe, ttte,ed Astio~o~iy 188-08-53 W75-7053G IftoOtetOd POt-tol/Attttlts CVpt,oI SyetsIP to, Spsoe 1804155 W7070570 RF Tsoh~olo~y to' TORSO Use' Sssoeo'e ft Vehole Ap~Ioeto~s M,!I,p,ete, Wetest, U Fe,'Ipt,s,od Detests's 310-20 45 W75-70882 910-35-02 W7670710 18878-58 W78-70607 , REMOTE CONTROL RADIO GALAXIES U 3 0 30 2 W76 70805 504 00 3 W76 70008 1884152 W70-70573 RECLAMATION St~Uy of Pote~tol UtIty 01 RPVs IRstitoIsty P,!oted RADIO NAVIGATION W U S U 70 0 C A W78 70 57 U I F~ C 0 7520 W75 70403 5 P Net stoti Fs~oIstis RECORDERS 50819-32 W70703t3 513-53-05 W70-70t03 T,eot -~ MeI-o~ Sy5IO~5 T500PO!VOy 0&C Teol-tiolVOy to, Me,e Rct~~ Vob-:'ss RADIO OBSERVATION 31033-50 w7570859 18658-55 W78-7054t O~o~ttid 0,sed OUes-oel-s°e ot ohs Si RECTIFIERS REMOTE SENSORS 188-38-52 W75-70583 less' E'e'~y Cc'os'sc', Rssesob P0'S Rseot~t-o~ Se~so's RADIO SOURCES IASTRONOMYI 508-2542 W70-70383 508-IS 12 W7670297 Ap~!oet-otis of The~'st-oe! Cocos Phye-:s RED TIDE M!lIPsts? Wets CCIP7oPCPt DotB!85!?EPI 1583557 W7070560 ~ Pod Ide s-U Eette''s Wete' 50020-20 W7570320 Eteltetop ot T,oh'S-VOes to' Ihs Dste!IP°etOP of Lt-e' CP5'eotE'ot-os SyotsIPs Atotyss of Poso E0S/ 5800 0peiet'o~eI e~d Fletisto'S Oie:tet VP5I Fs!ds 170-30-41 W70-70471 Systerns 105-40-02 W78-70642 REDUCED GRAVITY 700-40 45 W70-70390 RADIO TELEMETRY o t C 75 10 L W70 70 42 178-5012 W75-70507 7~To~T~s3 W76-70409 DsIy WEsIhsl P seeeto RA%O7E~LES8COdP~S of Iho ~ Lo* O'stty 5~5e?ttsd P5!tP, AUtePoe d TEohPoto5y ~ MetsaYloMoel P ssee,ot, W70-70 180 38 52 U P d A W70 7059 0 78 5 W76 70005 78 20 40 P F W75 70445 1604152 W70-70573 REENTRY 17010-3t W7570455 MII~,tsi-Wete,p 0 Psi ItheicU Astotioly Adte~osU 55th-OtIs! ItePsoOitstOP LsP5!Ey Rosces h Cs~ts'0so~s WesP~IoP UP,tsisty 88-4 -55 W70-7057G Ac~t! e1~~9dyte't5 Epsotipietite! Mods!~i~ Po~e~ Redo etd Reds, Pt e~stsy SIsdes 50M2M10 W7M703X5 t70.tO32 W7070457 198-4173 W70-70850 REENTRY PHYSICS Atti-oe~hso Mods!P~ of Fo!tstot Tle'S578t RADIO TRACKING E°t'y Teoho!o~y F~t!oed cPU Esse~et ~ Pos h Fe `SIP W7870450 Plet,ts~y Atos~Noo sos 55 780-0182 W7070412 17510-Co - - W75-70080 RADIO WAVES REFLECTANCE DsIstt-oP. Che,:Is'osl o~ ed Atie!yos et Attoe~'Sso 8~e38;e5~s~he,o Phts-:o - Pod o Os's-os W70-70500 774452 V's W70-70456 175-10-81 W78704E1 -29 PAGENO="0377" 373 REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES SUBJECT INDEX T,oposphu. AI~ PoIl~tio~ Mbd&i~g .~d Re~te Se~sfr~g RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ROCKET EXHAUST Eoel~etlot CMI Altotelt Deoelopmeot Teetlog lod~stty cod Othet Missile Aerodytemios 1782011 W7O*70403 Sooertmerrt Agetoles 505.1 1.22 W7O-70154 Remote Mees emerrt sod Modelitg of Ttopospherio 5051114 W7O70t4O Spaoe Shottle Dyrremlos sod Aeroelestloty Polloterrte Toohoology poodles of Aeoooaotloel Systems 5061732 W78-70293 178.20.31 W70-70484 518.5011 W7O-70207 The Chemtstoy eodAtmospherro lotereotloos of Eoheoet IT ph 5 U b RESEARCH FACILITIES A h I Cdfm R V h W7E 70328 1782032 W7O-70465 108.40.52 W7U-70591 Solid 000eter Eehaoet 176.2042 Soosiog Coooepts tot TropospheodPoiotmo RESEARCH MANAGEMENT Spacecraft Llq~id Propoleioo Research Ttopospherlo Pollotloo Saoeltg ~ W 0300 5062151 W7O-70337 1782051 W78-70487 ROCKET NOZZLES I I ak Pt loolodio Systems Atelyos Methodology sod Soppoot Ad~~toed Liqoid Rooket Compooeot Teohoology Ectoophloetloo etd Wsteo Qoelity 790401t W78.70397 5062110 W7O-70324 1703011 W76.70400 RESEARCH PROJECTS Solid Rocket Ptopolsloo Systems Watet/Latd Pollotioo Monitorlog Peesibility Stodiee Itterdisoipliosry Speoe Soleooe Reseetoh 1003251 w7O-70513 1783021 W70-70469 1884051 W7O-70002 ROCKET-BORNE INSTRUMENTS Coestel Zote Inoestigetion Releosot to Ooeat Domplog RESIDUAL STRESS UV etd Optioel Astronomy Monitoring Composite Materials Applioetion to Xtoootooes 180.4151 W7O-70509 170.30-31 W7870470 500-07-14 W70-7027S ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT EPA/JPL Lake Classifiostion Projeot RESIN BONDING Heltooptet Asrodynemio Performenos, Dyoamlos sod 1703051 W7O-70472 Com osites Notse EPA/NASA Steel Lakes Eesin Program 505-01-34 W70-70017 5051021 W78-70t27 170-90-21 W78-70473 RES S Hs000ptso Aerodyosmios CooodloetloA sod Platting Aotioitles lot the Com osites sod Adhesices S05f0'21 W70-70t28 170 SO 31 I 0 I P °g W7O 70474 SCRM I A I W7O 70010 505 10 23 W7O 70130 Visible arId fl Seosoo Sobsystems W78 70470 7430122 w78.70229 50f0 PINt Dynamos W70-70t3t Remote Seosio 01 See Tem eratore sod Torbidlty RESOLUTION Rotororah CMI Heliocpter Technology 177.22.91 w7O-70477 Megostodynem~os-Non Thermal Plasmes 5050024 w7o-7O132 Slmoletion Stodies lot Optimioatioo of Thsmatio Mappor 1883855 W78-70S53 ROTATING EDDIES cod Adoetoed Sensors Shottle Defiolbon Slodies lot High Eoergy Astrophysios Thres-Dimerrsiorral Sepereted Flotos 177-20-41 W76-70478 100-46-04 W70-7060t 505-06-14 W76-70070 Image Ptcoessing/Lend Use/HCMM RESONANCE SCATTERING ROTDR AERODYNAMICS 177-31-52 W7O-7047S Atlitoda Cootool Propolsion TtIt Rotor Research Alrorah Program Largs-Anea Crop Prcdoclioo looeolory by Remote 910-04-03 W76-706S4 744-01-01 W7O-70247 Seosiog RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Rotor Systems Raeaaroh Airorah IRSRAI 177-42-85 W7070453 Assess meot of the Eosrgy Applioatioo 00 Adoaooed 745-01-01 W70702 8 Seosor Eoaloaliooe Teohoologias ROTOR BLADES ITORBOMACHINERY) 177.44.31 W76-7040S 777-40-01 W7O-70420 HeI~oopter Aerodyosmics Joint Miorcooeoe Soil Moistote Agricultotal Eaperimeol 50010 ioel Soieooas SOS-1021 W70.70t20 177-51-41 W76-70489 070-56-12 W76-70507 ROTOSCRAFT AIRCRAFT S stems Reseeroh Airoosh 77 51 0 W76 70491 RETARDANTS L Co M 514 53 01 W70 70203 The Applios500 of Remote Sensing to Eoalusting Sunfeoe Ml' P r m ROTORS Temparaturs During Freesing Conditiooe 5O5I~32~ w7U-70010 ArnfollAerodynomlos 177-51-91 W7O-70492 REUSABLE HEAT SHIELDING 505-06-31 , W7U-70051 177 52 2 W76 70494 dT P M E Orb 505 02 W70 70 28 Ragicoel Applloetions Eoploretcny Study Ptcjeot 0 - 2 w76-70273 Rotor Aooustos sod Aetoelaehotty 177-52-02 W7U-7O495 Speoe Shuttle Thermal Proteotion Systems 505-1020 W70-70t33 Hydrologic Modeltog 506-10-43 w7U-70274 Rotor Systams for Rotor Systems eseerc roraft 177-54-11 W76-70497 REUSABLE ROCKET ENGINEE S14-53-01 W76-70203 Remote Seosiog for Sooto sod be Mapping aod Adosooad Liquid Rocket Systems Taohnology ROVING VEHICLES MooIorio 2 w76-70325 G&C Teohoology for Mare Roong Veholee 077-54-12 W7U.7O498 Ad d 82-02 En inc Coot tent Teohnolo 1800655 W76-7O54f Mooilorng end Modeling of Hydrologic Systems 910-03-SO w70-7O66t RUNWAY CONDITISNS 77 5 W75 70500 REYNOLDS NUMBER 505 06 3 W76 70 22 W 5 70502 505 06 3 W76 70000 RUNWAYS 77 70 W 7 d W70 7008 505 08 22 W7U 70 3 Mult,dsoiplinary Regional Apploetone end Land Use Tunnel and Scala Effects in Traneono Floro Airotaft Systems Operational Safety and Eftoanoy 177-70-Of W76-7O5O6 505-06-42 W76-70060 Improrrement Ecologoel Soencee CoIl Alroreh Dauelopmant TeeIng - Indoalny and Other 505-00-31 w76.70020 176-56-12 W7U7O5O7 Oooernment Agcoo~es Eopariment Daoalopmeot for Neutral Gas Composition 505-11-14 W75-7OI4U Macsore ment in Planetary end Comentary Atmoepheras Hypersooio Airorah Aerodynamic Technology 165-47-52 W7U-7OSOU 605-11-31 W76-70050 Atmospheric Eoperiment Daoslopmeot RHEOLOGY SAFETY 105-47-71 W767O52O Voooalasco Propeniee of Polymers Safety Ecparimental end Theoretical Studies 00 Planetary 506-16-17 W76-7O263 910-09-00 W76-706S2 Atmospheres Sold propallant Research SAFETY MANAGEMENT 85-47-94 W76-7OS31 500-21-52 W7U-70338 Speoe Safety Reoeeroh System and Radiation Effeots StudIes for Orbital X-Ray RING LASERS 508-21-54 W75-7O34O and Gamma Ray Spectrometer Inoesclgaton of the Use of Strepdoron Inertial Saneor SAMPLES 195-22-06 W7670837 Units for the lotegraton of FlIght Control. Ooidanoa and Ysnare ry Sol Motobiology REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES Neogaton FunctIons 192-5S-63 W76-706f5 I Atmoepherio Emission loteraoton Teohnology 513-53-05 w76-7otS3 SATELLITE ATTITUDE CONTROL 6050341 W7670047 Arttoiel lntalliganoe Adycoc~d Components for PrecIsIon Control Syst.nrrt 50 3 W76 70 47 506 R b W76 703 2 SATELLITE NA IGATION S STEMS RPRV Capability Deoebopmanc 606-19-32 w76-7O3t3 Oud ance and Naolgaton for Unm anne aneta oy 505 25 A T MT) ROC ET K SINE D S ON E 606 9 2 W76 7031 Flight Research Program 790-40-12 w75-7O398 Naogatcn Accuracy Analyso 723-01-Of W76-7O221 ROCKET ENGINES 310-00-60 W76-70655 RESEARCH AIRCRAFT Hypareonic Airoreft Systems Technology SATELLITE OBSERVATION Tilt Rotor Rasearoh Aircraft Program Sf0-SO-Of W76-70216 Seoere Storms and Local Weather Raaaarch 744-01-Of W76-70247 The Chemistry and Atmoepheric InteractIons of Eohauet 175-10-10 W75-7O44O Rotor S stems Raeeetoh Aroreft )RSROI Clouds from Rocket Vehicles Saoare Storme and Local Weather V eeearoh 745-01-01 W7U-7O240 600-21-30 W78-70320 175-00-30 W76-7O44f AMST p am p nc ` `on Auclany PropulsIon Ion Thruster Technology Scoere Storms and Local Weather Research 769-Of -Of W76-7O249 500-22-If , W76-70343 075-10-40 W76-70442 ASTE m Sc S L W 769 0 02 W7U 70 500 2 W76 703 0 OR W76 70 3 69 0 04 W7 70252 606 22 P I V W78 703 5 5 OR W76 70 50 769-0201 Support W76-7O2S3 Ion Thruster Reeealoh W76-7O340 175-40-SO W7U-7O45t Suet Short-Haul Rasaaroh Aircraft IOSRAI AttItude Control Propuloon Soa Ice Montolng 769-02-02 W75-7O254 Sf004-OX W70-70003 177-54-42 W7U-70S01 1-30 PAGENO="0378" 374 SUBJECT INDEX SIMULATORS FI~fdAoooloo~,y SEAtERS cioo Ao To~op~ofo~~ Sysfo~s o~d Coloopt S~od~os SATELUTE ORBITS 7430102 W76-70225 Apfoo Co~poI Ap~tf~ FI,ghl Eop~~1~I MIopop Soppo~ Co~opofiog SpoUt o,d TRphU5~p$ UUO&UfP PlPpt0~p1 of PolypRo 512-53-02 W76-701U3 lb ( 310-10-26 W76-70653 Dot Spot Mtohtoiptl Copoto Ttpholpgp 513-50-50 W76-70185 TE TE G 04 W 00 3 Copo 00 W76-70558 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT W76-70682 52$ 0 Ut 05Sf OP of Fligh! Copol. Gdpttpd Ugh REIobhfy Cool Syolts 101 Altos C015fO Plpopoots 513-53-05 W76-70193 310-20-32 W76-70661 177-55-31 W76-70502 TtpptI Alt Eff fiol005 Plogloll - Opfioto of M dO 00/ ~° / ~ SATURN (PLANET) P004105 of M tIlls b Eloppop ApplotfIos STOL/OTOL FIgS Dpptps OV od OpfooI Atop0 (CPpoftfloptI Phyops) DgdtI Fly-By-Woo FIgU EIPOIIPRIII F015blfytPdVtIdtpPpfLpoo Cool Miyl000001 Ltdg Tot) Old SooS Efftps I TItloyp Floos SOptOf td Fipoos W76-70070 AIR hI E$ptoltllso 000 dAoyllipsfplTtlllhltl Co ody 505-06-17 5576-70074 505-06-31 W76-70082 513-53-02 W76-70191 Tot) ~d Spolt Efftpfo Tospip Flpoo SEPARATORS STOL 0211059 Spsftoos Esptitpo yog 000115 VT ody W Co W 00 w 910-35-00 (576-70709 SHELLS (STRUCTURAL FORMS) 506-23-12 P17670352 W76-70699 506-17-26 SPOOR Sflpplyto P170-70285 770-21-01 SOp Spit Plop PlojOp 0/76-70425 LA U LA o W 18846-56 W76-70592 SHO~~SE~~ Doog/ObtI P1010 S)LV~~R ZINC BATTERIES Cyl0110oP Old 5101090 165-47-92 W7670530 Tolboltof Oodoop Lopos Slop Mob Mpdtlo of Adyoppd Tolopolfo ~ / 00 So 1-31 PAGENO="0379" 375 SINGLE CRYSTALS SUBJECT INDEX SINGLE CRYSTALS S&~ I,dT~ DIII I~ ET~gy CTITT~$ ~ MIg ITIphITT PhyT~ - P~IAl1s &~d PI~TI1/PhTITl SIZE (DIMENSIONS) EAIh BITId STIO PTOO CT~o1~ AT o~d TTlooy 600TdBTTTd ObllTTII,TT TI hI SAT 2 ~ w w W 0 LA SNOW 00 ATd OpI~T4I AITTTTTTY ICTOpTIII!TATI Phy~oI) 506-21-32 W76-70330 MTT~ITTTg ATd MTdB6Tg TI HTdTTITg1T SyBIBo~ SOLAR GENERATORS 506-2152 W76-70338 So). VT5IIBIT ATd WAIT IApTTTdoBA SITdTT TI DITIITpITI TI Elp ITTIT BId H dIA lo STAT 5062024 W76 70319 177-52-21 I W76-70493 188-39-51 W76-70561 506-23-34 W76-70362 5O23~,1~I S4oTT SHOT AATy PITIBTI W76-70352 ITOOTI Phyllyl - PIHITITI BId POlITIC/FOld STTHB1ATT W76-70242 LA w / MM S~Io PTTTIT RIIIBHh BId TIThTTIH9V 188-45-52 W76-70587 SPACE ERECTABLE STRUCTURES LTO-CTII S7HTT STIlT Ally PITITTI ThITOITBI SITIdIB TI Fl WIlly BTdTB MIATo lpIIBT/UIBTTT 1979 STITTI SIIITT0 GITTP P5TITTTIIBT 0111 SIlTdAdTBSTT Old SyIIIHI 00 lTd OphTll ATIITTTTT (CTTTpITIBITTBI P5YIHY) UT $IITITITIBIT1 SOLAR CORONA 195-20-04 W76-70627 AdHITTId PTITIBT5TH/EIPITITI SyIIBIT1 TIT5TTIT9Y GITITId SOlId ObSIHBOTTS TI hI OTT GITATd-BlIld OpITBI Sydo SVYIIA ASIITTTIITH 506-21-31 5576-70329 1883852 W76.70563 196-41-52 W76-70645 HIgh EYHIITTy STAT CIII DITIITPTTITI lId ETBITBOTT LB w W 3 LA o LAW CT M M 186-68-74 W76-7T545 MIgIBITIPhITH PhYTTY - P101011 ~,d PB9HII/FIIId 760-01-54 W76-70410 SOLAR ENERGY 188-36-55 W76-70551 SPACE MANUFACTURING SPITI BISId PTTTII CHITITS TI lId PlAIT BIlly MIglIlySphIlT Phylyl - POlITICS BId PITAII/FIld OlgIlITTITI BId MBIBgIHIII TI OAST SpITI 1-32 PAGENO="0380" 376 SUBJECT INDEX SPACECRAFT STERILIZATION Soohoology Lobo~00y E8poD~foooo 5I Jo 02100000 Slod!25 So HIgh E00gy Asoophysys SPACECRAFT CONTAMINATIO5 06001181 Iodoysd Dy~os MOdOIR 1887856 W7670607 5067217 W7670344 750-0301 W76-70415 188-7- Mo~oo SlodIss So E8p1000 0900115 05 lop II of lodly8d 60 0001201 Collssoostoo 9103501 10 1312101 W76-70709 ShoIlS Loooohsd HIgh Eos~gy Asoophyslys Spysy07l ~~I~CMI W76-70413 SPACE NAVIOATION 188-78-60 W76-70612 MIyIob!sl AosIyss Co Hg W 186-58-54 7976-70540 910-01-00 7976-70677 ~ ° W76-70622 188-41-54 W76-70576 910-04-03 S976-70684 193-58-64 W76-70623 SPACE PROBES 011 ORo1 Pootiog Syslso, Tsohoology loo Sp312 SPACECRAFT CONTROL 69 ~So w 06 W SPACE SHUTTLE BOOSTERS Adoslp2d I0s1'00I31,00 (Clossool E3100d2d 171 AIlilods Coool S 510 (ELACS 1 Sold Bo9Bo~ Eshsosl 910-13-00 W76-70695 00103100d P131213 V2h112$ 606-21-33 6976-70331 5003101 506-19-14 W76-70308 SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS 910-42-01 W7670717 051000201 P0010 S 51801 T2ohoolo 101 A11l14d2 CoolloT P1oplTE9o SPACE SIMULATORS 40413109 910-04-00 W76-70583 I11I1o111211l3I01 910-08-04 W76-70691 SPACE SHUTTLES 910-13-00 W76-70694 1012 1 d P A DigilBi FIy-by-ssO8 FIghI E8p2010211 SPACE STATIONS V2h112 A 113100 ~ p312 5125101 W76-7017U Co01p3131op A11255012IolOlbI31304T2020,31 C20113T 910-35-02 W76-70710 SpBoB D8b1s 01072$ ~ Syo~os 506-16-36 W76-70271 776-10-02 W76-70417 A LA I I 50662 50 W 04 w 506-16-43 - W76-70274 Th21013!/Sl101lo3T Coo2pTs Ill 50318 013ospoT3000 5061636 W7670271 SpBCT 5041112 702003! PloIpplol Spsl2los 59118$ C0111p0112 Sp312 S110110125 506-16-43 W76-70275 506-17-22 W76-70201 506-17-26 W76-702U5 Th81o11&/S11o15p31 0011201$ lol $p312 T131spo1lBfo1 00030027 055011 C012p15 - 1315 0113! P3yIo3ds Dy1311os 506-1722 7976-70281 790-40-07 W7670396 P3oloOds 0103011$ 500-17-25 7976-70284 790-40-12 W76-7039U 79 0300 0 1131015 - PByloBds DyoBools 101p311 of 1111 Sh01114/Sp3o2!3b OppoTooly 10 ESI2d 5061731 W76-70291 506-17-31 W76-702UU R2s13ph 3od T2ohCogy Plog3os 110 50312 011 5101112 0 031015 31d A21031351y1 PByToSds DyIBlos SpB101lLE 13(0121 307 401814$ 506-17-32 W76-70292 506-17-31 W76-702U9 750-01-02 W76-70403 10915 - C0111p05125 101 AdoB12d TI311SpOIIBIHI1 S 3~ W °~ M M W6 506-17-32 W7U-70292 0021103! Cooflol 186-68-77 W76-70S47 SpBo2 Sho1112 DyIBops pod A2p2T3$liy1y 910-02-00 W76-7067U Ad d M 506-17-32 W76-70293 SPACE TUGS 188-78-60 W76-7061 I S S Co 5895 W w 5 9 W 00 50312 UhoIt6 02000polPll Soppoo 021hlology WoOshyp AlTO M01h3l131 s 5121115 S 2 w 400 w ~-U w /Sp p0 04 06 w 000 00 00 011 75 00 06 w 0 2 w 750-0131 W76-70407 79yIo07s 0111311111$ SPACECRAFT PERFORMANCE W76-70391 750-01-61 00001 3y 03 W76-7041 I SPACECRAFT W76-70291 PysIypth 0y03oys W76-702U9 07 Co So 750-03-01 W76-7041S 506-20-22 W76-70317 7161001 1176-70416 `-33 PAGENO="0381" 377 SPACECRAFT STRUCTURES SUBJECT INDEX Ctk4tiptt Cgttttgl thttot~d Asttgttgttty STAR TRACKERS 193-5863 W76-70522 188-41-55 W76-70580 Gg~d~~ttd Cgttttpl T~phttgl~gy t~t PIptt04ty PIgtt~t~ty 8~tik Cdttt6mttptot L4b~t~Aty AIhpphysiPs MlPhPttP 193-58-64 W76-70623 188-41-57 W76-70583 186-68-54 W76-70540 SPACECRAFT STRUCTURES p~g~ I A h Ultt04~I~t StpIAt Sp~ptt~ttt~t~t OlPPIPptttRht tot SploP 50617-23 W75-70282 ~ Apttgpottt W76-70592 188-41-51 W76-705S8 P~yIo~th 85630166 188-46-57 W76-70594 STARS~ ~,* Co Ad dO Oh 0 S A SYI1OItIO p 188-46-64 W76-7060t 506-19-15 W76-70309 824-71-01 W76-70402 Sygtottt ottd flodotiop £tftoto Stpdipl tot Otbitol X-floy Ittttot~d Asttottpttty SPACECRAFT TRACKING ottd Cottttttto Roy Spltttotttetet 188-41-55 W76-70580 No~gotiott Apyotopy Attolysis 195-22-06 W7670637 STATIC LSADS 310-10-60 W76-70656 SPECTROPHOTOMETEKS Spoto Shyttlo 0yttooi~s otttd Aot~~Io~ticity S~stttytk Mptytyt. Cottttol otyd Opototlotto Toyhttglpgy Pot1td~s ottd Po yt~/Photott Iytotopttgtt 506-17-32 W76-70293 310-40-70 W76-70675 168-36-56 W76-70555 STATIC PRESSURE Cotopipotioto SPECTROSCOPY Abool~t~ Pt066tlIR. Atpytyiy Ooygott. ottd Et'ttg~tio RooT 910-07-00 W76-70687 Optipol Solo Ttottotot Roooyh C~Iibtotiott tot Moto Spoyttotttototo SPACELAB 506-20-31 W70-70321 185-47-51 W76-705t5 Eopotttttottt Poothttg Mootttt Fotd Itt I Phototti STATIC STABILITY 506-19-16 W76-70310 505-25-31 W76-70374 HIgh-Spood Aotodyttotttiys lopopt of ho ShottIo/Spo~oIob Oppottotttty to Eotottd Htgh Ropylytiop Lotot Attttogph~tIo Tto~isotott 505-11-15 W76-70149 IN S I ~ TCTESS 750-01-02 W76-70403 - - - 505-02-25 W7O-70029 Adoottyod ToyhTology Lobotototy Systottto Dotttitioy I066ttgotiotto of Sttotosphotty Cottottttt~ttto NASA/SOY Myltityispoy V/STOL Aitpyoft Toohttology 750-01-11 W76-70405 176-10-62 76-704 2 D000loptttoTt Adoot~~od Toyhyplogy Lobotatoty Pop itttott Dohtitiop Spoytto0~opy otyd Phgtophotttiotty of Plottototy 004 505-10-35 W76-70t39 750-01-12 W76-70406 Co~otoy Molopolos STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Oottitolt of Plod Phyopsotttd Cottybostioty Spopolob 1854755 W76705t9 Fhght Stttolotlott Tophttology SVoIotott Toohttqoo Eopoti~ottts Thoytotiyol Stidop - Plotototy Atoosphotos 504-09-41 W76-70009 750-01-53 W76-70409 185-47-72 W76-70527 Ttooolot ApyoptoTyo - boo Dottotty Shoy-Hool Dooolopttottt of Shottlo Flight topotttttottt. Stop Igootiot ottd Roto Ptoyoloeo it Ploototy Syotottto Oyttatttiyo MottO Attttoophotos 513-50-50 W7S-701S5 750-03-St W7O-70415 185-47-74 W76-70528 Sotoho Shittlo Thottttol PtotottoT Syototto RolotAty od Colootiol Moyhotys E 5 d ad V p AttO iototCottt to Mggiyt 506-16-43 W76-70275 ~. :. 8 8 73 W75 S : E W7O 7 80 Lo 8 W76 58 ~ s W76 86 910-08-04 W76-7069t Cotyoto otd Ittootollot Motto Atolyso Adoot~od IttottT0ltOtiCI (CotttotttatoyI 188-45-St W76-70SR5 188-45-52 W76-70SU8 910-13-00 W76-70695 Motoyt AstlyttoTty - Obootoototto. Spoytto. pd Doto STEADY FLOW SPARK CHAMBERS Attolyso Oooolopott Ct Cotpotototol Aptoytoototol Codoo tot Gotto Roy Aottpttyttty 084552 W7670S88 IIIott 88-46-57 W76-70596 Eotth Boood Obootootoys 505-06-12 W76-70069 SPECTRAL BANDS 95-20-St W76-70624 STEELS t77-44-3t W76-70485 95-23-06 W76-70540 778-1 -02 W7O-70422 Attoophotos Eopotttyottt Doooloptttottt t96-4t-52 W76-70645 ~ W7O-70680 Eoyth Rosod Loot Obootoototto tot 000 phyo ottottoty STELLAR ATMOSPHERES 95-23-St W76-70638 - - - UV otd Optyol Aottottottty W 4 II W6 69 t88-4t-64 W76-70S04 SPECTRUM ANALYSIS tOO-4t-5t W76-70572 80-70-56 w75-7o608 77-43-St W76-70484 STELLAR EVOLUTION M W 8 17743-St W76 70484 Whttlo Dytotttyg Stoll/Sptt/Ngh oI~ho Chotootot- STEL~RS PT~MEO~RYDIO~ tyt Spoyo Coootol P~tooooo SPUTTERING Applyotyg RO000th STELLAR WINDS U WI ~0W I -34 PAGENO="0382" 378 SUBJECT INDEX SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES STRAIN GAGES 505041 W7670051 Allill C~4AI If ARIRIIIIA RRIp~IR - W7 00 0 00 00 M M 5061911 007670305 SUB~T~RA~~21 MAR45 100 El IRil AppI!IRSCI 5165601 W76-70216 910-10-00 W7670693 SUN SCAR ARlRdyRIl~ P1001001 TlIhl00gy STRATIGRAPHY Gs00d-BlIId 1152 AI1s~y (7331311) (3 II 17 74 733 II RI dy CI WGS SYI1CI3SIIiI RIII1ICS PRg~R DAST )Ds#~s IA Alsdy S1R313~) TRAIg) 505-1 1-21 W76-70151 6 557 34 00 14 4 W /1.4 w W w w 8 /73 14 05 w dy 505-02-42 - 5575-70032 723-01-01 5576-70221 MII(1 AllIdyogAll CC CA Cy RI 506-17-25 1576-70284 SCAR - C plIldld 01141 N-Z Bl11y/El14I4 73 73~bhy DRyCI6I W 1-35 PAGENO="0383" 379 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS SUBJECT INDEX Sysl~s A~&ysA A P~l EOS/SEOS Op1I~A ~ SAYl ~ 6 6s~Th ~d T~h~Agy 910-02-03 W76-70679 T6lh~A0g~s ~ Lo~ CAst POAOI Ptoo~ss~g s~d Dst~b~tls~t Mtgtssphs~t Phys~s Pt9olts std PsTltls/FlsId 195-35-01 Olb!ts~ Syst&s Dst~tt!s~t W76-70641 ~ M4s~ cAltttptl - E49h OlbItA 501 Cstflg~sd Vsh!dY ~ w76-70144 w 506-24-23 W76-70371 TECTONICS SttTss Thl/S5~o~sl Cstt~pts At Spots Tl2Y$p~9ltltt 5062335 ~ W7670363 Sy~s Attsttto pt W;dtbotd D~t~ Tt~tsttttttpt TESTS - T 3104035 D~t~ Rotdlttg W76-70670 506-17-31 Dytotttps w76-70288 8 w Th TANKS (CONTAINERS) 310-10-26 W76-70653 THEORETICAL PHYSICS W76-70478 516-54-01 Attttoft ysIstlO Tsyhtolpgy 310-20-67 W76-70665 Pt Phystysotd Chsttttstty Espstttttsttts P TAP~F~C5ORD~RS ~ TELE~~IE~SY T~ptt, Syststts 750-0151 w76-70408 w / / w w -36 PAGENO="0384" W7~7O1 10 380 SUBJECT INDEX TURBULENCE Space Sh~t1I. The~~! P1~1e11~o~ Syi1~~s 5051643 W7670275 P~1~1~ii F~;~t Dy1~1c~ 5051023 W7670130 TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT C~~p~$!i~ M ~ s Ap0I~1~t~l l~ Ai1:~all ~ Th.?~&/0T~11~?aI C~ ~1~01~ 1~! S0aI~ T,a1s0~1~1c~ Sys1~~'s 5081722 W7R70281 A~ ~a~e d Tdl R~t~ A~~y~~!1$ 5051027 W7670134 TILTING ROTORS 5050241 W7570031 ~ Ady~~1s 0050531 W7070081 THERMAL STRESSES CcF'p~1e!A!ded ~ M~1hcd% 50502.14 W7670022 THERMIONIC CONVERTERS ~1$~U~ 5062421 W7570389 ~ Tho,~o~c Xl~eYs~ 5082422 W7670370 The1~iFl~: Sys1e~s TeXh~lF;y 5092423 W7670371 THERMIONIC POWER GENERATION H~Gh.EYF~elXy The~o,~1 CFI~I?~XI 506.2421 W7670389 Ad 1~II~ d T~I1 R~1~ A~dy~aT?cs 05 0'27 W767013 RA~1?ef1 M~!l1~el1~ C~1s M.1h~d&~gy 79i40~2 W76.70IO8 s AU d V/500L A~~c~lI 0e~gF a~d Ap5I~~t!~ 5145001 W7670198 T~tl R~rn~ F .s~ch A,?Flaft ~ 7440101 W7670247 TIME F1e7~eIXy Sle~dl1d S~?:ee 3101042 W7O708S4 TIME CONSTANT w0~.E~d~d J~l T?al~p~l 0p~!~I~g ~ 5050825 W76701 19 VTOL A~dy~,~1 ~ 505.10~1 W76Y0136 llIegal~ 505.1116 W7570150 C~l A~ T,~l~pF1~1~ Sy1~s eld C01ce71 Sl~Aes 7914003 W7670162 C~pos~1e P~e~y S1~Fs~ee Fhg~1 P~og~e~ 5105201 W7670171 ToIlet Colh9~ed Veh~~te P1591111 513.5201 W7E701S9 The?~Xl?5 Syele11e T.:ltlo!19y 5062423 W7670371 THERMOCHEMISTRY AselsI Solely 650 FIle Tesh~s!oUy 5050821 W76701 10 HYUIX9eI, ElOY Syses ThItogy 9l~ W7670437 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 7430102 W7670225 FtyodaI,eIla) PIIXIXItSI 8062531 W7O.70378 Hellcat UXIBA 05 Id p t THERMODYNAMICS W7570439 Asaltol Solely ANT PIe TeshoiWy SOS0821 Physics old Che~isl1y 5~5~ 508.18.12 W7670256 P~OllIy At11oephelc Dy~e1l?1s 1854757 W7870521 TIME SIGNALS PeU~ Mel: III 10101 De~e.o7el 0 06 767085 SOLIDS TI; ad Sys I'.:llsi Techst;;y TIP SPEED 08 220 W76 701 TITANIUM SCAR Malee!o APU!XOlXtO 7430122 W7670229 SCAR SI 011151 ad MeleUs TeXhl1X!X;y TITANIUM ALLOYS W7670230 Fight Loads M Ill TeXhq~es 505.02.23 W7870027 TOOLS Adsoce LosS Cssl Pss~v P oeeei;a 5 0 110111011 WIHI VOIC* M~l~l 51151 5145201 W7670199 Wake VX1~eo M Ildelill FighI 557110111 5145201 W7670200 0b!qt~e WIgod A~coft Syole OlI.~es 5185010 W7670206 U SlItd~0 :1 A~oLIsot SylleIl 5 6 5301 A 5 W76 0 3 Ot~eI ShOYH~~t F cOOllY A1s~o1l (OSRA) 7690202 W7670254 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES Cello) Plo 1)0011 Resoa:h ~ Feow: h W7O70339 S0O2621 W7670387 TROPOSPHERE SOPS EsIo~eYe) 117051 808.22.33 W7670347 S ; C W76 70275 5082340 W7670354 Bess StudIes 11 Hell T,oslo~ od Flu'S Me: y~ 5062416 W7870358 THERMONUCLEAR REACTIONS Plose Dyo~s Elegy Syoles 5002511 W7O70372 THERMOREGULATION Melee!: 9103800 W78707l3 THERMOSPHERE Plelelriy Al11IsphohC PlO: ees a U Meee~e etc Ma;~eioephei: Physcs w7S70S29 55 47 92 o d 1 o `V~ 70533 1880 )NeyItet DyleIss Eepi:lelll THETA PINCH W7670810 Lebstelsy ed Theclelce) 5:!:' PhysIC THIN FILMS W7S70S0S N:'M:lallsD SilyCIXodlolcIs SprioVehs:)e ThaI:) CDIX), Hell p,peswlS7026l 5051831 W7870257 THOMSON SCATTERING LabolaIXy ad ThoXelyli Solo Physos 1883853 W7070555 TOTNADOES W76 70359 ~ ~ Old LODE! WEIIYE1 Re560XY 17510~30 W7O~70441 TOXICITY AlXs5~h0 Plleols Rsulll; N: EYluuels P~sOiuced SIlO NASA U ~oIIe5 FIdel ~ 1807250 W76705l4 TRACKING POSITION) 0:1:1! Dell TIlls I' Oye,II5 ~082032 W7670322 TRACTION XLII G~ouiY Pelcese TRAJECTORIES W76-70l22 d MC Cc P STOL A YTOL AHXllll TRANSDUCERS W7670058 ScuUa1y Layel Slobily ed TIolelel TRANSMISSION LINES W787~X4 C011111151e1XI TRANSMITTERS W7O 70689 M:lXIsll1e Tloe5:de Deseiop~et 5082021 W76703l8 H;hPXcCl Lesol Syllells TechIo':OY 5382S41 W76703S3 78 20 2 C F El W76 70 88 0~; NASA Ul~ed RXXkY LeyIhee ~ W7670S14 TURSIDITY Recta Sos; LI Sco Ts11 551110015 TuutbUly 1772291 W7670477 TURSINE BLADES P105uu15'XI tell 0111151 5050423 W7670054 TURBINE ENGINES M lleIlH5 101 AUsoiced T~b~e (905 MATE) S105301 W7670172 ~ P4ceuu~: EI;Ie Sluudy Ad 0 2 ~ 02 0 W76 70308 5100300 W7670581 TURBINES Te:hlXto;y 5050422 w7670053 Thi Cyst: (Use CX11POXIII Uysle11e Sl6SSOI W74702I5 TUR~~ YM As~) Fl~y CX117lessM 5118101 W7670l76 ERDA/NASA AIIXIIIXIXe Ues TulSa P1091011 778.32.01 W7670430 TURBOFAN ENGINES THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER TIlbuiel Sciudey Layele M'ocsoluue Tls~s5:de Da:e:7'ril 1856853 W7670S35 CXIilUXs,la P011 GieYe Slluu:luue) Ae~e:ls 5050243 W7670033 E050815 W7570072 THRUST NAS /N ty M /DTDL 11 8051035 W7870l3S Aiesiay Pl:piu!s': IX Th 111111 TSXhXSX;y 8052211 W7870343 PISIe PIXTiS,U) ID ThIele TSXhX!:;y 8002230 W7670345 THRUST AUGMENTATION Cobuislol ed Ai;,elelso SysleIs TaohoI:Uy 8050431 W7870055 THRUST CHAMBERS Ad:a:ed Liquid Rood CcpceI Teoh:lo;y 5002110 W7870324 PP Tech-c's;y 10 TDRSS Use S7e:eca ft 31020-48 W78-70562 TRAP4BONIC PLOW E T P 0050042 ~ 1015e ~l c's ye 55 1151110 eel; ~ Cyl Asloleft De:e!c7el Teds; liduslly ad DiNe' Coselbel A~e:es 0051114 W757Ol48 MIsIry Aslololt 411:111 Aelcdyhe11s:c 5051 121 W7070151 003 AelssIe:s . Sprisli: Misley De:ei:pel Noel Tech:lc~y 5050312 W7670038 5050 A q W75 70055 D~s:e Dysle11 M::he:al Cc115:els TeohILI57y 50504-41 W7670058 Oust, Ceo Ocelot Assolsol Tubolel )000AT) Sit S3 01 W7570l77 SCAR Nose ReUSuXIsXI TechicIc~y 7430311 W767D233 TUREOFANS Vat,able Cycle (55. CoIpriells Sysles Techcio;y SIOSSOl W7670215 TURBOMACHINERY L:i;)le Adolce d Plopuiesol Sysleis lot Plalelay Sp000sIalt 8002121 W7O70327 LIllY Vehscle Plopuuieo 5082155 W7O70341 THRUST VECTOR CONTROL VTOL Aelodyablo Pollclt,e:e EOS-lO31 W78-7D13S TIDEI T 5 d ISS2302 W787053S TILT ROTOR RESEARCH AIRCRAFT PROGRAM App!s:eIsoI ol Cell:! ad GulUaca ThecI 1: t~e AbbOts: old Moe! CIlIA 01 Pile STOL lId VTOL Ailolaft PIX5Iei 8051141 W707OISS Ob!sqiue Wi~ed AssIlt Syele11 Slides 5165010 W70-70205 TRANBONIC WIND TUNNELS Tulle! ed Sce!, (llsote 11 Tle;oIso P!ooy 5053842 W7070055 - SOS 05 2 W75 7W90 TRANSPARENCE P'eRste~drit aS LIed Csule'e:su'e Melc'e!s to' Mt,:y P1o5'eId $3S-0132 W75700IS TRANSPONDERS Bee: Nose Peesalc 5050311 W7670037 Disc SyeIe11 Meohosool CD11prirls Teohoi:qy S05-0441 W7870058 Adso:ed Nqiusd Root Oyele11s Teohsoio;y 5002111 W767032S ORDA/NASA AuuIXolsse Ge: Tu,be PlX;:11 7783201 W7870430 TURBOPROP AIRCRAFT S12S3-02 W76 70183 TURBULENCE AlIce hell (11:0101 )ll:1a1ol TeohlC!riy )MlsSiil!ell 508-0341 W7S-70047 8050711 W78-70055 Till RAil 451:-Itt AeloUyeX P511o1eoe, Dyace Mo's' I'll's T,aeTolUe1 De:aic7IeiI 5002021 W7070316 list TechlAsy SOS04I1 W7670051 ad Nose SOS1022 W757012S MslcI-,:lue TIIISpOIS' De:s'spelb 1806853 W7570539 Tu~buuiet O:uuId;ly Lsyeld 5050815 W7670072 1-37 PAGENO="0385" 381 TURBULENCE EFFECTS SUBJECT INDEX MAVI\~ C p p,As1~,d T~h~q~s SysV~ ~ T~hVIIAgy ~ VELOCITY 506-26-22 W7670388 L~qAd P~pplI~oI TIOhIHIH9Y VELOCITY MEASUREMENT* D Rld~ QPIIAAI CIAVII V1I~d11A11/PdAt Po1fo(V)VAI Mlg~00A B~VIg ORIAIiVI WhoA I~ U~~d 505-0643 - W76-70007 LI M W 009 w W76 700 4303 21 W 3 W 505-06-31 W76-70000 MIgIPIphIVI PhYIAI P19,oks o~d P1d~dR/PhHt00 105-47-57 W76-70521 Fk~ M III IA TIChI!qAI lIlt 1111011 MIgAIAIphRIO PhyltOl - P190101 a~d P1911/PhAIPI 505-06-43 W76-70007 100-36-66 W7670557 IAtlo~toA (ARtHttolIy) FApt M IlItlIt TlyhliqAol URANIUM 100-36-56 W76-7055U 505-06-43 W76-70000 PIIIAA CVII 0010101 RIIIIIIh G1tt~ld-b1IId lIhItId AIttoVItVy 506-26-22 W76-703UU FpIdlVItttlI Ph~t~ttAI - VERTICAL TAKEOFF AIRCRAFT TURRULENT FLOW 506-25-31 W76-70376 ApItAttItId VTOL AAAIAI 0111 SpIll 611111111 URANIUM FLUORIDES 505-07-41 W76-70105 TAIbAlIttI Oppldlty 119111 506-24-11 W76-70366 505-10-23 W76-70131 TURRULENT WAKES 177-61-52 W76-70504 505-02-21 W76-70024 DIAl A PhyVII&d Ch1t~Itty ElpItItAIttI II v 50175 DYPIAAI w76702U4 U / 00 w U ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCIES 505-0522 W76-70061 ShAk ltd VIbII1AI ItfoIttIttAl CIltIt (SVIC) - CAIV1VAIt!AII1AII LtY/Ct~tt~ FIt PIApPIIIAI Spppptl 5061734 W7670295 Mlflytiitlgltd IlIpIttlAl AptollAy lId MItIll CAIIIAI At FitiltU STOL ltd VIOL 506-17-32 W76-70292 910-21-00 W76-70697 AitytCY VIDEO EQUIPMENT ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMETRY 505-07-11 W76-7009U Vd~~ 1111111 PA~ditg SystItA tAt ShAttlI A160totty ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION W76-70695 SO~T~I~tLIYIIA PlttytttlIAI W76-70t36 ~HtA1IIIAItVA/N1ASItIAI/TIIYA M M 0~0PtAt tttA0TY W76-70569 MtItttt~~~t V/STOL At&tlh TIyhtAlAgy VIKING LANDER SPACECRAFT W76-7056U UIVEIAII1 StIlilt Sp1AtlAtl1tIt DlAIIAptlIIt tAt SpIll 5~~ttyt1LI AllAllIltAty W76-70133 505-06-11 W76-70067 UNIVAC COMPUTERS Ad~1lA1d MItIllil pt SpIll 505-06-11 W76-7006V 1-38 72-434 0 - 76 - 25 PAGENO="0386" 382 SUBJECT INDEX WIND TUNNELS VORTICES WATERSHEDS Th~o,& Cooool nh H~o P~p60 Thlo-Dio*oigosI S.yo~t$d P5060 Vlhoilioo 20 Woo 8200120$ 069001 20d 1001101 506-16-31 W76-70269 505-06-14 W76-70070 ASVT WILDUFE W4ooo A91 y0006 509$ 1776142 W7670503 MoIIid:$oipho$1y R2giyo$I App! o$P0d 100d So 505-06-23 W76-70078 WAVE FUNCTIONS 177-70-61 W76-70506 Hood Aooid ~sod EtioAosIoo Phypp6 9001 Cloossoy 6155101$ EsSlogiol 55120060 5050822 ~ W II MI. ~T0~ 62 0 T~ W 8 ~ W 6 0 0822 on 0 ~ ~ ogyG ggy 89903 As$id9066 go AioofI 0 fligI~I Pop 1509 5* 2 $50 25115095952 185-50-60 W76-70534 505-08-22 W76-701 16 505-06-17 117670674 WIND SHEAR Aoi9IiOo S9f2ty RloosS $03 T~thogl~gy - W9k9 0092$ Mosogooog AlopliflIl TIshoology 605*50391 01 A505$phlop P5520620 899913 506-20-23 W76-7031O 505-08-10 W76-70106 505-08-22 0076-70117 L~ooPoopoo0osoT~shos1sg-y WINDTUNNELMODELS W$k$ 00999 Mooiooog9l590 506-21-40 W76-70332 Ado9152d Toll R~1~o AloSdyoolooiys 514-52-01 W76-70199 Mlgollosphos Phy$Is$ - 820~ SsiRooS2 505-10-27 W76-70134 01969 VgO169 Mioiooig9li8o 55951 E9p.10111001$ 110-35-57 W76-70559 Sosbossis/Sosos Ai101lfl Aoodyooois P205009552 514-52-01 W76-70200 WAVE SCATTERING 505-11-12 W76-70145 WA~ 0100169 Mosiooio9loso FlighI 82529155 09g021*p5605 y$06 - 8300 5502050 A51os2 C50051$ A0151lfI Fhghl E9p21i0201 514-52-01 W76-70201 188-36-57 W76-70559 512-53-03 0176-70164 Nsoo~is*l 5sosI~t01o 51 Vsoto W9k2$ WIND TUNNEL TESTS 514-52-02 W76-70202 $1190509 05 315 C510poollIigOll A#osdyoooois$ dooos.dE Oobo gp~y~ op W 00 26 0 W 30 06 W 382 w 00 VO TIC TO 011 00 50 ys so 10 °~o~ 0 0 06 W 00 Noooois9I SiooooI3liss 610096$ W9k25 506-25-43 W76-70384 V A F! I El 5 I W252 514-52-02 017670202 I0019Od Sp251o5055py P 9105 196-41-74 W76-70651 505-06-17 W76-70074 w WEAPON SYSTEMS 3y A005dy091056 W76-70075 505-11-41 W76-70160 AiohO02Aosdy090is 55012 WAKES WEATHER 8252905 505-06-23 W76-7007O Aidooo2 Aoodyoooois 85012 175-20-30 W76-70444 Alohloo2 Nso 505-08-23 W76-70078 Clso9I2 R2$2005h 5 5-06-24 - H9odloog QA9IoIA6 - Coot2oo3 so Highly Aoogoo01oITd 175-40-50 0176-70451 ~ 2 8001 00 09005005 5009 Wi 009 ~ 0 60 00 067 04 008 WARNING SYSTEMS WEATHER FORECASTING 0201512 050901056 - 509!! Spis Ho 0-9! hl Nsoo-CsoIp2o9Ios6 FoIst W~siog Syl0200 560218 505001 9104 1.5541 W230520 8220055 CS 50 II 505-07-24 W76-70103 175-10-10 W76-70440 505-06-95 W76-70097 WASTE DISPOSAL 569206 51000$ 8003 Lss01 W291h00 8203155 CIII! Aiopo900 020010pol$II TIlliog - 05410110 9ld Othlo 75000 POW~ ~ 017 o~ 750 ~ ooo Los W W 04 55 10 21 w 8 W TER 01 041.50 W 55 SI~~ 04 25 M ~ 15 Eoosoossooooos W76-70628 175-10-70 W76-70443 505-11-41 W76-70159 WATER CIRCULATION I 20011 8 P01091000 9081012 80900 00- 9092 OF-12 Oi6sop!i0015 62629106 00082 Ro29osh 5125961009 9 000912 1605150 80 sos 9. - 516-51-02 W76-70211 175-40-70 W76-70453 011. 903 IT 0F-12 0o$sip!oO9oy R2$2910h W TSR COLON a $2 0 20 00 6 1 C) w 6 los 23 £ W Mo 01100 W604 w 30 W 04 w ~ WATER MANAGEMENT WEIGHT IMASSI To 0 01 As ft T ho I (TACT! Hydoslogos Msdlloog Lsog-Li12. Hogh-Pl010009008 P0*0 Poss~oog too - 177-54-11 W76-70497 PI3o2t9gApplolOIooo Hi lo! M901ooologbl2 A0o5o800 T25500! Wood Too0021 D8S0iOIOOUIW3OIOR21050H29M80852102019103C500051 506-23-33 W76-70361 ~ 0 ASVT WEIGHT ANALYSIS 723-01-03 W76-70222 177-61-42 0676-70503 Cool Aloso9ft A09!y$i$ 903 02055401095 06000p!0211 Ado8102d £90500509! 1190 990100 WATER POLLUTION 791-40-15 6076-70166 A2150h2oooodyoo801is$ HogS E901o.o1000 Sosolooo WEIGHT REDUCTION 506-26-10 6076-70380 506-18-12 0176-70297 SCAR - 1594$ 804 A2oo2!900i500y lIIshoooolsgy Sp852 ShooOO!2 C505gso3ooo$9odA2051h2oooo- 8200512 Soosiog 1552 Pogposso. Isoloodisog 743-01-12 0676-70227 - 3y091060 E00000ploio9loto 903 Woo 0003lity SCAR - A11050pOO2105 0110bs!25H2 506-26-31 0676-70391 011 000 055 09 0 WE HTLES E 101 w 176-30-21 607670469 EIIs110sh210S3!Es2ogyC015215oooo9SdS0003g2 W1NDTUNNELWALLS £58981 0502 1002110991120 8216090115 00290 Dooooopiog 5062323 W7670356 150520 ~03 SogII 50251$ 0 To90050005 Fkoso Mosotosog 50 5 p 5050642 W76-7008S 176-30-31 W7E-70470 ~ Toosoo2! 91d S042 £102000 os 019105110 Floss 529055002. R~t 1.06 904 £601180102 Woo 750-01-54 W76-70410 505-06-42 W76-70086 Oo.ossI2oi$Iios 02s.loplo201 00 3 Shoolo!. FloghO £5520001200 005p Floss M60000000950 T2shooqoot$ 176-30-41 0676-70471 00080009 MgdO!2 505-06-43 W76-70088 WATER QUAUTY 750-03-01 - W76-70415 P0102o2d-L000 (STOL/RTOL) A215dysglois P840o,o91o2 W8020/L900d Psl!oooo~o Msooilsoiog F2800b050y S000do2$ R60ooty 903 £2061090 00053009 505-10-41 W76-70141 176-30-21 6076-70469 1 8-41-54 W76-70S77 WIND TUNNELS Msoitsoioog 02s2!0po0210 50S-02-2S W76-70029 178-30-31 W7U-70470 1087851 W7670605 Aiolo9ooo2 Aloody1900is Noist NoosIoso~. 884 1042 303 E$10090i02 019121 AOOi100d2 Cosoosl Pospool$i000 505-06-23 W76-70076 CA3o9002oi$006 910-04-00 6076-70683 Ososodgoy Uyo Sogb11ooy 904 To90$ioogl 176-30-41 W7U-70471 09109501109 I~ Sp~o~ E100101loo200 5050641 W76-70084 WATER RESOURCES 910-35-01 w76-70709 02ho512 Dyo8osiS$ - Sogl!/Spos/Sogh 91509 HydosOogip 00320119 WELDED JOINTS CS9ogsI210$oos$ 177-54-11 6076-70497 0915035005161 Is 01000 505-06-9S W76-70096 8800008 Ssosiog Iso Soostot *od 052 M8ppioog good 9102109 6176-70698 H2!050pO2o Al154yogosos P201000119os2. 05090105$ 30d 177-54-22 0176-70498 WELDED STRUCTURES 506-10-21 6076-70127 401ST 60009020 R20000S2$ 0909201801304 Cooooool 505-02-23 3290110210200 10Q52$ W76-70027 OSlO Rgtso Aiosogh A2osdyog0105 P2401019052. Oysgoooss. 177-61-42 W76-70503 WHEAT 505-10-22 W76-70129 WATER RUNOFF L9og2-A028 Coop P0041151011 100loo051y by 6501002 VIOL A2osdyo8010is P2000oOgoy2 W812o/L3!od Pol!o~toso Moooilsoiog F23$iblVoy S05d060 58010019 505-10-31 W76-70135 276-30-21 0176-70469 177-42-05 w 6- 0403 NASA/Soy Moo!liosostiooo V/STOL Aooso9ft Totshos!ogy 02501012051069120821501560 M2oo2g210211 304 Csoooool Coop Ogstoflsoooo 0159 01112 02190152$ sO LANDSAT PIot!sp0112o! ASVT 0903 505-10-35 W76-70139 177-61-42 0176-70503 177-51-42 W76-70400 STOL - Cosi$2 Aoogooo21050 0202!opootlo Poogo8so WATER TEMPERATURE WICKS 505-10-43 W76-70043 R9oo0518 Soo$oog 00563 T8oop2o800012 903 To.oobodoty Sp3s2 0250s12 Th201019! Csooss!. 5290 Poptot ObIq52 Woog F!oght Itso T2shls!ogy 177-22-91 0676-70477 506-16-31 W76-70267 505-11-13 W76-70147 ~-39 PAGENO="0387" RAY ASTRONOMY 100-41-64 188-46-57 100-46-57 188-46-SO 188-46-59 W76-7059O ShollA 015 ooo Slodils 1o~ Hjgh Eo1~gy Asuophyoos 180-46-64 W76-70601 RAY DIFFRACTION 505-01-11 W76-70011 185-50-40 W76-70532 185-50-73 W76-70537 RAY SOURCES 100-46-59 W76-7059O X RAY SPECTROSCOPY 185-50-73 W76-70537 506-25-32 W76-70370 108-41-51 W76-70567 100-70-60 W76-70612 X-14 AIRCRAFT 505-10-32 W76-70137 X-24 AIRCRAFT 505-11-31 W76-70150 516-56-01 W76-70216 521-71-01 W76-70401 1-40 SUBJECT INDEX 383 WINDMILLS (WINDPOWERED MACHINES) SAgh-Spood As~9dyosYi06 - V 505-11-15 W76-70149 M!tsY Aio~stt - Ai~p~gf1 Aodyosohos YC-14 AIRCRAFT 505-1 1-21 W7670151 AMST Esp~~o~soIs P~og~s~o PsY,opst~0o M~sd1 Aodyo4~oos 769-01-02 W76-70250 505-11-22 W76-70154 AMST Lop o~1oIs Pog~oo PoYo~p01!00 769-01-04 W76-70252 505-1 1-41 W76-70160 YF-12 AIRCRAFT A F w o 5860 W6 9 Woks VoWo Moi~o1ot,00 516Sl02 P 0 W76-70211 514-52-01 W76-70199 YF-12 DOOPSOOT 8osoo~oh PIOYOIOIOgY 010YgYphoIogy god Si~fgps Poogosoos 01 516-51-02 W76-702I2 Pis001soY BoAos SCAR-Coopo~ohos Aotopilol/SAS/PoOpolPOo Cooftol 185-50-60 W76-70S34 SySISY WINDMILLS (WINDFOWERED MACHINES) 743-05-22 W76-70245 770-24-01 W78-70427 WINDOWS IAPERTURES) Msyhgop&Syslsooo 910-36-00 W76-7071 1 ZEEMAN EFFECT WINDPOWER UTILIZATION Poodgoooytol Phytyy,ys Wiod Eysogy Syslooos 606-25-31 W76-70374 778-24-01 W76-70427 ZINC OXIDES G S LgyEolOgyC00050008050000h Doso y Toyhoology Igo Cooopoklo Stooptooss 506-25-42 W78-70303 505-02-42 W76-70032 ZINC SELENIDES Coot OPts Motsoosts Appho~tioo 10 ho C-130 CoWot Lpsst Ettoogy CyotosysoyY 80504tOh Wottg Stytoos 506-2542 W76-70383 510-51-01 W76-70170 WING TIPS 505-00-22 W76-701 15 180-17-55 W76-7051 1 WORK CAPACITY 504-09-34 W76-70000 100-36-56 W76-70555 x W76-70504 W76-70594 W76-7059S W76-70597 PAGENO="0388" 384 MONITOR INDEX RTOP Summary FISCALYEAR 1976 Typical Monitor Index Listing BEREMAND Li~iii _ _ w A tale s used to pwv~de a eeose ecact descop- ~ Phc~e'.'e~ W76 70375 513-50-50 W76-70t85 fth bj re Th RTOP W number s used to locate the blbllograph?c clta rep-ar-sr 6576-70569 ReIn S~~rrere (dl ReIn SoIree RerR~oS OCCI! d h I mm hSmr-r9 W A Ocr Id Nrurle TeoSe!rge w76-oooan 5165501 Oral SyrOne Tlyhrnlngy ~ 70216 SOS1113 W7670ra6 Cryrsard Lad 0 11 SCOL O0R'tcre P1~rer~ry Snia Py~ Research red Teyheclygy ARDEMA. M. D 505-00-30 6576-70120 506-23-12 676-70352 B LII Aerdyrarrrna w76-701a0 175-30-50 RRsea'ch w76-70aa7 1-41 PAGENO="0389" BUTLER, P. Ssidy 177-43-51 W76-70484 SIMS Eo~h Ob 01101$ SRT 177-44-53 W76-70487 Atooophooo Eop 6101 DooolOpOolt PotIoloo od PolIolo/Fold 11001 188-36-55 W76-705S4 188-41-55 W76-70580 188-41-57 W76-70583 188-45-51 W76-70S8S 188-45-53 W76-70589 188-46-57 W76-70S94 195-23-01 W76-70638 195-23-02 W76-70639 19S-23-06 W76-70640 196-41-71 W76-70648 C CALLENS. R. A. CATALDO. C. E. 505-01-31 W76-70015 Ad S pilIg P69116 (GASP) 506-03-42 W76-70048 505-06-72 W76-70091 AlloMfI 5901011$ OpoIltIOlli Sofoty Old EfIoiOloy 505-08-31 W76-70121 -42 385 MON/TO!? INDEX Pod Tok Sodoots COOK. W. L 743-01-02 W76-7022S ~ Tilt 00101 AoIodyloolo$ SCAR - St~~toophooo Eooo~oo lopoot 5051027 W7670134 743-02-22 W76-70232 NASA/N~y Molt! $000 V/STOL Aootoft Toohlology 5061641 Et6ty Tooh01logy W76-70272 AdOlOod v/STOL AllotIft 0oog~ Old Apph010oIl Adooyood Tholyol PlotootlOl Motoyolso~d E~tth 01610 514-50-01 W76-70198 Spool Shottlo Tholool Ptotootoo Systo01 Soot Sholt-Hoo( Rosoooh Aoo6ft (QSRA) 506-16-43 W76-70274 769-02-02 W76-702S4 506-25-32 W76-7037O IltOIpl006 y Soot ~d Coootoy Phybos HIgh-Pool L1001$ 188-45-52 W7670SO7 506-25-41 W76-70301 CRA000CK. W. L 506-26-21 W76-70387 910-13-00 W76-70694 w 5 Spoo Shottlo Co~thgo1otlS od A&othol6o- 1935061 w7670520 506-26-31 W76-70391 193-58-62 W76-70621 HIgh-Toopolololo Hydlogo6 Att~ok of Stool 19358-64 °° ltlIIllllltlOl W76-70623 175-40-10 W76-7044O CROW. R. R. Tloposphoto All P01101101 Modolittg od Roooto Soolog 310-30-68 W7670667 Roooto 501101119 of Loko Ptop~s~. IltplOdlllg D Atoosphollo Chooyol Phylios - Rooooloh Stoth~ of DARRS. J. R. - Ptoooosos 6 P111611 p Atoos hotoo Cooots ~d ShottlO LIOllOhOd HIgh Eootgy Astlophyllol 5010001111 111115001111 SPOOl - 188-70-60 W76-70612 105-47-66 W76-70S22 DAMON. E. P. 511001010 of Plolotafy AtTotpholoo Aotooatlo SyStoo lot, Colopotol P~og~a~o 105-47-67 W76-70523 000oooltalol Fl oota~y Atoospho~o~ Eopodoo~t Doooloptltoot 310-40-25 W7670569 0 w 111111 Phys~os - P0610100 aod P01010/Fold ~ AppIlooti010 D0oolopooo~t 188-36-55 W76-7OSS1 177-70-11 W76-7OSOS MlglotolphOllO Phyo~oo - P~tioIoo aod PayyIo/Photoo DEETS.D. A. loto~Iotioy$ (Ao~oooo~y( Aohoo 001110(0 AloolIft FlIght Eap0111111t 1084151 W76-70S70 tlllplOt of ho Shottlo/Spaoolob Oppolloolty to Eotoyd 195-21-02 W76-70630 of ho 1900s POCCNET W 00 P000106 Lift EtogllO Tooh~ology DURHAM. A. F. Qoiot Cloao Shoy-hool Eopolitlloltll E~gi~o (QCSEE) Syotoos 038-01-01 W76-70223 310-20-31 W76-70000 CLARK. 0. Q. DUSTIN. M. 0. CLIFF. W. C. 743-03-31 W70-7023S CUNE.TL W76-704t0 E 108-46-SO W76-70S97 EHERNRERGER. L J. - PAGENO="0390" 386 MONITOR INDEX KEMP. R. H. EVANS. H. I. A&~o~od Hçh P~s~o~ Eogio. StTdy AdTOd MIthods 1~ Shod Ao&yso Ads-ssc,d C p500015 Is. Ps.sisios CTO1s.1 Systso.s 7904012 W76-70398 506-17-25 W76-70284 506-1912 W70-70300 A&sss.d 62-02 Eoço.. C~op ol TROhOTIUGY Cs.~n~ Spso. ~ 910-03-00 W78-70681 506-17-26 W76-70285 F11ig~.TTd FIRTho. TI C posts Mststisls r H 506-17-27 W76-70286 P~yIosds Dyostttios FANOUHAN, #. w. 506-17-31 W76-70288 EpTvIRII4.saTdRv,YATSISICTtet5TMOSIIIIT 4 ST . . - 60-Ittil D~T1IthT5 SlId AllTOIlsIldty - 1151)00 I IT 506-17-32 W76-70292 W76-70544 9ALDEMAN.w.F. A 151100 -70 sy~s - C 5)1.5 ITt Ad o.d TISOSPTIISIITT Mohi-EW DC DislIbTIloll SyilsIt TSTIIIITIT5y 910-35-00 W76-70709 524-71-01 W76-70402 506-23-34 W76-70360 4~.EM M HELLOS. J. A. FICHTIL C. E. StpsiIRAppIISst&tts DS SIT TIg.RSY9R ERDA/NASA AIIIToTtos G~ TAbI1I PITglSltt Calls Ray Aslotoloy FTRTRst~~ sod alIJa P~dITts.~ St C&Tb~. CUNY. 778-32-01 017670430 188-46-67 W7670595 NYU Rod MIT. HENDRIX. M. K. FICHIL 8. H. 179-30-40 W76-70446 Adoaopsd TsThITgy/Sobsystslos KTTDISI9R RI AIttospbstio PET.SSR$ HAMITER. I- C. 910-32-01 W7670705 505-08-10 W76-70107 500115 ~od RsIsbI!ty T.stiog TI MIUTOiCTIs sod HENNIGAN. T. J. FIELDS, 6 ~ 5ISTIITIT Pays Batts~ Dosliry CoITI sod Toss H000RTP1S Vohid, 91oToss TsohoIo~y 5061832 W76-703T3 506-23-22 W7T-7035S 505-02-12 0175-70019 HANTMANN. M.J. HEPPNER.J. P. FISKE N C TO ITO Itos ~ ost 505 042 W 6 70052 M hys /PhT 506-22.11 0179-70343 40-loAd MTls109 Ass Floss CTITIIssTI 158-36-56 W7T-70556 Polls PT50I5IOt IT ThIdts. TSThTIT9T 51 - -- W76-70176 HERMAN. M. 506-22-3D 5178-70345 - 5Th. VIgISOTO ad Wstot IopooodoosI SIdils TI ITO 111115111 RROSIITh ~ $ TOTI~ Mi&..sI SIp Mood AIls TIE 1 App 0175 70348 HEA~H01P F SC 6 94 906-22-43 0176-70350 175-40-40 W76-70450 FaIlgos. Fsotol. sod LIII P.thoI~o FITOMARNICE, 94. W. S1$IT5PhRT 5.555Th P1st . V/ - 0013 Goophysioal MSssUIIIRII TeohoTIT9y 178-10-41 W76-70458 HODGES. 8. 506-20-33 W76-70303 HELDENFELS. 0. N. ~ PITTOSSIs p065005. J HIS RRSPTO$5 IT STIlE 1 -28-02 W76-70702 EPA/NASA 6.51 Saks. Bssi PT9RIO 504.0911 W76-70001 HOLLAND. A. 0. 170-90-21 W76-70473 AlTsft I1,oo Noso ROdoTICo aIslE 5.511Th - CATS MIS5TIolls POSSES. 6.0. 504-09-13 W76-70003 175-40-60 W76-70452 Loss-CUsS OIIiTOt ST1 I 45 P 0-0- OTSIdy 01100101. ChSSTII1IT,IT0 ~od Aslysis TIAIoTsphsoh 778-21-OS W7S-70425 504-09-21 W76-70004 AsTITIS FOSTER y pos Is 55 7 0 W7 046 506163 6 FT. po 0176 ~to 6 ~ Wi Is Wi 700 o w 506-19-15 W76-70309 505-02-13 - W76-7002I H000.B.H. Msosglsot Syssos FRANKS. H. J. 505-02-14 Wi -7 2 910-33-03 W76-70707 WIdE Osod 6t,too Dsts HsodlItg 605pos.I LTS4S A1TsIssto sod SI I SI Dy 1 HORNRY. H. FROSTKJ 0176-70666 505-02-21 - 076-70024 ~ A0$1$stOSOt TI loIsTly Os$pTISIITI DROSITSOIT TI TI ~ 0 SlID ToES 00-0 11 TI W 6 09 W 180-38-64 W76-70S6S 50g~~~od F5TIII$ W76-70030 N~sst01. Rod lids sod Estoslos Wsts CTOIPTS 10 PT1 TO w 7~ W 04 Dosigo T.ThoTITgy ITT Cs.pTsit. Shooss HYDRITK. 5. 0. 505-02-42 W76-70032 STIid PTIyos EI,TIITIYI, FosI CoIl TIThITIT9y GALLOWAY. T. L 5ssio NTis. 6.5111Th 910-05-00 W7T-70685 Atslysis TI ISo OposloosI CTopstlbility TI Fobs CivIl 505-03-Il W76-7003S Al TsospolIsIiTo sd CTTTIpIS QITsISI ATI5IITO 50151 RIdTTITl 513-50-53 0176-70187 605-03-13 W76-70040 J GARCIA. F. F. Noiso FoTpilt PsdiTtio AItiITds CTItTl PTpAIsiT 505-03-01 W7670042 910-04-00 W76-70683 AiTsIl 0TT0I P,TTIosoT1 JARVSS. C. N. GEE. $ W. 505-08-31 W76-70122 SITS FIy-by-oos FI,ght E.pElIO0I1 610151 ATIstiTo FlighI CootTi Sysboot ~od Dlsplsys CTopTsIts MsllIisIs Applyshoo IT ho C-130 Clv, 512-51-01 w767T178 505-07-21 W7S-70101 Wig Sodlos JASTROW. 8. FlighI Dyosoios- CT0TI ~od Daplsy 510-51-01 W7T-7TI70 SIOIIISI)T0 Slod.15 IT 0p)0)TS100 TITh1015IT Msppl 505-10-13 w76-7U1DS CToopOsitI Poosot 6101111101 Flight P0gb sod Adosoood 5111015 GEVANTEN. W. 610-52-01 0176-70171 177-28-41 0176-70478 506-19-31 10176-70312 IIPADI Tss GLOENSEN. P. 510-54-01 W76-70173 177-51-42 w76-7T490 555 ITs MTO)ITIOg SCAR- Sl11010sI CToTspts JENKINS. J. 94. 