PAGENO="0001"
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE
PROGRAMS OF TilE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
~7C&O 2~'~
HEARINGS
BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
UNITED STATES SENATE
NINETY-FOURTH CONGRESS
SECOND SESSION
ON
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS OF
THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
APRIL 1 AND 7, 1976
Printed for the use of the Select Committee on Small Business
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
72-434 0 WASHINGTON : 1976
~L~JJ 357?
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SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
[Created pursuant to S. Res. 58, 81st Cong.]
GAYLORD NELSON, Wisconsin, Chairman
JOHN SPARKMAN, Alabama JACOB K. JAVITS, New York
THOMAS J. McINTYRE, New Hampshire J. GLENN BEALL, Jn~, Maryland
SAM NUNN, Georgia BILL BROCK, Tennessee
J. BENNETT JOHNSTON, Louisiana LOWELL P. WEICKER, JR., Connecticut
WILLIAM D. HATHAWAY, Maine DEWEY F. BARTLETT, Oklahoma
JAMES ABOUREZK, South Dakota PAUL LAXALT, Nevada
FLOYD K. HASKELL, Colorado BOB PACKWOOD, Oregon
WALTER F. MONDALE, Minnesota
JOHN C. CULVER, Iowa
WILLIAM B. CHERKASKY, Executive Director
KAY KLATT, Professional Staff Member
JtJDAH C. SOMMER, Minority Counsel
(II)
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CONTENTS
Statement of-
Babione, Dale R., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Procurement, Office
of Assistant Secretary, Department of Defense, accompanied by
Leonard Weisberg, Assistant Director of Electronics and Physical
Sciences in the Office of Director of Defense Research and Engineer- Page
ing; and Stanley Tesko, Deputy Director, Small Business Office~~-- 175
Bay, Dr. John W., Dean, School of Business and Economics, Uni-
versity of Maine, Portland, Maine 15
Cardon, Dr. Samuel Z., President, American Association of Small
Research Companies, and Secretary-Treasurer, General Technical
Services, Inc., Upper Darby, Pa 75
Commins, James A., President, JACA Corp., Fort Washington, ~ 54
Eggers, Dr. Alfred J., Jr., Assistant Director for Research Applica-
tions, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., accom-
panied by William Wetmore, Director of the Division of Inter-
governmental Science and Technology; and Roland Tibbets,
Special Assistant for Small Business Affairs 460
Kobelinski, Hon. Mitchell P., Administrator, Small Business Adminis-
tration; accompanied by Henry Warren, Assistant Administrator
for Management Assistance; and Harold Fletcher, Associate Ad-
ministrator for Procurement Assistance 135
McGillicuddy, Thomas A., District Director, Small Business Adminis-
tration, Augusta, Maine 2
O'Rourke, Walter P., Chairman, National SCORE Council Legisla-
tive Committee, accompanied by Julius Davidson, Member, Na-
tional SCORE Council Legislative Committee; and Stuart C.
Ferris, Chairman, Penobscot SCORE Chapter No. 244, Camden,
Maine
Smith, Farwell, Director, Office of Industry, State and Local Rela-
tions, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration;
accompanied by Robert Older, Acting Director of Procurement,
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration 480
Wanzenberg, Fritz W., Great Sea Corp., Larchmont, N.Y 97
Woodfin, Admiral Kenneth L., Assistant Administrator for Procure-
ment, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, accom-
panied by Clare F. Farley, Deputy Administrator for Technology
Utilization; and Kenneth J. Kier, Small Business Advisor, NASA-~ 201
EXHIBITS
Fact sheet of the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) 11
Organizational chart of the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE)~ 36
Chart, metals and energy from carbonaceous ore: Products: Metals, energy, 103
gypsum, ecological upgrading, Great Sea Corp
Chart, oil from shale, by-products: Energy, metals, gypsum, ecological
upgrading, Great Sea Corp 104
Chart, hybrid system, inputs, carbonaceous ore, oil shale; outputs, oil,
metals, energy, chemicals, gypsum, Great Sea Corp 105
Table, Department of Defense awards to all business firms, fiscal years
1972 through 1975 190
Table, Department of Defense small business performance awards to small
businesses, fiscal years 1953 through 1975 191
Table, Department of Defense interim and final small business goals and
accomplishments, fiscal years 1972 through 1975 192
Table, Department of Defense small business subcontracting program,
fiscal years 1972 through 1975 193
(III)
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Iv
Table, Department of Defense research and development awards to all Page
business firms, fiscal years 1972 through 1975 194
Table, Department of Defense RDTE contract awards to small business,
by millions, fiscal years 1970 through 1975 195
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Procurement Regulation
1.702, General Policies 215
Table, National Aeronautics and Space Administration small business
program, prime contract awards to small business, fiscal year 1975 216
Table, National Aeroautics and Space Administration small business pr o-
gram, summary of small business and minority business prime and sub-
contract awards, fiscal years 1974, 1975 217
Table, National Aeronautics and Space Administration R&D study and
hardware contracts for basic, applied and developmental research, fiscal
years 1975, 1976 218
Table, National Aeronautics and Space Administration new research con-
tract awards resulting from unsolicited proposals, fiscal years 1975, 197& 219
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Management Instruction
8310.2A, dated August 4, 1974 220
National Aeronautics and Space Administration publication, "Research
and Technology Operating Plan Summary," fiscal year 1976 223
National Aeronautics and Space Administration handbook, "Selling to
NASA," NHB 5100.1B, July 1975 400
Chart, energy-related independent inventor and small R&D business pro-
gram, Energy Research and Development Administration and the
National Bureau of Standards 494
APPENDIX
Letter dated May 12, 1976, to Senator William D. Hathaway, Select Com-
mittee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, from Farwell Smith, Director,
Office of Industry, State and Local Relations, Energy Research and
Development Administration 498
Letter dated May 28, 1976, to Senator William D. Hathaway, Select Com-
mittee on Small Business, U.S. Senate, from Mitchell P. Kobelinski,
Administrator, Small Business Administration 547
HEARING DATES
April 1, 1976:
Morning session 1
April 7, 1976:
Morning session 135
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TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PRO-
GRAMS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
THURSDAY, APRIL 1, 1976
u.S. SENATE,
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BIJSINESS,
Wa~/tington, D.C.
The select committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9 :35 a.m. in room
318, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. William D. Hathaway
presiding.
Present: Senators Hathaway and Javits.
Also present: Kay Klatt, professional staff member; Judah C. Som-
mer, minority counsel; Christopher Brescia, legislative assistant, Office
of Senator Hathaway; and Dorothy Olson, staff assistant.
Senator HATHAWAY. The committee will come to order.
I am very happy to have all of you here. I would like to make a
brief opening statement.
Section 8 of the Small Business Act charges the Small Business Ad-
ministration with providing technical and managerial aids to small
businesses by advising them on matters of Government procurement
and on policies and practices of good management.
Section 9 of the act sets forth the duties of the agency to help small
firms obtain Government contracts for research and development and
to assist them in obtaining the benefits of research and development
performed at the expense of the Federal Government.
This morning, the Small Business Committee's continuation of
oversight hearings on the SBA will deal with these two sections of
the Small Business Act. Our witnesses today are from Government
and the academic and business communities. We will hear from them
their views on the quantity and quality of the efforts being made by
the Small Business Administration to implement these two sections of
the act.
On April 7, the hearings will continue with testimony from the
Small Business Administration and from the departments and agen-
cies of the Federal Government that are major purchasers of research
and development.
On our first panel of witnesses is: Thomas McGillicuddy, district
director, Maine, Small Business Administration; Dr. John Bay, dean,
College of Business Administration, university of Maine at Portland;
Walter P. O'Rourke, chairman, National SCORE Council Legisla-
tive Committee, Washington, D.C., accompanied by Julius Davidson,
member, National SCORE Council, and Stuart C. Ferris, chairman,
SCORE Chapter 244, Camden, Maine.
We are glad to have all of you with us. Tom, would you like to
start?
(1)
PAGENO="0006"
2
STATEMENT OP THOMAS A. MeGILLICUDDY, DISTRICT DIRECTOR,
SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, AUGUSTA, MAINE
Mr. McGII~LIcuDDY. It is a pleasure to appear before the full Senate
Select Committee on Small Business. Previously, I gave testimony
before your subcommittee on problems facing small businesspeople in
Maine and SBA's role in helping to overcome those problems. I have
also given testimony on what the SBA has done to help Maine's
fishermen, loggers, and farmers.
Today, I have been asked to testify on SBA's management assist-
ance program with particular emphasis on how it is working in
Maine. Let me start with a brief history of management assistance of-
ficers; special projects they conduct and extra efforts to help veterans,
women, and minorities. I will conclude with an example of how our
many programs interface and a description of a proposed new Agency
program.
In 1954, the Agency's management assistance activities were begun
with two management courses and publication of the first management
aid. Since then, many new programs have been added and expanded
to meet the needs of small business.
Management assistance programs and procurement assistance pro-
grams were operated within a single division until 3 years ago. In
1973, management assistance was established as a separate division
and was staffed nationwide with some 400 employees.
SBA recognized that it is not enough to provide financial assist-
ance, procurement assistance~ and surety bonding. Dun and Bradstreet
states that over 90 percent of all business closings are due to "manage-
ment failures." SBA has adopted a positive approach by offering
management assistance to any small businessperson or prospective
small businessperson who desires help, whether or not the small busi-
nessperson is an SBA borrower.
Management assistance takes many forms which include, but are
not limited to: (a) Prebusiness workshops; (b) management sem-
inars covering 21 subjects; (c) specialized courses in recordkeeping,
taxes, marketing or any other subject for which a demand exists;
(d) counseling on an individual basis by volunteers from SCORE
(Service Corps of Retired Executives) ACE (Active Corps of Ex-
ecutives) ; (e) contracts with professional consult.ants through the
406 program; (f) counseling through the Small Business Institute
program; (g) publication and distribution of management aids; and
(h) consulting with the Management Assistance Officers (MAO's)
who have had special training to help the small businessperson.
Because of the high failure rate among new businesses and the evi-
dent need for training before going into business, the prebusiness
workshop program was introduced in 1963. Designed for persons
seriously intending to go into business or those in business 1 year or
less, the workshops provide an orientation to the principal factors im-
portant in small business management, stressing the need for adequate
preparation and indicating sources of information and help.
One of the greatest benefits of the prebusiness workshops has been
the realization of unqualified people that they should not go into busi-
ness at that time. We believe that discouraging people who lack the
PAGENO="0007"
3
necessary experience, ambition or capital from starting a business re-
suits in keeping many of them from becoming a D. & B. failure
statistic.
In fiscal 1975, the Agency conducted 953 prebusiness workshops
for 34,524 small businesspeopie. During this fiscal year the Augusta
district office will hold 15 prebusiness workshops in seven Maine com-
munities. with some 525 fledgling businesspeople in attendance. Writ-
ten comments from participants attest to the fact that prebusiness
workshops are providing vital guidance to new business owners.
We also conduct specialized courses throughout Maine that run
from 1 to 3 days. Some 700 to 800 Maine business owners are expected
to attend specialized courses this fiscal year.
Last month we cosponsored with the Portland SCORE chapter and
the Portland Rotary Club a very successful 3 day marketing and
advertising seminar. A unique feature of this seminar was that all
speakers except one were Rotarians.
Management seminars typically run 7 weeks with 3 semesters re-
quired to cover 21 core subjects. Subjects include: Sources of capital
funds, recordkeeping, business law, key success and failure factors,
advertising and marketing.
These courses are designed to provide small businesspeople with
practical information and ideas that can be readily applied to their
businesses. Instructors include lawyers, accountants, bankers and
successful small business owners who talk the language of the
participants.
The Agency has been successful in obtaining cosponsorships from
colleges, universities, Chambers of Commerce, trade and professional
organizations, local business groups and other Government agencies.
Last year, SBA conducted 1,336 management courses for 34,710 at-
tendees. The Augusta district office expects approximately 2,000 small
businesspeople will attend these seminars at 10 to 12 locations during
this fiscal year.
Recognizing that a few SBA personnel could not possibly provide
all the management counseling required by small businesspeople, SBA
established SCORE in 1964. Present nationwide memberhip includ-
ing ACE is over 7,000 and growing. Maine's membership has grown
from 65 in 1973 to 152 today.
The typical SCORE volunteer is a person who successfully ran his
own business or who comes from middle and upper levels of manage-
ment in business or Government. He, or she, is usually a person who
feels that this country has been good to him and he wants to help
others to be successful.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think that the number of SCORE peo-
ple you have is enough?
Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. I am very happy that we have as many volun-
teers as we do; but there are parts of the State where we need better
coverage, particularly in the northern part of Maine.
Senator HATHAWAY. What efforts do you plan to make to recruit
new members?
Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. I talked to the city manager of Caribou, re-
cently. We laid out some strategy for putting on a recruitment cam-
paign in central Aroostook County.
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4
Recruitment is a rather time-consuming chore, talking to civic
clubs, face-to-face. buttonholing. It requires a fair amount of expend-
~ture of man-hours on the part of me and members of my staff to
recruit successfully. Even so, we will be doing some recruiting up in
Aroostook.
Senator HATHAWAY. Good.
Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. I am pleased to report that a growing number
of SCORE volunteers are committing themselves to long term in-
depth counseling with our clients. For example, one of our Portland
volunteers who was a. zone manager for General Motors for many
years has made 10 visits to a local automotive parts manufacturer.
He has helped management to create a new organization structure,
write job descriptions, and design an inventory control system.
In 1969, ACE was established as a companion organization to
SCORE. This group consists of executives who a.re still working, but
are willing to spend some time in small business assistance.
Nationwide, SCORE/ACE volunteers are expected to counsel
70,000 business concerns in fiscal year 1976. In Maine, we expect to
counsel 675 to 700 businesses this year.
As Stu Ferris, chairman of the Penobscot Bay SCORE chapter,
will point out, SCORE/ACE volunteers are also actively engaged in
many other management assistance programs.
SBA augments the SCORE/ACE volunteer counseling with pro-
fessional consultants irnder ~ection 406 of the Equal Opportunity
Act. The Augusta office uses this program when a special expertise
involving some 8 to 12 man-days of work is required. We have used
professional consultants 26 times during the last year for minority
and disadvantaged business concerns.
The 406 program provided specialized mana.gement assistance last
year to 2,843 small businesses that could not otherwise afford it.
The Small Business Institute is one of the Agency's most innova-
tive and productive programs. From a pilot project in 1972, the SBA
program has grown to encompass some 20,000 counselors in 385
schools.
The Augusta district office has contracts with the four fully ac-
credited business colleges in Maine. Student counselors will provide
consulting services to 65 Maine businesses this fiscal year.
The typical SBI student in Maine is a senior business major, a
high grader an overachiever who has a strong desire to gain "hands-
on" business experience. In addition to helping many standard type
small businesses, Maine SBI students have provided counseling serv-
ices for such diverse entities as a regional blood bank, a Goodwill
Industries plant and an Indian-owned furniture factory.
A key factor in the success of the SBI program has been the volun-
teer cooperation of more experienced advisors. For example, students
in Dr. John Bay's SBI at the University of Maine at Portland-Gor-
ham receive guidance from SCORE volunteers, many faculty mem-
bers, associates of the Center for Research and Advanced Study and
SBA personnel.
An attestation to the success of the program is that several students
have obtained full-time employment as a~ direct result of their SBI
involvement. The highest starting salary for a Portland-Gorham busi-
ness graduate last year went to an SBI student who was hired by the
firm which lie counseled.
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5
SBI has some 300 titles in publication including booklets and leaf-
lets under the following series: "Management Aids for Small Manu-
facturers," "Small Marketers Aids," "Small Business Management
Series," and "Starting and Management Series." These are practical
guides on how to apply the best modern management techniques to
small buinesses.
With a distribution of over 5 million per year, these publications
make a positive impact on the small business sector. Currently we
are working with the National Federation of IndependentBusiness to
provide our publications to their memebership of 436,000 businesses.
All of Maine's management assistance activities are handled by
only two professionals and one clerk. Fortunately, they are excep-
tional people.
Perhaps it would be meaningful to give the backgrounds of our MA
professionals. Assistant District Director Bill Clifford started with
IRS in 1934, and was financial analyst for the SEC. He later was
an area chief for SBA's SBIC program. Mr. Clifford is a CPA who
was managing partner of an accounting firm and was chairman of
the board and president of a truck body manufacturing business em-
ploying 250 people. SBA and the Maine small business community
are fortunate to have a man of Bill's exceptional abilities.
That is why the program works in Maine, Senator, because we
have some very exceptional people.
Management Assistance Officer Harvey Bryant has a background
as a small business manager and bank branch manager. Mr. Bryant
was a loan officer in the community economic development division
for 2 years and a portfolio management loan officer for 3 years be-
fore transferring to management assistance 2 years ago.
Even with these credentials, we believe that continued training is
required to stay current with modern management practices. Since
transferring to management assistance, Mr. Bryant has attended
courses on advanced analysis of financial statements, personnel super-
vision, Federal productivity, marketing, advanced technical writing,
and management by objectives.
In addition to the responsibilities described above, I frequently as-
sign special projects to Messrs. Clifford and Bryant. During the last
year they have coordinated Maine's involvement with a multi-
agency conference in Springfield, Mass.; planned a most successful
procurement assistance conference sponsored by Senator Hathaway;
given many civic club speeches on SBA activities; participated in
bank and congressional aides seminars, and made many field visits
for portfolio management.
We continue to make special efforts to help groups who need
extra assistance. For example, over 300 veterans have attended our
workshops so far this fiscal year.
An increasing number of women participate in our workshops. We
expect to enroll over 200 women by the end of this fiscal year. On
April 22, we will hold a special prebusiness workshop for women
only. Most of the speakers will be women.
As a percentage of the total State population, 10 times as many
minorities attend our workshops compared to majorities.
By combining our programs, we have been able to achieve a syner-
gistic effect whereby the combined result is more beneficial than the
individual efforts.
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6
For example, we have worked closely for several years with a
minority contractor. He is an 8A contractor who has had two SBA
loans and several surety bond guarantees. He has also received 406
consulting and currently is receiving SCORE counseling. His busi-
ness has grown and prospered as a direct result of our association.
Next year we expect that this contractor will graduate from the 8A
program.
Let me comment on a new management assistance program. It is
the University Business Development Center (UBDC). A UBDC
will provide a comprehensive program for the expansion of existing
businesses and the establishment of new enterprises.
The UBDC concept would correlate the efforts of several Govern-
ment agencies now conducting programs on university campuses
throughout the country. Mutually supportive, sometimes overlap-
ping, existing Federal and State programs would be gathered to-
gether into a cohesive master plan for increased efficiency and
greater leveraging of resources. At the same time, agencies such as
HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce-EDA and OMBE-the Bureau of
Standards, and others would maintain their separate identities and
independence of administration.
Through a UBDC, a business owner or potential entrepreneur
would find the opportunity for analysis and understanding of his
or her abilities, business skills, and an opportunity to develop them.
Facilities for complete analysis of a business plan, product or idea
would be available. The UBDC would provide technology utiliza-
tion services, assist in capital formation; and it would provide en-
trepreneurs with knowledgeable on-the-job student and volunteer
help to implement center findings while the business owner or man-
ager developed his or her skills through center training.
SBA also proposed that existing resources, such as the SBI pro-
gram on nearly 400 campuses, the more than 7,800 volunteer SCORE
and ACE counselors, and the many short courses in small business
management for active entrepreneurs already being offered by many
schools, be expanded and intensified so the functions and services en-
visioned for the UBDC can be successfully implemented.
None of the resources discussed are new. Each of them exists some-
where. But, UBDC, by combining the existing multiple resources of
academia, Federal and State agencies, and volunteer organizations
into a university-coordinated delivery system, is the best (means for
promoting broad-scale business growth in our country today.
I would like to conclude my remarks by stating that management
assistance is the single most important form of assistance that the
agency provides to small businesspeople. Throughout my testimony,
attention is called to the great success SBA has enjoyed in leveraging
our resources through the aid of others, many of them unpaid volun-
teers. One of my greatest satisfactions as a district director has been to
witness the unstinting commitment of volunteers to help struggling
small businesspeople.
Thank you, Senator.
Senator HATHAWAY. How much time would you say that the ACE
people put in? They are the ones working full time on their own jobs.
Mr. MCGILLICUDDY. We get much more input from the SCORE
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7
members than we do from the ACE members. The SCORE members
are retired. They tend to put in many more hours than the ACE
members.
The ACE members are very helpful in certain ways. They are
usually leaders in the community, the top people from the banking
community, the publishing community. They are people who can
open some doors for us sometimes, people who help us as speakers
at our workshops and seminars. They have been very helpful in cer-
tain places in helping us to recruit SCORE volunteers, Senator. How-
ever, the bulk of the work is done by the SCORE volunteers.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think the university business develop-
ment centers are going to work out well? The concept sounds good.
Mr. MCGILLICtTDDY. It is a good concept. It makes sense to coordi-
nate the efforts of the dozen or so Federal agencies who fund uni-
versities for the purpose of helping businesspeople to see if we can
match up the right mix of Government programs to suit the resources
of a particular university and the needs of the larger community
around the university.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you. I will get back to you.
[The prepared statement of Mr. MeGillicuddy follows:]
STATEMENT BY THOMAS A. MCGILLICUDDY, DISTRICT DIRECTOR, SMALL BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION, AUGUSTA, MAINE
Senator Hathaway, it is a ~pleasure to appear before the full Senate Select
Committee on Small Business. Previously, I gave testimony before your sub-
committee on problems facing small businesspeople in Maine and SBA's role in
helping to overcome those problems. I have also given testimony on what the
SBA has done to help Maine's fishermen, loggers and farmers.
Today, I have been asked to testify on SBA's Management Assistance program
with particular emphasis on how it is working in Maine. Let me start with a
brief history of Management Assistance within SBA. I will then list and de-
scribe the array of MA programs. I would then like to tell you something about
our Management Assistance Officers; special projects they conduct and extra
efforts to help veterans, women and minorities. I will conclude with an example
of how our many programs interface and a description of a proposed new Agency
program.
In 1954, the Agency's management assistance activities were begun with two
management courses and publication of the first management aid. Since then,
many new programs have been added and expanded to meet the needs of small
business.
Management Assistance programs and Procurement Assistance programs were
operated within a single division until three years ago. In 1973 Management
Assistance was established as a separate division and was staffed nationwide
with some 400 employees.
SBA recognized that it is not enough to provide financial assistance, procure-
ment assistance and surety bonding. Dun and Bradestreet states that over 90%
of all business closing are due to "management failures." SBA has adopted a
positive approach by offering Management Assistance to any small business-
person or prospective small businessperson who desires help, whether or not the
small businessperson is an SBA borrower. Management Assistance takes many
form which include but are not limited to: (a) pre-business workshops; (b)
management seminars covering 21 subjects; (c) specialized courses in record-
keeping, taxes, marketing or any other subject for which a demand exists; (d)
counseling on an individual basis by volunteers from SCORE (Service Corps of
Retired Executives)/ACE (Active Corps of Executives) ; (e) contracts with
professional consultants through the 406 Program; (f) counseling through the
Small Business Institute Program; (g) publication and distribution of Man-
agement Aids and (h) consulting with the management Assistance Officers
(MAO's) who have had special training to help the small businesspersOn.
Because of the high failure rate among new businesses and the evident need
for training before going into business, the pre-business workshop program was
PAGENO="0012"
8
introduced in 1963. Designed for persons seriously intending to go into business
or those in business for a year or less, the workshops provide an orientation to
the principal factors important in small business management, stressing the
need for adequate preparation and indicating sources of information and help.
One of the greatest benefits of the pre-business workshops has been the reali-
zation of unqualified people that they should not go into business at that time.
We believe that discouraging people who lack the necessary experience, ambi-
tion or capital from starting a business results in keeping many of them from
becoming a D&B failure statistic.
In fiscal 1975, the Agency conducted 953 pre-business workshops for 34,524
small businesspeople. During this fiscal year the Augusta District Office will
hold 15 pre-business workshops in 7 Maine communities with some 525 fledgling
businesspeople in attendance. Written comments from participants attest to the
fact that pre-business workshops are providing vital guidance to new business
owners.
We also conduct speëialized courses throughout Maine that run from one to
three days. Some 700 to 800 Maine business owners are expected to attend spe-
cialized courses this fiscal year.
Last month we cosponsored with the Portland SCORE Chapter and the Port-
land Rotary Club a very successful three day marketing and advertising sem-
inar. A unique feature of this seminar was that all speakers except one were
Rotarians.
Management seminars typically run seven weeks with three semesters re-
quired to cover 21 core subjects. Subjects include; sources of capital funds,
recordkeeping, business law, key success and failure factors, advertising and
marketing. These courses are designed to provide small businesspeople with
practical information and ideas that can be readily applied to their businesses.
Instructors include lawyers, accountants, bankers and successful small business
owners who talk the language of the participants.
The Agency has been successful in obtaining cosponsorships from colleges,
universities, Chambers of Commerce, trade and professional organizations, local
business groups and other government agencies.
Last year, SBA conducted 1,336 management courses for 34,710 attendees. The
Augusta District Office expects approximately 2,000 small businesspeople will
attend these seminars at 10 to 12 locations during this fiscal year.
Recognizing that a few SBA personnel could not possibly provide all the
management counseling required by small businesspeople, SBA established
SCORE in 1954. Present nationwide membership including ACE is over 7,000
and growing. Maine's membership has grown from 65 in 1973 to 152 today.
The typical SCORE volunteer is a person who successfully ran his own busi-
ness or who comes from middle and upper levels of management in business or
government. He (or she) is usually a person who feels that this country has
been good to him and he wants to help others to be successful.
SCORE counseling is often conducted at Chambers of Commerce and consists
of advising people who wish to go into business and discussing specific problem
areas with existing small business owners.
I am pleased to report that a growing number of SCORE volunteers are com-
mitting themselves to long term in depth counseling with our clients. For exam-
ple, one of our Portland volunteers who was a Zone Manager for General Motors
for many years has made ten visits to a local automotive parts manufacturer.
He has helped management to create a new organization structure, write job
descriptions and design an inventory control system.
In 1969, ACE was established as a companion organization to SCORE. This
group consists of executives who are still working, but are willing to spend some
time in small business assistance.
Nationwide, SCORE/ACE volunteers are expected to counsel 70,000 business
concerns in FY 1976. In Maine, we expect to counsel 675 to 700 businesses this
year.
As Stu Ferris, Chairman of the Penobscot Bay SCORE Chapter, will point
out, SCORE/ACE volunteers are also actively engaged in many other Manage-
ment Assistance programs.
SBA augments the SCORE/ACE volunteer counseling with professional con-
sultants under Section 406 of the Equal Opportunity Act. The Augusta Office
uses this program when a special expertise involving some 8 to 12 man days of
PAGENO="0013"
9
work is required. We have used professional consultants 26 times during the last
year for minority and disadvantaged business concerns. The 406 program pro-
vided specialized management assistance last year to 2,843 small businesses that
could not otherwise afford it.
The Small Business Institute is one of the Agency's most innovative and pro-
ductive programs. From a pilot project in 1972, the SBA program has grown to
encompass some 20,000 counselors in 385 schools.
The Augusta District Office has contracts with the four fully accredited busi-
ness colleges in Maine. Student counselors will provide consulting services to 65
Maine businesses this fiscal year.
The typical SBI student in Maine is a senior business major, a high grader,
an overachiever who has a strong desire to gain "hands-on" business experience.
In addition to helping many standard type small businesses, Maine SBI students
have provided counseling services for such diverse entities as a regional blood
bank, a Goodwill Industries plant and an Indian owned furniture factory.
A key factor in the success of the SBI program has been the volunteer co-
operation of moi~e experienced advisors. For example, students in Dr. John
Bay's SBI at the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham receive guidance
from SCORE volunteers, many faculty members, associates of the Center for Re-
search and Advanced Study and SBA personnel.
An attestation to the success of the program is that several students have ob-
tained full time employment as a direct result of their SBI involvement. The
highest starting salary for a Portland-Gorham business graduate last year went
to an SBI student who was hired by the firm which he counseled.
SBA has some 300 titles in publication including booklets and leaflets under
the following series; Management Aids for Small Manufacturers, Small Mar-
keters Aids, Small Business Management Series and Starting and Management
Series. These are practical guides on how to apply the best modern management
techniques to small businesses.
With a distribution of over 5,000,000 per year, these publications make a posi-
tive impact on the small business sectors. Currently we are working with the
National Federation of Independent Business to provide our publications to their
membership of 436,000 businesses.
All of Maine's Management Assistance activities are handled by only two
professionals and one clerk. Fortunately, they are exceptional people.
Perhaps it would be meaningful to give the backgrounds of our MA profes-
sionals. Assistant District Director Bill Clifford started with IRS in 1934
and was a financial analyst for the S.E.C. He later was an Area Chief for
SBA's SBIC program. Mr. Clifford is a CPA who was managing partner of an
accounting firm and was Chairman of the Board and President of a truck body
manufacturing business employing 250 people. SBA and the Maine small busi-
ness community are fortunate to have a man of Bill's exceptional abilities.
1\ianagement Assistance Officer Harvey Bryant has a background as a small
business manager and bank branch manager. Mr. Bryant was a loan officer in
the Community Economic Development Division for two years and a Portfolio
Management loan officer for three years before transferring to Management
Assistance two years ago.
Even with these credentials, we believe that continued training is required to
stay surrent with modern management practices. Since transferring to Manage-
ment, Assistance Mr. Bryant has attended courses on Advanced Analysis of
Financial Statements, Personnel Supervision, Federal Productivity, Marketing,
Advanced Technical Writing and Management by Objectives.
In addition to the responsibilities described above, I frequently assign special
projects to Messrs. Clifford and Bryant. During the last year they have; co-
ordinated Maire's involvement with a Multi-Agency Conference in Springfield,
Mass.; planned a most successful Procurement Assistance Conference sponsored
by Senator Hathaway; given many civic club speeches on SBA activities;
participated in bank and congressional aides seminars and made many field
visits for Portfolio Management.
We continue to make special efforts to help groups who need extra assistance.
For example, over 300 veterans have attended our workshops so far this fiscal
year.
An increasing number of women participate in our workshops. We expect to
enroll over 200 women by the end of this fiscal year. On April 22, we will hold
PAGENO="0014"
10
a special pre-business workshop for women only. Most of the speakers will be
women.
As a percentage of the total state population, ten times as many minorities at-
tend our workshops compared to majorities.
By combining our programs, we have been able to achieve a synergistic effect
whereby the combined result is more beneficial than the individual efforts. For
example, we have worked closely for several years with a minority general con-
tractor. He is an SA contractor who has had two SBA loans and several surety
bond guarantees. He has also received 40G consulting and currently is receiving
SCORE counseling. His business has grown and prospered as a direct result of
our association. Next year we expect that this contractor will graduate from
the 8A program.
Let me comment on a new Management Assistance Program. It is the Uni-
versity Business Development Center (UBDC). A UBDC will provide a com-
prehensive program for the expansion of existing businesses and the establish-
ment of new enterprises.
The concept would correlate the efforts of several Government agencies now
conducting programs on university campuses throughout the country. Mutually
supportive, sometimes overlapping, existing Federal and state programs would
be gathered together into a cohesive master plan for increased efficiency and
greater leveraging of resources. At the same time, agencies such as HEW, SBA,
NSF, Commerce (EDA and OMBE), the Bureau of Standards, and others would
maintain their separate identities and independence of administration.
Through a UBDC, a business owner or potential entrepreneur would find the
opportunity for analysis and understanding of his or her abilities, business skills,
and an apportunity to develop them. Facilities for complete analysis of a busi-
ness plan, product or idea would be available. The UBDC would provide tech-
nology utilization services, assist in capital formation; and it would provide
entrepreneurs with knowledgeable on-the-job student and volunteer help to im-
plement center findings while the business owner or manager developed his or
her skills through center training.
SBA also proposes that existing resources, such as the SBI Program on nearly
400 campuses, the more than 7,800 volunteers SCORE and ACE counselors, and
the many short courses in small business management for active entrepreneure
already being offered by many schools, be expanded and intensified so the func-
tions and services envisioned for the C/BED can be successfully implemented.
None of the resources discussed are new. Each of them exists somewhere.
But, UBDC, by combining the existing multiple resources of academia, Federal
and State agencies, and volunteer organizations into a university-coordinated
delivery system, is the best means for promoting broad scale business growth
in our country today.
I would like to conclude my remarks by stating that Management Assistance
is the single most important form of assistance that the Agency provides to
small businesspeople. Throughout my testimony, attention is called to the great
success SBA has enjoyed in leveraging our resources through the aid of others,
many of them unpaid volunteers. One of my greatest satisfactions as a District
Director has been to witness the unstinting commitment of volunteers to help
struggling small businesspeople.
PAGENO="0015"
11
Wnt~ SCORE~ US. SmaM Business Administration 144 L St., fIB. Waslsinglon, DC, 70416
PAGENO="0016"
12
SCORE CHAPTER LOCATION BY CITY AND STATE
ALABAMA Fort Lauderdale IOWA MASSACHUSETTS
Birmingham Fort Meyers Burlington Boston
Huotsvilie Hollywood Cedar Rapids Cape Cod
Mobile Jacksonnille Council Bluffs Fitchburg
Melbourne Davenport New Bedford
ARIZONA Miami Des Moines Springfield
T oeoix Orlando Dubaque Worcester
0C500 FaIm Beach Ft Dodge MICHIGAN
ARKANSAS Panama City asun City Detroit
Ft. Smith Pensacola Spencer M
Little Rock Pompano Beach Sioux City qu
Port Charlotte Waterloo MINNESOTA
CALIFORNIA Sarasota KANSAS Duluth
Los Angeles St. Petersburg Evoona Mankato
Palm Springs Tallahassee Garden City Minneapolis
Pomona Tampa Hays MISSISSIPPI
Sacramento Winter Haven Hutchinsun Gulfport
Sari Diego La Crusse
San Francisco GEORGIA Sauna Lac son
Santa Aoa Albany Topeka TI
Santa Barbara Atlanta Wellingtun OP
Van Noys Augusta Wichita MISSOURI
Ventura County Brunswick KENTUCKY Branson
Columbus Cape Girardeau
COLORADO Macon Bowling Green Columbia
Colorado Springs Savannah Joplin
Denver L II Kansas City
Durango HAWAII Meoico
Ft. Morgan Honolulu Panucah Springfield
Grand Juoctiur LOUISIANA St Louis
Lamar IDAHO Baton Rouge
Luoe1and Idaho PaLs Alexandria MONTANA
Pueblo Boise New Orleans Billings
Pucatello Shreveport Bozeman
CONNECTICUT West Monroe B
Hartford ILLINOIS Luke Charles Great Falls
New Haven Aurora Lafayette H
New London
Stamford L g MAINE Helena
Waterburp Southern Illinois Augusta Kalispell
DELAWARE Springfield Bangor NEBRASKA
Wilmington INDIANA Houlton Chodron
DISTRICT o~ Ft. Wayne Lex;i stun Columbus
COLUMBIA Hammond Penobscot Boy Grand Island
Washington Evansville Portland Lincoln
Indianapolis Presque Isle Norfolk
FLORIDA Kokomo MARYLAND North Platte
Brooksville South Bend Annapolis Omaha
Daytona Beach Terre Haute Baltimore Scottsbluff
DeLand Salisbury
2
PAGENO="0017"
13
S1egaS NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA WASHINGTON
NEW HAMPSHIRE Fargo Aberdeen Bellingham
North Conway Minot 50Pid City Everett
Lebanon Grand Forks Falls Seattle
Laconia Santa Fe TENNESSEE Spokane
~ IN IA
NEW JERSEY Athens Memphis Clarksburg
Atlantic City Cincinnati Nashville Elkins
Bergen County Cleveland TEXAS Hantington
Boundbrook Columbus Abi lene Fri nceton
Camden Dayton Amarillo
Lakewood Springfield Aosti n WISCONSIN
Monmouth County Toledo Corpus Christi Baa Claire
Montclair Yoongstowo Dallas Madison
Newark OKLAHOMA El Paso Milwaokee
Trenton Lawton Fort Worth Rhinelander
NEW MEXICO Oklahoma City Galveston WYOMING
Albuquerque Tulsa Harl i ngen Casper
Roswell OREGON Houston Cheyenne
Medford Longview Sheridan
NEW YORK Portland Lubbock Wheatland
Albany McAlleo Worland
PENNSYLVANIA e~5a0t PUERTO RICO
Binghampton Erie San Antonio San Juan
Buffalo Greensburg Texarkana
Chautauqua Harrisburg Tyler
Elmira johnstown Waco
Mt Vernon Lancaster UTAH
Nassau County Meadville Ogden
New York City Philadelphia Salt Lake City
Poughkeepsie Pittsburgh
Rochester Reading VERMONT
Smithtowo Scranton Burlington
Sytacuse Warren Montpelier
Utica Wilkes-Barre Rutland
Watertown Williamsport VIRGINIA
NORTH CAROLINA RHODE ISLAND Bristol
Ashville Providence Front Royal
Char~te ~rT~tO~A NeWpOrt News
Fayetteville C I Richmond
Greensboro umbia Roanoke
Hendersonville Greenville
Hickory
High Point
Raleigh
Southern Pines
Wilmington
Winston-Salem
72-434 0 - 76 - 2
PAGENO="0018"
14
SBA Field Offices
Agana, Guam
Albany, N. Y.
Albuquerque, N. Mex.
Anchorage, Alaska
Atlanta, Ga.
Augusta, Me.
Baltimore, Md.
Biloxi, Miss.
Birmingham, Ala.
Boise, Idaho
Boston, Mass.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Casper, Wyo.
Charleston, W. Va.
Charlotte, N. C.
Chicago, Ill.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Clarksburg, W. Va.
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbia, S. C.
Columbus, Ohio
Concord, N. H.
Coral Gables, Fla.
Corpus Christi, Tex.
Dallas, Tex.
Denver, Cob.
Des Moines, Iowa
Detroit, Mich.
Eau Claire, Wisc.
Elmira, N. Y.
El Paso, Tex.
Fairbanks, Alaska
Fargo, N. Dak.
Fresno, Calif.
Greenville, N. C.
Harrisburg, Pa.
Hartford, Coon.
Hato Rey, P. R.
Helena, Mont.
Holyoke, Mass.
Honolulu, Hawaii
Houston, Tex.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Jackson, Miss.
Jacksonville, Fla.
Kansas City, Mo.
Knoxville, Tenn.
Las Vegas, Nevada
Little Rock, Ark.
Los Angeles, Calif.
Louisville, Ky.
Lower Rio Grande
Valley, Tex.
Lubbock, Ten.
Madison, Wisc.
Marquette, Mich.
Marshall, Ten.
Memphis, Tenn.
Milwaukee, Wisc.
Minneapolis, Minn,
Montpelier, Vt.
Nashville, Tenn.
Newark, N. J.
New Orleans, La.
New York, N. Y.
Oklahoma City, OkIa.
Omaha, Nebr.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Phoenix, Ariz.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Portland, Ore.
Providence, R. I.
Rapid City, S. Dak.
Richmond, Va.
Rochester, N. Y.
St. Louis, Mo.
Sacramento, Calif.
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Antonio, Ten.
San Diego, Calif.
San Francisco, Calif.
Seattle, Wash.
Sioux Falls, S. D.
Spokane, Wash.
Springfield, Ill.
Syracuse, N. Y.
Tampa, Fla.
Washington, D. C.
West Palm Beach, Fla.
Wichita, Kan.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Wilmington, Del.
Fact Sheet a 16
Febmary 1976
PAGENO="0019"
15
Senator HATHAWAY. The next witness is Dr. Bay. By the way, all
of your statements will be placed in the record. If you would like
to summarize, you may.
STATEMENT OP DR. JOHN W. BAY, DEAN, SCHOOL OP BUSINESS
AND ECONOMICS, UNIVERSITY OP MAINE, PORTLAND, MAINE
Dr. BAY. It is a pleasure to be here today and have this opportu-
nity to attest to the effectiveness of the Small Business Institute, a
management assistance program sponsored by the Small Business
Administration at the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham.
Small business represents a vital and significant force in the Amer-
ican economy. In 1776 all businesses were small by present standards.
In 1876, there were approximately 300,000 businesses in the United
States, most of them being small firms.
Even though the 20th century has recorded a substantial growth in
large firms, small business is still a very important part of our econ-
omy. Of the more than 9 million businesses in the United States 95
percent are small concerns. In a State such as Maine, nearly all firms
in the entire State are classified as small businesses.
As a source of employment, small businesses provide jobs for
about one-half of the American work force. They account for over
40 percent of gross national product. They contribute nearly 20 per-
cent of all business taxes paid. In summary, it is clear that small
businesses have been and are currently a vital and significant factor
in our economy.
The philosophy of small business is a factor to consider as well
as the economics. Our 200-year history reflects this. It is traditional in
America to associate certain emotional aspects with small business.
Small business provides the vehicle for fulfilling the entrepreneurs
aspirations and objectives.
Concern for small business is not a recent phenomenon. The Sher-
man and Clayton Acts were designed to prevent undue concentration
of economic power. Judge Learned Hand wrote in the United States
v. Aluminum Co. of America:
It is possible, because of its indirect social or moral effect, to prefer a system
of small producers, each dependent for his success upon his own skill and char-
acter, to one in which the great mass of those engaged must accept direction
of a few.
Congress, aware of and concerned about bigness and the future of
small business, in 1953, created the Small Business Administration.
The Small Business Administration, through its affiliates-SCORE,
ACE and EBI, provides managerial assistance programs to small
business.
The requirements for success call for balanced managerial skills.
The small business entrepreneur is a generalist but has to make de-
cisions in all the specialized areas of business, ranging from account-
ing, production, selling, financing, et cetera.
In most cases their exposure to all these required functions is
limited. In most instances their resources are limited and this pre-
cludes the hiring of staff specialists or outside consultants. Ninety-
three percent of small business failures are management failures.
PAGENO="0020"
16
This revealing statistic reaffirms the need for managerial assistance
in upgrading the skills of the small business entrepreneur.
Our experience at the University of Maine at Portland-Gorham
with the Small Business Institute indicates that this program of the
Small Business Administration can provide much needed managerial
assistance to small businesses.
Our association with the Small Business Institute commenced in
the spring semester 1974. At the conclusion of the 1976 spring se-
mester, we will have had six semesters in the program, including the
summer session 1975. We will have counseled 56 clients, utilizing
98 student counselors.
Students, primarily seniors, are selected for the program by a facul-
ty screening committee. Good academic standing, maturity, and ex-
perience such as work, military hobbies, et cetera are the selection
criterion. Although not a prerequisite, many of the students have had
a course in "The Problems of Small Business."
Students receive three credit hours for their work in this program.
Students are required to devote about 9 hours a week to the SBI pro-
gram, approximately the amount of time required of an advanced
business course. Our experience to date shows that the average amount
of time per student per week is 14 hours. This attests to the enthu-
siasm, interest and appreciation that students have for this valuable
experience.
An excellent orientation to counseling, for the students, is provided
on campus by SBA personnel from Augusta. In addition, the School
of Business and Economics provides each counselor with a handbook,
"A Guide and Aid to Management Counseling-_Strengthening Small
Business Management."
The SBI program is directed by a faculty member and is set up as
a field experience free from formal class requirements. It is felt that
this provides the greatest benefits to all parties, especially the clients.
Students present a weekly progress repori to the faculty director and
a final summary report at the end of the semester. During the semes-
ter a steering committee of SBA personnel and certain UMPG faculty
meet with the students to review the problems and progress in the
cases and to make suggestions for the dealing with the various prob-
lems encountered.
Cases are assigned to the university by the SBA. The faculty proj-
ect director reviews the cases with SBA endeavoring to match stu-
dents' major interests, for example, accounting, marketing, et cetera,
with what appears to be clients' major problems. This has worked
well.
A prime ingredient for success in the program are the cases both
as to qua.lity and mix. Many people, even natives, think of the Maine
economy as being based on fishing and tourism. However, manufac-
turing, in 1973 contribut.ed 28 percent to the gross State product. Of
the six major manufacturing communities in the State, three are in
the Greater Portland area.
We are fortunate to get a share of these manufacturing companies
where the management problems are more diversified and often more
complex. This gives the SBA greater flexibility in assigning cases to
us, for example, more sophisticated cases.
PAGENO="0021"
17
Another major ingredient for success in the program is the will-
ingness of faculty to work with the students on their cases. Five
School of Business and Economics faculty members are active partici-
pants, serving as consultants to the students on various problems
they encounter. On one case, an entire marketing class was used where
the timeframe was critical for the client in identifying a seasonal
market.
Other resources at the university have been brought in to deal with
a client's problems. Personnel from the Center for Research and Ad-
vanced Study have been very helpful to students. The center, through
Project New Enterprise, has a common interest in strengthening man-
agement in small businesses.
An excellent working relationship has been established this year
with the Greater Portland SCORE Chapter. The exchange of case
data and counseling has added another valuable dimension to our
program.
How the program actually functions might best be illustrated by
presenting a case study.
Company A was founded in the 1850's and was family owned and
operated until sold in the late 1960's upon the owner's death. During
the last 10 years of family operations, sales volume and profits were
deteriorating. In 1967, the business was sold, and in mid-1968 it failed.
New owners purchased the business in 1969 but could not operate it
profitably and the firm once again was sold in 1975. Thus there were
three changes in ownership within 8 years.
In September 1975, this company was one of the SBI cases as-
signed to the university by the Small Business Administration. An
SBA management assistance officer and the university SBI director
met with the new owner and discussed in depth the role of the SBI
program. At this meeting, an attempt was made to define the main
and most urgent problem areas. It was resolved that concentration in
the accounting field, especially cost accounting was paramount.
Two senior accounting majors, who had been through the SBA
counseling orientation, were briefed and assigned to the case.
The company employs 13 full-time people. Gross sales for the 6-
month fiscal period ended September 30, 1975 were $131,000. Esti-
mated gross sales for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1976 are
$360,000. The firm's objectives, to realize this goal, are to specialize
in gears, sprockets, and heat exchanges. About 75 percent of total
gross sales is anticipated to come from job orders and the balance
from production to stock. The paper industry in Maine is the prime
target market.
Problem areas observed by counselors in an orientation to the busi-
ness with the owner were: Absence of adequate records with no cost-
accounting system; no separation of fixed and variable expenses-
hence, breakeven point unknown; no method for allocation of factory
burden or for general administration and selling expenses; no realistic
pricing policy; inventory-purchasing controls all done by the en-
gineer. No accurate beginning or ending inventory figures available.
Production problems were: Shop is primarily a job shop. Excessive
idle time a prime factor in slack periods. Labor costs excessive in ma-
terials handling. Main shop has a wooden floor which cannot sup-
port heavy equipment, for example, forklifts. Indirect costs are high
PAGENO="0022"
18
because labor is needed to move heavy articles over this area. The
heavy permanent gear machinery, et cetera, sets on cement pads
which are poured right into the floor.
In reviewing the above problem areas, the owners and counselors
agreed on the priority need of developing a cost system for pricing.
Counselors with assistance from company employees prepared a
flow-chart for a job order system. They then examined the account-
ing records in detail, breaking out overhead, selling and administra-
tion expenses and direct and indirect labor costs including all fringes.
The next step was to prepare schedules that would consolidate total
costs for pricing. Working with a cost accounting faculty member,
they devised 10 simple schedules `that the bookkeeper could under-
stand and record on a monthly basis. This was approved by the owner.
In early December a recommended cost system, which had been
tried for a month and provided solutions to costing was presented to
the owner and his outside accountant. The system was accepted and
implemented on December 15, without modifications.
During the cost analysis, it was found that one-third of the job
orders classified as small orders, were underpriced and losing money.
These orders were being charged $12 per hour, a flat rate, someone's
guess. The actual charge should have been in excess of $14. The big
orders were actually carrying an inordinately high proportion of the
costs-distorting the overall profit picture.
The firm now has a sound method for determining the price for
each job that heretofore did not exist. The owner now knows his
breakeven points and how to competitively and profitably price small
and large jobs.
Although the students are not currently enrolled in the SBI pro-
gram, they continue to visit the company and check on the system and
recommend modifications as needed. Last reports were that the system
is functioning well.
The preceding case illustrates some of the problems SBI counselors
have encountered and how `they have dealt with them. An analysis
of our overall counseling reports reveals that clients have benefited
in the following areas: Improved recordkeeping that has provided
greater control over assets, for example, accounts receivable; inven-
tories; implementation of credit policies; establishing breakeven
points; costing for pricing; market surveys and measuring advertis-
ing effectiveness; developing job descriptions and job specifications;
flow charting production operations.
In many instances the above tasks have required extensive re-
search that the business could not devote the time to or could not af-
ford a paid consultant.
Of the 56 clients we have counseled, 20 have requested further
counseling. Each semester we get an increasing number of inquiries
from non-SBA clients as to how they can qualify for the benefits of
the program.
The student benefits are highly visible. It provides an opportunity
to apply academic theory to real-world business problems. It builds
confidence. They find that they can transfer theory to practice-
properly tailored to fit the small business problems and situations.
It is a relevant experience. It has focused direction to careers in
PAGENO="0023"
19
small business that might not otherwise have developed. In fact, a
number of students have taken employment in small firms.
Below are two unsolicited student testimonials taken from their
final reports.
My work with the client and with the Small Business Institute has been the
most rewarding experience in my college career. Not only have I gained valu-
able experience, but have profited from the personal relationships, knowledge
and confidence only actual field experience can provide. I can express nothing
but praise for the program and for the invaluable help from the SBE faculty
members, without whom the program could not be as successful as it is.
I wish I could have participated for another semester in the SBI program.
The past semester has made me seriously consider a career in consulting in the
small business sector.
The SBI program is a natural program for a State university. The
program provides a viable and tangible way for the university to
meet part of its public service obligations. In our case, we have served
clients throughout southern Maine.
The program also enables the Small Business Administration to
expand services that are sorely needed in Maine at an excellent cost!
benefit ratio. It offers an expanded base for career personnel for SBA.