17754.42 017600501 743-01-01 W7T-70224 Sigh Losds Msssooo,oI TIthTIQIII5 0000$ON. A. SCAR- CTopolo-sidld D~sigT 505-02-23 W76-70027 30438 01709 Wi .5 5 0000WINMA D.os Tp 3 ~ TI Wi 0 W 6 00 910 27-01 0176-70700 SCAR - AoTsphlIT ToIholsoOs Fools CT0OTI TIThOTITgY GOULD. u 743-01-13 W76-7022S -1 - W767T262 DosIg. Pooossig sod TOslIog TI LSI Asys SCAR- MsIoIsIs Ap0IITSITOS JOHNSON. 8. L 506-15-31 W76-70302 743-01-22 W76-70229 MsIOlIbIs IT LlIbtiysIiTo sod Wos I MIThIoTsI GREEN. N. 1. 11001 CoIITI TI ASTlISsiT RospTos. CTIpTI5Is EPA/JPL Lsk. CisssIqITslTo PITiET 743-05-04 W76-70244 506-16-22 W7S-7026S 176-30-51 W76-7U472 ATIOR FLITS SoppossITo TI S $T0T Cools, JOHNSON. 1. 5. losgO PtTTeSsitg/IJod LIsa/HCMM AlIsh AdO5OTRd 1.5101 Raglog Syssos DIT1ITpoElI 177-31-52 W7S-70479 743-05-31 W76-7U246 310-10-43 W76-70655 MollipIs opAl sod Tss 551.0 b Ado~o~sd MsoiSIs IT Sys MIITPOII15t/Rlgloosl ApylITEloos 10 C5IIIOIO15 506-15-21 W76-70264 177-61-52 W7S-70504 GREEN. N SpTlShlttIl ThooosI PT110Oo 5ysl05 310-3069 lOT Dyssos ST TOO W76-70660 LISTS 6oytsO, SysTs S1100Rs KEM~R.H 6115016 MRO1IT. CTtTI sd Opsost.oos ToohoTlTgo 606-17-Il W76-70276 5050174 W7670010 310-40-70 W7R-7057S NASTRAN 110000101 610551 POIpTSE AOaIybs sd AOITOISSIiTiIy TI Tobios Eogioss GREGORY. J. w. Dssigo M,lhods 510-55-01 W76-7T174 AWisoTod Liqoid RTT6II Sysloos T.ohoology 500-17-21 W76-70280 Cooposill Osok TOyhoTIWi 506-21-Il W7S-7032S Th1osI/SolotosI Cooospls to Spoos OsospTOStITo 505-17-12 W76-70277 R.os.abl. Cot551o DITIsgI sod Tpsll Systss Cooposos MsIlISIS ApplIoslITo to Slootoos 506-21-12 W76-70326 506-17-22 W76-70261 506-17-14 W76-70279 `-43 PAGENO="0391" 387 KEMPKE. E. E. MONITOR INDEX G~~I A~s~ Io~~I CR~b~SIR~ E~g4~ P&I~t~ SiIo~~ 1883853 W76-70565 R1d~u~ 910.42-01 W76-70717 UV ~d OpliCA Asl~w (CC~p~1oA~A Physios) 505-03-33 W76-70046 LINLOR. ~. I. 188-41-51 W76-70571 188-78-56 W76-70607 77-54-12 W76-70498 188-45-52 W76-70588 KING. J L So,~~mho D~IooI,oo Slody lo~ Ao Oyosdy Esp)C~BOs - MdIoo~t~ Wsoo Co~po~A 0oIop~soI LOGAN. F. J. 1980 )NsousI Dysos Esp)o~s) 5 6 w 0 M W ~ 88 G W6 060 ~ of Ash Opsohos - T~oho)Cgy RF Tsthy)ogy 1 TORSS )J~ Spso~sf1 ~ P155159 GI5I~5) FAds A1~~81~1~t 310-20-46 W76-70662 195-40-02 W76-70642 Roil QISSRS CR5 V4IdSIO/ Pd ~ LOMAX. H. LOW RySICRI Dy Lp~ AIdS Hgh SpRId FIght W76-70005 5152 SASs of VRIIR* Wskss W76-70202 LOV.C W76-70688 Asyll0 Pfsoos sod Ass, Solsy LOVE. E. S. SOChIRO 504-09-32 W76-70007 Eshsosl E,ssioy Polo Rssssoh 910-01-00 W76-70677 S,oIsI,o,y TRohology Is ACI,os 505-03-31 W76.70043 LUNOHOLM. J. 6. 504-09-42 W76-70010 SCAR - SIsloophlo Coops, plot - Toosb)~ Lgos Hgh Poos& ISSlI Sysoos THC5RC)Rgy Hsodlog 000,15 - T bolRol/FIosbihty OffICIO MI solos 506-25-41 W7670379 505-06-92 W76-70094 743-02-22 W76-70231 S~r.~CIRIs Apposh sd t.ood~g W76 70205 506113 of M~wh&s to EIsofooo Apphosho M EOCICg~CSI 501015 Sp~os ORbs Stodi~s S W ~ 5 6 W7 MNS 92 w 9080 W 00 0g~o GloyhIolofly 506-21-30 W76-70328 MALONEY. P. B. 1 2-55-62 W 6-70 14 MsooIsotoiyg it SpoCs EIO,ICRRIII PIsostsy So,) Miotobtology OSROR toRO yspOlyRlt115 ~ 910-35-01 W76-70709 953 w 6 M LG 25 W 66 0 33 W 033 0 S W 2 192-55-65 W76-70617 RI H,gh P005011 L55I15 IPOplIsOR 910 RoISORS) MAR ~ OPICII SoS Sysoso ASIIHIIHR19 P15111109 Eoo,ootss 506-21-42 W76-70334 196-41-52 W76-70645 192-5566 W7670618 PIsso~ Coo RROCIOI Rpssstoh 0,got of LiIs 506-24-11 W76-70366 MARK. H. J. W 6 9 W7 703 30 M W 6 70469 7 2 W760499 KNADLER M W76-70262 506-25-43 W76-70384 MASON. C. C. 910-21-Pd W76-70697 5062610 W76-703O5 177-44-83 W76-70480 KOCK. B M PIsysIsy Ely AsoIhItod R&T MATRANGA. 9. 0. DAST (0 1115 I A~od too 5 5 1 sI I y ) 505025020 W76-703G6 YF-12 Figh EspI solo 505-02 22 W76-70025 SPSCH ShIlls DRo&opoolyl hIppO 516-51-01 W76-70209 RPRV Copsbd'Iy DIoRIOpIlIllI Ad.oylHyd M,s o COOS Is - EsohOhils) SCAR-Coo~s1os AoI000lot/SAS/PIHPOISCR CHIC) 505-11-25 W76-70157 TIsyspolIsIloR Sysls Tsohtology Ryqoy~os1s 743-05-22 W76-70245 KOLF. J. L. 790-40-07 W76-70396 MBARDO. J. A. 521-71-01 W76-70401 T~ohtCIogy Wokohop ACIoilils 506-21-55 W16-70341 KONOO. V. 750-01-10 W76-70404 MCDONALD. F. B. 88.41-51 w7670568 ~ TlChoCIogy Lsbostoy EopsAosyID&0OIICR 1G~6~,So~ Slodos HI 095 ERHIGO AIhysos KORB. C. L 750-01-12 W76-70406 180-46-64 W76-70601 stool log 000spls 0 oposphso Pollolto LOEF EsplIRI DsI,yil,oo MCDONALD. B. B. - 750-01-31 W7670407 Osho Solos RHslSloh OllylCyd Coo 1015,1 Eysyy Coyoss,oy Dsloilioy RI Phys,os~yd Chsllostly Espll,lIIlls I 505-03-11 W76-70834 078-15-01. W76-70423 750-01-51 W7670408 50S-03-32 IRS 9015 011011500 HG E 09 to A ft E 11 196-41-50 W76-70643 5,1,00 04 505-05-51 W76-70066 - D I - Ao,sttoR SAsIy 651 -Fi1H TICSRHIO9y L W6 04 02 W787011 175-10-30 W76-70441 505-00-22 W76-7d116 LAD. B A CI,oosls Rssssoh Adososd Coyospls 101 SpoososIl AIstos StlooloiOs Physos sod C5Rolohy CI SoI,ds 175-40-30 W76-70449 506-1715 W76-10219 506-16-12 W76-702S6 Lsglsy RssIsCh Csoos-Gsogs Woshoglo Ooioso,fy Poyloods Dyosoo,os Iolsdiso~pI~o1ty Llbosfo,Is lot Msfs,sls R~ssstoh ERolCollylsI ModIllyg Pogoto 506-17-31 WOo-blAt 50616.14 W76-70260 176-10-32 W76-70457 Plolsy Plobs Dss,gh/Ool~l PIsi,sfs LAM. B. C. RIlloll Mssooll,osol sod Mod~Iiog of 110posphsliC 5062623 W10.103H9 Lsoooh Vsh,oII PIs,,otog Sod,ys PoIlo,tsots I - 54 180-06-60 W76-70508 176-20-31 W76-70464 1o6-6~-6~2 ySlOl IC 110090 0 10100015100 1011090 lOposp 510 501500 MiylooiT,5101y Ttsospoods bssolopooelol 505-06-23 p050110 019 W76-70077 176-20-32 W76-70465 166-60-53 Wi0-10009 LAWRENCE. B I.. ~osstsI Zoos toololigolIOT RsIlosol to Doss D,ooop,og Go,d5000 sod Cootol TOohoologA dl II5hOtsly 10 1 0 M 6 303 W 6 04 0 Moo W76 10540 910 42-02 W76-70718 Cood,ostiOT sod PIsooiyg Aol,o,hls to Ohs G&C TOohoology 10 54415 Roo~og Vsh,oIHs LAYLAND J W Eoo,ooostoI Q,osl~ty Pogsot 186-60-55 W35.1G541 Nsloook Cool sod Oslo Poolssolg D~osIoposo1 176-90-31 W76-70474 PooplIlool CooopstbdtyoS~Ih Mst~AoIsIo0 Loog botiboy 310-40-72 W76-70676 177-44-31 W76-7040S 6668-63 W3610543 LAYTON. ~ ,~. RPP F), hI I Os Cosolsl Ptoo~soss Soist Etsollo PyptilSIoR - Nss)gsloo pool Mosoo 505-11-24 W76-701S6 Sol,d Rooksl Popols~oo SysIloto - 85.0074 w1H.1o~45 Highly Mssoostsbls A,loloh Tsohoology IOtMATI - 160-32-51 W7R-70S13 M,ss,oo sod Syslsoo 010191 - M.JU19 01 E 110 8 68 WiG 10547 50 00 M ~ M to y Do IT I WiG 76040 STOP IStoohosl.Ih~oosl-Op1iCA-POg5o1I 185-47-91 W76-70529 MOgoslo 8551109 Rssoltoo Whsst lot tIoOo100Hd LEFFERTS. K. J. 185-47-92 W76-70530 186-66-79 W16-10549 AItilods-Olh,l AosIys,s Rsoools 011101,00 ol Solsos Plopsllso ol Pisosls Ms,os, JlIpIl5l/UISROI 1979 Sotsoos SIsslog dtogp 310-10-26 W76-70R53 185-50-51 W76-70533 186-68-80 W76-70550 `-44 PAGENO="0392" 388 MONITOR INDEX PROBST. H. B. MCELROY. J. H. 0 . M117y ATiy~i~~y~ (SMCS ~. MTATI SApp~iyA SyTWA) OPP. A. G. F-ill TACT RITTATAS A~y~My w P w M L W MILL~EdRT) A$CyAT~y PARNELLT. A. w76-70l26 POFERL T S W 00 W 04 8 MUMMA.M 1. Sc My~g yTll!A i)2b. -ly ~d .1Sl4~SCly POWELL R V. Asoyphysy& PETERSEN. H. H. 50018h1 W76-70296 AT Dy 06 N 00 L W 06 w E~piyyyiyl DEAT?TpT~TAI fyy Niyl06 T3is CAA,pyly)yy 505-06-43 W76-700TT 790-40-04 W76-70394 Cyy,pysoyy M iyHyl P)iyyli 9 A6~~~phH~ STOL - Cscii Aygiyy DHATyyHy~ PTg2, 91008) W76-70691 CT WE TO 778-54-Ti W76-7T436 GTATAAATAI Agl-~yi~ PRORST. H 8 NORTHROP. 0.8. 50511.14 W767T148 Ri)Tl!yA$5!p CT AITAAA SlyyTlA~i~ ApplyTsyTs CT ThHT~HIA4) Sp~ys Physys MOl4~y AAy~sfi - A~!y~4Y Ay~ydyy~yyys Pyp~y~ss -45 PAGENO="0393" 389 RAMATY. R. MONITOR INDEX 505-01-12 W76-70012 M~gtosphooo Phyoos - P040100 ood P~~oI~/F~old A~oo PI,ght Eop 1100010 STOL A~ooof1 513-53-01 W76-70190 R M W M L~ RAMATY. R. 1883656 W76-70557 STOLOpo04log Systoos Eop 100010 0w76-~~1 168-46-52 W76-70591 188-36-57 W76-70559 5135303 W76-70192 Thoologioo 1775141 W76-70489 Nog01~04 F~t~ooo RANGO. A C010p0110 Usogo Tooh10g04s T041 A,ss Elf 1 Os Pg~oo, 0pl,10if~oo of M~t10g sod Modoloog of Hydlologs Sysloo~s 310-40-41 W76-70674 Fl!gfd Pooosdooo~ of Shool Hood T~sospo9 Ai,oosft RAUMANN N A W76-70500 SCHWARTZ. H. j 513-53-06 0 S 1 E 10 0 W76-70194 Hjgh RollObAfy Coo~of Syolsoos 101 AofsooOs 506-23-24 W76-70357 513-54-01 W76-70195 W I ~ W M 310-20-66 W76-70664 SEIKEL G. R. SEPS Eoo~ooooootsl boopoof Fqooooy SloodgId So~os 506-22-41 W76-70349 STEWART. R. W. 310-10-42 W76-70654 PI~~os Oyoooooo Eooogy Syofools Aboooophooo Modoloog of PoIbo04o Tooospo9 ROBERSON, ~ - 506-25-11 W76-70372 176-10-42 W76-70459 195-20-01 W76-70624 o~~~od 0008bopTTTf SfobAoshoo sod CoPIloT Spsooosoopy sod Phofoohoo050y of ~ Thoo,sfosl Sfo04s 910-08-00 W76-70690 Coooofooy Mobsoobos 195-20-02 W76-70625 SHAROANAND. T. 185-47-55 W76-70519 Co W 0 W 04 W 0 I 1 W L M W 188-41-51 so p oo 5 00 10y W76-70572 513-52-Of Coof!go10d Vohobo PIOgISO W76-70f89 505-03-32 W7670044 Ap1 Oslo Old Mopogl Coofool of 50101: STOL sod VIOL HoIoopfsl - Ao To~ffo Coofol VfoglOfoo Sfody S 505-10-22 Fhghf Oyoooooo w76-70f29 boLog~siod P001IIAfflfodo Coofool Syofoo f~ Spsos W I I I w I I 1-46 PAGENO="0394" 390 MONITOR INDEX YOUNG. L E. I w TAYLOR. H. A.. JR. WALLS. R.F. I C1yE~p~11 T~hI,q~s I$I11$Iy $1 506.19.11 W76-70305 TEMNIN. A. WEAVEREA W76-70693 8 W7 MIII $05.11! S4IAIIRI 195.3501 W76-70641 77640.01 W76.70419 WENGER N. C IlIhIlilgy 7761001 W7670416 5062531 W76.70377 C~1:~gs ~d ~ 778.24.01 51 W76-70427 so~1~T11 gh III l1~RI W76-70298 TIEDEMANN. H. WILUAMS. L J. TOFT. P. D. V~hI5R CyhA E1g111 CII17CIIIIS SyllIlIls 177.51.91 W76.70492 SCAR E~g~ SlIdy TRASK 0. W WILSON. 5. 0. SyR~1 lId RIddliCy 611111$ 01101$ CA 0101$! X-CAy 310-20-67 DIC&Cp~I1 W76-70665 504.09.34 W76-70008 V WIUENSTEII&G TICIlylygy A$s~ss~I1 CI 76902-01 W76.70253 WO6~D;D BA, Mlthydylygy ~d S$yyRT Sys11,~ AIllyliR PIll EOS/SEOS Op11111y.,A WOOLSTON ~ S 175-10-70 lId LIlA WIlIhIl RR$IIC6 V 175.40.70 W76.70453 YODZIS C W VON GLAHN. U. H. PICPJARI SCAR NC!$I 61711111 TRCSICIRQy 6.7 910-03.00 W76-706U2 505.06.24 W76.70079 YOUNG L K. - 506-16-13 C 11114$ Cl 1111111$ pp Cl1;R11 506-22-32 W76-70346 ThI1~yIiy Sy~I~o TIChIClygy 506-25-41 W76-703R2 -47 PAGENO="0395" 391 RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX RTOP Summary Typical Responsible NASA -Tbuisncs/FisivbiiitnEtt;cts Organization Index Listing Vthcit Dgrrvs - Sisli/Spir/High &phl Chcttr- 000AMZATiON ~i:~~:~-i ~ ~ Ariisriori Sstoy Assssrch sod Tochnology I 505-0821 W76-7Otlt od.td Sposo C. 5. 6. N 01 5061631 W76 70267 ;:ftAnr;:70 _______________ 505-08-31 W76-70t21 505-10-12 W76-70t24 Listings in this index are arranged alphabetically 5~:ucoPb5 Aorodnroinic Portornr,ncs. Der.rrrics ,nd by Responsible NASA Organization The title 5051021 W76-70t27 of the RTOP provides the user with a brief de- sndNoss irorg oro urorncsorreorctyrorrlies. scription of the subject matter The accession S05-tO-22 W76-70t29 number denotes the number by which the cita- ~ W76-70t30 ion and the technical summary can be located Adx,rcod Tilt ReIn Asrodnn.mcs within the Summary Section The titles are 50~r~2A~rolyrorrric Ptrtormznco W76-70t34 arranged under each Responsible NASA Organ - 505-10-31 W76-70t35 izati on in ascen ding accession number order. S0S-rO-32 n i I w76-70r37 A 06/N Muitirniosion V/5TOL Aircr.ftTschmiogy Aexoprones of Alrxrott Oporshons - Tschnoiogn Pcsssrsd-Lift (STOL/RTOLI Asrodyr,nric Psrtorm,rct 504-09-12 W76-70002 STOL/RT0L Flight Drr,rnics Rids Quglitiss Critsri, V.lid.tior/Piiot Psrtorm.ncs 505-10-42 W76-70t42 504-09-22 W76-7000S 505-10-43 w76-70143 Airorsos Psrtoreronns mod Auiotion S.tsty Subsonic/Sonic Aircr,tt Asroclyrornic Psrtorm,ncs 504-09-32 W76-70007 505-11-12 W76-7014S Sirnuistion Ttnhnoiogy for Asronsalies Obiiqas Wing Flight Toot Tschrology 504-09-42 W76-700t0 505-1 1-13 W76-70t47 505-01-21 W76-70014 0005lnnrsrt Aglnci~~ 505-01-31 W76-700t5 Mii!tsry Aircrstt - Aircrgfr Asrodyrornico Miiitmy Progrsrns Misoils Asrodynomics 505-01-32 W76-700t6 505-11-22 W76-70t54 Loods. Asrosiostinien. .nd Structar,i Den,nins DOD Assisrgncs 50S-02-2t W76-70023 505-1 1-41 W76-70t60 505-03-11 W76-70036 791-40-03 W76-70t62 50S-03-t2 W76-70039 Dsusiopmsnt Air S.rrrpiing Progrsm IGASPI Cioii Aircr.tt An.iysiosnd Mgrhoduiogy Dsotiopmsnr 50S-03-42 0976-70048 791-40-15 W76-70166 rio Tochtology Study 01 Potortisi vram 01 RPVs lRsmotsin Piiotsd 505-04-It W76-7005t Vshiciss) br Clxii Applicstiors 505-05-41 W76-70064 R010rcrstt Mgirttrones Costs Msthodoiogn Corrput.ron,l Asrodyn.rrrics Ososioerrrsrt 505-06-11 W76-70067 791-40-22 W76-70t68 Dsoslopmset 01 Compat.tion.i Asror,aticsi Codss to. Tschroiogy Asssssmsrt ot lntsrcity Tr,nsport.tior 505-06-12 W76-70069 791-40-23 W76-70t69 505-06-15 0976-70071 510-56-01 W76-70t7S Dsoslopmsnt of Adsoneed FLEXSTA6 Progr.rrr Osesrol Aui,tier - Adosncsul Axionics Systsm 505-06-16 W76-70073 512-52-01 W76-70t80 Ettsots 01 Aitorstt Ross Fisids on Eisnrrem.gnstic Woos Adios Control Airnrott Fiight Espsrirnsnt Prepsg.tior 512-53-02 W76-70t83 505-06-17 W76-70074 Argiesis 01 ho Ogrsrcoionsi Coerp,ribiiry 01 Futurs Cioi Notrsts,dy Asrndengmics Air Tr,rsport.tion sod Corcspts - 505-06-21 0976-70075 5t3-S0-53 0976-7018. Airtr.ers Asnotyrorrrie Noiss Fs,sibility ,nd V,iidotionott.oosCost Microoo,os Lgrrdirp 50506-23 W76-70078 W76-70t88 Airfoil ond Contigurstion Asrodynorrroes Tsnhnol torAdo.rcsdlrts rgtsdAoorcstorTsrmiro 50506.31 W7670082 Atss Flight Espsnrnsnts in STOL Airnrstt 505-86-42 W76-7008R Mieroossos L.nding Sestsrrr Vgiid.tror br STOL Ainrstt FOes Ms.sutsnstrs Tsohniquss Applicstoes 505-06-43 W76-70088 513-53-02 W76-70t9t FISCAL YEAR 1976 ho Cxii Miidory Microooous Larding Snsrsrn (MLS1 513-53-03 W76-70t92 lnossligsriOr 01150 Uss of Srrgpdoror lrsrli,l Ssrsor 513-53-05 W76-70193 Tsrminsl Arsg Etlsntiosrtso Progrgm - Oplinrioorior xl 513-53-06 0976-70194 VIOL Opsr,rirg Syslsrirs Esptrinitnro Ado.rcsd V/STOL Airoroll Dssigr ord Appivorion Woks Vorrts Minirrisslior 514-52-02 W76-70202 Hunror Fgclorg in Approgch ord Larding Sgrsty 515-St-ft W76-70205 Obiiqus Wirgsd Aircroft Sesrsm Studios 516-50-10 W76-7020R SCAR - Srrgroophtric Enriooior lrnp,ct Asrodyrgnics sod Psdorm~nvs lmtoryl - 743-04-21 W76-70241 743-05-01 W76-70243 769-02-02 W76-702S4 506-16-12 W76-70257 506-16-41 W76-70272 Ado~ncsd Thsrrrgl Froftclor Mgtsrigis ond Eons Orbitol Spocs Shuois Thsrmoi Protscoior Sysrsrrrs (06-17-31 W76-70287 Seocs Shunis Dyr,mics ord Asroolgoricily Fgyloods 506-25-32 W76-70378 Conputofiorsi srd Espsrimsnloi Asrorhsrmontyrsrrrics lrtsrsrsilor Comrrrunicslior Fsssibolity Sfudy 790-40-06 W76-70395 Sysrsrrs Arolysis of Pool EOS/SEOS Opsrofiotol Sestsnrs lrrrpocf of Ohs Shunis/Spscsigb Oppcrfcnify to Eslsnd Rssosrch grd Tschroi000 Progrsnrs info Spocs or 750-01-02 W76-70403 778-1 1-02 W7670422 Ssosrs Srorms srd Lopol Wsslhsr Rsssorch 510501 Sfiioly et Sflotosphsric Corstifusnfs 176-20-ft W7R-70463 `-49 PAGENO="0396" 392 Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX Rcnclr Serr~~g yr Sri,', aid Ire Mepprrg aid 50~R~2~'A orieiprrrrrr W76-701S6 Grip Gra,,fyarW Usrrrg Tire Orryiarr,rs if LANDSAT 17 ~ W Irrrerefellar Spare 614-54-21 W76-70204 177-54-41 W76-70500 Fl A 1 6 `11 0 rirr7 517-51-04 W76-70220 AS Pr Al ri Oe rrrrdErrrrefr Bear 185-47-69 W76.70525 Hrghly `A arrrrrAeia'Ai Arrirafr Terhyiligy CHMAT) - Calbraypr fir Mass Speyfrirrrefrrs 99 S `A B id GA Cii /SA / ii pe i "5 W6 igy 9 WA 186-68-76 W76-70546 Arrrrisyherri FIgif Eeperrrrrrr's 185-47-54 W76-70518 Pa9Alr', aid Par~yT/Phyrirr G 18~47;55 Ic~s yr Picrerary As irisphrrrs P176-70519 152-55-62 W76-70514 188-41-55 W76-70579 Irrrraifis, sdSpse be M yr Oare?aryErrirrirrrr'erfs P176-70518 53y'52~~0yi1"i5 5576-70289 EaeyrrrTrfADp,reli yell- Labirari 192-55-67 P176-70619 5061733 - - - W76-70294 188-38-53 W76-70564 Thrirelyal Srrrdrrs if the Mwrr aid Mesrir,re Parerrr A,fr,rrirrr'yal P1gb #esylf,yrr Sesser, De,eleprrrerrf if Sh,rtele Payriad, fir he Sfrrdy if Silas 195-21.02 W76-70630 Adyyrrrrd Cirrrpi're'rs, fir Preyreiirr w76-7o298 Fpe;ardFlare Belafed Fhcsrirrrei,' W76-70566 F 50~e2i~f~y~rraI `A rasr,rerrrerrf Tryhrriligy W76-70322 188-45-51 8gb Errergy A,friphy,rys P176-70585 DAST lOrerre fir Aeridyrrerrriy aid Srrr,rfrral 1rstrgl 506-23-22 - - W76-70355 188-46-58 W76-70597 I iS S idigy pi~ -50 PAGENO="0397" 393 RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX Langley Research Center. Langley Station Va. Gn~d-Bs~cd Ops~sI Sc04 Sysler, Asuy~ony 506-22-12 W76-70344 186-68-74 W7670545 Ad~s04sd ly&s~cd Aslyyyryy s04 P~3sedMPD A6 Jss s~1h y~yy~y~ Er1gySt104g~ 186 68 77 W76-70547 W 0 0 W W 310-10-22 W76-70652 5~1045(~60 c~gy yys~cyy ts~sgr P104ecy/ vshy!es Att,tyde-0~by A~sIysy 506- -23 - 186-68-79 W76-70549 310-10-26 W76-70653 Lyyg-L1s. H!gh-Pc7ysncrye Isses ~ 0 Mcye Jopos~/U~coys 1979 Syooye SIrroog Goop F~eqoeoyy Stoods~d ~ Plcoelc-y App socos 186-68-80 W76-70550 310-10-42 W76-70654 506-23-33 W7670361 Psg,yles cod P~otiyIc/4gld Iotc~1yyos 310-10-43 W76-70655 506-23-35 W76-70363 G~yod-8ssd R~do~ Aslyyoyoyy Tscyk~og cod 0515 fl&~y SolcihIs Tsyhoolygy NoyIcs~ Poooprd Lssc~s 108-41-52 W7670574 w W 8 Ahloohcoy Systsoo 1o~ Cpylc~ Psggbcoo 506-26-23 W76-70389 193-58-61 W76-70620 310-40-25 W76-70669 790-40-03 W76-70393 193-~~6~ AAyss W76-70621 310-40-36 W7670670 Eblcooeos Aoslyso W76-70394 Coot 05500 Cooogl W76-70622 W M 8 W J Co W 04 3 W 8 W w 506-16-13 pp W76-70259 176-30-51 55 05600501 W76-70472 S1~~oo Myody~ & CooooI Syslroo T~~hootygy W / w W6 Vyyo~I~o1y 00p501!5s of PoIyohOS loosge Pooyssoog/Lood Uso/HCMM Sf~foo Sysf5oos Tsohoology W76 70668 506-17-15 W76-70279 177-32-51 W76-70480 310-40-70 W76-70675 5062121 Sold P~ Iyoo od P I hoC o.r~ 186-6852 Syofcoo T~~hooIogy fyo Pl005fooyMooyoo L 506-21-52 W76 70338 186-68 62 W76 70542 504-0931 W76-70006 1-51 PAGENO="0398" 394 Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX FIi9hf Si (*fino Te~ho~)~~y - S *fiOo Teohoi17e* Mobl* Aody*roi17 Thn*)/SfroClora) Concepts lot Sp*o~ Tctsponl*ton 504-09-41 W76-70009 505-11-22 W76-70153 Syst*nnns ConnpCsitss and Adhesoces M6t~fy Aoor*ft - Vsofonsd moot Maneoostsb6ty 506-17-22 W76-70281 505-01-34 W76-70018 505-11-23 W76-70155 Ados,Ced Msthods for She)) Arna)y~s Hypersonic VehiC(s St fc*s Hypersonic Arrot*ft Asrodynantro Technology 506-17-25 W76-70284 505-02-12 W76-70020 5051131 W76-70150 Corrrposite SPICe StroCtores Gerrsrsl Aoi*tr8T Cohosorthitress DOD ~ - Spnorfio Milrt*ry Deorloprrrorrt 5061726 w76-7020S 505-02-13 W76-70021 605-11-41 W76-70159 Fatrgoe*rd Ft tIltS of Colrpositl Msteri*ls - 02 W w 505-02-21 W7670024 Sysors Slrcttle Dytr*trros ~d Alroel*stioity DAST (Dolls for A*rodyrr*rrro sod Strootor*l Testrgl 791-40-11 W76-70t65 5061732 177670292 Fstgsstd Frsofore Wig Strcytor~ 506-10-12 W76-70297 506-02-41 W76-7003t 510-52-01 W7670171 Adc*ryed Spsorcrsft ad Esperyrrlrt Cotrol SysterTs Dssgr Techlrology for Corrrposit~ Stroytres ()~~0~t07 Progrsrrs for Aerosp*cr-V*hols Desgr 506-19-13 W76-70307 ed 17 _~O do Id 06 W7 ~ 17 CC So E,hsst Errissiort Polirior Ols**roh 512-53-01 W76-70182 506-21-33 W76-70331 ((*1* ad Noo*les SysteO5 of High Pyo*r Losers (PopIsor Ness Hyrigors) 0504 W7 00 W 177 Aecodyrr*rrros 1776-70063 *0 W7670106 Forrdsrrrerf*l Photorios w76-70366 505-05-11 W76-70068 Serryrol Corfigr*d V*hcl* Prygr*rrr W76-7 1 506-25-31 W76-70376 L~ W TO 007 06 Lo ~ Arolysisard H*rdhyCk Sortoeg yr ~ Tr*rsport Syst*rrs IelhOlH5y 007670207 Dloprrort S~porr 176-70390 505-06-42 W76-70085 516-53-01 1776-70213 520-71-01 W76-70400 Ergcoecg ((CASE) W76-70090 Aryroft TechrolCgy (TACT) *17670216 TethrologyWork:hop ATb*1y$ of OAST Spsoe 3 W W 0 ch W 04 / I Cc CA 717 2 W w Co W 04 505-07-12 W76-70099 743-01-12 W76-70227 750-01-51 W76-70408 Des;loprrert of Th*or*tys r Dgtsl Control 743-01-13 9176-70226 015*10. Entry TeChnology Psylo*d ayd E.perrrtsrrt 505-07-31 W76-70104 Mtsoo-rrts W76-7023t Soolre Storms ad LoysI WIsthIr 0*5**mch Grr*ral Aafiyy Airorab Oper*firg E.p*risryes lrrt*grafon SrId-.sl W76-70238 175-20-30 W76-7044-0 505-08-25 1776-70119 SCAR-Asrodyrarrro P*rtorrrsrrys Techrorogy (Theory) 1amg!oy Rtst*ryh Cectsm-Geomg* Waghmgtom Uyrclrsry Rotororaft Coil HIlooptlm T*chrology 745-01 01 9*176-70248 1763031 w7670470 505-10-26 W76-70t33 Pryportes of If *1&1T* for Electronic Applicatior 1769031 W7670474 TOOL Aerodyrrarrriy P*rtomrrrarrye 605-16-13 W76-7T256 Sesor Eoalatiyrrs 07 W 3 doId So Co 505-11-21 W76-70tS2 506-17-21 *176-70280 186-47-92 W76-70530 1-52 PAGENO="0399" 395 RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. Rcvctc Dclc~lvvv cI Svdppc P~cpc~ucs ci P4vct~ Advcvpcd Mptcvvlc ~vd Mpvclvptv~pg P~ccccccs Advcvccd P2-02 Evg,vp Cc~vpcvcvt Tevhvc!cgy 188-38-53 W76-70565 Avc~tt 0pc~ccvc v,d S~1cty R&T Ivlcgtplrd Pcvv~/Avvvdr Ccvpcl Systvv lc~ Spcpc 506-17-24 p W76-70283 UIpvc~cIct SlclI~~ Spccpcvctv Occclcpvvit lc~ Spvcc 910-35-02 W76-70710 506-20-23 W76-70318 188-41-51 W76-70568 LanA, R.,narch C~vt~~ CI,u~Invd. Oh,c. Ad d L d v k Cc I h p lv5vcd Spcppctpppy ci Stan RcIattcv~h~p ci Atcvttp St,vptptr, iv M~1ctt~t 606-21-10 W76-70324 188-41-55 W76-70578 W 00 W 0 0 W 505-01-12 p W76-70012 8~ppp5Ic Ctcvgcvv 5tct~gv attd Itattstct 910-03-00 W76-70682 Fattgvr. Ftpptpt,. attd Litp Ptcdtpttctt 6062112 W76-70326 500 Pclytvct Elrpttclylp Fvc~ Ccli Tephvclpgy 505-01-34 W76-70017 Alcvt,c vvd Mptplhp Hydtcgcv 910-07-00 W76-70687 w Cc / / 505-03-32 W76-70044 ivy Thtpvtpt Pcvcatph 910-29-01 W76-70703 505-03-33 W76-70046 Adottpyd Plpptttpdyv~yyp Lc,ct Pcpvatph W76-70349 Advaypvd Trvhvvlvgy/Scbvyvtvtttv - Cc W w Cc w W 0 Evg!ttclcchvvlcgy W76-70060 P0stttaOyttavip Ettctgy Syvictttv W76-70369 Lil/Cvp, Fav Ptcpvkc~ Scppcti - 5O62~521 ~ W76-70373 ~ A', 0 w 3 W w w SF12 PtcpvIv~cy Rcsrvtch 778-10-01 W76-70421 506-21-55 p W76-70341 Sc 516-55-i W7670215 Apphyasctt Icc. Stavd,td!vaitpv ~td Spvtrvtv ~ cct~cvv W76-70346 8 w w w 8 w 0-v M W 743-03-31 W76-70235 i-A-Ott 8aiicty/Elcpittp Cv Fcavbiy Dctttcvcita~cv Dcc,lvpvtcyi ci lttdvpcd Ettcvctttttcyi Ccttiattnttaicv ittictd~sc~ptccty Labctaivttr, vt Mairyats Pcvc,tph SpA. Vcgvicncv avd Wvtc~ tttttpvvttdvcvi Sipdvv ci Dccclcptttcttt ci Apictttptcd Lcttg~vvll Shc1tc~ `-53 PAGENO="0400" Sn~cSIdLcccIWr~thr~Rsr~h 180-17-50 W76-70509 185-50-40 W76-70532 Pc9iclcs c~d P~.'1i01!Ph4t4!, Gc~,d-8c~cd 0bs1~a10~ 01 he S~-~ 188-38-52 W76-70562 188-45-52 W76-70587 188-46-64 W76-70600 188-48-51 W76-70602 910-08-00 W76-70690 910-10-00 W76-70693 Ad Ird IsI lOldo (Ct~c1o) 910-37-00 W76-70712 Sootcic (Ad-o~ocd HyOd Cyplig SysIr - AHCS) N Shook gd Vbgho, logIc Cr111 (SVIC) 180-06-60 W76-70508 Mlgrlysphcy Phygyg - Pgliylyg rd P1liy!1/F&d 188-36-55 W76-70552 MagcIHsphciy Physos - Pg1d~g rd PaSir/Pholy Mcgllosphcy Phycs - Rrdc Syroyn UhaHiolIl (UV) ad OpliHal Agtyooy 188-41-51 W76-70572 188-41-54 W76-70576 188-41-55 W76-70581 188-45-56 W76-70592 Adoaoed Miggy 010cc 188-78-60 W76-7061 1 w 396 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX 1-54 PAGENO="0401" 397 RTOP NUMBER INDEX RTOP Summary FISCAL YEAR 1976 Typical RTOP Number Index Listing [ NUMBER This section may be used tu identify the RTOP accession number of reports couered in this journal Thus his section of this indeu may be used to locate the bibliographic cita- ions and technical summaries in the Sum. mary Section The RTOP numbers are fisted in ascending number order 175 to 30 W76 7044t r~s 1040 W76 70442 77-54-41 W76 70s00 177-61 42 W76-70503 177-6i-52 W76 70504 80-06-60 W76-70508 85 5060 W76 70534 85 50 72 W76-70536 186 68 76 W76 70546 W76 70571 88 46-58 W76-70597 88-46 50 W76-70598 W76-70599 88 48 51 W76 70602 95 2003 W76-70626 195 2t-04 W76 70632 ins 22 05 W76 70636 310 30 60 W76 70667 -55 72-434 0 - 76 - 26 PAGENO="0402" a, ~? ??~? ~? ~ ~~gggg~g~g g g~g~~gg ~ ~ ~0 2 2888 882889888888288! 8 88!!!!!! 8!!!!!! 8!!!!!! 82!!!! 88888288888888828888!; 88 88888888 8!888!8888888!g8!ggggg!88898888g888888!888gg88 88!!!!!! PAGENO="0403" z 22 22222 22 22 222 222 2 2 2~ 2 2~ 2 2~ 282822222 ____________________________________________ 222 822228282282828 22828228 888 888882;;t8288~ 0 -o Co CD 0 ~ ;;~;;z:~882882822888888288!8828882888822~~288888 PAGENO="0404" 400 - ~ - ~4~\~1~__ 4 PAGENO="0405" 401 PAGENO="0406" 402 NHB 5100.1B July 1975 selling to NASA Back cover photo of Lagoon Nebula In Sagitterlus Is by courtesy of CalifornIa Institute of Technology and National Aeronautics and Carnegie Institute of Washington. Space Administration PAGENO="0407" 403 This handbook has been prepared with but a single purpose in mind-to assist you, the prospective contractor, in the process of doing business with NASA. We intend that it tell you in a straightforward way, who we are, where we are and what we buy. And perhaps most importantly, we wish to assist you in marketing your product with NASA, whether it be an abstract idea, a manufacturing capability, a fabricated component, construction, basic materials or a specialized service. NASA buys all of these, and more. Your capability, your potential and your willingness to participate is essential to the accomplishment of NASA's mission. We wish to know who you are, and to learn what you can do. We sincerely hope that you will take the time to read this brochure and understand our basic theme of providing an opportunity for all to participate equitably in the nation's aeronautics and space programs. We urge that you pursue this brief introduction. We would sincerely welcome your personal or written inquiry and trust that your marketing endeavors with NASA will be a mutually profitable and fruitful experience. Assi~tant Administrator for Procurement PAGENO="0408" 404 contents chapter page This is NASA Doing Business With NASA 5 NASA's Procurement Process 11 Small Business, Minority Business Enterprise Scientific and Technical Information 17 NASA Installations 20 List of Sosati Basisoss-todasty Assistace Peal 46 * ova's Mailing List Applicatise (Standad Fee 129) 47 * NASA Oaaeaation coat inside back cover PAGENO="0409" a ° a ~ ~ a a CD ~a. a CD (J)° a >~ a 53 - a a - a- a a ODD C) a 0> -C') ODD a aDD a-a :3- a) 0 a) CD o :3 a) C-' a) a) II PAGENO="0410" 2 406 NASA Headquarters of- fices which provide over- all management of its technical programs are as follows: The Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology is responsible for the planning, direction, ex- ecution, evaluation, documents- tion, and dissemination of the results of all NASA research and technology programs that are conducted primarily to demon- strate the feasibility of a concept, structure, component, or system and which may have general ap- plication to the nation's aeronau- tical and space objectives. This office is also responsible for co- ordinating the agency's total program of supporting research and technology related to carry- ing out specific flight missions in order to avoid unnecessary du- plication and to insure an inte- grated and balanced agency research program. L. The Office of Applications is responsible for all research and development activities that dem- onstrate the application of space relaled technology, systems and other capabilities which can be effectively applied and used in the civil sector for practical benefits to mankind. The R&D activities are grouped in the fol- lowing areas: Weather and Cli- mate, Pollution Monitoring, Earth Resources Survey, Earth and Ocean Physics Applications, Space Processing, Communica- tions, Data Management and Applications Experiments and Studies. The Office of Manned Space Flight is responsible for all NASA activities directly involv- ing manned space flight mis- sions. This projects a program building on the success of the Apollo and Skylab missions to demonstrate an international co- operative space docking mission and to develop a new space transportation system signifi- cantly improving the access of man and instruments to space. PAGENO="0411" 407 The Office of Space Science is The Office of Tracking and Data NASA has also established an responsible for all NASA activi- Acquisition is responsible br brie Office of Energy Programs to ties involving the conduct of development and operation of provide direction to its research, scientific investigations in space. communications, tracking, data technology and development These activities include the plan- acquisition, and data processina programs which apply aero- ning, development and conduct facilities, systems, and services space technology and manage- of space missions in physics required for support of NASA mont techniques to critical na- and astronomy, lunar and plane- flight programs. OTDA is also tional energy needs, including tary exploration as well as the assigned NASA-wide responsi- support of other Federal agen- management of the launch ye- bility for administrative cam- des. hide program essential to the munications management and support of automated missions, frequency management. PAGENO="0412" 4 408 - Research and Development Activities Research and development (R&D) is the most important phase of NASA operations, account- ing for more than two out of every three dollars in current budget allocations. Today and in the years ahead, NASA will be concentrating upon programs such as- o Expanding the practical applica- tions of aerospace technology with special emphasis in such fields as energy, atmospheric pollutants and the marine environment. o Providing technology for future general aviation aircraft that will be safer, more productive and generally superior to foreign competition. o Reducing aircraft noise and air traffic congestion in the vicinity of airline terminals. * Advancing the technologies required for more energy-efficient flight by jet transports and exploring the use of alternate fuels for petroleum. * Operating high-flying aircraft, balloons and sounding rockets for studies of near-Earth space phenomena, stellar and solar observations and for flight testing of advanced instruments and systems. * Conducting solar system exploration with automated spacecraft such as the Viking, Mariner and Pioneer. * Operating Earth-orbiting ann Lunar- orbiting automated spacecraft to map such phenomena as the solar wind, Earth's magnetosphere, and the effect of solar radiation on the ionosphere and atmosphere. RTOP SUMMARY * Operating Earth-orbiting spacecraft to return imagery used in studies of such Earth resources areas as agriculture, forestry, geology, mining, land use and water supply analysis. o Operating Earth-orbiting spacecraft to look far into space, from outside the Earth's obscuring atmosphere, for astronomical purposes and to study solar and galactic radiations. o Exploiting the capabilities of the Space Shuttle, with its associated Spacelab, for the conduct of beneficial activities, manned and unmanned, in Earth orbit. * Developing experiments, concepts and technologies for future space flight missions. * Improving the reliability, simplicity, payload capability and reusability of propulsion systems and launch vehicles. Viork for similar advances in communications and guidance systems and techniques. * Development of advanced tracking and data acquisition systems and techniques. o Utilizing solar energy, including heating and cooling systems, and wind energy systems; end-use conservation systems; conversion systems; and developing alternate modes and fuels for ground transportation. NASA publishes an annual compilation of its funded research and technology programs in abstract form as the Research and Technology Operating Plan Summary (RTOP) The RTOP Summary is designed to tacilitate communicatlons and coordination among concerned tech- nical personnel in government, industry, and universities. The publication briefly describes ;:NA5A's R&D objectives, identifies the installation of primary interest and provides a point * . of contact for technical information. The Summary should be especially helpful to small * * research firms in ascertaining NASA technical requirements. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Additionally, each NASA installation purchases a wide variety Of components, materials, serv- ices and construction in support of its research and development and operational activities. PAGENO="0413" 409 chapter DOING BUSINESS WITH NASA Each year approximately 85 percent ol NASA's budget appropriation is ex- pended in the form of procurement awards to business firms, educational and nonorofit institutions and with other Government Agencies. In Fiscal Year 7g74, NASA's procurement awards totalled $2.71 billion, of which $2.42 billion went to business firms either directly from NASA, through other Government Agencies in NASA's behalf, or in subcontract awards from NASA's contractor-operated Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Similar procurement expenditures are projected for the next two years. NASA intends to continue to utilize and support private industry and the educa- tional and research institutions which can contribute to the accomplishment of ifs assigned mission. An understanding of the process of doing business with NASA is essential to these relationships. PAGENO="0414" Field Contracting NASA's procurement system is decentralized. This is to say, that the preponderance of NASA procurements are planned and accomplished by each of the NASA field installations rather than by the central Headquarters in Washington, D.C. Each instal- lation is a procuring activity, appropriately staffed to provide full procurement support for its assigned mission, projects and tasks, as discussed in Chapter VI. Bidder's Mailing List Accordingly, an important step in the process is the proper iden- tification of the company and its capabilities to each of the NASA activities with which a firm may wish to do business. A Bidder's Mailing List Application, Stand- ard Form 129, reproduced in this brochure, or a special Archi- tectural and Engineering Ques- tionnaire, Standard Form 251, is available for this purpose. In submitting the form, sufficient supplemental information should be provided to ensure that the firm's products and capabilities are fully understood. This then will place the firm in the bidder's source files at the Center(s), but does not necessarily qualify it for specific procurement re- quirements which may arise. Firms will be specifically invited to bid or submit proposals on those procurement requirements for which they are deemed quali- fied, Procurement Information While most NASA procurement opportunities are advertised in the Commerce Business Daily, immediately prior to solicitation, prospective contractors are en- couraged to develop a general awareness of NASA's program and potential procurement re- quirements. This is especially important in research and de- velopment where long-range planning and the allocation of a company's resources is essen- tial. NASA's technical and pro- curement personnel welcome inquiries and discussions with appropriate company represen- tatives. The Small Business/In- dustry Assistance Office at each Center will be pleased to ar- range such visitations or re- spond to written inquiry. Inquir- ies of a general nature or with NASA-wide implications should be addressed to the Small Busi- ness Advisor-Industry Assist- ance Office, Washington, D.C. 20546. In doing business with NASA, as with other Government agencies, there are certain additional re- quirements and other factors with which the prospective con- tractor should be aware. Several of the more important are briefly discussed. Reliability and Quality Assurance NASA invokes reliability and quality assurance requirements in each contract in order to ef- fectively achieve the reliability and quality commensurate with mission objectives. For complete space systems and their major elements, contractors are re- quired to operate reliability and quality programs in accordance with NASA publications NHB 5300.4(1A) "Reliability Program Provisions for Aeronautical and Spece System Contractors" and NHB 5300.4(1B) "Quality Pro- gram Provisions for Aeronautical and Space System Contractors." Major subcontracts will invoke these publications. Direct NASA contracts and lesser subcon- tracts will invoke selected pro- visions or NHB 5300.4(1C) "In- spection System Provisions for Suppliers of Space Materials, Parts, Components and Serv- ices." Other NASA, military or Federal specifications will be in- voked as appropriate to the hardware involved. If soldering is required, NHB 5300.4(3A) "Re- quirements for Soldered Elec- trical Connections" will be in- voked. Copies of these publica- tions may be obtained from the NASA installation inviting bids/ proposals or purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 6 410 PAGENO="0415" 411 Safety Program It ia NASA's policy to take alt practical atepa to avoid baa of bite, injury of personnel and property loss. In order to carry out thia policy, requirements are invoked in each contract cover- ing the management of a safety program which ia aimed at iden- titication and control of and, where possible, elimination of aafety hazards. In all contracta the applicable Occupational Safety and Health Act requirements are invoked. Additional requirementa are ape- citied aa neceaaary to the extent that apecial requirementa are de- pendent on the complexity of the product or aervicea rendered and the attendant aafety prob- tema aaaociated with each in- dividual contract. Accordingly, the aatety requirementa for thoae contracta which involve aero- nautical and apace ayatem hard- ware are normally the moat stringent and extenaive. White the satety requirementa for each contract are different, the NASA Procurement Regulation (NHB 5100.2j Part I, aubpart 52, "Safety and Health" and subpart 53 "Integration of Syatem Safety Requirementa into NASA Pro- curementa" aet forth the policy and reaponaibilities for develop- ing the applicable requirements for all contracts. PAGENO="0416" Equal Employment Opportunities Executive Order 11141 dated February 12, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Public Law 92-261 (Equal Employment Act of 1972), Executive Order 11246 dated September 24, 1965 and Executive Order 11375, dated October 13, 1967, cover non-dis- crimination standards in employ- ment made applicable to con- tractors or grantees under direct Federal contracts or grants, or Federally assisted or financed contracts or programs. A standard `Equal Opportunity Clause' is prescribed for incor- poration in all Federal contracts and subcontracts exceeding $10,000 unless exempted by the Secretary of Labor. Under this clause, the contractor or sub- contractor is obligated not to discriminate against any em- ployee or applicant for employ- ment because of race, religion, color, sex, national origin or age, and is required to take affirma- tive action to ensure equal em- ployment opportunity. A bidder or offeror may be required to in- clude a representation concern- ing the filing of compliance re- ports in accordance with the Equal Opportunity clause in his bid or proposal. Industrial Relations Labor relations is one of the im- portant factors involved in con- tract performance. NASA has a labor policy of neutrality, and the union or non-union status of a bidder is not a factor in the award of contracts. The bidder's assessment of labor costs may be affected by the local labor relations environment and appli- cable labor agreements; there- fore, bidders should be particu- larly aware of potential obliga- tions resulting from legal prece- dents applicable to successor contractors. Security Clearance Should a NASA contract require access to security classified in- formation in performance of the work, an industrial security clearance will be required. The procurement solicitation will cite this requirement when neces- sary. As a participant in the Department of Defense's (DoD) Industrial Security Program, NASA, on request, will sponsor a company's application to the DoD for an appropriate security clearance. Applications are to be made by the firm directly to the nearest Defense Contract Ad- ministration Services (DCAS) of- fice. Further procedures and requirements are set forth in the "Industrial Security Manual for Safeguarding Classified Informa- tion (DoD 5220.22-M). This docu- ment may be purchased from the superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Bonding Under the provisions of the Miller Act, NASA construction contractors will be required to post performance and payment bonds to protect the Govern- ment's interest in the proper and timely completion of the work, and to secure payment for labor and material furnished under the contract Small construction firms which may experience dif- ficulty in obtaining a bond should inquire into the surety bond program administered by the Small Business Administra- tion, Patents The act which established NASA contains special patient provi- sions concerning inventions made by NASA contractors. Sec- lion 305 of the National Aero- nautics and Space Act of 1958 establishes: (1) standards which shall be used in determining the cir- cumstances under which in- ventions shall be deemed Gov- ernment sponsored and thus Government owned; (2) requirements for acquiring the full disclosure of inven- tions; (3) procedures for enforce- ment of the Government's rights, as well as for adminis- trative appeal; and (4) authority in the Adminis- trator to waive the rights of the United States respecting any invention made in the per- formance of work under a NASA contract whenever the interests of the United Slates will be served thereby, and to 8 412 PAGENO="0417" 413 grant licenses for the practice of any invention on which NASA holds a patent on behalf of the United States Govern- ment. This section of the act has been implemented through the issu- ance of regulations governing the licensing and the waiver of rights of the United States to in- ventions, as well as regulations which set forth 5olicies, instruc- tions, and contract clauses pre- scribed for use in NASA con- tracts. Forms for petitioning for waiver of rights to inventions are available and contractors appli- cations for license are also avail- able to organizations which are interested in obtaining a license. To obtain full details concerning current policies and procedures, write to: Office of General Counsel National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 It is NASA's policy, with respect to a procurement likely to in- fringe on a valid patent, to enter into a precontract license agree- ment with the patent holder. This encourages privately financed research and lowers the overall costs to the Government. The amount of the license rate is added to the prices quoted by unlicensed offerors, for evalua- tion purposes. The cost of patent litigation and settlement of claims are eliminated, and a rea- sonable compensation to the patent holder is assured in advance. The procedure to be followed with respect to entering on a pre- contract license agreement is set forth in Part 9, Subpart 1, of the NASA Procurement Regula- tion. The same NASA Act authorizes the Administrator to make awards for scientific or technical contri- butions having significant value in the conduct of aeronautical or space activities. Such contribu- tions would include innovations or inventions which have been used with proven value, many of which come into being during the performance of NASA contracts. Information concerning applica- tion for such awards may be addressed to: Director of the Staff Inventions and Contributions Board National Aeronaotios and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 Unsolicited Proposals An important method of doing business with NASA is through the submission of relevant new ideas and concepts in the form of unsolicited proposals. In gen- eral, most appropriate for the unsolicited approach is research of a fundamental nature-that which bears potential for advanc- ing the state of the art in a par- ticular area, contributes to knowledge of a specific phe- nomenon, or provides fundamen- tal advances in engineering or the sciences. In addition, pro- posals may define problems and present possible solutions to the problems, developmental or oth- erwise, which are within NASA's areas of concern. Familiarity with NASA programs and projects through contacts with NASA's technical personnel may reveal the existence of a community of interest. If such mutual interest exists, submitting an unsolicited proposal may be appropriate. However, the exist- ence of such mutual interest does not, in itself, commit NASA to the support of any resulting unsolicited proposal. NASA will consider such additional factors as the technical merits of the pro- posal, the availability of funds, and the relative priority of the project as compared with other alternatives under consideration. NASA policy and procedural guidance with regard to unsolic- ited proposals is set forth in NASA Procurement Regulation Part 4, Subpart 4, "Unsolicited Proposals." Additionally, the NASA brochure "A Guide to Poli- cies and Procedures for Spon- sored Research" NHB 5100.3 provides further information on the preparation and submission of unsolicited proposals. Though oriented more toward NASA rela- tionships with the university com- munity, it is also applicable to industrial, commercial and other non-academic organizations. Un- solicited proposals should be sent to the NASA installation known to have an interest in the subject. However, all unsolicited proposals from educational insti- tutions should be sent to the Pro- 9 72-434 0 - 76 - 27 PAGENO="0418" 414 10 posal Control Officer (Code P), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, D.C. 20546. Cost Sharing Basic and applied research per- formed under a grant or contract award as the result of an unsolic- ited proposal is often subject, by statute, to cost-sharing. There- fore, prior to submission, pro- posers should ascertain the ex- tent that cost-sharing may be required, and to incorporate such provisions in their submissions. NASA policy on cost-sharing is set forth in NASA Procurement Regulation 1.362. Grants tn order to provide the degree of flexibility which is essential to the effective performance of basic research, most Govern- ment agencies, NASA included, use the grant as the preferred procurement instrument for such work. NASA's authority to award grants is limited by statute (P.L. 85-g34) to nonprofit institutions of higher education and nonprofit organizations whose primary purpose is the conduct of scien- tific research. Foreign Procurement Proposals for grants and re- search contracts from abroad are not encouraged for practical reasons. NASA's normal interna- tional programs are accom- plished through jointly funded cooperative projects with foreign agencies. However, in certain in- stances, foreign proposals may be considered if the project is urgent in the national interest, the work cannot be performed in this country, and foreign sources will not fund the research, though encouraged to do so. Similarly, the Buy American Act generally precludes the pur- chase of foreign materials (sup- plies and articles) for use in this country when such items are readily available in the domestic market at reasonable prices. The provisions of the Act have been waived by the NASA Adminis- trator for Canadian products and services. PAGENO="0419" 415 The rrocuremeot Process 11 NASA, by provisions of the National Aeronautics and Space Act, is subject to the same basic procurement statute which governs the Department of Defense (DoD). For this reason, and because both NASA and the DoD most often deal with the same segments of industry, NASA's procurement policies and procedures are intentionally similar to those in the Armed Services Procurement Regulation (ASPR). The NASA Procurement Regulation (NHB 5100.2) may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Bidders List mont will be placed in the Corn- are available from a Federal Sup- As discussed in Chapter It the rnerce Business Daily (CBD) at ply Schedule established by the least ten days prior to issuance General Services Administration majority of NASA s contracting is of the solicitation. A subscription (GSA) or as a common stock accomplished by its various field - to this publication may be ob- item at a GSA supply depot. installations. Typically the pro- . tamed from the Superintendent Firms interested in doing busi- curement process is initiated of Documents, Government Print- ness as a Federal Supply Serv- when a paiticular program or . ing Office, Washington, D.C. ices contractor should contact a project office determines a re- 20402. Business Service Center of the quirement and submits a pro- GSA curement request to the procure- . . mont office. The assigned con- Normally, solicitations are issued tracting officer will then develop with a minimum of iS days be- Advertised Procurement a bidder's list from the installa- fore closing for standard com- Each Invitation for Bid includes liens source files and prepare an mercial articles and services and technical specifications, delivery appropriate solicitation in the no less than 30 days for other or completion dates, place and form of an Invitation for Bid, Re- procurements. method of delivery, nature and quest for Proposal, or Request number of reports or manuals for Quotation. Federal Supply Schedule which may be required, opera- tional tests and instructions, and Commerce Business Daily Prior to initiating procurements other items which should be con- from commercial sources, NASA sidered in submitting a bid. The In most instances, an advance must determine whether or not contract clauses, terms, and con- notice of the pending procure- the required supplies or services ditions are set forth in detail as PAGENO="0420" are the date, hour, and place where bids will be publicly opened and recorded. Late bids wilt not be considered unless they haee been delayed for rea- sons over which the bidder has no control. Unless specifically authorized, a telegraphic or alternative bid will not be con- sidered. Negotiated Procurement While formal advertising is the historic and theoretically pre- ferred method of awarding con- tracts, most NASA procurement dollars are spent under nego- tiated procedures. Negotiated procurement has particular ap- plication in research and devel- opmenl where adequate specifi- cations are not available. Flexi- bility is its key advantage over the more precise formal adver- tising procedure. Negotiation permits the comparative evalua- tion of any number of desired factors in selecting a contractor, whereas formal advertising limits comparison almost entirely to price. When NASA employs negotiated procurement, the procurement office may find it more appropri- ate to limit the requests for pro- posals or quotations to Ihose or- ganizations believed to be most qualified and likely to respond. In this way, firms are not encour- aged to incur substantial costs and distractions in preparing pro- posals for which they are not likely to qualify. Nevertheless, copies of solicitations are usu- ally available on request and timely responses must be consid- ered. Effective competition is as important a goal in negotiated procuremenls as it is in format advertising, therefore, the oppor- tunity to compete will not be un- necessarily limited. The appropriate NASA official(s) or Source Evaluation Board re- view the proposals received, and further negotiations or discus- sions may be conducted with firms submitting the most accep- table plans. A contract is gen- erally awarded by administrative deciuion of a designated NASA official based on a thorough analysis of all the facts obtain- able, and on the conduct of final negotiations with the firm or firms selected. The level of pro- posal review and the source ue- 12 416 PAGENO="0421" 417 13 lection official is determined by the size of the award. The large procurement award determina- lions are made by the Director of the field installation or by the Administrator of NASA. It's NASA policy that on written request, unsuccessful oflerora will be debriefed after contractor selection has been announced, but prior to contract award. The details of formal source evaluation-selection process for negotiated procurements are set forth in the NASA Source Evalua- tion Board Manual (NHB 5103.6). This publication may be pur- chased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. PAGENO="0422" Architect-Engineer Contracting An Architect-Engineer Selection Board has been established at each NASA field installation in support of a full range of facili- ties and construction managment activities. The Board reviews the qualifications of firms interested in performing architectural or en- gineering work in connection with NASA construction projects; and in the case of procurements estimated to cost more than $10,000, the Board conducts oral or written discussions with a minimum of three firms. The Board submits a report to the in- stallation Director recommend- ing, in order of preference, those firms considered best qualified to perform the services required. Upon approval by the installation Director of the list of qualified architect-engineer firms, contract negotiations are conducted with the firm given first preference. If a mutually satisfactory contract cannot be agreed to, negotia- tions are then initiated with the firm given second preference on the list. Generally, this proce- dure continues until a contract has been negotiated. Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 2306(d), the amount of the fee that may be paid to an architect-engineer under a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee contract for the production and delivery of the designs, plans, drawings, and specifications may not exceed six (6) per cent of the estimated cost of the related construction project, exclusive of the amount of such fee. In addition, it is NASA's policy to apply this statutory limitation to the fee paid to an architect- engineer for the p3riormance of such services under a fixed-price contract. Since each Architect-Engineer Selection Board maintains a list of qualified firms for various types of projects, architectural and engineering firms should file Standard Form 251 (U.S. Govern- ment Architect-Engineer Ques- tionnaire) with the various NASA field installations and with the Headquarters, Office of Facilities. Firms are encouraged to keep their A&E qualification informa- tion current, preferably on an annual basis. Procurement of A&E services estimated to be $10,000 or more are synopsized in the Commerce Business Daily. Bid Room Central `bid rooms" are main- tained in the Office of Procure- ment, NASA Headquarters, Wash- ington, D.C., and at the Defense Contract Administration Services Region (DCASR), Los Angeles, CA. At these two locations copies of all open NASA solicita- tions are available for review by interested firms. Bid/proposal sets may be ordered from the issuing NASA installation. Ad- ditionally, each NASA installation provides "bid room" services for its own procurements. Contract Administration In order to avoid duplication of effort and to achieve the most effective and economical utiliza- tion of Department of Defense and NASA resources in the ac- complishment of the purposes of the National Aeronautics and Space Act, agreements have been made between NASA and the various agencies and depart- ments of the Department of De- fense. These agreements, among other things, provide for delega- tion of certain contract adminis- tration functions and responsi- bilities by NASA to the Depart- ment of Defense agencies. The delegation of contract ad- ministration functions by NASA is made on an individual basis by the contracting officer after he has reviewed the contract re- quirements and determined the nature and extent of contract ad- ministration functions to be per- formed. Copies of the letter of delegation and amendments thereto, which will be explicit and unambiguous in detailing the contract administration functions to be performed, will be fur- nished by the NASA contracting officer to the contractor. Detailed procedures covering delegation and redelegation of contract ad- ministration functions are set forth in Part 51, Subpart 3, of the NASA Procurement Regulation. 418 PAGENO="0423" 419 Small Business -- Minority Business Enterprise NASA's Small Business Program is designed to ensure that all small businesses, including small minority firms have an equitable opportunity to participate in NASA's procurement programs, and that they do in fact receive a fair share of the resulting contract awards. The status of a business entity as "small" is determined by the criteria established for each industry by the Small Business Administration (SBA). Size standards are published in the Regulation of the Small Business Administration (Title 13, CFR Part 121). 15 Small Business The poficies and procedures of NASA's Small Business Program are published in Part 1, Subpart 7 of the NASA Procurement Reg- ufation. NASA has a Small Busi- ness Advisor at its Headquarters to represent the interests of small business before the Agency and a Small Business Specialist at each installation with a primary responsibility for fostering small business procurement opportu- nities. All proposed procure- ments are reviewed for the par- ticipation of small business, in- cluding minority business firms. When possible, specific procure- ments are set aside exclusively for small business competition. Small firms are also included in each competitive solicitation when their capabilities so indi- cate. All small firms interested in doing business with NASA are encouraged to utilize `the assist- ance and services offered by these Small Business/Minority Business Specialists identified in this handbook. Minority Business Enterprise In keeping with national policy, NASA works closely with the Office of Minority Business En- terprise (OMBE) on minority busi- ness matters and with the Small Business Administration (SBA) in assisting small firms owned and controlled by socially or econom- ically disadvantaged individuals or groups. Such disadvantage may arise from cultural, social, chronic economic circumstances or background. Such persons in- clude, but are not limited to, Black Americans, American Indi- ans, Spanish Americans, Oriental Americans, Eskimos and Aleuts. Under the provisions of Section 8(a) of the Small Business Act, the SBA may enter into contracts with NASA and other Govern- ment Agencies for supplies and services, and then subcontract noncompetitively for these re- quirements with SBA approved small disadvantaged firms. NASA gives special emphasis to identi- fying procurement requirements for referral to the SBA for match- ing with the capabilities and po- tentials of approved Section 8(a) firms. Qualifying firms interested in participating in this program should contact the nearest SBA office. The essence of NASA's Minor/f y Business Enterprise Program is set forth in 1.332 of the NASA Procurement Regulation and is PAGENO="0424" directed toward ensuring the equitable participation ot minor- ity firms in NASA prime and sub- contract opportunities. Minority firms are encouraged to contact the Small Business Specialist or Minority Business Specialist at each of the NASA installations of interest. Inquiries of NASA-wide or general interest should be di- rected to the Minority Business Officer, NASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C. 20546. Subcontracting Opportunities Recognizing that small firms often do not have the capability to pertorm as a prime contractor on the larger procurements. NASA actively promotes the in- volvement of small business at the subcontract levels. Special contract clauses are included in most NASA prime contracts which require the prime to maxi- mize small business and minor- ity business subcontracting op- portunities. Small business firms are, therefore, encouraged to identify their capabilities to NASA's major prime contractors. When a proponed procurement offers substantial subcontracting opportunities, the NASA Procure- ment Regulation requires that it be publicized in the Commerce Business Daily, identifying the firms to which the solicitation has been sent. tnleresled firms are thereby encouraged to contadi these potential primes, as may be appropriate. Small Business Administration Small business firms, especially newly formed organizations, are encouraged to contact their nearest Small Business Adminis- tration office for assistance and to learn of the many excellent programs and opportunities that are available to them. These in- clude procurement and technical assislance as well as financial and management assistance. In- quiries may also be addressed to the Small Business Administra- tion, Washington, D.C. 20416. The U.S. Government Purchasing and Sales Directory, published by the SBA lists major Federal purchasing offices, including the military services, what they buy and provides useful information on selling 10 the Government. This publication may be pur- chased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Print- ing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. 420 16 I 11h1 PAGENO="0425" 421 Scientitic and Technical Intormation 17 kdt~~t.sq NASA shares its research with others interested in advancing the state ot the art. Pabiication in NASA's technical series or in technical joarnala is encoaraged. Betore aabwitting an accoant ot NASA-sponsored research to any journai, the investigator ahoatd tarnish a copy to NASA. After pabtication, reprints shoald be provided to NASA for diatribation to the interested scientific cow- wanity. Ot coarse, special ar- rangewents want be wade in the case ot classified intorwntion. The Scientitic and Technical tn- torwation Office, NASA Nead- qnartern, in addition to its other activities in the intorwntion field, is responsible tar collecting, abstracting, annoencing, and dissewinating the reports resett- ing trow the work pertorwed by NASA and its contractors, sob- contractors, and grantees. tt is also responsible tsr locating, acqoiring, and dissewinating to the NASA cowwonity scientific and technical intorwation origi- nating ootnide the NASA cow- plex. PAGENO="0426" Distribution NASA makes available certain products at no charge on initial distribution to organizations reg- istered with NASA. Included among those are STAR, SCAN, and continuing bibliographies. Printed NASA Formal Series Documents and microfiche cop- ies of NASA and NASA-Spon- sored documents announced in STAR, are available on initial distribution from NASA upon payment of a service charge. Public libraries and Government agencies are exempt from this charge. NASA, like other information producing agencies, also pro- vides its unclassified scientific and technical publications to the National Technical Informa- tion Service, Springfield, VA 22151, for sale to the general public. Selected NASA publications are also sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Further information on NASA distribution and the forms necessary for establishing dis- tribution may be obtained by writing to: NASA Scientific & Technical Information Facility Post Office Box 8758 Baltimore/Washington International Airport Maryland 2t240 Technology Utilization The Technology Utilization Pro- gram makes available to indus- trial firms and other interested groups, the results of NASA- sponsored research and devel- opment in several ways: NASA Tech Briefs are single- page announcements of inno- vations, improvements and other types of discrete ad- vances in the state-of-the-art in any one of nine technical categories. They are available on a subscription basis from the National Technical Infor- mation Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Technology Utilization Reports describe innovations of special significance or complexity. Technology Utilization Surveys consolidate the results of NASA-sponsored research and development which advanced whole areas of technology. These publications and com- pilations, groups of related incremental technical ad- vances, are also available from the National Technical Information Service. Six Industrial Applications Centers (IAC) have been established by NASA to assist small business and the non- aerospace industrial sector in making profitable use of new knowledge resulting from aero- space research and develop- ment. Each IAC based at a university or a not-for-profit research institute, is staffed with specialists skilled in the use of computer search and retrieval techniques, and serves its clients in a variety of ways. A nominal fee is charged for these services. The Computer Software Man- agement and Information Cen- ter (COSMIC) is located at the University of Georgia. COSMIC collects all of the computer programs NASA has devel- oped (and also some of the best programs developed by other government agencies), verifies that they operate properly, and makes them available to all at a nominal fee. Program documentation is also available for evaluation prior to purchase. A catalog of over 1400 available compu- ter programs is published in the Computer Program Ab- stracts Journal. Complete information on the services and elements of NASA's Technology Utilization Program may be obtained by writing to: Oirector, Technology utilization Office Office of Industry Affairs and Technology utilization NASA Headquarters V/ashington, o.c. 20546 422 PAGENO="0427" _CflcD-~ ~ ~ z~ a C') ~ DC CD C) CDOC) -* 0 )D) ~0OCn-. 0 - 0 3 U, (a 0~ 0. ~ 0. CA~ (0 PAGENO="0428" NJ C DC-I O~ aS CD DD~ Co CD 2 0 )~Z ~O Z 2:, ° (I) U St0 h Oo PS a 0~ CJ'D ~ CD C/C 2 ~ (Do CD a CD CD :0 CD CD a DC 0 `0 3 V CD ~ C/C -o a C, - CD fl C CD ma ~ -I o = ~t Un PAGENO="0429" Headquarters Contracts Division Washington, D.C. 20546 Herbert S. Snyder, Procurement Officer As the procuring organization for Headquarters Program and Staff Offices which encompass the en- tire spectrum of NASA's pro- grams, the Contracts Division handles a wide variety of re- search, study and support con- tracts. In addition, it negotiates and awards grants for basic sci- entific research to qualified insti- tutions. An Architect-Engineer Selection Board functions at Headquarters for specialized studies and projects of the Office of ~acilities. The following are typical pro- curement requirements: for the Public Affairs Office-services relating to radio, TV., motion pictures, exhibits and publica- tions; general services-moving and trucking, operation of dupli- cating machines, graphics, train- ing courses and seminars and occupational medicine; ADP hardware, software and services; patent services; economic stud- ies, technical information serv- ices including editorial writing and foreign language transla- tions; various requirements under the Technology Utilization Pro- gram; special studies and serv- ices under the Applications, Manned Space Flight, Life Sci- ences, Aeronautics and Technol- ogy Programs. Finally, the Divi- sion has agency-wide responsi- bility for procurements involving foreign governments and foreign commercial sources. Headquarters Logistics Branch Headquarters Budget & Support Division 1411 S. Fern Street Arlington, Virginia 22202 David M. King, Procurement Officer The Logistics Branch of the Headquarters Budget & Support Division, Headquarters Adminis- tration Office, is responsible for negotiation and procurement of office supplies, furniture and equipment, and other logistical support items and/or related services. 425 21 PAGENO="0430" 426 22 Moffett Field, CA 94035 Lloyd J. Walsh, Procurement Officer Building on 34 years of major accomplish- The Center is continuing its work toward the ments, the Ames Research Center currently is detection of life on other planets. Ames heads pursuing national goals in aeronautics and the life detection team for the Viking mission space. These efforts include work on devel- to land an unmanned vehicle on Mars, now opment of vertical or short take-off and land- scheduled for launch in 1975. Center scien- ing (V/STOL) aircraft for urban-region trans- lists are investigating chemical evolution of porlation systems, conducting the first flights life on planets, including the Earth. This work to the planet Jupiter, supporting research for already appears to have traced important NASA's orbiting space station-laboratory fa- steps in the chemical processes which are duty, and for the space shuttle to man and believed to have led to the beginning of life supply the space station, on Earth. As the NASA denier with primary responsibil- ity for research in the life sciences, Ames is Ames is continuing its long-time support of conducting research into the medical prob- the Department of Defense by assisting with lems of manned flight both within the almos- the research and development of military air- phere and in space. craft. PAGENO="0431" The Center is conducting basic research toward development of new civilian aircraft as well as providing research support to other agencies and aerospace industry working in this area. Ames draws on its aeronautical, space, and life science skills to seek solutions to various other national problems, such as air and water pollution, basic medical research, and work in medical instrumentation, where pre- cise, miniaturized space research devices al- ready have proved their value in medical ap- plications for human welfare. Aeronautics Ames researchers approach flight within the atmosphere from several points: they do theoretical analyses and re- search in fluid mechanics. This work is then verified in wind tunnels, including the mas- sive 21,000 hp Mach .5 to 3.5 unitary plan tunnels. Flight concepts and characteristics of proposed aircraft are checked in actual flight with research aircraft, which can simu- late the flight of a range of types of aero- planes. Research pilots perform flight maneu- vers on the ground in flight-motion simulators, which duplicate performance of planned new aircraft. Analytical and experimental work on guidance and control is done by other re- searchers. Currently, the areas of greatest interest in aeronautics are in development of vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft for urban region tiansportation systems, and for military aircraft applications. Astronautics Work in astronautics encom- passes research in the space sciences and space flight development and operations. Space sciences include astrophysics, astron- omy, and studies of sun and interplanetary environments. Data for these studies is pro- vided by aircraft, sounding rocket, balloon, and spacecraft. The characteristics of the lunar surface and lunar interior also are studied, determined from samples returned by the Apollo astro- nauts, and by Ames-Apollo lunar surface magnetometer experiments. Planets in gen- eral, and Jupiter and Venus in particular at present are studied and/or explored. Space flight development and operations in- cludes the conception, development and op- eration of probes, orbiters, and interplanetary space systems. The conceptual part contains research in such things as materials, radiation, and me- teoroid protection. Re-entry of the shuttle vehicle into the Earth's atmosphere also is a major part of Ames space flight work. Life Sciences Ames broad program of life science research has an established reputa- tion for excellence. Typical areas are in de- velopment of flight suits, spacecraft life sup- port systems, and studies of pilot physiologi- cal and mental reactions to flight conditions. Other recent work includes the finding of a way to determine the precise structure of the body's vital protein molecules, relation of en- docrine gland secretions to stress tolerance, and effects of a year or more of simulated high gravity of life processes. Exobiology research is concerned with origin of life, life detection, fossils from primitive organisms in three billion-year-old Earth rocks, and' the ability of organisms to adjust to such extreme environments as boiling water or saturated salt solutions. 427 23 PAGENO="0432" C)) -~ 3 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~;) rn-u 3 -u 3 0 PAGENO="0433" The Procurement Office is responsible for planning, negotiating, awarding and adminis- tering contracts for data and aeronautical sys- tems plus related research hardware, admin- istrative supplies and miscellaneous support services to satisfy the Center's mission re~ quirements. This Office has compiled a listing of approxi- mately three hundred "fields of interest" in- dicating the areas of potential procurements which is available upon request, 429 25, `72-434 0 - 76 - 28 PAGENO="0434" 26 430 Greenbelt, Maryland 20771 Clifford Shorter, Procurement Officer Much of Goddards theoretical research is conducted at the Goddard institute for Space Studies located in New York City. Operated in close association with universities in that area, the institute provides supporting re- search in geophysics, astrophysics, astron- omy and meteorology to NASA and Goddard. p The Goddard Space Flight Center established by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration on May 1, 195~ is named after the father of American Rocketry, Robert H. Goddard. The Center is located in Greenbett, Maryland, about ten miles northeast of Wash- ington. D.C. it is the first major United States laboratory devoted entirely to the investiga- lion and exploration of space. II is responsi- ble for: developing unmanned orbiting satel- lites in the interest of basic and applied sci- ence; creating sounding rocket experiments; and operating NASA's world-wide network of tracking stations which support manned and unmanned scientific space missions. more than 80 scientific satellites and approxi- mately 1,800 sounding rockets to study the mysteries of earth-sun relationships, the, na- ture of near-earth space and the universe. The Center's scientific staff is concerned pri- marily with research into magnetic fields, energetic particles, ionospheres and radio physics, planetary atmospheres, meteorology, interplanetary matter, solar physics, and as- tronomy. Goddard, working closely with the scientific community here and abroad, has launched PAGENO="0435" Special emphasis in the meteorological area is now being placed on participation in the multination global atmospheric research pro- gram. An important area of interest to NASA is God- dard's applications satellite program. From this program arose the LANDSAT, formerly Earth Resources Technology Satellite, a modi- fied version of its forerunners the NIMBUS experimental weather satellite and the TIROS Operational (weather)/System (TOS). LAND- SAT scans the earth's surface every 18 days gathering a wide range of earth re- source survey information. Another applica- tions satellite is the Synchronous Meterologi- cal Satellite (SMS-1). This satellite takes day and night pictures of the Western Hemisphere every thirty minutes, receives and transmits environmental information from data collec- tion platforms, transmits and relays weather data and pictures to receiving stations, and monitors solar flare activity for future space- craft and supersonic aircraft flights. In the area of communications satellites, God- dard helped develop Echo, the passive com- munications balloon, and Relay and Syncom, which amplify and rebroadcast radio signals back to earth, The Syncom concept has been employed in the "Early Bird" communications satellite. "Early Bird" transmitted the first U.S-to-Europe television picture on May 2, 1965. Since this beginning a succession of spacecraft, based on Goddard developed technology, have been placed into geosyn- chronous orbit making global satellite com- munications an everyday reality. Four Intelsat lV's geostationary over the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, serve more than 50 na- tions around the world. Canada's ANIK I and II plus Western Union's WESTAR A and B are examples of technology utilization having its developmental roots at Goddard. GSFC's more recently launched Applications Tech- nology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) is the culmination of state-of-the-art communications satellite techniques reaching back to SCORE, the first true communications satellite, which rebroad- cast to earth an on-board tape recording of President Eisenhower's Christmas message in 1958. ATS-6 is currently transmitting educa- tional, medical, and experimental programs throughout remote regions of the United States. Future plans call for similar transmis- sions through the spacecraft to assist India in its developmental programs. Goddard is responsible for management and operation of the NASA Spaceflight Tracking and Data Acquisition Network (STDN), sup- porting both manned and unmanned missions primarily in near earth orbit and at lunar dis- tances. The STDN stations are located in the U.S. and in several foreign jurisdictions. The Mission Control Centers for the network and for individual projects are located at God- dard. Goddard also conducts research and development on tracking and data acquisi- tion systems and techniques. During manned flights the STDN supports the astronauts by linking them with the Mission Control Center in Houston and the recovery fleet deployed on three oceans. The NASA Communications Network (NAS- COM), also managed by Goddard, is the com- munications system between the network sta- tions, the mission control centers; and both manned and unmanned spacecraft. Goddard is also the home of the National Space Science Data Center. This facility, housing banks of high speed computers, is the central repository for the data collected from space science flight experiments. The data provides the basis for studies to increase our understanding of basic phenomena and to illuminate the need for new investigative approaches to achieve further progress. 431 27 31 PAGENO="0436" 28 432 Houston, Texas 77058 James L. Neal, Procurement Officer _-i~: ~J~---- The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center is a focal point of the nation's manned spacef light activities, including spacecraft development, program management, crew training, space tlight operations, and related medical re- search and life sciences. The Center is also responsible for conducting investigations of lunar science, space science and earth re- sources technology and application. The major programs which have been assigned to the JSC include Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Apollo/Soyuz Space Shuttle, and Earth Res2urces. All programs involve tre- mendous amounts of materials and services which must be obtained from outside the Government. Equal opportunities exist for small or large business enterprises and non- profit institutions to participate in the furnish- pg of these requirements. Material needs range from raw materials and commercial items to sophisticated spacecraft; while serv- ices range from housekeeping to engineer- ing, medical and scientific capabilities. PAGENO="0437" Even though some of these programs have been completed, continuing like requirements will exist in support of the following future programs: ~ THE SPACE SHUTTLE is a reusable space airplane that will carry satellites and scientific payloads into orbit and which can serve as a service platform for repairing satellites in orbit or it can bring them home for repair. One of the many payloads foreseen for Space Shut- tle will be Spacelab-a manned scien- tific space station that is being devel- oped by a consortium of 10 European countries who are members of the Euro- pean Space Research Organization (ESRO). 433 n THE APOLLO/SQYUZ TEST PROJECT will utilize Apollo hardware to rendez- vous and dock with a Soyuz spacecraft launched from the Soviet Union for joint space experiments and crew exchange. ~ NASA's EARTH RESOURCES PROGRAM is a part of the experimental Federal Earth Resources Survey Program. Appli- cations include techniques for improved identification and use of mineral and land resources, marine and water resources, mapping and charting, urban land use, and agricultural and forestry resources. 29 PAGENO="0438" 30 434 Kennedy Space Center, Fta. 32899 William M. Lohae, Procurement Officer PAGENO="0439" The John F. Kennedy Space Center is the major NASA launch organization for manned and unmanned space missions. As NASA's lead launch center, KSC launched the Apollo and Skylab space vehicles and has responsibility for the Saturn lB/Apollo con- nected with the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, the joint United States-Soviet Union manned mission of mid-1975. In addition, it launches a wide variety of unmanned scientific, com- munications and weather satellites and space- craft, including space probes conducting un- manned explorations of the planets. The Cen- ter has been designated the prime launch and recovery site for the reusable Space Shuttle, scheduled for its first launch into orbit in 1979. Supporting this primary mission are a host of technical and administrative activities. These include design engineering; testing, assem- bly, and checkout of launch vehicles and spacecraft; launch operations; and purchas- ing and contracting. 435 The Center also has jurisdiction over NASA launches conducted from the Western Test Range in California. The Center, in addition, provides technical and administrative support in the following areas: (1) Programming, integrating, and fulfill- ing user requirements for general-pur- pose facilities such as offices, ware- houses, maintenance buildings, utilities, and roads. (2) Designing and constructing all NASA facilities at the Space Center to meet users' functional requirements. (3) Integrating NASA ground support equipment at the launch sites for various space systems. (4) Representing NASA in coordinating with the U.S. Air Force in matters pertain- ing to tracking and data acquisition, and in making arrangements for tracking and data services and support required for operation of all NASA activities at KSC. PAGENO="0440" 32 436 Aeronautics has been a Langley specialty for almost 60 years. Now receiving increased em- phasis in NASA, aeronautical research in all speed ranges accounts for about 55 percent of Langley's work, Specific programs concern Hampton, Virginia 23665 Sherwood L. Butler, Procurement Officer The Langley Research Center conducts ex- tensive investigations in aeronautics, space technology, electronics, structures, and man- ages for NASA the Viking Project that will send two spacecraft to land on the surface of Mars in 1976. vertical and short take-off and tanding (V/ STOL) transport aircraft, transonic transports, transonic and supersonic fighters and bomb- ers, and advanced technology transports. The Center is active in research of hypersonic power plants and aircraft designs for hyper- sonic aircraft of the future. One of the Cen- ter's newest programs involves a Rotor Sys- tems Research Aircraft (RSRA), in which advanced helicopter systems are being jointly studied by Langley and the U.S. Army. PAGENO="0441" Langley's expertise in electronics may be NASA's strongest in-house resource of elec- tronics technology. Instrument research sup- ports automated data reduction for wind tun- nels and other facilities, Increased emphasis on avionics is exemplified by the Terminal Configured Vehicle (TCV) Program, which uses a modified 737 aircraft as a flying ex- perimental research laboratory for advanced air traffic control techniques. There is in- creased activity in the development of appli- cation sensors, and Langley maintains a strong computer capacity for advanced simu- lation support, analytical studies and data handling. A new STAR computer system, de- signed to greatly increase Center capabilities, is being installed at Langley's computer com- plex. Langley's work in structures is directed to re- search in materials, structures and loads. Composites for weight reduction in aircraft and Space Shuttle structures are of particu- lar interest, as are thermal protection mate- rials. Considerable effort is given to research on high-temperature structures for Shuttle and other hypersonic vehicles, and to devel- oping advanced automated design methods for large structural systems. Flight and land- ing loads, aeroelasficity and noise reduction work are of considerable interest. A new Air- craft Noise Reduction Laboratory (ANRL) gives Langley a unique facility in which to study many facets of aircraft noise and how to reduce it. Space technology is a fourth area of major research at Langley, with strong emphasis on support of NASA efforts in development of the Space Shuttle and Shuttle payloads. Ex- tensive Shuttle configuration work has been complemented by research in life support systems. New Langley work includes research in environmental, energy and space sciences fields, Langley also manages for NASA the solid-fueled Scout launch vehicles, able to put small payloads into Earth orbit or into deep apace. The Viking Project is the largest single pro- gram under Langley management. Two un- manned spacecraft, each consisting of an Orbiter and a Lander, will reach Mars orbit in the summer of 1976. The two Landers will touch down on the Martian surface to conduct several kinds of scientific experiments, in- cluding one that will seek some form of life on the planet. 