The key to success in this program is commitment on the parl of
the university and the SBA. We are fortunate to have had an excel-
lent working relationship between the faculty at 13MPG and the
SBA, and thereby, providing excellent managerial assistance to small
businesses.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Dr. Bay follows:]
PAGENO="0024"
20
Statement By
DR. JOHN W. BAY~ DEAN
School of Business & Economics
University of Maine at Portland Gorham
96 Falmouth Street
Portland3 Maine
Before Subcommittee Select Committee
On Small Business
April l~ 1976
PAGENO="0025"
21
It is a pleasure to be here today and have this opportu-~
nity to attest to the effectiveness of the Small Business
Institute, a management assistance program sponsored by the
Small Business Administration at the University of Maine at
Portland ~Gorham.
Background
Small business represents a vital and significant force
in the American economy. In 1776 all businesses were small
by present standards. In 1876 there were approximately
300,000 businesses in the United States, most of them being
small firms.' Even though the twentieth century has recorded
a substantial growth in large firms, small business is still
a very important part of our economy. Of~ the more than nine
million businesses in the United States, almost ninty- five
percent are small concerns. In a state such as Maine, nearly
all firms in the entire state are classified as small businesses.
As a source of employment, small businesses provide Jobs for
about one-half of the American work force. They account for
over forty percent of gross national product.2 They contribute
nearly twenty percent of all business taxes paid.3 In summary,
it is clear that small businesses have been and are currently
a vital and significant factor in our economy.
The philosophy of small business is a factor to consider
as well as the economics. Our two hundred year history
reflects this. It is traditional in America to associate
certain emotional aspects with small business. Small business
PAGENO="0026"
22
2.
provides the vehicle for fulfilling the entrepreneurs aspira-
tions and objectives.
Concern for small business is not a recent phenomenon.
The Sherman and Clayton Acts were designed to prevent undue
concentration of economic power. Judge Learned Hand wrote
in the United States vs. Aluminum Company of America, It
is possible, because of its indirect social or moral effect,
to prefer a system of SMALL producers, each dependent for his
success upon his own skill and character, to one in which the
great mass of those engaged must accept direction of a few.~
Congress, aware of and concerned about bigness and the
future of small business, in 1953, created the Small Business
Administration. The Small Business Administration, through
its affiliates - SCORE, ACE, and SBI, provides managerial
assistance programs to small business.
The requirements for success call for balanced managerial
skills. The small business entrepreneur is a generalist but
has to make decisions in all the specialized areas of business,
ranging from accounting, production, selling; financing, etc.
In most cases their exposure to all these required functions
is limited. In most instances their resources are limited and
this precludes the hiring of staff specialists or outside
consultants. Ninety-three percent of small business failures
are management failures.~ This revealing statistic reaffirms
the need for managerial assistance in upgrading the skills of
the small business entrepreneur.
PAGENO="0027"
23
3.
The SBI Program at UMPG
Our experience at the University of Maine at Portland-
Gorham with the Small Business Institute indicates that this
program of the Small Business Administration can provide
much needed managerial assistance to small businesses.
Our association with the Small Business Institute com-
menced in the spring semester 197LL At the conclusion of
the 1976 spring semester, we will have had six semesters in
the program (including the sunnier session 1975). We will
have counseled fifty-six clients, utilizing ninety-eight
student counselors.
Students, primarily seniors, are selected for the program
by a faculty screening committee. Good academic standing,
maturity, and experience such as work, military, hobbies, etc.
are the selection criterion. Although not a prerequisite,
many of the students have had a course in The Problems of
Small Business. Students receive three credit hours for
their work in this program. Students are required to devote
about nine hours a week to the SBI program, approximately the
amount of time required of an advanced business course. Our
experience to date shows that the average amount of time per
student per week is fourteen hours. This attests to the en-
thusiasm, interest, and appreciation that students have for
this valuable experience.
An excellent orientation to counseling, for the students,
is provided on campus by SBA personnel from Augusta. In
PAGENO="0028"
24
addition, the School of Business and Economics provides each
counselor with a handbook, `A Guide and Aid to Management
Counseling--strengthening Small Business Management.
The SBI program is directed by a faculty member and is
set up as a field experience free from formal class require-
ments. It is felt that this provides the greatest benefits
to all parties, especially the clients. Students present a
weekly progress report to the faculty director and a final
summary report at the end of the semester. During the
semester, a steering committee of SHA personnel and certain
UMPG faculty meet with the students to review the problems
and progress in the cases and to make suggestions for the
dealing with the various problems encountered.
Cases are assigned to the University by the SBA. The
faculty project director reviews the cases with SBA endeavoring
to match students' major interests, e.g. accounting, marketing,
etc., with what appears to be clients' major problems. This
has worked well.
A prime ingredient for success in the program are the
cases both as to quality and mix. Many people, even natives,
think of the Maine economy as being based on fishing and
tourism. However, manufacturing, in 1973 contributed twenty-
eight percent to the gross state product. Of the six major
manufacturing communities in the state, three are in the
Greater Portland area.5 We are fortunate to get a share of
these manufacturing companies where the management problems
PAGENO="0029"
25
5.
are more diversified and often more complex. This gives the
SBA greater flexibility in assigning cases to us, e.g. more
sophisticated cases.
Another major ingredient for success in the program is
the willingness of faculty to work with the students on their
cases. Five School of Business and Economics faculty members
are actii~e participants, serving as consultants to the stu-
dents on various problems they encounter. On one case, an
entire marketing class was used where the time frame was
critical for the client in identifying a seasonal market.
Other resources at the University have been brought i&to
deal with a client's problems. On occasion our computer
facilities have been used to deal with inventory problems.
Personnel from the Center for Research and Advanced Study have
been very helpful to students. The Center, through Project
New Enterprise, has a common Interest In strengthening
management in small businesses.
An excellent working relationship has been established
this year with the Greater Portland SCORE Chapter. The ex-
change of case data and counseling has added another valuable
dimension to our program.
How the program actually functions might best be illus-
trated by presenting a case study.
Company A was founded in the l850s and was family owned
and operated until sold in the late l960s upon the owner's
death. During the last ten years of family operations, sales
PAGENO="0030"
26
6.
volume and profits were deteriorating. In 1967 the business
was sold and in mid 1968 it failed. New owners purchased
the business in 1969 but could not operate it profitably and
the firm once again was sold in 1975. Thus there were three
changes in ownership within eight years.
In September 1975, this company was one of the SBI cases
assigned to the University by the Small Business Administra-
tion. An SEA management assistance officer and the University
SBI Director met with the new owner and discussed in depth
the role of the SBI program. At this meeting an attempt was
made to define the main and most urgent problem areas. It
was resolved that concentration in the accounting field~
especially cost accounting was paramount.
Two senior accounting majors, who had been through the
SBA counseling orientation, were briefed and assigned to the
case.
The company employs thirteen full time people. Gross
sales for the six month fiscal period ended September 30, 1975
were $131,000. Estimated gross sales for the fiscal year
ending September 30, 1976 are $360,000. The firms objectives,
to realize this goal; are to specialize in gears, sprockets,
and heat exchanges. About seventy-five percent of total gross
sales is anticipated to come from job orders and the balance
from production to stock. The paper industry in Maine is the
prime target market.
PAGENO="0031"
27
7.
Problem areas observed by counselors in an orientation
to the business with the owner were:
1. Absence of adequate records
(a) No cost accounting system
(b) No separation of fixed and variable expenses--
hence - breakeven point unknown.
(c) No method for allocation of factory burden or for
general administration and-selling expenses.
(d) No realistic pricing policy
(e) inventory-purchasing controls all done by the
engineer. No accurate beginning or ending In-
ventory figures available.
2. Production problems:
(a) Shop is primarily a job shop. Excessive idle time
a prime factor in slack periods.
(b) Labor costs excessive in materials handling. Main
shop has a wooden floor which cannot support heavy
equipments e.g. fork~-lifts. Indirect Costs are
high because labor is needed to move heavy articles
over this area. The heavy permanent gear machinery,
etc., sets on cement pads which are poured right
into the floor.
In reviewing the above problem areas, the owners and
counselors agreed on the priority need of developing a cost
system for pricing.
PAGENO="0032"
28
8.
Recommendations
Counselors with assistance from company employees pre~-
pared a flow chart for a job order system. They then examined
the accounting records in detail, breaking out overhead,.
selling and administration expenses and direct and indirect
labor costs including all fringes.
The rext step was to prepare schedules that would con-
solidate total costs for pricing. Working with a cost
accounting faculty member, they devised ten simple schedules
that the bookkeeper could understand and record on a monthly
basis. This was approved by the owner.
In early December a recommended cost system, which had
been tried for a month, and provided solutions to costing
was presented to the owner and his outside accountant. The
system was accepted and implemented on December 15, without
modifications.
During the cost analysis, it was found that one third
of the job orders classified as small orders were under
priced and losing money. These orders were being charged
$12.00 per hour, a flat rate, (someone7s guess). The actual
charge should have been in excess of $l~4.00. The big orders
were actually carrying an inordinately high proportion of
the costs--distorting the overall profit picture.
The firm now has a sound method for determining the
price for each job that heretofore did not exist. The
owner now knows, his breakeven points and how to competi-
tively and profitably price small and large jobs.
PAGENO="0033"
29
9.
Although the students are not currently enrolled in
the SBI program, they continue to visit the company and check
on the system and recommend modifications as needed. Last
reports were that the system is functioning well.
The preceding case illustrates some of the problems
Sf1 counselors have encountered and how they have dealt
with theii. An analysis of our overall counseling reports
reveals that clients have benefited in the following areas:
1. Improved record keeping that has provided greater
control over assets, e.g. accounts receivable,
inventories.
2. Implementation of credit policies.
3. Establishing breakeven points.
~. Costing for pricing.
5. Market surveys and measuring advertising effectiveness.
6. Developing job descriptions and job specifications.
7. Flow charting production operations.
In many instances the above tasks have required exten~~
sive research that the business could not devote the time to
or could not afford a paid counsultant.
Of the fifty-six clients we have counseled, twenty
have requested further counseling. Each semester we get an
increasing number of inquiries from non SBA clients as to
how they can qualify for the benefits of the program.
72-434 0 - 76 - 3
PAGENO="0034"
30
10.
The student benefits are highly visible. It provides
an opportunity to apply academic theory to real-world
business problems. It builds confidence. They find that
they can transfer theory to practice--properly tailored to
fit the small business problems and situations. It is a
relevant experience. It has focused direction to careers
in smal business that might not otherwise have developed.
In fact, a number of students have taken employment in
small firms.
Below are two unsolicited student testimonials taken
from their final reports.
"My work with the client and with the Small Business
Institute has been the most rewarding experience in my
college career. Not only have I gained valuable ex
perience, but have profited from the personal relation-
ships, knowledge and confidence only actual field
experience can provide. I can express nothing but
praise for the program and for the invaluable help
from the SBE faculty members~ without whom the pro-
gram could not be as successful as it is.'
"I wish I could have participated for another
semester in the SBI program. The past semester has
made me seriously consider a career in consulting in
the small business sector.
The SBI program is a natural program for a state univer--
sity. The program provides a viable and tangible way for the
University to meet part of its public service obligations.
In our case we have served clients throughout southern Maine.
The program also enables the Small Business Administra-~
tion to expand services that are sorely needed in Maine at
PAGENO="0035"
31
11.
an excellent cost/benefit ratio. It offers an expanded
base for recruitment for career personnel for SBA.
The key to success in this program is commitment on
the part of the University and the SBA. We ar~ fortunate
to have had an excellent working relationship between the
faculty at UMPG and the SEA, and thereby, providing excel-
lent managerial assistance to small businesses.
PAGENO="0036"
32
12.
Footnotes
1'Small Business Management, Wadsworth Publishing Company)
Inc., Belmont, California, 1973. p.1.
2Small Business Administration Annual Report, Vol. 1, 1973,
p.3.
3u.s. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 197~4, 95th edition, Washington) D.C.
~The Business Failure Record, 1973, Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.,
N.Y., p. 12.
5Facts About Industrial Maine, Maine State Development Office,
State Capital, Augusta, Me. 301-10/75.
PAGENO="0037"
33
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have a followup of the different cases?
Do you keep track of what happens?
Dr. BAY. Many of the cases continue beyond the semester. In
addition, we are doing a survey this semester of those that we engaged
in counseling prior to see what kind of results occurred from imple-
menting our recommendations. We are at the point now where we
are going to get a pretty good handle on how much over these 2
years what, in fact, will take place.
We have had, about 20 of them have extended beyond a semester.
You cannot get it all done in the traditional semester. We do not cut
them off; we continue on with that experience.
Senator HATHAWAY. How much time would you say is spent on each
case?
Dr. BAY. If you took an average student counselor, 14 hours a week,
since he is normally assigned two per case, you are talking about 28
to 30 hours of manpower per week for that particular company.
Usually we try to assign two different kinds of students, an account-
ing major and a marketing major, two areas.
If you take about a 30-hour week, that is quite a bit of help for a
small business.
Senator HATHAWAY. How many weeks do you spend on a case?
Dr. BAY. A minimum of 15 weeks, the length of the semester.
Senator HATHAWAY. On one case?
Dr. BAY. One case. Sometimes we will finish the case sooner, then
we will switch the students over to some other case that may need
other help. We handle 10 cases each semester so that we have some
flexibility in dealing with that.
Most of them take a full semester, at least. Part of the problem is,
when our SBI director meets with the SBA people and the company
to talk about the initial problems, quite often when we get into it, we
find out what they think are the problems at the beginning are not
the problems after all.
The other thing, it takes a little bit of time, sometimes, for these
companies to open up. On the whole, we have just had excellent sup-
port from the companies. They have really participated and given
the students information.
At the beginning, we thought maybe they would hold back, they
would worry about confidentiality, worry about whether students
could help them. On the whole, we have had excellent luck with
students having access to information to help in making recommen-
dations.
Senator HATHAWAY. Have you been able to gather any data as to
what the shortcomings of the businesses are? Do you know of any
surveys?
Dr. BAY. The general shortcomings are in two areas, in the account-
ing area and in the marketing area.
Senator HATHAWAY. Which indicates we `ought to have more
courses in high school in those areas?
Dr. BAY. Part of what Tom is doing in terms of these programs,
basic kinds of seminars for accounting, marketing, things of that sort.
You need them beyond high school. Many of these people who go into
a smaller business are not likely to return to a high school setting.
PAGENO="0038"
34
Senator HATHAWAY. I mean to avoid these problems in the future,
we ought to be teaching these courses now?
Dr. BAY. Yes, I think it would help; I really do.
Senator HATHAWAY. Any recommendations you have along that
line will be helpful for the committee. Senator Javits and I also serve
on Labor and Public Welfare Committee, which includes education.
Let me ask you one last question. Is there any input that you could
give to this new program, the university program, as a result of your
experience?
Dr. BAY. In our particular case, where we have now the Center for
Research and Advanced Study with Halsey Smith's new project, it
would probably be a very logical coordinating mechanism for us to
be a part of that.
I can see some real merit.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you see any shortcomings?
Dr. BAY. The shortcoming is, if you are trying to coordinate a
whole series of different programs and different agencies, I can see
that as being a problem, just how that works. If you have the Labor
Department involved and SBA, how is that going to work? How is
that going to be coordinated?
I hate to see us spending so much time clearing a proposal through
labor, having to clear it through SBA also, going that whole route.
That is the only impediment offhand that I could see.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Dr. Bay. Mr. O'Rourke?
STATEMENT OF WALTER P. O'ROURKE, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL
SCORE COUNCIL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE, ACCOMPANIED BY
3~ULIUS DAVIDSON, MEMBER, NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL LEG-
ISLATIVE COMMITTEE; AND STUART C. FERRIS, CHAIRMAN,
PENOBSCOT SCORE CHAPTER NO. 244, CAMDEN, MAINE
Mr. O'RotmxE. Mr. Chairman, I am Walter P. O'Rourke, chair-
man, National SCORE Council, I appreciate this opportunity to
appear before your committee.
May I first introduce the other two gentlemen who are sharing the
table with me. On my right is Mr. Julius Davidson, member of the
National SCORE Council Legislative Committee and Mr. Stuart C.
Ferris, chairman, Penobscot SCORE Chapter No. 244, who resides
in Camden, Maine.
The Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) is sponsored
by the Small Business Administration (SBA) and is a voluntary,
nonprofit group of retired businessmen and women who offer the bene-
fit of their skills, knowledge and experience free of charge to assist
small business concerns and those proposing to enter the business
world in solving their problems.
SCORE was established in 1964 and presently has over 5,600 men
and 175 women from business and now working out of 292 chapters.
The Active Corps of Executives (ACE) is a volunteer group of
persons who, while still actively engaged in business, constitute a pool
of talent available to SCORE. This organization is also sponsored by
SBA and has approximately 2,600 members.
PAGENO="0039"
35
The National SCORE Council (NSC) consists of one SCORE rep-
resentative from each of the 10 Small Business Administration re-
gions, plus a chairman who is elected by the members of the NSC.
Through this council, major policy and procedural matters are co-
ordinated with the Small Business Administration staff in Wash-
ington, D.C.
There is no discrimination in the membership of SCORE or ACE
or those they counsel on account of race, creed, national origin, or sex.
Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1971 transferred certain functions of
the SCORE/ACE program from SBA to the ACTION Agency.
After about 4 years under the joint sponsorship of SBA and the
ACTION Agency, it became apparent that this arrangement was not
practical and pursuant to Executive Order 11871, dated July 18, 1975,
all functions, powers and duties vested in the ACTION Agency were
transferred back to SBA.
Since the return of the SCORE/ACE program to the sole spon-
sorship of SBA, continually increasing efforts have been made and
actually accomplished in developing a close cooperation between
SCORE/ACE `and other very important elements of the SBA
program.
For example, throughout the country, SCORE volunteers have
acted in an advisory capacity to groups of students, many of them
at the graduate level, organized in a program called the Small Busi-
ness Institute (SIBI) in which the students counsel small business
owners particularly `those who have SBA loans.
I was advised yesterday that we have about 1,000 SCORE and
ACE volunteers involved in that program.
The success of recently initiated programs also based at colleges
and universities, called the university business development centers
(TJBDC) hinges in good part on advice and assistance from SCORE
counselors.
I have a chart that I would like to have inserted in the record. I
think it would be helpful to you in understanding this program.
Senator HATHAWAY. We will place it in the record.
[The chart referred to follows:]
PAGENO="0040"
0
SCORE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART
NATIONAL SCORE
COUNCIL
PAGENO="0041"
37
Mr. O'ROURKE. Another recent innovation on the part of SBA
relates to the various business advisory councils at the national,
regional and district levels in which SCORE is expected to play
a vital role.
Increasing emphasis in the management assistance program is
being directed toward the loan portfolio and statistics show a three-
fold increase in the involvement of SCORE volunteers in portfolio
cases in recent months as a result of such cooperation. Similarly,
SCORE counseling is expected to play an important part in con-
verting so-called 8A contractors-socially or economically disad-
vantaged enterprises that receive Government contracts on a prefer-
ential basis-into viable enterprises.
SCORE will be making every effort to add women counselors to
the SCORE roster. I might say that the woman counselors we have in
SCORE are excellent. They do a terrific job.
Our experience has demonstrated that women possess skills and
competence in a variety of fields equal to men. It is also our desire
to promote successful business operations on the part of women
business owners. It is our intention to watch closely the increasing
role of women in our counseling efforts and in our efforts to promote
successful business ownerships by women.
Shortly, after the return of the SCORE/ACE program to the
sole sponsorship of SBA, further goals have been developed on a
cooperative basis between SBA and the National SCORE Council.
Such goals call not only for an enlarged program in terms of a
greatly increased SCORE/ACE roster as well as a greatly increased
caseload, but also in an enlarged scope of operations in terms of a
variety of expertise to augment the current SCORE/ACE efforts.
Let me cite a few examples of the directions in which we expect
to move. First, the matter of technology utilization and transfer.
Small business generally cannot afford to keep up with all technolog-
ical advances. We hope in this area to recruit engineers, scientists
and technicians who will be available to counsel small businesses in
the application of advances in technology. In this connection, the
university business development centers which I mentioned before
will play a role.
That program will take some time to develop and it can go in a lot
of different directions.
Engineers, technicians, and similar experts will also be needed for
the SCORE roster for advice to small business in how to meet the
challenges of the OSHA program (Occupational Safety and Health
Act).
That has been a problem of great concern to the small business
community. 1~\Te are going to pitch in to see if we cannot help them
out.
Energy conservation in which small business will be expected to
play a part likewise calls for more specialized expertise.
It is our understanding as it is SBA's understanding, that be-
cause of a continuing international balance of payments threat, it
is desirable to promote exports. A recent analysis of the SCORE/
ACE roster indicates that approximately 500 volunteers have had
some experience in international trade.
PAGENO="0042"
38
I think we can lend a good hand there.
Another area in which the small business community needs sound
guidance and advice is that of crime-related loss prevention. Negotia-
tions are now underway for cooperation with a unit within the
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) to develop a pro-
gram which will serve to train SCORE/ACE volunteers in this im-
portant area.
I might add, the Small Business Administration has a number of
pamphlets directed in this area of operation.
In closing, I quote the statement of Mr. Louis Laun, Deputy Ad-
ministrator, SBA, made before your committee on February 24,
1976, that "SCORE, the Service Corps of Retired Executives, and
ACE, the Active Corps of Executives, are the fundamental volunteer
groups in SBA's management assistance work."
With permission of the Chairman, I will now call on Mr. Davidson
for any supplementary remarks, and following Mr. Davidson's re-
marks, I wish to call on Mr. Ferris for a statement of SCORE's
activity at the local level.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Mr. O'Rourke.
[The prepared statement of Mr. O'Rourke follows:]
PAGENO="0043"
39
STATEMENT OF WALTER P. O'ROURKE, CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE ACCOMPANIED BY JULIUS DAVIDSON, MEMBER,
NATIONAL SCORE COUNCIL LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE AND STUART C. FERRIS,
CHAIRMAN, PENOBSCOT SCORE CHAPTER #244 CAMDEN, MAINE, BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS UNITED STATES SENATE -
APRIL 1, 1976
Mr. Chairman, and members of the committee, I appreciate this
opportunity to appear before your committee, May I first in-
troduce the other two gentlemen who are sharing the table with me.
On my right is Mr. Julius Davidson, Member of the National SCORE
Council Legislative Committee and Mr. Stuart C. Ferris, Chairman,
Penobscot SCORE Chapter #244, who resides in Camden, Maine.
The Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE) is sponsored by
the Small Business Administration (SBA) and is a voluntary, nonprofit
group of reuired busineesiren nn'3 women who offer the bendfit of
their skills, knowledge and e~:perience free of charge to assist
small business concerns and those proposing to enter the business
world in solving their problems. SCORE was established in 1964
and presently has over 5,600 men and 175 women retired from
business and now working out .of 222 chapters.
The AcLive Corps *ot Executives. (ACE) . is a volunteer gtOup of.
persons who while still actively enga;ed in business, constitute
a pool of talent available to SCORN. This organization is also
sponsored by the Small Businaca Adneni:':.~ation.
PAGENO="0044"
40
The National SCORE Council (NSC) consists of one SCORE repre-
sentative from each of the ten Small Business Administration regions,
plus a chairman who is elected by the members of the NSC. Through
this council, major policy and procedural matters are coordinated
with the Small Business Administration staff in Washington, D. C.
There is no discrimination in the membership of SCORE or ACE or
those they counsel on account of race, creed, national origin or
sex.
Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1971 transferred certain functions of
the SCORE/ACE program from SBA to the ACTION Agency. After about
four years under the joint sponsorship of SEA and the ACTION Agency,
it became apparent that this arrangement was not practical and
pursuant to Executive Order 11871, dated July 18, 1975, all functions,
powers~dnd duties vested in the ACTION Agency were transferred
back to SEA.
Since the return of the SCORE/ACE Program to the sole sponsorship
of SEA, continually increasing efforts have been made and actually
accomplished in developing a close cooperation between SCORE/ACE
and otber very ieportant elevonts of the SBA Prorran. For e::r.o1e,
capacity to groups of students, many ofthem at.the graduate.
level, organized in a program called the Small Business Institute
(SBI) in which the students counsel small business owner parti-
cularly those who have SEA loans.
PAGENO="0045"
41
The success of recently initiated program also based at colleges
and universities, called the University Business Development
Centers, (UBDC) hinges in good part on advice and assistance from
SCORE counselors.
Another recent innovation on the part of SEA relates to the various
business advisory councils at the national, regional and district
levels in which SCORE is expected to play a vital role.
Increasing emphasis in the Management Assistance Program is being
directed towards the loan portfolio and statistics show a three-
fold increase in the involvement of SCORE volunteers in profolio
cases in recent months as a result of such cooperation. Similarly,
SCORE counseling is expected to play an important part in convertinq
so called 8(a) contractors, (socially or economically disadvantaged
enterprises that recieve Government contracts on a preferential
basis) , into viable enterprises.
SCORE will be making every effort to add women counselors to the
SCORE roster. Our experience has demonstrated that women possess
skills and compentemce in aväriety of fields equal t.o men. It
is also our desire to promote successful business operations on the
pact of women Puniness owners. It is our intention to watch colce1~
the increasing role of women in our counseling efforts and in our
efforts to promote successful business ownerships by women.
Shortly, after the return of the SCORE/ACE Program to the sole
PAGENO="0046"
42
sponsorship of SBA, future goals have been developed on a cooperative
basis between SBA and the National SCORE Council. Such goals call
not only for an enlarged program in terms of a greatly increased
SCORE/ACE roster as well as a greatly increased case load, but also
in an enlarged scope of operations in terms of a variety of expertise
to augment the current SCORE/ACE efforts. Let me site a few examples
of the directions in which we expect to move. First, the matter
of technology utilization and transfer. Small business generally
cannot afford to keep up with all technological advances. We hope
in thisarea to recruit engineers, scientists and technicians who
will be available to counsel small businesses in the application
of advances in technoJogy. In this connection the University Business
Development Centers which I mentioned before will play a role.
Engineers, technicians, and similar experts will also be needed for
the SCORE roster for a~T to cool? business in how to moot the
challenges of the OSHA Program (Occupational Safety and health Act)
Energy conservation in which small business will be expected to
play a part likewise calls formora specialized expertise.
It is our understanding as it is SBA's underetanding that: because
of a cootinuing international balance of paymeno~ threat, it is
desirable to promote oxports. A recent analysis of the SCORE/ACE
roothr indicates that approximately 500 volunteers have had some
experience in international trade.
PAGENO="0047"
43
Another area in which the snail business conmunity need sound
guidance and advice is that of crime related loss prevention.
Negotiations are now under way for cooperation with a unit
within the American Association of Retired Parsons (AARP) to
develop a program which will serve to train SCORE/ACE volunteers
in this important area.
In closing, I quote the statement of Mr. Louis Laun made before
your Committee on February 24, 1976, that "SCORE, the Service
Corps of Retired Executives, and ACE, the Active Corps of
Executives are the fundamental volunteer groups in SBA's management
assistance work."
With porm~ssion of the Charimon, I will now call on Mr. Davidm;on
for any supplementary remarks and following Mr. Davidson rem~rks,
I wish to call on Mr. Ferris for a statement of SCORE's activity
at time ] ac~1 ic ccl
PAGENO="0048"
44
Walter P. 0 `Rourke
Member
National SCOPE Council
Walter P. 0 `Rourke--Born, Selma, kla'oama, October 2, 1906; son of 1~.nie1
Patrick O'Rourke and Gertrude Ida Pollock O'Rourke; married Miss Mary
Eagar of Montgomery, Alabama, (now deceased) April 1, 1929; two sons,
Walter and E~niel, and one daughter, Mary Gertrude; seven grandchildren.
Attended parochial and public elementary and High School in Selma and
St. Bernard College, Cull-nan, Alabama; Alabama Polytechnic Inst., Auburn,
Ala.; National University Law School, Washington, 0. C., LL.B and M.P.L.:
Wharton Scnool of Finance, University of Pci-ma.
Admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the District of Colombia -
and the Court of Appeals thereof; admitted to practice as a registered
Patent Attorney.
Government Attorney: Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works
(F~1A); UnIted States Housing Authority (USHA); Public Housing Authority
(PEA); Reconstruction Finance Curooration (PEC); War Assets Administration
(WAA); General Services Administration (GSA) and Housing and Home Finance
Agency (}ll~A), Community Facilities Administration (CFA).
Engaged in the practice of both public and private corporate law; Patent,
Trade-Mark and Copyright law and ui'iair competition cases.
Veteran of Foreign Wars; `:an Legion; Toasttasters International.
Acci'edited member of SCOPE Chapter j7l of Washington, D. C., February 1908;
Secretary 1971; Vice-Chairman, 1972; Chairman, 1973; Legislative Counsel
NSC 1971; elected NSC 1973 Region III; Counsel and Chairman Legislative
Committee 1973; Re-elected NSC Region III Representative term 1975-l97~.
SCOPE delegate to White House Conference on Aging 1971; SCORE Rep. Steering
Committee National Voluntary Organizations 1971 to date.
Awarded Special "SCONE AWARD" 1970
Acclaimed SCOPE Volunteer of the Year 1972
Awarded Special "SCOPE AWARD" 1973
Awarded Special "SCORE AWARD" l97L~
PAGENO="0049"
45
BIOGRAPHY
JULIUS DAVIDSON
MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
SERVICE CORPS OF RETIRED EXECUTIVES (SCORE~
Julius Davidson, a native of New York City, but since 1936, a resident of
Washington, D. C., graduated from Harvard College with an A.B. cum laude,
and spent several years pursuing graduate studies at Columbia University's
School of Business, Law School and Graduate School.
His business career includes five years of public accounting work in New York
City and Minneapolis, Minnesota, and twelve years as a member of a women's
wear manufacturing firm in New York City.
The last thirty years of his workingcareer were spent in the Federal Government,
including seven years as a price controller with OPA and OPS where he directed
a nation-wide program in the retail and wholesale food distribution fields,
and seventeen years as the chief fiscal officer of the Library of Congress.
A dedicated member of SCORE snce early in 1966, he is a past chairman of
SCORE Chapter One (Washington, 0. C.) , the recipient of the award for SCORE
Man of the Year in this area, and a Presidential SCORE Citation, past-member
and a co ounder of the National SCORE Council and currently a member of
the Legislative and Budget Committees of the National SCORE Council
He is a member of the American Economic Association, American Statistical
Association, Society for Advancement of Management, American Society for
Public Administration, and American Library Association.
72-434 0 - 76 - 4
PAGENO="0050"
46
Senator HATHAWAY. Senator Javits has to leave. I would like to
give him an opportunity to ask any questions he might have at this
time.
Senator JAVITS. I thank the Chair.
I am very interested in the technology assessment represented
here. I am especially interested in the fact that small business has
not taken advantage of the combination of small businesses into
R.. & D. companies, which I contemplated years ago when I authored
that amendment. I am very interested in how that can be stimulated
and encouraged, especially when high technology is probably one of
the great outlets for small business and one where it can compete
with large business.
I thank you gentlemen very much for your cooperation and interest
in this subject. Thank you.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Senator Javits. I am glad you
could make at least part of the hearing.
Mr. Davidson?
Mr. DAvrIsox. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee,
I have no prepared statement. It will be brief and simply by way of
supplementing what Mr. O'Rourke has stated.
First, you may well ask the question, what motivates a SCORE
volunteer? To the SCORE volunteers themselves, it is very simple,
and it is simple to SBA.
Retired executives want to have a sense of usefulness to the com-
munity, wants to have a sense of usefulness in the field of his own
expertise. It makes him feel not only useful, it creates a feeling of
dignity. He keeps usefully occupied. This is very important; it is a
two-way street. While serving others, we also get an internal satis-
faction to ourselves.
Now, what kind of activities do the SCORE volunteers engage in?
A variety `of activities already mentioned. Take 1-to-i counseling;
in fiscal 1975, there were approximately 54,000 counseling actions for
which SCORE and ACE were responsible. Now, of those, in 1975,
some 9 percent were directed at the loan portfolio.
So far, in 1976, we have already exceeded-that is a 9 month pe-
riod-the number of cases handled in 1975. We expect, at the end
of the fiscal year, to have some 80,000 counseling activities for which
SCORE and ACE are responsible. Currently, over 25 percent of our
cases relate to the SBA loan portfolio.
According to our estimates, the average counseling session for
each case is roughly 2 hours, which means roughly 160,000 man-hours.
This fiscal year, another important activity already mentioned is
our participation in workshops, seminars, problem clinics and the
like.
According to the figures that I have seen, in 1975, one quarter of
the trained units, that is in workshops, seminars, and so forth, had
SCORE participants as moderators and lecturers. So far, in 1976,
the figure is around 35 percent.
We figure that this year, at least 50,000 students will be exposed to
the workshops, and so forth, in which SCORE and ACE counselors
participate.
There are a number of other activities in which we are involved.
These cooperative activities already mentioned, the SBI program,
PAGENO="0051"
47
the university Business Development Center-we participate in
many areas in very substantial ways in these activities as senior
advisors.
Now, there are other things in which SCORE and ACE are in-
volved by way of support activities to SBA. We handle the assign-
ments in most areas. We also handle thousands of telephone calls
in the course of the year. We look for space and all of that sort of
thing, relieving SBA of quite a task.
There are other things that we are involved in on the receiving
end; you know it is simple to say that a retired businessman has all
the expertise necessary to be a counselor. This is not always true. He
may be an expert in his own field, but he does need training, orienta-
tion, refresher courses, and I am sure the SBA people will bear me
out.
Now, for all of these things, funding is of vital importance. We
need funding, not only for space where we cannot get space for free-
in most cases we succeed, some cases we cannot-we need clerical
assistance, we need support for our public relations activity. Public
relations are very important. We have not achieved anywhere near
our potential in counseling activities, either on an individual basis or
on a group counseling basis. We only have achieved a very small
fraction of our potential. Public relations are essential to develop our
role.
There is a lot of potential ahead of us, and we are working very
closely with SBA in setting up goals which we hope to reach.
Funding is of vital importance, not only to these support things,
but also for the out-of-pocket expenses which SCORE counselors are
entitled to, small out-of-pocket expenses for mileage, parking fees,
and that is about all. We get no fees for our services, and we would
have it no other way.
It stands to reason that, with a program like that, the cost/benefit
ratio of the SCORE and ACE program is very, very high.
Now, let me close by saying that one of our goals is to convert
taxeaters into taxpayers. We would like to build up profit in small
business enterprise so they can pay income taxes. We would like to
improve the employment picture on the part of small business. That
also increases the number of taxpayers.
Finally, through our service to the loan portfolio, we try to prevent
some of the taxpayer's money from going down the drain, and I
think that we have achieved a substantial result in that effort.
Thank you.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you.
Mr. Ferris?
Mr. FERRIS. Thank you, Senator, and good morning.
My name is Stuart Ferris, a retired insurance man residing in the
small town of Camden, Maine on Penobscot Bay. I am chairman of
the Penobscot Bay Chapter of SCORE. My entire business career
of 33 years was spent in the life, health, pension, and group insurance
sales management field except for 5 years spent in the field artillery
as an officer in World War II.
I consider it an honor to appear before you on behalf of a most
worthy organization, SCORE/ACE and by association, an organiza-
PAGENO="0052"
48
tion I have grown to admire greatly, the Small Business
Administration.
I have been asked to discuss SCORE/ACE in Maine and to give
you a brief picture of our chapter's operation.
Gentlemen, I can assure you SCORE/ACE is alive and well in
Maine. From two chapters in 1972 we have grown to eight; from 65
counselors in 1972, we have grown to 152, of whom 65 are ACE; in
consulting cases we have gone from 162 to 572 and this is ever-
increasing.
But counseling is only one part of our activities. Our efforts in the
educational field are noteworthy. Prebusiness workshops for those
contemplating or newly in business for themselves are held frequently
throughout the State. Seminars on marketing, financial controls,
accounting and bookkeeping are held statewide.
The continuing education programs of the SBA, usually sponsored
by colleges and universities is a most vigorous endeavor. We in
SCORE often cosponsor these and participate as guest lecturers.
For instance, last week I lectured to 55 businessmen and women at
Thomas College in Waterville, Maine on the subject, "Why customers
buy or don't buy."
In 1972, 203 businessmen or women attended educational courses
in the State. By contrast, in 1975 over 1,700 attended.
Things are popping all the time.
I want to stress that these impressive increases in numbers and
activity could not have come about were it not for the great backing
SCORE has received from SBA. When Tom McGillicuddy, our
district director, came on the scene in September 1973, the change
was from night to day. He really got behind the management assist-
ance program, among other things, doubling its staff from one to two
management assistance officers plus a full-time secretary. He gives the
MAO's and SCORE 100 percent backing. He is interested, knowl-
edgeable, concerned, and involved, and best of all has created a "sense
of urgency." "Let's get it done," is the theme.
I think it important to realize that Maine, like Vermont and New
Hampshire, is populated by small business and distances are great.
Thus it is not uncommon for an 1~1AO to drive 4 hours to visit a
chapter chairman or university extension. Frankly, the MAO's are
straightout running hard all the time and honestly overworked.
As for SCORE chapters, with the exception of thei Portland,
Lewiston, and Bangor chapters, the rest of us are pretty rural and
our membership spread among numerous small towns.
We do not have centers to go to. As you will see in a moment, our
headquarters is usually the chapter chairman's home.
My chapter of 19 members is spread from Searsport south to
Wiscasset, a distance of 65 miles. Our largest town is Rockland with
a population of 8,300. So our challenges or problems are different
than those of the big city chapters.
Most of our counseling is done at our client's place of business,
over a table in a coffeeshop or at our homes. About 50 percent of our
counseling cases come from SBA, either because people have asked
for help, are applying for loans, or are borrowers.
PAGENO="0053"
49
The other 50 percent are "home generated" by publicity, word of
mouth, references from bankers, lawyers or accountants, and from
the cocktail circuit. They run the gamut of small businesses.
For instance, I happen to have a case right now of a blind Vietnam
war veteran who is making furniture, if you can believe that, with
power tools. Last year, I had a case up in Mount Mizert of a bunch
of weavers. They were merely making something like 5,000 or 8,000
scarves or stoles a month with no marketing plan, no sales
organization.
I personally took four dozen scarves and stoles, put them in the
trunk of my car and went out and sold them in the next 5 days. I
found out where the market was and thus was able to establish a
sales and marketing plan for them.
One thing that is not in the prepared statement is crime prevention,
another activity of ours. I personally run five crime clinics on shop-
lifting, which is a big problem in our area, as it is around the country.
We do not need, in a rural-type operation like ours, a central office
or full-time secretarial help. If we need things typed or reproduced,
I mail it to the SBA in Augusta, or in an emergency, have a local
business service help out.
Each chapter has a small kitty as the result of prebusiness work-
shops and we just take care of things. For instance, week before last
we ran a 1 day prebusiness workshop in Rockland attended by 30
businessmen and women. After expenses, including lunches, we still
netted something over $100.
We receive wonderful cooperation from the various Chambers of
Commerce in cosponsoring events, doing mailings and providing a
center for telephone calls when needed.
Similarly, when we need to advertise workshops, et cetera, the
banks are happy to sponsor-pay for-these to help the business
community. People like to help people who are contributing to the
well-being of their communities.
Sure we need funds provided by the SBA. We need, and receive,
reimbursement for travel expenses. It is rare that a simple visit to a
client entails less than 20 or 30 miles round trip, and often more.
Those of us who are retired, and we are the majority, in most cases
we live on fixed incomes whose purchasing power is being badly
eroded by inflation.
SCORE also needs the funds which enable it to have national and
regional workshops. These are terribly important for communication,
instruction, and inspiration. I have attended three national work-
shops and benefited greatly from association with so many dedicated
men and women. One of man's greatest needs is a sense of belong-
ing-besides the worthwhile training, this need for being part of
something worthwhile is provided at these workshops. Don't let them
go by the boards.
And now a special plea for funds. To expect chairmen who attend
national or regional workshops to return, gather their chapter
together and train and inspire them-well, it doesn't work in smaller,
rural type chapters. The individual members need to attend a work-
shop where they get training firsthand-get a sense of belonging-
find out how the other guy is doing it.
PAGENO="0054"
50
Toni McGillicuddy told me last night we were going to have a
State training session in the State of Maine and the funds were avail-
able. I could not help but cheer.
Thus, in Maine, and probably in Vermont, New Hampshire, Idaho,
the Dakotas, et cetera, we need at minimum a yearly statewide get
together of 2 or 3 days so that the majority can participate, be
involved, get inspired by association. They can't afford the travel
and lodging expense. Please make sure SBA has the funds to carry
out this type of function.
SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine and in the Penobscot
region.
Thank you for listening.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, Mr. Ferris.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Ferris follows:]
PAGENO="0055"
51
STATEMENT BY:
Stuart C. Ferris, Chairman, Penobscot Bay SCORE Chapter 244
Box 236, Camden, Maine, 04843
BEFORE COMMITTEE ON:
Senate Small Business Committee
April 1, 1976
Good morning, my name is Stuart Ferris, a retired insurance man
residing in the small town of Camden, Maine on Penobscot Bay. I
am Chairmen of the Penobscot Bay Chapter of SCORE. My entire
business career of thirty-three (33) years was spent in the life,
health, pension and group insurance sales management field except
for five years spend in the Field Artillery as an officer in MMII.
I consider it an honor to appear before you on behalf of a most
worthy organization, SCORE/ACE and by association, an organization
I have grown to admire greatly, the Small Business Administration.
I have been asked to discuss SCORE/ACE in Maine and to give you a
brief picture of our Chapter's operation.
Gentlemen, I can assure you SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine.
From two chapters in 1972 we have grown to eight; from 65 counselors
in 1972, we have grown to 152, of whom 65 are ACE; in consulting
cases we have gone from 162 to 572 and this is ever increasing.
But counseling is only one part of our activities. Our efforts in
the educational field are noteworthy. Pre-business workshops for
those contemplating or newly in business for themselves are held
frequently throughout the state. Seminars on marketing, financial
controls, accounting and bookkeeping are held statewide.
The continuing education programs of the SBA, usually sponsored by
colleges and universities is a most vigorous endeavor. We in SCORE
often co-sponsor these and participate as guest lecturers. For
instance, last week I lectured to 55 businessmen and women at
Thomas College in Waterville, Maine on the subject, "Why customers
buy or don't buy".
In 1972, 203 businessmen or women attended educational courses in
the state. By contrast, in 1975 over 1700 attended.
Things are popping all the time.
I want to stress that these impressive increases in numbers and
activity could not have come about were it not for the great backing
SCORE has received from SBA. When Tom McGillicuddy, our District
Director, came on the scene in September 1973, the change was from
night to day. He really got behind the Management Assistance Pro-
gram (among other things) , doubling its staff from one to two
PAGENO="0056"
52
2
Management Assistance Officers plus a full time secretary. He
gives the MAO's and SCORE 100% backing. He is interested, know-
ledgeable, concerned and involved and best of all has created a
"sense of urgency". `Let's get it done" is the theme.
I think it important to realize that Caine, like Vermont and New
Hampshire, is populated primarily by small business and distances
are great. Thus it is not uncommon for an MAO to drive four hours
to visit a Chapter Chairman or University Extension. Frankly, the
MAO's are "straight out" running hard all the time and honestly
overworked. As for SCORE Chapters, with the exception of the Port-
land, Lewiston and Bangor Chapters, the rest of us are pretty rural
and our membership spread among numerous small towns.
My Chapter of 19 members is spread from Searsport south to Mis-
casset, a distance of 63 miles. Our largest town is Rockland with
a population of 8,300. So our challenges or problems are different
than those of the big city chapters.
Most of our counseling is done at our client's place of business,
over a table in a coffeeshop or at our homes. About 50% of our
counseling cases come from SBA, either because people have asked
for help, are applying for loans or are borrowers. The other 50%.
are "home generated" by publicity, word of mouth, references from
bankers, lawyers or accountants and from the cocktail circuit.
We have no need for a central office or fulltime secretarial help.
If we need things typed or reproduced, I mail it to the SBA in
Augusta, or in an emergency, have a local business service help
out. Each chapter has a small kitty as the result of pre-business
workshops and we just take care of things. For instance, week
before last we ran a one day pre-business workshop in Rockland
attended by 30 businessmen and women. After expenses, including
lunches, we still netted somet~iing over $100.00.
We receive wonderful cooperation from the various Chambers of
Commerce in co-sponsoring events, doing mailings and providing a
center for telephone calls when needed. Similarly, when we need
to advertise workshops (etc) the banks are happy to sponsor (pay
for) these to help the business community. People like to help
people who are contributing to the well-being of their communities.
Sure we need funds provided b the SBA. We need (and receive)
reimbursement for travel expenses. It is rare that a simple visit
to a client entails less than twenty or thirty miles round-trip,
and often more. Those of us who are retired and we are the major-
ity, in most cases live on fixed incomes, incomes whose purchasing
power is being badly eroded by inflation.
SCORE also needs the funds which enable it to have National and
Regional Workshops. These are terribly important for communication,
instruction and inspiration. I have attended three National Work-
shops and benefitted greatly from association with so may dedicated
men and women. One of man's greatest needs is a sense of belonging
PAGENO="0057"
53
3
besides the worthwhile training, this need for being part of some-
thing worthwhile is provided at these workshops. Don't let them
go by the boards.
And now a special plea for funds. To expect chairman who attend
National or Roqional Workshops to return, gather their chapter
together and train and inspire them - well it just doesn't work
in smaller, rural typo chapters. The individual members need to
attend a workshop where they get training firsthand - get a sense
of belonging - find out how the other guy is doing it.
Thus, in Maine, (and probably in Vermont, New Hampshire, Idaho,
the Dakotas, etc) we need at minimum a yearly statewide get to-
gether of two or three days so that the majority can participate,
be involved, get inspired by association. They can't afford the
travel and lodging expense. Please make sure SBA has the funds
to carry out this type of function.
SCORE/ACE is alive and well in Maine and in the Penobscot region.
Thank you for listening.
PAGENO="0058"
54
Senator HATHAWAY. How many hours a week do you give to
SCORE counseling?
Mr. FEnnIs. At the present time I am personally handling about
10 cases. I would guess that I average, not including travel, 6 hours,
7 hours a week, something like that. I have to limit myself because of
disability to a certain number of hours, and in the total chapter, we
are handling 26 cases at the present time.
We will handle something like over 100 cases in a year in our area.
Senator HATHAWAY. What regional workshops do you attend? Are
they in Boston?
Mr. FERRIS. The regional workshop we are going to, it is Hartford
this year in early May. We need a State one. Tom has told me we are
going to have one.
Senator HATHAWAY. You need what?
Mr. FERRIS. A State workshop in Portland.
Mr. MGGILLICUDDY. There will be a statewide SCORE training
center for the SCORE/ACE volunteers in the State of Maine. The
regional meetings, usually chairmen go to the regional meetings and
they are expected to come back and transmit to the members what
they learned at regional meetings.
That, in practice, has not worked very well. We want the counselor,
the man or woman, to come down and participate in 2 or 3 days of
intensive training on how to counsel.
Senator HATHAWAY. Once a year?
Mr. MOGILLIOUDDY. Once a year, Senator.
Senator HATHAWAY. What additions do you think we could make
to help in this particular area? What else can we do legislatively to
help you, besides getting more money for travel to these courses?
Is there anything additional, conceptually, that we can do to
improve the training and business expertise of small businessmen?
Mr. MOGILLICUDDY. I think our programs are quite well-structured
now, Senator. It is simply a question of magnitude.
What we are doing, we are doing it effectively. The problem is,
as Mr. Davidson pointed out, we have not realized our potential yet
and we are not enrolling enough people in our counseling and our
training sessions. It is just a matter, I think, of continuing to do
what we are doing, but expand it.
Senator HATHAWAY. I see.
I thank all of you for coming here today. We appreciate your
contribution and hope that you will continue to make a contribution,
that you will continue to stay in touch with us so we will have the
benefit of your ideas.
Thank you very much.
The next witness is James A. Commins, president, JACA Corp.,
Fort Washington, Pa..
Mr~ Commins?
STATEMENT OP 3~AMES A. COMMINS, PRESIDENT, IACA CORP.,
PORT WASHINGTON, PA.
Mr. Coi\IMIN5. My name is James Commins and I am president of
JACA Corp., an environmental consulting and engineering firm of
Fort Washington, Pa.
PAGENO="0059"
55
This company was founded in 1970 to provide management con-
sulting and engineering assistance for small companies who were
just then coming under Government environmental regulations. Much
of my testimony on SBA management and technical assistance is
based on consulting experience with small businesses in this profes-
sional practice and with Government research and service contracts
often directed specifically to small business environmental matters.
I shall also refer to experience with SBA programs as an executive
in a small electronics business-250 employees-which covered 11
years previous to my present work.
This 20-year span of experience with SBA involved mostly SBA
assistance in marketing; in small business set-asides, certificates of
competency, assistance from small business officers at procurement
agencies, and in surety guarantees.
All of this SBA related experience over the 20-year span, I would
say, has been satisfactory. In my prepared testimony, I cite a number
of instances where I had requested help, or rather my company had
requested help, and we generally received prompt and efficient
service.
Although I am not personally experienced with the SCORE
program, the 8A or 406, I have a number of business associates who
have received these SBA programs and usually have expressed their
satisf action.
Now, the experience that I have had in the regulatory matters,
the management assistance and technical assistance area, has been
in sharp contrast with the satisfactory experiences I have had over
the previous years. In this area of environmental and regulatory
matters, there are significant management, technical, and loan-help
problems.
Let me very briefly cite why this occurs.
First of all, much of the technology involved is completely
foreign to the companies that are required to put in the particular
control equipment. The procurement of the necessary control equip-
ment or process change is quite expensive. It is not unusual in a
small industrial plant to find control equipment running anywhere
from one-fifth to one-third plant replacement costs.
These costs are generally disparate from large businesses. If in-
stallation and operational cost per production unit is compared,
results are in favor of large businesses. If one looks at the cost of
capital to acquire the equipment and the ability of the large business
to pass these costs on to their customers, it will be apparent that in
most instances the larger plants come out ahead.
Another problem is that the businesses are faced with a capital
buy that must satisfy a third party. They are not buying plant equip-
ment on which a price, compromise with the vendor might be a satis-
factory solution if the equipment is not quite satisfactory. This piece
of equipment must meet specific regulations imposed by a State or
Federal inspector.
SBA activities in relation to such regulatory matters falls short of
the need. I do not think they are involved in the formulation of new
regulations as much as they should be. They are not sufficiently
involved in management help, and they are not sufficiently involved
in the granting of pollution control loans.
PAGENO="0060"
56
The symptoms that indicate this in the loan program are that
large businesses have made considerable use of the tax-free revenue
bond situation. In 1974, for example, these were 114 issues totaling
$1.673 billion. In 1975, there were 193 at $2.134 billion. By contrast
from January 1974 to January 1976, there were only 89 loans to
small business under Public Law 93-237.
We might ask why the small businessman who could avail himself
of these loans which would help him overcome the impact of the
regulations does not do so. There are two acts that are supposed to
provide such loans to small businesses. They are the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act and the Disaster Loan Act, and both of these
are supposed to provide longer term loans on the order of 30 years
and, if a direct loan, at the cost of borrowing to the Federal Govern-
ment plus some small amount for SBA for their administration,
generally less than 1 percent.
The symptoms regarding SBA loan assistance and management
help on regulatory matters are not based on strong statistical re-
search. They are for the most part experiences I have encountered.
In a recent study conducted in Boston, of the number of re-
spondents queried, 85 percent of these knew about SBA, but 85 per-
cent of them did not know anything about the details of the SBA
loans.
One of my researchers in connection with a study project had to
talk to 17 loan officers in banks in Pennsylvania regarding pollution
control loans. Only one of them knew of SBA involvement in these
loans and none knew of the program details.
We also had occasion to call four SBA regional offices on such
loans. Three of the four offices called knew nothing of the pollution
loans set up by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or Public
Law 93-237.
We also encountered another situation where the EPA had placed
a small business under compliance action. We investigated this busi-
ness and found they could not purchase replacement air pollution
control equipment from internal cash flow-they needed debt or
equity funding. They were told about the SBA loan and it was sug-
gested that they apply to SBA. They did, and they were, advised by
the SBA regional office that there was no such program.
Again, I would like `to stress that this is in sharp contrast to my
previous experience with SBA. I have tried to postulate reasons why
this would be so on these particular loan programs and in manage-
ment in relationship to problems that occur by virtue of compliance
with regulatory measures.
The only reasons that suggest themselves would be a concern by
SBA that they would displace management and technical advisory
services and services by loan institutions by advertising the programs
and hence purposely refrained from advertising the program even
to their own staff. Another explanation might be that SBA had in-
sufficient staff and funds.
The symptoms that I have encQuntered if true on a national scale
indicate that, except for the applicable portions of the 406 program
and perhaps SCORE and the 8A program, SBA's management and
technical assistance to small business needs resulting from environ-
mental regulations are inadequate.
PAGENO="0061"
57
With your permission, I would now like to turn from management
and loan assistance and present some brief comments on the means
by which SBA intends to carry out its recently revitalized efforts in
technology transfer.
There are a number of definitions of technology transfer. The one
I want to talk about today in respect to the SBA role involves the
transfer of technology developed for one purpose to small businesses
where it will be used for a different purpose.
The problem involves the matching of 12.5 million small business
with billions and billions of dollars in technology inventory which
is growing at the rate of about $15 billion a year. There is a docu-
ment that shows the extent of technology transfer in the Government.
It indicates that there are 50 agencies in technology transfer cover-
ing 18 use categories. The agencies know their technology best, but
SBA knows the small business best. Its years of experience and ex-
tensive field network serves to gather or distribute data to small
businesses.
A good example of this, noted in detail in my prepared testimony,
is the research that SBA was able to conduct in furtherance of legis-
lation on the Wholesome Meat Act, which was one of the earliest
regulatory impacts on small business. In this research they were able
to poll a respondent field of 2,699 establishments, getting 2,175 replies.
This is just a fantastic data collection result, which I do not think
could be duplicated by private industry. I also doubt whether another
Government agency could do it.
It seems to me that SBA has this great field organization, I think,
10 regions, and some 90 field offices at present. They are in contact
with tens of thousands of small businesses. I think that they should
have a very vigorous and vital role in technology utilization.
There are a couple of examples of SBA's role in technology utiliza-
tion that I would like to cite. They `happened in the Philadelphia re-
gional office and indicate the matching role SBA can play.
The first involves a company making rubber boots with a fluffy
inside' lining. A powered wire brush was used to fluff up this lining.
In fluffing up the lining, a few tiny slivers from the brush got caught
in the lining. The businessman was receiving all sorts of complaints
from the field. He now had about 4,000 pairs of these boots on the
shelf and was afraid to ship them. There was no foolproof way
known to him to inspect the lining. He went to the local technology
utilization officer at SBA who put him in touch with the proper Gov-.
ernment people who had a metal detector with the sensitivity required
that could be utilized with only slight modifications. It was utilized
by the small businessman. He quickly quality controlled his entire
inventory and set up the unit on his production line. I think that is
a marvelous example of what SBA can do.
Another example. There was a fireplace manufacturer selling pre-
cast fireplaces. He had a high incidence of breakage in shipment. The
SBA technical utilization officer put him in `touch with people who
knew packaging and metallurgy. He obtained better packaging
strength with stronger metal and a significant decrease in failures
occurred.
These cannot be iso'ated situations, where the program is handled
by three or four people in SBA doing this part-time. SBA is splen-
PAGENO="0062"
58
didly equipped to be able to discern technological needs for small
businesses and report those to the proper technology agencies within
Government.
SBA has had an on-again, off-again technology transfer commit-
ment. It sometimes lacked the critical mass to make it successful. In
those instances where it had program continuity and funds, it did
well. The people I know within SBA, practically to the man, have
been capable and dedicated. They have a high enthusiasm for their
work.
When programs have fallen short, it was because the system or pro-
gram had only lukewarm support, not because of a lack or capability
of zeal on the part of the SBA personnel.
SBA can meet a vital need to provide management and technical
assistance in environmental regulatory matters if they receive a clear
mandate from Congress and the funds to support the appropriate
program. Funds must be available to support adequate staff and meet
expanded loan needs.
SEA should be more involved in regulatory promulgation than it
has in the past. While other agencies are charged with developing
the regulations, SBA could serve an important consulting role, and
provide data on small business characteristics.
It must also let the small businessman know more about its pro-
grams. We cannot continue to have loan programs, for example,
designed to help small businesses when the small businessmen, banks,
and even some parts of SEA do not know of their existence or the de-
tails of the programs.
Lastly, SEA should have a strong viable technology transfer pro-
gram, or as SEA calls it, a technology utilization program. A few
people on a national level doing this as only a part of their job is
certainly not enough. SEA appears to me to provide the knowledge,
contacts, and organization critically needed to determine and col-
late important small business needs.
This role could be instrumental in providing data to the other 49
agencies who are much more knowledgeable of the technology than
they are of small businesses. This activity could result in new prod-
ucts, better productivity, and more jobs all of which is worth hun-
dreds of times the amount SEA would have to expand.
Thank you for allowing me to present my testimony at this im-
portant hearing. As a small businessman working with other small
businesses, I hope these remarks prove helpful to this committee.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much, Mr. Commins. You
made some very good points.
The State of Pennsylvania does cooperate with the Small Eusiness
Administration to a greater extent than other States, as I understand
it.
We had someone in from Pennsylvania last year. They had a
Government procurement specialist who was on the State payroll.
At least he is in a position to distribute various data to small business-
men, something that most States do not have. Perhaps the States
will have to cooperate a little bit more than they have because of the
funding difficulty we have here.
I know most States have departments of economic development.
Why they have not informed the small businesspeople that the
PAGENO="0063"
59
Small Business Administration exists and what it can do, I do not
know. It seems to me that is a serious shortcoming. It is not really
a Federal shortcoming as much as it is a State shortcoming. Do you
not agree? The State of Pennsylvania, for example, do they have a
Department of Economic Development, something along that line?
Mr. COMMINs. I am not familiar with all the assistance the State
has. I am only reporting on the lack of SBA involvement in environ-
mental regulation areas and in technology utilization.
Senator HATHAWAY. Municipalities do, I am sure, for instance
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, because they have them in the State of
Maine. Many of the towns have their own economic development
agencies. Certainly, they ought to know that the Small Business Ad-
ministration exists.
Mr. COMMINS. Apparently many people know that Small Business
Administration exists. What the people do not know, who are in-
volved in these regulatory matters, are the details of the help that is
available and the potential benefits to them.
There is no SBA management help available in regulatory mat-
ters that I know of. Perhaps if one approached SCORE he could
at least get aimed to the proper source of information.
Senator HATHAWAY. What they testified to this morning.
Mr. COMMINS. As I understand it from earlier testimony this
morning, most of their activity is in the area of marketing and ac-
counting. The regulatory problems are transient problems. They are
very, very expensive and there is an extremely high incidence of
people getting into contractual problems-buying equipment they do
not need or will not meet the regulations.
Just in my personal knowledge, I know of 15 or 20 of these situa-
tions in the mid-Atlantic region-there may be hundreds in the
country.
Senator HATHAWAY. Buying what they do not need to comply with
the regulations?
Mr. COMMINS. They sometimes buy equipment for a regulation they
do not need. Here is the problem. The equipment performance must
meet the approval of a third party-the Government inspector. The
person buying the equipment generally knows little about it tech-
nically. His business is making, say, boots, and he has to put in an
electrostatic precipitator. He may not even know what that is.
He puts it in but it has to meet some State or Federal requirement.
That is where the problem comes up. He does not know enough about
his operation to describe his plant's uncorrected lining-the input to
the control device. Therefore, the company who sells him the control
device does not want to guarantee it. He frequently winds up in the
middle of a lawsuit or a severe management problem associated with
obtaining the proper control.
Small businesses frequently don't have the proper management as-
sistance and they simply do not know about the loan programs that
are designed specifically to bring them on par with the large
companies.
Senator HATHAWAY. It seems to me that the regulatory agency
itself should be more cooperative in this regard. If it is imposing
certain restrictions, it ought to be informing the small businessman
of what he can do to comply with them.
PAGENO="0064"
For example, I have had a lot of complaints from small business-
men concerning OSBIA. You have to be a Philadelphia lawyer to
understand some of the regulations.
Most of the small businessmen cannot afford a Philadelphia lawyer
or any other lawyer, and it seems to me that the Labor Department
ought to be in a position-I think they have improved in this re-
gard-to put out interpretive bulletins of what their regulations
mean and show the small businessman what he can do to comply
with them.
That is probably true of the others as well.
I think you put quite a burden on SBA to do all of that for the
small businessman when you have the existing agency that has the
expertise in that area to do it.
Mr. Co~n~rINs. Maybe it is a problem of interagency coordination,
but SBA is not doing their job under the two loan programs where
they definitely have the role.
Senator HATHAWAY. I recognize the problem. The small business-
man is not getting all of the information he needs to comply.
Mr. Co~r3nNs. That is my position. Thank you.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much for your testimony. I
appreciate it.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Commins follows:]
PAGENO="0065"
61
STATEMENT BY:
James A. Commins, President, JACA Corp.
506 Bethlehem Pike
Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034
BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON:
Technology and Management Assistance Programs
SENATE SMALL BUSINESS COMMITTEE
APRIL 1, 1976
My name is James Commins and I am President of JACA Corporation, an en-
vironmental consulting and engineering firm of Fort Washington, Pennsylvania.
This company was founded in 1970 to provide management consulting and engin-
eering assistance for small companies who were just then coming under govern-
ment environmental regulations. Much of my testimony on SBA management and
technical assistance is based on consulting experience with small businesses
in this professional practice and with government research and service con-
tracts often directed specifically to small business environmental matters.
I shall also refer to experience with SBA programs as an executive in a small
electronics business (250 employees) which covered eleven years previous to
my present work.
I have had direct experience with a number of SBA activities over the
past twenty years. Generally this experience was related to SBA management
assistance in procurement matters. The assistance provided to small RED con-
tractors at various government laboratories and procurement agencies was ex-
perienced first-hand as Vice President-Marketing in the electronics firm pre-
viously noted. I can tell this committee that the assistance our company re-
ceived in matching its highly creative technical capabilities with the proper
government programs was entirely satisfactory. In the same position on two
occasions I requested a Certificate of Competency after being turned down for
production contracts, one on the basis of alleged financial incapability and the
other on the inability to meet production schedules because of what DOD expec-
ted to be tight vendor deliveries. A Certificate of Competency was granted
hy SBA in both cases and our company delivered acceptable products on time.
In the tight delivery project, SBA not only provided the Certificate of Compe-
tency after thoroughly evaluating our production plan, but also assisted us in
72-434 0 - `76 - 5
PAGENO="0066"
62
obtaining a transformer ~.hich had very tough performance specifications, and
which was critical to the job.
In my present company we marc preparing a hid for a particular turn-key
type environmental job which required a performance bond. This bond was met
attainable from a surety, hut I learned through one of our clients in the con-
struction industry that SBA had a surety guarantee program which was designed
to help small companies that had good technical and administrative capabilities,
but could not obtain the required bond through conventional channels. The
assistance our company received on this program was highly satisfactory.
There are other SBA programs such as the 406 program which provides man-
agement assistance on broad lines to disadvantaged fires who are already SBA
clients in which I have not been personally involved, but about which I have
heard good comments from other smsll companies. I mm also aware of some of
the very worthwhile services offered via the Technology Utilization program
especially in the Philadelphia area. The activity of SBA in the Iholesome
Meat Act has also been characterized as good from several business associates.
Thus the preponderance of my personal experience and that which I am
aware of from other small businessmen indicates that SB:\ has generally per-
formed satisfactorily in its ordinary management and technical assistance programs.
The situation in respect to SBA management and technical assistance to
meet problems caused by regulations appears to be different however. I base
this on certain symptoms that I have observed over the past few years in deal-
ing with small business problems arising from regulatory matters. Before turn-
ing to some specific symptoms I should like to briefly review why such assis-
tance was, and continues to be needed.
Need for Assistance in Environaental Regulatory Matters
The small business need for SBA assistance stems from the significant
economic and management impact of government regulations on small businesses.
The regulations to which I refer are those that deal with environmental mat-
ters with which 1 am intimately familiar.
The costs experienced in meeting these regulations are generally non-pro-
ductive. Infrequently costs to control nollution are partially offset by
product recovery, but it is extremely rare for total cost recovery to be real-
ized. Therefore while benefits ensue to the general public, the costs to the
business generally carry no return.
PAGENO="0067"
63
The impact on small businesses arises because the costs are generally non-
productive, and because:
o The costs are high relative to plant worth
o There is a disparity in financing costs, the cost per unit of produc-
tion, and cost pass-through notential between large and small firms
o The special technology and management problems are foreign to normal
activities.
Costs of control may be quite high; in small industrial businesses it
is not unusual for example to find air pollution control costs equivalent
to 1/5 to 1/3 of the net of plant replacement costs. Furthermore it has been
shown that, fbr some industries, costs to control air pollution per unit of produc-
tion are somewhat greater for the small operator than for the larger company,
and considerably greater in those instances where the pollution stems to a mar-
ked degree from what is referred to as fugitive emission sources.
In addition to the frequently encountered capital cost differentials be-
tween small and large firms, there is also a disparity in financing costs due
to differences in bank rates because of risk and administrative factors, and
the fact that some preferred types of financing with lower rates, longer terms,
and attractive principal pay-back schedules are not available to small borrow-
ers to the extent available to the larger companies.
The ability of smaller companies to absorb the costs and/or pass them
through to their customers is also disparate from those of the larger or more
profitable firms. Many of the EPA-sponsored studies of the economic effects
on industry of air and water pollution echoed these statements. Their con-
clusions often found that smaller or marginal firms were more likely to fail
under the impact of such controls. In a number of instances, failures of small
marginal firms were predicted.
For firsts engrossed in obtaining adequate controls, the scope of the man-
agement problem is unprecedented. They are buying a capital installation
with which they are often totally unfamiliar, which must meet not only their
own acceptance, but more importantly the acceptance of a government inspec-
tor who would subject the equipment to an involved test carried out by spe-
cially trained crews. Contractual problems between vendor and small business
purchaser are frequent because vendors refuse to give performance guarantees
or give vague ones since the customer cart often not provide reliable process
data on which to guarantee a design.
PAGENO="0068"
64
Small businesses facing the acknowledged and possibly fatal impact of such
regulations be.ause of the disparate loon costs and pass-through capabilities
and inpreridented technical , financial and managerncnt problems have a pronounced
need for assi stance from SBA in management and technical advice which had helped
small business so much in the past, and which was going forward under other
programs such as 41lf, COC, surety guarantee, etc. Unfortunately symptoms which
I have observed and shall now descrihe suggest that such assistance is not
presently heing extended to businesses required by federal regulations to make
significant investments.
Symptoms of Inadequate Assistance
Many of the recent problems confronting small businesses have come about
with unaccustomed swiftness by way of governmental regulations. A recent ar-
ticle shows that regulatory law has increased dramatically in recent years so
that in 1974 there were an average of 187 regulations for every law passed by
Congress. My impression is that SBA has not been adequately consulted in the
formulation of environmental regulations which account fur a larger number of the
many new ones being promulgated. Any SBA involvement post-dates the final
regulation and therefore tends to be too little and too late.
This witness made innumerable visits to SBA in 1970 attempting to denon-
strmte the vital need for a program of advice and consulting to meet these
unique problems. During this period however the management end technical
counseling of SBA was at a low ebb so that such urgings apparently fell out-
side the funding and staff commitments of SBA. To my knowledge SBA' a activ-
ity was limited to the distribution of a Management Aide (a short pamphlet)
on air pollution control authored by me, and to the backing of a small busi-
ness joint-financing program that this witness and other researchers indepen-
dently had developed and recommended.
hhile SBA was largely inactive, other government organizations were doing
more. The Natihnal Industrial Pollution Control Council held a number of in-
dustry meetings, and developed a number of brochures on environmental subjects.
The Environmental Protection Agency exerted considerable effort in its Technol-
og~' Transfer Series. These were carefully conceived and developed two-day
seminars which were h~Id across the country and covered finaccial and technical
aspects of water pollution control, designed especially for a number of heavily
impacted industries including the seafood, metals processing, dairy processing,
poultry processing, textile, and fruits and vegetables industries. These scm-
inure conveyed technology for the best control methods at the current at ate-
of-the art for the particular industry sector being addressed. Specially prepared
-4-
PAGENO="0069"
65
manuals were distributed, and the oral presentations were made by industry ex-
perts in the applicable field of control. The EPA presently has under prepar-
ation a general seminar for small businesses in the machinery and mechanical
manufacturing industry covering 173 four digit SIC's, which typically have hy-
drocarbon air emissions and suspended solids, oil and grease, and metals water
problems. Both air and water pollution control will be covered as well as de-
tailed information on financing, methods of administering the work, and con-
tracting. This should be ready by fall.
Many of the seminars held for particular industry groups and the proposed
more general seminar now being prepared have large complements of small bust-
nessmenas their audience but SBA representatives had a small or non existing
role in these activities, not even encouraging publicity for their programs.
It must be appreciated by' this committee that SBA had no special manda-
ted role in these technology transfer activities, and therefore the lack of
action was probably attributable to the necessity of concentrating their lim-
ited resources to more conventional activities related to general small btisi-
ness loans, small business set-asides, surety bond guarantees, 406 program,
Certificates of Competency, etc. There are however specific roles for the Small
Business Administration set forth in the environmental legislation where SBA
activity also appears inadequate. I would at this time like to refer to two
Acts that set forth specific roles for SBA.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 include an
$800 million loan program to be conducted by the SBA for small businesses
which would otherwise suffer substantial economic injury. The program contem-
plates low interest for terms of up to 30 years. The program has been opera-
ting since August 1974.
In January 1974 the President approved a second piece of legislation
(PL 93-237) which permits SBA to make loans to any small business concern which
will face economic disaster in the course of meeting "requirements imposed on
such a concern pursuant to any Federal law," or any state law enacted in con-
formity with the Federal law. This legislation unified several earlier enact-
ments (except for water pollution control) each of which had established speci-
fic loan programs for the separate regulatory programs.
An outline comparison of the loan provisions of the water and economic
disaster loan coverages with the normal type of SBA loan activity is shown in
lab Ic 1 he low.
PAGENO="0070"
66
Table 1
SBA LOAN CONPAPISONS
Effec-
tive Guaranteed Direct
Date Term Interest Term Interest
NA Noreal Sramll to 10 yrs Normal to 10 yrs Govt. Bor-
Business Loan Bank ( rowing Rate
8/74 Eater Pollu- to 30 yrs Normal to 10 3/40 to 30 yrs Govt. Bor-
tion Loan Bank ( maximum rowing Rate
1/74 Regulatory to 30 yrs Noreal ) to 30 yrs Govt. Bor-
Econonic Bank / rowing Rate
Disaster
Loans
The intent of the economic disaster loans, quoting from page 118 of the
Twenty-Fifth Annual Report of the Select Committee on Small Business of the
United States Senate, was that:
The authority contained in the Bible (Senator Alan Bible, Neva-
da, Chairman) provision reflects the considered judgment of
Congress that smaller firms be assisted over the hurdles cre-
ated by federal action by the ability to obtain loans at the
cost-of money to the Federal Government, plus a fraction of 1
percent to cover administrative costs; and to have such loans
over long enough terms so that the loan can be paid back out
of the earnings of business.
The implementation of this loan system however does not appear to match
the lofty purposes for which it was designed. Normal small business direct loans
are very scarce, so most loans are guaranteed at bank rates with no longer than 10
years payhack. For example of the 25,219 loans made in 1973 only a small part, about
S%,were direct loans. By using bank guarantees rather than their limited direct
funds, the SBi\ can serve many more clients than otherwise would be possible. In
the case of Regulatory Economic Disaster Loans or the Water Pollution loans, the
main advantage to the small business borrower is the possibility of longer pay-
back provided by the Acts and the lower interest rates associated with a direct
loan. Payback and term factors exert a pronounced effect on the real costs of
control as measured by Net Present Value, and Cash Flow. Similar rates and
terms are available on the open financial market to larger firms with dramatic
effects as noted in a Business Week article (July 29, 1972, pp. 50-51) which
upon calculating the cost savings that tax-exempt pollution control revenue
bonds can provide concluded that, "over the life of a 20-year, $10-million issue,
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PAGENO="0071"
67
the typical interest saving is about $3.6 million'. Activity in such financing
by large firms has been sizeable as cnn be seen from Table 2.
Table 2
TAX FREE POLLUTION CONTROL REVENUE BONDS
Amount of Issues
Year I of Issues ($~Illio~7~
1972 Not Available $ .565
1973 Not Available $1.778
1974 114 $1 .673
1975 193* $2.134*
It could be anticipated therefore that prudent small businessmen, thou-
sands of whom made expenditures for air and water pollution controls during this
period, would have availed themselves of the opportunity offered them hy the
Acts, which promised to lift them to financing parity with the larger firms.
What happened was that thousands of financing actions occurred but relatively
few were granted by SBA under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972, (8/74) and Public Law 93-237 (1/74). Since the
effective dates, only 32 water and 57 air loans were granted.
Why should America's small businessmen fail to grasp a financing aid with
such important cust savings? Two reasons suggest themselves from any exper-
ience:
o Unawareness of program benefits
o A belief by industry that they could not qualify because of an impos-
sibly tight screening process.
Although having far short of a statistically valid base, our company
has had occasion to talk to well over a hundred small businesses concerning
pollution control problems. Several indicated that they had received SBA
loans which they had used for purchases of pollution control , hut these were
* This figure coatains both private and puhi ic placements. Private placement
figures are not readily availshle for prior years.
I-
PAGENO="0072"
68
regular guaranteed bank loans under the general SPA program, carrying bank rates
and repayable in ten years or less.
A study conducted by SPA in 1971 reported that while 95% of the fires
queried knew of SPA, only 281 had any familiarity with its programs. More
recently, part of a 1973 study in the Boston area indicates that small firms
are aware of SBA's existance but are only vaguely aware of the various loan
programs, what they are, why they are desirable, and how qualification is de-
termined. The brief study showed that 841 of the respondents knew of SBA's
existence, but a like amount, 851, knew nothing about the special pollution
loans. -
Not only doesn't the business community know about SBA's programs, hut
there appears to be a parallel paucity of information available to the fi-
nancial community and SBA itself. Recently one of our researchers discussed
SBA programs with seventeen banks, and found that only one loan officer in these
banks had heard of the FIVPCA loans or the economic disaster loan program. None
of the loan officers knew any details of the programs. Another informal poll
was conducted by one of our researchers who called three SBA regional headquar-
ters to inquire about the economic disaster loans. Only one of three officers
to whom he was directed for loan information knew the program existed, or any
of the program specifics. Ne have also-had an example where it was suggested to
a business under compliance action by the state and EPA that they contact the
local SBA office and initiate action under the econowic disacter lean program;
they promptly did, only to be told that no such program existed.
These are admittedly not statistically based findings but they suggest
that one reason loan activity under these programs is so small in respect to
the number of loans small businesses must make in the environmental field is
that there has been inadequate management counseling to small businesses, banks
and SBA loan offices to the effect that the program ex.ists, is beneficial, and
operates in a prescribed manner. SPA perhaps doesn't advertise its programs
because of a concern about displacing normal lending and management assistance
channels, or because it lacks the funds and staff for follow-up.
The other factor causing I imited use of the financing benefits provided
by these programs might he that those companies that are aware of the program
and its potential benefits feel they cannot qualify under the substantial in-
j ury reqrii Tenant . The qua ii Li cat ens we rave seen app 1 ied by SRI for a di i-eeL
economic di caster loan is that the :ippl cant must receive too levels of turn-
down fern ~ lanai loan soureca he 1ar~t show that he cannot obtai ii a
PAGENO="0073"
69
direct loan fron at least two conventional sources and next that even an SBA
guaranteed loan would not be financed by the bank. At the same time the loan must
he safe enough to merit SEA financing. Thus to get the low interest, long pay-
back loan terms which would put a small business on par with the financing
capabilities of tax free revenue bonds available to large businesses, a small
businessman must be within a narrow financial spectrum. In practice, the two
level turn-down test actually may be more of a test of a hank's loan opportun-
ities than one of the ability of a small borrower to repay the loan. The hank's
turn-down criteria is closely correlated with tightness of money and its loan-
able reserve of funds and these may be controlling factors in whether or not
the loan is granted.
The symptoms I have described if true on a national scale indicates that,
except for the applicable portions of the 406 program, SEA's management and
technical assistance to small business needs resulting from environmental reg-
ulations are inadequate. This is in sharp contrast to other SBA programs, and
may be attributable to deficiencies in budgets and staff resulting from insuf-
ficient appropriations. With your permission I would like now to present some
brief comments on the means by which SEA intends to carry out its recently
revitalized efforts in technology transfer.
SBA and Technology Transfer
The 1975 report of the Federal Council for Science and Technology Commit-
tee on Domestic Technology Transfer describes technology transfer as "the
process of employing a technology for piirposes other than that for which it
was developed." While a succinct definition, it fails to describe many of the
active technology transfer projects of EPA in the environmental field and ERDA,
FEA, GSA, and EPA in the energy field. here the technology being transferred
was often developed expressly for the purpose for which it is being transferred.
It merits transfer because the problcTss which the technology can serve are acute,
often new to the industry, and often under mandatory response.
I would thus like to broaden the definition as follows. This is the sense
it will he used in further comments.
Technology transfer is the process of employing a technology
for purposes other than that for which it was developed or
the process of transferring technology to a segment of busi-
ness which has current critical need and little experience
with the technology that can nieet the need.
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PAGENO="0074"
70
The coe'airteo report previousi rntnonsd has a fold out chart at the end
of tho report which 115t5 50 feherni government agencies and shows their technology
to analyse progr:vs in iS i~er wee catcconi cc. The proira;is are in various stages
of implementation, sal can conveniently be divided into three categories.
1. Technology prograas based on regulations promulgated by the same a-
gency that undertakes the technology transfer.
The outstanding example of such programs is the technology transfer program of
EPA. In accordance with the legislated mandate, EPA enacted regulations cal-
ling for industry compliance with the best practical technology (BPT) in water
effluents and then developed and presented seminars on the subject to the spe-
cific industries being regulated. In essence the government agency created the
need, knows most of the questions business will have, and provides the technol-
ogy required.
2. Technology programs that fill a need recognized as new and vital by
the government.
ERDA and PEA technology transfer programs are examples of the deep currant con-
cern over energy, and the need to tell consumers and industry about energy sav-
ing technologies. As new regulations are enacted, such as the law concerning ~ol-
untary industrial programs to conserve energy and the pending legislation on
energy conservation in new housing, the need for such technology transfer will
increase and a movement toward the first category described above will be seen.
3. Technology programs that seek to apply technology developed for one
purpose to other national needs.
This category is typified by technologies developed by NASA and DOD which might
find application in a host of other uses if only the prospective user and the
technology could be brought together in an effective way.
Category 3 is the one which my few remaining remarks concern because
m impression is that the others are somewhat better covered by other agencies -
especially category i in which I see SEA's role as a consultant in regulation
formation and as a management advisor during implementation. In category 2,
I visualize SBA again primarily in a management consulting role informing small
businesses of various programs and putting them in touch with the proper tech-
nical authorities.
It is in category 3 where SEA' a expertise, experience, and extensive indus-
trial contacts can cost efficiently be utili:ed. The federal government has a
-10-
PAGENO="0075"
71
vast back ioq of research and development results in the fu em of hardwa mc, method-
ologies, manufacturing techniques and other technical know-how, and is adding to
this annually at the rate of over $15 billion. How can this great source of tech-
nology be transferred, and more specifically how can it be transferred to small
*businesses?
The problem of matching technological needs to research and technology a-
vailability is a highly involved one. On the basis of 25 years as a project en-
gineer, product manager, and vice president of marketing, and now president al-
ways at the interface between RF,l) and marketing in high technology firms, I can
testify to the difficulty in transferring technology even within a single com-
pany. The transfer is most often within a single individual's experience span
or at most at the project engineer's level. It is especially rare when the tech-
nology transfer is manifest in a direct product transfer. l)espite these problems,
such typos of technology transfer happen without any programs. There are hun-
dreds of successful product transfers, and countless lower level transfers. To
do this by means of government programs on an intercompany and even interindus-
try basis as contemplated in category 3 previously described is a herculean un-
dertaking, and yet the potential good merits the effort.
The direction SBAs Technical Utilization Program has taken involves prepar-
ation and dissemination of publications, the publishing of descriptive literature
to make small businessmen aware that the program exists and a response to Reader
Service Card inquiries by assisting the reader in locating and applying avail-
able technology. It can be characterized as a referral system. it is thinly
manned by personnel who do this as a part oftheir overall job. SBA however,
has the experience, contacts, and understanding of small businesses to efficiently
do much more with high potential national pay-offs if they were granted the char-
ter and had adequate staff and funds to carry out these responsibilities.
Technology transfer has two sides. One requires an in-depth koowledge of
process, products and technology, while the other requires a knowledge of in-
dustry problems, needs, and limitations. It seems to me that the technology
oriented government agencies are splendidly equipped to deal with the techoology
side of the problem. Where they are weak is in the business side. Here is where
SBA has 22 years experience, d solid field organization, tens of thousands of
contacts with small businesses, and a real empathy and understanding of how
small businosmcn think and react.
A good example of how SPA's business contacts and organleation can work
to provide outstanding results can be found In their research work on the
-Il-
PAGENO="0076"
72
effects of the ~fheli~semc daat :\Ct of i96T. Permit cc to briefly review one facet
of this study whiCu indicates hoe; thorou~hly Sli~ can dc~e1op data on small busi-
nessos.
The universe to be studied included 21,180 establishments. Survey statis-
ticians so stratified the sample that a sampling of 2,699 establishments would
yield a 959 confidence factor in tile results. SBA's Office of Administrative
Services mailed questions to 2,699 establishcants in May 9, 1970. The Adminis-
trator at the same time sent personal letters to 350 business leaders in this
industry. A second railing was sent in June 13, 1970. A third in July 1970
with another letter from the Administrator. As a result 1424 of the 2699 quer-
led responded. On July 24th the names of the 1273 non-responding establishments
were sent to the 63 SPA offices for follow-up where the offices were asked to get
the necessary information either by telephone or by personal visit to the respondents
place of business. This brought in another 751 reports. Of the remaining 524
non-respondents, 53 were telephoned for a non-respondent quality check and found
to possess characteristics of the respondent universe. The response then was
2175 out of 2699, a truly remarkable response rate that would be impossible
of duplication by another government agency or private company. This placed a
very high confidence on the results, and would permit Congress to enact legisla-
tion with all tile proper data on hand. This shows how SPA can use its organiza-
tion and industry experience in gathering, or for that matter transferring, data
to small businesses. This is precisely the problem involved in trying to match
hundreds of billions of dollars worth of government RiD with tile needs of 12.5
million small businesses. The government technical agencies know their "product"
and the individual small business has unsatisfied technical needs, but it is dif-
ficult to get them together.
SBA now contributes to solving this matching problem by acting as technol-
ogy brokers between small businesses and the proper government technical agency.
This brokerage method can be best described by citing two examples of help that
I am personally aware of that was accomplished by the SBA office in Philadelphia.
In the first case a small manufacturer of rubber products, including rub-
ber boots, fluffed up tile wooly lining of the boots by a rotating wire brush. He
had received several complaints that his boots contained very small wire pieces
that had been pulled off in the fluffing process. He now had some several thou-
sand pairs of boots in inventory and had no read~ manila of inspecting the~t or his
current production for any small metal particles. Coararcial metal detectors
were not sensitive enough to detect the tiny slivers. The SBA Technology
-12-
PAGENO="0077"
73
Representative put him in touch with a particular part of a government agency
that had an inexpensive and accurate device to detect such small splinters.
It only required riinor modifications to meet the testing needs. The businessman
quickly quality controlled all his inventory and set up the unit on his produc-
tion line to eliminate future problems.
In tbe second case a small business employing 50 people making east fire-
places was ex-aeriencing considerable breakage in shipment of their large pieces.
The SBA man tracked down a government expert who know packaging technology and
another expert skilled in metallurgy and put the businessman in touch with the
technology. As a result the new packaging was better, the metal stronger, and
the breakage vircually eliminated.
I would like to see this referral role continued and, strengthened. In ad-
dition I would recommend that another very important role be added. SBA should
at least seek to identify other categories of small business might have a need
for a small metal sliver detector or how many more businesses need packaging and
metallurgical help, etc. The SBA portion of the report of the Committee on Do-
mestic Technology Transfer cites examples where ultrasonic sewing machines were
used and where technology for efficiency improvements in hole drilling could
be effectively used. Findings such as these call for extrapolation of indivi-
dual problem solutions to a more general industrial need and should be done by
SBA.
SBA can do a very efficient job of analyzing small business for common tech-
nology needs. SBA should examine a number of small industries to develop a list of
technological needs for each industry. These should be collated across industry
lines as much as feasible and then presented to a suitable body, perbsps the
Committee on Domestic Technology Transfer, which could process the data, spending
some direct to agencies with the necessary type of technology, and recommending
studios on significant common needs for which appropriate technology sources are
not available without considerably more engineering or product design.
SBA has had an on-and-off-again technology transfer commitment. It some-
times lacked the critical mass to make it successful. In those instances where
it had program continuity and funds, it did well. The people I know within SBA,
practically to the man, have been capable and dedicated. They have a high en-
thusiasm for their work. When programs have fallen short it was because the
system or program bad only lukewaris support, not because of a lack of capabil-
ity or zeal on the part of the SPA personnel.
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PAGENO="0078"
74
Recoameadat ions
SBA can meet a vital need to provido management and technical assistance
in environmoatal re0uiatorv ct tars i f they receive a clear mandate from Congress
and the funds to support the avarepriate program. Funds must he available to
support aumquate staff and moot mwpanded loan needs.
SBA should 1)0 ~sore involved in regulatory promuigatioa than it has in the
Past. lihile other agencies are charged with developing the regulations, SBA
could serve an important consulting role, and provide data on small business char-
acteristics.
It must also let the small businessman know more about its programs. lVe
cannot continue to hsve loan programs for example designed to help small businesses
when the soal 1 businessmen, hauLs, and even some parts of SBA (10 not know of their
existence or the details of the programs.
Lastly SB\ should have a strong viable technology transfer program, or as
SBA calls it a Technology Utilization program. A few peopie on a national
level doing this as oniy a Part of their job is certainly not enough. SBA
appears to me to provi~1e the knowledge, contacts, and organization critically
needed to determine and collate important small business needs. This role could
be instrumental in providing data to the other 49 agencies who are much more
knowledgable of the technology than they are of small businesses. This activity
could result in new products, better productivity, and more jobs all of which
is worth hundreds of tines the amount SliA would have to expend.
ihank you for allowing me to present my testimony at this important hearing.
As a small businessman worksng with other small businesses, I hope these remarks
prove helpful to this committee.
PAGENO="0079"
75
Senator HATHAWAY. Dr. Samuel Z. Cardon, president of the Amer-
ican Association of Small Research Companies.
STATEMENT OP DR. SAMUEL Z. CARDON, PRESIDENT, AMERICAN
ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES, AND SECRE-
TARY-TREASURER, GENERAL TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC.,
UPPER DARBY, PA.
Dr. CARDON. Gentlemen, I would like to make one observation at
the start which is not directly related to SBA and the subject of this
hearing. I was aware that members of this committee have been pro-
testing against the large paperwork requirements in Government pro-
curement, regulation, and taxes which put such a tremendous burden
on individuals and companies who would deal or must deal with Gov-
ernment agencies.
I was accordingly greatly surprised when my invitation to testify
at this hearing included the requirement that I submit 30 copies of
my statement before the hearing and 25 `copies at the hearing.
Evidently, it depends largely on whose ox is being gored. I was
reminded of President Coolidge's question to the 1920's Air Force,
"Why can't they use one airplane and take turns flying itV'
Senator HATHAWAY. We have various members `of various organiza-
tions that want copies of these statements. Most of the statements go
to the press and the press is not one person. That is the reason you
have to bring 30 copies.
I think it is a very valuable service, because you get your case
presented to a large number of people. The more people who know
about your case, the better you are going to be, because you will get
a lot more people interested in it.
Dr. CARDON. I just wanted to bring this up, because we submit
proposals to the National Science Foundation, about 90 out of 100
are turned down. They ask for 25 copies. The packages get to be of
a huge size and small companies find this is a burden. Even the Xerox
copies cost a few pennies each.
I wanted to point it out, not in particular about this committee's
activities, but the general problem of paperwork. If you could cut
down on some of the paperwork at each level, it would be helpful.
The members of the American Association of Small Research
Companies are almost all officers of small R. & D. and high technology
companies. All the officers and directors are officers and principals
in small technically based companies. I am an officer of General
Technical Services, Inc., in Upper Darby, Pa. Before that, I worked
for two other small technically based companies for a total of 12
years. What I say today will be my views but they reflect opinions
and comments made by my associates in General Technical Services,
Inc. and the American Association of Small Research Companies.
My experiences with SBA in general have not been good. I have got
the feeling that John May could get a lot more support if he had
backing from headquarters in Washington.
The following will illustrate some of my problems.
Though my casual contacts with the Small Business Administra-
tion and small business advisors in other agencies go back many
years, a more direct and more frequent dialogue with the SBA pro-
PAGENO="0080"
76
curement division started some 4 years ago which led to the found-
ing of the AASRC and since then to many discussions and work-
shops sponsored by SHA, NSF, and the Commerce Department on
problems of the small technically based companies, especially in
their attempts to deal with the Government.
With your indulgence, I would like briefly to narrate the series of
events that led to this more active interaction with SBA. A little over
4 years ago, our company received a questionnaire from Midwest Re-
search Institute which had a contract from SBA for a study to de-
termine if it would be useful to small R. & D. companies if there
were a data system that would make available to such companies
future procurement plans of Government agencies.
Since we small R. & D. companies normally consider the non-
profits to have an unfair advantage over us in Government and non-
Government business, instead of filling out the questionnaire, I came
to Washington and protested loudly to SBA that letting such a con-
tract showed a lack of understanding of the problems of the small
R. & D. company. I was told that SBA never could decide what the
problems of our kinds of companies are because every small R. & D.
businessman gives them a different set of grievances. I suggested that
we form an association and the association would develop a con-
census of common problems. At first, I was told this was a great
idea but later that SBA couldn't help form an association because it
was illegal.
I then proposed holding a conference with SBA support, to discuss
problems of survival and growth of small R. & D. companies, and
I would make it my business to determine as a side issue at that con-
ference whether there was, in fact, enough potential support from
the industry to warrant the formation of our association.
Again, great enthusiasm from the SBA Procurement Division, at
that time headed by Marshall Parker and his assistant Clyde Both-
mer. I prepared a~ proposal to run a conference which was promptly
rejected by SBA, because it was pointed out that I worked for a
for-profit company and could not, therefore, be given a sole source
award.
Since SBA wanted to hold the conference shortly, they circulated
the proposal among members of their interagency committee for
small R. & D. procurement. The National Science Foundation,
spurred on by the then assistant director, Dr. Ray Bisplinghoff,
volunteered to take responsibility for running the conference, adding
to SBA's funds.
Senator HATHAWAY. I have to leave for a hearing I have to attend
and counsel will continue with this. The statement will be made a part
of the record, anyway. I want to ask you a couple of questions be-
fore I have to go.
On page 5 of your statement, you said that many R. & D. com-
panies do not bid on requests for proposals. Why is this so?
Dr. CARDON. I do not know if you will make your next meeting
if I go into all of the details. For one thing, various studies have
shown that most RFP's in the R. & D. area are wired. The person
who puts out an RFP from the Government has been talking to
technical people of a particular company for a long time. After
maybe a year or two, they have convinced him that this particular
idea fits in with his program and that he should buy it.
PAGENO="0081"
77
He tries to get through an unsolicited proposal, perhaps, or does
not even try, but proceeds to put out an RFP because he has to
satisfy the procurement people.
The RFP goes out and no mention is made of the fact that he al-
ready has one company that is doing a special favor to him. By the
time the request for the proposal reaches the Commerce Business
Daily, the company that has done all of the work on it has first call
on that contract. By the time we see it in the Commerce Business
Daily, all of the large companies, or all of the companies that have
representation of their own in the Washington area have gone over
this thing in great detail. They have all of the advance information.
They know the technical man.
Though there is a procurement man interposed between the techni-
cal man and the contractors, it is really the technical man who makes
the decision and he has decided long before he puts out an RFP that
one company, or maybe one or two companies, are preferred.
A study made some years ago, in a book called "The R. & D. Game,"
by a Professor at Harvard or MIT had one chapter on Government
R. & D. business. He did a study of 10 or 20 procurements in the
B. & D. area. He found that 90 percent of them went to the one corn-
pkny that the technical man had in mind in the first place. Of the
rest, maybe half a dozen went to two or three companies that he was
interested in, that the total free competition in the area was probably
restricted to a few percent of the total.
In my experience, close to 25 years, in various small B. & D.
companies and my own small company, we bid on about a dozen
RFP's. That does not mean that every small R. & D. company is in
this boat, but if you actually went out and tried to find the con-
sensus among small R. & D. companies you would find that most of us
stay away from BFP's.
The one IRFP we won was one which was written specifically for
us, based on work we had done previously, and I had something of
a guilty conscience, because I knew that any other fool who bid on
that RFP did not have a chance of getting it.
Under those circumstances, small companies, and even large com-
panies, I think, to some extent in the B. & D. area, are not too inter-
ested in going after RFP's.
The other thing that leads to the unsolicited proposal sole source
award fight is, that procurement people tell us they have to be com-
petitive. If you give a sole source award, you will not be competitive.
It neglects the fact that in the case of an unsolicited proposal we
have probably talked to the technical people for a heck of a long time,
briefing them over and over again before we got them to the stage
where they understood our proposal and were willing to do some-
thing about it.
During that period, we were in competition with all other com-
panies who were competing for this man's money in this area.
So it is really very competitive. It just does not come out as sharp
as you would in the RFP situation.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much.
Dr. CARDON. We have not been able to convince the SBA that this
is a fact of life.
Senator HATHAWAY. Maybe we can now.
72-434 0 - 76 - 6
PAGENO="0082"
78
I am going to have to leave for the hearing, but counsel for the
minority will continue with the hearing. He will welcome the other
witnesses as well.
[Senalor Hathaway left the hearing room.]
Dr. CARDON. The specific topics that I was asked to address before
this committee were: What is being done and what could be done; (1)
to increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for re-
search and development; and (2) to make new knowledge resulting
from Government-financed research and development available to
small R. & D. and manufacturing firms.
In answer to (1), I would say that very little is being done that
is effective on the executive side to increase the number of contracts
awarded to small firms for research and development. We see com-
petitive bidding and small business set-asides being pushed by SBA
and small business representatives in other agencies and in the Con-
gress. This method has worked to some extent for purchase of ma-
terials and procurement people continue to think that this would also
be a great boon for small R.. & D. companies. Yet I and my associates
in the small R.. & D. community have tried over and over again to
get the point across that many of us do not bid on R.FP's even small
business set-asides.
In my 24 years of experience, in small R. & D. companies, I have
bid on perhaps a dozen RFP's. I remember we got one contract in an
area that no one else could really perform since it was for refinements
on work we had already done.
Our association's vice president, Arthur Obermayer and I have
been invited guests at one of the annual meetings run by SBA for
procurement people throughout the Government to push them into
contracting more with small companies. The effects of our presenta-
tions-mine in 1972 was shortened to a. few minutes because it was
feared I would be too abrasive, which I had every intention of being.
I was told that SBA was trying to persuade, not intimidate, and it
had about that much effect.
I would rather not sweat on what is being done, most of it ineffec-
tual, except for the initiatives the Congress has taken in the last year,
which I would suggest are the most promising and potent for in-
creasing business for the small R.. & D. company.
I refer to the imposition of mandatory set aside of funds to be
used for small R.. & D. company contracts which was started last
year in the National Science Foundation applied research moneys.
This year the House Science and Technology Committee is pro-
posing to raise the percentage for small R.. & D. companies.
Also this year, the Mot.t.l bill introduced in the House and the
McIntyre bill in the Senate call for mandatory set-asides of funds
for small companies in ERDA's programs. This is a far cry from the
hat-in-hand timid requests by SBA of earlier years and as of now
looks to me to be the only real workable approach. Requesting hasn't
worked; therefore, you must order it.
I can only urge tha.t the Congress extend this concept to all other
Government agencies as soon as possible. In fact, the authorization
for funds for water resources research and development which has
been passed by its committee in the House of Representatives and re-
mains to be introduced in the Senate may provide an opportunity
for the concepts introduction in the Interior Department..
PAGENO="0083"
79
Mr. SOMMER. Has the consternation that you noted on behalf of
the academic institutions taken the form of any lobbying in the ef-
forts underway in the House?
Dr. CARDON. I did not mean the institutions. I mean the people at
NSF, academically inclined. I did not have contacts with their aca-
demic sponsors and reporters.
I do understand that the people of NSF themselves-I do not
know if they have done anything about it yet, since the bill only
came out a week or two ago-are upset about it.
Mr. SOMMER. Thank you.
Dr. CARDON. I have been told that the Department of Defense has
discussed a percentage figure for its ZR. & D. funding with small
ZR. & D. companies.
I would like to add a couple of pages to my prepared statement-
incidentally, the American Association of Small Research Companies
ran a conference last week for the Energy, Research and Development
Administration. Approximately 450 small businessmen attended
that conference at a cost to them of probably in the neighborhood
of several hundred thousand dollars total.
Over 100 Government and large company representatives also at-
tended. Results indicate that ERDA's management is willing to have
more small companies participate in their programs.
I would especially single out C. Branson Smith, Richard Sutz, Dr.
Robert Tucker, and Glenn Ellis in the Office of Interstate and Local
Affairs, and Norman Vinson and Paul Turbin in the Office of the
Small Business Advisors of ERDA. Dr. Fri, Deputy Administrator,
and several assistant administrators participated.
We are grateful to them. We hope that the dialogue at the con-
ference is only a first step, and it will continue at other meetings of
our association, in our association's newsletter, and ultimately the
real test will be if there are many more contracts with small ZR. & D.
and other technically based companies.
Mr. Laun, Deputy Administrator of SBA, spoke at that meeting
and told us that ERDA and SBA are about ready to formally agree
to cooperate to get more ERDA business for small companies by
such methods as j ointly working to disseminate pertinent informa-
tion to the small ZR. & D. community through appropriate trade news-
letters, through use of SBA regional offices, joint meetings, and so on.
We welcome this increasing effort by SBA and ERDA to reach
th~ small R. & D. and technically based companies, and our Associa-
tion will obviously cooperate in any way possible.
Senator McIntyre of this committee did us the honor of also speak-
ing at our meeting last week. He suggested that, although ERDA has
shown an increasing willingness to work with small companies, he
still thought that they could still use some congressional guidance.
To this, we can only say, amen.
In addition to the approach of mandatory set-asides for small
companies, I would propose that the Congress take action on some
of the recommendations of our earlier conferences if they want to
see us get more business.
For example, the following recommendations were made:
One: Eliminate the resistance to the awarding of sole source con-
tracts in response to unsolicited proposals from small ZR. & D. firms.
Two: Permit the awarding of grants to small ZR. & D. firms es-
PAGENO="0084"
80
sentially equating not-for-profits, universities, and in-house labs with
small R. & D. firms operating for profit;
Three: Eliminate the requirements for cost-sharing where there is
no mutuality of interests.
Four: Revise the review system for research proposals to eliminate
conflict of interest and place the responsibility for R. & D. squarely on
the Government technical program manager since he is the only
one you can hold directly accountable for the quality of the R. & D.