437 33 35 PAGENO="0442" 34 438 Work in aeronautics and space propulsion, electric power generating systems materials, basic research, and management of two key launch vehicles, the Atlas-Centaur and the Titan-Centaur, falls viithin the purview of NASA's Lewis Research Center. Aeronautics activities at Lewis are aimed principally at development of engines which will operate as quietly, cleanly, and efficiently as possible. Higher by-pass ratio engines and acoustic treatment are contributing to noise reductions. Cleaner combustors are reducing much of the harmful pollutants from jet en- gines. In a Global Air Sampling Program, pol- lutants in international airways are being measured. Propulsive lift concepts are being explored for aircraft which will take-off and 21000 Brookpark Road Cleveland, Ohio 44135 F. Hamilton Stickney, Procurement Officer Research on propulsion for spacecraft em- phasizes electric rocket engine technology, hydrogen-oxygen systems for the Space Shut- tle, and other high energy propellants; Man- agement of NASA's Atlas-Centaur and Titan- Centaur rockets is a major activity. Centaur, which can orbit about five tons, serves as a workhorse to carry many scientific, planetary and application payloads, including commer- cial satellites, into space. The Titan-Centaur with its greater payload capability is being readied for the Mars-landing Viking mission and other high energy missions. land in short distances and will meet a need for short haul transportation. Advancements in general aviation and supersonic propulsion also are being made. PAGENO="0443" Lewis' experience in developing large sys- tems for generating electric power in space is being turned to practical applications on Earth as well. In support of the Solar Energy Program, scientists are working on wind energy systems which will be competitive with conventional power plants, and reliable. An experimental windmill capable of produc- ing 100 kilowatts of electricity is to begin operating in mid-1975 at NASA's Plum Brook Station. Solar collectors, devices which trap sunlight and heat water which could be used to air condition homes or buildings, are being tested at Lewis. The most efficient collectors will be installed on a one-story office building at Langley Research Center for heating and cooling. Engineers also are studying alterna- tive fuels for jet aircraft, specifically those derived from oil shale and coal, and are evalu- ating advanced energy conversion systems which use coal as fuel. Solar cells are being used in new ways to power weather stations and instruments in remote locations. A high performance mail truck powered by NASA- 439 improved batteries is being developed in cooperation with the Post Office. In addition, basic and applied research is conducted on materials and metallurgy; cryo- genic and liquid-metal heat-transfer fluids; pumps and turbines; combustion processes, propellants, tankage, injectors, chambers and nozzles; system control dynamics; plasmas and magnetohydrodynamics. Major research tools and facilities at Lewis are designed to simulate various flight con- ditions, and include atmospheric wind tunnels and space environment facilities. Specialized experimental facilities include vacuum elec- tron-beam furnaces for refinement of tungsten, a zero-gravity drop tower, chemical-rocket static thrust stands and chambers for testing jet engines efficiency and noise. Facilities at Lewis' Plum Brook Station include large space chambers, a nuclear reactor, and test stands, placed in standby condition. Plum Brook facilities are available for use by other agencies and industry. PAGENO="0444" 36 440 Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812 Garland G. Buckner, Procurement Officer Management responsibility for the Skylab Program and moat of the experiments was assigned to the Marshall Center. Skylab was the first manned space flight program devel- oped specifically to carry activities and equip- ment aimed at improving man's life on earth. Over 100 experiments were operated in space involving around five general areas of experi- mentation: earth observations and enyiron- The Marshall Center is presently active in the following programs: ~SPACE SHUTTLE. The primary design and operations goal for the Space Shut- tle Program is to provide low-cost trans- portation to and from earth orbit. The Center is responsible for the design, de- velopment, test, and evaluation of: (1) Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME); (2) Solid Rocket Booster (SRB); (3) Solid Rocket Motor (SRM); and (4) External Following its formation on July 1, 1960, the mental studies around the spaceship; solar major task of the Marshall Space Flight Cen- physics; space processing; stellar, comet and ter was the development of Saturn boosters. airglow (around the earth) observations; and Successful performance of the Saturn V and student experiments. Saturn lB continued for the duration of the Apollo Program, which included the first lunar landing by man on July 20, 1969. PAGENO="0445" S Tank (ET). Spacelabs will be carried aloft by the Shuttle in support of manned orbi- tal operations. Free-flying or automated satellites will be deployed and recovered from many types of orbits. Automated satellites with propulsive stages will be deployed from the Space Shuttle and placed in high-energy trajectories. S APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was provided for by the U.S-U.S.S.R. Agreement Con- cerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space signed in Mos- cow May 24, 1972. The Marshall Center is responsible for the Saturn lB launch vehicle and various experiments to be performed during this mission. S HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVA- TORY (HEAO). The HEAO Project will search for and obtain high resolution data concerning high energy radiation from space (i.e., celestial X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic ray flux) by means of large unmanned earth orbiting observa- tories which will be built, launched, and operated as independent missions with complementary mission objectives and scientific experiments. The HEAO Project as presently contemplated is divided into groups of missions called "blocks." Blocks observatories will use the Atlas! Centaur as the launch vehicle whereas Block II will utilize the Space Shuttle. * LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE. NASA's Large Space Telescope (LST) is a large multi-purpose optical telescope, when placed in earth orbit will enable scien- tists to gaze deep into space, possibly to the outer edges of the universe, and to detect objects 50 times fainter than the best earth based telescopes. The LST will be launched by the Space Shuttle which will also serve as a base from which astronauts may make repairs and possibly replace instrument packages for new experiments. The Shuttle can also bring the LST back to earth, if neces- sary, for extensive maintenance or over- haul. Project management of LST has been assigned this Center, with partici- pation by the Goddard Space Flight Cen- ter and other NASA Centers. Scientific guidance will be provided by participat- ing astronomers and scientists from uni- versities and observatories. *SPACELAB. Spacelab is a spaceborne laboratory being built by the European Space Research Organization (ESRO) and will be a major element of the Space Shuttle system being developed to trans- port people and material more economi- cally and routinely between the ground and earth orbit. The Spacelab Program lays a basis for greatly expanded interna- tional space participation. MSFC has been assigned the lead Center role within NASA for this international program. S SPACE TUG. The Space Tug will be a reusable vehicle designed to augment the performance of the basic Shuttle capability. It will have payload retrieval and in-orbit servicing capability to the extent deemed economically effective. Marshall is the lead Center for manage- ment and coordination of the NASA In- termediate Upper Stage!Space Tug. S LAGEOS. Marshall is responsible for the development of the LAGEOS satellite to be used as a "standard" in acquiring accurate data on earth phenomena. LAGEOS is part of a study known as Earth and Ocean Physics Applications Program. SREDSHIFT. The Center has the project management assignment for the Gravita- tional Redshift Space Probe which pro- vides the experiment payload to test the principle of equivalence, an assumption that Albert Einstein took as the corner- stone of his general theory of relativity. S SOLAR HEATING ANO COOLING SYS- TEMS. The Marshall Center has responsi- bility to manage the design, develop- ment, and testing leading to the demon- stration of solar heating and cooling sys- tems and subsystems for single!multiple dwellings and commercial applications. The Marshall Center also directs the opera- tion of the Michoud Assembly Facility located in New Orleans, Louisiana, which provides plant facilities for the production, mainte- nance and logistics for the External Tank and components as an integral part of the Shuttle Program, and plant facilities for the mainte- nance and storage of Saturn launch vehicle stages. 441 37 PAGENO="0446" 38 442 Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39520 William L. Goodrich, Procurement Officer NASA's newest Field Installation, the National Space Technology Laboratories (NSTL), evolved from the former Mississippi Test Fa- cility (MTF) which had been constructed, ac- tivated, and operated during the sixties for acceptance testing of the booster stages of the Saturn V rocket system. The redesigns- tion by NASA of MTF to the new NSTL in June 1974, recognized the expanded role the installation was playing in the nation's space and environmental technology efforts in addi- tion to remaining the prime static test facility for large liquid propellant rocket engine sys- tems. The redesignation further recognized Today there is in residence at the NSTL a rude variety of organizational elements of Federal, State, and University agencies and departments, who, together with elements of NASA, form a scientific and technical commu- nity, each pursuing their own programmatic objectives but who, collectively, produce a space and environmental data base for tech- nology interchange. the increasing numbers of NASA and non- NASA programs being accomplished by resi- dent elements at the facility. PAGENO="0447" Agencies presently co-located at the NSTL include the following: ~ Department of Interior National Science Center, National Park Service EROS User Assistance Center, U.S. Geological Survey Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center, U.S. Geological Survey Atchafalaya Basin Project Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U Department of Commerce, National Oce- anic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA Data Buoy Office, National Ocean Survey National Oceanographic Instrumen- tation Center, National Ocean Survey Fisheries Engineering Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center, National Weather Service U Environmental Protection Agency National Pesticide Monitoring Labo- ratory Pesticide Regulation Chemistry Lab- oratory Lower Mississippi River Field Facil- ity, Region VI U Department of Transportation Atlantic Fleet-Gulf Coast Strike Team, U.S. Coast Guard Department of Defense Edgewood Arsenal Resident Labora- tory, Department of the Army U State of Mississippi Office of Science Advisor, Office of Governor NSTL Research Station, Mississippi State University NASA/NSTL is charged with management of the real and installed property and the equip- ment comprising the NSTL included within its 139,000 acres of fee-owned or leased land; more than 50 permanent buildings; 35 miles of highways and roads, 71/2 miles of canals, and its state-of-the-art laboratories, shops, technical systems, and facilities. In addition, NASA/NSTL performs as the "host" agency to all resident agencies in accordance with terms of NASA program assignments and of interagency agreements in support of mission accomplishment by providing: * assigned office, laboratory, and shop space, equipment and facilities; * operation of dedicated test ranges or facilities; * management and performance of se- lected project tasks; * wide range of centralized craft, tech- nical and scientific services. Included in the services administered by NSTL are property management, engineering control, inventory supply operations, medical and sanitation, food, site transportation, mail and messenger, library, roads and grounds maintenance, utilities, security, fire protec- tion, facility and equipment repair, equipment fabrication, design engineering, systems en- gineering, data systems applications, applied sciences, data processing and validation, photographic acquisition and processing, radiographic processing and interpretation, biological and chemical testing, metallurgi- cal testing, instrument and equipment calibra- tion, communications, technical writing, edit- ing, graphic arts, reproduction, ecological test operations, hydrological test operations, rocket support range operations, hazards range operations and others. 443 39 U State of Louisiana Louisiana State Science Foundation PAGENO="0448" 40 444 Wallops Island, Virginia 23337 Louis T. Birch, Procurement Officer !1I'~ -- / `1 \ i/ / / One of the oldest and busiest ranges in the world, Wallops has been conducting rocket borne experiments since its establishment by NACA in 1945. The Island obtained its name almost three hundred years ago from a John Wallop who was appointed Deputy Surveyor of Virginia by Colonel Edmund Scarburgh in the 17th Century. Wallops Flight Center is responsible for plan- ning and conducting applied research and development viith emphasis on scientific pay. toad development, instrumentation, facilities and techniques utilized in rocket borne ex- periments, aeronautical and terminal area re- search projects and ecological studies. Wallops prepares, assembles, launches, tracks and acquires scientific information from space vehicles. Its facilities are utilized by the scientists and engineers from the labora- tories and research centers of NASA, other governmental agencies, colleges and univer- sities, and the worldwide scientific commu- nity. Wallops Flight Center personnel assist these scientific research teams with their projects; develop, as necessary, special types of instrumentation and equipment to com- plete the mission and manage NASA research projects. Research at Wallops is directed toward gath- ering information about the earth's atmos- PAGENO="0449" phere and its near space environment. The Center utilizes launch vehicles ranging in size tram the small 6-feat Boosted Dart me- teorological rackets to the 72-feat Scout racket with orbital capability in obtaining sci- entific data about the atmosphere and the near space environment. Seventeen satellites have been launched. Wallops Flight Center has launched over 8,000 research vehicles consisting of from one to seven stages in the quest for scientific knowledge. The Center continues to be quite active with on-going small rocket projects and other important re- search activities. The range schedule denotes changes of emphasis such as decreases in utilizing the large expensive rocket types for space research efforts to a respectful in- crease in test and analysis projects related to aeronautical research and, also earth re- sources, earth physics, and ecologically- oriented programs. The Wallops Flight Center Research Airport is utilized as a laboratory in which experi- ments involving the aircraft/airport interface from descent into the terminal area, approach, and landing, are conducted. These experiments include control and guid- ance, aerodynamics, noise, propulsion, han- dling qualities, airport approach and landing systems, and runway/aircraft interactions. The airport is also utilized for projects involv- ing surface vehicle braking systems, tire and vehicle noise, and facility studies involving pavement grooving and surface texturing and coating to alleviate hydroplaning of both air- craft and surface vehicles. In addition to aeronautical research activities, the Center operates several transport type aircraft and a helicopter to provide program support to range launch activities and to the Center's Applications program of remote sensing of resources and physical character- istics of the earth. Wallops exercises project management re- sponsibility for several NASA sponsored proj- ects such as GEOS-C project, the Experimen- tal Inter-American Meteorological Rocket Network (EXAMETNET), selected portions of the SESAT-A Project, such as, development of a precision radar altimeter to map the global ocean geotd and global monitoring of wave height and the development of the SESAT-A Sensor Module Systems, operation of remote site launching and tracking facili- ties, and operation of NASA's portable range facilities for sounding rockets. The Center is also responsible for a portion of the National Sounding Rocket Program. This requires interface with the scientific, uni- versity and international community; engi- neering support including analytical, feasibil- ity, and design studies, payload, vehicles and recovery system engineering, test and evalua- tion; and data analysis and reporting. A portion of the Center's effort is devoted to NASA's program of international cooperation in space research. Foreign countries are pro- vided with training programs for their person- nel, assistance in activation of launch sites, and with technical assistance and advice in launching experiments and in operation of their ranges. Representatives of foreign coun- tries have visited Wallops Flight Center to ob- serve operations or seek assistance in estab- lishing sounding rocket facilities of their own. Wallops is also involved in the applications of remote sensing from aircraft and space plat- forms in the Chesapeake Bay Area. As part of the program, the Center is working closely with user groups to develop remote sensing analysts and monitoring techniques for study- ing the ecology of the area, Also, in conjunction with the Earth Resources Program, Wallops Flight Center is developing a tong range plan for promoting the Chesa- peake Bay region as an area of potential ap- plications of multi-spectral remote sensing from aircraft and spacecraft. 445 72-434 0 - `76 - 29 PAGENO="0450" 42 446 Pasadena, California 91103 Allen T. Burke, Procurement Officer The NASA Pasadena Oflice represents NASA in the Southern California area. This office re- ports directly to the Associate Administrator for Center Operations (AC), NASA Headquar- ters. The Office's responsibilities are to: (1) Negotiate and administer the prime contract with the California Institute of Technology for the operation of the Gov- ernment owned facility, the Jet Propul- sion Laboratory (JPL). PAGENO="0451" (2) Negotiate and administer Delta Space Vehicle, Launch Service and Facility contracts; and to negotiate and adminis- ter other contracts in support of the Delta Launch Vehicle Program. (3) Negotiate and administer contracts for the supply of liquid hydrogen in sup- port of NASA and other Government agency projects; and for the supply of other pressurants and propellants as as- signed, and other support type contracts. (4) Provide legal advice and assistance to contracting officers on all patent, new technology, copyright, trademarks, and rights in technical matters, and to admin- ister patent and new technology clauses in contracts; and to conduct the technol- ogy utilization program. Provide Patent Counsel service to NASA Flight Research Center. (5) Provide technical support to the NASA Pasadena Office and the Jet Pro- pulsion Laboratory in reliability and qual- ity assurance matters. (6) Monitor JPL facilities planning, de- sign, construction, utilization, operation and maintenance; and to manage the Government-furnished property program. (7) Provide system safety engineering support for JPL flight and tracking proj- ects; and to provide security require- ments for NASA contracts. (8) Negotiates and administers grants for basic research with educational institu- tions. (9) Provide the NASA interface with the Southern California industrial, profes- sional and educational communities. 447 43 PAGENO="0452" 448 44 California Institute of Technology 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, California 91103 Darya T. Gant, Procurement Officer The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a Gov- ernment-ovined research and development f a- cility operated for NASA by lhe California In- stitute of Technology. The Laboratory carries out research programs and flight projects for NASA, and conceives and executes advanced developmenl and experimental engineering investigations to further the technology re- quired for the Nations space program. Al- though a contractor, JPL works under close direction of NASA Headquarters and receives support from NASA's Pasadena Office in exe- cuting specific tasks and projects. Primary emphasis of the Laboratory's efforts is on lunar, planetary, and deep-space auto- mated scientific missions. fn pursuit of this endeavor the following programs are of his- torical significance to JPL: Ranger obtained close-up photographs of the moon; Mariner obtained photographs of Mars and gathered scientific data of Venus atmosphere; and Sur- veyor soft landed on the moon. Projects dur- ing the early 1970's included exploration of Mars with the Mariner 1971 and responsibil- ity for the Orbiter spacecraft with the project Viking in 1975. JPL was also responsible for the Venus/Mercury 1973 mission. JPL is also responsible for the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission. PAGENO="0453" JPL coordinates efforts in the application of space technology to problems of critical na- tional interest such as biomedical engineer- ing, public safety, environmental systems, transportation, law enforcement, city and school management. JPL is responsible for management and operation of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN). The DSN provides Earth-based sup- port to all unmanned missions at lunar and planetary distances. DSN stations are located at Goldstone in the Southern California desert, Canberra, Australia, and Madrid, Spain. The stations and the JPL Mission Computing and Control Center are linked together by the NASA Communications Net- work (NASCOM). JPL also conducts research and development on tracking and data acqui- sition systems and techniques. Most missions are conducted from the mis- sion computing and control center, where the tracking and performance information is proc- essed, analyzed, and studied, the motion and condition of the spacecraft are determined, decisions are made, and commands are gen- erated for transmission to the spacecraft. Supporting research and advanced develop- ment are conducted in electric propulsion, nuclear power, chemical propulsion, aero- thermodynamics, fluid physics and electro- physics, applied mathematics, space power generation, opticat and radio astronomy, planetary atmospheres, fields and particles, long-range communications, guidance and control, and systems simulation and analysis techniques. These programs make substantial contributions to NASA programs in propul- sion, tracking and data acquisition, and lunar and planetary exploration. Geophysical instruments, resulting from ad- vanced studies conducted at the Laboratory, have been landed on the moon. Theoretical studies of planetary atmospheres and analy- sis of particles and fields in deep space from telemetered data are examples of the re- search and development in process. 449 45 PAGENO="0454" 450 46 NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS- INDUSTRY ASSISTANCE PERSONNEL NASA HEADQUARTERS - WASHINGTON, DC 20546 Small Business Advisor (Industry Assistance) K. J. Kier (202) 755-2288 Minority Business Officer E. D. Rosen 755-2288 HEADQUARTERS CONTRACTS Dl VISION J. T. Davis (202) 755-3382 AMES RESEARCH CENTER R. H. Wilson (514) 965-5800 Moffett Field, CA 94035 FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER C. I. Dishman (805) 258-3311 Edwards, CA 93523 Ext. 796 GODDARD,SPACE FL1GHT CENTER R. C. Smaldore (301) 982.5416 Greenbelt, MD 20771 A. Wolter * (301) 982-6871 KENNEDY SPACE CENTER B. J. Dryer (305) 867-7353 Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899 LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER J. F. Braig (804) 827-39~9 Hampton, VA 23365 LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER L. P. Kelley (216) 433-4000 Cleveland, OH 44135 Ext. 543 JOHNSON SPACE CENTER H. T. Christman (713) 483-4511 Houston, TX 77058 . J. R. Perez (713) 483-5473 MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER G. D. Ridgeway (205) 453-2675 Huntsville, AL 35812 C. Walker * (205) 453-4200 NATIONAL SPACE TECHNOLOGY J. E. Davis (601) 688-3680 LABORATORI ES Bay St. Louis, MS 39520 WALLOPS FLiGHT CENTER E. R. Scott (804) 824-3411 Wallops Island, VA 23337 Ext. 542 NASA PASADENA OFFICE D. E. Biggs (213) 354-6051 Pasadena,CA 91103 JET PROPULSlON LABORATORY W. H. Anderson (213) 354-6941 Pasadena, CA 91103 J. C. Calhoun (213) 354-3130 *Minority Business Specialist: Unless specifically indicated, the Minority Business function is performed by the Small Business Specialist-Industry Assistance Officer at each location. PAGENO="0455" 451 47 Fl! Il ~! NA bl UIAITUS (l~pl~d~ ~d ZIP I~) ?T~CNN (!,~I~d. ~d LIP ~`dp~ TA AN TIC TNT ANN RN TI RE 11111 (I[dflY'I fA,I iSlE I) ~ 2 OF~AR~ANIZAHAN (~`~Y) IAN (Yp~sTIs, ITICTIR. RAId If Rff!I:IIAYY. STI dEfII I' RE A II IA! If lIb lI~ I fill ill (I) RAIL (b): I 11. FLOOR SPACE (S1IIAAJPYI) 12. NET IIYRTA 13. SECURITY CLEARANCE (If opplilIIAIP, IEEE! AIfIA(IT EIEUAUIIIE THIS SPACE FOR USE BY THE GOVERNMENT CERTIFICATION PAGENO="0456" 48 452 [Reverse of SF 129] INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS Persons or concerns wishing to be added to a particular agency's bidder's mailing list for supplies or services shall file this properly completed and certified Bidder's Mailing List Application, together with such other lists as may be attached to the applica- two form, with each procurement office of the Federal agency with which they desire to do business. If a Federal agency has at- tached a supplemental Commodity List with instructions, complete the application as instructed. Otherwise, identify in Item 8 the equipment, suppbes, and/or services on which you desire to bid. The ayp!ication shall be submitted and signed by the prin- cipal as distinguished from an agent, however constituted. After placement on the bidder's mailing bst of an agency, a supplier's failure to respond (submission of bid, or notice in writ- ing, that you are onable to bid on that particular transaction but wish to remain on the active bidder's mailing list for that particu- lar tem) to Invitahons for Bids wdl be understood by the agency to indicate lath of interest and concurrenoe in rho removal of the supplier's name from the purchasing activity's bidder's mailing list for the item sconcerne d. TYPE OF BUSINESS DEFINITIONS ISee Item No. 91 A. MANUFACTURER OR PRODUCER means a person (or con- cern) owning, operating, or maintaining a factory or estab- lishment that produces, on the premises, the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment of the general character of those listed in Item No. 8, or in the Federal Agency's supple- mental Commodity List, if attached. B. REGULAR DEALER (Type I) means a person (or concern) who owns, operates, or maintains a store, warehouse, or other establishment in which the materials, supplies, articles, or equipment of the general character fisted in Item No. 8 or in the Federal Agency's supplemental Commodity List, if attached, are bought, hept in stock, and sold to Ihe public in the usual course of business. C. REGULAR DEALER (Type 2) in the case of supplies of par- ticular kinds (at present, petroleum, lumber and timber products, machine tools, raw cotton, green coffee, hay, grain, toed, or straw, agricultural liming materials, tea, raw or unmanufactured cotton linters). "REGULAR DEALER" means a person (or concern) satisfying the requirements of the regulations (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 41, 50- 201.101(b)) as amended from time to time, prescribed by the Secretary of Labor under the Walsh-Healey Public Con- tracts Act (Title 41 U.S. Code 35-45). For coal dealers, see Code of Federal Regulations, Title 41, 50-201.604(a). D. SERVICE ESTABLISHMENT means a concern (or person) which owns, operates, or maintains any type of business which is principallyengaged in the furnishing of tonpersonal services, such as (but not limited to) repairing, cleaning, re- decorating, or rental of personal property, including the furnishing of necessary repair parts or other supplies as part of the services performed. E. CONSTRUCTION CONCERN means a concert (or person) engaged in construction, alteralion or repair (including dredging, eocavating, and painting) of buildings, structures or other real property. DEFINITIONS RELATING TO SIZE OF BUSINESS A. SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN. A small business concern for the purpose of Government procurement is a concert, including its affiliates, which 5 independently owned and operated, is not dominant in the field of operation in which it is bidding on Government contracts and can further quahfy under the criteria concerning number of employees, average annual receipts, or other criteria, as prescribed by the Small Business Administration. (See Code of Federal Regulations, Title 13, Part 121, as amended, which contains detailed industry dehnitions and related procedures.) B. AFFILIATES. Business concerns are affiliates of each other when either directly or indirectly (i) one concern controls or has the power to control the other, or (ii) a third party con- trols or has the power to control both. In determining whether concerns are independently owned and operated and whether or not affiliation eoists, consideration is given to all appropriate factors including common ownership, com- mon management, and confraclual relafonship. (See Items Nos. 6 and 10.) C. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES. In connection with the deter- mination of small business status, "number of employees" means the average employment of any concern, including the employees of its domestic and ftreign affiliates, based on the number of persons employed on a full-time, part-time, temporary, or any other basis during the pay period ending nearest the last day of the third month in each calendar quarter for the preceding four qourters. If a concern has not been ceo istence for four lull calendar quarters, "num- ber of employees" means the average employment of SuCh concern and its affiliates during the period such concern has been in eoistence based on the number of persons employed during the pay period ending nearest the last day of each month. (See Item No. 10.) COMMERCE BUSINESS DAILY The Commerce Business Daily, published by the Department of Commerce, contains information concerning proposed pro- curements. sales, and contract awards. For further informa- tion concerning this publication, contact your local Commerce Field Office. PAGENO="0457" NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION DMINISTRAfÔ~ DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR ASSOCIATE ~DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR ___ H AOV~ORY MANAG~ENT~ ___ __ __ ~:~:J D~i~ ~ I ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR L~(©~L:~J~J L:á:I~ L~!~:i HT?:Ek~E1 ~L~!EJ A~OCtA1 ADMINISTRATOR HPPLICA~ONS 1 ______ L~i~ AERONAUTICS AND SPACE L~INOLOGY L~4!!~rJ ~~G4~J ____ L!~F SPACE FLIG~ ~ L~i~:i :~:~:H SPAC?~T ~~_1~__ __ 1 PAGENO="0458" 454 PAGENO="0459" 455 Senator HATHAWAY. Let me ask you a question. On page 2 of your testimony, you indicated that you are unable to accurately trace the subcontractor awards. Admiral WOODFIN. Yes, in the research area. We have overall sub- contracting statistics, but we just do not have good statistical data on subcontracting with small business for R. & D. I can give you one type of general statistic. As you may know NASA dollars are mostly R. & D. dollars; most of our appropriation is in that area. We do have overall small business subcontract data which shows that the small business subcontracting trend has moved from 5 to 7 to 9 percent of the prime contract dollars over the last 3 years. Since most of these procurements are funded from NASA's B. & D. appropriation, these subcontract percentages provide a fair measure of small business B. & D. in our business. I think we are following about as aggressive an approach as we know how. Dealing with our prime contractors in this area, we are not comfortable with the state- ment that they have a program. I might add, that is not terribly meaningful sometimes. That can mean one representative on a pro- curement staff. are looking very hard at their actual program, we ask, "What are your planned procurements? Show us the subcontractors in- volved." We are looking at this, both in the proposal and perform- ance stages of our contracts. Senator HATHAWAY. You are getting data? Admiral W00DFIN. Yes, sir, but we do have a little trouble tying it down to the magic word "research." That is a complex thing in our business, since nearly all of our procurements from the B. & D. ap- propriation is for some kind of research. Senator HATHAWAY. How much staff do you have working on small business contracts? Admiral W00DF1N. We are very decentralized, Senator. We only have a small staff of three people at headquarters. Each of our cen- ters, where all of our real buying goes on, has a fairly good-sized staff, usually four people in the area. Of course, these staffs usually share a minority responsibility along with the small business, usually two functions in those offices. Senator HATHAWAY. Has NASA set up any goals or is it thinking about setting up any goals for small business? Admiral WOODFIN. In B. & D.? Senator HATHAWAY. Contracting and B. & D. Admiral W00DFIN. No, sir, not specifically. I do not think we see exactly the same type problem that Defense does, since Defense has so much in the way of production business. Most of our business is R. & D. We have been able to set overall NASA goals, and those tend to coalesce nicely with the total R. & D. picture. We are looking at both, an improving percent and dollar amount each year. We have not set specific numbers for small business, but we expect positive trends, and we are seeing a steady increase in recent years. Our major payoff in achieving these positive results is a combination of greater enforcement of our direct small business contracting program, and in the case of our large prime contractors, we are looking at a very aggressive small business subcontracting program. PAGENO="0460" 456 I am encouraged with the progress of the aerospace industry in that regard. Companies like Rockwell have come a long way and then, of course, they receive a lot of our money. We are watching Rockwell very carefully. They are turning out a very good product in the small business and minority business areas. We are equally pleased with some of the other companies, Grumman and McDonnell-Douglas. The aerospace industry in general is putting a lot of emphasis on this right now. They are our major suppliers, and we are watching them carefully and working with them in new source selection and execu- tion of their existing business. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you coordinate their activities at all with the Department of Defense? Admiral WO0DFIx. Yes, sir. We are involved with them to a great extent because we share the contract administration service, as you probably know, of the Defense Contract Administration serving us, and they have their small business consultants. We try to coordinate with them overall matters of dealing with the industries where we have major interest. In things like I.R. & D., we are closely coupled; we are part of their I.R. & D. review group. Our I.R. & D. is a very small percentage of the total I.R. & D. We are about, say, 10 percent of Defense's overall I.R. & D. program. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you share bidder's lists? Admiral WooDrIx. We share bidder's list with them, but we are not content to do just that. We try to develop our own suppliers. We are often working in somewhat higher areas of technology than they. One of your earlier questions had to do with whether you were comfortable with these bid list as existing sources. We have a diffi- cult time reaching the entire community that could supply to us; any- one who thinks ou can get it from the Commerce Business Daily or selling to NASA or anything like that is somewhat naive. It seems to me, we have to beat the bushes, as it were, to get people interested in doing business with us, that have the technology, because I think many of the companies have sort of a built-in hangup about the diffi- culties of doing business with the Government. They have an abhor- rence of our redtape, with justification. Very recently, at the Marshall Space Flight Center, we initiated several procurements for ERDA. In that particular area, we had to go on the road, even to talk to these companies that have shown an interest, to get them to actually bid. They will show an interest and still will not bid. We have sent teams out to sit with them and talk to them about technical proposals, how to go about it, that sort of thing. It is this direct approach that we are going to have to do ourselves. It is our job to get the word out as to what we want, and it is our job to encourage the interest. We are going to have to go another mile-"now that you are interested, let us talk about how to do business with the Government." We are going to have to work at that. Senator HATHAWAY. How do you plan to do that? Admiral WooDFIx. We will have to do that with a form of techni- cal assistance out of our various buying centers to contractors who would be interested in doing business with us, not preparing the bid for them, but explaining the rudiments on how to pull together a technical proposal. Also how not to be afraid of all of the redtape in PAGENO="0461" 457 the Government procurement contract, that they can be counseled on and made more comfortable with. We scare contractors by giving them a stack of papers that high [indicating] and in many cases, that high stack is no more than a model contract and the standard boilerplate that they do not under- stand because of a lack of experience with this type of procurement. We may be our own worst enemies when we give them too much, sometimes. I think we can improve upon that by the way we go about this. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you participate in the Government pro- curement seminars that are held throughout the country? Admiral WO0DFIN. Yes, sir, we have been quite active. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think they have been successful? Admiral W00DFIN. Marginally so, in the very complex II. & D. area. They would probably be better in the more common variety of supply to the 11.5. Government, than the very complex IR. & D. area. It up to each high-technology agency to do an awful lot for itself in terms of communicating with the proper supply points in industry. I think Defense has the same interests and is doing it. I am sure ERDA will be doing it too because of their high technology require- ments. I think each one of us is going to have to deal directly with the segments of the industry that is attuned to our type of supply. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think you have a complete list of all the potential R. & D. bidders in your field? Admiral WOODFIN No, sir. Senator HATHAWAY. How do you think you can get that? Admiral WOODFIN. Well, I think programs like NASA's technology utilization program with its industrial applications centers, help spread the message by providing technology information. There is then an increased NASA awareness of the companies which are in- terested in that type of technology. In finding the companies inter- ested in that information we often identify potential suppliers to us in those technological fields. That is a left-handed way, but a very effective way, of providing technological flow of data between us. There is a lot of interplay between the various activities on a per- sonal basis with companies capable in certain areas. Our scientists and engineers are well aware of certain highly capable companies. We find those gentlemen do as good a job as anyone picking up a tele- phone and encouraging people to get involved in certain types of technology work. It is just going to be a plugging away sort of thing, Senator, no magic panacea to it, no publication you could print or anything like that. I would however agree with Defense's comment about national dissemination. We try to do that. That area of dissemi- nation is deceptive. These companies do need to be solicited for all of our requirements, not just those that happen to be located nearby. ~Te have found that most of our small business companies do tend to do business with the center near them, for the most part. Senator HATHAWAY. What percentage do you think you are reach- ing? Admiral W00DFIN. I think in our technology area, up to 50 percent, probably, that can do business in our technology area. We can do better and will continue to work at it. PAGENO="0462" 458 Senator HATHAWAY. It seems to me that with all the district offices we have, for one purpose or other, we could do a better job of reach- ing potential bidders, particularly in the small business area, not just with your agency. Admiral W00DFIN. They have some hangups in doing business with us. It is just as important as our getting to them. Many companies feel that doing business with Government is not worth it. I have asso- ciates in industry that tell me this regularly-the redtape, the prob- lems, the boilerplate, the type of inspection service we run, the quality assurance programs are a little bit more complicated, the difficulties getting paid in an orderly fashion, all of these things are really a bugaboo because most of these things can be worked out quite easily. The small companies do not think so, and their perception is impor- tant. We have to change their perception. Senator HATHAWAY. What help do you think Congress would be in that regard, or in regard to any of these problems? Admiral WOODFIX. I cannot think of any specific recommendations. There is a considerable amount of effort going on with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy with simplification of some of our pro- curement policies. Many of our small business things could be im- proved by expanding use of purchase forms instead of our complex contracts. There must be some simpler way to do business than we do in our very complex type of contracting. Many of our companies, because they are small, inherently are going to have this trouble doing cost-type business with us because of the lack of approved accounting systems, things like that. We have so many administrative things we have to work around, and have better ways of doing business with small companies, and making it easy for them. Some of these need to be worked out governmentwide. No one agency can do it. The Office of Federal Procurement Policy, working with small business and the agencies, should be able to do the work. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you work with State offices? Many States have offices of economic development; some States have personnel just assigned to small business problems. Admiral WOODFIX. I have done none. Some of our centers may have some relationship with the State offices. I might ask Mr. Farley. Mr. FARLEY. Yes, Mr. Chairman. We have contacted State eco- nomic development agencies. I personally have been involved with some of them. We also hope to do more of that as we expand some of our activities. Senator HATHAWAY. Has it been helpful? Mr. FARLEY. It has been, by involving them more directly in the contact with the small business communities and industry in general in their States. They represent a really interested party to help make technology transfer happen. Senator HATHAWAY. This is not being done on a national basis? You do not mail something to every Governor's office, every office of economic development, indicating what NASA has to offer in the IR. & D. field? I assume every office of economic development would know every firm in that State and what they do. It seems to me that would be a valuable resource for your agency as well as other agencies to utilize. PAGENO="0463" 459 Mr. FARLEY. We do have mailings that go out widely to all the States. They are not purely NASA mailings but describe all Federal technology transfer programs. V~Te have given that a wide distribu- tion. In the program I was talking about, we plan to expand our work- ing with individual State development agencies and similar organiza- tions within the States to try to arrange the 1-on-i type of con- tact that is most effective in transferring technology from use in one place to use in another place. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you find that the State agencies on the whole are responsive? Mr. FARLEY. They have been. One effective example was in New Mexico. We also had a program in Illinois where we ran an experi- ment that was useful. When we start to do it on a larger scale such as we are planning, we are going to have to try to structure it so it will be more effective. I am not prepared to say how it will be done as yet. Certainly, the vested interests are there that should make it work. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think the Federal Government could be helpful in maybe providing matching funds for setting up special State procurement offices, on a 50-50 basis, for example? Admiral WOODFIN. For example, I know of the program the Bureau of Standards is working on that has State relevance. I have been communicating with an associate of mine who is trying to develop a procurement program for the State of Washington along the lines that we are working here in some of our programs. I guess I would say, as one who has been in technical procurement a long time, procurement offices per se do not react all that well to technical requirements. In other words, there would have to be a tech- nical understanding of the business base in those States. That is prob- ably more important than the procurement office participation in that business base. Procurement at the State level tends to be public works and office support, transportation, equipment, things of that sort. With some exceptions, it is of course more complicated in States that are in- volved in big university research programs. On the whole, I think it is the economic development side of the State government that we are interested in. I think maybe if you can provide assistance to the States, it would be best to get the economic development machinery working well in all of the States. Probably some of the States would need none, and some would need a lot. It is my impression, there is a great range between the effectiveness of some of the States to dis- seminate information in the technical area. The high technology in- formation is the hardest type to disseminate. I do not believe that the procurement part of the State offices would be the place to look. It would be the economic development part of the States that could use the information and the money to support it. Senator HATHAWAY. Fine. Thank you very much; I hate to cut you short. We have to be out of here by 12:30 and we have two more wit- nesses. We may have some questions in writing for you to answer. I appreciate it. Thank you. Our next witness is Dr. Alfred J. Eggers from the National Science Foundation. PAGENO="0464" 460 Dr. Eggers, it is nice to have you with us. Your entire statement, Doctor, will be put into the record. If you would like to summarize it, it would be helpful. Dr. EGGERS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It is a fairly short state- ment; I will shorten it further. Before I start, Mr. Chairman, I would like to introduce the two gentlemen I have with me, Mr. William Wetmore on my right, Di- rector of our Division of Intergovernmental Science and Public Tech- nology that has overall responsibility for coordinating our industry program, especially small industry. Also, from earlier questioning, I note you are concerned about the couplings of Federal programs with State progra1ns. Those two func- tions are incorporated in Mr. Wetmore's office. We devote a lot, of attention to these coupling issues. On my left, I have Mr. Roland Tibbets, Special Assistant to Mr. Wetmore for Small Business Affairs, which are receiving increasing attention in the foundation's programs supporting applied research. STATEMENT OF DR. ALFRED J. EGGERS, JR., ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDA- TION, WASHINGTON, D.C., ACCOMPANIED BY WILLIAM WET- MORE, DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; AND ROLAND TIBBETS, SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR SMALL BUSINESS AFFAIRS Dr. EGGERS. I would like, Mr. Chairman, to emphasize again how much I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you. I will con- fine my remarks specifically to respond to the matters you raised in your letter to us of March 9. I am particularly concerned with the questions in your letter con- cerning NSF efforts to increase the number of awards to small firms for research and development and to make new knowledge resulting from Government financed research and development available to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms. Since small firm research capacities are more in the area of applied than basic research, the research applied to national needs program of the research applications directorate is the primary source of NSF awards to small business. A rough rule of thumb is that 80 percent of the Foundation's money, at least up to recently, has gone to small business through the R.ANN program. The RANN program has made awards to small business since its inception in 1971 and we are building on this experience. At this point, I would like to submit a summary of awards to small business by the directorate for research applications for fiscal year 1971 through fiscal year 1975. That summary shows, Mr. Chairman, in fiscal year 1971 a little under half a million dollars. I will provide that right now, Mr. Chair- man, if you would care to look at it.. In fiscal year 1971, a little under half a million dollars was expended in the RANN program to small business; in fiscal year 1975 something over $4 million was expended and the number is growing. PAGENO="0465" 461 We recognize the problems facing small business and we have taken added steps this past year to increase our interactions with the small business community. The fiscal year 1976 authorization bill for the National Science Foundation contains a provision that at least 7.5 percent of the awards under the RANN program be made to small businesses. We are meeting this requirement. Last fall, I appointed a RANN small business task force composed of a member of each division of the research application's directorate in order to explore more thoroughly how RAN N can use the capaci- ties of small business. The task force has reviewed and monitored plans and programs of all small business proposals and has reviewed many small business-related RANN activities. In the fall, with the cooperation of the Small Business Administra- tion, we initiated plans for a small business conference to bring the RANN program and its proposal process to the attention of small firms, to the leadership of small business associations, and to associa- tions with a large number of small business members. A meeting was held with the leaders of these organizations on December 17, followed by the small business conference itself on January 21-22. Key speakers included: Dr. H. Guyford Stever, Director, NSF; Senator Edward Kennedy; Mr. Harold K. Fletcher, Associate Ad- ministrator of the Small Business Administration; and Mr. Milton D. Stewart, chairman of the Research Council for Small Business and the Professions. The conference brought together representatives of small B. & D. companies, RANN program staff, and representatives of R. & D. procurement programs in 15 other major Federal departments and agencies. The conference was designed to give small B. & D. com- panies the opportunity to learn more about the research priorities of RANN and other Federal programs, and to learn more about how to deal with these Federal agencies. Representatives of the top Federal research and development agen- cies and all of the RANN staff were available for discussions with the members of the small business R. & D. community who attended the conference. All of the agencies who testified before you today were in attendance at that conference, and are familiar with what we are undertaking to do. I have heard reports from representatives of the small business community that this was one of the most effective such conferences ever held. I think what was useful to small business representatives was the second day where they had the opportunity to go to every one of our program managers. The whole day was set aside for individual reac- tions so they could get an in-depth understanding of how their inter- ests could relate to programmatic thrusts and interrelate that to dialogue. Senator HATHAWAY. That was in Washington? Do you have re- gional conferences as well? Dr. EGGERS. I will get to that in a moment. 72-434 0 - 76 - 30 PAGENO="0466" 462 I would like to submit, for the committee's information, a sample of the documents that were provided to the representatives of that conference. I will not go through and name them individually.' In another development, the Director of our Division of Inter- governmental Science and Public Tecimology has recently become a member of an ad hoc interagency panel on small business research and development. This panel, sponsored by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy, Office of Management and Budget, is identifying ways to insure optimum use of small business concerns in the Federal Government's research and development efforts. In the BANN division of intergovernmental science and public technology, I have recently appointed a special assistant for small business to coordinate and stimulate small business B. & D. activities of the research applications directorate and to facilitate relations with the small business R. & D. community. This special assistant has had extensive experience with small business as vice president of two small business firms, one in B. & D. and the other a product- oriented technology company. He was also treasurer and director of one of the Nation's first small business investment companies and is therefore familiar with venture capital as well as small business management problems. In addition, we are developing a new publication on the 1977 RANN program for the small business audience. We plan to hold conferences for small business in the Western United States to com- plement the January small business conference. V~Te are also planning to issue a program solicitation directed at small business. We will be having additional conferences in other regions. That one in the far west we thought was the key one. As you would expect, while we had invitees from all over the country, primarily attendees at our conference in WTashington were people from the east coast. I want to stress, Mr. Chairman, as a part of our normal operations RANN research divisions and programs already make use of small business capacities in a number of ways, ranging from specific prob- lems of research to instrument development and testing. Small busi- ness R. & D. firms have frequently been successful competitors under RANN research solicitations and requests for proposals. Examples of specific research areas which use small business re- search capacities include: Earthquake engineering, technology assess- ment, solar cell research, natural hazards, and environmental quality monitoring. In the field of solar energy, for example, BANN has supported a number of research projects with small business. In one project, a small business, with university collaboration, developed a successful process for the continuous growth of silicon ribbon for automatic production of solar cells. I might spend a second on that, Mr. Chairman. That is an im- portant indicator of the possibilities of enlarging the role of small business, especially in partnership with university representatives in carrying forward important B. & D. in the country. Initially, that particular project, when it got underway had univer- sities in the prime roles and small business in subcontractor roles 1 Documents retained in committee files. PAGENO="0467" 463 As it moved more toward the hard technology and hardware, small business took over the lead. That project has grown in a very major way and was transferred with other maj or solar energy projects in the Foundation into EIRDA when it came into existence last year. In another project, a small business was a prime contractor for one of the four experiments with solar-heated schools. That is sigmfi- cant, too, Mr. Chairman. That was probably one of the four largest solar energy experiments in this country, initiated some 3 years ago. They had as the lead, in one instance, for example, one of the largest firms in the country with employment of more than 100,000 people. They ran a half million dollar project. The small business I am referring to had a slightly smaller project totaling about $360,- 000. The size of that firm was 20 people. It shows that small com- panies can compete effectively with the big people in this exploratory type of effort. I might add, that small company is continuing to compete very effectively in programs sponsored by ERDA. In the field of earthquake engineering research, a small business architectural firm and an engineering firm in California have been studying the interaction of nonstructural building components during earthquakes. They are providing data which will lead to a handbook to help design firms, architects, engineers, and contractors to increase protection against earthquakes in new as well as in existing buildings. This is a case of research being performed by small business which will also be of great use to small business. As you know, architect-engineering firms are largely small business firms. One of the most important RANN activities relevant to small business is the industrial program. The objective of the industrial program is to test and evaluate selected incentives that the Federal Government may properly and effectively use to increase R. & D. investment in the private sector where new technology is needed in the national interest. The emphasis of the industrial program is on the testing of new processes, new incentives, and new partnerships to stimulate industrial R. & D. in the national interest. In fiscal year 1977, the industrial program will place special empha- sis on small business opportunities, and expand its efforts to accelerate the introduction of new technologies and systems in the mining and construction industries. Program plans for research on innovation will emphasize the role of small business. With regard to your second question about making new knowledge available to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms, RANN has made extensive efforts to assure that the knowledge produced by projects which it supports is communicated to relevant user groups, including small business. The RANN award review process requires that all projects recom- mended for funding contain a utilization plan. Such utilization plans may, depending on the nature of the research performed, provide for dissemination of research to relevant sectors of the small business community, via, for example, dissemination of reports, publication of results in trade journals, and, most important, contact between the research performer and small business user. PAGENO="0468" 464 The RANN communications program operates the RANN docu- ment center and monitors contracts to collect, store, abstract, index, and disseminate RANN reports to a wide range of audiences, includ- ing small business. RANN-supported research results are deposited in the National Technical Information Service. In 1973, we sponsored a symposium on RANN results to date, and in 1975, we supported 12 RANN regional seminars in all parts of the country, with some 4,000 attendees. These meetings were attended by many small business firms. WTe are preparing a brochure for small business to aid them in dealiiig with the research applied to national iieeds program. The document will clearly indicate the availability of RANN results through our document center and NTIS. Although not limited to small business, the industrial program, mentioned above, also involves the communication of new knowledge to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms, for example, through the innovation centers and the cooperative research centers. The experiment on innovation centers is now 21/2 years old. It is concerned with evaluating a Federal role in assisting entrepreneurs and innovators at innovation ceiiters through classroom training and laboratory experience with products and services having commercial potential. The experiment is primarily educationally oriented but, due to its unique training techniques, new products can be developed and new businesses initiated during the training sequence. Currently, over 600 students, 50 faculty members, and 50 com- munity associates are participatiiig in the activities of the three centers-MIT, Carnegie-Mellon University, and University of Oregon. In the course of the last 21/2 years, 25 courses in entrepre- neurship and innovation have been initiated, over 1,000 ideas and inventions have been evaluated, 19 new products have been developed, 13 new ventures have been initiated, $1,750,000 of private venture capital has been attracted to the new businesses involving $2,700,000 in sales, and approximately 200 new employees have been hired by the new businesses. It should be recognized that all this is being achieved under the auspices of au educational and training program whose primary objective is to prepare entrepreneurs to enter the world of work and not, necessarily, to initiate iiew ventures during the training period. The SBA is currently considering the adoption of several strategies being evaluated at the training centers. In general, Mr. Chairman, these centers we are supporting have the emphasis on new teclmology. In a development and application sense, the activities that were described by the administrator of SBA in many universities are concerned with the development of manage- ment strengths of the students through complementary activities. Let me turn now to the cooperative research centers. They involve limited-term, Federal cost-sharing as a means to establish a long-term cooperative, research relationship between disaggregated low fi. & D. investment industries and research institutions. The experiment is currently concluding its third year of operation andi involves the polymer processing, furniture, and electric utilities ifldlustries. At the present time. there are 19 indlustrial participants i1i PAGENO="0469" 465 these three industries who are cost-sharing research coordinated by MIT-polymer processing; North Carolina State University- furniture; and Mitre Corp.-electric utilities. In summary, Mr. Chairman, we view the small business community as an important resource of which we intend to make full use since it is not only a creative performer of research and a valuable source of innovation in helping to solve national problems, but also, since it is a consumer of the research results that we help to produce. I assure you that we will continue to work as partners with the Small Business Administration and the small business community to find more effective ways to use fully the creative potential of small R. & D. and manufacturing firms to help implement RANN programs and meet national needs. This concludes my testimony, and I will be happy to answer any questions the committee may wish to ask. [The prepared statement of Dr. Eggers follows:] PAGENO="0470" 466 STATEMENT BY DR. ALFRED J. EGGERS, JR. ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, RESEARCH APPLICATIONS NATIONAL SCIRNCE FOUNDATION BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE APRIL 7, 1976 MR. CHAIRMAN, AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE. I APPRECIATE HAVING THIS OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY ll~ RESPONSE TO YOUR MARCH 9 LETTER TO THE NATIONAL SCIRNCE FOUNDATION. IN MY TESTIMONY TODAY, I WILL ADDRESS THE QUESTIONS RAISED IN YOUR LETTER CONCERNING NSF EFFORTS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF AWARDS TO SMALL FIRMS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND TO MAKE NEW KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT FINANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AVAILABLE TO SMALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS. SINCE SMALL FIRM RESEARCH CAPACITIRS ARE MORE IN THE AREA OF APPLIED THAN BASIC RESEARCH. THE RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS (RANN) PROGRAM OF THE RESEARCH APPLICATIONS DIRECTORATE IS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF NSF AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS. PAGENO="0471" 467 THE RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS (RANN) PROGRAM HAS MADE AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS SINCE ITS INCEPTION IN 1971 AND WE ARE BUILDING ON THIS EXPERIENCE. AT THIS POINT, I WOULD LIKE TO SUBMIT A SUMMARY OF AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS BY THE DIRECTORATE FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS FOR FY 1971 THROUGH FY 1975. WE RECOGNIZE THE PROBLEMS FACING SMALL BUSINESS AND WE HAVE TAKEN ADDED STEPS THIS PAST YEAR TO INCREASE OUR INTERACTIONS WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY. ThE FISCAL YEAR 1976 AUTHORIZATION BILL FOR THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CONTAINS A PROVISION THAT AT LEAST 7.5% OF THE AWARDS UNDER THE RANN PROGRAM BE MADE TO SMALL BUSINESSES. WE ARE MEETING THIS REQUIREMENT. LAST FALL, I APPOINTED A RANN SMALL BUSINESS TASK FORCE COMPOSED OF A MEMBER OF EACH DIVISION OF THE DIRECTORATE FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS IN ORDER TO EXPLORE MORE THOROUGHLY HOW BANN CAN USE THE CAPACITIES OF SMALL BUSINESS. THE TASK FORCE HAS REVIEWED AND MONITORED PLANS AND PROGRESS OF ALL SMALL BUSINESS PROPOSALS AND HAS REVIEWED MANY SMALL BUSINESS RELATED RANN ACTIVITIES. -2 - PAGENO="0472" 468 IN THE FALL, WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, WE INITIATED PLANS FOR A SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE TO BRING THE RANN PROGRAIvI AND ITS PRO~SAL PROCESS TO THE ATTENTION OF SMALL FIRMS, TO THE LEADERSHIP OF SMALL BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS, AND TO ASSOCIATIONS WITH A LARGE NUIvIBER OF SMALL BUSINESS MEMBERS. A MEETING WAS HELD WITH THE LEADERS OF THESE ORGANIZATIONS ON DEC~\IBER 17, FOLLOWED BY THE SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE ITSELF ON JANUARY 21-22. KEY SPEAKERS INCLUDED: DR. STEVER, DIRECTOR, NSF; SENATOR EDWARD KENNEDY; MR. HAROLD K. FLETCHER, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADAIINISTRATION; AND MR. MILTON D. STEWART, CHAIRMAN OF THE RESEARCH COUNCIL FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND THE PROFESSIONS. THE CONFERENCE BROU GHT TOGETHER REPRESENTATIVES OF SMALL R&D COMPANIES, RANN PROGRAM STAFF, AND REPRESENTATIVES OF R&D PROCURRMENT PROGRAMS IN FIFTEEN OTHER MAJOR FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES. THE CONFERENCE WAS DESIGNED TO GIVE SMALL R&D COMPANIES THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE RESEARCH PRIORITIES OF RANN AND OTHER FEDERAL PROGRAMS, AND TO LEARN MORE ABOUT HOW TO DEAL WITH THESE FEDERAL AGENCIES. -3- PAGENO="0473" 469 REPRESENTATIVES OF THE TOP FEDERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES AND ALL OF THE RANN STAFF WERE AVAILABLE FOR DISCUSSIONS WITH THE IvIEMBERS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS R&D COMMUNITY WHO ATTENDED THE CONFERENCE. I HAVE HEARD REPORTS FROM REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY THAT THIS WAS ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE SUCH CONFERENCES EVER HELD. I AM SUBMITTING FOR THE COMMITTEES USE THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS: 1. "PROGRAM FOR THE RANN SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE", JANUARY 21-22, 1976; 2. "OTHER AGENCY INFORMATION" COMPILED FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE; 3. LIST OF "TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF AVAILABLE RANN DOCUMENTS" DISTRIBUTED AT THE SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE. IN ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT, THE DIRECTOR OF OUR DIVISION OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC TECHNOLOGY HAS RECENTLY BECOME A MEMBER OF AN AD HOC INTERAGENCY PANEL ON SMALL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. THIS PANEL, SPONSORED BY THE OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, IS IDENTIFYING WAYS TO INSURE OPTIMUM USE OF SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS. -4- PAGENO="0474" 470 IN THE RANN DIVISION OF INTERGOVENMENTAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC TECHNOLOGY, I HAVE RECENTLY APPOINTED A SPECIAL ASSISTANT FOR SMALL BUSINESS TO COORDINATE AND ST~IULATE SMALL BUSINESS R&D ACTIVITIES OF THE RESEARCH APPLICATIONS DIRECTORATE AND TO FACILITATE RELATIONS WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS R&D COMMUNITY. THIS SPECIAL ASSISTANT HAS HAD EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE WITH SMALL BUSINESS AS VICE PRESEDENT OF TWO SMALL BUSINESS FIRMS, ONE IN R&D AND THE OTHER A PRODUCT ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY COMPANY. HE WAS ALSO TREASURER AND DIRECTOR OF ONE OF THE NATION'S FIRST SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES AND IS THEREFORE FAMILIAR WITH VENTURE CAPITAL AS WELL AS SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEAIENT PROBLEMS. IN ADDITION, WE ARE DEVELOPING A NEW PUBLICATION ON THE FY 1977 RANN PROGRAM FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS AUDIENCE. WE PLAN TO HOLD CONFERENCES FOR SMALL BUSINESS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES TO COM PL~SENT THE JANEARY SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE. WE ARE ALSO PLANNING TO ISSUE A PROGRAM SOLICITATION DIRECTED AT SMALL BUSINESS. -5- PAGENO="0475" 471 MR. CHAIRMAN, I SHOULD ALSO MENTION THAT AS PART OF THEIR NORMAL OPERATIONS, RANN RESEARCH DIVISIONS AND PROGRAMS MAKE USE OF SMALL BUSINESS CAPACITIES IN A RANGE OF WAYS: FOR RESEARCH; INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT; TESTING, SURVEYS OF ATTITUDES AND MARKETS; AS WELL AS FOR SERVICES. SMALL BUSINESS R&D FIRMS HAVE FREQUENTLY BEEN SUCCESSFUL COMPETITORS UNDER RANN RESEARCH SOLITICATIONS AND REQUESTS FOR PROPOSALS. EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC RESEARCH AREAS WHICH USE SMALL BUSINESS RESEARCH CAPACITIES INCLUDE: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; SOLAR CELL RESEARCH; NATURAL HAZARDS; AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING. IN THE FIELD OF SOLAR ENERGY, FOR EXAMPLE, RANN HAS SUPPORTED A NUMBER OF RESEARCH PROJECTS WITH SMALL BUSINESS. IN ONE PROJECT, A SMALL BUSINESS, WITH UNIVERSITY COLLABORATION, DEVELOPED A SUCCESSFUL PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF SILICON RIBBON FOR AUTOMATIC PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELLS. IN ANOTHER PROJECT, A SMALL BUSINESS WAS A PRIME CONTRACTOR FOR ONE OF THE 1~OUR EXPERIMENTS WITH SOLAR HEATED SHCOOLS. -6- PAGENO="0476" 472 IN THE FIELD OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH, A SMALL BUSINESS ARCHITECTURAL Fffii\1 AND AN ENGINEERING FIRM IN CALIFORNLA HAVE BEEN STUDING THE INTERACTION OF NON-STRUCTURAL BUILDING COMPONENTS DURING EARTHQUAKES. THEY ARE PROVIDING DATA WHICI-J WILL LEAD TO A HANDBOOK TO HELP DESIGN-FIRMS, ARCHITECTS, ENGLNEERS AND CONTRACTORS TO INCREASE PROTECTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES IN NEW AS WELL AS AS EXISTING BUILDINGS. THIS IS A CASE OF RESEARCH BEING PERFORMED BY SMALL BUSINESS WHICH WILL ALSO BE OF GREAT USE TO SMALL BUSINESS. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RANN ACTIVITIES RELEVANT TO SMALL BUSINESS IS THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM IS TO TEST AND EVALUATE SELECTED INCENTIVES THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MAY PROPERLY AND EFFECTIVELY USE TO INCREASE R&D INVESTMENT IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR WHERE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED IN THE NATIONAL ThITEREST. THE EMPHASIS OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM IS ON THE TESTING OF NEW PROCESSES, NEW INCENTIVES, AND NEW PARTNERSHIPS TO STIMULATE INDUSTRIAL R&D IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST. -7- PAGENO="0477" 473 IN FY 1977, TIlE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM WiLL PLACE SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON SMALL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES, AND EXPAND ITS EFFORTS TO ACCELERATE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS IN THE MINING AND CONSTRUCTION (PUBLIC WORKS) INDUSTRIES. PROGRAM PLANS FOR RESEARCH ON INNOVATION WILL EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS. * WITH REGARD TO YOUR SECOND QUESTION ABOUT MAKING NEW KNOWLEDGE AVAILABLE TO SMALL R&D AND MANIJFAC TURING FIRMS, RANN HAS MADE EXTENSIVE EFFORTS TO ASSURE THAT THE KNOWLEDGE PRODUCED BY PROJECTS WHICH IT SUPPORTS IS COMMUNICATED TO RELEVANT USER GROUPS, INCLUDING SMALL BUSINESS. THE RANN AWARD REVIEW PROCESS REQUIRES ThAT ALL PROJECTS RECOMMENDED FOR FUNDING CONTAIN A UTILIZATION PLAN. SUCH UTILIZATION PLANS MAY, DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PERFORMED, PROVIDE FOR DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH TO RELEVANT SECTORS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, VIA, FOR EXAMPLE, DISSEMINATION OF REPORTS, PUBLICATION OF RESULTS IN TRADE JOURNALS, AND, MOST IIVIPORTANT, CONTACT I3ETWEEN THE RESEARCI-I PERFORMER AND SMALL BUSINESS USER. -8- PAGENO="0478" 474 THE RANN COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM OPERATES THE RANN DOCUIVIENT CENTER AND MONITORS CONTRACTS TO COLLECT, STORE, ABSTRACT, INDEX AND DISSEMINATE RANN REPORTS, TO A WIDE RANGE OF AUDIENCES, INCLUDING SMALL BUSINESS. RANN - SUPPORTED RESEARCH RESULTS ARE DEPOSITED IN THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS). IN 1973, WE SPONSORED A SYMPOSIUM ON RANN RESULTS TO DATE, AND IN 1975, WE SUPPORTED 12 RANN REGIONAL SEMINARS IN ALL PARTS OF THE COUNTRY, WITH SOME 4,000 ATTENDEES. THESE SYMPOSIA WERE ATTENDED BY MANY SMALL BUSINESS FIRM S. WE ARE PREPARING A BROCHURE FOR SMALL BUSINESSES TO AID THEM IN DEALING WITH THE RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS PROGRAM. THE DOCUMENT WILL CLEARLY INDICATE THE AVAILABILITY OF RANN RESULTS THROUGH OUR DOCUMENT CENTER AND NTIS. ALTHOUGH NOT LIIVIITED TO SMALL BUSINESS, THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM, MENTIONED ABOVE, ALSO INVOLVES THE COMMUNICATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE TO SMALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS, FOR EXAMPLE, THROUGH THE INNOVATION CENTERS AND THE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTERS. -9- PAGENO="0479" 475 THE EXPERIMENT ON INNOVATION CENTERS IS NOW 2-1/2 YEARS OLD. IT IS CONCERNED WITH EVALUATING A FEDERAL ROLE IN ASSISTING ENTREPRENEURS AND INNOVATORS AT INNOVATION CENTERS THROUGH CLASSROOM TRAINING AND LABORATORY EXPERIENCE WITH PRODUCTS AND SERVICES HAVING COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL. THE EXPERIMENT IS PRIMARILY EDUCATIONALLY ORIENTED, BUT, DUE TO ITS UNIQUE TRAINING TECHNIQUES, NEW PRODUCTS CAN BE DEVELOPED AND NEW BUSINESSES INITIATED DURING THE TRAINING SEQUENCE. CURRENTLY, OVER 600 STUDENTS, 50 FACULTY MEMBERS, AND 50 COMMUNITY ASSOCIATES ARE PARTICIPATING IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE THREE CENTERS (MIT, CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIVERSITY, AND UNIVERSITY OF OREGON). IN THE COURSE OF THE LAST 2-1/2 YEARS, 25 COURSES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION HAVE BEEN INITIATED, OVER 1000 IDEAS AND INVENTIONS HAVE BEEN EVALUATED, 19 NEW PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED, 13 NEW VENTURES HAVE BEEN INITIATED, $1, 750, 000 OF PRIVATE VENTURE CAPITAL HAS BEEN ATTRACTED TO THE NEW BUSINESSES INVOLVING $2, 700, 000 IN SALES, AND APPROXIMATELY 200 NEW EMPLOYEES HAVE BEEN HIRED BY THE NEW BUSINESSES. IT SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED THAT ALL THIS IS BEING ACHIEVED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF -10- PAGENO="0480" 476 AN EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROGRAM, WHOSE PREvIARY OBJECTIVE IS TO PREPARE ENTREPRENEURS TO ENTER THE WORLD OF WORK AND NOT, NECESSARILY, TO INITIATE NEW VENTURES DURING THE TRAINING PERIOD. THE SBA IS CURRENTLY CONSIDERING THE ADOPTION OF SEVERAL STRATEGIES BEING EVALUATED AT THE TRAINING CENTERS. THE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTERS INVOLVE LEIITED TERM FEDERAL COST SI-LARING AS A MEANS TO ESTABLISH A LONG TERM COOPERATIVE RESEARCH RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISAGGREGATED LOW R&D INVESTMENT INDUSTRIES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS. THE EXPERT\IENT IS CURRENTLY CONCLUDING ITS THIRD YEAR OF OPERATION AND INVOLVES THE POLYMER PROCESSING, FURNITURE, AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES INDUSTRIES. AT THE PRESENT TIME, THERE ARE 19 INDUSTRIAL PARTICIPANTS IN THESE THREE INDUSTRIES WHO ARE COST SHARING RESEARCH COORDINATED BY MIT (POLYMER PROCESSING), NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY (FURNITURE), AND MITRE CORPORATION (ELECTRIC UTILITIES). -11- PAGENO="0481" 477 IN SUMMARY, MR. CHAIRMAN, WE V~W THE SALALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY AS A IMPORTANT RESOURCE OF WI-ITCH WE INTEND TO MAKE FULL USE SINCE IT IS NOT ONLY A CREATIVE PERFORMER OF RESEARCH AND A VALUABLE SOURCE OF INNOVATION IN HELPING TO SOLVE NATIONAL PROBLEMS, BUT ALSO, SINCE IT IS A CONSUMER OF THE RESEARCIl RESULTS TI-TAT WE HELP TO PRODUCE. I ASSURE YOU THAT WE WILL CONTINUE TO WORK AS PARTNERS WITI-I THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY TO FIND MORE EFFECTIVE WAYS TO USE FULLY THE CREATIVE POTENTLAL OF SMALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS TO HELP IMPLEMENT RANN PROGRAMS AND MEET NATIONAL NEEDS. THIS CONCLUDES MY TESTIMONY, AND I WILL BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS THE COMMITTEE MAY WISH TO ASK. -12- 72-434 0- 76 - 31 PAGENO="0482" 478 Senator HATHAWAY. Dr. Eggers, the chart you gave me indicates you have increased the small business share from a low of .7 percent up to 5.2 percent in 1975. That is still pretty low. Do you have any goals in mind as to what the percentage ought to be? Dr. EGGERS. We are learning by doing, Mr. Chairman. By law, we must spend 7.5 percent of our funds with small business in fiscal year 1976. As I indicated in my testimony, we are meeting that require- ment. We expect that to increase to upward of 10 percent in fiscal year 1977. I would like to see the number go as high as it should properly go within the framework of research that we are responsible for sup- porting and the proper teaming of capabilities between small busi- ness, large business, and universities. We find, Mr. Chairman, that there are immensely attractive oppor- ~unities to putting together these teams. Let me give you a specific example to show what these advantages are. We have supported major research in the area of tunneling. The key thrust is what can we do bringing in new technology to bear to increase the rate of boring through hard rock. The biggest single problem is the cost of such tunneling. At the present time, we have a magnificent example in Washington called Metro. We teamed the Colorado School of Mines and the university re- searchers there with the Robbins Co., the largest manufacturing com- pany in the United States for large boring machines-although by standards of large companies, I do not think you would call it a large company-and added a small business called Flow Research located in Seattle, Wash The basic research on the effects of these water jets, crucial to combined mechanical cutters to get increased boring rates, came out of the Colorado School of Mines and other research at UCLA and other places. The development of new technologies to couple those high pressure water jets with the big mechanical cutters came out of Flow Research, the small company in Seattle, Wash. The large boring machine-7 feet in diameter-was provided by the Robbins Co. to carry out what we call proof-of-concept experiments. It was a pooling of all of these resources that allowed us to carry out these large experiments. We see many examples where that kind of pooling capability is tremendously attractive. We encourage all of the performers in our program-the big industries, universities, small industries-to look for opportunities to team up with somebody else who has additional capabilities so all can move ahead most effectively. That does not mean we do not fund any one of these institutions solely for research, including, of course, small business. The teaming is a very important part of our policy, Mr. Chairman. Senator HATHAWAY. Mr. Wetmore? Mr. WETM0RE. May I add a comment? It is important to the percent number you heard. We are talking research. The numbers you heard up to this point are research and development. One of the things we will be doing in working with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy will be with all of the other PAGENO="0483" 479 agencies like DOD, ERDA and so on, to see how the research number compares with the development number. We do not do development. Our numbers are not really comparative in the sense you heard earlier this morning. We are a research organization, so we are talk- ing research compared to development. That concept is important; those numbers will come up very shortly. Senator HATHAWAY. Fine. Let me ask you one last question. Dr. Cardin, the president of the American Association of Small Research Companies told the committee last week that the entire field of making Government-generated technology available to small firms is a hodgepodge, inadequate in depth and total coverage, and Dr. Cardin suggested that a new organization be created for B. & D. information to be disseminated in a most useful form to all potential users. Do you agree with that Dr. EGGERS. I am not sure, Mr. Chairman. I think that that is only a part of the problem. The witness before myself, Admiral Woodfin, from NASA, made a very fundamental and important observation in terms of the chal- lenge facing us to provide information effectively to small business. He pointed out one of the problems, that they would hand out these big stacks of things and scare small business off. Senator HATHAWAY. I am not talking about the bidding procedure. I am talking about the data you get, this new method of drilling through hard rock. How is that disseminated to businesses through- out the country so they can use that information? Dr. EGGERS. Mr. Chairman, the answer is to have a communication capability that can identify on the one hand, because it has the specific information on interests of various users of that information. This, by the way, is exactly the way we are proceeding. What are the interests of the users? Pin that down specifically, as it matches up to the information coming out of research, get that information out on a selective basis to those users. If we do not have that key element of selectivity in it, I fear that we will err on the side that we have so often erred on. We send out masses of information, and the key information that a given user can use is buried in such masses. He never finds the key information. We have to get this selectivity. In my opinion, this requires a much better understanding of the key interest of specific individuals, small companies, and get a matchup between their interests and the outputs of the research. One of the ways of obtaining that matchup is to involve the users in the most effective possible way in the research activities as they are developed, really up to and including the point of their having a voice, at least from an advisory point of view, in terms of how the research is going to proceed. We have adopted that in the RANN program. We have project advisory groups that include the user community in a very maj or way, and these groups are participants in the research effort in terms of exercising regular oversight review of it throughout the course of the activity. PAGENO="0484" 480 I must say this is to some significant degree a new bailgame in this country. In earlier clays, as you well know, there was a tendency for the research efforts to go forward guided largely, or at least pri- marily, by the views of the researcher as to how they ought to pro- ceecl. When the results came out s-ou looked for the matchup of the u~er~ community. Providing these t.ieups of the research and user community from the outside, puts stress on both communities. But we feel this is essential, and this is how we achieve that perception of output of research results and the specific needs, of user needs. Senator HATHAWAY. Is this information made available to SBA? You said if a business is not doing well, it goes to SBA. Maybe one of the reasons they are not doing well is they are not usmg the latest teclmology. Would SBA be in a position where they would know what the latest teclmology was? Dr. EGGERS. We are working very closely with SBA and have been for au extended period of time reviewing our entire program with them and tying them in with our document center, the element of our program which is the focal point of dissemination, of specific information to specific users. We are getting much better visibility oii the small business coin- munity now as a result of that. Senator HA'rHAwxr. How do you do it? Does the District office know just what is available if somebody comes in? Dr. EGGERS. That is the direction we are moving in. Our principal efforts at the present time are with the SBA Washington headquar- ters. and we have had some participation from regional headquarters, regional offices of SBA. We. are strengthening that activity in the Westermi part of the United States, region 9 and region 10. 1 think we have a good way to go there yet to get the specific coupling be- tween output of research and user requirement in a one or another specific small business. Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much. Dr. EGGERS. Yes. sir. Senator HATHAWAY. Our final witness this morning is Mr. Farwell Smith. Director of the Office of Industry, State and Local Relations, Energy Research and Development Administration. STATEMENT OF FARWELL SMITH, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF INDUS- TRY, STATE AND LOCAL RELATIONS, U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY ROBERT OLDER, ACTING DIRECTOR OF PROCUREMENT, U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION Mr. SMITH. I would like to summarize briefly Dr. Seaman's state- ment of last fall when lie said, "It is important that we. give serious, needed atteiitioii to an effective small business program. To neglect our small business community is to deny our agency the use of a valuable resource for accomplishment *of this mission." To specifically answer the questions we. were asked by your com- mittee, ER.DA has two work projects with the OFPP. We have two representatives on a panel charged with developing ways to insure PAGENO="0485" 481 optimum utilization of the Nation's small business high technology ZR. & D. capability. We also have agreed to participate with other Federal agencies in a test to determine the feasibility of requiring a minimum percentage of small busmess subcontractors. We have cooperative efforts with the SBA. We are working closely with them to involve small business, particularly small ZR. & ID. con- cerns. We worked out a memorandum of understandmg that was previously mentioned which will be signed shortly. We also have joint efforts with the SBA to provide a directory of small ZR. & ID. companies showing the areas of special competence of each. This is critical for us in order to get at the small business companies to better understand their specific capabilities and involve them in our own efforts. We plan to jointly sponsor conferences in the future, particularly to enhance technology transfer. ERDA and SBA are considering ways to help the new American Associatioii of Small Research Corn- paiiies become an effective spokesman for the small, technical R. & D. business community. EIRDA has done a number of things on its own to increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for ZR. & D. develop- ment. We have small busiiiess coordinators whose job it is to promote small business interests established in each EIRDA field office. We have contacted small business trade associations and offered assistance to introduce them to appropriate ERDA personnel. Last fall, we began planning a conference that subsequently was held in Washington last March. This conference was entitled "Oppor- tunities at ERDA for Small ZR. & D. Companies." It was attended by over 600 ZR. & D. companies from all over the United States. At the conclusion of that conference, we solicited documented case histories of difficulties any of the companies had in dealing with ERDA. These are being put together for us to act on. In fulfillment of section 14 of the Non-Nuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 relating to energy-related inventions, last June we started an inventor's program, to handle the commer- cialization of iiiventions presented to ERDA by the National Bureau of Standards as being technically feasible and worthy of further support. In technology transfer, EZRDA employs a variety of mechanisms to assure the new knowledge from its ZR. & ID. programs reaches potential users and implementers of this technology. Notice of the availability of technical information and assistance flows through trade journals, technical journals, newsletters, factual sheets, et cetera. Special technology utilization and information dissemination pro- grams have been established in the conservation and solar energy program areas of ERDA. A major emphasis has been placed on building active person-to-person relationships with trade associations. We have an active program to promote the spinoff of EZRDA developed technologies, and a major beneficiary of this program has been the small business community. We have established technology utilization agents at the major ERDA multiprogram laboratories to implement this program. PAGENO="0486" 482 Other ERDA actions of particular interest, in order to respond and really put focus on the variety of subjects that I mentioned, we are in the process of creating a new office to concentrate on the needs of small business concerns. This office will serve as a focal point and a general link to small business. This will be a staff office, compli- menting the ongoing operational responsibilities of ERDA's procure- ment office and offices outside of the procurement area, with special drive and muscle toward putting together the total small business efforts. Senator HATHAWAY. How long will it take to set this up? Mr. SMITH. There is a memorandum before the Administrator now. We would hope that the procedure for setting it up would be set up right now. We are trying to hire somebody from the outside flow in the small business community to head up this office. It is underway, presumably once it is cleared, we will be looking for somebody. Our patent policy, which we have reviewed and changed since the formation of ERDA, we think is the most beneficial patent policy in terms of small business of any agency. It is aimed, for example, in helping small inventors through the waiver of patent rights. Part of the problem small inventors have had, and small businesses feel when they come to an agency such as ours, is their loss of patent rights. ERDA has a system to let them keep their patent rights, with specific preference for small business. We are trying to get the word around that any small business can talk to our counsel and work out arrangements to keep, under certain circumstances, his patent rights. In conclusion, ERDA is looking to small businesses for help in solving the country's energy problems. We think they are critical to the performance of our function. WTe are convinced that the small business programs need to be augmented and we are making maxi- mum use of innovative talents residing in the small business com- munity and with individual inventors. This is our objective. [The prepared statement of Mr. Smith follows:] PAGENO="0487" 483 STATEMENT BY MR. FARWELL SMITH DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF INDUSTRY, STATE AND LOCAL RELATIONS U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION BEFORE THE SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS APRIL 7, 1976 MR. CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE: I WISH TO THANK THE COMMITTEE FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY ON THE EFFORTS THAT ERDA IS MAKING, IN COOPERATION WITH THE OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY AND THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, TO: 1. INCREASE THE NUMBER OF CONTRACTS AWARDED TO SMALL FIRMS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; AND 2. MAKE NEW KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT-FINANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AVAILABLE TO ~4ALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS. FIRST, WE ATTACH GREAT IMPORTANCE TO SMALL BUSINESS PARTICIPATION IN ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. EBDA' S ADMINISTRATOR, DR. ROBERT C. SEAMANS, JR., USED THE FOLLOWING WORDS TO TELL ERDA MANAGEMENT OF HIS PERSONAL COMMITMENT: "... DURING THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF OUR AGENCY IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE GIVE SERIOUS AND CONTINUED ATTENTION TO AN EFFECTIVE SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM. I AM CONVINCED THAT TO NEGLECT OUR BUSINESS COMMUNITY IS TO DENT OUR AGENCY THE USE OF A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF ITS MISSION. . SECOND, IN RESPONSE TO THE SPECIFIC TOPICS IN SENATOR HATHAWAY'S LETTER, I WILL DESCRIBE OUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OFPP AND SBA. PAGENO="0488" 484 ERDA, ALONG WITH OTHER AGENCIES, IS ENTERING INTO TWO WORK PROJECTS WITH OFFP. WE HAVE NAMED TWO REPRESENTATIVES TO A PANEL CHARGED WITH DEVELOPING WAYS TO INSURE OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE NATIONS SMALL BUSINESS HIGH TECHNOLOGY R&D CAPABILITY. TWO NEETINGS HAVE BEEN HELD THUS FAR. WE ALSO HAVE AGREED TO PARTICIPATE WITH OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES IN A TEST TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF REQUIRING, IN SELECTED PRIME CONTRACTS, A MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF SMALL BUSINESS SUBCONTRACTING. ERDA REPRESENTATIVES NET LAST WEEK WITH PERSONNEL FROM OFPP AND SBA TO ETELORE TEE RAMIFICATIONS OF THE TEST WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE ERDA PROGRAMS. WE HAVE AGREED TO PRESENT A SPECIFIC TEST PLAN TO OFPP BY NAY OF THIS YEAR AND THE RESULTS OF THE TEST BY MARCH 1977. AS FOR COOPERATIVE EFFORTS WITH SBA, WE ABE WORKING CLOSELY WITH SBA TO INVOLVE SMALL BUSINESS, PARTICULARLY SMALL TECHNICAL/R&D CONCERNS, IN ERDA PROGRAMS. WE HAVE WORKED OUT A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING WHICH IS HEADY FOR SIGNATURE BY THE ADMINISTRATORS OF BOTH AGENCIES. AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING PROVIDES FOR FORMATION OF A TASK FORCE WHICH TILL IDENTIFY AND COORDINATE JOINT EFFORTS ON SPECIFIC PROJECTS. JOINT EFFORTS AlSO HAVE BEEN INITIATED TO DEVELOP A DIRECTORY OF SMALL R&D COMPANIES AND THE AREAS OF SPECIAL COMPETENCE OF EACH~ WE HAVE GREAT HOPES FOR THIS PROJECT. WE PLAN TO JOINTLY SPONSOR CONFERENCES IN THE FUTURE, PARTICULARLY TO ENHANCE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. IN ADDITION, ERDA AND SBA ARE CONSIDERING WAYS TO HELP THE NEW AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES BECOME AN EFFECTIVE SPOKESMAN FOR TEE SMALL TECHNICAL/R&D BUSINESS CCYMUNITY. -2-- PAGENO="0489" 485 ANOTHER SPECIFIC RESULT OF JOINT ERDA/SBA EFFORTS RELATES TO OUR GEOTHERMAL LOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAM. WE PUBLISHED PROPOSED REGULATIONS TO GOVERN THIS NEW PROGRAM LAST FALL. AFTER CONSIDERABLE DISCUSSION WITH SBA, WE ABE CONSIDERING AMENDING THE REGULATIONS AS THEY ABE ISSUED IN FINAL FORM TO INCLUDE IN EFFECT A 10% SET-ASIDE FOR SMALL BUSINESS. WE ABE WORKING WITH SBA TO DETERMINE APPROPRIATE SIZE STANDARDS FOR THIS INDUSTRY. ERDA ACTIONS EBDA HAS DONE SEVERAL OTHER THINGS TO INCREASE ThE NUMBER OF* CONTRACTS AWARDED TO SMALL FIRMS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND TO MAKE NEW KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT-FINANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AVAILABLE TO SMALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS. SMALL BUSINESS COORDINATORS, WHOSE JOB IS TO PROMOTE SMALL BUSINESS INTERESTS, HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN EVERY ERDA FIELD OFFICE. PROGRAM AND PROCUREMENT PERSONNEL HAVE BEEN TOLD TO USE SET-ASIDES FOR SMALL BUSINESS WHERE PRACTICABLE AND POSSIBLE, AND WE MONITOR THIS CLOSELY. ERDA SMALL BUSINESS COORDINATORS HAVE BEEN TOLD TO BECOME HIGHLY VISIBLE TO SMALL BUSINESS IN THEIR AREAS AND TO ASSIST IN THEIR MARKETING EFFORT. WE HAVE CONTACTED SMALL BUSINESS TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND OFFERED ASSISTANCE IN INTEODUCING THEM TO THE APPROPRIATE ERDA PROGRAM PERSONNEL. FINALLY, WE CONSTANTLY ABE SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES TO MEET WITH AND COUNSEL SMALL BUSINESSMEN THROUGH SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES. -3-- PAGENO="0490" 486 IN OCTOBER 1975, WE NAMED A SMALL BUSINESS ADVISORY TASK FORCE TO ASSIST IN ESTABLISHING, AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, IN MAINTAINING AN EFFECTIVE AND AGGRESSIVE SMALL AND MINORITY BUSINESS PROGRAM. IN EARLY OCTOBER 1975, WE BEGAN PLANNING FOR A CONFERENCE THAT SUBSEQUENTLY WAS HELD IN WASHINGTON ON MARCH 24 AND 25, 1976. THIS CONFERENCE WAS ENTITLED OPPORTUNITIES AT ERDA FOR SMALL R&D COMPANIES." AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONFERENCE, WE SOLICITED DOCUMENTED CASE HISTORIES OF DIFFICULTIES THAT ANY OF THE COMPANIES HAD IN DEALING WITH ERDA. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES, WHICH HELPED US RUN THE CONFERENCE, IS COLLECTING THESE CASES AND WILL DISCUSS THEM WITH ERDA PERSONNEL BEFORE FORMULATING RECO~4ENDATIONS AS TO ERDA CONTRACTING PROCEDURES. WE WILL TRY TO RESPOND TO THESE RECO~'2~iENDATIONS WITHIN 180 DAYS. IN FULFILLMENT OF SECTION 14 OF THE NONNUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1974 RELATING TO ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS, ERDA IN JUNE 1975 ESTABLISHED AN INVENTIONS PROGRAM, AS DESCRIBED IN THE ATTACHED FLOW CHART, TO HANDLE THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF INVENTIONS THAT WOULD BE RECOMMENDED/ENDORSED TO ERDA BY THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS AS BEING TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE AND WORTHY OF CONSIDERATION FOR FURTHER SUPPORT. IN THE AREA OF UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS, A TOPIC OF CRITICAL INTEREST TO THE SMALL R&D FIRM, WE HAVE DEVELOPED AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR TRACKING AND CONTROLLING ALL UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS SENT TO ERDA. THROUGH THIS SYSTEM, WE WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE OBJECTIVE AND TIMELY RESPONSE TO THE SUBMITTER. -4- PAGENO="0491" 487 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ERDA EMPLOYS A VARIETY OF MECHANISMS TO ASSURE THAT NEW KNOWLEDGE FROM ITS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS REACHES POTENTIAL USERS AND IMPLEMENTERS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY. TYPICALLY, NOTICE OF THE AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE FLOWS THROUGH TRADE JOURNALS, TECHNICAL JOURNALS, NEWSLETTERS, FACTSHEETS, RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS, ABSTRACT SERVICES, BUSINESS MAGAZINES AND FEDERAL PUBLICATIONS. TO INSURE THAT SMALL R&D COMPANIES RECEIVE SUCH INFORMATION, WE ARE WORKING WITH SBA TO PROVIDE MONETARY SUPPORT TO THE NEWSLETTER OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES (AASRC). THE MONEY WOULD BE USED TO INCLUDE A SECTION ON ERDA-DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY IN THAT PUBLICATION. ERDA IS ALSO WORKING WITH THE OFFICE OF MINORITY BUSINESS ENTERPRISES (0MPH) TO FOSTER INTERACTION WITH MINORITY-OWNED COMPANIES. WE HAVE GIVEN SPECIAL ATTENTION TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND COMMERCIALIZATION. PRESENTLY, WE (AND OMBE AND SBA) ABE ALL ADVISING MINORITY PARTICIPANTS ON PROCEDURES, TECHNIQUES AND AVAILABLE FEDERAL AND PRIVATE AID AVAILABLE TO PURCHASE CONTROL OF ONGOING SMALL TECHNICAL R&D FIRMS. RESEARCH REPORTS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION ARE GENERALLY AVAILABLE THROUGH ERDA' S TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER AT OAK RIDGE, TERNESSEE, AND THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE. IN COOPERATION WITH TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL GROUPS, -5- PAGENO="0492" 488 WE SPONSOR NATIONWIDE TOPICAL CONFERENCES, SYMEOSIA, WORKSHOPS, AND EXHIBITS BELATED TO ERDA'S BAD PROGRAMS, GIVING SMALL BUSINESS THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN OF AND INTERACT WITH THE SOURCE OF TEE NEW TECHNOLOGY AT MINIMAL EXPENSE. SPECIAL TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE CONSERVATION AND SOLAR ENERGY PROGRAM AREAS. A MAJOR EMPHASIS HAS BEEN PLACED ON BUILDING ACTIVE PERSON-TO-PERSON RELATIONSHIPS. IN THE AREA OF SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING, FOR EXAMPLE, WE ABE ESTABLISHING CLOSE WORKING RELATIONSHIPS WITH VARIOUS TRADE ASSOCIATIONS SUCH AS THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS, THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIRCONDITIONING ENGINEERS, THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS, AND THE SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. ALL THESE ORGANIZATIONS ARE PREDOMINANTLY SMALL BUSINESS ORIENTED. IN CONSERVATION, SERIOUS STUDY IS BEING GIVEN TO THE FEASIBILITY OF ESTABLISHING ENERGY CONSERVATION INFORMATION CENTERS WHICH COULD READILY INTERACT WITH LOCAL SMALL BUSINESSES. FURTHERMORE, ERDA IS CURRENTLY INVESTIGATING THE DESIRABILITY OF ESTABLISHING REGIONAL ENERGY CENTERS, IN COOPERATION WITH OTHER EXISTING REGIONAL FEDERAL OFFICES. SUCH CENTERS, WREN COUPLED TO THE TECHNOLOGY BASE OF ERDA' S LABORATORIES AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF ERDA' S FIELD OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, COULD FURTHER SERVE TO EXPEDITE THE FLOW OF TECHNOLOGICAL DATA TO INDUSTRY, BOTH LARGE AND SMALL. -6-- PAGENO="0493" 489 IN THIS SANE VEIN, ERDA'S OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS IS CONDUCTING AN ACTIVE PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAM THROUGH PRESS RELEASES, EXHIBITS, WORKSHOPS, AND THE PUBLICATION OF TOPICAL BOOKLETS AND BROCHURES. THESE LATTER PUBLICATIONS RECEIVE WIDE DISTRIBUTION AND ARE BROADLY AVAILABLE TO REACH BELOW THE INDUSTRY LEVEL TO THE PUBLIC AT LARGE. WE HAVE AN ACTIVE PROGRAM TO PROMOTE TIlE SPINOFF OF ERDA-DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGIES AND A MAJOR BENEFICIARY OF THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY. WE HAVE ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION AGENTS AT THE MAJOR ERDA MTJLTIPROGRAM LABORATORIES. THIS STAFFING HAS ENABLED POTENTIAL USERS TO CONTACT KNOWLEDGEABLE INDIVIDUALS FAMILIAR WITH THE ACTIVITIES OF THE LABORATORIES. IN PARTICULAR, THESE AGENTS ACTIVELY COOPERATE WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION'S TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION OFFICERS IN THE FIELD IN ORDER TO MAKE THE RESOURCES OF THE ERDA LABORATORIES MORE READILY AVAILABLE TO THEIR SMALL BUSINESS CONSTITUENCY. THESE ACTIVITIES ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ACTIONS THAT ERDA HAS TAKEN, IS TAKING, AND IS EXAMINING FOR FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION, IN RESPONSE TO THE NEED TO INSURE THAT THE OUTPUT OF ITS R&D PROGRAMS IS IMPLEMENTED. SIMILAR INITIATIVES ARE BEING PURSUED ACROSS MOST OF ERDA' S PROGRAM AREAS AND WE WILL CONTINUE TO INVESTIGATE NEW CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION. IN OUR PROGRAM ACTIVITIES, SOLAR AND CONSERVATION REPRESENT THE MAJOR SOURCE OF CONTACT WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY. -7- PAGENO="0494" 4gn SOLAR PROGRAMS IN NOVEMBER 1975, ERDA ISSUED PROGRAM OPPORTUNITY NOTICE DSE-75-2 (poN) AS PART OF THE ERDA NONRESIDENTIAL SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. THIS PON PROMISED THAT, TO THE EXTENT FEASIBLE, AWARDS WOULD BE MADE CONSISTENT WITH THE FOLLOWING ORDER OF PRIORITY: (i) AT LEAST 50% OF THE AWARDS SHALL BE MADE TO TEAMS OFFERING A) SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM SUPPLIED BY SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS, AND B) OTHER SUBSTANTIAL SMALL BUSINESS PARTICIPATION; (2) IF PRIORITY (1) AWARDS CANNOT BE COMPLETELY ACHIEVED, THE REMAINING PORTION OF THE `AT LEAST 50%' OBJECTIVE SHALL BE ACCOMPLISHED BY AWARDS TO TEAMS OFFERING SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS SUPPLIED BY SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS: (3) IF PRIORITY (2) AWARDS CANNOT BE COMPLETELY ACHIEVED, THE REMAINING PORTION OF THE `AT LEAST 50% OBJECTIVE SHALL BE ACCOMPLISHED BY AWARDS TO ~TEAMS OTHERWISE PROPOSING SUBSTANTIAL SMALL BUSINESS PARTICIPATION. THE PROPOSALS SUBMITTED PURSUANT TO THIS PON HAVE BERN EVALUATED. WHEN THE RESULTS OF THESE EVALUATIONS ARE AVAILABLE, INCLUDING THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE SMALL BUSINESS PRIORITIES SET FORTH ABOVE HAVE BEEN ACHIEVED, I WILL PROVIDE YOU WITH THE DETAILS. CONSERVATION PROGRAMS WITHIN A MONTH , A PON RELATING TO HEAT RECUPERATORS WILL GO OUT COVERING THE INDUSTRIAL FIELDS OF GLASS, CERENT MANUFACTURE, ALUMINUM REMELT, STEEL B.EMELT, SOAKING PITS AND PAINT FINISHING. BECAUSE A SINGLE SMALL BUSINESS MAY NOT POSSESS THE TOTAL ANALYTICAL DESIGN AND FABRICATION CAPABILITY AND THE NECESSARY FACILITIES FOR CONDUCTING SUCH COMMERCIAL DEMONSTRATIONS, BUSINESSES -8- PAGENO="0495" 491 ARE ENCOURAGED TO FORM JOINT VENTURES WITH CTHER SMALL BUSINESSES OR WITH LARGER BUSINESSES, TO CREATE THE CORPORATE ENTITY THAT CAN GET THE JOB DONE. AS AN EXAMPLE, THE $75,000 LIGHTING SURGE TEST PROGRAM HAS BEEN SET TOTALLY ASIDE FOR SMALL BUSINESS PROCUREMENT. IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT IN THE CONSERVATION AREA, THE AVERAGE CONTRACT IS $150,000, WELL WITHIN THE REACH OF SMALL BUSINESS. AS AN ADDITIONAL HELP TO SMALL R&D BUSINESS, THE CONSERVATION PROGRAM OFFICE HAS HELD WORESHOPS AND CONFERENCES ON TRANSPORTATION, THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, UNDERGROUND COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE AND HYDROGEN. OTHER EBDA ACTIONS IN ORDER TO RESPOND TO THE NEEDS OF ERDA AND THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING A NEW OFFICE TO CONCENTRATE ON THE NEEDS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN AND THE INDIVIDUAL INVENTOR. THIS OFFICE WOULD SERVE AS A FOCAL POINT AND A GENERAL LINE WITH SMALL BUSINESS AND THE INDIVIDUAL INVENTOR. THIS WOULD BE A STAFF OFFICE, COMPLEMENTING THE ONGOING OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF ERDAS PROCUREMENT OFFICES. ULTIMATE SUCCESS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM, ONCE WE HAVE MADE OUR PROCUR~~NT NEEDS KNOWN TO SMALL BUSt NESSES, WILL EPEND ON OUR ABILITY TO KEEP THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS AS SIMPLE AND SHORT AS POSSIBLE. -9- PAGENO="0496" 492 WHEN ERDA WAS ESTABLISHED, WE REALIZED THAT SMALL BUSINESS HAD A VERY PEAL ROLE TO PLAY IN TEE RATION S ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPRENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS. OBVIOUSLY, SORE PARTS OF SORE OF OUR PROGRAMS ARE CF SUCH MAGNITUDE THAT ONLY RELATIVELY SIZEABLE CONEANIES CAN PARTICIPATE AT TEE BREVE CONTRACT LEVEL. HOWEVER, THROUGH INNOVATIVE VECHANISMS LIKE PROGRAM OPPORTUNITY NOTICES (P0N' s) A~m PROGRAM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPRENT ANNOUNC~ENTS (PRDA s), WE APE SEEKING TO DEFINE AREAS OF ERDA INTEREST, RATHER THAN PRECONCEIVED CONCLUSIONS, SO AS TO ENCOUB~GE FIFES OF ALL SIZES TO PROPOSE TO US HOW REST TO PROCEED. WE ARE STUDYING OUR EXPERIENCES WITH PON' S AND PRDA' S TO MAKE SURE THESE NEW TECHNIQUES PROVIDE POSITIVE INCENTIVES TO SMALL BUSINESS PARTICIPATION. PATENT POLICY THE PATENTS AND DATA RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT-FINANCED R&D ARE GENERALLY AVAILABLE TO ALL MANUFACTURING FIFES -- LARGE AND SMALL ON A NONDISCRIMINATORY BASIS. OUR PATENT POLICY IS ONE MECHANISM WHICH ACTS AS AN INCENTIVE TO PROMOTE AXIMUE PARTICIPATION BY THE ENTIRE PRIVATE. SECTOR. THIS POLICE IS THE MOST DETAILED, COMEPENECSIVE POLICY EVER LEGISLATED BY CONGRESS FFQTIRNS TITLF TO INI NTION S RIGHTS TO BE TESTED IN ERDA WHILE FTTFN~"G THE ATTTHOL TX TO WAITE THIS REQUIREMENT. CONSISTENT TETH STAELPSFTL GCTEF:NL~ ET-WITE RENEGE, ERDAOWNFD INVENTIONS APE INITIALLY ~VIJii_PEJ YE ALL TEIPEETTS__EFkLL AND LARGE -- ON A NONEXCLNSTTE RDT~i T~ FREE BASIS. N -10- PAGENO="0497" 493 PATENT LICENSING REGULATIONS DO PROVIDE THAT, IN THE EVENT AN EXCLUSIVE LICENSE IS DEEMED NECESSARY TO SECURE UTILIZATION OR CONNERCIALIZATION OF AN INVENTION, SMALL BUSINESS IS GIVEN PREFERENTIAL CONSIDERATION. IN REGARD TO THE WAIVER OF INVENTION RIGHTS, THE FEDERAL NONNUCLEAR ACT DIRECTS THAT SPECIAL CONSIDERATION BE GIVEN TO SMALL BUSINESS IN THE EVERCISE OF THIS WAIVER AUTHORITY. THUS, SMALL BUSINESSES MAY BE GIVEN PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OVER LARGE ONES WHEN IT IS DETERMINED TO GRANT A CONTRACTOR PRINCIPLE INVENTION RIGHTS. THIS CONSIDERATION HAS BEEN ALSO INCORPORATED IN EBDA PATENT REGULATIONS AND APPLIES TO ALL ERDA CONTRACTS -- NUCLEAR AND NONNUCLEAR. AS A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE, I REFER TO OUR RECENT REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CONGRESS, ERDA 76-16, WHICH ILLUSTRATES ONE CASE WHERE A WAIVER WAS GRANTED TO A CONTRACTOR IN PART BECAUSE OF HIS SMALL BUSINESS STATUS. DATA DELIVERED UNDER ALL ERDA CONTRACTS IS AVAILABLE TO ALL BUSINESS ON A NONDISCRIMINATORY BASIS. IN CONCLUSION, WE LOOK TO SMALL BUSINESS FOR HELP IN SOLVING THIS COUNTRY.' S ENERGY PROBLEMS. WE ARE CONVINCE~) THAT TRADITIONAL SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS NEED TO BE AUGMENTED IF WE ARE TO MAKE MAXIMUM USE OF THE INNOVATIVE TALENTS RESIDING IN SMALL BUSINESSES AND WTTH INDIVIDUAL INVENTORS. MR. CHAIRMAN, THIS COMPLETES N~ PRKT APED STATEMEN~ I WOULD PD PLEASED TO RESPOND TO ANY QUESTION ~iDE CCMPITTEK NAY RULE. -11- 72-434 0 - 76 - 32 PAGENO="0498" ENERGY RESEARCH E~ DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATiON (ERDA) &THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (NBS) ENERGY~RELATED INDEPENDENT INVENTOR ft SMALL REiD BUSINESS PROGRAM NBS ACTIVITY ;NDEPJOOR: t1~ E;Tw IOID~i~t:IRRIJ OJ - SOCIAL NEED I ERDA ACTIVITY ~ ~ ~~J~JP~1NTACTS HLPRWATECONTSI3IJ~ ERDA INVENTION I -AVAILABLE TO -CAPITAL SOURCES PROGRAM I ALL NOS -COMPATIBLE DEVELOPMENT __________________ OBJECTIVES I ENDORSED IDEAS 141 PRIVATE SECTOR COMMERCIAliZATION I SUPPORT OPTIONAL OF INVENTOR RIGHTS PATH INVENTIONSNOT (Rh SUPPORTABLE IN 4 II REFERREDYO ERDA AS TECIINICALLY VALID AND WORTHY OF I I PRIVATE SECTOR CONSIDERATION FOR SUPPORT. I - DUE TO TECHNICAL SECOND ITERATION 21 ADMINISTERED BY ISL. I I UNCERTAINTIES PHASE 31 TORE INSTITUTED BY ADMINISTRATOR WHEN HE DETERMINES THAT ADVERSE MARKET CONDITIONS REOUIRE IT. LI EXCEPT CONOITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM NRS. ___________ _______________ 5) FUNDED AND ADMINISTERED BY APPROPRIATE ERDA ACTIVITY. ~ F PHASE `B L NORMAL ERDA _______________ I) DOTTED LINE INDICATES OPTIONAL COURSE OF ACTION. `l INII DRVEL. PROGRAM - R&OD SUPPORT RICHARD K. SUTO - COMPETITIVE EVALUATION REDA ENEBOYRELATED INVENTION PROGRAM WITH OTHER PROGRAM ISL.NIII FLOOR OPPORTUNITIES WASHINGTON. D.C. 2R545 12021 37B~411R PAGENO="0499" 495 Senator HATHAWAY. In protecting patent rights, do you give ex- clusive licenses? Mr. SMITH. Rather than surrender patent rights which he would normally have to do if we, in effect, finance his invention, we can let him obtain his own rights. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you not give him exclusive rights? Mr. SMITH. Exclusive rights. Senator HATHAWAY. Have you given any? Mr. SMITH. We have given one just recently. It is mentioned in our testimony. Senator HATHAWAY. To a small business? Mr. SMITH. Yes. Senator HATHAWAY. The only one? Mr. SMITH. The only one that I know of. On the other hand, our patent policy has been just newly completed and revised. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any idea what percentage of dollars is being given to small business by ERDA in this field? Mr. SMITH. On a prime contract basis, the first 6 months of fiscal 1976, the best yardstick we can go by, 13 percent of our $1.5 billion of total procurement went either directly to small business on a prime contract basis or through our laboratories on a contract basis. Senator HATHAWAY. What about subcontracts? Mr. ALLNTJTT. As Mr. Smith indicated, that does include, first, your contracts under the ERDA laboratories. We do not have data all the way down through the tiers. That is prime contract, first tier, under the large contractors. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you mean that the percentage would be greater if you knew how many subcontractors were involved? Mr. OLDER. If you could go through the subtiers, that percentage would get larger. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you feel that your outreach program is sufficient to get all the small businesses involved that should be in- volved? Mr. SMITH. We are not sure it can ever be. The purpose of the office that we are discussing to see if we can pull together the focus to expand our knowledge of where the companies are. We are talking obviously about thousands of companies. You cannot put up a sign. You have to define where they are and really go out. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you coordinate your activities with other agencies of the Government besides SBA? Mr. SMITH. So far, it primarily has been SBA. We would like to coordinate with the three other agencies that were here today that have some relationship to what we are doing, particularly at NASA and the Foundation. Senator HATHAWAY. How many people in ERDA are devoting their full time to small business procurement? Mr. SMITH. Small business procurement must have three full- time- Mr. OLDER. That is in headquarters, and then there are agents around in all the laboratories and other facilities around the country. If you look at people who are dedicated, full-timers to procure- ment, that would be one at each installation and one in headquarters. I cannot count that up for you. We could submit that for the record. PAGENO="0500" 496 Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think that is sufficient to do a good job for small business Mr. ALLXUTT. Let me give you a two-part answer. Part 1, just looking at the procurement, I think that is a good dedication of personnel. Those people who are dedicated in that way are not the only people in the procuremeiit process workmg on small business. Many of the responsibilities of the procurement officers and what we call ERDA program support people, procurement people who work with programs to identify their needs and bring them into the procurement process, the major charge those people have is to be alert. to greater small business participation in addition to the job that the people dedicated full-time has. That is not the only measure. The other part that Mr. Smith is saying, to a great extent, unlike the Department of Defense or NASA, for example, procurement is only one part when you deal with small business. That. is in recognition that this office is being set up-an agency charged, as we are, with ultimately commerciahz- ing rather than simply buying has to look at its total relations with the small business community: Not simply how much it is buying from them, but what it is doing to gct them aware of the commer- cial businesses. Mr. SMITH. As an aside, in the implementation of our solar pro- gram, the small businesses are critical to us. It is critical for us, if we want to implement our program properly to utilize small busi- nesses. Senator HATHAWAY. In the solar program, what percentage of dollars are awarded to small businesses? Mr. SMITH. I do not know if we have total figures on that.. Mr. OLDER. I do not. think we have it here today. I can get it for you. I can update Admiral Woodfin's update. Those awards were announced earlier this week. The goal was 50 percent. WTe achieved more than 50 percent. There is quibbling going on whether it is 75 percent or 78 percent, but it is three-quarters in that one program. Senator HATHAWAY. In the solar field? Mr. OLDER. Solar heating and commercial buildings. Senator HATHAWAY. Over 50 percent is going to small business? Mr. OLDER. The goal is 50 percent.. We achieved considerably more than 50 percent in 34 awards that were announced earlier this week. That is not. the total. Senator HATHAWAY. That seems to be an improvement over the last time that we held hearings on this matter. Senator McIntyre held hearings last fall. Mr. SMITH. It is dependent. a little bit on the nature of the pro- gram. As the solar program evolves and the demonstration aspect of it gets more critical, small business becomes a very critical part of the implementation of the program. Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any followup to these ideas that w-e sendi to you all the time? They are funneled through my office, audI other members of the House amid Senate get them also. There are many people all over the country who have some goodi, andl I suppose PAGENO="0501" 497 bad ideas, as to solar power, wind power, and a few other sources of energy. Are these followed up? Mr. SMITH. Our inventor's program starts off in our office-if an invention comes into us through our arrangement with the National Bureau of Standards, we immediately send his inquiry over to them. They do a detailed screening process. Ideas get through them and come back to us for either implementation by our various program areas or to be picked up by our own department and have a market test given to them. Other ideas might flow directly into the program areas if they are in the nature of unsolicited proposals. They are in the various pro- gram areas for action. Senator HATHAWAY. Individuals are informed, aren't they? I have had some complaints, 1 have never heard again from ERDA after they send in an idea. Mr. SMITH. The whole process takes quite a bit of time to go through the whole testing period through the National Bureau of Standards. ERDA is not as fast in responding as it would like to be. It is difficult, often, when you get a letter, to properly analyze what is in it, the invention. Some of the inventions are pretty easy to analyze because they are perpetual motion machines. We can answer those immediately. When there is a fair amount of merit to an idea, it is difficult to give any other answer than to say we are looking at it. At some point, we ask for more information. The program is not proceeding as fast as we would like to have it. Senator HATHAWAY. We have run over our time. I would appreciate it if you could answer some of the other ques- tions that I have here in writing. I thank you for coming here this morning. Mr. SMITH. Thank you, sir. Senator HATHAWAY. The. hearings will adjourn, subject to the call of the Chair. [Whereupon, at 12 :35 p.m. the hearings in the above-entitled matter adjourned, to reconvene subject to the call of the Chair.] PAGENO="0502" APPENDIX UNITED STATES ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20545 Honorable William D. Hathaway United States Senate Dear Senator Hathaway: ~Vui~Y 1 2 1976 Enclosed are my responses to the questions submitted by you and Senator McIntyre in relation to my testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Small Business on April 7, 1976. If you would care for further elaboration on any of my answers, please let me know. Enclosure: As stated Sincerely, Farwell Smith, Director Office of Industry, State and Local Relations (498) PAGENO="0503" 499 QUESTIONS ST SENATOR HATHAWAY 1. On Page 10 of your statement you say that, through your Program Opportunity Notices and Program Research and Development Announce- inents, ERDA is seeking to define areas of interest, rather than preconceived conclusions. In what way do firms respond to these notices and announcements? ERDA's Response: ERDA'S purpose in issuing PRDAS and PONs is to focus proposer attention on areas of programmatic intereNt without dictating a specific statement of work or specification. A secondary objec- tive is to save industry the expense of proposal preparation for projects that do not contribute significantly toward ERDA's program objectivesT. F1~rther these new solicitation devices encourage the submission of a large number of valuable, innovative proposals from which an optimum mix of projects can be selected in light of the program goals. Proposers should submit their proposals pursuant to each PRDA or PON solicitation document's instructions since each solicitation has a different purpose and emphasis. All PRDAs and PONs are publicized prior to release to the mailing list of the appropriate program office. Any party desiring to receive a copy of a program office's PRDAs or PONs should routinely review the Commerce Business Daily for synopses or request the program office to add his name to the PRDA/PON mailing list. PAGENO="0504" 500 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY 2. On Page 11, where you discuss ERDA's patent policy, you say that, in the event an exclusive license is deemed necessary to secure utiliza- tion or commercialization of an invention, small business is given preferential, treatment. (a) What are the specific criteria for granting an exclusive license? (b) Has ERDA granted any exclusive licenses? ERDA's Response: 2(a) The general ERDA policy on patent license is to grant non-exclusive licenses. The ~criteria used to enter into an exclusive license arrangement is that the following finding must be made: Commercialization of the invention has not been and is not likely to be achieved expeditiously in the public interest under any non-exclusive license. ERDA bases its criteria on the ERDA Nonnuclear Ener~ Act, Public Law 93-577 and on 10 CFR 781.30, and as refers to small business 10 CUE 781.31(e). 2(b) ERDA has granted one exclusive license (to Hercules, Inc.). There are two exclusive licenses under negotiation (each of these, if the negotiation is successful, will be granted to small businesses). PAGENO="0505" 501 9UESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY 3. Do you require cost-sharing on grants and research contracts resulting from unsolicited proposals? (If so, please cite applicable regulations.) ERDA's Response: ERDA policy on cost sharing is set forth in ERDA Procurement Regulation 9-4.5601 and reads as follows: It is the policy of the ERDA to encourage, when appropriate, participation by the performing organization in the cost of research effort. while not required of the ERDA by statute, cost sharing is encouraged to obtain a larger national effort in the nuclear energy field and to recognize that the research is also normally of benefit to the performing organi- zation. However, in general, cost sharing is not a requirement for ERDA funding of unsolicited proposals for research. PAGENO="0506" 502 ~t)ESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY 4. Please furnish the Committee data on: (a) the number of inventions that have been forwarded by ERDA to the National Bureau of Standards; (b) the number of those inventions on which the Bureau has completed its evaluation; (C) the average length of time spent by the Bureau in evaluating an invention; and (d) the number of inventions which the Bureau has determined to have merit. ERPA's Resronse: The attached Summary of NBS Invention Reviews (Appendix I) provides the information you requested regarding various statistics concerned with the NBS evaluation process. Evaluations are ccnducted through a series of progressively more intensive steps as indicated on the attachment. Each invention is handled in the order received. The status of the program as of March 31, 1976 is briefly stated as follows: Inquiries forwarded by ERDA to NBS Approx. 600 Total inquiries received by NBS 4,000 Evaluations completed by NBS 1,035 Inventions rejected to date 1,033 Inventions recommended to EBDA 2 PAGENO="0507" 503 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY ERDA's Response 4. (Continued) You should note that the attached sunimary shows that 38 inventions have been selected for second stage evaluation. This indicates that they are promising inventions and possible candidates for recommendation to ERDA. Since the chart was prepared, an addition- al 13 inventions have been selected to receive second stage evalu- ation. Regarding the average length of time spent by NBS in evaluating an invention, we have been advised by the Office of Ener~r_Related Inventions (OERI) that as of March 30, 1976, the average time to complete such an evaluation was twenty-mine weeks. However, OERI projects that this response time should be reduced to sixteen weeks by mid-May and to six and one-half weeks by September 30, 1976. Further comment on this question is given in the attachment to the answer to Senator McIntyre's Question 6 (See Appendix II). PAGENO="0508" 504 QUESTIOITS BY SENATOR NC INTYRE 1. Hr. Smith, on Page two of your testimony you say that ERDA is enter- ing into two work projects which will help to insure optimum utili- zation of the Nation's small business high technology R&D capability. gould you tell the Corrinittee who the two representatives from your office are, and provide their telephone numbers and addresses for the record? ERDA's ResDonse: ERDA representatives are: (a) Hr. Norman Vinson Small Business Advisor Washington, D.C. 20545 Telephone No. 202-376-9057 (b) Hr. Richard K. Sutz, Chief Office of Energy Related Inventions Program Office of Industry, State and Local Relations Washington, D.C. 20545 Telephone No. 202-376-4119 PAGENO="0509" 505 ~STIONS BYSENATORYC INTYRE 2. On the same page, you note that ERDA has agreed to participate with other Federal agencies in a test to determine the feasibility of re- quiring a minimum percentage of small hisiness contracting. As you know, S. 2845, which I introduced together with Chairman Nelsoiof this Committee and Senator Hathaway, sets a minimum across-the-hoard percentage of 20 percent for small business involvement. What is the minimum percentage that ERDA is testing? Would this amount be similar to the 20 percent across-the-board setaside that our bill specifies? ERDA's Respqp~q: ERDA has agreed to participate in a test under the aegis of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFF?) to determine the feasibility of including mandatory small business subcontracting requirements in ERDA prime contracts. Whether this requirement will result in posi- tive benefits without hindering the program or diluting the responsi- bility of the contractor will not be known until after the test. The number of diverse programs will make it impracticable to set a uniform percentage for all of ERDA's participating contractors. For the test, subcontracting for inclusion in selected prime contracts will be deter- mined by the SB representative and program office personnel based upon the technology involved and the susceptibility of the requirement to small business subcontracting. We anticipated that such percentages will differ in each case. PAGENO="0510" 506 ~JESTIONS BY SENATOR NC INTIRE 3. Continuing on Page two, you discuss the memorandum of understanding which ERDA has developed with SBA. This memorandum of understanding was mentioned in hearings before the Select Committee on Small Business last October. Why has it not yet been signed? ERDA's Resnonse: The cooperation envisioned by the memorandum of understanding is currently being practiced. The actual signing of the MOU will represent the formalization of existing relationships. Given thc many factors and problems associated with the formative period of this agency, we determined that a working relationship for probler solving was more important than the document formalizing such a relationship. Thus, more effort was given to establishing the relationship than in processing the document. However, the MOU has been fully coordinated through both SBA and ERDA and is ready for signature by both Administrators. Hopefully, by the time you receive this document, the MOU wifl have been signed. PAGENO="0511" 507 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE 4. On Page three, you note that there will be a 10 percent setaside for small businesses in the geothermal program. Does this mean that small business will be limited to 10 percent participation, or that small business will receive at least 10 percent of the total amount of the program? ERDA' s Resj~i~: ERDA's intent is that small business receive at least 10 percent of the loan guarantees under this program. If we find small busi- ness demands, interest and capabilities will support a higher figure we are prepared to respond accordingly. 5. Further on Page three, you discuss the establishment of program and procurement personnel for ERDA in the agency's field offices. When will an office be established in New England and where? ERDA's Response: ERDA is strongly committed to a program of increased regionalization. It has a regionalization program under intensive study at the moment. If this program materializes, ERDA would open an Office in New England -- presumably in Boston. PAGENO="0512" 508 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC IN~E 6. The Connittee has received information concerning the National Bureau of Standards' Office of Ener~-Related Inventions, which has shown that this agency has received many inventions for evaluation, but has not yet released many for funding by ERDA. Would you please describe the operation of the Office of Ener~-- Related Inventions, its staffing, end the problems that the Office has encountered which has slowed up its reports of inventions to ERDA? ERDA's Response: The NBS Office of Ener~r-Related Inventions (OERI) was established pursuant to Public Law 933-577 (The Federal Nonnuclear Ener~ Research Act of 1974) to provide ERDA with an independent and objective evalu- ation of nonnuclear ener~-related concepts and inventions emerging from the individual inventor end small business. OERI has a full-time staff of 14; seven clerical and seven professional. In FT 1976, ERDA transferred ~l.25 million to BBS to operate the evaluation program. The evaluations conducted by OERI consist of two phases. The first phase involves an evaluation of technical feasibility. The technical expertise available at BBS; in addition to the OERI professional staff, is used to the maximum extent possible during this phase. PAGENO="0513" 509 ~ESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYBE ERDA's Response: 6. (Continued) The second phase involves a determination of practicability and/or commercial feasibility. For the most part, this phase is conducted by qualified firms or individuals in the private sector under contract to NBS. A report on the status of the OERI program is appended herewith (Appendix II). This report discusses the experience and activities of OERI in the period March 31, 1975 to March 31, 1976, details their whole evaluation process, and discusses the problems of de- lay in completing evaluations along with their plans to alleviate the current situation. 7. On Page 5 of your statement, you note that ERDA is funding part of the operation of the American Association of Small Research Companies. How much money is ERDA providing AASRC for its newsletter this year? ~TIU this money continue in the future? RDj~A's Response: ERDA and the SEA are working on a joint funding of a contract with the AASRC for an amount of approximately $15,000 to purchase space in the AABRC newsletter in which to publish abstracts of available EBDA technology. It is also envisioned that such a contract would bring about more frequent publication of the now quarterly newsletter and have a longer range goal of increasing AASRC membership and therefore both ERDA's and SBA's ability to deal more effectively with the community of small R&D and technology-oriented firms. 