Five: As a follow on to this, provide career incentives and recogni-
tion to the Government technical program manager when he in-
creases his use of small companies in his R. & ID. program.
Six: Encourage the breaking up of large R. & D. programs to
smaller ones that can be performed by small technically based firms.
Seven: Provide incentives for prime contractors of large B. & D.
programs to subcontract substantially to small technically based firms.
Eight: Provide incentives in the private sector for companies, large
and small, to make greater use of small R. & D. firms and consultants.
One comment at the 1972 conference by an anonymous investment
banker in the audience deserves repetition. He noted that "for com-
panies which are profitable or demonstrate that they will be profit-
able, there is venture capital available." He therefore suggested that
large fee allowances be permitted small firms and that legislative or
executive action should be sought to encourage ongoing contracts.
On item No. 2, how to make new knowledge resulting from Gov-
ernment financed research and development available to small R. & ID.
and manufacturing firms.
What is being done? There a~re various Government publications
that give the titles and authors and brief abstracts of reports pro-
duced by Government agencies. NASA puts out the Scientific and
Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR).
The National Technical Information Service is an outgrowth, I
believe, of a DOD library operation, although now run by the Com-
merce Department. The National Bureau of Standards has a tech-
nical journal. Various agencies have technology transfer operations
which put out descriptive literature on new technology.
In addition, there is also t.he publication in scientific and trade
journals, at the discretion of the authors. Various private companies
summarize new technology and potentially useful patents in newslet-
ters. The entire field is a hodgepodge with inadequate in-depth total
coverage.
What can be done? First and foremost, develop a central Govern-
ment institution devoted to all aspects of science and engineering for
industry and commerce. My partner, Art Iberall, who was with the
National Bureau of Standards for 15 years up to the early 1950's,
tried to get NBS ~nd the Commerce Department to assume the func-
tion, but he was unsuccessful.
The National Science Foundation, with its very myopic attention
only to the academic needs in research and currently completely under
the thumb of the National Science Advisory Board could not be
trusted with this task.
Thus, a new organization is likely needed. A major function of such
an organization would be the collection of Government sponsored,
as well as other available research and development information and
PAGENO="0085"
81
disseminating it in useful form to all potential users. In such an
organization there would be an office responsible for satisfying the
particular needs of small R. & D. and manufacturing firms.
In addition to the library functions, such an institution might use-
fully pay attention to encouragement and support of industrial sci-
ence and engineering in those areas which are not currently sup-
ported by private industry and existing Government agencies. It
would effectively expand on the current applied research program
of the National Science Foundation. It would encourage and support
independent inventors, a community of individuals that receives
large amounts of verbal adulation and practically no real support in
our society.
For the moment in the absence of a central responsible institution
or agency I would suggest the following additional steps that would
help disseminate new knowledge resulting from Government financed
research and development to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms:
One, develop a network of technical representatives in areas with
large concentrations of small B. & D. and manufacturing firms. These
technical representatives would call on or otherwise contact the small
industries in their area on a regular basis to apprise the operators
of these industries of new technical developments which could be
useful to them.
The operation thus would be similar to the county agent setup
of the Agriculture Department. A central processing organization
would provide the area technical representative with pertinent in-
formation. Further, he would refer to the central organization any
questions submitted to him by one of his industrial contacts.
The central organization could be a new technical assistance di-
vision in the Small Business Administration. However, please don't
allow such an office to develop under a procurement based or a banker
based division. Its best chances for success would be in a special
agency or institution for industrial science and technology as de-
scribed above or in a Department of Science and Technology but
again, please, not under the overbearing aggrandizing control of aca-
demia, in-house Government laboratories and nonprofits or big
business.
Tinder current conditions I would recommend a greater use of trade
journals and other association publications.
Mr. SOMMER. Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Dr. Cardon follows:]
PAGENO="0086"
82
STATE~NT BY: DR. SAMIJEL Z. CARDON
President: American Association of Small Research Co's. (AJ.S~C)
Secretary-Treasurer: General Technical Services, Inc. (GTS)
6794 West Chester Pike, Upper Darby,Pa. l9O~2
Before Subcommittee On:
Senate Small Business Committee
April ~ 1972
Gentlemen:
I would like to make one observation at the start which is not directly
related to SBA and the subject of this hearing. I was aware that members
of this committee have been protesting against the large paperwork require-
ments in government procurement, regulation, and taxes which put such a
tremendous burden on individuals and companies who would deal or must deal
with government agencies. I was accordingly greatly surprised when my
invitation to testify at this hearing included the requirement that I submit
30 copies of my statement before the hearing and 25 copies at the hearing.
Evidently it depends largely on whose ox is being gored. I was reminded of
President Coolidge's question to the 1920's Air Force, `~Jhy can't they use
one airplane and take turns flying it?"
The members of the American Association of Small Research Companies
(AASRC) are almost all officers of small R & D and high technology companies.
All the officers and directors are officers and principals in small tec1~nically
based companies. I am an officer of General Technical Services, Inc., in
Upper Darby, Pa. Before that, I worked for two other small technically
based companies, for a total of 12 years. What I say today will be my views
but they reflect opinions and comments made by my associates in General
Technical Services, Inc. and the American Association of Small Research
Companies.
PAGENO="0087"
83
Though my casual contacts with the Small Business Administration
and small business advisors in other agencies go back many years, a more
direct and more frequent dialogue with the SBA Procurement Division
started some four years ago which led to the founding of the AASRC and
since then to many discussions and workshops sponsored by SBA, NSF, and
the Commerce Department on problems of the small technically based
companies, especially in their attempts to deal with the government.
With your indulgence Iwould like briefly to narrate the series of
events that led to this more active interaction with SBA. A little
over four years ago, our company received a questionaire from Midwest
Research Institute which had a contract from SBA for a study to determine
if it would be useful to small R & D companies if there were a data
system that would make available to such companies future procurement
plans of government agencies. Since we small R & D companies normally
consider the nonprofits to have an unfair advantage over us in government
and non-government business, instead of filling out the questionaire, I
came to Washington and protested loudly to SBA that letting such a contract
showed a lack of understanding of the problems of the small R & D company.
I was told that SM never could decide what the problems of our kinds of
companies are because every small R & D businessman gives them a different
set of grievances. I suggested that we form an association and the
association would develop a concensus of common problems. At first I
was told this was a great idea but later that SBA couldn't help form an
association because it was illegal. I then proposed holding a conference
with SM support, to discuss problems of survival and growth of small
PAGENO="0088"
84
R & D companies, and I would make it my business to determine as a side
issue at that conference whether there was in fact enough potential support
from the industry to warrant the formation of our association. Again,
gres~ enthusiasm from the SBA Procurement Division, at that time headed by
Marshall Parker and his assistant Clyde Bothmer. I prepared a proposal
to run a conference which was promptly rejected by SBA, because it was
pointed out that I worked for a for-profit company and could not therefore
be given a sole source award. Since SBA wanted to hold the conference
shortly, they circulated the proposal among members of their interagency
committee for small R & D procurement. The National Science Foundation,
spurred on by the then assistant director, Dr. Ray Bisplinghoff, volunteered
to take responsibility for running the conference,adding to SBA's foods.
The NSF procurement people came up with the same objection, that a pro-
posal from a for-profit company must be put out on bids, and that srr.ce
I hadn't run any conferences before, they wouldn't give it to me in any
case. In desperation, the National Science Foundation gave a grant of
$40,000 - later augmented to $60,000 by a further contribution from the
Commerce Department - to American University to run the conference. I
was the Chairman of the Steering Committee and received $2,000 in per diem
costs for being responsible for the program. That experience was a perfect
example of many difficulties encountered by small technically based co=panios
in their dealings with the government.
For your purposes, gentlemen, it is noteworthy that SBA at that time
had little competence to help small technically based companies, but I
considered it promising that that conference and a subsequent one in
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85
Los Angeles in 1972, was partially supported by SBA. Both conferences
came up with Proceedings and Recommendations, but it didn't appear to me
that responsible people in government in the small business areas were
reading them or taking them seriously. I had thought and suggested this
many times in the last four years in discussions with SBA personnel that
SEA should be a model to all other agencies in their business dealings
with small companies. I must confess that, if anything, they were tougher
and more nit-picking than most other agencies. Now this committee is asking
about how SBA could help in small company procurement problems. I suggest
for step #1, repeating again, that SBA attempt to be a model as to how
all agencies should do business with small companies, reducing paper work
and unnecessary reporting requirements, and in general, look for ways to
make life a trifle easier for us. For example, I was told by a middle
management SBA official that he could not contract with our association
because it was non-profit, despite the fact that it is an association of
small companies. To whom should we then turn for support, to HEW or to
the agencies which do business mostly with large business and non profits?
The specific topics what I was asked to address before this committee
were "what is being done and what could be done (1) to increase the number
of contracts awarded to small firms for research and development; and (2)
to make new knowledge resulting from government financed research and
development available to small R & B and manufacturing firms.
In answer to (1), I would say that:
Very little is being done that is effective on the executive side to
increase the number of contracts awarded to small firms for research and
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86
development. We see competitive bidding and small business set asides
being pushed by SBA and snail business representatives in other agencies
and in the Congress. This method has worked to some extent for purchase
of materials and procurement people continue to think that this would
also be a great boon for small R & D companies. Yet I and my associates
in the small R & D community have tried over and over again to get the
point across that many of us do not bid on RFP's even small business set-
asides. In my 24 years of experience in small R & D companies, I have
bid on perhaps a dozen RFP's. I remember we got one contract in an area
that no one else could really perform since it was for refinements on work
we had already done.
Our association's vice president, Arthur Obermayer and I each have
been invited guests at one of the annual meetings run by SHA for procure-
ment people throughout the government to push them into contracting more
with small companies. The effects of our presentations (mine in 1972 was
shortened to a few minutes because it was feared I would be too abrasive,
which I had every intention of being). I was told that SHA was trying to
persuade - not intimidate and it had about that much effect.
I would rather not sweat on what is being done, most of it ineffectual,
except for the initiatives the Congress has taken in the last year, which
I would suggest are the most promising and potent for increasing business
for the small R & D company. I refer to the imposition of mandatory set
aside of funds to be used for small R & D company contracts which was
started last year in the National Science Foundation applied research
moneys. This year, the House Science and Technology Committee is proposing
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to raise the percentage for small R&D companies. Also this year the Nott'l
bill introduced in the House and the McIntyre bill in the Senate call for
mandatory set asides of funds for small companies in ERDA's programs. This
is a far cry from the hat-in-hand timid requests by SBA of earlier years
and as of now looks to me to be the only real workable approach. Requesting
hasn't worked; therefore you must order it.
I can only urge that the Congress extend this concept to all ether
government agencies as soon as possible. In fact, the authorization for
funds for water resources research and development which has been passed
by its committee in the House of Representatives and remains to be introduced
in the Senate thay provide an opportunity for the concepts introduction in the
Interior Department. I have been told that the Department of Defense has dis-
cussed a percentage figure for its R&D funding with small R&D companies.
In addition to this approach, I would propose that the Congress take
action on some of the recommendations of our earlier conferences. For
example;
(1) eliminate the resistance to the awarding of sole source con-
tracts in response to unsolicited proposals from small R & D firms.
(2) permit the awarding of grants to small R & D firms, essentially
equating not-for-profits, universities, and in-house labs with small R & D
firms operating for profit;
(3) eliminate the requirements for cost sharing where there is no
mutuality of interests.
(4) revise the review system for research proposals to eliminate
conflict of interest and place the responsibility for R & D squarely on
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PAGENO="0092"
88
the government technical program manager since he is the only one you can
hold directly accountable for the quality of the R & D;
(5) as a follow on to this, provide career incentives and, recogni-
tion to the government technical program manager when he inôreases his
use of small companies in his R & D program;
(6) encourage the breaking up of large R & D programs to smaller ones
that can be performed by small technically based firms;
(7) provide incentives for prime contractors of large R & D programs
to subcontract substantially to small technically based companies;
(8) provide incentives in the private sector for companies, large
and small, to make greater use of small R & D firms and consultants;
One comment at the 1972 conference by an anonymous investment banker
in the audience deserves repetition. He noted that "for companies which
are profitable or demonstrate that they will be profitable, there is ven-
ture capital available". He therefore suggested that larger fee allowances
be permitted small firms and that -legislative or executive action should
be sought to encourage on going contracts.
On item #2, how to make new knowledge resulting from government fin-
anced research and development available to small R&D and manufacturing
firms.
What is being done? There are various government publications that
give the titles and authors and brief abstracts of reports produced by
government agencies. NASA puts out the Scientific and Technical Aerospace
Reports (STAR).
PAGENO="0093"
89
The National Technical Information Service ia an outgrowth, I
believe, of a DOD library operation, although now run by the Commerce
Department. The National Bureau of Standards has a technical journal.
Various of the agencies have technology transfer operations which put
out descriptive literatu'~e on new technology. In addition, there is also
the publication in scientific and trade journals, at the discretion of the
authors. Various private companies summarize new technology and poten-
tially useful patents in newsletters. The entire field is a hodge podge
with inadequate in-depth total coverage.
What can be done? First and foremost, develop a central government
institution devoted to all aspects of science and engineering for industry
and commerce. My partner, Art Iberall, who was with the National Bureau
of Standards for fifteen years up to the early 50's, tried to get NBS and
the Commerce Department to assume the function, but it was unsuccessful.
The National Science Foundation, with its very myopic attention only to
academic needs and research and currently completely under the thumb of
the National Science Advisory Board could not be trusted with this task.
Thus, a new organization is likely needed. A major function of such an
organization would be the collection of government sponsored, as well as
other available research and development information and disseminating it
in useful form to all potential users. In such an organization there would
be an office responsible for satisfying the particular needs of small R&D
and manufacturing firms.
In addition to the library functions, such an institution might use-
fully pay attention to encouragement and support of industrial science
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90
and engineering in those areas which are not currently supperted by
private industry and existing government agencies. It would effectively
expand on the current applied research program of the National Science
Foundation. It would encourage and support independent inventors, a
community of individuals that receives large amounts of verbal adulation
and practically no real support in our society.
For the moment in the absence of a central responsible institution
or agency I would suggest the following additional steps that would help
dissemination of new knowledge resulting from government financed research
and development available to small R & D and manufacturing firms:
(1) develop a network of technicsl representatives in areas with
large concentrations of small R & D and manufacturing firms. These tech-
nical representatives would call on or otherwise contact the small indus-
tries in their area on a regular basis to appraise the operators of these
industries of new technical developments which could be useful to them.
The operation thus would be similar to the County Agent setup of the
Agricultural Department. A central processing organization would provide
the Area Technical Representative with pertinent information. Further, he
would refer back to the central organization any questions submitted to
him by one of his industrial contacts.
The central organization could be a new technical assistance division
in the Small Business Administration. However, please don't allow such an
office to develop under a procurement based or a banker based division.
Its best chances for success would be in a special agency or institution
for industrial science and technology as described above or in a Department
PAGENO="0095"
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of Science and Technology but again, please, not under the overbearing
aggrandizing control of academia, in-house Government laboratories, and
non-profits or big business
Under current conditions I would recommend a greater use of trade
journals and other association publications.
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Mr. SOMMER. In the last part of your testimony when you talk
about the creation of a new agency should it perhaps be SBA but
not under the loan operations-
Dr. CAIW0N. Even procurement. They are not the best people for
this kind of activity. This kind of operation should be under technical
people.
Mr. SOMMER. Do you think SBA is the proper depository for such
an institution, assuming that it were not under procurement or a
loan-type operation over there since they do play a central role and
they do have the contacts in the Agency, if they were to indeed op-
erate such a program?
Dr. CARDON. Temporarily, I think it is a good place for it to be.
Ultimately, I personally would rather see a central science or-
ganization. The people, 30 years ago, who started the legislation for
NSF, had that in mind.
NSF was quickly captured by academics and made into a grant
organization just for universities and nonprofits. It does not really
consider that it has the central scientific function of the U.S. Gov-
ernment, for the people of the United States.
Either you transform the National Science Foundation into what it
was meant to be in the first place, or you have to go with another
institution which will do the job.
Now, SBA really was not set up for the business of handling tech-
nical information, and it has never been encouraged to any great
extent in this activity. The technology utilization or the management
activities, even the management assistance part of their program has
never been emphasized. SBA primarily has been *a banking
institution.
Mr. SOMMER. We understand that they are gearing up to imple-
ment section 9, which is the technology-sharing section of the Small
Business Act, to implement a very small office. It really will be an
informational type office right now. It is a subject that Senatoi~ Javits
is very interested in-utilization by an organization such as yours,
taking advantage of the section 9 technology-sharing and the ex-
emption in the antitrust laws in the Justice Department for any kind
of cooperation between two or more firms.
Do you find, in your organization, utilization at all of this
section 9?
Dr. CARDON. There have been several loose, informal alliances
within our organizations. If I know the section that you are talking
about-I did discuss it with people at SBA-one man, in particular,
I said perhaps they could use our organization as one central place
to do something with that.
I was told that the way the thing is organized now, you cannot
form (they cannot encourage) an alliance to bid on a particular
RFP or particular procurement. It takes a year or more to get the
antitrust thing out of the way. You also have to do it within the
region in which it occurs, you know.
Mr. Soi~rMER. It is.
Dr. CARDON. There are two or three consortia around the country
right now. I brought this up late last year with these people at SBA
who shall remain nameless, and they pointed out to me that the way
they were organized, the consortium has to be within an SBA region.
PAGENO="0097"
93
Our association is national, so that it is unlikely that I would de-
liberately go to a man in Philadelphia for a joint effort, it is just as
easy for me to go to a man in Boston, or in California, but SBA is
not geared to that.
Mr. SOMMER. That was a prohibition by their own regulation?
Dr. CARDON. That is the regulation; it must be regional. Unless you
change that, you have eliminated the national aspects of that kind of
consortium.
Mr. SOMMER. Do you think it would be helpful to tell us whose
view this is at SBA? I think we would really like to follow this up,
if you would like us to.
Dr. CARDON. I would prefer not to.
That was one part of our conversation. The same gentleman told
me he could not deal with my association because we were nonprofit.
Mr. SOMMER. Which leads me to another question.
On page 2 of your statement, you objected to SBA's awarding of
research contracts to the Midwest Research Institute because the In-
stitute is nonprofit. Then you say that a proposal you made to SBA
to run an R. & D. conference was rejected because you worked for a
profitmaking company and the services would have to be purchased
competitively.
On page 3 of your statement, later you were told by the SBA that
they could not contract with your association because it was non-
profit. In other words, SBA could contract to MRI, a nonprofit, on
a sole source basis, and not to your association, because it is nonprofit.
How do you explain that?
Dr. CARDON. It was a question of time. The Midwest Research thing
was in 1971. I understand that they have since admitted that this was
a gross mistake on their part.
Mr. SOMMER. SBA?
Dr. CARDON. SBA.
The people we were talking to about the contract for a conference,
we did not have our association yet, would not deal with my com-
pany, which was a private company. As a private company, the SBA
procurement people said they would have to go out on bids. They
could not allow me a sole source award for an unsolicited proposal,
even though it was my idea and I had proposed the whole thing and
spent months briefing them on it.
The third one came up really as a result of this consortium business.
I wrote a letter in which I said, section 9 calls for the SBA adminis-
trator to encourage consortia, and I suggested this could be done
through our association. At that time I was under the impression
that SBA was going to get some money from the Experimental Tech-
nology Incentives program of the Bureau of Standards.
I suggested if SBA got this money, they should use part of it for
this purpose.
Then I said, thinking of the Midwest Research Institute incident
back 2 or 3 years ago, I hope you will not use any of the money with
noflprofits, and this must have stirred this fellow up to where he
came back and said, I definitely will not use any of the money from
my office even for working with a nonprofit group.
Then I go in and see him about the consortia thing, and he says,
I can't deal with you, because you are a nonprofit.
72-434 0 - 76 - 7
PAGENO="0098"
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The fact that we were an association of small companies did not
cut any ice with him.
Mr. SoMMER. Would you be willing to supply to the committee
names of small R. & D. firms that would be interested in going this
consortia route under sect.ion 9 but who are in more than one region
and therefore prohibited by SBA from help.
Is that possible?
Is there anything in the boiler now that we could look to?
Pr; CARDON. No, I do not know of anything like that.
It is my understanding that the consortia. thing is being looked at
by various people as more of a permanent kind of thing.
For example, some of the other rules and regulations would be
barriers. For example, we have, to open up our books, every small
company who has to join this consortia has to open his books. We have
to designate a president who effectively will run the whole show for
all of us. I do not think we are about to do that.
We are not about to open our books, except where we have to,
and especially in the case of a consortia that only offers hope that we
might get a contract.
We are expected to do t.hat even before we have a contract in hand.
The consortium thing, it looks to me, was really designed for a con-
sortium of shoe manufacturers who wanted to increase their pur-
chasing ability, sales ability, perhaps to get Government contracts
for shoes.
In the R. & P. area, we. generally have at most 3 months to an-
swer a published procurement.
If I want to form a. loose association with other companies, to bid
on a procurement, I can do that without forming a formal consor-
tium, and in fact, that is what I did on an SBA RFP a few months
ago.
The idea of getting involved in this whole business of antitrust
and making a st.rong consortium effort in this R. & D. field, is not rea-
sonable. You have to have ways of doing it, so that the whole opera-
tion can be done in a. few days if we are to answer a proposal on
time. We cannot take 3 months just to form the consortium.
Ms. KLATr. Ca.n you give us any suggestions on how to do t.hat,
how it could be done in a matter of days in order for a response to
be made to an RFP?
Dr. CARDOX. If you can eliminate, the antitrust t.hing automati-
cally in advance, although I really do not think it applies that much.
I think somebody a.t SBA who is knowledgeable in the technical
field and maybe has shown some inclination to work with associations
like ours to keep track of the small businesses in the fieldS he could
make a few telephone calls and get all the redtape out of the wa.y
fast and also effect a. loose association of appropriate small com-
panies. I think it could perhaps be done, but it must. be done very
fast.
It did not take me very long to answer the SBA proposal using
one company in the Philadelphia area and another company in the
New York area., and we did manage to answer on time.
I think a capable man, or two, in the SBA regional office, could
do that, even a capable man in the Washington office who has the
charge and the time and the inclination to do it.
PAGENO="0099"
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Mr. SOMMER. You indicated also a natural reluctance on the part
of the small businessman-we have heard similar testimony to this
subj oct before here at the committee-a natural reluctance on the
part of the small businessman to open their books in front of one
another; people who may be in competition in other areas.
Dr. CARDON. I would be very much against it in the case of my
own company. I do not know why they need the rule in the first place.
I do not know why you cannot, in the case of small companies like
ours get the antitrust thing changed. We certainly are no threat to
the free enterprise system.
So I do not see the reason for it. Like I say, in this particular pro-
posal that I wanted to bid on, I contacted a company in the Philadel-
phia area. He happened to be a member of our association, and he
had experience in the area.
I called another company, actually it was an old retired man from
SBA, Clyde Bothmer, who told me about another company in the
New York area that had experience in another part of this proposal
package, and we got together two or three times and prepared a
proposal.
I do not think we violated the antitrust laws. If a dedicated man
like Clyde Bothmer were still at SBA, he could easily do this kind of
a thing on a regular basis.
Ms. KLATT. Only one of you submitted a proposal.
Dr. CARDON. One was the prime contractor and the others were par-
ticipants, or subcontractors. This is a common approach. I have done
it a few times, I know other people have done it. It has not helped,
particularly, when it came to RFP's, but we have done it.
Mr. SOMMER. On page 5 of your statement, you say "Many small
R. & D. companies do not bid on RFP's." Why is that, generally?
Dr. CARDON. I mentioned that to Senator Hathaway. The one major
thing is that by the time the RFP comes into the Commerce Business
Daily, it is already generally wired for somebody. Even if it is not
wired, by the time it gets to the Commerce Business Daily, the old-
timers in this area who have been talking to the technical monitor
have known all about it long before it appeared in the Commerce
Business Daily.
If I see it and say, this is in my area, I ought to do something
about it, by that time my odds have gone down from 1 in 100 to 1 in
1,000, so I do not touch it.
Ms. KLATT. Can you give the committee any specific and concrete
cases that you know of where this has happened?
*Dr. CARDON. I mentioned what happened to us. Quite awhile ago,
it was in an area where we had done work, and we convinced the
people that we could do some more refined work in the area. Normally
they would have given us a sole source award to do it, but for their
particular procurement, they couldn't. Maybe they had objection
from their procurement people who insisted they put out an RFP. I
do notknow how many people answered that RFP.
The RFP said, you will perform in accordance with a previous
report, 5 years old, which was prepared by our company. Right away,
any small guy who looks at that says, this company has the inside
track? You do not have a chance to win.
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I am sure some people will go out and bid anyway. It costs the
Government money to prepare the RFP and do all the other things
that go along with it. Then we answered with a proposal that the
sponsoring technical people were very familiar with in advance, be-
cause they knew what we had said in our previous report, and to no
one's surprise, we got the contract.
I cannot cite other personal experiences, because I have never
tampered with the RFP thing that much. But as I say, there is this
book, "The R.. & D. Game" put out by no less than a Harvard or
MIT professor. In a chapter on Government IR. & D., this fellow
pointed out that in a study he did he found that most of the contracts
went to the company that the technical man wanted in the first place.
It is particularly true in B. & D. and I sympathize with the tech-
nical people. The only reason for pushing this RFP thing in the
R. & D. area, is, it makes work for the procurement people.
One other comment. I once mentioned this to a procurement man.
He said, we must maintain the integrity of the procurement system,
and my question was, do you have any evidence that this results in
more research or better research for the dollar to the Government?
His answer was: "You cannot evaluate research." I said, "Listen to
how foolish you sound. You are telling me you evaluate the proposal,
but you do not evaluate the product, that you cannot evaluate the
product. If you cannot evaluate the product, I cannot for the life of
me see how you can justify trying to evaluate the proposal."
Throw them up the stairs and take the one that reaches the top
stair. That is the only way. It will be much cheaper for everyone
concerned.
That was the point that Peter Payne made in our meeting last
week. The Government puts out bids for contracts for $100,000 and
by the time it is all over, the Government and the community of
companies that answer spend $500,000 or $1 million for that $100,000
job. You would not stand for that kind of nonsense in a private
business.
Mr. SOMMER. Thank you. I have no further questions. We appre-
ciate your testimony.
Ms. KLATr. I have one question.
I just want to point out one thing to you. On page 6 of your state-
ment, your first recommendation is that Congress take action to
eliminate the resistance to the awarding of the sole source contracts
in response to unsolicited proposals.
I was wondering how you account for this resistence in view of
the fact that in fiscal year 1975 the Department of Defense awarded
60 percent of its procurement on a noncompetitive. sole source basis.
It is being done.
Dr. CARDON. DOD has always understood this problem. We have
never had serious problems with them. We have never had serious
problems with NASA, although they all go through the formality
of justification of the sole source award.
They encourage unsolicited proposals. They encourage sole source
awards, because that is the way they get ideas.
I talked to an Assistant Administrator for Administration in the
Department of Transportation once and told him, "if you do not
allow us sole source awards for our ideas presented in unsolicited
proposals, where are. you going to get your ideas?"
PAGENO="0101"
97
He said, we have more than enough ideas ourselves. You can
judge for yourself what the Department of Transportation has
come up with in the way of R. & D. results.
It is not a question of DOD and not a question of NASA so
much-I have never had trouble with either one of them. When they
wanted to buy, there was no problem with the sole source award.
Ms. KLATT. What other agencies besides DOT?
Dr. CARDON. ERDA, the newer agencies especially, are having more
problems, as far as I can tell.
Ms. KLATT. Thank you.
Mr. SOMMER. Thank you, Dr. Cardon.
Again, I ask you, if you have the time, to stay in the room and
hear the testimony of the next witness. I do not know if you know,
but I think it is very much a part of many things you said.
Maybe even after the hearing you may speak with Mr. Wanzenberg
about some of his problems in ERDA, based on your experience, and
maybe it will be helpful.
Thank you again.
The next witness is Mr. Fritz Wanzenberg, Great Sea Corp.,
Larchmont, N.Y.
STATEMENT OF FRITZ W. WANZENBERG, GREAT SEA CORP.,
LARCHMONT, N.Y.
Mr. WANZENBERG. My experiences are in thorough agreement with
the earlier statements concerning the difficulties of obtaining Govern-
ment support. We recently spent a morning with ERDA and heard
them say, "Well, we have our minds made up. If you submit a pro-
posal, we will reject it out of hand." We ran into that situation, on a
front-end collision basis.
I understand that we are very short of time and I will probably do
more reading than I intended to. I do not like to read a speech, but
I think we have all of the information here. I will ad lib where it is
necessary.
Mr. Sommer, Ms. Klatt, Ms. Olson, ladies and gentlemen, my family
and I appreciate this opportunity of presenting my area of endeavor
before this informed and interested special committee. We are in-
deed delighted to be here.
Only through this opportunity can we share our scientific findings
of 33 years, to help America in a small way to make our bicentennial
year also a year of technological rededication.
It is not common knowledge, and perhaps not immediately trau-
matic, but according to the National Science Foundation, the Ijnited
States has retrogressed from 1st to 17th place among the top 20 lead-
ing Western nations in terms of technological growth.
The progressive decay of research and development efforts which
greatly helped to shape our Nation's influence and domestic well-being
be explained by insufficient attention to creative science, a very serious
problem.
I hope to expound on this, because we can now begin to redirect, to
rededicate, this creative flow. The rewards are tremendous.
We will examine the valuable oil shale and carbonaceous resources
of the United States and how they can be developed. I first became
acquainted with carbonaceous ore in 1943. Since then, with extremely
PAGENO="0102"
98
limited funding from friends, relatives and foreign investment, our
small company has developed metals and energy recovery processes
for shale and carbonaceous ore which make these vast resources ex-
tremely attractive, especially in the light of our Nation's shortages.
We can make America independent of all foreign oil in 10 years,
independent of most foreign metals in 7 years. I say this in all sin-
cerity and most thoughtfully, supported by personal experience and
historical precedent.
We hacked the first pilot plant out of the deserts of Pakistan in
less than 6 months, built with scrap from the bazaars of Karachi,
Multan and Lahore, and we made workable machinery.
In ~\Torld War II, this Nation, in a production sense, had won in
just 2 years. Production for peace is now more important than pro-
duction for war, but from time to time requires the same national
effort. Full employment, standa.rd of living, national defense and
happiness, all rest tenuously on adequate resources and technology.
Creative technology makes jobs and goes far to supply the pro-
gressive impetus and confidence our Nation grew great on.
Much creative science evolves from the mixing and combining of
technologies into new areas of multiple, not additive, excellence. We,
for instance, have merged the disciplines of space science with metal-
lurgy and energy sciences into rapid oxidation processes for the ex-
traction of energy, oil and metals from carbonaceous ores, oil shale
or a hybrid combination of the two.
The United States has billions of tons of this carbonaceous ore con-
taining gold, silver, copper and 15 or so other important metals, as
well as energy, a neglected aspect. -
America's petroleum reserves, including the Gulf and Continental
Shelf, are painfully finite. But the vast oil shale reserves in the United
States are estimated to exceed, in barrels of oil, the combined Middle
Eastern oil reserves.
Now let's discuss the nature of carbonaceous ore. We have some
samples here, one from an outcropping with 8.35 ounces of gold per
ton-this is over 41 times the world's best recovery from noncar-
bonaceous ores-and 40.2 ounces of silver per ton in it. Although
values vary widely, the best grade ores are still waiting to be utilized.
Of course, we are not just talking gold, a wide range of metals are
found in carbonaceous ore-carbore.
Carbore is found throughout the world. Live carbonaceous ores,
which are actively in the process of metallogenesis, or generation,
exist in sea basins such as Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Now. what is
carbonaceous ore?
To quote from "Ore Deposits by Park and MacDiarmid," "Some
metals are enriched in black, carbonaceous marine shales, several ele-
ments are enriched more than a thousandfold."
We have found that land ore deriving from the sea is enriched
more tha.n 300,000-fold.
Konrad Krauskopf. an early authority on the subject., said, "Car-
bonaceous material concentrates such elements as uranium, vana-
dium"-we import almost all of our vanadium-"molybdenum, ger-
manium, nickel, titanium, gold, silver, lead and zinc."
Mason, in "Principles of Geochemistry." adds tin to the list. I un-
derstand that the Carlin, Nev. deposit, mainly gold, has traces of 18
PAGENO="0103"
99
other useful metals. The deposits will vary, but virtually all metals
are represented, as they were in the original sea ore.
Carbonaceous ores contain carbon in chelated and simple form-a
chelate is an amorphous, crablike molecule of carbon and hydrogen
with a nucleus of metal.
Carbore behaves in formation analogously to vast ion-exchange
resins which reduce metals from ions in sea solutions. The sea is the
largest but lowest grade ore body known.
Let me explain that.
A water softener is an ion-exchange unit. You are exchanging
sodium ions for calcium ions. That is how simple this whole thing is.
The sea does this over time. The ion-exchange resin is not the
sodium. The ion-exchange resin happens to be carbonaceous forma-
tion. I will explain that in a little more detail later on.
The experts do not entirely agree on the specific chemical method of
deposition, and frankly, although we have known of it for 33 years,
we have been less concerned with how it got there than with how to
get it out, so I won't stray into the fine points of sedimentary geo-
chemistry unless there are questions.
There are many types of ancient organic deposits: Coal, shale, oil,
natural gas and carbonaceous ore. All began to form in the car-
boniferous period of the Paleozoic era, 305 million years ago.
At that time, large areas of America were covered by changing but
persistent, immense shallow seas. These spawned vast carbonaceous
and shale deposits. In 1970, for instance, the Bureau of Mines pointed
to a major carbonaceous deposit of over 8,000 square miles in north-
eastern Nevada.
Core chips indicate that lower Alberta may be paved with a con-
tinuous underlayment of hundreds of feet of carbonaceous ore, ex-
tending into Idaho and Oregon. I cited Lake Maracaibo as one gen-
eration source of carbonaceous ore still copiously in progress. There
are many live and relict deposits; many still undimensioned, most
still undiscovered.
Our oil shale reserves are better known and quite large but even
less developed than the carbonaceous ore deposits which I will briefly
describe.
Primitive gold recovery methods are used, or have been used at
Carlin, Cortez, Getchell, Gold Acres, Mercur, Bald Mountain, Dead-
wood and other sites. Gold has been the focus of carbonaceous de-
posit development for obvious reasons. To quote from "United States
Mineral Resources: Gold" by Simons and Prinz. "The future impor-
tance of this type of deposit is difficult to assess on a worldwide basis,
but for the United States it is likely to be great. Because of the very
fine-grained nature of their gold. these deposits went largely unrec-
ognized during the great wave of prospecting in the last half of the
19th century and the early 20th century. Deposits of disseminated
gold-the so-called Carlin-type deposits-probably contain the sec-
ond largest domestic resources of gold and almost certainly the largest
undiscovered resources of grade high enough to be mined."
In other words, the best deposits are probably waiting still, largely
because adequate recovery methods have only recently become avail-
able. I will. describe these methods shortly.
PAGENO="0104"
100
Of course, as we saw earlier, gold is not the only metal in car-
bonaceous ore. Again, from Mason, "A linear increase of uranium
with increasing carbon content has been demonstrated in some of
these shales." And a final example, from Goldschmidt's "Geochemis-
try," "Cooper is very strongly absorbed by organic matter." I have
found gold, silver, and copper in commercially attractive quantities,
and significant quantities of many other metals. Again, virtually all
metals are represented in the ore.
This ore contains carbon in graphitic or activated form and is
largely refractory to conventional mining processes, in other words,
the ore is hard to work. Its high metal content has made the search
for a process very worthwhile, however.
We have obtained even higher values of gold and silver than 8.35
by 40.2. in Idaho and California, but these were alluvial or moraine
ores. It is probably safe to say that on the average, carbonaceous ores
are far richer in gold than the world's best noncarbonaceous ores.
And carbonaceous ore bodies are generally big, whatever their
grade-because primordial oceans were big.
To reiterate, all metals contained in the sea, the largest, lowest-
grade ore body known, are found in carbonaceous ore, though car-
bonaceous ore has been vastly enriched over sea water by an ion-
exchange process that is still going on today in saltwater estuaries
throughout the world, where oil seepage, animal or plant carbon
serves as the ion-exchange resin.
Lake Maracaibo is a good example. It covers an area of almost
1,000 square miles. It continues to remove metals daily from the sea-
water by this ion-exchange mechanism. If the metal is not recovered
it will eventually oxidize back into sea solution or rise from the sea
to become a land ore body.
Now oil shale. What is the value of oil shale to the United States?
Oil shale contains about 20 to 33 gallons of oil per ton, or between
8 and 14 percent. Because of the interchange between salt and fresh
oceans over geologic time, oil shale also contains some carbore and
metals. We have processed Saskatchewan and Colorado oil shales and
recovered 0.0336 and 0.0276 ounces of gold alone per ton, respec-
tively. Since our processes can recover both metals and energy or oil,
energy, and metals, these two shales have economic metal sweeteners
of about $5 and $4 respectively. Assuming a two-third barrel of oil
per ton at a world price of $10 per barrel, the per ton value in oil and
metals is about $10 or $11 per ton. Our total cost is not expected to
exceed $2 or $3, producing a profit which is competitive with drilled
oil. If carbore is used as the oxidizing fuel, oil can be produced at
nothing per barrel-it will have earned its way as a recovery vehicle
for metal oxide vapors.
In 1943 I discovered the genetics of carbonaceous ore by sheer
accident on the day the U.S. Pacific Fleet first steamed into Nandi
waters on the Fiji Islands. My command had just completed con-
struction of the harbor, and the last task was the removal of a black
mud bar.
Just before the fleet came to anchor, we ran Hindu cane rakes over
the mud bar, loosening the mud and allowing the. tide to wash it out
to sea.
PAGENO="0105"
101
Fortunately, `although I didn't think so at the time, the mud cloud
passed over our magnetic indicator loop, giving a signature identical
to that produced by a midget submarine and sending the fleet to red
alert status.
So the incident became a matter of naval record and I began to
wonder. It could only have been deposited by nature: By ion-ex-
change, electrolysis in nature's sea plating tank, solvent extraction
due to remote oil seepage, et cetera. I burned samples of this black
Fiji mud and found that it was organic. Many years later, working
with Global Marine on similar black mud in Florida, we found the
sea mud can be rich in all metals, notably gold at up to 2 ounces per
ton and copper at 4 pounds per ton.
From 1943 until 1963, I collected the tools of my trade: Capabilities
in electrolytic plants, missiles, high-rate weapons, propellants, rocket
fuels, the design of automatic propellant plants, nuclear equipment,
underground and surface mining operations, pyrometallurgical op-
erations, et cetera.
This background was needed to develop complex multidiscipline
patent systems. Supporting talents were developed in corporate areas,
in lab work, patents, construction of plants, operations, finance,
mineral economics, et cetera. I gradually involved my brother and
family in my sciences until in early 1968 I was no longer alone, and
I formed Great Sea Corp.
Between 1963 and today, our technology has evolved intensively.
First we studied the early chlorine and salt-volatilization processes
which were never seriously commercial and were of course ineffective
on carbonaceous fractions. We paved our own way and finally re-
versed conventional reducing chemistry to form a new, multidiscipline
oxidative pyrometallurgy. In 1965, we applied for patents in a basic
electrolytic process which could recover metals in hypochlorite solu-
tion, our autogenous electrolyte. The metals could be deposited selec-
tively on a series of cathodes at different potentials.
In 1965, I met with the U.S. Bureau of Mines to discuss possible
joint effort. BuMines asked for and was given copies of notes and the
patent application itself. I will go into this shortly.
We worked with Global Marine in 1967-69 in improving the
process on live carbonaceous ores from the west and east coasts of
Florida. The process started with a 2-hour retention time for quanti-
tative recovery and, with the subsequent development of our electro-
lytic arc, we reduced retention time to a little over a minute.
The work with Global was moderately successful, including the
processing of Mines' relict ores from Nevada, wherein our gold re-
covery invariably exceeded Mines' by 100 percent because we could
destroy `the interfering carbon.
In February 1970, I inadvertently left arc power on after a dem-
onstration and found that the dried ore had fulminated at the elec-
trodes, filling our house with clouds of metal oxide vapor. We found
that the chemical reaction of organometals and the now plentiful
electrolytically formed oxygen carriers was responsible for the metal
vapor transport. I was ecstatic. With further development, our metals
recovery process came to be based on synthesizing a useful fuel from
PAGENO="0106"
102
the ore, then burning the fuel t.o recover the contained metals. This is
the ore that had been called "refractory."
In February 1970, GSC prepared the first patent application in-
cluding the autogenous fulminization of carbonaceous ore-or inor-
ganic ore with hydrocarbon addition-with oxygen or oxygen carrier,
producing a reaction from the inside of the particle out, thereby
volatilizing the sought metal compounds into vapor phase to affect
complete separation and recovery of vapor, ash or both.
Now, we could completely separate the metal component from the
ore component, in 3 seconds or less-fantastic, using space technology,
not mining technology.
Later in 1970, at the invitation of the prominent and progressive
Sheikh family, Great Sea surveyed the west coast of Pakistan for
carbonaceous sea. and land ore bodies. Cores showed gold values of
0.4 to 1.14 ounces per ton, so Great Sea built a. 20-ton-per-day sub-
modular testing plant in Ismailabad, Multan.
The plant was designed and built from local material. The blowers,
cyclones, impact mills, kiln, chlorine system, controls, and all, were
fabricated by hand. The plant was built, redesigned and rebuilt until
it worked satisfactorily. As we hand-fashioned cupels from local bone
ash and clay, we often wished for the wider resources of the United
States.
In 1971, we left Pakistan for the last time, forced out after only
2 weeks of production by the Pa.kist.an-India war. Though disap-
pointed. we had come a long way with our production parameters and
perfected the techniques.
Now let's discuss these techniques which are shown in the diagrams.
Again, you will find immediately that they embody multidisciplined
capabilities.
There are four basic modes to the most advanced particulate plasma
process. First, we can recover all metals from the most refractory
carbonaceous ores, as well as some useful energy.
[The information follows:]
PAGENO="0107"
103
Great Sea Corporation
Feb. 3, 1976
VALUE: $1~O to $800 per input ton
COST: $3 to $6 per input ton
METALS AND ENERGY FROM CARBON--
ACEOUS ORE: pRODUCTS:
METALS
ENERGY
GYPSUM
ECOLOGICAL UpGRADING
NO BARMFUL EFFLUENTS
Mr. WANZENBERG. Second, we can recover 90 percent of the oil
from shale, using the remaining 10 percent as fuel while recovering
some metal byproducts. Incidentally, in this mode all metals can be
extracted with additional, conventional leaching.
[The information follows:]
NOBLE I ` BASE I
ES] L2~i
GOLD COPPER
SILVER NICKEL
ETC.
ASH OUT: CaSOIf2H2O (GIPS~J}L
Si02, HgO, etc.
GaO
NOTE: CaSOj mp: 1L~O°C
GaO rap: 2~8O°C bp: 28~O°C
CaCO3 mp: 1339°C d: 898.6°C
CaC1~ mp: 772°C bp: 1600°C
PAGENO="0108"
CaCO3 + HEAT CaO ~- CO~ (at 898.6°C)
(3) O~-~-2SO~ 4-2CaO .~.~2CaSO~; 2520 + CaSO~-.-CaSO~2H2O
(1) Other formulae in patents, reports.
* Oxidizing zone flame envelope temperature adjustable from S0O°C to 2~O0°C
by a slight decrease or increase in autogenous oxygen carrier. Reducing zone
envelope temperature according to test should not exceed ~3O°C. This can be
done by (1) reducing oxidizing zone te-npera4re and rate of combustion, (2)
oxidizing zone feedrate, (3) reducing zone teed rate, (it) kiln speed of either
çr both oxidizing and/or reducing z8ne ends./\~
~Pyrolysis temperature: 800 to 1000 F, `U~ F.'~anzenberg
equal to it2l to 531'C.)
Mr. WANZENBERG. Third, we can treat the shale and burn it like coal
for energy. With this approach, all the contained metals are easily
extracted without additional leaching. We, of course, favor the re-
covery of shale oil, but if energy is needed at the mine site the pro-
portions of oil and energy out can be changed to suit any purpose.
Fourth, we can use a hybrid system of carbonaceous ore and shale,
where the carbonaceous ore is used as fuel to heat the shale and distill
the oil out, as well as releasing all its metals at the same time. The
shale releases 100 percent of its oil for recovery. Moreover, on its way
out, the oil collects the metals from the carbonaceous ore.
[The information follows:]
Great Sea Corporation
February 3, 1976
OIL: ~8/1iI3L
V~/F: SlO/813L
104
OIL uituM SHAlL; BY-PSODUCTS:
ENtrtGY
METALS
GYPSUM
ECOLOGICAL UPGaADING
NO HAmMFUL EFFLUENTS
ASH OUT: CaSOit.2H20
Si02, MgO, eth.
CaO -~
NOTE: CaSOj op: lit5O°C
CaO rp: 2580°C bp: 2850°C
CaCO3 rp:.l339°C d: 898.6°C
CaCl2 mp: 772°C bp: 1600°C
(40m shale will burn in
air suspension upon ig-
nition)
(1) CxH~ + z02 ...*..~O2i- h~20 + HEAT (2000°C)
(2)
PAGENO="0109"
105
Great Sea Corporation HYBRID SYSTEM:
Feb. 3, 1976 INPUTS:
(1) CARBONACEOUS
VALUE: $kO to $800 per input ton oi~, -5~ in
of carbonaceous ore. (2)' OIL SHALE
COST: Sale of oil pays all coats. -3/8 in
ECOLOGICAL UPGRADING
NO HARMFUL EFFLUENTS
CARBOF
-~5Oxn
OUTPUTS;
OIL
1~ETAI.$
ENERGY
CHEMICALE
GYPSUM
OIL, METAL OXIDES
OUT
COLD
SILVEr~
COPPEJL
NICKEL
}~TC.
PAGENO="0110"
106
Mr. WANZENBERG. An extremely efficient reaction is possible because
of intimately balanced mixtures of chemical starter, the oxidizer,
and shale or carbonaceous ore, acting as the reducing agent. It may
be simple, but it isn't crude. The particulate plasma process embodies
the principles of rocket technology in this respect.
The process is this simple. The ore is crushed and ground conven-
tionally. It is then mixed with a starter, a chemical compound con-
taining oxygen in wet solution so it soaks into each particle, leaving
a small amount of oxygen inside the particle in chemical form upon
drying. The treated particles are then burned like powdered coal in
a kiln or boiler. They burn with exceedingly high heat and rapidity.
The heat produced as the particle burns from the inside out drives
the contained metals into vapor phase, mostly as oxides. The va-
porized metal oxides and oil vapors, in the case of oil shale, are re-
covered in cyclones and scrubbers. The recovered metals and oil are
then further refined conventionally for sale. The waste ash can be
used for neutral backfill.
Waste heat is used to distill the shale and to produce electricity to
operate the plant or sell. All chemicals may be produced from the ore
autogenously, using process chemical output and electricity produced
from waste heat. All processes are completely closed systems, requir-
ing only ore and minimum water input.
The difficulties with marketing our processes for carbonaceous ore
and oil shale have run the gamut. First the problems were how to im-
press new technology into established patterns of thought.
Graphite or activated carbon was thought to be incombustible by
many managers and scientists, who perhaps never saw the erosion on
graphite rocket nozzles or graphite rods in an arc furnace. Next we
heard that carbon won't collect or hold metals, carbonaceous ore does
not exist, and more.
These problems have diminished somewhat with more companies
discovering carbonaceous ore, and gold being produced at Carlin,
Gold Acres and other sites.
Of a more serious nature has been our difficulty with the Bureau of
Mines. We first met with them several times in 1965 in the hope of
help, since industry could not respond and since they seemed the logi-
cal choice to Martin Hoffman at Senator Percy's office and to myself.
At first our relations were good. They were very interested so we
gave them our observations, data and patent applications. They gave
us the spectrographic analysis of carbonaceous ore from Cuddeback
Dry Lake in the Mojave Desert which matched the live sea ore from
Florida, indicating a common origin. Remember, this was years be-
fore the tectonic movements of the continents became scientifically
established. Discoveries such as this were both thrilling and en-
couraging.
Unfortunately, Mines could not help us for budgetary reasons.
They were working with Newmont Mining Corp. at Carlin, Nev.,
since Newmont could support part of the research. In R. & D., money
talks.
I had ideas and patents pending, but no money for research efforts.
Finding, gradually, that the Bureau of Mines is not equipped to
assist the little guy, I built, a test facility in the garage of my home
and, as I said, worked my way through hypochiorite, plasma are and
PAGENO="0111"
107
finally particulate plasma with financial help from friends and
family.
The Bureau of Mines meanwhile took out a patent in the hypo-
chlorite technique. They were granted 3 claims of no real consequence,
against our 81 claims, in 3 patents, applied for 27 months prior to
Mines'. Their writeup borrowed heavily from our patent application
without giving credit to us.
They then helped Newmont set up a production plant in Carlin,
Nev., excluding the original inventor from all consideration, a direct
infringement. Mines has since worked with other companies besides
Newmont, claiming hypochiorite is theirs. It is like inventing a
coupling device for a train, then licensing the patent rights of the
whole railroad.
Mr. SOMMER. Is this a common practice, for the Bureau of Mines
to take out their own patents?
Mr. WANZENBERG. They do if they do not have enough funds to
work with promising outside people, and we have been told this by
the Bureau of Mines.
We once submitted a tremendous computer program for extra~-
olating metal demand and supply for the next 50 years, and this
is to Dr. Tom Howard at Mines, many years ago. He said his peo-
ple said, "Frankly, this is the best thing we have seen coming down
the pike; a complete program." We had worked very hard to give it
to them.
His people concluded, "We do not have funds, consequently, we will
take this and do it in-house."
This is how in-house projects get started, through lack of funds.