72-434 0 - 76 - 33 PAGENO="0514" 510 QIJESTIONS BY SENATOR NC IN~LRE ERDA's Response: 7. (Continued) Because this project is still under consideration, there are no plans as yet under discussion towards future funding. PAGENO="0515" 511 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE 8. Continuing on Page 5, you note that ERDA is working with the Operation of Minority Business Enterprise at Commerce arid helping advise minority companies with SBA and OMBE. At the hearing last year, it was suggested that ERDA may want to sub- contract part of its technolo~- assistance program to SBA be- cause of that agency's ability to work with small business. Has anything happened to that suggestion? Are you subcontracting part of your operation to SBA, or are you duplicating their efforts? RRDAt5 Resnonse: No action has been taken as yet to subcontract part of ERDA's technical assistance programs to SBA. However, we are, through our Technology Utilization Program, assisting SEA technology utilization officers in the field in their response to technical questions, arising from their small business constituency, which fall within the technological base extant in the EBDA laboratory complex. To the best of our knowledge, ERDA is not intentionally duplicating any of the SEA efforts. Rather, we are seeking to complement them. PAGENO="0516" 512 ~L$~TIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE 9. For the record, please list the nationwide topical conference, symposia, workshops, and exhibits that you have sponsored to help small business. _ERDA's Response: The first major national conference sponsored by EBDA especially for small business was the "Small Business Opportunities at ERDA Conference held in Washington, D.C., on March 24 - 25, 1976, in cooperation with the American Association of Small Research Companies. However, we have sponsored and/or participated in many geographically dispersed forums which, while not necessarily specifically targeted to smell business, have had both small business participation and orientation. Several examples of such meetings are: Opportunities with ERDA Sept. 16, 1975 Brookhaven Natt 1 Lab Long Island, N.Y. Conference for Architects & Builders May 12, 1976 Brookhaven Nat'l Lab Long Island, N.Y. Technolo~ Transfer Seminar Sept. 11, 1975 Lawrence Berkeley Lab Berkeley, California Southwest Technolo~ Utilization Conf. April 16-17, 1975 Albuquerque, N.M. IEEE Symposium on Ferral Electrics June 9-12, 1975 Albuquerque, N.M. PAGENO="0517" 513 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR J~1C INTYPE ERDA's Response: 9. (Continued) ERDA/LLL Laser Technology Dec. 10-11, 1975 Transfer Symposium for Lawrence Livermore Lab Commercial Suppliers of Laser Livermore, California Sy~tems and Components Technology Transfer Work Shop April 8-16, 1976 for Small Business Honolulu, Hawaii Bib, Hawaii Wailuku, Hawaii Advanced Welding and Brazing Oct. 28-30, 1975 Chicago, Illinois Solar Heating & Cooling Conferences Sept. 1975 - May 1976 Vermont, Long Island, Los Angeles, Baton Rouge, Detroit, and Albuquerque Vertical Axis Wind May 18-20, 1976 Turbine Technology Conference Albuquerque, N.M. Solar Total Energy Symposium July 10-11, 1975 Sandia Laboratories Albuquerque, N.M. The intent of my remarks before the Committee with regard to ERDA's nationwide topical conferences, symposia, workshops, and exhibits was to emphasize the fact that all these delivery mechanisms are amenable to small business participation and that we view these meetings as a viable means of giving small business the opportunity to learn of ERDATs R&D program. PAGENO="0518" 514 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE 10. Further on Page 6, you mention that serious study is being given to the feasibility of establishing energy conservation information centers which could readily interact with local small business. Are you discussing the development of these centers with the Commerce Department, or the Federal Energy Administration, or the Small Business Administration? Who would run them? ERDA's Response: The energy conservation information center concept has been discussed with Commerce, FEA and SBA, as well as the Department of Agriculture, HUD, and the Community Services Administration. Each agency has re- sponded favorably to the concept. As currently envisioned, the information centers would be managed by state or local government entities with ERDA maintaining an overview of the total program. PAGENO="0519" 515 QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE U. On Page 9, you note that ERDA is establishing a Small Business Office. Who will run this office? Where in ERDA will it be established? The Bill, S. 2845, that Senator Hathaway and I introduced, would mandate that ERDA establish the position of Assistant Administrator for Small Business. Does your decision to establish a Small Business Office mean that there is a possibility that ERDA will unilaterally make a decision to establish such a position? ERDA's Response: ERDA is in the process of establishing a Small Business Office within the Office of Industry, State and Local Relations. it would be headed by an Assistant Director of Small Business. We are interviewing possible candidates from various aspects of the small business community for this position. Staffing for the office would be undertaken after he was hired. At the moment, ERDA's principle focus on the small business community is in the Office of Procurement. The new office will be a supplement to the small business operations of our Procurement Office and deal with policy matters in the small business area. The office would have outreach into the small business community, particularly as relates to identifying small business companies and small R&D companies and faôilitate their dealing with ERDA. At the same time, the office would develop increased responsiveness within ERDA to small business companies. PAGENO="0520" APPENDIX I INQUIRIES RECEIVED ALL NUMBERS ARE CUMULATIV~ AM INITIATION. APPROX. COMPLETED INITIAL AWAITING INITI DISCLOSURES NO) DISCLOSURE REVIEW 150 2200 DISCLOSURE REVIEW: YET RECEIVED: 1650 f~CTED IN INITIAL ENTERED FIRST STA ~ AWAITING LUATION: EVALUAT ION: DISCLOSURE REVIEW: EVA IN EVALUATION: REJECTED ON SECOND LTAGE EVALUATION: SUMMARY OF NBS INVENTION REVIEW~ 1~9L1t3JJJJ?~ 0~ COMPLETED FIRST STAGE EVALUATION: 229 ~~325 ~ REJECTED AT FIRST CANDIDATES FOR SECOND STAGE EVALUATION: STAGE EVALUATION: 207 0 ENTERED EVALUATION: AWAITING 19 EVALUATION: COMPLETED EVALUATION:______________________ ________ ~ RECOMMENDED TO ERDA~ COMPLETED ACT EE 1035J PAGENO="0521" 517 APPENDIX II NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS OFFICE OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS Status Report March 31, 1976 A. Baclçground Section 14 of the Federal Nonnuclear Research and Development Act of 1974 directs the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to assist the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) by evaluating promising energy-related inventions. Particular attention is to be paid to those inventions submitted by independent inventors and small companies for the purpose of obtaining direct grants from ERDA. In a statement of March 6, 1975, in hearings before the Subcommittee on Energy Research and Water Resources of the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, the Director of NBS indicated how the National Bureau of Standards' responsibility under Section 14 would be implemented. Principal features of the plan presented in the Director's statement were: (1) Evaluation will consider technical and cothmercial feasibility, and will be conducted by both Government and private sector experts. (2) Care will be taken to protect the proprietary rights of the inventor submitting inventions for evaluation. The inventor will be informed of the conditions under which his disclosure will be evaluated, of his rights, and other aspects of interest to him because of his concern for safeguarding his proprietary rights. (3) Action will be taken to encourage use of the evaluation program by independent inventors and small business, and by the academic and professional communities. (4) Inventions judged to be technically and commercially feasible will be submitted to ERDA with a written evaluation including backup material and recommendations for the next step in development to be taken. (5) A full-time staff of 17 and $1,750,000 annually were estimated as required to conduct the NBS program. This was based on an estimate of 2,000-6,000 inventions to be received annually, and on t~e assumption that a large fraction of the submissions would be rejected at a very early stage in the evaluation process. PAGENO="0522" 518 The Office of Energy-Related Inventions (OERI) was established at NBS effective March 31, 1975, in order to implement the evaluation program plan. The office became operational on April 14, 1975, with an initial skeleton staff of six people, two of which were part-time. An Evaluation Request form was developed for use by inventors in submitting inventions for evaluation. A security system was devised to safeguard the proprietary rights of inventors submitting invention disclosures. Responses were made to the 200 inquiries which had been received from inventors prior to OERI establishment. The first formal evaluation requests were received on May 7. An announcement of initial OERI organization and operation was published in the Federal Register on June 6, 1975. B. Inventor Response to Response to the program has been substantial. Total correspondence in and out of the office averaged approximately 50 letters per day for a total of over 12,000 items of correspondence since April 1975. The office has responded to almost 4,000 inquiries by sending out evaluation request forms for inventors to use in submitting inventions. To date, 1,800 of these have been returned with invention disclosures attached for evaluation. Most submissions have been from individual inventors and small business. -A few have beon received from universities. Almost none have been received from large companies. Approximately 85% of the inventions submitted are either patented or a patent application has been filed. Up to 30% of inventions suitable for serious consideration are already on the market or ready for marketing; in 55% of the cases funds are being requested for prototype development; the remaining 15% are conceptual in nature requiring principally research and development effort. Subject areas addressed range from new engine designs, to new structural materials with improved insulation properties, to industrial chemical process improvements. Better than 50% of the submissions address energy conservation activities with automotive improvements accounting for most of that percentage. A large number of submissions have been forwarded from other Government agencies. The NBS program provides a single point to which all proposals and inventions submitted to other agencies can be forwarded. Conversations with participants in the program seem to indicate also that the NBS program does provide a needed facility where small business and individuals will receive specific attention, 2 PAGENO="0523" 519 C. Evaluation Procedures Tab A describes the NBS evaluation process in detail. Design and operation of the process was and is being governed by considerations in two principal areas: (1) Considerations in process design based on the needs, problems, and characteristics of individual inventors and small business: o Minimal Paperwork. Invention disclosures are accepted in the form most convenient for the inventor; there are no rigid format requirements. The evaluation request form contains mainly the inventors' signature and identification data; other information requirements are minimal. Only one copy of the disclosure has to be submitted. o ~phasis on Safeguarding Proprietary Rights. A rigorous security system was established with considerable input from the NBS legal staff. Government personnel and contractors are held formally accountable for each disclosure handled. Accessibility to disclosures is restricted and closely controlled. o Attitude. The first review of the disclosure (step 3 of tab A) is noncritical and basically non- technical. The intent is to prepare a disclosure package vhich will insure that the inventor receives maximum.. attention and consideration in technical evaluation (step 4), and that every submission, regardless of outward appearance, receives at least one thorough reading and review. o Consideration for Individual and Business Welfare. Extreme care is taken in communicating and disseminating evaluation results on individual inventor and small business submissions. Letters of rejection are therefore carefully prepared so as to avoid unduly damaging the credibility and future of a* small business or the self-estoam and dignity of the ifldlvidudl. (2) Considerations in process design based on expected low of valuable inventions relative to total submitted Experience of similar invention programs indicates that of all inventions submitted, only a very small percentage will be found to have significant value, although one invention 3 PAGENO="0524" 320 may be extremely valuable. The yield will vary dependent on the population submitting the inventions. If the general public is involved, the yield may be less than .1%. If the input is restricted to a select technical population (e.g., university professors) the yield may be as much as 6%. Tab B summarizes the experience of various domestic and foreign invention evaluation activities. This experience indicated a need for: o Use of a multi-stage process for screening and evaluation. All submissions cannot be treated the same. To the extent possible, expenditures should be greater on inventions with promise. Initial stages in evaluation should economically identify those with promise. o ~phasis on accuraqy in evaluation. The objective is to identify the few; to find the "needles in the haystack." The process cannot afford to miss a valuable invention; it should rather err in the direction of calling a poor one, good. o Documentation of performance and yield. Program value may be questionable. Care should be taken to document performance and worth of the evaluation program, and to facilitate identification of actions which could be taken to increase yield and thus improve program value. D. Performance to Date - The principal result to date is the development and implementation of the str~.tctured evaluation process. During development and start-up activities, however, app~oximately 1,800 inventions were received for evaluation and evaluation action was completed on 1035. Figure 1 charts the flow of received inventions through the evaluation process. On the basis of the charted data the yield seems higher than expected. Recommendation of less than 1% of submitted inventions was expected. Out of the first 1,000 completed evaluations, data indicates that as many as 16 may be recommended; two recommendatloas have already been made with 33 promising inventions yet to complete in-depth evaluation. This second-stage evaluation is principally to develop a thoro~igh technical case for action by ERDA. A principal problem has been the delay in completing evaluations. As indicated in figure 2, the backlog due to start-up in the period April-September 1975 has not yet been overcome; that is, while evaluation requests (curve A) were coming in at a steady rate, with an increase in December due to a press release, the first evaluations were not completed (Curve B) until the beginning of 4 PAGENO="0525" 521 June; and it is only now that the rate of completion equals that of new requests coming in (slopes of curves A and B are now approximately equal). Start-up problems were made particularly burdensome because of lack of appropriate staff readily available for transfer from other NBS programs and the difficulties of making permanent positions available for a new program. Heavy use is being made and will continue to be made of part-time and temporary personnel, as indicated in Figure 3. The third curve (C) of figure 2 reflects the care taken in documenting evaluation results in letters to the inventors. Policies and procedures were and still are of considerable concern. Principal difficulties however have been resolved, and routine procedures are now established and operative as indicated by the sharp upturn of curve C in January. E. Costs and Fiscal Year 1976 Budget Funds expended to date are shown in figure 4. Due to the start-up situation, particularly the difficulty in establishing viable procurement mechanisms, considerable 1976 funds are yet to be expended or obligated by June 30. This presents no difficulty since: (1) The major procurement action to acquire evaluation constractors is now in its final stages; responses to an advertised request for proposal are being evaluated and contracts are to be. let early in Nay 1976. (2) OERI staff is now at the maximum level for the year, and us~ of NBS staff from other programs as evaluators is being extended. Expenditures will therefore be proportionately higher than in the start-up period. In summary the fiscal year 1976 budget appropriation of $1,250,000 is seen to be adequate in view of the initial level of approximately 2,000 inventions received for evaluation in the first year. A full- time staff of 17 seems also to be adequate for tha long run. Realignment to increase the current proportion of evaluation staff is to be expected. This will occur with appointment of two additional full-time evaluators before September 1976. S PAGENO="0526" 522 F. Projections - Changes Before FY 77 Effort to date has been directed to developing and implementing the basic organization and evaluation process. The principal effort in the immediate future will be directed to clearing the backlog situation discussed earlier, and to improving responsiveness to a satisfactory level. The nature of the situation and required performance is illustrated in figure 5. Average final response time as of March 30, 1976, is seen to have been 29 weeks. The increased rate of writing notification letters will reduce average response time in early May to 16 weeks. From that point letters of notification will be written as the evaluation is completed. As noted earlier, current output rate of completed evaluations now equals the input rate, i.e., curves A and B became parallel beginning in late March. However, while maintenance of this equality is essential, response time will not improve without additional evaluation effort to reduce the current backlog of 410 inventions waiting evaluation. This backlog built up principallyin the period May through December, 1975. Tjie backlog Is to be eliminated by additional evaluation capability which should become available in early May with completion of the major procurement action mentioned earlier. With elimination of the backlog and maintenance of current performance, an average response time of six and one-half weeks is expected to be achievable. It will be noted that "average response time" as defined above is a useful m&asure of overall perfornance. However, actual time to complete evaluation will vary considerably. In computing an average response tine of six and one-half weeks, rejection of an invention on initial review may ta1~e only three weeks; rejection or recommen- dation after second-stage evaluation may take 18-20 weeks. In any case the near tern objective, to be achieved before September 30, 1976, is a six and one-half week mean response time. In accomplishing this, other efficiency measures known to be advisable, will also be initiated - forms and procedures, for example, will be redesigned and revised to reduce handling and processing time. 6 PAGENO="0527" 523 C. Projections - Changes in FY 77 Efforts to improve responsiveness and general performance, snd to reduce costs, will be continued in FY 1977. Beginning in the transition period and into FY 77, public information activities will be accelerated. This effort should increase the total number of inventions being submitted for evaluation from all parts of the private sector. An annual rate of 5,000 inventions before the end of FY 77 is expected. On the basis of our first year experience and that discussed in Tab B, this level of submissions should yield between 50 and 100 inventions (1 to 2%) which should be suitable for ERDA support. A principal new thrust in FY 77 will be efforts to improve the relative yield of worthwhile inventions from the current 1 to 2% noted above. The evaluation process has been structured to enable identification, and determination of the value, of actions to do this, as well as to document results in terms of rejection rates and final yield. A~tions are being initiated now which we expect will result in increased relative yield. Typical actions can be classified in two categories: (1) Actions to stimulate submission ofl~4~her quality inventions for evaluation. OERI is exploring potential use of direct contact programs which actively seek out high quality inventions for evaluation. One approach is based on an effort sponsored by the Economic Development Adm{nistration to stimulate new jobs and investments in selected geographical regions. Qualified engineering consultants would be funded to make direct contact with small R&D companies and individual inventors, explaining the evaluation program, en- couraging participation, and assisting in preparation and submission of disclosures for evaluation. Other actions will include those which encourage increased and heavy participation in the program by selected scientific and professional communities. (2) Actions to improve accuracy in identifying worthwhile inventions. Data are not available on the effectiveness of evaluation pro- grams in identifying worthwhile inventions, however, the literature is replete with cases in which the value of inno- vative ideas is not recognized by knowledgeable "experts." 7 PAGENO="0528" 524 Effort is seen to be required to exanine the significance of this effect and possibly develop evaluative techniques and methodology which will minimize the probability that worthwhile inventions are missed. Evaluator training and implementation of means for measuring evaluation process accuracy, are also potential actions to be taken in this category. Initial activity in this area is expected to be funded in the PY 76-77 transitional period. Installation of a computerized record system will be a principal tool needed to support this program effort. Initial system design is to be funded in FY 76, and initiated in the transition period. System development will be funded and initiated in FY 77. 8 PAGENO="0529" SUMMARY OF NBS INVENTION REVIEWS AS OF 3/31/76 INQUIRIES RECEIVED ALL NUMBERS ARE CUMULATIVE RAM INITIATION. APPROX. COMPLETED INITIAL ~NG INITIAL DISCLOSURES NOT AWA DISCLOSURE REV 2200 1650 YET R EC E I VED: AWAITING ENTERED REJECTED IN INITIAL DISCLOSURE REVIEW: EVALUATION EVALUATION: COMPLETED FIRST IN EVALUATION: STAGE EVALUATION 229 325 Cl' ~1 ___________ CD REJECTED AT FIRST CANDIDATES FOR SECOND STAGE EVALUATION: STAGE EVALUATION: ______ 287 ION: AWAITING ENTERED EVALUAT 19 19 EVALUATION: COMPLETED EVALUATIONS RECOMMENDED TO E REJECTED ON SECOND STAGE EVALUATION: 2 ___________ 3 -- ~TOTAL COMPLETED ACTIONS:' 1035 j PAGENO="0530" 2000 1900 1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 IIOQ 1000 A~ EVALUATION REQUEST RECEIVED 8~ EVALUATION COMPLETE EXCEPT FOR LETTER OF NOTIFICATION C: EVALUATION COMPLETE AND INVENTOR NOTIFIED *1 r~) A 800 700 500 200 cJ' I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N o ~r N ~o o ~t co to co to Ic.oo to N~ N c~o 0 to - U) co o 0 tO N-N-N C'J -to-N (\J ~I N - -ro-C'Jc~J C~J N Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dcc, 1 Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June July 1975 1 1976 PAGENO="0531" bFFICE OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS Current Staff as of 3/31/76 Professional Clerical & Acirnin. Total FTP FIT PT FTP FTT PT OPERATIONS (Handling and 2 1 14 3 3 13 processing correspondence and disclosures) EVALUATION SUPPORT (information 2 2 development; other agency liaison; legal support; methods development) EVALUATION (Technical reviews 2 1 3 and evaluation coordination) TOTALS 6 1 1 14 3 3 18 ~pected Additions Before NT 77 EVALUATION 2 FTP - full time permanent positions FF1 - full time temporary positions Fr - part time Figure 3 PAGENO="0532" 528 Prograrn Costs in Thousands of Dollars To Date Thru 6/30 Thru 9/30 (3/31) 1. OPERATIONS NBS 167.9 251.7 316.7 Contractual: Obligations 12.0 112.0 112.0 Expenditures 12.0 12.0 36.5 2. EVALUATION NBS 73.7 143.8 249.8 Contractual: Obligations 134.0 434.0 434.0 Expenditures 83.0 239.4 405.0 EVALUATION SUPPORT NBS :114.1 174.7 221.4 Contractual: - Obligations 20.0 133.8 228.1 Expenditures 20.0 35.0 144.7 TOTALS NBS 355.7 570.2 787.9 Contractual: Obligations 166.0 679.8 774.1 Expenditures 115.0 286.4 586.2 TOTAL NBS EXPENDITURES. PLUS OBLIGATIONS 521.7 1250.0 1562.0 ~perations - Consists of non-evaluative efforts directed to processing evaluation requests: correspondence; management, administrative, and clerical operations; and disclosure review and analysis. Evaluation - Review and evaluation of invention disclosures; technical evaluation, -coordination, and control; technical meetings and discussions with inventors. Evaluation Support - Development of information for evaluators; location of evaluation sources; technical liaison with other agencies; public information activities; legal, regulatory, and legislative activities; methods development; supplies, services, and miscellaneous expenditures. Figure 4 PAGENO="0533" `.5 I No. of Evaluation Requests 2000 A~ EVALUATION REQUEST RECEIVED B~ EVALUATION COMPLETE EXCEPT FOR LETTER OF NOTIFICATION C= EVALUATION COMPLETE AND INVENTOR NOTIFIED , , , A / 200 II I 1111111 I Jill ill I I I oc)c~J(oo~rco-too)r() DOO~-u'coN.oor~ N-N-N N - -~-NN N N - -~-NN N N Apr. Moy June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jon. Feb. March Apr. May June July 1975 1976 PAGENO="0534" 530 Nt~TION1~L BUREAU OF STANDARDS OERI~E OF ENEP~Y-PELATED INV~TIONS EV7~LUATION PItXISS 1. ~~iry or Referral Receipt 1.1. When an inventor contacts or is referred to OERI, he is sent informational material on the program and two copies of NBS Form 1019 (Attachrrent A). 1.2. If a disclosure is submitted at the tire of inquiry or referral, a "Correspondence Folder' is initiated for the inventor ard filed under his nan-e in a secure file. `The inventor is also inforrred that his disclosure has been filed, and that it is not necessary to send a casplete new disclosure, but that he may add to it if he feels this is desirable. 2. Evaluation Reauest (ER) Receipt 2.1. When a completed form NBS-l019 is received for an invention, date of receipt is stamped on the form. The form and the disclosure are inspected to insure that identity information and signature are present, and that material i~eferred to in any accompanying letter is present; if- not satisfactory the form may be returned and a request made for a resuhnission. 2.2. The documents are "logged" and acimowledged (Attachment B). 2.3. The material received is filed in a correspondence folder under the inventor' s name. All subsequent correspondence concerning the invention disclosure will be filed in this correspondence folder. - 3. Disclosure Review and Analysis (DPA) 3.1. The DRA analyst selects disclosures for review in the order of date received. The logging procedure of item 2.2. is designed to insure that this rule is followed. - 3.2. The disclosure and all pertinent material in the inventor' s corresuondence folder is reviewed to determine if the disclosure is understandable, complete, sufficient, and within program scope. - 3.3. If acceptable in 3.2. the disclosure is classi~fied as "ready for evaluation." The disclosure and any other technical material (3/22/T6) PAGENO="0535" 531 which weuld tend to support evaluation is then transferred to a control folder and filed separately in order by a control riuither (next step is 4.1.). 3.4. If the disclosure is determined to be inccarplete, insufficient, or not clear, but it is felt an irrproverrzsnt can be easily made, the inventor will be infonred by mail and given the opportunity to irprove the disclosure by submitting additional material. The new material, when received, will be selected for review in accordance with date received in cczapetition with new disclosures. 3.5. If neither 3.3. nor 3.4. applies, the request will be classified as `tentatively unacceptable' (next step 6.1.) under one of the fo1lci~iing categories: 3.5.1. Not Energy Related. Implerrentation arid utilization of the in ntioii~In its final developed form will clearly not result in a savings of energy or in increasing the supply of available energy. 3.5.2. Nuclear Enemy Related. The invention deals with the production or utilization of nuclear energy. 3.5.3. Proposal Without an Innovative Basis. The inventor proposes to conduct research and developxrent with an invention as the objective rather than as the starting point. 3.5.4. Insufficient Technical Deoth or Suggestion. The invention is not presented in sufficient technical detail or depth to enable evaluation. In these cases the inventor has not developed his idea sufficiently to enable understanding or to distinguish his idea from similar or well-known ideas or concepts. 3.5.5. Perpetual Notion or Otherwise Obviously Flawed. The invention is a perpetual notion or a self- sustaining device or system, or otherwise obviously (to a layman) violates laws of nature, carson sense, or very familiar technology. 3.5.6. Excessive Feasibility Analysis Recuired. The inventor proposes a project or undertaking which is of such magnitude and scope as to exclude it 2 (3/22/76) PAGENO="0536" 532 from practical classification as an invention. Exarrple: a major dam, space station, intercontinental canal, or a new ~orld organization. 3.5.7. Corrrrnnicatiori Problem Involved. The material presented ii~inintelligible, irrational, illogical, or for some reason the ideas involved cannot be corrirtunicated to an evaluator. 4. First-Stage Evaluation 4.1. The invention disclosure (control folder) is sent to an evaluator who reviews it and provides an opinion as required in Attacirrant C. Priority in scheduling, reviews is determined generally by the control nurrber assigned as `noted in 3.3. 4.2. On return of the disclosure the evaluator recanrandation and consents are reviei~ed, together with the disclosure, by a senior OERI staff neither. Unless the disclosure is now found to be unacceptable in accordance with the criteria of 3.5 above, the staff neither will either sthedule another first-stage review or schedule a second-stage review (stop 5). 4.3. If another first-stage review is scheduled, the disclosure is sent to a new, different, evaluator selected by the staff neither. Corrrrents by prior evaluators and by the staff rrerrber are first raToved from the folder and are retained on file in the OERI control office. 4.4. With each first-stage review senior staff review will again take place, when the new evaluator conrrents are received. The entire file, the disclosure, prior evaluator ccznmants and staff inerrher notes, will be reviewed in the process of deciding on one of the following: 4.4.1. Conduct second-stage evaluation (next step 5) 4.4.2. Not reccrrrrend, i.e., call the evaluation tentatively conrplete (6.1.) 4.4.3. Request additional information fran the inventor 4.4.5. Seek another first-stage opinion (4.3.) 4.5. Steps 4.3. and 4.4. may be repaated as many times as necessary. The end result will be a decision either to conduct second-stage evaluation or not to reccarrend Government support. 3 (3/22/76) PAGENO="0537" 533 5. Second-Stage Evaluation 5.1. A senior OERI staff rrerrber is assigned to coordinate and sonitor further evaluation and other actions. 5.2. A second-stage evaluator is selected and requested to conduct evaluation in accordance with requirements described in Attachment D. More than one evaluation tray be conducted, concurrently or in series. All disclosure material is duplicated as required (next step 6.2.). 6. Senior Staff Review (Final) 6.1. Disclosures Classified as Tentatively Unacceptable in Step 3.5., or as of Insufficient Value in Step 4.4.2. 6.1.1. The disclosure is reviewed, together with any reports from evaluators and pertinent material in the correspondence folder. 6.1.2. If prior contacts indicate that a request has been trade, the inventor will be contacted by telephone and given the opportunity to discuss the results with a senior staff evaluator and other evaluators as appropriate, either by telephone or by personal visit to OERI. All visits are at the inventor' s own expense. At the discretion of the senior staff evaluator, subsequent to the discussion or visit, the evaluation may be reopened. 6.1.3. If evaluation is not reopened and the earlier tentative conclusion confirmed, a letter is written notifying the inventor of OERI intent not to reconrrrend the invention to ERDA, and the principal reasons why. Detailed results of the evaluation, i.e., a technical critique of the invention will be provided only via telephone discussion or personal visit as indicated in 6.1.2. Note in Attachment C that detail in the report is discouraged; this is for economic reasons and to foster liberality on the part of the evaluator. 6.2. When Second-Stage Evaluation Results I½re Received 6.2.1. Review is conducted to determine ubether or not the invention shall be recaTtrended to ERDA. If the decision 4 (3/22/76) 72-434 0 - 76 - 34 PAGENO="0538" 534 is not to recorrrnend, the evaluation report received j from the second-stage evaluator will be transmitted to the inventor, with a letter of notification on the negative results. In this case also, further technical discussions may be had either by telephane with the pertinent evaluator, or by personal visit by the inventor to ~S at the inventor's expense. 6.2.2. If the decision after second-stage evaluation is to make a recorrmendation to ERDA, an evaluation package will be asserrbled consisting of all second-stage reports and a surrrr.ary report discussing the first-stage evaluation. The package is then transmitted with a letter of notification to ERDA that the invention is considered technically valid and ~rthy of consideration for their support. In this case the inventor will he notified that his invention is being reccznnended and that ERDA will shortly be in contact with hin. 5 (3/22/76) PAGENO="0539" 535 NBS-1019 U.S. Department of ~ooenerco (4-75) National Bureau of Standards OFFICE OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS Energy-Related Invention Evaluation Request ~~&ram Description. The Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and Development Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-577) established a comprehensive national program for research and development of all potentially beneficial energy sources and utilization technologies. The program is to be conducted by the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). Section 14 of the Act, however, directs the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to "give particular attention to the evaluation of all promising energy-related inventions, particularly those submitted by individual inventors and small companies for the purpose of obtaining direct grants from the Administrator." The Office of Energy-Related Inventions (Office) has been established in the National Bureau of Standards to carry out the duties required under the Act. These duties include receiving and processing material and correspondence describing inventions; conducting analyses to ascertain the technical and commercial feasibility of the submitted inventions; arid formulating recormiendations based on the analyses. 2. Statement of Policy. Specific procedures for carrying out the duties ~ thdDlffice wilIThe developed in accordance with the following policies. (a) Submission of inventions for evaluation is encouraged. Therefore, particular attention will be given throughout the evaluation process to safeguarding the proprietary rights of the persons submitting invention disclosures. (1) The Government intends to restrict access to invention disclosures to those persons who have need for purposes of administration or e~aluation. However the Government cannot withhold information in a disclosure when a valid request is made under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552, unless the information comes within one of the exemptions specified in that Act (e.g., see Section 4(f) below). Accordingly, in accepting invention disclosures for evaluation, the Government will require an explicit statmnent from the submitter, that the information submitted does or does not come within one of the exemptions. (2) A patent is considered a fundamental incentive to invention, arid the inventor should apply for a patent whenever he thinks it is appropriate. However, no direct action will be taken by the Office to support application for or acquisition of a patent. (b) The purpose of the NBS effort is to assist ERDA in carrying out research and development required under the Act. Evaluations of submitted inventions will therefore be performed principally as a service to ERDA. That is, the outcome of an evaluation will be a recommendation to EPDA, either for or against further action by the government in connection withE}i~e inveniEidii~. A recommendation against further action does not-necessarily mean that the invention is considered scientifically unsound or without practical value. 1 PAGENO="0540" 536 3. Instructions for Submissinn of Inventions for Evaluation. ta) Read the £brcgoing and complete Sections 4 and .S,l5alow, of this form. Please type or print. Be sure to sign and date the Memorandum of Understanding in Section 5. (b) Prepare a detailed disclosure of your invention. Make sure that the information in the disclosure agrees with that providcd in Section 4. Section 4(d) provides an outline for guidance in preparing the disclosure. All material must be in the English language. (c) Make a copy for your file of all material prepared above. Send the original of this form and a ~ of the disclosure to: Office ~fi~nergy-Related InvenEions National &ireau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 (d) Do not send a model. (e) 1[hen your submission is received, an acimowledgement card will be sent to you. 4. Invention Identification and Status. (a) Name of invention. (Give a short name or title for reference.) (b) List below the inventor(s), principal awners, and persons who may be contacted for evaluation purposes. - -- Full Name of Individual or Organization Nailing Address (include telephone nusber for contacts) Capacity (Inventor, ~ner, etc.) If 2T w 4' NOTE: If additional space is needed, use and attach separate sheets here. 2 PAGENO="0541" 537 Cc) Indicate status of your invention by checking ~ those boxes which apply [J - The idea has been developed but has not been completely worked out on paper. (Please indicate under (e) below what your plans are for working out the details). [J - The details of the invention have been fully worked out on paper and are in the accompanying disclosure. [~J - The idea has been made public. The date of the first public disclosure was __________________. (Please give further details in yourdi~losure.) D - The invention has been disclosed to other government agencies; or a request for government developmental support has been or a research proposal has been made. (In your disclosure please name the agency or agencies.) fl - A model has been built. DO NOT SEND THE MODEL, however do give details in your disclosure. [J - The invention has been manufactured. (Please give details in your disclosure.) - The invention has been or is now in test or in operational use. (Please give details in your disclosure.) 0 - A patent has been applied for. (Do NOT give filing date or application number.) []- The invention is patented. The patent number(s) is ___________ (d) Please~ prepare the disclosure of the invention separately. Be sure to include the details indicated as required in section (c) above, and other information you consider germane to evaluation. In general, the disclosure should cover the following: (1) ~ of the invention. Include a discussion, if appropriate, ä~~hd~iZe it can be used to best advantage; for example, which industry or industrial process? by individuals? by the government? (2) The old method(s), if any, of performing the function of the inveifi33~~~~antages of the old method (s). (3) The new method, using your invention. Details of the. operation of tH~~infion, identifying specific features which are new. Advantages of the new method over what has been done before. (4) ConstructIon of the invention, showing changes, deletions, improvements over the oldnftho-d(s). (5) Difficulties encountered or to be expected in exploiting your invention. Reasons why it has not been patented, manufactured, used, or accepted. bbat need.s to be done to bring the invention closer to use? (e) Notes and Conments 3 PAGENO="0542" 538 4(f), Section 2(a) (1) above discusscs the relevance, of the Freedom of Information Act. If, for example, the disclosure contains information that is (a) a trade secret or (b) commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential, such information falls within the exemption that is set out in the Act, 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4). Thus, if the disclosure contains such information, to protect your property rights, the following or similar legend should be applied to the title page or first page of the disclosure: `This disclosure contains infor- nation which is (a) a trade secret or (b) commercial or financial information that is privileged or confidential." Accordingly, please check the box below which is applicable to your disclosure: D- The 5uggested or similar legend has been applied. ~- Please apply the suggested legend (disclosure previously submitted without legend). D- No legend is required because the disclosure does not contain such information. 5. Memorandum of Understanding. I have read the above Program Description and Statement of Policy, and on behalf of: as listed above in Section 4(b) line , I have attached a disclosure of the invention identified above forfh~purpose of evaluation by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) pursuant to Section 14 of Riblic Law 93-577. I understand that YBS will accept this disclosure for the purpose of such evaluation on the following conditions: (a) The acceptance of the disclosure does not, in itself, imply a promise to pay, a recognition of novelty or originality, or a contractual relationship such as would render the Government liable to pay for use of the infordation in the disclosure; (b) The Government will, in the evaluation process, restrict access to the disclosure to those persons, within or without the Government, who need information in the disclosure for purposes of administration or evaluation of the invention, and will restrict use of the information to such purposes; (c) If the disclosure is marked on the title page or first page with an appropriate legend, the Government will consider all information that is in fact (a) a trade secret or (b) commercial or financial ~ormmtion that is privileged or confidential, as coning within the exemption set out in Section (b)(4) in the Freedom or Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552(b) (4); (d) The provisions of this Nemorandum of Understanding shall also apply to additions to the disclosure made by me incidental to the consideration of the disclosure. - Signature `~Street Address Printed or' Typed Name City, State, Zip Code Title or Position 4 PAGENO="0543" 539 !