Returning to our mining processes, we sent information to Mines
for years, until quite recently in fact. First, we did not know that
they could not and would not help us. Second, we didn't know the
whole story about the Newmont-Mines Carlin infringement until
very recently.
Now we are primarily interested in pushing forward with our
particulate plasma process. It is infinitely superior: 4,000 times faster
than hypochlorite, much more efficient in terms of metals out, energy
producing rather than consuming, and much more adaptable. Of
course there is a money problem. We spent all our funds on develop-
ment and patents; Mines and Newmont have relatively inexhaustible
funds. We are fighting a giant combination, but learning.
Mr. SOMMER. Does Mines have any kind of history of utilizing the
small firms, such as yourselves?
Mr. WANZENBERG. I don't know. But in my recent experience, with
Mines and ERDA, regardless of the quality of the idea, unless you
can match funds, forget it. ERDA said no at the door, Mines just
picked my brains and used my patents.
Mr. SOMMER. They have no history of a small business set-aside?
Mr. WANZENBERG. You must understand, when you bring a good
idea to the Bureau of Mines and you have limited funds and Mines is
stimulated technologically and they want to move ahead, they say,
frankly, we do not have the money. They have enough people sitting
on their hands so they can do it in-house.
The point is, invariably it evolves into this thing, they say this is
the case, we do not have any funds, so there are excuses beyond belief.
PAGENO="0112"
log
We really cannot argue with them very much. If they do not have
the money; how can you squeeze it out of them? You cannot.
Patent law is a bit of a jungle here, not to be recommended to any-
one with faith in democratic principles, human nature, or those who
haven't got 4 years for court and a. half a million dollars for fees,
this according to attorneys I have approached on the matter.
I feel the Bureau of Mines has abrogated my rights, but I know
suing would bankrupt me at this point, moreover, I could then lose
my patents by default. A clear case of insult to injury.
In patent law there is such a thing as a declaratory judgment. If a
small inventor confronts a major company, the major company can
ask for a declaratory judgment against him. That means you have to
show cause why you have precedence over his patent.
If this happens and you do not have, say, a quarter of a million
dollars to fight the issue in court, which convenes in Nevada or
Omaha or some remote places like that and is very expensive, you
must say, "I cannot fight this suit."
Then, consequently, by default, the big company walks over the
small company's patents, categorically, no question about it.
So we have been very careful not to confront anyone by saying,
look, fellows, you are infringing. They were introduced to the thing
by the Bureau of Mines. They feel they are justified in using it. But
they aren't, and Mines had no right to appropriate it.
By the way, I would like to make one point which I think is very
important concerning this bill on patents just passed by the Senate
without debate.
The bill seeks to discourage stalling by granting an inventor 20
years' protection dating from his application of the patent. You
know, some of our patents `have been in application for 9 years?
When you are dealing with a multimillion dollar patent, such as we
are, you have to sell it with the patent in hand. You cannot say, well,
it is pending, you see.
That type of legislation would knock us down to 11 years or less.
We have 11 years' use, then we just begin to start off-but statistically
most patents do not mature into commercial viability until the last
few years anyway, meaning 16 or so. This will kill the small inventor.
In my case, 9 and 16 is well over 20, so why invent? A safety pin,
great, but something big, no, it cannot work.
Second, this bill would also require patent holders to pay main-
tenance fees at intervals during the lifetime of the patent. That is
laughable. I, for instance, have 20 patents in the public files. If I
must pay maintenance fees on patents I must avoid them.
Patents were originally intended to encourage inventors and to
make new ideas publicly available. Remember, most of the macro-
patents that helped shape this country came from small inventors.
Invention is what I have. It is my capability. I cannot go down
and design a safety pin or paper clip, but in order to sell big ideas
I must have the support of Government., and I hope to get it. I
dearly hope to get it, because that is my only recourse at this point.
In my view the real loss has not been to Great Sea's royalties,
though 1 have earned them and they would solve the financing prob-
lems for some of our other inventions. The loss is not just to the Na-
PAGENO="0113"
109
tion, though the Nation's problems continue while solutions are
denied. Nor is it a question only of civil rights; or the constitutional
guarantees to inventors; or undemocratic practices of the Federal
Government.
The sadness I see is the subjugation of creative invention by un-
caring bureacuracy and disreputable business practice. The Constitu-
tion does not unconditionally guarantee our rights, only our right to
fight for them. This is the proper forum for exposing a sore, I hope
the cure follows.
When we are told by the Government, "This is good, but we'll do it
in-house," or, equally disheartening, the familiar, "we do not work
with anyone who cannot match funds," we can only say, again, that
money talks. Ideas should talk. Concepts should talk. Technology
should talk. If the Government does not respect patents and inven-
tors' rights, the Nation is in serious trouble.
When you need ideas and expertise, all the cash you pour away
won't solve any problems. We are talking about Federal research pro-
grams which bypass the small businessman-inventor who has an idea
which will permit meeting objectives much sooner, easier and at less
cost.
Here we are talking about, do we have a future? Do we have oil,
do we have metals? Our posture abroad internationally is ridiculous.
They say, "Who are you, you are buying oil abroad. You have no
metals. Your production relies on imports. How are you in a position
to tell us anything."
We are talking about trying to do something for this country that
will keep it a great country. This year, the 200th year of our exist-
ence, is a year for rededication to a vital democratic system. We are
talking about the creation of jobs, the satisfaction of new and con-
tinuing needs and desires, genuine human .and national needs.
Approaching private industry involves other problems. We are
frequently told, forthrightly, by industry, that there are no funds for
new projects, that all budgeted funds must be used for maintenance
R. & D. and quick payout projects within the state of the art. A
friend, an executive in a large mining company, once told me, "We
can move the biggest mountains and crush the biggest rocks, but we
cannot change our habits."
How do we get out of our way? These big companies are trapped
by their own security.
The February 16 Business Week reached the following conclusions:
A careful analysis of U.S. business today suggests that bigness itself may
tend to discourage new thinking and new ventures.
The bigger a company gets, the more management broods about the stakes it
is playing for, and the more it tries to eliminate risk. This makes it wary of
innovation, which is always risky. But in playing safe, management passes up
its opportunities and shuts out the possibility of great successes in an effort to
avoid small failures. The U.S. economy cannot grow and prosper just by ex-
ploiting the tried and true. It needs new ideas, new products, and some new
thinking on the part of management.
Executives are still pushing new ideas away from their doors. They
are saying in effect that their research staffs are composed of people
who have inbred the traditional qualities of their jobs and may not
be able to effectively or productively communicate with ideas from
outside the company gates.
72-434 0 - 76 - 8
PAGENO="0114"
1~1O
Shortsighted profits are deceptive, false secuHty, if not for the
secure manager, certainly for the country which has come to expect
technological innovation and production as provision for comfort
and needs. The doors to new ventures, new ideas, have largely re-
mained closed since the mid-1960's. The harmful effects will accumu-
late gradually and exponentially.
Within companies, sales produce instant profits and research and
development generate immediate certain costs. Management often
looks best on the bottom line by suppressing R. & D. and pushing ad-
vertising, marketing. and sales. This is serious, short term and
retrogressive.
In 1958, Senator Percy, then president of Bell & Howell, and I
were talking at the University of Chicago. He said we once could
put quality products on foreign docks at a profit. Not anymore.
Today, other countries are putt.ing quality products on our docks
at a profit, including energy products and metals which irks me par-
ticularly. I am sure we would all like to see the United States inde-
pendent in these two vi.tal resources areas, metals and energy.
Let's start the next 200 years by closing the ranks of our proven
capabilities. Our man on the moon can indeed ring our economic
cash registers if we part company with technological pidgeonholing.
The engineer who has 1 year's experience 20 times is in just such a
prison.
The essence of change is always with us, but now the world is pass-
ing through a critical era. into the possibility of insufficient fuel a.nd
other modern necessities, there are t.ime limits. Now is the time. to re-
direct our efforts toward solutions. Energy and metals are a good
place to start, since so much of our culture is built on the now-
threatened foundation of these abundant resources.
We are talking about 2,000 years of adequate fuels and metals both,
just to begin with.
I have discussed creative science. There are still creative scientists
hidden here and there, a minority's minOrity. One way to maximize
this diminishing resource, a.nd creativity is a resource, might be to in-
clude a science consultation committee in Government planning. As
others ha.ve pointed out before, there should be a link between those
who investigate the implications of scientific discoveries on our econ-
omy and security and those who decide our national policies. We can-
not just call science in from grazing when the crisis is upon us,
technological miracles take time and preparation.
A select and diverse committee of widely experienced, multidis-
ciplined scientists, rather than the typical case of 1 year's experience
20 times, could screen ideas of nationa.l interest. All patented ideas,
or patent pending, could be assigned a. Government liaison and helped
through the legal and political morass which awaits the unwary or~
financially struggling inventor.
At this point, finances should be available for ideas of merit, per-
haps through loans as Vice President Rockefeller has suggested,
perha.ps grants or outright Governrf1ent participation. The purpose of
this committee could be to interface between inventors and sponsors,
at present a deadly no man's land; to encourage development of tech-
nology through grants or loans; to monitor industry's use or misuse
of breakthroughs t.hus possibly avoiding such events as the energy
crisis.
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I wish my small company had this sort of guidance even now. In
trying to interest Government and industry in our ideas, we have run
across bureaucratic ignorance, stubbornness, rudeness, and misman-
agement which, in my view, more than negates the public trust in
America's farsighted support of technology. Our persistent efforts
to acquaint the mining industry with our early metals recovery
methods resulted in an infringement issue with both Government
and industrial interests which we cannot fight for lack of funds.
A recent New York Times article, March 14, pointed out that the
international predominance of the United States in science and tech-
nology has suffered erosion in the last 15 years. This is according to
the National Science Foundation, which is in a position to know. I
don't have all the answers to the problems of progress, but many
of the problems have become clearer to me through my own difficulties.
I think that the particulate plasma process is good, good enough to
merit 33 years of my life and thought, and lately the welfare of my
family. I had the chance to become a secure manager of the mining
status quo, but instead I chose innovation with all its trials and
tribulations.
I have no regrets, just hosts of strange memories. Lack of financial
help here drove me to Pakistan, funded by rupees for a hellish plant
building operation where I missed American tools and equipment
more than I can say. I came back 25 pounds lighter, with many of the
technical difficulties worked out, only to face the joint problems of
convincing honest but convention-ruled corporations that oxidation
pyrometallurgy works, and trying to prevent others from infringing.
So far, it has all been uphill. But for every 10 who would not listen,
there have been a few sympathetic ears, and I guess wc will make it
the hard way with these energy ideas if we must, when the need is
finally recognized.
My family and I appreciate the sympathy and support of Senators
Javits, Percy, and Buckley, the offices of Vice President Rockefeller
and Defense Secretary Rumsfeld, and Representative Ottinger. These
gentlemen understand the need for, and even the technology of, our
rapid oxidation processes to a gratifying extent.
It is unfortunate that the normal channels such as the Bureau of
Mines have not operated for us, but behind closed doors there is some-
times no air to breathe. A very few in private industry have also
listhned, and one company may act one day, but probably not while
conventional production means work, if only half as well and twice
as wastefully.
Our difficulties are one example of a disturbing generality in terms
of the creative scientific potential of this Nation. We have been walk-
ing a racing horse and denying what made this Nation great. There
will be nowhere to run when the bottom drops out, so now is the
time to push for progress.
Thank you.
Mr. SOMMER. Thank you, Mr. Wanzenberg.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Wanzenberg follows:]
STATEMENT OF FRITZ W. WANZENBERG, GREAT SEA CORP., LARCHMONT, N.Y.
Senator Hathaway, Senator Javits, Senators, Members of Congress, la'lies and
and gentlemen:
My family and I appreciate this opportunity of discussing my area of en-
deavor before this informed and interested special committee. Only through
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this opportunity can we share our scientific findings of 3~ years, to help
America in a small way to make our bicentennial year also a year of techno-
logical rededication.
It is not common knowledge, and perhaps not immediately traumatic, but ac-
cording to the National Science Foundation, the United States has retrogressed
from first to 17th of the top 20 leading Western nations in terms of technological
growth. The progressive decay of research and development efforts which greatly
helped to shape our nation's influence and domestic well-being, may be ex-
plained by insufficient attention to creative science. I hope to expound on this,
because we can now begin to redirect-to rededicate-this creative flow. The
rewards are tremendous.
We will examine the valuable oil shale and carbonaceous ore resources of
the United States and how they can be developed. I first became acquainted
with carbonaceous ore while stationed with the U.S. Navy at Nandi Bay, Fiji,
in 1943. With extremely limited funding from friends, relatives and foreign in-
vestment, our small company has developed metals and energy recovery proc-
esses for shale and carbonaceous ore which make these vast resources extremely
attractive, especially in the light of our nation's shortages.
We can make America independant of all foreign oil in 10 years, independant
of most foreign metals in 7 years. I say this in all sincerity and most thought-
fully, supported by personal experience and historical precedent.
We hacked our first pilot plant out of the deserts of Pakistan in less than 6
months, built with scrap from the bazaars of Karachi, Multan and Lahore, and
we made workable machinery.
In World War II, this nation, in a production sense, had won in just two
years. Production for peace is now more important than production for war,
but from time to time requires the same national effort. Full employment, stand-
ard of living, national defense and happiness, all rest tenuously on adequate re-
sources and technology.
The United States has carbonaceous ore containing gold, silver, copper and
fifteen or so other important metals. And Energy. America's oil reserves, includ-
ing the Gulf and Continental Shelf, are painfully finite, oil shale reserves in
the United States are estimated to exceed, in barrels of oil, the combined Middle
Eastern oil reserves.
Much creative science evolves from the mixing and combining of technologies
into new areas of multiple not additive, excellence. In a nutshell, we have
merged the disciplines of space science with metallurgy and energy sciences into
rapid oxidation processes for the extraction of energy, oil and metals from
carbonaceous ores, oil shale or a hybrid combination of the two.
THE NATURE OF CARBONACEOUS ORE AND OIL SHALE
Carbonaceous ores exist in the U.S., Canada, South America, Africa and
Australia. Live carbonaceous ores, which are actively in the process of metal-
logenesis (or metals deposition), exist throughout the world, primarily in sea
basins such as Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. What is carbonaceous ore?
To quote from Ore Deposits by Park and MacDiarmid, "Some metals are en-
riched in black, carbonaceous marine shales, several elements are enriched more
than a thousandfold.".. . And Konrad Krauskopf, an early authority on the sub-
ject, "carbonaceous material concentrates such elements as uranium, vanadium,
molybdenum, germanium, nickel, titanium, gold, silver, lead and zinc." Mason,
in Principles of Geochemistry, adds tin to the list. I understand the Carlin,
Nevada deposit, mainly gold, has traces of 18 other useful metals. The de-
posits will vary, but virtually all metals are represented.
Carbonaceous ores contain carbon in chelated and simple form, and behave
in formation analogously to vast ion-exchange resins which reduce metals from
ions in sea solution. The sea is the largest but lowest grade ore body known.
The experts do not agree on the chemical method of deposition, and frankly,
we have been less concerned with how it got there than with how to get it out,
so I won't stray into the fine points of sedimentary geochemistry unless there
are questions.
There are many types of ancient organic deposits: coal, shale, oil, natural
gas and carbonaceous ore. All began to form in the Carbonifcrous period of
the Paleozoic era. At that time, large areas of America were covered by chang-
ing but persistent, immense shallow seas. These spawned vast carbonaceous and
shale deposits, in 1970, for instance the Bureau of Mines pointed to a major
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carbonaceous deposit of over 8,000 square miles in northeastern Nevada. Core
chips indicate that lower Alberta may be paved with a continuous underlayment
of hundreds of feet of carbonaceous ore, extending into Idaho and Oregon. Our
oil shale reserves are better known and quite large but even less developed than
the carbonaceous ore deposits which I will briefly describe.
Primitive gold recovery methods are used, or have been used at Carlin, Cortez,
Getchell, Gold Acres, Mercur, Bald Mountain, Deadwood and other sites. Gold
has been the focus of carbonaceous deposit development for obvious reasons. To
quote from United States Mineral Resources: Gold by Simons and Prinz, "The
future importance of this type of deposit is difficult to assess on a worldwide
basis, but for the United States it is likely to be great. Because of the very fine-
grained nature of their gold, these deposits went largely unrecognized during
the great wave of prospecting in the last half of the 19th century and the early
20th century. Deposits of disseminated gold-the so-called Carlin-type de-
posits-probably contain the second largest domestic resources of gold and
almost certainly the largest undiscovered resources of grade high enough to be
mined."
In other words, the best deposits are probably waiting still, largely because
adequate recovery methods have only recently become available. I will describe
these methods shortly.
Of course, as we saw earlier, gold is not the only metal in carbonaceous ore.
Again, from Mason, "A linear increase of uranium with increasing carbon con-
tent has been demonstrated in some of these shales." And a final examplye, from
Goldschmidt's Geochemistry, "Copper is very strongly absorbed by organic
matter." I have found gold, silver, and copper in commercially attractive
quantities, and significant quantities of many other metals. Again, virtually all
metals are represented in the ore.
This ore contains carbon in graphitic or activated form and is largely refrac-
tory to conventional mining processes, in other words, the ore is hard to work.
Its high metal content has made the search for a process very worthwhile,
however.
We have found samples with gold content up to 8.35 ounces per ton, this is
over 41 times the world's best recovery from non-carbonaceous ore, and 40.2
ounces of silver per ton. (Here is some of that.)
We have obtained even higher values of gold and silver in Idaho and
California, but these are alluvial or moraine carbonaceous ores. It is probably
safe to say that on the average, carbonaceous ores are far richer in gold than
the world's best non-carbonaceous ores. And carbonaceous ore bodies are
generai!y big, whatever their grade-because primordial oceans were big.
To reiterate, all metals contained in the sea, the largest, lowest-grade ore
body known, are found in carbonaceous ore, though carbonaceous ore has been
vastly enriched over sea water by an ion-exchange process that is still going
on today in saltwater estuaries throughout the world, where oil seepage, animal
or plant carbon serves as the ion-exchange resin.
Lake Maracaibo is a good example. It covers an area of almost 1,000 square
miles. It continues to remove metals daily from the seawater by this ion-
exchange mechanism. If the metal is not recovered it will eventually oxidize
back into sea solution or rise from the sea to become a land ore body.
And, what is the value of oil shale to the U.S.? Oil shale contains about 20 to
33 gallons of oil per ton, or between 8 and 14%. Because of the interchange
between salt and fresh seas over geologic time, oil shale also contains some
carbore . . . and metals. We have processed Saskatchewan and Colorado oil
shales arid recovered .0336 and .0276 ounces of gold alone per ton, respectively.
Since our processes can recover both energy and metals; or oil, energy and
metals; these two shales have economic metal sweeteners of about $5 and $4
respectively. Assuming % barrel of oil per ton at a world price of $10 per
barrel, the per ton value in oil and metals is about $12 per ton. Our total cost is
not expected to exceed $2 or $3, producing a profit which is competitive with
drilled oil. If carbore is used as the oxidizing fuel oil can be produced at
nothing per barrel-it will have earned its way as a recovery vehicle for metal
oxide vapor. Remember, there is more oil in our shale than in the entire Middle
East.
CHRONOLOGY
I have been asked to briefly describe how the particulate plasma processes
came into being.
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In 1943 I discovered the genetics of carbonaceous ore by sheer accident on
the day that the U.S. Pacific fleet first steamed into Nandi Waters on the Fiji
Islands. My command had just completed construction of the harbor, and the
last task was the removal of a black mud bar. Just before the fleet came to
anchor, we ran Hindu cane arkes over the mud bar, loosening the mud and
allowing the tide to wash it out to sea.
Fortunately, though I didn't think so that week, the mud cloud passed over
our magnetic indicator loop, giving a signature identical to that produced by a
midget submarine and sending the fleet to red alert status.
So the incident became a matter of naval record and I began to wonder about
the mud. It could only have been deposited by nature: by ion-exchange, elec-
trolysis in nature's set plating tank, solvent extraction due to remote oil
seepage, etc. In my second experiment I burned a sample of the black Fiji mud
and found that it was organic. Many years later, working with Global Marine
on similar black mud in Florida, we found the mud was indeed rich in all metals,
notably gold at up to 2 ounces per ton and copper at 4 pounds per ton.
From 1943 till 1963 I collected the tools of my trade: capabilities in Electro-
lytic Plants, Missiles, High-rate Weapons, Propellants, Rocket Fuels, Designed
Automatic Propellant Plants, Nuclear Equipment, Mining Underground and
Surface Operations, Pyrometallurgical Operations, etc. This background was
needed to develop complex multidiscipline patent systems. Supporting talents
were developed in corporate areas, in lab work, patents, construction of plants
operations, finance, mineral economics, etc. I gradually involved my brother and
family in my sciences until in early 1968 I was no longer alone, and I formed
Great Sea Corporation.
Between 1963 and now, Great Sea Corp. technology evolved intensively. First
we studied the early chlorine and salt-volatilization processes which were never
seriously commercial and were of course ineffective on carbonaceous fractions.
In 1965 we applied for patents in a basic electrolytic process which could
recover metals in hydrochlorite solution, our autogenous electrolyte. The metals
could be deposited selectively on a series of cathodes at differing potentials.
Provided only that the electrolyte contained carbon.
In 1965, I met with the U.S. Bureau of Mines to discuss possible joint effort.
BuMines asked for and was given, copies of notes and the patent application
itself. I will go into this shortly.
We worked with Global Marine in 19~T-9 in imuroving the process on live
carbonaceaous ores from the west and east coasts of Florida. The process started
with a 2-hour retention time for quantitative recovery and. with the subsequent
development of our electrolytic arc, we reduced retention time to a little over a
minute. The work with Global was moderately successful, including the proc-
essing of Mine's relict ores from Nevada, wherein our gold recovery invariably
exceeded Mines' by 100%.
PARTICULAR PLASMA
In February of 1970, I inadvertently left arc power on after a demonstration
and found that the dried ore had fulminated at the electrodes, filling our house
with clouds of metals as vapor oxides. We found that the chemical reaction of
organmetals and the now plentiful electrolytically formed oxygen chiorates was
responsible for the metal vapor transport. This development was not fully
tested in production quantities until 1971, in Pakistan.
We found that "strengthening" the arc apl)roach to its exceptional limit gave us
the means for completely removing all sought metals from raw pulp by fulmi-
nization (particulate "plasma"). This essentially split the valuable metals, usu-
ally as oxides, from the alkali, alkaline earths and silicates, the first two of the
latter serving to form chlorntes. the oxidizing components in the reaction; all
of the latter, as oxides, becoming the ash.
In February, 1970, GSC prepared the first patent application including the
autogenous fulminization of carbonaceous ore (or inorganic ore with hydro-
carbon addition) with oxygen or oxygen carrier, producing a reaction from the
inside of the particle out. thereby vo1atilizing the sought metal compounds
into vapor phase to affect to complete separation and recovery of vapor, ash or
both.
PAKISTAN
Later in 1970, at the invitation of Sheik Family, Great Sea surveyed
the west coast of Pakistan for carbonaceous sea and land ore bodies. Cores
showed gold values of .4 to 1.14 opt but only 5 commercial years of ore. This
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was enough for proving out the process and returning the investment with
some profit. GSC built a 20 ton-per-day sub-modular testing plant in Isinaila-
bad Multan.
The plant was designed from local material. The blowers, cyclones, impact
mills, kiln, chlorine system, controls, and all, were fabricated by hand. The
plant was built, redesigned and rebuilt. Finally it worked satisfactorily
(although some days only a section at a time, as chlorine leaked through our
epoxy-coated pipes, our Chinese pvc valves burst, packing glands ruptured
spraying high pressure pulp evervwl'ere. tlw only rain of th~ past two years
fell just after our pulp had dried in trays in an open field). As we band-
fashioned cupels from local boneashair clay, we often wished for the wider
resources of the United States-even the local hardware store would have been
a blessing.
In developing the production mode in Pakistan, we focused upon exceptions,
because of policy and limitations in funds and time, because of war pressures
with India. We sought reasons for both high and low yield shifts. Steady-
state shift data were recorded ~nd metric limits of temperature, pressure,
chemical balance, particle size, critical mass of dried pulp into the kiln, etc. We
determined those ore fractions which served as catalysts or inhibitors. The
causes for a good shift were implemented, a lot of corners were cut.
In the processes of scaling-up the test plant into pilot plant at Ismailabad-
Multan, Pakistan, both equipment and rimee limtiatioiis imposed expedient
simplifications which still produced quantitative, exceedingly inexpenseive recov-
ery compared to the per ton cost of conventional means including our earlier
hypochlorite process and the Mines-Newmont leaching method at Carlin, Nevada.
In November, 1971, we left Pakistan for the last time, forced out after only
2 weeks of production by the P~kiston-India war. We had come a long way with
our production parameters and perfected the techniques'.
THE PROCE5SE5
There are four basic modes to the most advanced particulate plasma process:
First, we can recover all metals from the most refractory carbonaceous ores,
as well as some useful energy.
Secondly, we can recover 90% of the oil from shale, using the remaining
10% as fuel while recovering some metal by-products. Incidentally, in this
mode all metals can be extracted with additional, conventional leaching.
Thirdly, we can treat the shale and burn it like coal for energy. With this
approach, all the contained metals are easily extracted without additional
leaching. We of course favor the recovery of shale oil, but if energy is needed
at the mine site the proportions of oil and energy out can be changed to suit any
purpose.
Fourthly, we can use a hybrid system of carbonaceous ore and shale, where
the carbonaceous ore is used as fuel to heat the shale and distill the oil out, as
well as releasing all its metals at the same time. The shale releases 100% of its
oil for recovery. Moreover, on its way out, the oil collects the metals from the
carbonaceous ore and we also recover 100% of shale and carbonaceous metals.
An extremely efficient reaction is possible because of intimately balanced
mixtures of chemical starter, the oxidizer, and shale or carbonaceous ore,
acting as the reducing agent. It may be simple, but it isn't crude. The particu-
late plasma process embodies the principles of rocket technology in this respect.
The process is this simple. The ore is crushed and ground conventionally.
It is then mixed with a starter, a chemical compound containing oxygen in wet
solution so it soaks into each particle, leaving a small amount of oxygen inside
the particle in chemical form upon drying. The treated particles are then
burned like powdered coal in a kiln or boiler. They burn with exceedingly high
heat and rapidity.
The heat produced as the particle burns from the inside out, drives contained
metals into vapor phase as oxides. The vaporized metal oxides are recovered
in cyclones, scrubbers and and/or oil vapor. The metals and oil are then refined
conventional for sale. The waste ash can be used for neutral back-fill.
The waste heat is used to distill the shale, produce electricity to operate the
plant and for sale. All chemicals are produced from the ore autogenoiisly,
using process chemical output and electricity produced from waste heat. All
processes are supported only by the ore. They comprise completely closed sys-
tems except for minimum water input, operations, manpower and management
personnel.
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THE WANZENBERG PROCESS
The Wanzenberg process premises efficient recovery of oil from shale after
conventional mining and crushing.-The shale is crushed to % inch particle
size; ten percent will be fines (-60 mesh). The powdered shale is separated for
treatment and use as fuel while the larger particles are brought directly to the
kiln for oil distillation.
A tenth of the shale supplies all the energy required to capture the remaining
90% of the oi.l.-The 10% fines are intimately mixed with a small amount of
chemical starter plus a wetting agent. This mixture is dried, impact-miled and
burned like powdered coal in a high volume kiln.
Fast, hot reaction is the key to high production-Burning shale with atmos-
pheric oxygen is greatly speeded by a small amount of chemical starter.
Several inexpensive chemicals are suitable, and very little starter is needed
since over 95% of the reacting mixture is shale and air. The chemically
treated fines burn completely in less than 2 seconds, releasing useful heat which
may be regulated between 500°C. and 2500° C. for optimum production perform-
ance.
The fat out of the fire-The % inch particles are then poured through the
kiln's heat so that all the oil is vaporized. This vapor condenses as it cools,
and is collected for transport to refineries.
Metals are a bonus-Shale normally contains valuable metals including gold,
silver and copper ($4 to $7 per ton). The fuel portion of the shale vaporizes the
metals it contains as it burns. These metals are collected by the oil vapor and
may be separated by conventional means. The metals in the % inch distilled
particles remain and may later be leached conventionally.
Ecological safety is an importan aspect.-Sulfur occurs in some ores, but in
the Wanzenberg process it combines with steam and calcium oxide in the ash
to form gypsum. The only waste product is a neutral granular ash. There are
no harmful effluents.
Autogenous chemical production-Waste products may be combined with
energy generated by the process to form the starter chemicals. Also, chemicals
for conventionally leaching metals out of the waste ash may be formed on-site.
Economics.-90% of the shale oil is quickly recovered. No fuel other than a
tenth of the shale is needed. Necessary chemicals can be formed on-site from
waste materials, or purchased for less than 70~ per input ton. Ten percent of
the metals in the shale are recovered with the oil, the remainder may be
leached from the ash.
The advantage of the Wanzeaberg process: rapid oil recovery and metal by-
products.
Difficulties with marketing our processes for carbonaceous ore and oil shale
have run the gamut. First the problems were how to impress new technology
into established patterns of thought.
Graphite or activated carbon was thought to be incombustible by the many
managers and scientists who never saw the erosion on graphite rocket nozzles or
graphite rods in an arc furnace. Next we heard that carbon won't collect or
hold metals, carbonaceous ore does not exist, and more. These problems have
diminished somewhat with more companies discovering carbonaceous ore, and
gold being produced at Carlin, Gold Acres and other sites.
Of a more serious nature, has been our difficulty with the Bureau of Mines.
We first met with them several times in 1965 in the hope of help, since indus-
try could not respond and since they seemed the logical choice to Martin Hoff-
man at Senator Percy's office and to myself.
At first our relations were good. They were very interested so we gave them
our observations, data and patent applications. They gave us the spectro-
graphic analysis of carbonaceous ore from Cuddeback Dry Lake in the Mojave
Desert, which matched the live sea ore from Florida, indicating a common
origin. Remember, this was years before the tectonic movements of the con-
tinents became scientifically established. Discoveries such as this were both
thrilling and encouraging.
Unfortunately, Mines could not help us for budgetary reasons. They were
working with Newmont Mining Corporation at Carlin, Nevada, since Newmont
could support part of the research. I had ideas and patents pending, but no
money for research efforts. Finding, gradually, that the Bureau of Mines is not
equipped to assist the little guy, I built a test facility in the garage of my home
and worked my way through hypochlorite, plasma arc and finally particulate
plasma with financial help from friends and family.
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The Bureau of Mines meanwhile took out a patent in the hypochiorite tech-
nique. They were granted 3 claims of no great consequence, but their write-up
borrowed heavily from our patent application without giving credit to us. It is
like inventing a coupling device for a train, then licensing the patent rights of
the whole railroad. They then helped Newinont set up a production plant in
Carlin, Nevada, excluding the original inventor from all consideration. Mines
has since worked with other companies beside Newmont, claiming hypochlorite
is theirs. In research and development, money talks.
We sent information to Mines, for years, until quite recently in fact. Firstly,
we did not know that they could not and would not help us. Secondly, we
didn't know the whole story about the Newmont-Mines Carlin operation until
very recently.
Now we are primarily interested in pushing forward with the particulate
plasma process. It is infinately superior: faster, much more efficient, much more
adaptable.
When we are told by the government, "this is good, but we'll do it in-house,"
or, equally disheartening, the familiar, "we do not work with anyone who
cannot match funds," we can only say, again, that money talks. You need ideas
and expertise or all the cash you pour away won't solve any problems. We're
talking about Federal research programs which by-pass the small business man-
inventor who has an idea which will permit meeting objectives much sooner,
easier and at less cost.
Approaching private industry involves other problems. We are frequently
told, forthrightly, by industry that there are no funds for new projects, that all
budgeted funds must be used for maintenance R&D and quick payout projects
within the state of the art. A friend, an executive in a large mining company,
once told me, "We can move the biggest mountains and crush the biggest rocks,
but we cannot change our habits."
How do we get out of our own way? These big companies are trapped by
their own security.
The February 13th Business Week reached the following conclusions: I quote,
"A careful analysis of U.S. business today suggests that bigness itself may tend
to discourage new thinking and new ventures.
"The bigger a company gets, the more management broods about the stakes
it is playing for, and the more it tries to eliminate risk. This makes it wary of
innovation, which is always risky. But in playing safe, management passes
up its opportunities and shuts out the possibility of great successes in an
effort to avoid small failures. . . . The U.S. economy cannot grow and prosper
just by exploiting the tried and true. It needs new ideas, new products, and some
new thinking on the part of management."
Executives are still pushing new ideas away from their doors. They are
saying in effect that their research staffs are composed of people who have
inbred the traditional qualities of their jobs and may not be able to effectively
or productively communicate with ideas from outside the company gates.
Short sighted profits are deceptive, false security, if not for the `secure'
manager, certainly for the country which has come to expect technological in-
novation and production as provision for comfort and needs. The doors to new
ventures, new ideas, have largely remained closed since the mid-1960's. The
harmful effects will accumulate gradually.
Even within companies, sales produce instant profits and research and de-
velopment generate immediate certain costs. Management often looks best on
the bottom line by suppressing R&D and pushing advertising, marketing, and
sales.
We were once putting new quality products on foreign docks at a profit.
Today, other countries are putting quality products on our docks at a profit,
including energy products and metals which irks me particularly. I'm sure
we would all like to see the United States independent in these two vital re-
source areas.
Let's start the next 200 years by closing the ranks of our proven capabilities.
Our man on the moon can indeed ring our economic cash registers if we
part company with technological pidgeon-holing. The engineer who has one
year's experience 20 times is in just such a prison.
In Aesop, the tiny mouse removed painful thorn from the paw of the mighty
lion. Consider the impact of Edison, Ford, Carison, the inventor of xerography
on America's growth and comfort.
Unlike Aesop's fable, however, the fault I often see is not a lion's pride but
blindness to the innovation of technologies which make life easier, and some-
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times make the future possible. The essence of change is always with us, but
now the world is passing through a critical era into the possibility of insuffi-
cient fuel and other modern necessities. Now is the time to redirect our
efforts toward solutions. Energy and metals are a good place to start, since so
much of our culture is built on the now-threatened foundation of these abundant
resources.
I have discussed creative science. There are still creative scientists hidden
here and there, a minority's minority. One way to maximize this resource, and
creativity is a resource, might be to include a science consultation committee
in government planning. As others have pointed out before now, there should
be a link between those who investigate the implications of scientific discoveries
on our economy and security, and those who decide our national policies. We
can't just call science in from grazing when the crisis is upon us, technological
miracles take time and preparation.
A select and diverse committee of widely experienced, multi-disciplined sci-
entists, rather than the typical case of one year's experince 20 times, could
screen ideas of national interest. All patented ideas, or patent pending, could
be assigned a government liaison and helped through the legal and political
morass which awaits the unwary or financially struggling inventor.
At this point, finances should be available for ideas of merit, perhaps through
loans as Vice President Rockefeller has suggested, perhaps grants or outright
government participation. The purpose of this committee could be to interface
between inventors and sponsors at present a deadly no-man's land; to encourage
development of technology through grants or loans; to monitory industry's use
or misuse of breakthroughs, thus possibly avoiding such events as the energy
crisis.
I wish we had this sort of guidance even now. In trying to interest govern-
ment and industry in our ideas, we have run across bureaucratic ignorance,
stubbornness, rudeness and mismanagement which, in my view, more than
negates the public trust in America's far-sighted support of technology. Our
persistent efforts to acquaint the mining industry with our first early metals
recovery methods ended in an infringement issue with both government and
industrial interests which we cannot fight for lack of funds.
A recent New York Times article, March 14, pointed out that the international
predominance of the U.S. in science and technology has suffered erosion in the
last 15 years", this is according to the National Science Foundation which is in
a position to know. I don't have all the answers to the problems of progress,
but many of the problems have become clearer to me through my own difficulties.
I think that the "particulate plasma" process is good, good enough to merit
33 years of my life and thought, and lately the welfare of my family. I had the
chance to become a secure manager of the mining status quo, but instead I
chose innovation with all its trials and tribulations.
I have no regrets, just hosts of strange memories. Lack of financial help
here drove me to Pakistan, funded by rupees for a hellish plant building opera-
tion where I missed American tools and equipment more than the English
language. I came back 25 pounds lighter, with many of the technical difficulties
worked out, only to face the joint problems of convincing convention-ruled
corporations that oxidation prpyrometallurgY works, and trying to prevent
others from infringing. So far, it has been all uphill. But for every ten who
would not listen, there have been a few sympathetic ears, and I guess we will
make it the hard way with these energy ideas if we must, when the need
is finally recognized.
My family and I appreciate the sympathy and support of Senators Javits,
Percy and Buckley, the officers of Vice President Rockefeller and Defense
Secretary Rumsfeld, and Representative Ottinger. These gentlemen under-
stand the need for, and even the technology of our rapid oxidation process to a
gratifying extent.
It is unfortunate that the normal channels have not operated for us, but
behind closed doors there is sometimes no air to breathe. A very few in
private industry have also listened, and one company may act one day but
probably not while conventional production means work, if only half as well
and twice as wastefully.
Our difficulties are one example of a disturbing generality in terms of the
creative scientific potentialities of this nation. We have been walking a racing
horse and denying what made this nation the greatest in history. There will
be nowhere to run when the bottom drops out, so now is the time to push for
progress.
Thank you.
PAGENO="0123"
119
MORPHOSIS OF CARBONACEOUS ORE
The following diagram illustrates the formation
of carbonaceous ore into its present refractory,
relict (still reduced) form - underlying the
oxidized upper strata. -
J~A~CHIANMOUNTAIN5~BRiOE5!
OCEAN
LIVE CARBONACEOUS ORE
RELICT CARBONACEOUS ORE
OXIOIZED ORE
TABLELANOS, EROSION
1I~i~I~ SEDIMENTARY ALLUVIUM
ROCKY MOUNTAINS
50 million years ago to present
PAGENO="0124"
120
Great Sea Corporation (NY)
9 Campbell Lane, Larchmont, N.Y.
CARBOBE OXIDIZED ON CANYON WALLS AND CHIONEY ROCK IS NOT BLACK
BUT HAS OXIDIZED FROM BLACK TO GRAY-RED-BROWN-YELLOW.. . . AS IS
THE SURFACE-OXIDIZED CARBORE AT CARLIN, CORTHZ NEVADA. (BLACK
TABLELANDS, BLACKROCK IN NW NEVADA, BLACK CANYON WALLS AND BLACK
ALLUVIUM ARE RELATIVELY RECENT EXPOSURES OF CARBOHE, WHERE THE
OXIDATION PROCESS HAS NOT HAD THE THOUSANDS OF XIARS NEEDED TO
COMPLETE THIS COLOR CHANGE (AND LOSS OF BLACK CARBONFOHMS TO THE
AD~OSPHERE AS CO2, CARBON DIOXIDE).
Newmont' a operations at Carlin Nevada. The oxidized carbore recovered from
the two pits, lower center and left comprise sub-microscopic gold and silver
which are recovered by cyanide dissolution (gold is soluble as a simple cya-
nide, silver is isoluble as a simple cyanide but forms a soluble complex cya-
nide and is therefore recovered also). The unoxidized carbore, gray-to-black,
is stockpiled for lengthy and tedious recovery using hypochlorite (GSC early
1966 application patent). GSC Particulate Plasna processes can recovec both
metals and energy from carbore at a fraction of the above processcosts and
is safe, ecologically. P. 673 Vol. 133 No. S, May 1968, National Geographic.
PAGENO="0125"
L*-ILL/-\ I tL~/-\ LLJHE&JHb\ I ILJNJ
9 CAMPBELL LANE LARCHMONT, N.Y. 1053B
TELEPHONE - (914) B34-B044
121
-. .: ...
FIRST PRODUCTION JOIN RAND CRUSHING
SCRAPPED, REBUILT
SLAG CLEANING
STEAN CRUSHER CIRCA 1903
PAGENO="0126"
122
Lrh1t/-~ I t~tI-\ LJLJNh~LJN/A I ILJIN
9 CAMPBELL LANE LARCHMONT, N.Y. 10538
TELEPHONE - (914) 834-8044
-
KARACHI TEST KITES
0.-PROCESSING
CORE TEST CUPELS
MJLTAN BUILOING TEST KITES
PAGENO="0127"
r~ -
frr~t' ~ :11
U? ~ ~ -p
123
L~r1c/-k I ~DLL/-\ Jhlh-'LJN/A I ILJIN
9 CAMPBELL LANE LARCHMONT, N.Y. 1053B
TELEPHONE (914) B34-B044
CHEMICAL PULP DRYING
INGOPS OUT
FINE INGOIS
PAGENO="0128"
1. Raw input;
PIr.OT PLANT OPERATION
ISMAILAOAD-NIJLTAN, PAKISTAN
1070-lg7L
GREAT SEA CORPORATION
PAGENO="0129"
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125
72-434 0 - 76 - 9
PAGENO="0130"
PAGENO="0131"
PAGENO="0132"
SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94107
(415) 282-8600
GREAT SEA CORPORATION
9 Campbell Lane
Larchmont, NY 10538
128
ASSAY REPORT
No: 2244
Date July 26,. 1
ABBOT A. II1~)S
TEs1,~;:>1,7Y~y
~i~'ORO V. MUNS(0w, ASSAYE
I GOLD. ~ 2000 0,.
S!LVER.,t0~~f2.000Ib~.
0,0,~
i4~iL4j
85
o
27
2
3
4
M~,k
Hardy
La Cholla
Ox Canyon
Steve
roy ~
T~y ~
P~c~I o~ S~pI~
.
PLATINUM (Pt)
26.22 (3zi)
71.27 (~o\)
None Detected
CONTENT O.F
~--
MATERIAL RECEIVED
-~
246.80 Milligram
0.0079 tray oz
0.27
MATERIAL RECEIVED
0.37 I~i11igrams
0.0000119
~r L~
/ .,(6vtL'
L-'~ i/-~.'
iCe~('~
~( p-jO
~
None Detected
.
90.80 Milligrams
.00292 troy oz
.
0.014
CONTENT OF
0.03 Milligrams
0.00000096
troy oz
troy oz
0.. 0075
0.59
CONTENT OF
MATERIAL RECEIVED
0.01 Milligrams
0.000000321 5
O.83'Milligrams
0.0000267
None Detected
troy oz
troy oz
0.0038
0.795 *
0.057 tray Oz/Ton
CONTENT OF
MAERIAL RECEIVED
).Ol Milligrams
). 0000003215
troy oz
2.10 Milligrams
0.0000675
troy oz
0.15 Milligrams
0.0000048 tray oz
ctr7
Copies: (2)
PAGENO="0133"
SAN FRANCISCO CA94107
~ (415)282-8600
* GREAT SEA CORPORATION
9 Campbell Lane
Larchmont, NY 10538
* ATTU: FRITZ W. WANZENBERG, PRESIDENT
~:~~;clc tr1(~
)pies: (2) l~.'I4~ie-'1 ~
Arthur F. Daily (1)
~ cA
1L o~4 ~
129
~i'~-
ASSAY REPORT
No. 1167
Date Oct. 9, 197:
eb No.
- M,,k ~
- - ~
SI LVE N-p i~-pfOO~Hb,-
~
Othe~
Of
*.
7274-1
...iry
.
IIQ N-l SM/BM
Content of Samples
ounces ~*
eceived, in
per sample
Platinum Group
~ c_~~'-j-.
~ ~. ~
~ Nil ~
.
0.000393.2
.
0.001888.
7274-2
7274-3
MQ NEV 1R3
tiQ Ula JMA
0.00001334
O.OOOOll~93
0.0002675 ~
0.0003479
~°`~ Nil C,L~oIt ~
~ Nil O.'.'5~ ~
7274-4
WMP 8172A
0.000009.97
0.0001 919
Nil ~ 5.2
7274-5
WI-iF 8172C
0.000005.144
0.0002103
~-J1( Nil -~"~ ~
7274-6
WIIP 81728
0.000003.697
0.0003080
Nil *E~2'~ 1.'-
7274-7
WtIP 8172E
0.000003633
0.0002813
r.~S * Nil ~%~t 1.)
7274-8
CR 8132T *
0.000005144
0.0005369
z~,g Nil .131.3 i4,~
7274-9
CR 8142A
0.000006.109
0.0002490
~fl~-'- Nil .3)1
7274-10
CR 8162-A
0.000004533
0.0002996 *
2.-i--~ Nil ,)J'3 7C
7274-11
OCPC
0.000009645
0.0003344
37.1 Nil *2~
7274-12
OCPE -
0.000005144 .
0.0002410
`-~` Nil ~ ~;
.
.
`A) ~ 4~ ~.,
1,2~f~"I~.
~ I'.? ~ ~ 9
~ " -i
.
-~,z~o ~ ~
.
,~ ~.f ~ ~`i
.
ABBOT A. HANKS
TESTING L~BQ~ ORT S
CL ~`-FORD V. HUN LOW, ASSA'
PAGENO="0134"
130
~ ~U& ~
(SEA c~ow~cEouS oRE) ~ (LAND CARP.ONACEOUS oRE) .(N0N-cARB0NAcEOUs OP
c~T~r: + gray to bI~ck color: ~ gray~o~h~ck ~XIDIZED CAkHONACEOUS C~
ROUGH. FLOTATION ~ STRIP MI~ FRACTIOI~
RECOVERY DREDGE OVERBURDEN REMOVAL -E~IBFy~II~VrT
render tan
j black ~ ecologic~lly safe CRUSH to ~ mesh
2nd FLOTATION (oil) ~ (c4RBo~AcEouS FRACTION)
~ray to black _______
OIL RECOVERY-~
$ II CRUSH to~* mesh H
& (FLOAT) pitch black FRACTURE+ON MINERALIZED BOUNDARIES (SNYDER PROCEN.
L) t +
CHLORINE or ELECTRC- REMOVE MAGNETITE, DRY OR WET PROCES~ES,DRY
- LYTIC (HYPOCHLORITE)
DIGESTION, STRIPPING ~ FLOTATIOIt CYCLONES.._.~(OVERSIZE) out
~
(CARBONACEOUS CONCEN- ~FIN),~/' COAL ETC.
r TRATE) light to olive
D) green. ~ in GRAPHIT~ IF A.
~l ELECTROLYTIC CHLORATE OR OTHER OXYGEI~ CARRIER GENERATOR; Alternatives:
:2 CHEMICAL CHLORATE GENERATOR =CHLOHINE AND HYDROXIDE IN HOT PULP;
3 CHEMICAL CHLORATE OR OTHER OXYGEN CARRYING CHEMICALS I~LUS WETTING AGENT(S)
DRY. DRY DRY
MIX: (HIGH INITIAL POINT HYDROCARB~ON SUCH AS OIL-SHALE OIL ~O BALANCE
OXYGEN CARRYING CHEMICALS WITH REDUCING AGENTS le: CARBON, SULPHUR, GRAP-
HITE, CONTENT OF DRIED PULP STOECRIO1IETRICALLY, CALCULATED WITH OR WITH-
OUT GASEOUS OP ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN SUPPLIED AT COMBUSTION,.(THELATTER GASS
SERVE PRIMARILY AS CQNVEYORS AND CAN ONLY BE USED IN A SMALL WAY TO
SUPPLY OXYGEN. THEY ASSURE THAT THE KILN ATMOSPHERE IS OXIDIZING)
ARC METHOD INTO VAPOP PHASE ~ARTICULATE PLASMA METHOD INTO VAPOR PHASE
ADD GRAPHITE, BINDER: MIX (WfTH IMPACT~MILLS
EQUIVALENT CHEMICAL OXYGEN NOW VORTEX~~RNER 3fl (CH~ ~ethane)+ AIR)
OR GASEOUS AIR OR OXYGEN LATER
FOR COMBUSTION) TO PROVIDE COND- KILN O1~ BOILER
UCTIVITY IF AND AS REQUIRED.
COMPRESS INTO ~OLD~, BAKE.
ASH) out
ELECTRIC ARC INTO VAPOR PHASE
)~t (METALS. 1thA~CO~OUNDS IN VAPOR PHASE. MOSTLY AS METAL OXIDES, CHLORIDES~
CYCLONES IN SEQUENCE (METAL CO~G'OUNDS AND METAlS CONDENSE IN APPROXIMATE
DECLINING ORDER OF THEIR TRANSITION TEMPERATURES).
SCRUBRERS (VAPORS OF NOBLE METALS WHOSE COMPOUNDS SUCH AS GOLD CHLORIDE
HAVE LOW TRANSITION TEMPERATURES. .ARE LARGELY REMOVED HERE.)
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS ( NOBLE METAL~' AND COMPOuNDS WHICH REMAIN
AIR-BORNE THROUGH SCRUBBERS ARE REMOVED HERE).
(SUBSTANTIALLY ~SEPARATE CONCENTRATES, APP~OXIMATELY 50% METAL)
~.. ~ r.~.
~ ~ ~
CONVENTIONAL R~Ffl~NG~ 1~1~Scope of patent
METAL INGOTS, ~LL METALS CONTAINED - Fritz Walter Wan~~erg~
IN CARBONACEOUS ORE INPUT, NATIVE
OR SYNTHETIC. . Freder±'c
k Wheeloci
~
Andrew lcirnball W~
,~~enbe g - -
PAGENO="0135"
131
40 PERCENT OF AMERICA'S METALS COME FROM ABROAD
Despite our relative wealth, the United States has imported
vast quantities of metals, in ever-increasing amounts, since
World War II. In 1970, America's metal industry met less
than 60 percent of the primary demand with domestically mined
ores. See Figure 3, below.
In February, 1975, the National Academy of Sciences warned
that there is no r~cvenent in the United States to find sub-
stitutes for the following critical materials: gold, mercury.,
tin, antimony, silver, tungsten, vanadium and zinc -- all of
which originate in economically or politically "volatile"
countries; and all of which are found in carbonaceous ore,
which is now easy to process with our methods.
FIGURE 3
WHERE DO WE GET OUR METALS?
PERCEI~T
I 03
Lead Tin AJTfl
mum 5rleSO
PAGENO="0136"
132
Mr. SOMMER. A question I have, in your file, which I have, which
is larger than your testimony in terms of correspondence that our
office and Senator Javits' office has had with you, have you ever gone
to the Small Business Administration as a central locus point, to
help ERIDA or the Bureau of Mines move off the dime in respondmg
to your needs?
Mr. WANZENBERG. We had relatively poor response earlier in our
career, perhaps 10 years ago. I did talk to the Small Busmess Admin-
istration's SBIC. I think to qualify then I had to have a going plant,
which we had in Pakistan.
Mr. SOMMER. I am not talking about money. I am talkmg about
SBA's role as one that we are examining here in part this morning
of trying to use their leverage, whatever that might be in a given
case, in the procurement area, in the technological assistance area,
with an agency like the Bureau of Mines or ERDA, SBA using their
good offices.
Mr. WANZENBERG. Very good, tremendous.
Mr. SOMMER. You have not approached them on that?
Mr. WANZENBERG. No.
Mr. SOMMER. I think the whole Procurement Office of SBA is one
headed by Mr. Fletcher, that may be of some assistance to you, and
we will subsequently follow up.
Mr. WANZENBERG. I need some introductions.
Mr. SOMMER. The concept of fund matching that you talk about in
the Bureau of Mines is something that I am unaware of. How does
that work?
Mr. WANZENBERG. Well, for instance, Newmont approaches Mines
with a problem concerning some of their carbonaceous ore properties.
Mines is interested. So Newmont and Mines match funds and Mines'
lab facilities in Reno. They work hand in hand, exchanging infor-
mation.
Any patentable ideas become public property. Newmont and Mines
actually share credit for the infringing hypochiorite coupling patent
I mentioned earlier. Since this patent is public property, anyone can
use it if they pay $1. Of course, I don't have to because I invented
and patented the hypochlorite process over 2 years before Mines-
Newmont. There is a good example of inadequate compensation.
I don't know the details of the exchange. I am as curious as you
are, but Mines isn't talking to us these days.
ERDA and Mines, I believe, have no provisions for unilateral
funding, which is what our small company would require. On the
other hand, I believe that matching funds with big business is a
common procedure.
ERDA said, do not bother to send in a proposal. We will reject
it out of hand. I think your office ha~s a copy of the notes on that
meeting.
Mr. SOMMER. We have a copy of the letter saying we will reject
it out of hand because it does not primarily deal with our energy
needs, more of a metallurgical proposal.
Mr. WANZENBERG. It is both, and hence has all the problems of
cross discipline. Fundamentally, we can recover all of the energy
from oil shale and carbonaceous ore, as well as metals. If Mines
PAGENO="0137"
133
doesn't want the energy and ERDA doesn't want the metals, does
that mean that the United States doesn't want the process? We did
not give them a partial package. We told them we can do the whole
bit, and we seriously can.
Mr. SOMMER. You were asking ERDA for matching funds, is that
correct?
Mr. WANZENBERG. No, we had no funds to match. We just asked
them if they would receive an unsolicited proposal. They said no..
They said, besides, they had their mind made up. They were going
to use another approach, which I am convinced would be ecologically
unsafe and wasteful of our resources, because the best you could get
would be 50 percent of the oil shale.
Mr. SOMMER. This hearing is continuing next week and one of the
Assistant Administrators from ERDA will be present, I think, and
we will pursue some of this, and we will also, I think, when the
hearing record is printed, have the chairman of the committee send
a copy of the relevant portions of it to the Bureau of Mines asking
them for comment on your statements and what we have developed
in dialog here.
Mr. WANZENBERG. With the objective of getting something moving,
not with the objective of pinning people's ears to the wall. I do not
want to do that. We do not want to fight. It is too energy-consuming.
Mr. SOMMER. Often, to move people in the Federal Government,
one has to pin their ears to the wall.
Mr. WANZENBERG. That is what they said in Chuck Percy's office.
You may be right. We are willing to go that way.
Mr. SOMMER. I personally appreciate your being here. We will
pursue this after the hearing.
There being no further business, the committee stands in recess,
subiect to the call of the Chair.
Thank you.
[Whereupon, at 12:35 p.m. the committee recessed to reconvene at
the call of the Chair.]
PAGENO="0138"
PAGENO="0139"
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PRO-
GRAMS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
WEDNESDAY, APRIL 7, 1976
U.S. SENATE,
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS,
Washington, D.C.
The select committee met, pursuant to recess, at 10 a.m. in room
318, Russell Senate Office Building, Hon. William D. Hathaway
presiding.
Present: Senator Hathaway.
Also present: Kay Klatt, professional staff member; Christopher
Brescia, legislative assistant, Office of Senator Hathaway; and
Dorothy Olson, staff assistant.
Senatoi~ HAThAWAY. The committee will come to order.
This mprning we are continuing the hearings that we started last
week on the technology and management assistance programs of the
Small Business Administration.
Our first witness is Hon. Mitchell P. Kobelinski, the Small Busi-
ness Administrator. We welcome you to the hearing and you may
proceed with your statement. You are accompanied by whom?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Good morning. I am accompanied by Mr. Henry
Warren, Assistant Administrator for Management Assistance and
Mr. Harold Fletcher, Associate Administrator for Procurement
Assistance.
Senator HATHAWAY. All right.
STATEMENT OF HON. MITCHELL P. ICOBELINSKI, ADMINISTRATOR,
SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY HENRY
WARREN, ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR MANAGEMENT
ASSISTANCE; AND HAROLD FLETCHER, ASSOCIATE ADMINIS-
TRATOR FOR PROCUREMENT ASSISTANCE
Mr. KOBELINSKI. I will merely summarize my statement at this
point, and have my statement appear in the record.
I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you this morning
and talk about our management and technology assistance programs.
Starting with the management assistance program, the SBA
reached over one million small businesses last year with its manage-
ment assistance efforts. Of these, more than 256,000 have received
in-depth help through training and counseling. Our distribution of
management publications exceeded 5 million copies of 300 titles.
(135)
PAGENO="0140"
136
First, I will cover our basic ongoing programs which consist of
1-to-i counseling, group training and publications. Then I will sketch
some new initiatives we are working on.
We have four primary resources to provide 1-to-i help. They are:
Volunteers, call contractors, small business institute, and staff manage-
ment assistance officers.
As you will note as we briefly discuss these resources, only the
volunteer and Small Business institute programs are readily ex-
pandable.
In the volunteer category, we include SCORE-Service Corps of
Retired Executives; ACE-Active Corps of Executives and members
of professional associations that have agreed to work with us.
Within the SCORE/ACE organization we have over 8,000 of the
Nation's most talented executives who give time freely to help build
the small business connnunity which they regard as the foundation
of the free enterprise system. This organization blankets the country
with 293 chapters that reach nearly every city, town and hamlet of
the United States and its possessions.
SCORE volunteers do basic counseling, conduct prebusiness work-
shops for prospective small businesspeople, and actually man desks
in our field offices to help our walk-in clients. Our ACE volunteers
are full-time employed individuals who give generously of their
time but typically are used as backup for SCORE and to provide
unique expertise in counseling and training small business owners.
Members of professional associations such as the National Asso-
ciation of Accountants, the American Institute of Industrial Engi-
neers, the National Association of Minority CPA Firms, and the
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Club,
Inc., function much as ACE except tha.t they are not individually
registered by SBA as are SCORE and ACE volunteers. They bring
a depth of knowledge in specialized fields at no charge to small
businessmen and women.
SCORE requires a substantial amount of management and admin-
istration if it is to perform effectively. During the initial years of
SCORE, SBA personnel did much of this administrative work. Now
SCORE has grown, and if the needs of small business are to be
served, its membership and outreach must be multiplied during the
next few years. The SBA does not have the personnel to enlarge and
manage the SCORE of 1977, 1978 and beyond.
Now, if you were looking for management talent, where would you
look but SCORE? This thought led us to planning an administrative
arm of the SCORE organization. This arm will consist of three to
five volunteers located in Wrashington who will work hand-in-hand
with the SBA to develop and administer the overall SCORE/ACE
organization.
These volunteers will serve on a rotating basis and provide the
national management of SCORE. The national SCORE/ACE office
will direct a regional and district organization roughly paralleling
the SBA organization down to the field office and chapter level. In
this way, SCORE will become self-administering and can provide
a much greater service to the small business community without the
necessity of enlarging the SBA staff.
PAGENO="0141"
137
We have plans to expand SCORE into new areas of assistance to
small business. For example, occupational safety and health program,
OSHA, has created many hardships unique to small business. The
problems arise in meeting the safety standards. We plan to recruit
SCORE volunteers with appropriate backgrounds that will enable
the Department of Labor to train them to advise small businesses on
OSHA matters. This cadre of volunteers with OSHA expertise will
provide seminars on OSHA standards and they will make onsite, no
report, reviews of small business operations to counsel and advise
of possible OSHA violations.
We believe this will do much to relieve the Federal Government of
its present highly unfavorable image in the eyes of most small busi-
ness owners, and it will help thousands of small businesses avoid
disastrous shutdowns, fines and sudden, large, correctional expendi-
tures.
The shocking impact of shoplifting, pilferage and related crimes
on small businesses has led us to recruit special volunteers to advise
small businesses on preventing losses from crime. The extent of the
crime problem is indicated by the following: There were $20.3 billion
losses nationally in 1974-a 31 percent increase over 1971. Special
assistance to the small business community is required in both coun-
seling and training.
It is vital to our balance of payments and the health of our
economy that thousands of small businesses understand and develop
their export trade potential. In order to make that a reality, the
SBA plans a much expanded international trade program.
We anticipate a heavy participation of SCORE/ACE in this pro-
gram. The assignment of a national SCORE international coordinator
within the SCORE national office who will, along with appro-
priate central office personnel, recruit several hundred more volun-
teers with extensive international trade expertise is planned. We are
planning training for these as well as current SCORE/ACE volun-
teers who have international trade experience so that SBA field
offices will have an up-to-date adequate capability to provide the
quantity and quality international trade counseling that is needed
to meet our Nation's needs for more exports.
A concentrated effort will be made to recruit volunteer marketing
specialists in all SCORE/ACE chapters. If our small business com-
munity is to survive and grow, virtually all small businesses must
have the benefit of modern marketing techniques. These SCORE
specialists will be working shoulder to shoulder with members of the
American Marketing Association, our call contractors, university
students and our SBA staff to help small business owners identify
markets and promote sales.
Soaring energy costs and shortages of materials and fuels have
imposed significant hardships on the 9.4 million small businesses in
the United States.
Lacking the sophistication and financial resources of larger corn-
panies, the small businessman frequently finds it difficult to make
the adjustments necessary for survival. We are recruiting volunteers
to counsel small businesses on their energy problems. The Federal
Energy Administration has joined hand with the SBA in this en-
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138
deavor. FEA will provide the programmatic and training elements
and SBA will provide the delivery system through SCORE.
Under our call contracting program, we contract with professional
consultants throughout the country to provide highly specialized and
timely individual help to eligible socially and economically disad-
vantaged clients. In fiscal year 1975, almost 3,000 small busmesses
received help from professional consultants under contract. Without
this consulting help, many of these struggling small busmess owners
would have failed with a devastating economic and social loss, and
many jobs would have disappeared.
A recent external study establishes the success rate of this SBA
program to be well above the national average for professional con-
sultants.
The Small Business Institute program is a three-way cooperative
between collegiate schools of business administration, members of
the Nation's small business community and the Small Business Ad-
ministration. Under the supervision of university faculty and SBA
staff, a team of two to four senior and graduate students of business
administration work directly with owners of small firms for an entire
semester providing management counseling at no cost to the business
person. During the semester the students made an in-depth analysis
of the problems and opportunities available to the small business
owner. Often a~ SCORE volunteer serves as an advisor to the stu-
dents.
At the end of the semester, a report is written in language the
small businessperson can understand. This is thoroughly reviewed
with the business owner. The SCORE person then follows up in
the ensuing months to help the business owner to implement the
recommendations.
Participating schools receive modest contracts from SEA to pay
roughly half the cost of the programs. Presently the SEA has 383
universities with 2,000 faculty members and an army of 20,000 stu-
dents working in the SET program; 87 percent of the small busi-
nesses involved rate the program "good" to "excellent."
There has been an exciting added benefit or outfall of the SBA
Small Business Institute program. Less than a decade ago, only
eight universities in the country offered courses in entrepreneurship
and new business venture formation. With the development of the
SBI program, tens of thousands of outstanding students have be-
come interested in the potential of the free enterprise system.
That, Mr. Chairman, I submit, is one of the great secondary bene-
fits from our SBI program, the fact that we do have a real school of
entrepreneurship going on finally. You are just as conscious as so
many of us are of what is happening to our student attitudes toward
our free enterprise system. So many of them would like to see us
introduce a new system in this country.
The incidental benefits of having the free enterprise system
strengthened through a real appreciation of it by the student because
of hi~ meaningful contact with the small businessman in the field, I
think this is a very important secondary benefit.
The professional field staff of the SEA manage and leverage the
volunteer Call Contract and Small Business Institute resources as
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well as provide direct counseling to small businesses when the other
resources are not available.
When the training program was initiated with two courses over
20 years ago, there was little or no business training tailored to meet
the needs of small businesses offered at any of the Nation's colleges
or universities.
As the popularity of the management course program increased,
in 1961 a program of small busir~'ss management conferences was
implemented to accommodate large groups in sessions running from
4 to 5 hours to several days.
Responding to the need for short sessions on specialized problems,
in 1968 problem clinics were added as another training vehicle. The
clinics are small groups of businesspersons with a common problem
who meet for 2 or 3 hours with a resource person to discuss and
arrive at solutions to that problem.
Small business owners and managers and operators will receive
about 2 million man-hours of training this year. Last year we held
4,579 training sessions with 154,829 attendees.
SBA's management assistance publications provide a vehicle for
reaching oat to the small business community with reliable manage-
rner.t information that is understandable and timely.
The publications vary from four-page leaflets to booklets that vary
in length from 18 pages to 270 pages. The larger publications are
sold at cost. Most are provided without charge. The 300 titles provide
practical suggestions from subject matter experts. About 5 million
copies are distributed annually. Of the 44 million printed during the
last decade, it is estimated that 12 to 14 million are still in use-
about 11/2 for every small business in the TJnited States.
A vigorous and highly aggressive export program is being devel-
oped in concert with the Department of Commerce for fiscal year
1977.
With my own personal background with the Export-Import Bank,
I think it would be a gross neglect on my part if we did not develop
a new international trade program for the small businessman. It has
been something that has been sorely needed in light of our 1974
trade legislation that is going to lower trade barriers and invite
more imports into our country.
Somewhere in this Government, we have to be working hard on a
program for exports so our people will not be clamoring for the
raising ~of the trade barriers and the duties again, but instead, will
be looking at the world as their marketplace. I would like to see a
lot of our small- and medium-sized businesses recognized in today's
small world era. They have to look at the entire world as their market-
place and not just the United States.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think the tax reforms enacted by the
House will inhibit this growth? They modified and changed some of
the loss breaks they got, country by country, and so forth.
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Frankly, I regret some of the changes I have
seen there. I think this is a very healthy program. Some of the
restrictions affecting the benefits only to new additional exports make
a lot of sense, because suggesting that this helps Caterpillar Corp.
which has been exporting for many years, or gives them an incentive
to export more, is kind of tenuous.
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140
When we go into the area of medium businesses who have never
exported before or hardly have gone across the border to Canada.
They need some incentive, something to make them move out into
the world market. I think we are really going to need those ex-
porters when our balance of trade and balance of payments start
running in deficit. I suspect that our trade will balance and balance
of payments turn around, very seriously, to a negative position in the
next year or two. We will be clamoring for the exports of the small-
to medium-sized businesses.
Senator HATHAWAY. How about our restrictions on trade to Soviet
Russia and other Communist countries?
Mr. K0BELINSKI. I think that is a horror. I know from my experi-
ence in the Eximbank and from some of the inputs we received at
SBA that we have probably lost several thousands of jobs in Amer-
ica because of the restrictions on trade with Eastern Europe. Our
Western European friends and the Japanese are just as pleased as
can be with the amendments to the trade bill that restrict us. They
are very very happy because they are benefiting from trade with this
sector.
They have extended $8 billion in new credits to the Soviets alone.
`\~Te forget, it is iiot just the Soviet Union we are talking about, but
some very healthy markets there; East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, Bulgaria, and so on. All these potential markets that we
have put off limits. For a country that espouses free enterprise, free
competition, and freedom of trade, we have placed ourselves in a
very incongruous position. We are telling our businessmen that they
cannot go out there and trade where the rest of the world is trading
in spades. These are very regrettable restrictions.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think it is a good opportunity for
small business? Are they going to be crowded out by the already
giant corporations that are dominating foreign markets?
Mr. K0BELINsKI. As a matter of fact, I had a very interesting dis-
cussion on this very topic with a delegation of high trade representa-
tives, including the Deputy Minister for Foreign Trade from Poland
on Monday of this week.
One of the facts of life that we discussed was the fact that trade
has takeii place, for instance, with that country-it is also true, I
know, with many other East European countries-on a very high
technical level, and with major corporatioiis like International Har-
vester, General Motors, Caterpillar, et cetera.
At the other end of the spectrum, are knick-knacks in the way of
folklore, handicrafts and so on. But there is a huge spectrum in
between, medium-sized things, things for households, things that are
needed for the building industry, things that are needed for the agri-
cultural industries of these countries, all kinds of things that we
produce and have not yet been exporting and have iiot yet been
developed. There is a very real possibility in this area of exchange.
Something is needed to develop a link, to develop a channel of con-
tact between the medium-sized American businesses and foreign
n-iarkets. Those businesses we have had a chance to speak to have
iiot been sophisticated enough to even talk about how they could do
it. They could not even understand how they could trade interna-
tionally.
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141
There is an educational process that is needed to bring the small-
and medium-sized businessman into the international markets.
That is just one example of one country saying, yes, we would
like to deal with the medium- and small-sized businessman, but he
does not seem to want to contact us. Actually, the businessman does
not know how to contact his prospective clients abroad.
I think that there are all kinds of possibilities in this area of trade.
Senator HATHAWAY. Good.
Mr. K0BELIN5KI. We are reviewing our own resources with the
hope of expanding our central office international trade staff from
21/2 persons to 5 and putting in place at `least 14 professionals in
selected cities of high export potential.
Admittedly, that is an awfully small number of people to try to
stimulate international trade for this country of 220 million. It is a
beginning.
I think we can maintain additional leverage with our SCORE peo-
ple. We are going to be out there. Mr. Warren is going to put on a
program trying to ferret out those retired executives who have had
international trade experience, to bring them into our SCORE pro-
gram, to utilize their years of expertise in that program, and help
their people realize the existing potential markets.
`There is another ne'w thrust: The university business development
centers. The university business development center concept joins the
efforts of several federally sponsored programs which aid small busi-
ness and students on university campuses throughout the country.
Mutually supportive and sometimes overlapping, these existing Fed-
eral and State programs will be linked up under a cohesive master
plan to increase their efficiency and to provide greater leverage of
the resources.
At the same time, agencies such as HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce-
EDA and OMBE-the Bureau of Standards and others will main-
tain their separate identities and independence of administration.
The linkup and implementation will take place at the university
level.
At a university business development center, a small business
owner or one who desires to launch a new enterprise will find a full
service agency capable of providing: A thorough analysis of business
skills and aptitudes; training to develop or enhance business skills;
a facility to provide feasibility studies and a resource for complete
business planning; an analysis center to completely review all of the
functions and operations of a present or planned business, an analysis
center to completely review all of the functions and operations of a
present or planned business including management, financial, mar-
keting, production; a technology utilization center to enable small
business to utilize the $345 billion of Federal Government-sponsored
research and development; a center for idea and product develop-
ment.
These university business development centers will provide an ex-
citing new outlet. All of these functions and others are now being
formed at widely scattered universities throughout the country; but
nowhere have these federally-sponsored programs been linked up to
provide the full service envisioned in the university business develop-
ment center concept.
72-434 0 - 76 - 10
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Senator HATHAWAY. What is the timetable on this new concept?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. We are at work on it now. There is a pilot going
on at the California Polytechnical University in Pomona.
Senator HATHAWAY. How long will it be before you are identifying
other ur:iversities to participate?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Within the next 6 months. Mr. Warren perhaps
can give you something specific.
Senator HATHAWAY. Before the end of the year?
Mr. RREN. We will have three of them in operation in 90 days,
Senator.
Senator HATHAWAY. What?
Mr. WARREN. Three in operation within 90 days; we expect within
6 months for five or six to be in operation.
Senator HATHAWAY. Fine.
Mr. KOBELIN5KI. We are also thinking of some new training plans.
Preliminary plans are being developed which will draw on the re-
sources of continuing education programs in community colleges to
implement and conduct more small business management courses. As
these become self-sustaining, SBA can act as a catalyst between the
small businesspersons working and needing training and the coin-
munity colleges offering the training. SBA cosponsorship efforts can
then be concentrated on filling in the gaps where no training is
available.
A contract will be let this fiscal year for module-form, learner-
oriented course material on managing for profits.
Some of the new materials will be particularly useful in several
self-learning centers we plan to pilot in 1977. These centers will make
management information available at the convenience of the small
businessperson.
As you know, Mr. Chairman, in many of the major cities through-
out the country, community colleges are becoming more and more
important elements in our educational system. We now must relate
also and get into the community colleges where we can bring our
programs right into the communities. If we can duplicate some of the
SBI activity and some of the other outreach kinds of things with the
junior college students, I think we will be doing a great service to
the small business community and a great service to the student, in-
troducing him to the entrepreneurial system in the country.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think this could be done at the high
school level? We are trying to get legislation on career education
through the Labor Committee. We have pilot programs across the
country. I am familiar with the program in South Portland, Maine,
where from kindergarten up, the orientation of every subject taught
is toward career, so that students learn how to tie in arithmetic with
paying their grocery bill and so forth, right from the beginning.
It seems to me that~ some of these programs could be started earlier
in life. Statistics show that 80 percent of high school students gradu-
ate without any real ability to hold down any kind of job at all,
mostly resulting from the fact that they do not get any career-
oriented education during 12 years of school.
Mr. K0BELINSKI. I totally agree with you, Mr. Chairman. I think
we should bring it down to the high school area as well. There is
no reason in the world why these youngsters leaving school should
not be prepared to do something.
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We are off on a mistaken tangent in the concept that every student
leaving high school should be thinking in terms of going on to higher
education. That is not the total answer; we know that now. When
he leaves high school, he should be prepared to do something useful
in society and bringing the whole entrepreneurship idea into the high
schools is by all means the next logical step for us.
I do not think we have focused on it.
Senator HATHAWAY. This type of training bridges the gap between
traditional vocational education and professional education. Many
young people still feel that vocational education is for somebody else
who cannot go on to college, but we have gotten partially, at least,
over that stigma.
This Small Business Administration program probably would be
helpful in that regard.
Mr. K0BELIN5KI. I think so. Contrary to popular belief, I think the
era of opportunity is with us now as much as ever before, and maybe
far greater than ever before for young people to go off into business
on their own.
I heard a very interesting Horatio Alger story of a youngster down
in Texas who borrowed his cousin's vacuum cleaner and went door
to door to see if he could do some housecleaning. Inside of 3 years
he had a janitorial service going with 20 people, making $50,000,
$60,000 a year for himself.
That is all with a borrowed vacuum cleaner; a zero investment
start.
Senator HATHAWAY. Quite a lot of leverage.
Mr. K0BELINsKI. A lot of leverage. It can be done. A lot of these
young people should also be encouraged to look at the possibility of
going to work for themselves as well as going to get a j oh from
someone else. I think that is an interesting next step for us, once we
get our community college program moving.
We also have the technology assistance program. Let me turn to
that now, if I may, Mr. Chairman.
We began the development of the SBA technology assistance pro-
gram in its present form in August 1975, with the establishment of a
central office technology assistance division within the office of pro-
curement assistance. The SBA technology assistance program includes
three subprograms: Technology assistance, research and development
assistance and our joint efforts with the National Bureau of Stand-
ards under their experimental technology incentives program.
The technology assistance portion of the program is intended to
carry out our responsibility to assist small business concerns to obtain
the benefits of research and development performed under Govern-
ment contracts or at Government expense.
In effect, our field personnel serve as information brokers by assist-
ing small businessmen to define their technology need or problem,
searching available data on existing technology, and providing the
data located to the small businessman.
The R: & D. assistance program is intended to carry out our re-
sponsibility to assist small business concerns to obtain Government
contracts for research and development. We do this by providing
small R. & D. sources to other SBA programs, that is, prime con-
tracting and subcontracting assistance, by publishing regional direc-
tories of B. & D. firms for use by Government agencies involved in
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procuring research and development and by assisting small B. & D.
firms with proposal and contract problems.
In the central office, we are actively engaged in a variety of coop-
erative efforts with other agencies to promote increased contracting
with small research and development and high technology firms. I
will elaborate on these efforts in a moment. First, I would like to de-
scribe the ETIP efforts and our joint programs with NASA to pro-
mote NASA-developed technology among small businessmen.
In cooperation with National Bureau of Standards/ETIP we are
experimenting with ways to increase the number of Government con-
tracts awarded to small R. & D. and high-technology companies. In
cooperation with Bureau of Standards, we have launched a 2-year
experiment to see if we can develop a system for matching Govern-
ment B. & D. and high-technology requirements to small firms' capa-
bilities and predict with an acceptable degree of accuracy the likeli-
hood of a given firm successfully performing, if it were awarded the
contract. The object is to be able to provide procuring agencies with
credible sources for procurements aiid thereby increase the number
of contracts set-aside for small business in the B. & ID. and `high-
technology areas.
In the area of technology assistance, NASA and SBA have estab-
lished a joint Publications program which will provide the small
business community with inforniation on available NASA-developed
technology. We will mail our first joint publication to approximately
7,000 small firms in the area of electrical and electronic devices and
components on April 8.
The second publication in the area of analytical and testing equip-
ment will be mailed to 8,000 firms on approximately April 20. Begin-
ning in May, we will mail flyers to about 25,000 small business firms
each month on NASA developed technology in various fields. Each
of these Publications will invite the small businessman to seiid for
NASA tech briefs in the areas of his choice. When the tech briefs
are mailed to firms in regions where we have a technology assistance
officer, information on available SBA. services will be enclosed.
We are also involved with NASA in a trial report at the Western
Research Application Center at the University of Southern Califor-
nia. In this project, we are using a computer terminal to search com-
puter readable technology data bank for solutions to the technology
needs of small business firms. The method is to have the WESRAC
information specialist, the SBA/TAO and the small businessman
work with the computer in an interactive mode to search for the best
possible solution to the technology problem.
Once the technology is located, the SBA/TAO will obtain the data,
provide it to the small businessmaii, and follow up with additional
assistance as required.
This project has been underway for several months and unfortu-
nately the results have, thus far, been inconclusive. There is no doubt
that the interactive search is a workable tool in technology assist-
ance. The problem has been generating an interest within the small
business community in the Los Angeles area.
We have experieuced some delays in obtaining materials necessary
to undertake a direct mailing campaign to make this service known
to small businessmen. In Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura Counties
of California mailings have now begun and we expect sufficient ac-
PAGENO="0149"
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tivity over the next few months to determine the value of this serv-
ice for continued and even expanded use in computers in an interac-
tive mode to solve small business technology problems.
If the computer interactive system proves satisfactory, SBA pro-
ductivity in terms of the number of cases it can handle per TAO will
improve significantly.
I mentioned earlier our central office efforts to increase opporturn-
ties in R. & D. and high technology areas for small business to obtain
Government contracts. We are undertaking several efforts in this
regard. Throughout fiscal year 1976, the SBA technology assistance
division will be working closely with the National Science Founda-
tion to help it meet a congressional mandate that at least 71/2 percent
of its research applied to national needs [RANN] prime contract
dollars be expended to small business. We anticipate that this will
lead to about $5.3 million in NSF B. & D. prime contracts going to
small firms.
Research areas under this program will include energy, environ-
ment, and productivity. The RANN small business program will also
attempt to develop incentives to enlarge small business opportunities
beyond those to be gained from direct awards, such as teaming small
firms with universities or nonprofit organizations and using small
firms as first-tier subcontractors.
SBA has, as you are aware, a unique relationship with the Energy
Research and Development Administration in that the Energy Re-
organization Act of 1974, which established ERDA specifically di-
rected the Administrator of ERDA to consult with the Administra-
tor of SBA in carrying out ERDA's responsibilities to assure:
That small business concerns be given a reasonable opportunity to participate
fairly and equitably in grants, contracts, purchases and other Federal activities
relating to research, development and demonstration of sources of energy,
efficiency and utilization and conservation of energy.
Both ERDA and SBA are actively carrying out these responsibili-
ties. Within the next few days, Mr. Seamans, Administrator of
ERDA and I will be signing a memorandum of understanding to
establish a formal working relationship between the two agencies.
This agreement will be general in nature and specific cooperative
pro]ects will be developed within its framework. We are not, of
course, waiting for this formal agreement to begin our mutual efforts.
Good working relationships have already been established and coop-
erative efforts have begun. SBA and ERDA personnel hold weekly
coordination meetings dealing with possible joint programs and indi-
vidual case problems of small businesses.
Possible projects currently being considered include a joint ERDA/
SBA effort to develop a computerized centralized source system by
small business R. & D. and high-technology firms. This complex task
~s, we believe, vital to providing small business maximum opportu-
nity to participate in energy related procurement opportunities and
will greatly assist in promoting such opportunities in all R. & D. and
high-technology areas.
SBA is planning to develop such a source system for all of its pro-
grams and welcomes ERDA's participation in such efforts. ERDA
and SBA are exploring means of promoting the transfer of ERDA
developed technology and possible support of the American Associa-
PAGENO="0150"
146
tion of Small Research Companies. We will continue to expand our
joint efforts to provide small business maximum opportunities in
energy fields.
At the recommendation of SBA, the Office of Federal Procurement
Policy, 0MB, recently established a committee of high-level repre-
sentatives of major Federal agencies involved in procurement of re-
search and development to explore several areas of policy relating to
small business participation in contracting for Government research
and development. SBA's Office of Procurement Assistance has full
membership in this committee and is actively participating m its ac-
tivities.
We are also continuing our coordination efforts with the Federal
Energy Administration regarding the small business aspects of the
solar energy Government buildings project including set-asides, ade-
quacy of procurement regulations and impact of such regulations on
small businesses in the solar energy area.
Within SBA, we are undertaking a number of initiatives to in-
crease our technology and R. & D. assistance efforts. For the first
time in nearly 3 years, we are actively publicizing our technology
assistance efforts through a direct mailing of approximately 20,000
brochures a month to firms in selected Standard Industrial Classifi-
cations. We are mailing brochures, only to those regions where we
have a technology assistance officer actively engaged in carrying out
the technology assistance function.
At present we have five such active technology assistance officers
with two vacancies for which we are currently recruiting. As men-
tioned earlier, we are moving ahead with a centralized computerized
source program. We are attempting to develop a "source of sources"
for technology assistance.
In the Federal Government alone, there are over 100 sources of
technology data. There are also numerous technical experts upon
whom we can call to assist small businessmen with technology prob-
lems. In order to assist our field TAOs in knowing of and using these
technology sources, we plan to develop a centralized index of such
sources and technical expertise.
We do not plan to duplicate existing data banks but rather to be
able to direct our field people to the best possible sources of data or
expert assistance for any technology problem.
In order to establish this "source of sources" file, we will have to
search out all available data sources and technical expertise available.
We anticipate the need to establish a series of interagency agreements
with agencies having the data and/or the technical experts so that we
know what can and will be made available to SBA for assisting the
small business community.
Currently, we have 2,061 firms listed in our regional R. & D. direc-
tories. In the 1976 edition to be published in September, we are striv-
ing to increase the listings to approximately 3,000 small scientific,
engineering, or research and development firms.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be
pleased to answer any questions the committee may have.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you, very much.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Kobelinski follows:]
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SMALL BUS~ESS ADM~flSTRAT~QN
***t***~*** Washington, D.C. *~t**t*~~**
STATEMENT OF
MITCHELL P. KOBELINSKI, ADMINISTRATOR
~SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
UNITED STATES SENATE
April 7, 1976
Mr. Chairman, I very much appreciate the opportunity to appear
before this Committee to discuss the management and technology
assistance programs of the Small Business Administration.
THE MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
The Small Business Administration reached over one million small
businesses last year with its management assistance efforts. Of these,
more than 256, 000 have received in-depth help through training and
counseling. Our distribution in management publications exceeded
5, 000, 000 copies of 300 titles.
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2
First, I will cover our basic ongoing programs which consist of one-
to-one counseling, group training and publications. Then, I will sketch
some new initiatives we are working pn.
Counseling
We have four primary resources to provide one-to-one help. They
are:
Volunteers
Call Contractors
Small Business Institute (SBI)
Staff Management Assistance Officers
As you will note as we briefly discuss these resources, only the
volunteer and Small Business Institute programs are readily expandable.
Volunteers
In the volunteer category, we include SCORE (Service Corps of Retired
Executives), ACE (Active Corps of Executives) and members of profes-
sional associations that have agreed to work with us.
Within the SCORE/ACE organization we have over 8, 000 of the Nationts
most talented executives who give their time freely to help build the small
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3
business community which they regard as the foundation of the free en-
terprise system. This organization blankets the country with 293
chapters that reach every city, town, and hamlet of the United States
and its possessions.
SCORE volunteers do basic counseling, conduct pre-business work-
shops for prospective small business people, and actually man desks in
our field offices to help our walk-in clients. Our ACE volunteers are
full-time employed individuals who give generously of their time but
typically are used as back-up for SCORE and to provide unique expertise
in counseling and training small business owners. Members of professional
associations such as the National Association of Accountants, the American
Institute of Industrial Engineers, the National Association of Minority CPA
Firms and the National Federal and Business and Professional.Womens
Club, Inc., function much as ACE except that they are not individually
registered by SBA as are SCORE and ACE volunteers. They bring a
depth of knowledge in specialized fields at no charge to small business-
men and women.
Expanded SCORE
SCORE requires a substantial amount of management and a~min-
istration if it is to perform effectively. During the initial years of
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4
SCORE, SBA personnel did much of this administrative work. Now
SCORE has grown, and if the needs of small business are to be served,
its membership and outreach must be multiplied during the next few
years. The SBA does not have the personnel to enlarge and manage
the SCORE of 1977, 1978 and beyond.
Now, if you were looking for management talent, where would you
look but SCORE? This thought led us to planning an administrative
arm of the SCORE organization. This arm will consist of three to five
volunteers located in Washington who will work hand in hand with the
SBA to develop and administer the overall SCORE/ACE organization.
These volunteers will serve on a rotating basis and provide the national
management of SCORE. The national SCORE/ACE office will direct a
regional and district organization roughly paralleling the SBA organiza-
tion down to the field office and chapter level. In this way SCORE will
become self-administering and can provide a much greater service to
the small business community without the necessity of enlarging the
SBA staff.
We have plans to expand SCORE into new areas of assistance to small
business. For example, Occupational Safety & Health Program, OSHA,
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5
has created many hardships unique to small business. The problems
arise in meeting the safety standards. We plan to recruit SCORE
volunteers with appropriate backgrounds that will enable the Depart-
ment of Labor to train them to advise small businesses on OSHA
matters. This cadre of volunteers with OSHA expertise will provide
seminars on OSHA standards and they will make on-site (no report)
reviews of small business operations to counsel and advise of
possible OSHA violations. We believe this will do much to relieve
the Federal Government of its present highly unfavorable image in
the eyes of most small business owners, and it will help thousands of
small businesses avoid disastrous shut-downs, fines and sudden,
large correctional expenditures.
The shocking impact of shoplifting, pilferage and related crimes
on small businesses has led us to recruit special volunteers to advise
small businesses on preventing losses from crime. The extent of the
crime problem is indicated by the following: There were $20. 3 billion
losses nationally in 1974 - - a 31% increase over 1971. The remaining
third is generally caused through shoplifting. Special assistance to the
small business community is required in both counseling and training.
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It is vital to our balance of payments and the health of our economy
that thousands of small businesses understand and develop their export
trade potential. In order to make that a reality, the SBA plans a much
expanded international trade program.
We anticipate a heavy participation of SCORE/ACE in this program.
The assignment of a national SCORE international coordinator within the
SCORE National Office who will, along with appropriate Central Office
personnel, recruit several hundred more volunteers with extensive
international trade expertise is planned. We are planning training for
these as well as current SCORE/ACE volunteers who have international
trade experience so that SBA field offices will have an up-to-date adequate
capability to provide the quantity and quality international trade counsel-
ing that is needed to meet our Nations needs for more exports.
A concentrated effort will be made to recruit volunteer marketing
specialists in all SCORE/ACE chapters. If our small business community
is to survive and grow, virtually all small businesses must have the benefit
of modern marketing techniques. These SCORE specialists will be working
shoulder to shoulder with members of the American Marketing Association,
our Call Contractors, university students and our SBA staff to help small
business owners identify markets and promote sales.
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Soaring energy costs and shortages of materials and fuels have im-
posed significant hardships on the 9.4 million small businesses in the
United States. Lacking the sophistication and financial resources of
larger companies, the small businessman frequently finds it difficult
to make the adjustments necessary for survival. We are recruiting
volunteers to counsel small businesses on their energy problems. The
Federal Energy Administration has joined hands with the SBA in this
endeavor. FEA will provide the programmatic and training elements
and SBA will provide the delivery system through SCORE.
Call Contractors
Under our Call Contracting Program we contract with professional
consultants throughout the country to provide highly specialized and timely
individual help to eligible socially arid economically disadvantaged clients.
In FY 1975, almost 3, 000 small businesses received help from profes-
sional consultants under contract. Without this consulting help, many
of these struggling small business owners would have failed with a dev-
astating economic and social loss~ and many jobs would have dlsappeaz'ed.
A recent e~cternal study establishes the success rate of this S13A program
to be well above the national average for professional consultanta.
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8
Small Business Institute
The Small Business Institute Program is a three-way cooperative
between collegiate schools of business administration, members of the
Nation's small business community and the Small Business Adminis -
tration. Under the supervision of university faculty and SBA staff, a
team of two to four senior and graduate students of business adminis -
tration work directly with owners of small firms for an entire semester
providing management counseling at no cost to the business person.
During the semester the students make an in-depth analysis of the pro-
blems and opportunities available to the small business owner. Often
a SCORE volunteer serves as an advisor to the students. At the end of
the semester, a report is written in language the small business person
can understand. This is thoroughly reviewed with the business owner.
The SCORE person then follows up in the ensuing months to help the
business owner to implement the recommendations. Participating
schools receive modest contracts from SBA which pay roughly half the
cost of the programs. Presently the SBA has 385 universities with
2,000 faculty members and an army of 20, 000 students working in the
SBI program. Eighty-seven percent of the small businesses involved
rate the program "good" to "excellent."
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9
There has been an exciting added benefit or outfall of the SBA Small
Business Institute Program. Less than a decade ago only eight univer-
sities in the country offered courses in entrepreneurship and new busi-
ness venture limitation. With the development of the SBI program, tens
of thousands of outstanding students have become interested in the poten-
tial of the free enterprise system. Coincidental with this new found in-
terest in our Nation's system of business and economics, a ground
swell of demand developed among these students for courses in entre-
preneurship and new enterprise development. The result of this has
been that almost one hundred of our leading universities are now offer-
ing these courses. Within two years of graduation, several universities
have reported that 10 to 12 percent of these students have launched new
business enterprises. Thus, the SBI program not only deals with the
problems of established small businesses, but it also has a major
Influence in developing entrepreneurs for the years ahead.
Staff Management. Assistance Officers
The professional field staff of the SBA manage and leverage the
Volunteer, Call Contract and Small Business Institute resources as
well as provide direct counseling to small businesses when the other
resources are not available.
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10
Training
When the training program was initiated with two courses over 20
years ago, there was little or no business training tailored to meet the
needs of small business offered at any of the Nationts colleges or
universities.
As the popularity of the management course program increased, in
1961 a program of small business management conferences was imple-
mented to accommodate large groups in sessions running from four to
five hours to several days.
Responding to the need for short sessions on specialized problems,
in 1968 problem clinics were added as another training vehicle. The
clinics are small groups of business persons with a common problem
who meet for two or three hours with a resource person to discuss and
arrive at solutions to that problem.
Small business owners and managers and operators will receive
about 2 million man hours of training this year. Last year we held 4, 579
training sessions with 154, 829 attendees.
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11
Publications
SBA's management assistance publications provide a vehicle for
reaching out to the small business community with reliable management
information that is understandable and timely.
The publiations vary from 4-page leaflets to booklets that vary in
length from 18 pages to 270 pages. The larger publications are sold at
cost. Most are provided without charge. The 300 titles provide practical
suggestions from subject matter experts. About five million copies are
distributed annually. Of the 44. million printed during the last decade,
it is estimated that 12-14 million are still in use -- about 1-1/2 for every
small business in the United States.
New Initiatives
International Trade
A vigorous and highly aggressive export program is being developed
in concert with the Department of Commerce for FY 1977.
From a pilot operation we have found:
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12
(1) Small firms, primarily manufacturers, have not realized their
export potential; (2) firms within the areas of greatest undeveloped
export potential are predominantly small; (3) extensive and valuable
export information and assistance are available, but the small business
community does not know of its existence; (4) given the proper assistance
small business firms can successfully export; and (5) the SBA program
will make it possible to provide export assistance to the majority of
prospective small business exporters.
We are reviewing our resources with the hope of expanding our Central
Office international trade staff from 2-1/2 persons to 5 and putting in place
at least 14 professionals in selected cities of high export potential. We
plan to assign within each SBA field office as collateral duty of a manage-
ment assistance specialist, the responsibility for the office's international
trade program targets and objectives.
University Business Development Centers
The University Business Development Center (UBDC) concept joins the
efforts of several federally-sponsored programs which aid small business
and students on university campuses throughout the country. Mutually
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13
supportive and sometimes overlapping, these existing Federal and state
programs will be linked up under a cohesive master plan to increase their
efficiency and to provide greater leverage of the resources. At the same
time, agencies such as HEW, SBA, NSF, Commerce (EDA and OMBE),
the Bureau of Standards and others will maintain their separate identities
and independence of administration. The link-up and implementation will
take place at the university level.
At a University Business Development Center, a small business owner
or one who desires to launch a new enterprise will find a `full service"
agency capable of providing:
1. A thorough analysis of business skills and aptitudes.
2. Training to develop or enhance business skills.
3. A facility to provide feasibility studies and a resource
for complete business planning.
4. An analysis center to.completely review all of the functions
and operations of a present or planned business including
management, financial, marketing, production.
5. A technology utilization center to enable small business to
utilize the $345 billion of Federal Government-sponsored
research and development.
6. A center for idea and product development.
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14
All of these functions and others are now being performed at widely
scattered universities throughout the country; but nowhere have these
federally-sponsored programs been linked up to provide the full ser-
vice envisioned in the University Business Development Center concept.
Students participating in the program would have a greatly expanded
opportunity to learn by doing in an interdisciplinary relationship. Practical
application of academic learning would make education more relevant and
better prepare students for the work-a-day world.
SBA proposes to identify programs and funding paths for universities
and colleges and help them add the elements necessary to create their
own Development Centers. These may differ from school to school, de-
pending upon their orientation and size, and the needs of the communities
in which they are located, but each would foster the growth of present
local businesses, and help establish new enterprises in a systematic
way.
None of the resources discussed are new. Each of them exists some-
where. But UBDC, by combining the existing multiple resources of
academia, Federal and State agencies, and volunteer organizations into
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15
a university-coordinated delivery system, is the best means for promoting
broad scale business growth in our country today.
New Training Plans
Preliminary plans are being developed which will draw on the resources
of continuing education programs in community colleges to implement and
conduct more small business management courses. As these become
self-sustaining, SBA can act as a catalyst between the small business
persons working and needing training and the community colleges offering
the training. SBA co-sponsorship efforts can then be concentrated on
filling in the gaps where no training is available.
A contract will be let this fiscal year for module-form, learner-
oriented course material on Managing for Profits.
Some of the new materials will be particularly useful in several self-
learning centers we plan to pilot in FY 1977. These centers will make
management information available at the convenience of the small
business person.
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16
THE TECHT~OLOGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
We began the development of the SBA Technology Assistance Program
in its present form in August 1975, with the establishment of a Central
Office Technology Assistance Division within the Office of Procurement
Assistance. The SBA Technology Assistance Program includes three
subprograms: Technology Assistance, Research & Development Assist-
ance and our joint efforts with the National Bureau of Standards under
their Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP).
The technology assistance portion of the program is intended to carry
out our responsibility to assist small business concerns to obtain the
benefits of research and development performed under Government
contracts or at Government expense. In effect, our field personnel
serve as information brokers by assisting small businessmen to define
their technology need or problem, searching available data on existing
technology, and providing the data located to the small businessman.
The R&D Assistance Program is intended to carry out our respon-
sibility to assist small business concerns to obtain Government contracts
for research and development. We do this by providing small R&D
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17
sources to other SBA programs, i.e., Prime Contracting and Subcon-
tracting Assistance, and publishing Regional Directories of R&D firms
for use by Government agencies involved in procuring research and
development and by assisting small R&D firms with proposal and con-
tract problems. In the Central Office, we are actively engaged in a
variety of cooperative efforts with other agencies to promote increased
contracting with small research and development and high technology
firms. I will elaborate on these efforts in a moment. First, I would
like to describe the ETIP efforts and our joint programs with NASA to
promote NASA developed technology among small businessmen.
In cooperation with National Bureau of Standards/ETIP, we are ex-
perimenting with ways to increase the number of Government contracts
awarded to small R&D and high-technology companies. In cooperation
with the Bureau of Standards, we have launched a two-year experiment
to see if we can develop a system for matching Government R&D and
high-technology requirements to small firms capabilities and predict
with an acceptable degree of accuracy the likelihood of a given firm
successfully performing, if it were awarded the contract. The object
is to be able to provide procuring agencies with credible sources for
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18
procurements and thereby increase the number of contracts set aside for
small business in the R&D and high-technology areas.
In the area of technology assistance, NASA and SBA have established
a joint publications program which will provide the small business
community with information on available NASA developed technology.
We will mail our first joint publication to approximately seven thousand
small firms in the area of electrical and electronic devices and com-
ponents on April 8. The second publication in the areaof analytical and
testing equipment will be mailed to eight thousand firms on approximately
April 20. Beginning in May, we will mall flyers to about 25, 000 small
business firms each month on NASA developed technology in various
fields. Each of these publications will invite the small businessman to
send for NASA Tech Briefs in the areas of his choice. When the Tech
Briefs are mailed to firms in regions where we have a Technology
Assistance Officer, information on available SBA services will be en-
closed.
We are also involved with NASA in a trial report at the Western
Research Application Center at the University of Southern California.
In this project, we are using a computer terminal to search computer
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19
readable technology data banks for solutions to the technology needs of
small business firms. The method is to have the WESRAC Information
Specialist, the SBA/TAO and the small businessman work with the
computer in an interactive mode to search for the best possible solu-
tion to the technology problem. Once the technology is located, the
SBA/TAO will obtain the data, provide it to the small businessman, and
follow up with additional assistance as required. This project has been
under way for several months and unfortunately the results have, thus
far, been inconclusive. There is no doubt the interactive search is a
workable tool in technology assistance. The problem has been generating
an interest within the small business community in the Los Angeles area.
We have.experienced some delays in obtaining materials necessary to
undertake a direct mailing campaign to make this service known to small
businessmen. In Los Angeles, Orange and Ventura counties of California
mailings have now begun and we expect sufficient activity over the next
few months to determine the value of this service for continued and even
expanded use in computers in an interactive mode to solve small business
technology problems. If the computer interactive system proves satis-
factory, SBA productivity in terms of the number of cases it can handle
per TAO will improve significantly.
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20
I mentioned earlier our Central Office efforts to increase oppor-
tunities in R&D and high technology areas for small business to obtain
Government contracts. We are undertaking several efforts in this
regard. Throughout FY 1976, the SBA Technology Assistance Division
will be working closely with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to
help it meet a congressional mandate that at least 7-1/2 percent of its
Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) prime contract dollars be
expended to small business. We anticipate that this will lead to about
$5. 3 million in NSF R&D prime contracts going to small firms.
Research areas under this program will include energy, environment
and productivity. The RANN Small Business Program will also attempt
to develop incentives to enlarge small business opportunities beyond
those to be gained from direct awards, such as teaming small firms
with universities or nonprofit organizations and using small firms as
first-tier subcontractors. V
SBA has, as you are aware, a unique relationship with the Energy
Research and Development Administration (ERDA) in that the Energy
Reorganization Act of 1974, which established ERDA, specifically
directed the Administrator of ERDA to consult with the Administrator
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21
of SBA in carrying out ERDA's responsibilities to assure ". . . that
small business concerns be given a reasonable opportunity to partici-
pate,. . . fairly and equitably in grants, contracts, purchases and
other Federal activities relating to research, development and
demonstration of sources of energy, efficiency and utilization and
conservation of energy." Both ERDA and SBA are actively carrying
out these responsibilities. Within the next few days, Mr. Seamans,
Administrator of ERDA, and I will be signing a Memorandum of Un-
derstanding a formal working relationship between the two agencies.
This agreement will be general in nature and specific cooperative pro-
jects will be developed within its frax~riework. We are not, of course,
waiting for this formal agreement to begin our mutual efforts. Good
working relationships have already been established and cooperative
efforts have begun. SBA and ERDA personnel hold weekly coordination
meetings dealing with possible joint programs and individual case pro-
blems of small businesses. Possible projects currently being con~
sidered include a joint ERDA/SBA effort to develop a computerized
centralized source system by small business R&D and high technology
firms. This complex task is, we believe, vital to providing small*
business maximum opportunity to participate in energy reiated procure-
ment opportunities and will greatly assist in promoting such opportunities
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22
in all R&D and high technology areas. SBA is planning to develop such
a source system for all of its programs and welcomes ERDAs partici-
pation in such efforts. ERDA and SBA are exploring means of promoting
the transfer of ERDA developed technology and possible support of the
American Association of Small Research Companies. We will continue
to expand our joint efforts to provide small business maximum oppor-
tunities in energy fields.