~1VENTOR'S Co~v A1T/lQftffI B This is to acknowledge receipt of the material noted below. We will contact you if additional information is required. When the evaluation is completed. you will be rnformed of the results. NBS 1019 dated ___________________ 0 Transmittal letter dated ___________________ Enclosures o P485 1019 RETURNED TO SUBMITTER FOR N8S-1039 (Rev 11.75) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE USCOMMNSS-DC - National Buessu of St~vdaeds NBS/ERDA EVALUATION PROGRAM RECORD FILE Co~v NAME (SI DATE P15CC OSRI - 0 ALREADY ON FILE DREW NOS 1019 dated _____________________ 0 Transmittal letter dated _____________________ EncloBurel O FiBS 1019 RETURNED. TO SUBMITTER FOR NBS1039 (Ren 11.75) USCOMM P495-DC U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Nation.? Bue.au of St.ndaula NDS/ERDA EVALUATION PROGRAM RECORD PAGENO="0544" 540 EVALUATION OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS GUIDANCE TO EVALUATORS IN FIRST STAGE EVALUATION 1. This effort should be regarded as a technical screening requiring an estimated one-half to eight man-hours per disclosure depending upon complexity and volume of material submitted. In reading the material, emphasis should be placed, first on obtaining a thorough understanding of what the invention is supposed to do and how it is to operate. If such an understanding cannot be achieved, the evaluator should return the material to the control office with a note indicating that the invention is outside his field of expertise and was not, therefore, evaluated. 2. -Each first stage evaluation will then consist of the following: a) assess the adequacy, completeness, and logical consistency of the information, data, and drawings provided by the inventor to describe the invention and to support pro- jections made as to its operation and value; b) assess the validity of the technical assumptions and statements made in the disclosure. In general, this should not extend to verification of calculations or analytic results. c) estimate- the uniqueness of the invention or idea with respect to its prevalence in consumer use; note that this does not - imply a patent search or a search of literature to determine whether this invention or idea is a "first;" and d) address "special questions" noted in the disclosure trans- mission form. 3. Prepare a one or two page summary report, providing comments as suggested in sections 4a and 4b below, only as appropriate, but providing a general recommendation in each case. The report should be brief and informal, and will be considered as an opinion only, rather than a fully-documented in-depth technical or analytic paper. It will be used by OERI as one input to review by senior OERI technical staff, which will decide whether or not to conduct a second-stage evaluation or whether or not to recommend the invention to ERDA for support. The report is not intended to be published or made available to anyone outside OERI. Only the general recommendation "Support" or `Not Support" is intended to be released as the evaluator output. 3/22/76 PAGENO="0545" 541 4. Report Format a. Comments on Technical Feasibility * Will the invention work? If not, why not? * To what extent, if any, will it perform as claimed rn suggested by the inventor? To what extent will it save energy if introduced? * What, if any, technical difficulties or problems can you forsee? b. Comments on Economic or Practical Feasibility How would costs of development, commercialization, installation, or operation compare with existing alternative systems or devices, or with competitive inventions or approaches? -. Bow does this invention compare in general withthe.. state-of-the-art and current competition with respect to such factors as public acceptance, utility, or. marketability? - c. General Recommendation * Do you recommend support or not? That is, do you feel that a more extensive evaluative effort is justifiable, that the inventor should be formally encouraged by the government, or that any form of government support should be provided? Would you consider the invention as "promising" in terms of potential and realizable energy savings? * If you recommend support, do you recommend any particular first step? PAGENO="0546" 542 EVALUATION OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS GUIDANCE TO EVALUATORS IN SECOND STAGE EVALUATION 1. This evaluation should be regarded as an in-depth analysis requiring as little as one man-day or as much as eight man-weeks. While first stage evaluation had concentrated on technical feasibility, analysis in this stage will be more concerned with energy conservation potential and the technology transfer process required to realize that potential. For each invention reaching second stage evaluation, an OERI staff member will be assigned as coordinator. He will be responsible for communication of special requirements in the evaluation and for providing assistance in any area outside the scope of the evaluator. This may extend to initation of concurrent evaluations, or to acquisition of special consultant expertise or services such as a patent search. - -The principal objective in this effort is to provide a thorough report cbvering~both technicaL and commercial feasibility of the invention as delineated in the following sections. However, the evaluator will be guided by his judgernent as to the amount of effort which is appropriate for the case at hand. For example, the study effort may be abbreviated if it is clear to the evaluator that a recommendation against government support is warranted because of questionable technical validity. The evaluator is also encouraged to contact and utilize the voluntary services of the inventor or his representatives. In the case of a negative recommendation, a copy of the report under NBS cover will be furnished to the inv~i~tor. If requested by the inventor on receipt of a rejection letter and the report, the evaluator may be asked to participate in technical discussions with the inventor and OERI staff. In the case of a positive recommendation, the report will be included in the data package furnished to ERDA in support of the final recom- mendation. 2. Each second stage evaluation will consist of the following to the extent it is appropriate in accordance with the end recommendation. 2.1 assess the adequacy, completeness, and logical consistency of the information, data, and drawings provided by the inventor to describe the invention and to support projections made as to its operation and value; 2.2 review the validity of the technical assumptions and statements made in the disclosure; analyze claims and determine accuracy; PAGENO="0547" 543 2.3 determine the uniqueness of the invention or idea with respect to its prevalence in consumer use. This may require a patent or literature search to determine whether this invention or idea is a "first," if patentability or potent protection is a significant question with respect to market viability; 2.4 define the developmental process (e.g., research, design, test, production, marketing) required to bring the invention into use. Identify difficulties to be resolved or barriers to eventual utilization; 2.5 identify the precise nature of the energy savings to be made if the invention wore to be utilized, and identify existing devices, processes, or methods which would be replaced, modified or affected; 2.6 examine the potential of the invention as an energy conservation measure. Estimate the order of magnitude of energy savings to be made; 2.7 recommend what the next step should be, assuming that the government ía to further pursue evaluation and/or development of the invention. This should consist of a specification of objectives, scope,and estimated costs of the step; 2.8 address "special topics" noted in the disclosure transmission form or referred to the evaluators by the OERI staff coordinator for the invention. 3. Prepare a formal report of findings to include the following: 3.1 Technical Describe the invention and it~ intended use. Provide a technical, review and comments. * Compare the invention to the state-of-the--art and describe any known reasonable alternatives. 3.2 Commercial Discuss commercial viability and practicality. Discuss usefulness in terms oi energy conserving potential. * Discuss any anticipated barriers or difficulties in realizing energy conserving potential. Describe process visualized for transfer to the marketplace. PAGENO="0548" 544 3.3 Recommendation * Provide a recommendation to support or not to support. * Summarize reasoning for a recommendation to support or not. * If support is recommended, discuss the extent of the support recommended and the preferred first step. PAGENO="0549" 545 OTHER INVENTION EVALUATION PROGRAMS The purpose of this report is to identify prior or existing evaluation programs similar to that conducted by NBS for energy-related inventions, and discuss their experiences as pertinent to guiding development and operation of the NBS program. DOMESTIC PROCRANS Contact with agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Energy Research and Development Administration, (ERDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) indicates an overall lack of appropriate statistics. Almost every Government agency receives proposals which incorporate inventions for evaluation and does such evaluation as a mat~ter of course. However, very few statistics and data have been developed on experience in evaluating such proposals. Office of Innovation and Invention, National Bureau of Standards. This ~ffice is no longer in existence. The program operated by the office had its genesis during World War II as a service to the armed forces. Inventions and suggestions were solicited from the general public on new weapons and weapon systems for use by the military services. After the war the program continued principally as a service to inventors as well as the armed services. The population submitting inventions consisted of the general public and professional engineers and scientists solicited by publication of the magazine entitled "Inventions Wanted." Over the years of operation of the evaluation service, from 1940-1964, several hundred thousand inventions were evaluated. Of those evaluated, about 4% were selected for referral. In addition, it has been estimated that those inventions actually put to use represented of the order of .1% of all inventions submitted. The Inventions and Contributions Board at NASA. This unit provides reviews of suggestions and inventions submitted both by the general public and by NASA employees and contractor employees. As indicated above, statistics on the numbers of inventions submitted and those found to be of value are not available. However, a contact with the board elicited the statement that the number of inventions and contributions of value submitted from the general public are "extremely small"; contributions and inventions of value that are submitted by NASA employees and contractor employees are quite significant. PAGENO="0550" 546 The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Innovation Center (one of three sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF)) has received about 250 inventions for evaluation. Of the 200 that have been evaluated, the Center initiated work on three. Of the three work has been discontinued on one. The Research Corporation of New York City, has operated an invention evaluation program for over 25 years. The population submitting inventions to the Corporation for evaluation and potential support, is highly selective, consisting of university professors and other academic personnel. Experience to date as expressed by the Research Corporation is still that relatively few, on the order of 6 in 100, are found to be of sufficient value to warrant sane support or recommendation for support by the Research Corporation. FOREIGN PROGRAMS Review of the experiences of Government programs in other countries also suggests a shortage of statistics. The following items of information, which were readily available, do provide an indication that the number ofusefu1~ideas coming-fromindividual inventors, relative to those actually reviewed, is quite small. The National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) is an independent public corporation in the United Kingdom which is involved in the development of inventions from both the public and private sector. Of the private inventions reviewed less than one in a hundred ever become potential projects; the hovercraft however was one of these and is credited with establishing a new industry. Th~~gence Nationale De Vàlorisation De La Recherche (ANVAR) is an independent public corporation in France which collects French research results and inventions from the public and private sectors and selects those of possible interest to business and industry for promotion. AIVAR reviewed 909 inventions submitted by independent inventors in 1974 and rejected 878 of those. Thus, they retained 31 files for development, or 3% of those evaluated. The Patent Bureau of German Research (as distinguished from their Patent Office), which was established in 1955 to advise and assist inventors in obtaining, maintaining and utilizing protective rights for inventive activity, has worked on over 6000 inventions. Few have been commercially exploitable; statistics are not available. PAGENO="0551" 547 U.S. GOVERNMENT * SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION G\)~"-~' wO ", .s" WASHINGTON D.C. 20416 MAY 2 8 1976 Honorable William D. Hathaway Select Cotinittee on Small Business United States Senate Washington, D.C. 2~5lO Dear Senator Hathaway: Transmitted herewith are the responses of the Small Business Administration to your letter of April 21 regarding our management and technology assistance programs. I trust that these responses, to be included in the April 7 hearing record, will meet with your aati8faction. I enjoyed appearing before the Committee and look forward to the next occasion. Thank you for your continuing interest in this Agency's program. Sincerely, SIGNED BY MR. KOBELINSKI Mitchell P.. Kobelinaki Administrator Enclosures (Omitted.) PAGENO="0552" 548 1. How does the SBA plan to improve the dissemination of trade exp_ort information tosrna1ITh~iine~ises~ The SBA recognizes that with its 102 field offices, the Agency has an excellent outreach capability to complement the ex- port expansion efforts of the 43 field offices of the U.S. Department of Commerce. By leveraging its SCORE/ACE volunteer counseling resources, the availability of overseas marketing information developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce can be brought to larger segments of the Nation's small business communities. As a beginning, it is the Agency's hope to establish within selected cities with high export potential, a cadre of volunteers who have international trade expertise. These volunteers will: (1) survey the local small business com- munity to identify its untapped export potential; (2) through the SBA acquisition of selected U.S. Department of Commerce, development banks and other agencies' publications and services, present trade leads to potential exporters; and (3) explain to potential small business exporters the availability of trade information from the local commercial banking and transportation communities. In addition, ex- port trade information will be inciuded in appropriate SBA cosponsored training programs which reached 154,829 small business owner/managers in FY 1975. "The Agency is exploring within the Administration the establishment of an Office of International Trade within our Agency with Central Office staff and field represen- tation. One of the responsibilities of this unit would be to coordinate our efforts with the Commerce Department (Bureau of International Commerce) and the Export-Import Bank in order to help identify international marketing opportunities for small and medium sized busines~es with international potential. This office would bring together the international opportunity gathering activity of the Commerce Department with the small business community out- reach available through the many SBA offices around the country." What other alternatives have been considered if the prqposed Rlan does not succeecif Lack of knowledge and understanding of export opportunities, procedures and available sources of Federal, state, and local assistance is the major problem in expanding small business participation in overseas marketing. Any SBA initiative must address these fundamental needs. The alternatives to the plan depend on the desired level of direct information dissemination through Agency training and counseling programs. PAGENO="0553" 549 The availability of Agency resources and personnel (both volunteer and salaried) is the key. This will determine the level of personal contact and follow-on assistance which the small business community needs if it is to become an increasingly viable contributor to the Nation's economy and free enterprise system. 2. What share of the export market does small business account for at the present time? Such data is currently very difficult to determine preaisely. The SBA estimates that (based on the latest figures available- 1972) the small business share of total merchandise export is 5-10 percent. It is difficult to estimate what the small business export potential could be. For total business, large and small, exports accounted for 4-5 percent of the value of manufacturing shipments in 1972. The relationship of the total value of merchandise trade exports to total CNP in 1972 was about four percent. It would be unrealistic to think that small business could approach the four percent relationship that the total value of merchandise trade exports had to total GNP. Sectors of industry in which small business performance is strong, such as construction, retail and services, would have relatively limited small business inputs to the value of export trade. However, manufacturing represents a substantial portion of small business GNP. If the current relationship of the small business value of export trade to its total GNP (about one percent) could be increased an additional one percent within five years, this would result in an increase of $3-5 billion and represent tremendous growth for small business and contribute substantially to a positive balance of pay- ments and merchandise trade. 3. How soon will implementation of the e~ortprogram be after slgping of the a~greernent wTt~h the D~partrnent of Commerce? The Agency's resources in the international trade area are presently limited. The Department of Commerce is greatly interested in our helping them deliver the increased export services and information which both Agencies recognize is needed by the small business community. Depending on the resources available to us at~this time and in the future, -2- PAGENO="0554" 550 our professional and volunteer recruitment and training programs and increased SBI participation, we hope to have a positive cooperative program well along within twelve months. The Agency is trying to expand its international trade efforts now, building upon our current agreement with the Department of Commerce. Will there be any budget restraints _to immediate implementation? The Agency is presently carrying on a limited international trade program. As of the end of March of this year, we have counseled 1,559 small businesses in foreign trade and cosponsored 62 training programs attended by over 2,950 small business entrepreneurs. There are sufficient resources for a modified implementation of our proposed agreement. 4. What will be the~precise division of responsibilities between ~iThe~artment of dommerce ama the Small Business Adi~ii~istration in thf~ export promotion~prog~~T~ As of April 30, we have not finalized the revised agreement. However, it is the Agency's position that we will not duplicate the trade data collection, publications or promotional programs of the Commerce Department. They have the technical expertise to provide these services. It is our intention to help de- liver these services to more of the small business community. We intend to help Commerce survey the small business com- munity to determine the extent of current small business involvement in international marketing, small business export potential, and the problems encountered by small counseling resources, will provide general export counseling and screening as appropriate to small business owner/managers. As the SBA contacts and identifies small businesses that need more technical indepth counseling on international trade and investment opportunities and techniques, they will be referred to the Department of Commerce field offices. The SBA will, through its loan programs, attempt to help eligible small businesses participate in foreign trade by establishing a new business or expanding an existing business so that it may increase its production to serve foreign markets. The SBA will cosponsor international trade training programs with the Department of Commerce and others and will include, whenever appropriate, information on international trade in its general training programs. -3- PAGENO="0555" 551 A successful overseas marketer must have all aspects of his domestic business operations (finance, management, promotioi~, etc.) in order before he can successfully compete overseas. The SBA will attempt to strengthen small businesses in these areas so that they can become realistic "export potentials" capable of benefiting from Department of Commerce programs and services~ The U.S. Dep~rtment of Commerce will gather the export trade information and market data required to sell overseas. Wherever appropriate, such information will be provided by the SBA - along with a selection of its publications for our use in preliminary export counseling. It will provide in- formation on its export promotion programs which the SBA can help funnel to the small business community. When appropriate, the two Agencies will jointly develop additional publications and audio visual aids, 5. Will this export program actually be establishit~g an out'et for small business that di~ not alrea4y exist within the Department of Commerce, or is the ~A sImp~ ass~1nga larger r6le as an advocate ~6r smill business? This program will bring Commerce Department services to a greater number of small businesses than they are cur- rently able to reach. This is particularly true in those cities in which the Commerce Department does not maintain an office as the SM does. Through SBA's leveraging of its volunteer resources, SBI student teams and call con- tractor services, additional continuing personal contact can be provided small businesses not currently knowledgable in export opportunities or procedures. The Agency's fundamental management and financial assistance programs cañ~ help to increase small b~üi[ness marketing overseas. A sound domestic business operation is necessary to develop a viable small business into a potentially successful overseas marketer. With this base, the small business can realistically develop a long range business plan which might include overseas sales. To a certain extent our interest in expanding our international trade program is based on our role as an advocate for small business. The basic reason for our interest is that the small business community needs a greater amount of continuing assistance from the Government and private sector than is currently available if it is to realize its export potential. Successful overseas marketing can strengthen the small business community and our Nation's free enterprise system - the overall goal of our Agency's effort. -4- PAGENO="0556" 552 6. As stated on page 12 of your testim~y, what is the "prqper" assistance that is re~jifre~d for stnallbuuiness firms td successfully export? A recent survey completed for SBA by the National Federation of Independent Business revealed that two of the most sig- nificant reasons why manufacturers do not export are: (1) they do not know where markets exist, and (2) they lack the required knowledge to export. The survey further indicated that a very high percentage were unaware of the Federal, State, and local export assistance available from the public and private sectors. The "proper" program of assistance required to fully develop the small business export potential of our Nation is a cooperative program among the public and private sector (1) to get timely export information to the small business community; (2) to help small business understand and interpret the data in order to make meaningful business decisions; (3) to develop a program of training and indepth counseling in international trade conducted by experienced overseas marketers; (4) to provide continuous assistance to the new exporter to enable him to implement a realistic and pragmatic overseas marketing plan; and (5) to ensure that adequate financing is available to enable small businesses to produce and market their pro- ducts overseas. "We have not yet fixed the number of personnel that will be needed in either the home or field offices." -5- PAGENO="0557" 553 Can these services be supplied solely with the use of appropriate SCO~TACE personner ~tc~ cut costs? The current capability of present SCORE/ACE volunteers with familiarity in international trade is limited. A recruitment and training program to increase the number of SCORE/ACE volunteers with the necessary expertise requires professionals with a thorough knowledge of current international trade procedures. In addition, the proper guidance of the program and direction of the expanded cadre of volunteers require the use of professionals both in the home office and in selected cities. 8. To what extent will Call Contractors be utilized in the export promotion program? One of the areas of specialized services required in our current call contracts is foreign trade. These services can include feasibility studies, overseas market analysis, and assistance in setting up appropriate export operation procedures. 9a. Has the SBA discussed with OSHA officials the~ualificatiqns t~Eat would ~be most conducive to SCORE volunteers' acquirii~g OS}IA consultation skflls, and, ~f so, what are the~y? Yes, SBA met OSHA officials and determined that the skills required would be those normally possessed by Industrial Engineers, Industrial Hygienists, and Industrial Safety Officers. b. Has the Labor Deyartment formally agreed to train SCORE ~aunteers for OSHA consultation? There is no formal written agreement on training as yet. OSHA has a limited number of paid consultants and some states have paid consultants. OSHA has stated that SCORE volunteers would serve in a very useful role and will provide training for SCORE volunteers. OSHA has indicated willingness to participate in workshops using OSHA Compliance Offic~rs-and counselors to conduct training of SCORE volunteers. c. Providing on-site reviews will increase expenditures for travel of SCORE volunteers~wflT~mnot? Havejrou ~ojecte~suc~an ~i~er~rease into your 1~71~ approprTàtTons request ?~ - OSHA-on-site reviews will increase travel expenditures. We anticipate OSHA proiiiding for expenses of travel for SCORE volunteers for on-site reviews and training. -6- PAGENO="0558" 554 10. You indicate in your testimony that SCORE volunteers will be recrufted to expand assistance to small `businesses in the areas of: (1) OSHA comptiance; (2) crIme ~preventI~E; (3) international trade; (4) education in modern ma~k~~ng tec~nigues; (5) energy problems; an~~tec~ofogy as~Ii~ance. (a) How do you plan to reach retired persons with expertise In these areas? (b) Dojou have estimates of the number of volunteers required in each area of e~ertiI~ and if so,~~t are they? (1) OSHA Coippliance a. We have contacted the American Industrial Hygiene Association and the American Institute of Industrial Engineers. Through their newsletters and in magazine articles their members will be encouraged to join SCORE/ACE. b. The program has not progressed to a point where valid estimates can be made at this time. (2) Crime Prevention (Loss Prevention) a. The Small Business Administration, SCORE/ACE, National Crime Prevention Institute, and the American Association of Retired Persons are jointly developing a "Loss Prevention" program for small business. AARP has developed a cadre of volunteers with interests in this area. Contact is being made with retired persons through the SCORE organization and through publications of the above-named organizations. b. Each of the 296 SCORE/ACE chapters should have at least two volunteers trained with these skills. (3) International Trade a. The Small Business Administration in conjunction with other Agencies, professional and trade associations will encourage members to participate. b. An initial recruitment of 500 SCORE/ACE members and an ultimate goal of 1,000 is planned. -7- PAGENO="0559" 555 (4) Education in Modern Marketing Techniqu~ a. SBA is working with the American Management Association, Sales and Marketing Executives Association International, and the Society for the Advancement of Management will recruit SCORE/ACE members. b. Each SCORE/ACE Chapter on the average should have 4 or 5 volunteers with marketing expertise. (5) Energy Problem a, SBA and the Federal Energy Administration (FEA) have developed an energy awareness program for small business. b. FEA is participating in current SCORE Regional meetings. SCORE/ACE members have enthusiastically responded to FEA requests. SCORE/ACE Chapters should have a minimum of 3 members with expertise in energy conservation. 11. On ~e 7 of your prepared statement, you state that "A recent externa~l study estab~lishes the success ratéTh~ (the ~alf Contractin~gProgr~ to be well above the national average for professional consültants.1' (a) Would you ~provide to the Cotim~ittee a copy of the results of this studi? Yes, as soon as the final printed copy has been received from the contractor, it will be developed. (b) Woul4you also provide any other studies external or ~nterna1 - which measure the success of S'~~/ACE an~ - the Smali ~usEess Th~tffute? A copy of the February 1976 Program Evaluation of the Small Business Institute is enclosed. See Appendix A. * Also, a February 1974 Program Evaluation of the Small Business Institute Fall Term 1972 and Spring Term 1973 is enclosed. See Appendix B. -8- PAGENO="0560" 556 Finally, I am enclosing for your timely consideration, the doctoral dissertation of Dr. Grant C. Moon, Director of the International Symposium on Small Business, Small Business Administration. Dr. Moon's dissertation is an evaluation of the first two years, as well as the develop- ment~ of the SCORE program. See Appendix C. 12. B~y what process are you selecting universities to~partici~te in University Business Development Centers? 1~at ~6~ou estimate it will cost to establis~hi cenf~r? The key elements in selecting universities for participation in the University Business Development Center program are as follows: a. Fundamental commitment to the UBDC concept and complete support by the University administration. b. A Small Business Institute (SBI) program. c. An HEW Cooperative Education program. d. An EDA university center program. Other existing or potential Federal, state and private sector programs for small business assistance which can be linked up in the UBDC concept are also significant qualifying factors. Selection will be made on the basis of an on-site evaluation plus an analysis of the university's proposal. 13. During the first day of the hearings (April. 1), Dr. S.Z. Cardon, President of the American Association of Small Research Companies, suggested that a technical assistance representative of the SBA might contact small industries and R&D firms on a regular basis to apprise them of new technical developments. The process would work something like the county agent set-up of the Agriculture Department. In other~-words, SBA's technical assistance officers would aggressively pursue the dissemination of new knowledge. (a) Do you consider this ~roppsal to be worthy of further consideration? (b) What would you estimate to be the fu~din~g_and ma~p.ower thi~ wo~Ube required to implement suc~h a program? -9- PAGENO="0561" 557 13. In regard to Dr. Cardon's remark " . . . that a technical assistance representative of the SBA might contact small industries and R&D firms on a regular basis to apprise them of new technical developments" and the Committee's questions relative thereto, we do not consider this a realistic approach to the problem of transferring Govern- ment technology to small Research & Development and high- technology firms for several reasons. Small R&D and high- technology firms are very widely spread over the entire country although there are, of course, concentrations of such firms in some areas. In addition to being physically scattered, small firms that are in one locality may be involved in entirely different technical disciplines. The number of possible combinations of location and technical discipline is extremely large. It would be very difficult to estimate the number of people necessary to ". . . work something like the county setup of the Agriculture Department." 14. Mr. James Commins, President of an environmental consulting an~gineering fIrm, told~ the Co~1ttee ~on A~rfl T~ t~t SB~Eàs generally perfo~ed satisfa~orfty in its ora~a~y management and: technical ass[i~ance program. ~1owever, Mr. Commins sa~d~ that s manag~ement anU~i~hnical assistance efforts aimed at ~ co~~ wits environmentaf, hei1~ an~ s~tyregu~~onsare inad~iate. T~t fs ~hff opfnion that - - (a) SBAhas not been adeguately~consulted in the formation of new e~rronmentar regülatfons; (b) SBA has not actively ~artici~ed Inseminars being h~d:~yst~h ~n~es as E~A; (c) SBA `s loan yrog~ams for compliance with these r~u1a- tions have not ~been fully ut[l{zed (d) SBA is riot ag~essive~ymakin~ the small business com munity aware of t~he ways [n s~hi~ it can hi~small firms ~[t)i ti-teir co~lfã~e~rqgrams. Would you submit a res~ponse to these allegations for in aus ion !n the record of e~ear1~s1 The four points set forth by Mr. Commins will be repeated, followed by our response. -10- PAGENO="0562" 558 (a) SBA has not been adequately consulted in the formation of new environmental regulati6~is. Response: It is true that the SBA has not been re- quested on a regular basis by the EPA to participate directly in regulation formation; however, the SBA works closely in other areas such as the coordinated effort with EPA on the "Early Warning Project." EPA continues to provide SBA with quarterly data on the potential danger of closing manufacturing facilities in order that SBA may anticipate rendering assistance in such instances, to the extent possible. EPA has also contacted SBA on several pieces of legislation which have had potential adverse impact on the small business community. Also, to the extent possible, SBA's Office of Advocacy covers the impact of EPA's regulations on small business, as well as the impact of regulations promulgated by OSHA, ICC, etc. Obviously, the problem is the lacking of staffing to cover the announcements of the regulatory agencies. Nonetheless, as the result of our exposure to these regulatory bodies, we have made known our feelings on the treat- ment of small business to the point where we are now being consulted on numerous matters. The problem, as with many organizations, is that it requires time before the feelings of SBA (and small business) permeate the various rule-making functions of regulatory agencies down to the lowest levels, (b) SBA has not actively partici~pated in seminars bein& held by such agencies as EPA. Response: Available staffing does not permit the com- plete coverage of every seminar held by pertinent agencies and/or educational institutions in any given year. In Fiscal Year 1976, we had representatives attend seminars sponsored by EPA, ERDA, the National Science Foundation and several nonprofit organizations. During the remainder of FY 1976, we will have repre- sentatives attend two seminars on Regulatory Reform. After attending several of these gatherings during. FY 1976, it becomes relatively clear as to the potential benefit to be derived from these meetings for the SHA or small business. Consequently, we try to maximize our coverage of these sessions and attempt to attend only those which we feel will have the greatest possible -11- PAGENO="0563" 559 return. Again, our greatest difficulty lies in our deficient staffing and our "selection" of seminars, meetings, etc., with the greatest potential return to small business. (c) SBA's loan programs for compliance with these ~~~la- tions have n6t been fully utilized. Response: As with SBA in general, many small firms are not aware of the assistance programs available to small business or many do not feel it is worth the effort to attempt to attain such assistance. We still find a lack of understanding the availability of federal assistance programs among small businesses and/or the reluctance of many to spend the time making application to SBA, only to be denied such assistance after weeks of waiting. We are doing as much as possible to maximize the exposure of SBA as an arm of the Federal Government readily available to our constituency. We believe that this is merely an educational process which takes time and staffing. However, we prefer to wrestle with the problem of time rather than staffing since it becomes entirely too cumbersome with increased staff. As for delays in receiving answers on applications for assistance, it is a problem as old and unique as the first organized effort to conduct daily commerce. We study, make recommendations, cut and become more expedient only to return to old habits. This too we feel to be principally a problem of developing and maintaining. an awareness by SBA employees of the difficult position of small business and minimizing the amount of time and paperwork required in the process. One clear advantage we have been able to maintain is in minimizing the number of individuals involved in the loan-making process. Consequently, the single (and largest) obstacle in the loan-making process for compliance purposes is in informing the public of the existence of SBA. (d) SBAis not _aggressive~ly rnaking~he small business community aware of ~ Tn w~h it can'hélp small firms with ~he±r complTànce efforts. Response: Nothing could be further from the truth. SBA has established liaison with just about every substantial small business association and federal regulatory agency which impacts upon small business. We have made our -12- PAGENO="0564" 560 feelings known at the highest levels and have gone further by making our feelings known to the Administration via the Economic Policy Board. However, we have also stressed to the small business community that the SBA is not a panacea for small business. We are in the business of helping small business to help itself. One of the greatest difficulties with the compliance environment is its `newness'7 and the inherent void created by the lack of relevant expertise. In many instances, the solutions to regulatory guidelines promulgated by EPA and OSHA have not yet been invented. Consequently, the availability to SBA or small business of such expert advice is sparse and subject to the pricing mechanism described in the classical laws of supply and demand. Further, our SCORE and ACE programs are of limited use as a result of the relative ~iovelty of the situation. In fact, it is obvious that numerous officials of EPA and OSHA do not under- stand their own regulations; needless to say, it is most complicated for those of us at SBA to render assistance on such technical matters. However, we continue to deal with these agencies 1n order to encourage a more "conciliatory approach" to assisting small business with their compliance problems. We hope that we have adequately responded to the points raised by Mr. Commins. 15. Section ~9 of the Small Business Act authorizes the SBA Administrator to encourage small firms to im~ertake joi~~ efforts. (a) What efforts has the agency made to implement this section of the A6t? (b) A witness before the Co~ittee on 4pril 1 told the Committee t~at a major ~eaiment toJo~nt R&D pro ~ams is that it takes bt one year~for such a~ee ments to be approved ~or exemption under the antI trust laws. Would you co~ent on thisf A. Experience with Research and Development Pools under Section 9 of the Small Business Act has been very limited. Over the entire history of SBA there have been only three R&D pools, two are clearly defunct and the third, although it professes to be active, hasn't had a contract in over five years. Prior to -13- PAGENO="0565" 561 1970 SBA devoted a very modest amount of resources to the promotion of R&D pools. However, with the limited response from small businessmen and other programs in ever increasing need of those resources, SBA has not actively advocated formation of R&D pools among small firms for the past several years. An internal SBA study in 1970 indicated that there were three main reasons for the failure of the pool concept to gain widespread use and acceptance: (a) The complex procedures for establishing a pool discouraged potential organizers and members. (b) Nonwillingness among member firms to organize and elect responsible representatives that could speak for all the members. (c) Nonwillingness of members to share the costs of an independent manager to act in behalf of the pool. b. SBA does not have sufficient data on the average time necessary to get a pool approved to verify or deny the reported one year necessary for such agreements to be approved for exemption under the anti-trust laws. It is safe to say, however, that the process is time- consuming, and the 1970 SBA study indicated that it was one of the deterrents to the establishment of R&D pools. 16. During hearing held by~the Comaittee last October on the dev~1opment of so1a~ energy ~by small business, I suggested to Harold Fletcher, Associate A~in~strator for Procurement Kssistan~e, ~thi~The Mscuss wTth ERDA the ~possi~itity of ~~K's subcontr~ oBAJfundJs to !ncrease.thesfze o 5 tec no ogy ass stance program. as suc a discuis ion taken place, and ff so, what were the results? ERDA and SBA have not concluded an agreement that would result in ". . . ERDA's subcontracting to SBA funds to increase the aize of SBA's technology assistance program." The two agencies are working closely together on a number of fronts, and we have entered into discussions that we anticipate will result in ERDA funding of a study on several aspects of developing a computerized centralized source list of small R&D and high-technology firms. As we move ahead from the feasibility study phase of this project to full implementation, we anticipate additional ERDA funding support. We are also taking steps to initiate -14- PAGENO="0566" 562 discussions with ERDA relative to the transfer of ERDA technology to small businessmen and we antici- pate some ERDA funding support in this area. 17. What other duties do the technology assistance officers perform in the field offices? How ist~eir time illotted between these resppnsibilities? SBA's Technology Assistance Program in its regional offices is currently in the process of being implemented in accordance with new standard operating instructions. Under the new instructions our Technology Assistance Officers (TAO's) will have two basic functions; technology assistance (formerly known as technology utilization) and R&D assistance. It is anticipated that the assigned TAO's will devote ninety percent of their time to these two programs and the remain- ing ten percent to tasks incidental to the program such as counseling small businessmen on general aspects of Govern- ment procurement. The amount of time a given TAO will spend on Technology Assistance as compared to R&D assistance will vary depending on the mix of requests for assistance coming from small firms in his assigned geographical area, but, in general the time allocation should be approximately 6O7~ Technology Assistance and 4O~ R&D Assistance. -15- 0