At the recommendation of SBA, the Office of Federal Procurement
Policy (0MB) recently established a committee of high level representa-
tives of major Federal agencies involved in procurement of research and
development to explore several areas of policy relating to small business
participation in contracting for Government research and development.
SBA's Office of Procurement Assistance has full membership in this
committee and is actively participating in its activities.
We are also continuing our coordination efforts with the Federal
Energy Administration regarding the small business aspects of the Solar
Energy Government Buildings Project including set-asides, adequacy of
procurement regulations and impact of such regulations on small busi-
nesses in the solar energy area.
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23
Within SBA, we are undertaking a number of initiatives to increase
our technology and R&D assistance efforts. For the first time i.n nearly
3 years, we are actively publicizing our technology assistance efforts
through a direct mailing of approximately 20, 000 brochures a month to
firms in selected Standard Industrial Classifications. We are mailing
brochures only to those regions where we have a Technology Assistance
Officer (TAO) actively engaged in carrying out the technology assistance
function. At present, we have five such active Technology Assistance
Officers with two vacancies for which we are currently recruiting. As
mentioned earlier, we are moving ahead with a centralized computerized
source program. We are attempting to develop a "source of sources"
for technology assistance. In the Federal Government alone, there are
over one hundred sources of technology data. There are also numerous
technical experts upon whom we can call to assist small businessmen with
technology problems. In order to assist our field TAOs in knowing of and
using these technology sources, we plan to develop a centralized index of
such sources and technical expertise. We do not plan to duplicate exist-
ing data banks but rather to be able to direct our field people to the best
possible sources of data or expert assistance for any technology problem.
In order to establish this "source of sources" file, we will have to search
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24
out all available data sources and technical expertise available. We
anticipate the need to establish a series of Interagency Agreements with
agencies having the data and/or the technical experts so that we know
what can and will be made available to SBA for assisting the small
business community.
Currently, we have 2061 small firms listed in our regional R&D
directories. In the 1976 edition to be published in September, we are
striving to increase the listings to approximately 3000 small scientific,
engineering, or research and development firms.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my prepared statement. I would be
pleased to answer any questions the Committee may have.
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Senator HATHAWAY. What is your budget for the technology as-
sistance program for this year, and, do you think it will be sufficient?
Do you think it will be funded, for one thing?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. It looks like a total of $600,000 and since our pro-
posed budget has been approved on the House side by the Appropria-
tions Committee, I am hopeful that that will come through.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think that would be sufficient for the
rest of this fiscal year?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. For this year, it will be. I am thinking as this gets
geared up, it is perhaps something we will have to look at in a very
fresh way and turn to 0MB for the following fiscal year and look
at some other figures.
To our way of thinking, the amount budgeted for the current year
should be sufficient.
Senator HATHAWAY. You will be able to increase your staff?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Unfortunately, there is not any real increase in
staff that has been budgeted. We have 14 people in the technology
assistance. What we are hopeful of doing is leveraging these people
by bringing in a lot of SCORE people to assist us in this area.
Senator HATHAWAY. The SCORE people will be the field people?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Help us in the field.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think it will be easy to get SCORE
people qualified to do this?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. It is a more challenging activity for a person who
has had a high-level executive job, particularly in some R. & D. type
of firm or a firm that had high technology at his disposal. If you
bring him into SCORE and ask him to interview young proposed ap-
plicants for a new small business, he might get bored with that after
a few months.
On the other hand, if you give him this kind of challenge to help
us work in this area, I think there is a way we can deliver this.
Senator HATHAWAY. The SCORE person would be out in the field
talking to the small businessman?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. With the small businessman and use the technol-
ogy that we have and the data banks that we are going to try to use
out of the computers and so on.
Actually, we have started this program in Los Angeles right now.
It is in effect. Mr. Warren has put that in effect. So we have some
assistance going in this area in a pilot program right now.
We have hopes of leveraging this thing to make up for the lack of
our own staff.
Senator HATHAWAY. What about the money for the other programs
that you talked about in the course of your testimony? Do you have
adequate funding?
Mr. K0BELIN5KI. Well, I think-
Senator HATHAWAY. For the export program and the university
program?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. We will have enough. We have been given an extra
$1 million for the SBI program this year. We expect to be able to
transfer about $1 million to expand that University Business Center
and SBI activity. We think our budget will be adequate to handle our
needs this year, including putting on at least one top staff person to
take. charge of our international trade desk, so to speak.
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There, again, we have plenty of retired executives in this area, if
we just ferret them out. They will be using their special expertise
when we put them to work in helping us develop this international
trade program.
Senator HATHAWAY. Are you expanding on the international trade
program that already exists in the Department of Commerce, or is
this a brand new idea?
I know we passed legislation through the Banking Committee, that
assigned one person in the Export-Import Bank to deal with small
business problems. That did not work out as well as we thought it
might.
As you once told me, the person just answered letters and was not
much of a promoter, nor was he working full-time in that particular
field.
Mr. K0BELINsKI. We are going to see if we can modify the attitudes
at the Export-Import Bank by giving them plenty of jobs, plenty of
assignments in assisting us in carrying out this program. They may
ultimately end up assigning someone who has no other responsibility
but that of helping the small businessman. Of course, I think that
this objective will be a part of our advocacy role, to see that it does
materialize.
Senator HATHAWAY. Doesn't Commerce already have a trade pro-
grain?
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Commerce does have a trade program. They are
moving in that direction. Now it is a question of marrying the efforts
of the Commerce Department, and the knowledge that comes from
the SBA through the financing vehicles and getting it to our con-
stituency.
We have the direct contact, or more of a direct contact with the
small business constituency than the Commerce Department does. It
is a question of bringing together all of these efforts so that they are
organized and delivered to the small businessman. The failure has
been in getting that outreach to the small businessman.
Senator HATHAWAY. At what stage of development is the export
program now?
Mr. WARREN. We have met with the Department of Commerce over
the last 3 months to scope out this program. We are reaching a new
agreement with them. We had an agreement that was signed in 1967
which was perhaps less comprehensive than it should have been.
We are working very closely together; the Administrator and the
Secretary of Commerce will be signing a new agreement very shortly.
We will be using SCORE people, as the Administrator has testi-
fied. We will start the program with the Department of Commerce
by outlining all the small- and medium-sized businesses in the coun-
try that we believe have export potential. Because their files are not
up-to-date, we will be making a nationwide survey in cooperation
with the Department of Commerce. They will be providing training
for SCORE people. They will provide, in their offices throughout the
country, expertise that is beyond ours and we will be working very
closely together to both ferret out and deliver the expert information,
training, and counselling that is needed.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any figures indicating what share
of the export market small businesses get at the present time?
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Mr. WARREN. I am sorry; I do not have those.
Senator HATI-IAwAY. If you could give us those for the record so we
can keep tabs on your program to see how well it works out.
Mr. WARREN. Yes, sir.
[The information referred to follows:]
It should be noted that precise figures are not readily available. However,
using the best information available from the Department of Commerce, De-
partment of the Treasury and the Export-Import Bank, it is estimated that
only 5 to 10% of our non-farm exports are generated by the small business
community
Senator HATHAWAY. One last question I want to ask you. I think
the Small Business Administration has done an excellent ~ob over the
years, at least since I have been familiar with it-which is quite a
few years now, because I was familiar with it before I came to the
Congress 15 years ago-especially considering the amount of money
that has been appropriated for your efforts. The only shortcoming I
have ever heard from small businessmen is the lack of information
about the various programs. It seems it is very difficult for them to
get information on the programs.
Small business seminars have been held in Maine to acquaint busi-
nessmen with the Government procurement program. Maine and
many other States do not participate in that program anywhere near
to the extont that they should.
I wonder if you have any suggestions as to what we might do to
help you in getting more information out to small businessmen and
women.
Some States, like Pennsylvania, I understand, with State funds,
have hired a person to disseminate information with respect to Gov-
ernment procurement. Other States are not as well off as that, or have
not thought of that idea, so they have not done it.
The last time we had hearings on this matter, I think it was Mr.
Kieppe who indicated they did not have the money to carry on the
information program that they needed.
Mr. KOBELINSKI. Senator, I really do feel that one of the sugges-
tions you are making is a very viable method and very close to the
businessman method of getting this whole program across. That is
having State officers that will act as a conduit.
I was just up in Kalamazoo, Mich. yesterday and spoke with the
development officer there in Michigan. He described his program. I
was very pleased to hear what a very active program they had, try-
ing to match the SBA effort and bring the knowledge of our pro-
grams, specific knowledge of our programs, to the small businessman.
After all, in each State, you do have differing small business needs.
Some States have their specialties in the area of different types of
manufacturing. For us to sit in Washington, even if we have district
offices out there to try to tailor this thing, to really know how to bring
the information in the hands of business. I think we can do a far
better job if we act in cooperation with a State agency.
I would strongly urge every State- and I would like, as a part of
our program to energize this so we have more States setting up actual
counterparts of our SBA activity on a State level. I think we could
give a better delivery service that way.
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In the meantime, we are not going to rely on that alone. We have
a new public relations effort that we are going to mount. It will be
kicked off with our small business week that comes up May 10 through
14, and that will be kind of a kickoff for a strong public affairs type
of outreach program that I want to put into place.
I have said to your committee, I believe, Mr. Chairman, and to the
committees on the House side-I would like to take these first 90 days
in office between February 12 and the first week or so in May to struc-
ture our program and the thrust and to identify the priorities for
the agency and then come forth and sit down with the committees on
both sides and set out a program of action.
I am hoping to be able to do that by the first of May and announce
these things during Small Business Week and move ahead. I can tell
you ahead of time that one of the things is to have a public relations
program which identifies all of our programs and tries to have a
much stronger outreach, so we are certain that at least we are making
our programs known in a general way to every small businessman in
the country.
Senator HATHAWAY. This will be carried on through the media, or
through mailings?
Mr. K0BELINSKI. We are going to work with the media. We are
energizing a speaker's program utilizing our advisory council mem-
bers-again, we are leveraging-we will be demanding that each one
of our district directors arrange to give some kind of public address
somewhere, at least twice to three times a month and arrange to have
members of his advisory council doing the same thing in his district,
so they are reaching out.
I think we have to utilize the local businessman's associations, the
Northwest Cleveland Businessman's Association, if you will, the
South Chicago Industrial Association, et cetera, and rely on trying
to reach these businessmen on their level where they are active.
They may be members of the national associations. The national
associations do a very reputable job in representing the interests here
in Washington. You can hardly reach out and establish a close under-
standing and rapport with the small businessman without going out
to the local level and working with him in the local associations.
We want the Rotaries, the Kiwanis, the local trade association, the
industrial associations, to hear us. We will be using our advisory
council people and our district people to get out there. We are hope-
ful of being able to reach a substantial number of our small business-
men directly this way.
Senator HATHAWAY. Good.
Thank you very much. I enjoyed your testimony and your answers
to our questions. We have some other questions, Mr. Administrator,
that we will submit to you in writing, and we would appreciate your
answering for the record questions that would require some research.
Thank you very much. It is nice to have you here, Mr. Administra-
tor. Good luck in your new job. I know you will do an excellent job.
Our next witness is Mr. Dale Babione, deputy assistant secretary
for procurement, office of the assistant secretary, Department of De-
fense.
Mr. Babione, it is nice to see you.
PAGENO="0179"
175
Mr. BABIONE. With your permission, I have a short statement. I
would like to read it.
Senator HATHAWAY. Would you identify the gentlemen accompany-
ing you?
Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir, I will identify them in the statement.
Senator HATHAWAY. All right.
STATEMENT OF DALE R. BABIONE, DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRE-
TARY FOR PROCUREMENT, OFFICE OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY,
DEPARTMENT OP DEFENSE, ACCOMPANIED BY LEONARD
WEISBERG, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF ELECTRONICS AND
PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN THE OFFICE OF DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE
RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING; AND STANLEY TESKO, DEPUTY
DIRECTOR, SMALL BUSINESS OFFICE
Mr. BABIONE. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, .1 ap-
preciate the opportunity to appear before your committee today to
report on our Small Business program and activities in support of
small research and development firms.
I have with me Mr. Leonard Weisberg who is the assistant director
of electronics and physical sciences in the office of the director of
Defense Research and Engineering. He is responsible for management
guidance and technical expertise for Defense contracts concerning elec-
tronics and physical sciences R. & D. I also have with me Mr. Stanley
Tesko, who is the deputy director of our Small Business Office.
Before discussing our small business performance, I would like to
note that the dollar figures I will refer to throughout my presenta-
tion include only awards made to domestic U.S. business firms.
In fiscal y~~ar 1971, it was evident that the small business share in
Defense procurements had been declining since the peak fiscal years
of 1966 and 1967. However, this share has now shown a steady in-
crease since the low of 17 percent for prime contractor awards in
fiscal year 1971. Last fiscal year, fiscal year 1975, we had an exception-
ally good year when we increased small business awards by another
$911 million over fiscal year 1974, attaining a small business share of
20.7 percent. This is the highest rate of small business attainment
since fiscal year 1956, except for fiscal year 1966 when it reached a
level of 21.8 percent.
In attachments 1, 2, and 3, I have furnished your committee a sum-
mation of our accomplishments compared with our primate contract
award objectives for the past several years. I call attention to the fact
that we have met or exceeded our goals for the past 4 fiscal years.
The subcontracting picture has also improved. In fiscal year 1972,
the percentage of subcontracts received by small firms was 34.8 per-
cent, which in fiscal year 1975 increased to 39.3 percent, the highest
since 1969. Attachment 4 depicts our experience for fiscal years
1972-75.
Research and development awards to small firms have set a new
record. The dollars have climbed significantly each year from $183
million awarded in fiscal year 1971. For fiscal year 1972, the figure
was $256 million, and for fiscal year 1973, it was $272 million. In fiscal
PAGENO="0180"
176
year 1974, despite a drop of more than $500 million in total R. & D.
awards compared with fiscal year 1973, small business received $300
million, which represents 5.8 percent of the total.
In fiscal year 1975, small firms increased their awards to $316 mil-
lion although the percentage dropped slightly to 5.6 percent. Never-
theless, our last year's performance represents an all-time high for
DOD in R. & D. in the amount of dollar awards to small firms and
the highest percentage of awards since fiscal year 1956, except for
fiscal year 1974.
In our statistics for R. & D. contracting for awards of $10,000 or
more, we provide for recording four categories of effort, consisting of
research, exploratory development, advanced development, and man-
agement support. Of the total R. & D. awards with U.S. business
firms in fiscal year 1975, 2.1 percent or $115.6 million was for research,
7.6 percent or $427 million was for exploratory development, 84.8
percent or $4.74 billion for other more advanced types of develop-
ment, and 5.4 percent or $301.1 million was for management and sup-
port. I want to emphasize that these total dollars listed here are for
B. & D. awards to business firms only and do not include awards to
universities and nonprofit institutions.
Of these awards, small business won an impressive 26.3 percent of
the dollars awarded in the research category, and exploratory devel-
opment, small business is well-equipped to perform, and accordingly
they have faired well.
The majority of the dollars are in the advanced developmental cate-
gory. Programs in this category are generally for major weapon sys-
tems such as the B-i and the F-is aircraft Safeguard and Poseidon
missile systems. As might be expected, such large system contracts
are awarded to large companies and accordingly the share of small
business here is only 3.2 percent, considerably lower than research
and exploratory development. In dollar terms this accounts for $1-Si
million. In the management/support category the percentage of small
business funding climbs to 11.3 percent.
The DOD is participating in an ad hoc panel recently established
by the Office of Federal Procurement Policy. The purpose of this
panel is to determine what actions are to be taken to enhance the role
of small business in innovations in B. & D. and how awards to small
R. & ID. firms can be increased. Mr. WTeisberg is the DOD representa-
tive to this panel and is working closely with my office regarding any
procurement aspects which must be considered.
We are involved in several other actions in order to assist the small
B. & D. firm. We believe that one of the first places to start is to get
the "word" out to the small R.. & D. businessman as to how to do busi-
ness with us, which of our activities purchase which kinds of B. & D.,
and whom can they contact for assistance. The key to increasing
awards to small R. & D. firms is the assurance that an increased num-
ber of small firms can be expected to bid on our B. & D. procurements.
This can be enhanced by getting the word out to as many small firms
as possible to make application to be included in the bidder's mailing
list of our procuring activities.
On January 21 and 22, 1976, we supported the Research Council
for Small Business and the Professions which conducted a 2-day
PAGENO="0181"
177
seminar for the National Science Foundation's "Research Applied to
National Needs"-RANN-held for small R. & D. businessmen. We
are also actively engaged with the Department of Commerce in sup-
porting the Federal procurement conferences which are sponsored by
individual Members of Congress in their local districts or States.
At each of these conferences, we provide the senior small business
advisor from one of the military services, the Defense Supply Agency
or the Defense Contract Administration Service as well as other DOD
representatives from our activities located in the proximity of the
congressional member's constituency. These DOD personnel provide
information on how to do business with the military.
Businessmen are given copies of the booklet "Selling to the Mili-
tary," which tells them what products and services each of our activi-
ties buys and what procedures must be followed to be placed on our
bidders' mailing list.
The updated and expanded version of this publication is now at
the Government Printing Office and will include a separate section
on research and development listing our R. & D. activities, what they
buy, and how to prepare an unsolicited proposal.
I might also mention that we publish a booklet listing each of our
approximate 600 small business specialists by their assigned procure-
ment activity and location. These individuals assist businessmen de-
siring to obtain procurements, but more important, they screen every
procurement over $2,500 to determine if it can be set-aside for exclu-
sive small business participation. Additionally, all of the military
services distribute publications which treat their requirements in
greater detail.
A specific senior technical individual at each of our laboratories
has been assigned as one of his duties to help small businessmen de-
siring to obtain research and development contracts. Individuals so
assigned work with the small business specialists in terms of offering
advice on R. & D. matters, such as identifying the particular engineer
who is most familiar with a forthcoming R. & D. procurement. This
is part of our continuing efforts to involve technical personnel in the
small business program.
We synopsize all of our procurement requirements valued in excess
of $10,000 in the Commerce Business Daily. Notices are also published
of every award valued in excess of $25,000 which provides small firms
the opportunity to compete for subcontract awards.
Our military services conduct advanced planning briefings for in-
dustry to inform them of what we will be looking for in the near
future. The Navy has established two Nardic's-Navy R. & D. Infor-
mation Center-one on each coast which includes Air Force repre-
sentation. These offices make information regarding R. & D. planning
and requirements available to small business.
The Navy has also established a NICRAD-Navy/industry coop-
erative R. & D. program-which furnishes scientific and technical in-
formation on the operational capabilities and requirements of the
u.S. Navy to nongovernment activities on a cooperative, no-cost con-
tract basis.
It is DOD policy to utilize the R. & D. sources sought section of the
Commerce Business Daily whenever practical to seek additional small
PAGENO="0182"
178
business sources for R. & D. procurements anywhere from 3 to 6
months in advance of the actual procurement. This technique is par-
ticularly helpful to small business firms. It gives them an opportu-
nity to respond, by submitting technically qualifying information, to
any synopsis in which they have an interest.
Our small business specialists work closely with the SBA R. & D.
specialists in identifying additional small B. & D. firms to our con-
tracting officers. The SBA provides us a valuable service by its yearly
publication of a sources list of small R. & D. firms. This list is dis-
tributed to all of our activities involved in R. & D.
It is the policy of the Department of Defense to promote military-
civilian technology transfer and cooperative development. This policy
encompasses: (1) The transfer of technology developed by DOD ac-
tivities for national defense purposes to the civilian sector where such
technology can be profitably utilized in nonmilitary applications; and
(2) the identification of coming technologies of both military and
civilian interest and the exploration of the feasibility for cooperative
funding and for development of such technologies.
We accomplish this primarily through our Defense Documentation
Center, DDC. DDC assists these Government contractors- and po-
tential Defense contractors__by supplying technical reports of com-
pleted B. & D. efforts as well as summaries of ongoing B. & D. proj-
ects. These services are available to all U.S. Government activities
and to their contractors, subcontractors and grantees-regardless of
size.
The systematic and timely availability of these technical reports
and current project summaries helps significantly to prevent or reduce
unnecessary duplication of R. & D. projects and to accelerate the com-
pletion and application of research information in order to shorten
the "concept-to-delivery" cycle.
The DDC technical document collection totals more than 1 million
different titles, covering all areas of science and technology. Informa-
tion in these reports could enhance the efforts of aerodynamicists,
chemists, mechanical engineers, psychologists, ecologists, or any other
person in the Federal B.. & D. community.
There are thousands of summaries in the Center's work unit infor-
mation system which answer the who, what, when, where, and how
concerning ongoing, Defense-sponsored, R.. & D. efforts. Included is a
narrative description of each effort, its purpose, costs and the activi-
ties responsible, with names and telephone numbers of key personnel.
Organizations registered with DDC have access to a variety of
products and services. Most of these services are provided free of
charge, while very nominal fees are imposed on others.
DDC receives all Defense-related reports with classifications rang-
ing from unclassified to secret and restricted data; however, not all
reports are processed at this facility. DDC's responsibility includes
the processing, announcing, storing, and distributing of classified and
unclassified/limited reports. By a contractual arrangement, DDC for-
wards all unclassified/unlimited Defense reports to the National
Technical Information Service, NTIS, Department of Commerce,
where they are made available for sale to DDC users and the general
public.
PAGENO="0183"
179
Unclassified reports of ongoing projects are provided the Smith-
sonian Science Information Exchange (SSIE), for sale to the public.
The Navy is a'so publicizing patents available for licensing through
the use of exhibits.
The Army and the Air Force also conduct similar operations as I
have described for the Navy.
In summary, I think we have had a steadily improving record in
support of the Small Business R. & D. community and recognize we
must persevere to assure that this overall upward performance trend
continues. In this regard, we plan on taking the following actions:
(1) Publish a booklet listing the individual within each service lab-
oratory who will act as a functional contact regarding small business
R. & D. matters; (2) designate an individual in the Office of Director
of Defense Research and Engineering to act as a focal point regard-
ing small business H. & D. matters; (3) examine the feasibility of
establishing small business H. & D. goals; and (4) implement those
recommendations of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy panel
which we consider appropriate and feasible of accomplishment.
I will now be happy to answer any questions you may have.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Babione follows:]
PAGENO="0184"
180
STATEMENT OF
DALE R. BABIONE
DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (PROCUREMENT)
(INSTALLATIONS AND LOGISTICS)
FOR THE
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
UNITED STATES SENATE
95th CONGRESS
April 7, 1976
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:
I appreciate the opportunity to appear before your Committee today to
report on our Small Business Program and activities in support of small
research and development (R&D) firms.
* I have with me Mr. Leonard Weisberg who is the Assistant Director
of Electronics and Physical Sciences in the Office of the Director of
Defense Research and Engineering. He is responsible for management
guidance and technical expertise for Defense contracts concerning electronics
and physical sciences R&D. I also have with me Mr. Stanley Tesko, who
is the Deputy DirectQr of our Small Business Office.
Before discussing our small business performance, I would like to
note that the dollar figures I will refer to throughout my presentation
include only awards made to domestic U. S. business firms.
Prime Contracti~g
In FY 1971, it was evident that the small business share in Defense
procurements had been declining since the peak fiscal years of 1966 and
PAGENO="0185"
181
2
1967. However, this share has now shown a steady increase since the
low of 17% for prime contract awards in FY 1971. Last fiscal year,
FY 1975, we had an exceptionally good year when we incr~ased small
business awards by another $911 million over FY 1974, attaining a
small business share of 20. 7%. This is the highest rate of small business
attainment since FY 1956, except for FY 1966 when it reached a level
of 21. 8%.
In attachments one, two and three, I have furnished your Committee
a summation of our accomplishments compared with our prime contract
award objectives for the past several years. I call attention to the fact
that we have met or exceeded our goals for the past four fiscal years.
Subcontra cting
The subcontracting picture has also improved. In FY 1972, the
percentage of subcontracts received by small firms was 34. 8%, which
in FY 1975 increased to 39. 3%, the highest since 1969. Attachment four
depicts our experience for Fiscal Years 1972-1975.
Research and Develc~pmerrt (R&D)~
Research and development awards to small firms have set a new
record. The dollars have climbed significantly each year from $183
million awarded in FY 1971. For FY 1972, the figure was $256 million,
and for FY 1973, it was $272 million. In FY 1974, despite a drop of
PAGENO="0186"
182
3
more than $500 million in total R&D awards compared with FY 1973,
small business received $300 million, which represents 5. 8% of the
total. In FY 1975, small firms increased their awards to $316 million
although the percentage dropped slightly to 5. 6%. Nevertheless, our
last year's performance represents an all-time high for DoD in R&D
in the amount of dollar awards to small firms and the highest percentage
of awards since FY 1956, except for FY 1974. (See attachments 5 & 6.)
In our statistics for R&D contracting for awards of $10, 000 or more,
we provide for recording four categories of effort, consisting of Research,
Exploratory Development, Advanced Development, and Management
Support. Of the total R&D awards with U. S. business firms in FY 1975,
2. 1% or $115.6 million was for research, 7.6% or $427 million was for
exploratory development, 84. 8% or $4. 74 billion for other more advanced
types of development, and 5. 4% or $301. 1 million was for management
and support. I want to emphasize that these total dollars listed here are
for R&D awards to business firms only and do not include awards to
universities and non-profit institutions.
Of these awards, small business won an impressive 26. 3% of the
dollars awarded in the research category; likewise in the exploratory
development category they received a 21. 7% share. In areas such as
the research category, and exploratory development, small business
is well equipped to perform, and accordingly they have fared well.
PAGENO="0187"
183
4
The majority of the dollars are in the advanced developmental
category. Programs in this category are generally for major weapon
systems such as the B-i and F-15 aircraft, Safeguard and Poseidon
missile systems. As might be expected, such large system contracts
are awarded to large companies, and accordingly the share of small
business here is only 3. 2%, considerably lower than research and
exploratory development. In dollar terms this accounts for $151 million.
In the management/support category the percentage of small business
funding climbs to 11.3%.
The DoD is participating in an ad-hoc panel recently established by
the Office of Federal Procurement Policy. The purpose of this panel
is to determine what actions are to be taken to enhance the role of small
business in innovations in R&D, what share of awards have been, made
to small R&D firms, and how awards to small R&D firms can be
increased. Mr. Weisberg is the DoD representative to this panel and
is working closely with my office regarding any procurement aspects
which must be considered.
We are involved in several other actions in order to assist the
small R&D firm. We believe that one of the first places to start is
to get the "word" out to the small R&D businessman as to how to do
business with us, which of our activities purchase which kinds of R&D,
and whom can they contact for assistance. The key to increasing awards
PAGENO="0188"
184
5
to small R&D firms is the assurance that an increased number of small
firms can be expected to bid on our R&D procurements. This can be
enhanced by getting the word out to as many small firms as possible to
make application to be included in the Bidder's Mailing List of our
procuring activities. On January 21st and 22nd, 1976, we supported
the Research Council for Small Business and the Professions which
conducted a two-day seminar for the National Science Foundation's
Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) held fo.r small R&D business-
men. We are also actively engaged with the Department of Commerce
-in supporting the Federal Pràcurement Conferences which are sponsored
by individual members of Congress in their local districts or states.
At each of these conferences, we provide the senior Small Business Advisor
from one of the Military Services, the Defense Supply Agency or the
Defense Contract Administration Service as well as other DoD represent-
atives from our activities located in the proximity of the Congressional
member's constituency. These DoD personnel provide information on
how to do business with the military. Businessmen are given copies of
the booklet "Selling to-the.Military" which tells them what products and
services each of our activities buys and what procedures must be followed
to be placed on our bidders' mailing list. The updated and expanded
version of this publication is now at the Government Printing Office and
will include a separate section on Research and Development liqting our
PAGENO="0189"
185
6
R&D activities, what they buy, and how to prepare an unsolicited proposal.
I might also mention that we publish a booklet listing each of our
approximate 600 Small Business Specialists by their assigned procurement
activity and location. These individuals assist businessmen desiring to
obtain procurements but more important, they screen every procurement
over $2, 500 to determine if it can be set-aside for exclusive small
business participation. Additionally, all of the Military Services
distribute publications which treat their requirements in greater detail.
A specific senior technical individual ateach of our laboratories
has been assigned as one of his duties to help smallbusiness obtain
research and development contracts. Individualsso assigned work with
the small business specialists in terms of offering advice on R&D matters,
such as identifying the particular engineer who is most familiar with a
forthcoming R&D procurement. This is part of our continuing efforts
to involve technical personnel in the small business program.
We synopsize all of our procurement requirements valued in excess
of $10, 000 in the Commerce Business Daily (cBD). Notices are also
published of every award valued in excess of $25, 000 which provides
small firms the opportunity to compete for subcontract awards.
Our Military Services conduct advanced planning briefings for
industry to inform them of what we will be looking for in the near future.
The Navy has established two NARDIC'S (Navy R&D Informatiofl Center),
PAGENO="0190"
186
7
one on each coast which includes Air Force representation. These
offices make information regarding R&D planning and requirements
available to small business. The Navy has also established a NICRAD
(Navy/Industry Cooperative R&D) Program which furnishes scientific
and technical information on the operational capabilities and require-
ments of the U. S. Navy to non-government actjvities on a cooperative,
no-cost contract basis.
It is DoD policy to utilize the R&D Sources Sought Section of the
Commerce Business Daily (CBD), whenever~practicai, to seek additional
small business sources for R&D procurements anywhere from three to
six months in advance of the actual procurement.. This technique is
particularly helpful to small business firms. It gives them an opportunity
to respond, by submitting technically qualifying information, to any
synopsis in which they have an interest.
Our Small Business Specialists work closely with the SBA R&D
Specialists in identifying additional small R&D firms to our contracting
officers. The SBA provides us a valuable service by its yearly publication
of a source list of small £~&D firms. This list is distributed to all of
our activities involved in R&D.
It is the policy of the Department of Defense to promote military-
civilian technology transfer and cooperative development. This, policy
encompasses (1) the transfer of technology developed.by DoD activities
PAGENO="0191"
187
8
for national defense purposes to the civilian sector where such technology
can be profitably utilized in non-military applications, and (2) the
identification of coming technologies of both military and civilian interest
and the exploration of the feasibility for cooperative funding and for
development of such technologies.
We accomplish this primarily through our Defense Documentation
Center (DDC). DDC assists these Government contractors - - and
potential Defense contractors - - by supplying technical reports of
completed R&D efforts as well as summaries of ongoing R&D projects.
These services are available to all U. S. Government activities and to
their contractors, subcontractors and grantees - - regardless of size.
The systematic and timely availability of these technical reports
and current project summaries helps significantly to prevent or reduce
unnecessary duplication of R&D projects and to accelerate the completion
and application of research information in order to shorten the
`concept-to-delivery" cycle.
The DDC technical document collection totals more than a million
different titles, covering all areas of science and technology. Information
in these reports could enhance the efforts of aerodynamicists, chemists,
mechanical engineers, psychologists, ecologists, or any other person
in the Federal R&D community.
PAGENO="0192"
188
9
There are thousands of summaries in the Center's Work Unit
Information System which answer the who, what, when, where and how
concerning ongoing, Defense-sponsored, R&D efforts. Included is a
narrative description of each effort, its purpose, costs and the activities
responsible (with names and telephone numbers of key personnel).
Organizations registered with DDC have access to a variety of
products and services. Most of these services are provided free of
charge, while very nominal fees are imposed on others.
DDC receives all Defense-related reports with classifications
ranging from unclassified to Secret and Restricted Data; however, not
all reports are processed at this facility. DDC's responsibility includes
the processing, announcing, storing, and distributing of classified and
unclassified/limited reports. By a contractual arrangement, DDC
forwards all unclassified/unlimited Defense reports to the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS), Department of Commerce, where
they are made avaiiai4c~ for sale to DDC users and the general public.
Unclassified reports of on-going projects are provided the Smithsonian
Science Information Exchange (SSIE) for sale to the public. The Navy is
also publicizing patents available for licensing through the use of exhibits.
The Army and Air Force also conduct similar operations as I have
described for the Navy.
PAGENO="0193"
189
10
In summary, I think wetve had a steadily improving record in
support of the Small Business R&D community and recognize we must
persevere to assure that this overall upward performance trend
continues. In this regard, we plan on taking the following actions:
1. Publish a booklet listing the individual within each service
laboratory who will act as a functional contact regarding small business
R&D matters;
2. Designate an individual in the Office of the Director of Defense
Research and Engineering to act as a focal point regarding small business
R&D matters;
3. Examine the feasibility of establishing small business R&D
goals;
4. Implement those recommendations of the Office of Federal
Procurement Policy panel which we consider appropriate and feasible
of accomplishment.
I'll now be happy to answer any questions you may have.
72-434 0 - 76 - 13
PAGENO="0194"
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
AWARDS TO ALL BUSINESS FIRMS~
(Including Civil Functions)
FISCAL YEARS 1972 THROUGH 1975
(INMILLIONS) Fv19;2~ FY1913 FY1974
FY 1975
-
.
*
TOTAL AWARDS TO ALL FIRMS
TOTAL AWARDS TO SMALL FIRMS
*
*
$34,046
$6,128
$32,418
$6,672
*
$34,518
$7,014
*
$38,213
7,895
PERCENT TO SMALL FIRMS
18.0%*'
-
20.5%
20.5%
20.1%
TOTAL SMALL BUSINESS SET*
ASIDE AWARDS
$1,752
..
$1,890
$1,811
$
.
2,251
PERCENTOFSETASIDESTO
TOTAL AWARDS TO ALL FIRMS
:
5.1%
5.8%
5.3%
-
5.9%
Attachment #1
PAGENO="0195"
191
DOD SMALL BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
Awards to
Small Business
FISCAL
TOTAL
CONTRACT
AMOUNT
% OF
YEAR
1975
AWARDS.
$38,213
[~i1lio ns)
- TOT AL
$7,895
.
.20.7
1974
34,518
7,074
20.5
1973
. 32,479
6,672
20.5
1972
34,047
6,128
18.0
1971
31,063
5,292
17.0
1970
31,777
5,492
17.3
1969
37,986
6,765
17.8
1968
40,304
7,584
18.8
1967
40,609
8,361
20.6
1966
34,878
7,612
21.8
1965
26,113
5,305
20.3
1964
26,920
*
4,842
18.0
1963
27, 793
4, 597
16. 5
1962
26, 147
4, 622
17. 7
1961
22,992
3,657
15.9
1960
21,302
3,440
16.1
1959
22,744
3,783
16.6
1958
ZJ,8Z7
3,729
*
17.1
1957
19,133
3,783
.
19.8
1956
17,750
3,475
19.6
1955
*
14,930
3,214
21.5
1954
11,448
2,902
25.3
1953
27,822
*
4,608
16.6
Attachment #2
PAGENO="0196"
II~TER~M A~ ~AL SMALL ~USO~ESS f~OALS
A~D AC~COk~JWLIISHMENTS IFY's
DEPARTMENT 1912
1974 1975
% %
~12 ~15
1913
DOD
INTERIM
FINAL
ACTUAL
ARMY
1N11E RIM
FINAL
ACTUAL
NAVY
INTERIM
FINAL
ACTUAL
AIR FORCE
~1NTEI{IM
FINAL
ACTUAL
DSA
11s~TE RIM
FINAL
ACTUAL
11.3
17.2
18.0
18.8
18.2 . 18.5
19.8
12.7
10.6* 12.1
13.2.
10.6
10.2- 11.2
11.6
45.1
44.1 -45.0
44.6
18.4
18.2
20.5
20.2
19.8- 20.0
23.1
13.5
13.2. 13.5
14.3
12.1
10.3-11.0
13.2
45.0
44.6.44.9
46.0
20.1
20.2
20.5
23.1
23.9- 24.2
26.0
14.6
12.8- 13..1
* 14.1
13.3
12.0.12.5
* 13.1
45.7
45.1-45.4
39.3
20.9
* 20.7
20.7
24.5
25.0
25.7
14.8
14.0
14.4
12.6
12.6
13.5
43.3
41.3
39.6
Attachment ~3
PAGENO="0197"
~LÔ\LL ~ ~ ~
F~~ill ~ `11 ~12 thro~j `II
(IN MILLIONS)
.
.
1. NUMBEROFLARGECONTRACTORS
REPORTING
FY 1972
FY 1973
FY 1974
FY1975
.
$ 767
$ 765
$ 706
695
2. MILITARY SUBCONTRACTS
~ TO SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS
$9,925
$3 457
$11,094
$ 3971
$12,039
$ 4584
$12,731
5 002
B. TO OTHER BUSINESS CONCERNS
$6,468
$ 7,123
$ 7,455
7,729
3. PERCENT OF TOTAL TO SMALL
BUSINESS CONCERNS
34.8%
35.8%
.
38.1%
39.3%
Attachment #4
PAGENO="0198"
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AWARDS
TO ALLBUSINESS FIRMS
FISCAL YEARS 1972 THROUGH 1975
(IN MILLIONS) FY 1972 FY 1973 FY 1974 FY1975
TOTAL R & 0 AWARDS TO ALL FIRMS S5,168 $5,656 S5,148 S5,601
TOTAL R & 0 AWARDS TO SMALL FIRMS S256 S272 S300 316
PERCENT TO SMALL FiRMS 4.9% 4.8% 5.8% 5.6%
Attachment. #5
PAGENO="0199"
RDTE CONTRACT AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS
(MILLIONS)
TOTAL
(%)
RES
(%)
DEV
(%)
MGMT & SPT
(%)
1970
$189.1
(4.0)
$31.0
(33.3)
$139.8
(3.2)
$18.3
(5.3)
1971
183.3
(3.7)
28.2
(31.1)
133.6
(3.0)
21.5
(6.9)
1972
255.6
(4.9)
34.6
(33.7)
193.8
(4.0)
27.2
(11.0)
1973
272.1
(4.8)
42.7
(29.4)
201.0
(3.8~
28.4
(11.1)
1974
300.4
(5.8)
40.7
(26.1)
223.9
(4.7)
35.8
(13.0)
1975
316.4
(5.6)
38.8
(29.8)
243.3
(4.7)
34.3
(11.3)
Attachment ~6
PAGENO="0200"
196
Senator HATHAWAY. Does the source list that the Small Business
Administration Provides you give you sufficient information on the
capabilities of the various R. & D. firms?
Mr. TESKO. Yes. sir. In that. particular regard. before coming to
work for Mr. Babione. I worked for the Small Business Administra-
tion. One of my responsibilities was to supervise the Publication of
directories listing small H. & D. firms which is published on a regional
basis. It. describes the capabilities of the small research firms in each
SBA region.
In the months of May and July there are two notices placed in the
Commerce Daily soliciting the small business R. & . D. community to
enroll themselves with the SBA region within which they are located.
When the booklet is published in September. SEA distributes copies
from the regional level to our procuring activities within each SBA
region and also to the Federal offices here in Washington.
In there, they have approximately 2.100 H. & D. firms listed.
Senator HATI-IAWAY. What percentage do you think that is of all
the H. & D. firms in the country?
Mr. TESKO. WTe just had occasion to be talking to SEA this week
to determine how many small firms are in the area of research. It. was
determined that approximately 2.125 of the 2.200 firms are small.
There is a difference between what Dun & Bradstreet and SEA define
as a small research firm.
My estimate would be that. SBA directories include about 30 per-
cent of this Nation's small H. & D. companies.
Senator HATHAWAY. You think the Small Business Administration
should update its list?
Mr. TESKO. They update it annually. It. is a case of the small busi-
ness firm reading the notice in the Commerce Business Daily, saying
yes, I want to be listed in your directory, and then contacting the
SBA.
When they c, the Small Business Administration sends them a
form to fill out. listing their areas of expertise and capabilities. The
responsibility is on the small business H.. & D. firm to contact the SEA.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you not think we might make a better
effort? Many might not see the Commerce Business Daily.
Mr. TESKO. SBA places at least two notices in the CBD. Possibly
this could be increased b placing additional notices in the CBD Prior
to cutoff for Publication.
SBA plans to publish its next H. & D. directories in a single na-
tional listing insteadl of on the present regional basis.
Senator HATHA'~VAY. Does it. explain in the ad just what listing in
the SBA dlirectory means? .
Mr. TESKO. The CBD tells the firm how to apply to SBA. SEA in
turn provides the firm with the dlescription of 22 fieldls of dliscipline
as listedi on Department of Defense Form 1630. The directory is
arranged for easy idlentification of the firm, its capabilities and loca-
tion. This directory assures that the firms who write to SBA are still
in business, a.t least. at the time they appliedl. This is important in
view of many small firms entering andl leaving the marketplace.
Senator HATHAWAY. Would there not be some advantage to DOD
if the District officer supplemented that list with the ones they know
PAGENO="0201"
197
whether they wanted to be listed or not At least you would know
other research sources.
Mr. TEsI~o. Yes, sir, it would be, Senator Hathaway. The best way
the District Director could help is to make sure the small firm makes
direct application to be listed in the National Directory of SBA.
Senator HATI-JAWAY. Mr. Babione, about 85 percent of your total
R. & D. awards during the last year were for advanced types of de-
velopment and programs in this category are generally for major
weapons systems.
Could you tell me what efforts were made in subcontracting to
small businesses in this category of B. & D.?
Mr. BABIOXE. Well, we have a regular program~
Senator HATHAWAY. You do breakout subcontractors in this cate-
gory?
Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir.
V\Te have a requirement with all the major primes, contracts over
$500,000 that makes them have a small business program.
Senator 1-TATHAWAY. That is overall. How- about the R. & D., do you
know the breakdown?
Mr. BABIONE. We do not have a breakdown of B. & D. to small busi-
ness on a subcontract basis.
Senator 1-IATI-TAwAY. Can you get that, or is it too difficult?
Mr. BABIONE. Our reporting system does not generate that kind of
figure.
Senator HATI-TAWAY. I think it would be helpful if you could change
the reporting system so that it would.
Mr. BABIONE. We will look into that, and see what we can do.
Senator HATI-TAWAY. This seems to be an area where small busi-
nesses could participate to a much greater extent. Unless we have the
figures, it is going to be difficult.
Mr. BABIONE. We will look at it.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you make any special efforts to encourage
subcontracting in the R. & D. field?
Mr. BABIONE. We have a policy and procedure and, of course, the
secret of success is getting that attitude down to all of the people who
are making the final decision. We are making every effort to see that
that policy does reach the people who are making the decisions.
I think that the statistics would show that we are constantly in-
creasing. Of course, we can always do better, and will try to do better.
Senator HATI-IAWAY. Do you do this, or do you leave it up to the
Small Business Administration?
Mr. BABIONE. It is a combination. The B. & D. part of it, of course,
is done mostly in the laboratories on the R. & D. side of the procure-
ment community.
Would you like to comment on that?
Mr. WEISBERG. On the R. & D. side-on the B side of the B. & D.-
there is very little subcontracting because the procurements are
smaller. In fact, on the B side, most of the awards are given on an
open bid basis. The problem does not really exist there at all.
Senator HATI-TAWAY. Do you mean because the small firms are not
capable?
PAGENO="0202"
198
Mr. WEISBERG. They get a large percentage, close to 30 percent on
the R. side-the research side. In this case, many awards are made on
the basis of an unsolicited proposal.
Senator HATHAWAY. You say you may establish small business
R.. & D. goals. Does that mean you are going to establish set-asides
for research and development contracts?
Mr. BABIOXE. There are two ways we can do this. As you are f a-
miliar, we do set goals with the services on the overall small business
goals. In the past, we have not set goals in the category of just
research and development.
What I am suggesting is that we look at the feasibility of setting
up a similar goal, just for the research and development community
to give us a better measure of what our potential is and what our
performance is, again, to bring it to the attention of the people mak-
ing those decisions.
Senator HATHAWAY. You are just studying the feasibility of that
right now?
Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. When do you think you will complete the
study?
Mr. BABIONE. We have to get together with the Director for Re-
search and Engineering office and talk to their people, since they will
be the ones who will have to run the program. It will take us a cou-
ple of months to work out the details, I would say 2 or 3 months.
Senator HATHAWAY. Two or three months? Certainly before the end
of the year you should have some kind of a program.
Mr. BABI0xE. This will be our recommendation to Dr. Currie and
his people to determine how this can be accomplished.
Senator HATHAWAY. Will that be worked out with the Small Busi-
ness Administration?
Mr. BABIONE. Jointly, yes, sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. Fine.
I would like to ask you some questions about the independent re-
search and development program. I understand that it is funded with
$760 million a. year. This is for research not necessarily connected
with any Particular weapons system. is that not correct?
Mr. BABIONE. That is approximately correct. A little over $400 mil-
lion is I.R. & D. and the remainder is bid and proposed expense.
Senator HATHAWAY. Any type of research?
Mr. BABIONE. That is correct.. It is independent. That is why the
"I" is in there. The companies determine which projects they will
undertake. They conduct I.R.. & D. effort which they feel is necessary
to give them greater technologica.l capability. The technology is for
the benefit of the contractor.
Senator HATHAWAY. That is in general?
Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do small firms get this as well as large. firms?
Mr. BABIONE. Yes, sir. There is an automatic formula for any corn-
pany who's program does not reach the legislative $2 million thresh-
old. Above $2 million, we are required by law to have an advance
agreement and in these cases we have a procedure for reviewing the
technical value of their I.R. & D. programs.
PAGENO="0203"
199
I want to emphasize, we are not buying anything. What we are
doing is reviewing the overhead allocation of a contractor who is in-
dependently determining which proj ects he should undertake. We
review it merely to determine the reasonableness of the costs allocated
to defense contracts.
I.R. & D. and B. & P. are included in a contractor's overhead, and
part of that overhead, including his R. & ID. is allocated to defense
contracts. If defense work comprises about 30 percent of his business,
and if he allocated I.R. & D. and B. & P., say on the cost of sales, for
example, we would then-if all of the items were militarily related,
and if the costs were reasonable-pick up as an allocation to defense
contracts, 30 percent. We would not pick up all his I.R. & ID. and
B. & P. costs unless we were a 100 percent, or sole, customer.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you examine these applications to deter-
mine whether or not there is any overlap in technology? Some firm
that you give money to may be duplicating technology already in
existence.
Mr. BABIONE. There is a technical review of all I.R. & D. before
negotiation is completed, mostly a kind of informational process.
There is always going to be some duplication. It is always difficult to
determine the degree and how much of it is desirable.
Senator HATHAWAY. You are familiar of course, with the problem
that we have with the Maine firm. I am concerned about it on a na-
tional basis, whether or not giving this type of research money to a
large firm will hurt the small firm that already has developed this
particular project.
I realize that this gives you another competitor, so you can save the
money on a competitive bidding basis. At the same time, it may hurt
a small firm that has already developed this technique.
Mr. BABIONE. I think you are talking about Fiber Materials Inc.
(FMI). The answer to that is the regulation now prohibits payment
as 1.11. & D. to a contractor where the contractor has a contractual
requirement to perform that service or product. To that extent, there
would be no duplication between I.R. & D. and fulfilling a require-
ment for which he has a contract. The regulation already prohibits
that.
Senator HATHAWAY. That is prospective, of course? It will not
apply to what already has been done in the past.
Mr. BABIONE. If any contractor we have has a contractual require-
ment from anyone to perform a certain type of effort we would not
permit any I.R. & ID. money to be used for that same purpose. The
regulation already prohibits that.
Senator HATHAWAY. I see.
Mr. BABIONE. It becomes a question of interpretation of how that
money is being used and what is duplicative and what is not.
Senator HATHAWAY. That would afford the protection to the small
firm already having a contract?
Mr. BABIONE. As it relates to I.R. & ID., yes, sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. I see. Fine.
*Is there anything you think that the Congress should do to help
with respect to giving small business a greater share of the R. & D.
market?
PAGENO="0204"
200
Mr. TESKO. Senator, I think we are doing as much as we possibly
can. I think we can always try to do more. We search for different
approaches. The objective is to try to get as many H. & D. firms on
the mailing list of a particular activity which procures H. & D. prod-
ucts and services. By this approach we can make sure we solicit as
many small IR. & D. firms as possible. It is on the basis of sufficient
competition that a determination is made whether a procurement can
be set-aside.
Mr. Babione made reference to the advanced sources sought in the
Commerce Business Daily. If we get sufficient response from the small
business community, we then set this procurement aside.
We have an example last year of a Washington, D.C. firm which
received an award for $2.2 million from the Aeronautical Systems Di-
vision at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base to provide the engineer-
ing and equipment support. This was done by that procedure.
We have to do more of what. we are doing. Additionally, we would
like to try to come up with something different.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any plans for uny extended or
intensive public relations programs, such as Mr. Kobelinski mentioned
that he is going to try to carry out later on this year?
One of the biggest problems I find from talking with constituents
is that they do not know enough about what is available to them.
Mr. TESKO. In that regard. Senator Hathaway, one of the things
that we do, this booklet "Selling to the Military", we will produce
more than 1 million copies. We receive numerous Congressional in-
quiries, as to how does an individual do business with the Department
of Defense. This booklet lists our procuring activities, the types of
products and services they purchase, and the procedures to be fol-
loweci to get on their bidders mailing list.
are putting a special H. & D. section in the updated and revised
edition. \\Te received the first galley proofs from the Government
Printing Office 2 weeks ago and hope to have the final copies available
for distribution in June. The H. & D. section will list all of our
H. & D. activities, what they buy, and how to prepare an unsolicited
proposal.
We find that approximately 20 percent of our research awards are
awarded on the basis of an unsolicited proposal. If a firm has a unique
proposal which satisfies a specific requirement, then the award is made
on a sole-source basis.
That is the way we are getting the word out.
Senator HATHAWAY. To whom do the 1 million of those awards go?
Mr. TESKO. These are made available to all of our procurement ac-
tivities where the small businessman will come in to look at the bid
board to see what is being procured. These are offered to him at that
particular point.
Also, he is given a booklet of small business specialists that lists
600 DOD part-time and full-time small business specialists through-
out the country by location and telephone number. If he wants to do
business at the Electronics Command in New Jersey, or the Missile
Command at Huntsville, this booklet tells him who to call there to
find out about a particular procurement or other assistance he may
require.
PAGENO="0205"
201
Senator HATHAWAY. He has someone available he can talk to ? Any
small businessman ~
Mr. BABIONE. Any small businessman interested in doing business
with the Department of Defense, there are all kinds of published data
that is available and contact points. If he just contacts one of our
600 people working in this area, he will be provided with whatever
information he needs.
Senator HATHAWAY. You do not think there is anything further
the Congress can do to help you ~
Mr. BABIONE. Not that I can think of at the moment, but if we come
up with anything we will be glad to contact your office and suggest it.
Senator HATHAWAY. Fine.
Thank you very much, Mr. Babione and gentlemen. We will take a
5 minute recess.
Our next witness will be Kenneth Woodfin.
(A brief recess was taken.)
Senator HATHAWAY. The next witness is Admiral Kenneth L.
Woodfin, assistant administrator for procurement, National Aero-
nautics and Space Administration.
Admiral, we will put your entire statement in the record. If you
could summarize it, that would he helpful.
STATEMENT OF ADM. KENNETH L. WOODFIN, ASSISTANT ADMIN-
ISTRATOR FOR PROCUREMENT, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND
SPACE ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY CLARE F. PARLEY,
DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR FOR TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION; AND
KENNETH ~r. KIER, SMALL BUSINESS ADVISOR, NASA
Admiral WOODFIN. In introducing the subject, we wish to report
that in fiscal year 1975, small business received 9.6 percent of NASA's
direct awards to business firms. This was NASA's highest small busi-
ness achievement since 1962, and the fourth consecutive year in which
we achieved our established goal of exceeding the small business per-
centage of the previous year.
In fiscal year 1975, small firms received $423.5 million in prime and
subcontract awards. This is 18 percent of the total NASA doUars
awarded to all business firms.
It is further noted that NASA's awards to small business in the
research and development appropriation category, also shows an in-
creasing trend over the last several years. A more detailed analysis
indicates that small business received 10 percent of NASA B. & D.
study contract awards, and 2.3 percent of R. & D. hardware dollars.
This latter category, of course, includes NASA's large systems con-
tracts with the major aerospace companies. Here a considerable effort
is going to the development of the small business subcontracting rela-
tionships.
The committee specifically asked us to discuss the things that
NASA is doing in cooperation with the Office of Federal Procure-
ment Policy and the Small Business Administration to assist small
R. & D. firms. In addition to several unilateral NASA activities, the
following is reported.
PAGENO="0206"
202
NASA is participating in the recently established Small Business
Research and Development PaneL sponsored by the OFPP. This, ad
hoc group is charged with the task of developing ways of ensuring
optimum participation of small business concerns in the Federal
Government's high technology R. & D. effort. NASA strongly en-
dorses the objectives of this Panel and assures this Small Business
Committee that NASA will fully support and diligently work with
the Panel is ensuring the success of its work.
NASA strongly encourages the participation of small research
firms in its work through the medium of the unsolicited proposal.
NASA welcomes the submission of relevant, new ideas and concepts
in this way. A review of the procurement statistics [attachment 5]
indicates that small research firms do relatively well in this matter,
in relation to large firms and educational and research institutions.
It is noted that with respect to new research contract awards in fiscal
year 1975, resulting from unsolicited proposals, small firms received
26 percent of the total number of contract awards and 21 percent of
the total dollars involved. The data for the partial year, fiscal year
1976 are similar.
I think that you are aware of our program. We have something
called the announcement of flight opportunity. ERDA will speak
later about a procurement. notice of opportunity approach. In both
those cases, we set forth in general terms. what our overall research
interests might be in an area, and this in a way accelerates the process
of unsolicited proposals or invite unsolicited proposals in certain
areas.
In further support of small business, NASA has adopted a cost-
sharing poTicy on its contracts resulting from unsolicited proposals,
which virtually eliminates the sharing requirement for the average
small firm.
NASA publishes an annual compilation of its funded research and
technology objectives in the NASA research and teclmology operat-
ing plan (RTOP). This RTOP manual is designed to stimulate com-
munications within the R. & D. community. and to encourage direct
contacts with NASA technical personnel. WTe find this is probably
the more productive way to encourage dialog on the technical B. & D.
programs with our technical personnel who are looking for certain
types of assistance. The manual receives extensive distribution to
small firms and we believe it to be of particular interest to them in
ascertaining our specific interests. and determining their specific in-
terests in domg business with NASA.
Turning next to the secondi area of interest coveredi in the commit-
tee's letter, I would like to summarize NASA's program of making
technical information resulting from the agency's B. & D. programs
available to small business companies. Within NASA. the technology
utilization program has technology transfer as its primary responsi-
bility, including the transfer of teclmology from NASA's storehouse
of information and experience to small business. This statement sub-
mittedi for the record covers the activities of NASA's technology
utilization program in considlerable dietail.
For the past 10 years our technology utilization program has oper-
ated a set of fieldi teams with the specific mission of providing the
PAGENO="0207"
203
results of NASA's R. & D. programs to private business companies
for their use in the conduct of their operations. The six teams, cafled
industrial application centers, are operated under contract with
NASA at universities in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, North Carohna,
Indiana, New Mexico, and California. These teams have small, multi-
disciplinary technical staffs with direct access to NASA's full tech-
nology data base. In operation, they contact individual companies to
determine the company's technical areas of interest or current techni-
cal needs, and then search through NASA's scientific and technical
resources to identify specific technical information that will meet the
company's needs.
Over 3,000 companies use the service, of which half are small busi-
ness. They have used the technology provided by the industrial appli-
cation centers to solve manufacturing problems concerning such mat-
ters as bearings for submersible pumps, forming and joining metals
and developing new products such as energy-saving heat recovery sys-
tems and solar hot water heaters. The fees charged for this service
are maintained at a modest level to encourage the small businessman
to take advantage of this opportunity.
In a closely related activity, the Southeastern Oklahoma State TJni-
versity has operated a technology transfer program for small busi-
ness companies with significant assistance from the Small Business
Administration office in Dallas. Here, too, companies have acquired
and used NASA technology for a variety of purposes.
Based on our experience with these programs, NASA and the SBA
are now jointly sponsoring two additional initiatives to assist the
small business community. The first of these is an experimental effort
by a NASA industrial applications center and the Small Business
Administration office in Los Angeles. NASA's Western Research Ap-
plication Center, located at the University of Southern California,
will provide technology assistance service to small business companies
identified by the small business office. This jointly funded experiment
is just getting underway and we will be evaluating it carefully over
the next year to help us to determine how best to structure future
programs for this important segment of the economy.
The second initiative in this jointly sponsored program provides
for a special distribution to small business companies, selected new
technology coming out of NASA's R. & D. efforts. The technology
covered will be that which we believe is most likely to be useful to
private enterprise. Twelve special distributions are planned during
this year with the first focusing on electrical, electronic devices to be
mailed in April to 8,000 companies in that field. The distribution will
be made with a reader's service card to facilitate requests of addi-
tional information. In essence, NASA supplies new technology and
the SBA identifies the companies to be contacted. This will provide
opportunities for thousands of small business companies to be in-
formed of new technological opportunities related to their interest.
We are optimistic that it will prove useful to them.
In sum, Mr. Chairman, NASA's technology transfer program is
continuing to seek out ways in which the small businessman, through
the ready availability of technical assistance, can improve his com-
PAGENO="0208"
204
pany's posture and thus gain an added return on his investment in
the Nation's aeronautics and space program.
In closing, I would like to update the statistical information given
by the NASA Administrator. Dr. Fletcher. when he testified before
this committee in November on the subject of NASA's energy devel-
opment activities for the Energy Research and Development Admin-
istration. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory now reports that small
firms will receive 10 of the 39 contracts awarded to date, in the low-
cost silicone cell development program. Please note that our formal
statement for the record reported nine such firms; the correct number
is 10. This also changes the small business awards percent from 23 to
26. Thus small firms will receive 26 percent of the contract awards
and 14.4 percent of the total dollars involved.
JPL is also currently evaluating ProPosals on their procurement
of 130 kilowatts of solar arrays. I am advised that 6 of the 13 pro-
posals received were from small firms, and source selection is ex-
pected to be announced early in May.
We are also expecting source selection on the solar heating and
cooling demonstration program at the Marshall Space Flight Center
at Huntsville, Ala., to commence in a. week or so. I am advised that
small firms submitted 57 of the 94 proposals received. WTe are opti-
mistic that the goal of placing 50 percent of the awards in three
sPecified areas of systems and subsystems development with small
business, will be achieved.
Mr. Chairman, that concludes my summarized statement.
As you requested, my colleagues and I are available for questioning.
Senator HATHA~\TAY. Thank you very much.
[The prepared statement of Admiral Woodfin follows:]
PAGENO="0209"
205
STATEMENT OF
KENNETH L. WOODFIN
ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR PROCUREMENT
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
BEFORE THE
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
UNITED STATES SENATE
APRIL 7, 1976
Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee:
It is a pleasure to appear before you today in
response to your invitation to testify on NASA efforts
in cooperation with the Office of Federal Procurement
Policy and the Small Business Administration on behalf
of small business in research and development.
NASA's basic policy of placing a fair proportion
of its procurements with small business is provided for
in NASA Procurement Regulation 1.702 (See Attachment 1).
This regulation places particular emphasis on the
importance of the expanded participation of small re-
search and development firms in NASA's work. NASA'S
cooperative effort with the Small Business Administra-
tion (SBA) is also cited in this regulation.
Your attention is invited to Attachment 2 which
reports the results of NASA's Small Business Program
in terms of the Agency's three budget appropriation
categories, Research and Development (R&D), Research
and Project Management (R&PM), and Construction of
Facilities (C of F), for the past three fiscal years.
It is noteworthy that NASA's small business percent
of total awards to business firms, as well as the
dollar value of such awards, has increased signif i-
cantly in the successive years. The small business
percent (9.6) achieved in FY 1975 is the highest such
figure attained by NASA since fiscal year 1962. FY 1975
was also the fourth successive year in which NASA has
accomplished its established goal of exceeding the
small business percentage of the previous year.
72-434 0 - 76 - 14
PAGENO="0210"
206
In addition to the $215.9 million in direct NASA
awards to small business in FY 1975, small firms also
received $207.6 million in subcontract awards. Thus
small business received a total of $423.5 million in
prime and subcontract awards which is 17.8 percent
of the total awards made by NASA and the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory to all business firms during the fiscal
year. This was an increase from the 15.1 percent
attained in fiscal year 1974 (See Attachment 3).
In again inviting your attention to Attachment 2,
it is important to understand that the data contained
in the R&D Appropriations category, in addition to
basic, applied and developmental research, includes
those procurements of equipment, materials and services
in support of the R&D effort. These R&D data similarly
show an increasing trend in both the small business
dollars, and the small business percent of total R&D
awards to business firms, during the past three fiscal
years.
In recognition of the need for more definitive
information concerning its R&D procurement activities,
NASA developed and implemented its current financial
and contracting reporting system during FY 1973 and
FY 1974. Consequently, the tabulated information
provided in Attachment 4 is limited to the full fiscal
year 1975, and to the first eight months of the current
fiscal year, through February 1976. As noted in the
table, the data reported are limited to those R&D
procurements which involve basic research, applied
research and developmental research. These data are
then reported by type of effort, that is, by R&D study
awards and by R&D hardware awards. Therefore, the
table indicates that in FY 1975, small firms received
10 percent ($19.8 million) of NASA's R&D study contract
awards to business firms, and 2.3 percent ($23.8 million)
of the R&D hardware contract awards. Thus small firms
received a total of $43.6 million or 3.6 percent of
NASA's awards to business firms for basic, applied and
developmental research. The data for the partial year
FY 1976 is similarly shown. The table further reports
the R&D small business set-asides as 6.8 percent of
the small business R&D awards for FY 75, and 4.3 percent
for the partial fiscal year 1976.
NASA is unable to accurately trace the subcontract
awards that accrue to small research firms out of NASA
prime contracts and major subcontracts.
PAGENO="0211"
207
3
The Committee has asked us to discuss the things that
NASA is doing in cooperation with the Office of Federal
Procurement Policy (OFPP) and the Small Business Adminis-
tration (SBA) for small R&D firms. In addition to several
unilateral NASA activities, the following is reported:
o NASA is participating in the recently estab-
lished Small Business Research. and Develop-
ment Panel, sponsored by the OFPP. This ad
hoc group is charged with the task of develop-
ing ways of ensuring Optimum participation
of small business concerns in the Federal
Government's high technology R&D effort.
NASA strongly endorses the objectives of this
panel and assures this Small Business Committee
that NASA will fully support and diligently
work with the panel in ensuring the success
of its work. We believe that its predominant
membership of technically oriented personnel
will fully understand the nature of the prob-
lems that beset small business in its quest
for a larger share of the government's R&D
dollar. The panel has had but two meetings of
an exploratory and information gathering nature,
therefore, there is no significant activity to
report at this time.
o NASA strongly encourages the participation of
small research firms in its work through the
medium of the unsolicited proposal. NASA
welcomes the submission of relevant new ideas
and concepts in this way. In general, most
appropriate for the unsolicited approach is
research of a fundamental nature, that which
bears potential for advancing the state of
the art in a particular area, contributes to
knowledge of a specific phenomenon, or pro-
vides fundamental advances in engineering or
the sciences. In addition, proposals may
define problems and present possible solutions
to the problems, developmental or otherwise,
which are within NASA's areas of concern. A
review of the table in Attachment 5 indicates
that small research firms do relatively well
in this matter, in'relation to large firms
and educational and research institutions.
It is noted that with respect to new
research contract awards in FY 1975,
resulting from unsolicited proposals,
PAGENO="0212"
208
4
small firms received 26 percent of the
total number of contract awards and 21
percent of the total dollars involved.
The data for the partial year is
similar.
o NASA has adopted a liberal cost sharing
policy on its contracts for basic and
applied research which is particularly
helpful to the small research firm. The
statutory cost sharing requirement on
grants and research contracts resulting
from unsolicited proposals originated
for NASA in the Independent Offices and
Housing and Urban Development A~propria-'
tion Act, 1970 (Section 408, PL 91-126).
The requirement has been continued in all
subsequent Independent Agencies appropria-
tion acts to the present time. However,
language included in the Senate Report
(91-949), accompanying the 1971 Appropria-
tions Act, clarified the intent of the
Congress to make cost sharing more
equitable, particularly for those small
concerns which do not have production or
other service activities and therefore
are not in a favorable position to make
a cost contribution. NASA has, therefore,
established its related policy in this
vein, as promulgated in NASA Management
Instruction 83l0.2A (See Attachment 6),
thus effectively eliminating the cost
sharing requirement for the average small
R&D firm.
o Annually, NASA promulgates a summary
compilation of its research and technology
program activities in the publication
Research and Technology Operating Plan
Summary (RTOP). The RTOP manual is designed
to facilitate communications and coordination
among concerned technical personnel in govern-
ment, industry and research institutions.
The publication contains an abstract of each
funded research and technology task in pro-
gress within NASA. It further identifies
the installation of primary interest as well
as the principal investigator involved.
PAGENO="0213"
209
5
Accordingly, it is NASA's intent to
encourage direct contacts of a profes-
sional nature. The publication receives
extensive distribution to small research
firms and we believe it to be particu-
larly valuable to them in determining
their specific interests in doing business
with NASA. The availability of the re-
leased RTOP Summary is noted each year in
the Commerce Business Daily. A copy of
the current issue of the manual has been
otherwise provided to the Committee so
as not to burden the record.
The Committee also requested information on
NASA's efforts to make the knowledge resulting from
government-funded R&D available to small business
firms. NASA conducts an active Technology Utilization
Program which has as a primary mission the transfer to
industry of the technology resulting from NASA'S main-
line R&D work. Within the Technology Utilization
Program, special attention is given to assuring that
the small business community's interests are served.
For instance, one element of the Technology
Utilization Program is an established system to
identify the new technological innovations or improve-
ments that are developed in-house or by contractors
performing NASA's mainline research and development
in space and aeronautics. Those innovations which
offer the greatest promise of being useful to private
industry, or to others in non-aerospace activities,
are prepared on one-page flyers which give a summary
description of the new technology and how it might
be used. Each year from 400 to 600 such flyers,
called Tech Briefs, are prepared and sent to some
20,000 addresses who have asked to be kept informed
about the new technology coming out of NASA.
Included in the Tech Brief is a notation advising
the recipient how he may acquire additional, more
detailed information concerning the technology. One
measure of the utility of the Tech B~iefs is the number
of such requests for additional information, and this
has been as high as 80,000 in a single year. In fol-
lowing up with a sample of businessmen who have
requested this service, it has been found that approxi-
mately one in ten have used the information provided
by NASA in their business activities.
PAGENO="0214"
210
6
For example, a small company in Ohio developed
a new automotive spark plug based in part on infor-
mation provided in a NASA Tech Brief. Another small
company in New York is now developing a device to
test bearings on railroad cars based on information
reported in a NASA Tech Brief. Many other examples
of the application of NASA technology generated by
the Tech Brief program have been identified through
our follow-up activities.
The recognized utility of this system led the
SBA and NASA to develop a special distribution plan
to make this technology readily available to the
small business community. This plan, under a joint
SBA/NASA program, will take advantage of an improved
publication format now being introduced by NASA, in
which a set of 20 or more Tech Briefs in a common
field of activity will be compiled in a booklet and
sent to interested users as a single package. The
first booklet, a compilation of innovations in
Electrical and Electronic Devices has been prepared
and will be ready for mailing in April. The booklet
will be available to about 7,000 small business firms
in that field of activity. In another approach, a
series of flyers, each containing abstracts of about
20 Tech Briefs, will also be mailed to small business
companies. In essence, the joint SBA-NASA technology
publication program calls for NASA to provide the
technical information, for the SBA to identify the
small business companies to be contacted, and for a
sharing of the cost between the two agencies.
A second initiative under the SBA/NASA joint
program takes advantage of another capability within
NASA's Technology Utilization Program. In this
activity NASA has established, throughout the country,
a network of field teams to assist individual business
companies to acquire and use NASA technology. The
teams, called Industrial Application Centers, are
located in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Indiana,
North Carolina, New Mexico, and California. The six
Centers, operating under contract to NASA, have a
multi-disciplinary technical staff which has direct
access to NASA technology and expertise, and charge
a modest service fee to their client companies.
Typically, a client company may be seeking a material
with certain properties to incorporate in its products,
or a process to improve its manufacturing system; the
PAGENO="0215"
211
7
Industrial Application Center will search the NASA
storehouse of technology, and perhaps discuss the
requirement with the NASA professional staff, to
identify specific information that will be of
direct use to the client company.
The number of companies using the Industrial
Application Centers has increased to more than
3,000 over the past few years, and approximately
half of these client companies are in the small
business category. This results, in part, from
the conscious NASA policy of keeping the service
charges at modest rates to encourage the partici-
pation of the small business company. One recent
example of the service provided, concerns the
OEM Products Company of Florida. The company
requested the Industrial Application Center in
Worth Carolina for information on solar energy
and subsequently relied extensively on the infor-
mation provided to develop a new solar hot water
heater which it is now marketing. Other new
products, such as portable welding equipment, and
improved manufacturing processes have resulted
from companies using the Industrial Application
Centers.
Under the SBA/NASA joint program, a new
initiative provides for an experiment to promote
more widespread use of this available technology
by small business companies. The NASA Industrial
Application Center in California, the Western
Research Applications Center (WESRAC), will combine
with the Los Angeles Office of the SBA to enable
small business companies in southern California to
utilize the services of WESRAC on a one-time, cost-
free basis. The pilot effort is just getting
underway, but already a number of companies have
utilized the service for a variety of technology
needs. The results of this experiment will be
evaluated to help determine how future efforts
should be structured to enable small business
companies to acquire and use the technology already
developed and acquired by NASA.
Closely related to the Industrial Application
Centers is another field team at Southeastern
Oklahoma State University which has worked directly
with small business companies on a cost-free basis
for the past several years. This team, the
PAGENO="0216"
212
8
Technology ~Use Studies Center, has been successful
in providing assistance to manufacturing, mining
and service companies as well as to colleges,
universities and others within the locality. Last
year, technical searches were conducted for almost
200 small business organizations in fields ranging
from protective coatings and high voltage power
supply to well drilling and optical lenses.
Another NASA activity which is directly bene-
fiting small businesses is the patent licensing
program. This function is carried out by the NASA
Patent Office in close coordination with the Tech-
nology Utilization Program. More than 200 licenses
have been awarded to practice inventions held by
NASA, and most of these have been awarded to small
business companies. New product lines have been
developed under these licenses for rotary shafts,
for anti-fog compounds, for safety life rafts, and
for medical instruments.
NASA expects to continue its efforts to make
the small business community aware of the technology
that is available and to seek improved methods of
delivering this technical information to the small
businessman. Through the dissemination of new tech-
nology and the direct interaction with individual
companies to assist them in meeting their technical
needs, we expect to provide the small businessman an
additional return on his investment in the nation's
aeronautics and space program.
Mr. Chairman, you will recall that on
November 18, 1975, Dr. Fletcher, the NASA Adminis-
trator, testified before this Committee on the matter
of NASA's energy development work for the Energy
Research and Development Administration (ERDA).
Before closing, I would like to provide you with
a status report of the related procurement activities
at this time.
First, concerning the initial procurements of
the low cost solar cell development program at the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)- a total of 39 con-
tracts have either been awarded, or are in the final
stages of negotiation. Small firms will receive
nine of these contracts for a value of $1.3 million,
out of an approximate total of $9 million. Thus
PAGENO="0217"
213
9
small business will have rec~ived23percent of the
contract awards, and 14 4 percent of the dollars
involved An additional $3 million remains to be
awarded this fiscal year and it is expected that
small firms will at least maintain these award
ratios.
We are making a special effort to increase
small business participation and are presently con-
sidering a variety of approaches including directed
procurements, unsolicited proposals, set-aside and
continued encouragement for small business to par-
ticipate in competition. For example, the next
major buy at JPL involves the procurement of 130
kilowatts of solar arrays valued at approximately
$2,800,000. Forty (40) kilowatts or approximately
30 percent have been set-aside for small business.
This procurement will be distributed among several
companies as in the previous 46 kilowatt buy. The
actual number of contractors to be selected is
dependent upon the nature and costs of the proposals
received. Small businesses in addition to being
assured of a minimum procurement of 40 kilowatts
are also eligible to compete directly with large
business firms for the remaining 90 kilowatts of
arrays. Thirteen proposals have now been received,
of which six are from small business. Evaluation
is now in process,with source selection targeted
for early May.
NASA is conducting its principal solar heating
and cooling demonstration program work for ERDA at
the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville,
Alabama. In October 1975, five Request for Proposals
(RFP) were issued, three of them in areas of systems
and subsystems of particular interest to small busi-
ness, and two oriented towards systems analysis and
integration. A NASA-ERDA goal of placing 50 percent
®f the contract awards in the first three areas,
with small firms, has been established. A total of
94 proposals have been received, 57 of which were
from small business. Contractor selection is
expected to commence in early April and continue
through July. The contracts to be awarded to all
firms in the five specified areas will amount to
about $4 million. We are optimistic that the estab-
lished small business goal will be achieved.
PAGENO="0218"
214
10
Mr. Chairman, that concludes my formal state-
ment on the subject matter, as you have requested.
My colleagues and I are available to respond to any
further questions that you may direct.
PAGENO="0219"
215
GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.702 General Policies.
(a) It is the policy of NASA to place a fair proportion of its total
purchases and contracts for supplies and services with small business
concerns, and to afford small business concerns an equitable opportunity
to compete for contract awards. In the area of researnh and development
contracts it is NASA policy to award such contracts to those organiza-
tions determined by responsible personnel to have a high degree of com-
petence in the specific branch of science or technology required for the
successful conduct of the work, It is in the national interest that the
number of firms engaged in research and development work for NASA
be expanded and that there be an increase in the extent of participation
m such work by competent small business firms,
(b) Each NASA installation having procurement authority ~hall imple-
ment this policy by:
(i) searching continually for and developing information on sources
(especially small business concerns) competent to perform research and
I development. Advance publicity, including use of the Commerce Business
Daily (see 1.1003-a) to the fullest extent practicable, shall be given for
this purpose. The search should include a review of relevant data or
brochures furnished by sources seeking research and development work
and a cooperative effort by technical personnel, small business specialists,
and contracting officers to obtain information and recommendations with
respect to potential sources by publication of proposed procurements, in
addition to the synopsis requirement.
(ii) encouraging contracting officers, technical personnel, and small
business specialists to cooperatively seek and develop information on the
technical competence of small business concerns for research and
development contracts. Small business specialists shall regularly bring to
the attention of contracting officers, and technical personnel descriptive
data, brochures, and other information as to small business concerns that
are apparently competent to perform research or development work in
fields in which the installation is interested.
(iii) maintaining bidders lists on a current basis and reviewing them to
ensure that all small business firms who have made acceptable application
to NASA or who appear from other information (including recommenda-
tion by the SBA) to be qualified are included therein;
(iv) acquiring descriptive data, brochures, or other information concern-
big small business firms who appear competent to perform research and
development work in fields in which NASA is interested and furnish such
information to technical personnel;
(v) to the extent feasible-
(A) dividing procurements of supplies and services into reasonably~-
small lots of not less than economic production runs in order to permit
bidding on quantities less than the total requirements;
(B) allowing the maximum amount of. time practicable for prepal~ation
and submission of bids and proposals; and
(C) establishing delivery schedules suitable for small business participa-
tion.
(vi) providing to authorized SBA representatives, upon request, infor-
mation necessary to understand NASA needs concerning research and
development programs under consideration for specific, future procure-
ment actions. The SBA may provide pertinent information concerning
potential small business soui-ces developed through its investigation of
the capabilities of specific firms in the psrticular field of research and
development covered by the programs. Full evaluation shall be given to
any such information in selecting qualified sources;
(vii) disseminating widely information relating to NASA purchasing
methods and practices; and
(viii) freely interchanging ideas and information, including statistical
data, with appropriate SBA levels, relating to programs for limiting suita-
ble procurements to small business concerns; and making maximum use
of the capacity of small firms in such programs in order. to accomplish the
purpose of this policy. As to subcontracting, see 1.707.
(c) Records of the total value of all contracts placed with small business
concerns during each fiscal year, and reports based thereon, are main-
tained by NASA through its agency-wide procurement reporting system
described in 16.901. Attachment 1
PAGENO="0220"
216
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
S?4ALL BUSINESS PROGRAM
PRIME CONTRACT AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS
Appropriation Category
Total NASA Business
Small Business
% of Total Business
Set Asides
% of Total Business
% of Small Business
Total NASA Business
Small Business
% of Total Business
Set Asides
% of Total Business
% of Small Business
$2,070,958
162,495
7.8%
47,316
2.3%
29.1%
Fiscal Year 1974
C of F
$50,228
23,328
46.4%
14,707
29.3%
63.0%
R&D - Research and Development
R&PM - Research and Program Management
C of F - Construction of Facilities
Note: FY 75 data includes $2.20 million Of foreign government funds
awarded by NASA to U.S. business firms, $1,000 of which was
awarded to small business.
All data includes awards made under Section 8(a) authority of
the Small Business Act.
Dollars in Thousands
Attachment 2
Fiscal Year 1975
Total R&D R&PN
Total
NASA Business
$2,254,993
$2,057,619
$112,740
Small Business
215,945
154,942
31,815
%
of Total Business
*
9.6%
7.5%
28.2%
Set
Asides
62,595
35,017
11,741
%
of Total Business
2.8%
1.79%
10.4%
%
of Small Business
29.0%
22.6%
36.9%
C of F
$82,430
29,187
35.4%
15,837
19.2%
54.3%
C of F
$72,862
28,490
39.1%
19,409
26.6%
68.1%
Total R&D
$2,118,627 $1,933,980
181,247 117,384
8.6% 6.1%
61,475 28,428
2.9% 1.5%
33.9% 24.2%
R&PM
$109,925
35, 359'
32.2%
13,638
12.4%
38.6%
Fiscal Year 1973
R&D R&PM
$1,923;9l5 $96,815
111,702 27,465
5.8% 28.4%
20,676 11,933
1.1% 12.3%
18.5% 43.4%
PAGENO="0221"
FY 1974
NASA Awards
JPL Awards
Industry Subcontract Awards
To Small
Business
$181,247
36,831
119,939
$338,017
Awards
To Minority
Business
$16,167
1,433
10,015
$27,615
1.2%
6.5%
To Minority
Business
$14,075
1,040
6,741
$21,856
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM
Summary of Small Business and Minority Business
FY 1975
NASA Awards
JPL Awards
Industry Subcontract Awards
Total
Small Business % of Total Business
Minority % of Total Business
Minority % of Small Business
Prime and Subcontract
To Small
Business
$215,945
41,767
165,789
$423,501
17.8%
To All
Business
$2,254,993
127,994
$2,382,987
To All
Business
$2,118,627
118,260
$2,236,881
Total
Snall Business % of Total Business 15.1%
Minority % of Total Business 1.0%
Minority % of Small Business, `. , , 6.5%
NOTE: This table summarizes the reported small' business awards and minority business awards,
both prime contracts' and subcontracts, with respect to the total NASA procurement awards
to all business firms. This also includes JPL awards to business firms. Minority business
awards are included in the small business `awards.
NASA HQS/HB
DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS
Attachment 3
PAGENO="0222"
FY 1975
218
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
R&D Study and Hardware Contracts for
Basic,Applied and Developmental Research
This chart reports NASA's basic, applied and developmental research
by type of effort, that is, by study contracts and hardware contracts.
Total R&D
R&D Study
R&D Hardware
Total Business
$1,227,467
$198,903
$1,028,564
Large Business
1,183,887
179,151
1,004,736
Small Business
43,580
19,752
23,828
% of Total
3.6%
9.9%
2.3%
Set Asides
2,942
988
1,954
% of Small
6.8%
5%
8.2%
FY 1976 (8 months)
Total R&D
R&D Study
R&D Hardware
Total Business
$1,132,574
$130,115
$1,002,459
Large Business
1,105,984
119,199
986,785
Small Business
26,590
10,916
15,674
% of Total
2.3%
*
8.4%
1.6%
Set Asides
1,153
353
800
% of Small
4.3%
3.2%
5.1%
DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS
Attachment 4
PAGENO="0223"
219
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
New Research Contract Awards Resulting From Unsolicithd Proposals
FY 1975
Total Awards
Large Business
Small Business
Universities
Nonprofits
Number of % of
Awards Number
164 100
66 40
42 26
33 20
23 14
% of
Amount Amount
100
51
21
14
14
Total Awards
Large Business
Small Business
Universities
Nonprof its
81
37
18
15
11
100
54
15
13
18
$9,972,378
5,076,938
2,082,275
1,385,718
1,427,447
FY 1976 (8 months)
Number of % of
Awards Number
% of
Amount Amount
100 $4,369,747
46 2,354,994
22 649,087
19 568,390
13 797,276
Attaôhmont 5
PAGENO="0224"
220
>~%~._~:~ij-" August 1, 1974
E~7e~ive dale
Responsible Office: HP-i/Policy Division
Manageffl~llt1ll~rllcüoll
SUBJECT: COST SHARING ON RESEARCH GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
1. PURPOSE
This Instruction sets forth basic policy guidelines governing cost sharing
on research grants and contracts with non-Federal organizations.
*2. ARPLICABILITY
This Instruction is applicable to NASA Headquarters and Field Installations.
*3. BACKGROUND
For several years the appropriation legislation governing NASA has included
a specific provision reauiring cost sharing under research grants. Begin-
ning with FY 1970, mandatory cost sharing was extended to contracts as well
as grants, provided they resulted from unsolicited proposals to conduct
basic or applied research. On December 18, 1970, the Office of Management
and Budget issued Circular A-lOO which provides broad Government-wide
guidelines on cost sharing whether or not required by statute, and requires
Federal agencies to establish administrative procedures to carry out the
principles of that Circular. On May 9, 1973, certain 0MB functions were
transferred by Executive Order 11717 to General Services Administration, as
a result of which ORB Circular A-lO0 was superseded by Federal Management
Circular 73-3 dated December 14, 1973. This Instruction constitutes NASA's
basic implementation of the Circular and reflects NASA's position that the
amount of cost sharing should not be a factor in the determination to
support a given proposal.
14. BASIC GUIDELINES
a. When Cost Sharing is Applicable
(i) Except as provided in subparagraph b(3) below, cost sharing by
non-Federal organizations is mandatory in any grant or contract
for basic or applied research which results from an unsolicited
proposal.
*Changes made by this revision
1 -
Attachment 6
PAGENO="0225"
221
4
August 1, 1974 ?IMI f31,O.l~
(?) Coot char in; I? rvDfl a a ;"ra.. or an I air `oar ai;a,rl be encroirageo
in any crane or :,anrr'acr fri or `rnplitd research `which
doer aol rc5~1t from ,~nrol~r I ted Crooral b'.r~ in womb the
pnrties n'veraI ctc'ns awe cc;,, idr,rabj' mat ci iriarect in the
resacrI; (e ~ . , abc; 1 t I proca .fi `. ha La :rt'or. c orlani -
zat,Lon or inctitel on wIll i ca ` ii!I'r ti `;aot `utare ii' a.
105 the' rer'3.rc~: , i:' or : fi' "atsr'i ci:bcs.'. r,a'wirr'i sc-
fisi a fotax'e ceerr,t~or,a; ~dd.Lt1O1J t'','hnlaa.I cc ,~`; `.rc
expertise or traii for ito per'ozneJ.: or! " `.,! - *en~ "jt
throuc,n `itt ci ;,otn and `rho c' of bar; gout'. k 0 .;i',C fl
"u~'v'' rroiuctinn cor ,rac'rr.'
(,~) Coot riarin,t by non-Frera] c''.yr~riort'ons `which I; rice other-
wise ap-cropriat.e under' 000raragi aph (~) or (2) may nr'rtnelece
be ac-ccpei wher, `aoluotar' .L~ oITo:'rt hr !errOrr!ln' arc `re-
tion.
b. When Cost Sharng is~ot~licai'h~
(1) tXCri't rho,, cost ehari.ng is mandat, c:, a r'rrent to `ai(l) above,
it is not appii.rable to grants Ca' ."iirra ,,s cc to r:; I cr toe
Grants Off jar or Cootrec'tlng Officer he. determined ttiat:
(a) Thu rcsearch effort baa only minor reacTance to tie air,-
Federal activities of the IerfOrrftnr, crqanizah'on, whi ii
is propesine to ertake the rece'irch primarily as a
serviro hr tic Government; or"
(b) The performing organization her little or no non-'7'e,rerul
sources of funds fran `which to make a rost contra butlor';
or
(c) The performing organization n uoirirantly er'i"rged
research cad dareiopceflt and `ran CIa or no r.ronUctj on
or other service activities, rail `a therefore rot ir, a
fae'srnhl,c' position to make a co;t cor;t'ribution; or
(d) Payment 0" the lull cost of thar psoject IS necceesry In
order to obtara; the' rer'riae; of ire rarticnla" C,,'aat,~'r'i-
t~crr.
(s) E,XceD" when rite' ificslly ulrected by La' Procoa'c.u'ant, (iJ't':'aic
of the insaaiL,rion .ronccrncd, or when "oIustarily cii'fcr","i by
the perlurILna organIzation. ,.os't, 313 ,~ as not aep:i;at'Lr tn
(a) Cor',.i'c for piolects whose particular i'osearali
object:.'rc' or cc ope of effor' is apealfical by Na,Sit aati.or
than eropored toe perforratny o:~anizat!or;. TH will
usually include any formal solicitation for a spar a I
contractual requirement.
(b) Contracts in which the principal `sur-'oee Jo `ho ` `0-
duction ci' or desirn, testing or. .`,snroverner~'t 01'
producto, materials, dcc i,,es, spa tens or metloir.
2
72-434 0 - ~r - is
PAGENO="0226"
222
WI 83l0.2A August 1, 1974
(3) Cost sharing is not applicable to contracts for basic or applied
research resulting from an unsolicited proposal when the
proposer certifies in writing to the Contracting Officer that it
has no comeercial, production, educational or service activities
on which to use the results of the research; and that it has no
means of recovering arw cost sharing on such projects. In the
foregoing situations, where there is no measurable gain to the
performing organization, there is, therefore, no mutuality of
interest, and it would not be equitable for the Government to
require cost sharing.
c. Amount of Cost Sharing
(1) Educational Institutions and Affiliated Not for Prbfit Institu
tions. Cost sharing for euch institutions normally may vary
from one percent to as much as five percent of the costs of the
project. However, amounts greater than five percent may be
accepted when voluntarily offered by the institution.
(2) Other Perforrnin~ Organizations. Cost sharing for other organi-
zations may vary from less than 1% to 50% or more of the costs
of the research.
(3) Additional Considerations
(a) The amount of cost sharing which is appropriate in a given
instance is independent of whether cost sharing is raunda-
tory or marely encouraged.
(b) Mutuality of interest in the results of the work being per-
formed should be of primary significance in assessing the
appropriateness of any particular level of cost sharing
within the foregoing ranges.
*5. DETAILED IMPL~4ENTATION
Additional guidelines and procedures that are required to fully imple-
ment the basic guidelines set forth in paragraph 14 will be developed by
the Assistant Administrator for Procurement, in collaboration with the
Director, Office of University Affairs, and promulgated in the NASA
Procuremant Regulations and the NASA Grant Handbook.
6. CANCELLATION
WI 8310.2, dated October 20, 1971.
DISTRIBUTION
SDL 1 ~ ~,tA 1?z~' &
*~anges made by this revision Associate Administrato4!for
Organization and I~n~ément
lublished in the Federal Register under Title 114, Chapter V, Subpart 12014.13
(36 F.R. 20219 - 20220, October 19, 1971).
3
PAGENO="0227"
Ti).
L~Qesearch
and
~ echnology
© perating
~IPIan
/
FISCAL YEAR 1971
RESEARCH AND
TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
(223)
PAGENO="0228"
224
INTRODUCTION
This publication represents the NASA Research and Technology program for FY 1 976, It
is a compilation of the `Summary portions of each of the IRTOPs lResearch and Technology
Operating PlansI used for management review and cont:roiof~researc1'i currently in progress
throughout NASA. The ATOP Summary is designed to facilitate communication and coordi-
nation among concerned technical personnel in government, in industry,~and in universities.
We believe also that this publication can help to expedite the technology transfer process.
The ATOP Summary is arranged in five sections The first, section contains citations and
abstracts of the RTOPs Following this section are four ndex~s Subject Technical Monitor
Responsible NASA Organization, and RTOP Number.". ` - - - -
The Subject Index is an alphabetical listing of the main subject headings by which the
RTOPs have been identified
The Technical Monitor Index is an alphabetical listing of the names of individuals respon
siblefortheRTOP. ...,,`:~. ~`T ~. ~.` `* :~ ~` .~ -
- The Responsible NASA Organization Index is an alphabetical listing of the NASA organiza
tioris which developed~the RTOPs contained in the Journal
The RTOP Number 4ridex provides a cross index from the RTOP number assigned by the
NASA rusponsibte organization to the corresponding accession number assigned sequen
tiatiyto the RTUPs in ATOP Summary
As indicated above, responsible technical monitors are listed on the RTOP summaries.
Although personal exchanges of a professional nature are encouraged, your consideration is
requested in avoiding excessive contacts which might be disruptive to on-going réséarch
and development
Any comments or suggestions you may have to help us evaluate or improve the effectiveness
of the ATOP Summary would be appreciated. These should be forwarded to.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
-, Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology
Washington, D.C. 20546
-. ` `~ ` Atth: Roy'L:D~isey
Resources and Management Division (RMP)
Dr. A. M. Lovelace
Associate Administrator for
Aeronautics and Space Technology
PAGENO="0229"
:225
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Office of Aeronautics and Space Technology
PAGE
AERONAUTICS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY BASE 1
Man-Vehicle Technology 1
Materials 2
Structures 4
Propulsion Environmental Impact Minimization . . 6
Propulsion Components 8
Air Breathing Engine Systems 10
Fluid and Flight Dynamics 11
Avionics 1 5
Aircraft Operations and Safety 1 7
Low Speed Vehicle Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics 19
High Speed Vehicle Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics 22
AERONAUTICS SYSTEM STUDIES 24
AERONAUTICS SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 26
Materials and Structures Systems Technology 26
Propulsion Systems Technology 26
Avionics Systems Technology 27
Aircraft Operating Systems Technology 28
Aerodynamic Vehicle Systems Technology 30
Man-Vehicle Systems Technology 31
Advanced Civil Aircraft Systems Technology 31
Military Aircraft Systems Technology ... , 33
AERONAUTICS EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS 34
Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology .... 34
Quiet, Clean Short-Haul Experimental Engine 34
Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research 35
Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft 37
Rotor Systems Research Aircraft 37
Quiet Propulsive Lift Technology 37
SPACE AND NUCLEAR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY BASE : 38
Materials .... 38
Structures , - : 42
Fundamental Electronics .. - 45
Guidance and Control 46
PAGENO="0230"
226
PAGE
Information Systems 48
Chemical Propulsion 50
Electric Propulsion 52
Space Energy Systems 54
Nuclear Energy 56
High Power Lasers and Energetics 57
Entry 59
Application Data Systems Support 60
SPACEAND NUCLEAR SYSTEM STUDIES 60
SPACE AND NUCLEAR SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 62
Guidance. Control and Information Systems Technology 62
Entry Systems Technology 62
Materials and Structures Systems Technology 62
SPACE AND NUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS 62
Space Technology Shuttle Payloads 62
Office of Energy Programs
ENERGY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS 64
Office of Applications
WEATHER AND CLIMATE 68
POLLUTION MONITORING 70
EARTH RESOURCES SURVEY 74
Office of Space Sciences
LAUNCH VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT 80
PLANETARY EXPLORATION SCIENCE 81
PLANETARY EXPLORATION ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT 86
PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY 88
PAGENO="0231"
227
PACE
PLANETARY BIOLOGY 98
PLANETARY QUARANTINE 99
LUNAR SCIENCE 99
PLANETARY ASTRONOMY 102
Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition
SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 104
Office of Manned Space Flight
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT 108
Indexes
SUBJECT INDEX
MONITOR INDEX 1-41
RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX --49
RTOP NUMBER INDEX 1-55
V
PAGENO="0232"
228.
TYPICAL ClTATIO~1 A1'JD TECHI'~1ICAL SU1J~PJ~ARY
RTOP ACCESSION NUMBER ~- W76-70005 504-09-31 `~-RTOP CURRENT NUMBER
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
RESPONSIBLE NASA FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
ORGANIZATION ,,,,-~JESntt8O4-B27.3745 - TELEPHONE NUMBER
The objective is to define the crew responsibilities, flight
TITLE procedures and control and display requirements for advanced ~-TECHNICAL SUMMARY
transport systems The concerted effort underway to improve
TECHNICAL MONITOR th afety a d cf-f e y of ad a ced t a sport y t s eq
research in both hardware and human elements to systematically
- carry Out the above objective Therefore, the preseht work will
take the following approach Ill continue to develop tools and
techniques that will define the crew responsibilities and measure
their workload. 121 apply these tools and techniques to assess
current and contemplated flight systems, and 131 develop analytical
techniques that will assess advanced system requirements and
human operation and predict cockpit displays and controls needed
for a satisfactory flight management system
PAGENO="0233"
a summary
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND
SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Aeronautics Research and Technology
Base
W76-70001 504-09-1 1
Langley Research Center, Langley Statinn, Va
HUMAN RESPONSE TO NOISE
Hnldenfels 804827.2043
The nbjective nf this work is to define and quantify properties
of aircraft noise that caose community annoyance Incloded is
the development of research evaloation techniqoes and measoring
scales along with accomplishment of research to assess effects
of aircraft noise on sleep, speech interference, and performance
FY76 effort, along with limited contract/grant studies, will be
directed toward studies concerned with noise annoyances,
background noise, low fm quency noise, speech/communication
effects, sleep/performance effects, anxiety/fear, and multi-event
noise exposures A downstream goal of this program is to develop
a model for reliable prediction of response of people to
aircraft-generated noise
W76-70002 504-09-12
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif
ACCEPTANCE OF AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS - TECHNOLOGY
ASSESSME NT
H. P Klein 415-96S-5094
150409ff)
The oblective of this program is to develop an understanding
of the social and psychological effects of large scale technological
innovations, as exemplified by air transportation systems, and to
attempt to model such effects soas to impact the design of
these systems To achieve this oblective studies of both the
short and long term social impacts lincluding psychological.
political, environmental, and economic) of air transportation as
an element of the totaf transportation system will be continued.
Field studies of existing systems will be conducted as needed
to meet the objectives Supporting work developing theory and
methodology for assessing community acceptance of aircraft
xperationv and social and psychological impact of related
technologies will be conducted.
W76-70003 504-09-13
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
AIRCRAFT INTERIOR NOISE REDUCTION
Heldenfels 804-827-2043
The objective is to develop the technology needed to reduce
aircraft interior noise levels to achieve increased operating safety.
hearing protection, and comfort of crew and passengers with
minimum weight and cost penalties. Tb e noise sources for STOL.
helicopter, and general aviation aircraft will be determined from
this as well as other ongoing programs. In addition, the
FISCAL YEAR 19Th
transmission of the noise through the structure and the
transmission paths will be determined Structural designs will
be investigated which have more acceptable transmission
characteristics with minimum weight penalties. A parallel effort
will determine acceptable levels of interior noise for safety and
comfort of crew and passengers Full-scale flight tests will be
made incorporating noise reduction concepts to verify the
technique and the passenger/creus acceptability
W76-70004 504-09-21
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
RIDE QUALITY
R Heldenfels 804-827-2043
The objective is to define and qualify those ride-environment
properties, particularly motion, cabin noise, and vibration, that
determine ride quality and associated passenger acceptance
pertaining to air transportation systems To achieve these
objectives research studies will be conducted to develop data
appropriate for establishing criteria for ride-environment require-
ments and for aircraft operatioval limits relevant to aircraft
attitude, accelerations, interior noise level, and angular motions.
Included are field studies to obtain data aboard scheduled airline
systems as well as nther vehicles, studies under controlled
conditions aboard research aircrafr including in-flight simulators,
laboratory studies using ride-mvtion simulators under very closely
controlled conditions, and analytical studies of experimental data
tv model the phenomena and to develop criteria Suppxrfing
effort will be carried nut to develop appropriate study methvdology,
soblecrive response opiniun questionnaires, portable ride-
measuring instruments, laboratory simcilatxrs, and analytical
procedures
W76-70005 504.0922
Ames Research Center, Molfett Field, Calif
RIDE QUALITIES CRITERIA VALIDATION/PILOT PERFOR.
MANCE DURING LOW ALTITUDE HIGH SPEED FLIGHT
H P Klein 415-96S-S094
ARC. FRC and LRC at econtivuin g tu evaluate the B-f airplane
for possible research areas which will contribute to advanced
technology of interest to NASA The R-t is considered to be an
available test facility providing flight information not readily
available from other sources. Tentative research areas have been
identified as follows structural mode control/ride quality, pilot
performance during manual terrain following, tranvonic aeroelastic
loads measurement, inlet/engine compatibility; aft nacelle
aerodynamics, new subcritical flutter prediction technique This
RTOP is for the Ride Qualities Criteria Validation/Pilot Performance
During Low Altitude High Speed Flight only Specific oblectives
are to (a) validate/refine current ride qualities criteria, and )b)
develop pilot/vehicle systems models which account for the effects
of ride qualities, handling qualities and display configuration on
pilot terrain - following performance Results from ungoing and
planned Rockwell Inc sim ulation and flight tests will be
analyzed with the above objectives in mind If practicable, NASA
recommendations regarding simulator and/or flight experiment
229
~A1~CH AND ~I~CHNOLOGY
©P~ATllNG ~I~LAN
PAGENO="0234"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
230
protocol and instrumentation will be implemented to maoimize
utility of results for NASA objectioes.
W76-70006 504-09-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3746
(513-52-011
The objective is to define the crew responsibilities, flight
procedures and control and display requirements for advanced
transport systems. The concerted effort underway to improve
the safety and efficiency of advanced transport systems requires
research in both hardware and human elements to systematically
carry out the above objective. Therefore, the present work will
take the following approach: (if continue to develop tools and
techniques that will dehne the crew responsibilities and measure
their workload. 121 apply these tools and techniques to assess
current and contemplated flight systems, and 131 deveTop analytical
techniques that will assess advanced system requirements and
human operation and predict cockpit displays and controls needed
for a satisfactory flight management system.
W76-70007 504-09-32
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
AIRCREW PERFORMANCE AND AVIATION SAFETY
H. P. Klein 415.965.5094
(515-51-11; 504-09-33: 505-08-231
The objectives of this program are to investigate current
problems in pilot training, performance measurement and
evaluation, and communications between flight crewmembers
and ether components of the aviation system. General aviation
and civil air transport operations will be considered. Specific
objectives are: 111 develop objective, precise, and stable measures
of aircrew performance for use in research and operational training
programs: 121 develop new technology and methodology for
training necessary flight crew skills; and (31 euplore fundamental
problems in the transfer of information to pilots from other
components of the aviation system. e. g.. navigation charts, and
cockpit warning systems. To achieve these objectives OAT-i
simulator will be modified to permit full-mission simulation
capability and automated performance monitoring. This facility
will be used to examine pilot behavior, especially cognitive or
decision-making behavior, and to evaluate alternative methods
of human performance measurement. The effectiveness of various
candidate solutions for identified training problems will be
evaluated using both formal experimental evaluations, and more
informal feasibility demonstrations (pilot projects(. Specific
problems in the transfer of information between pilots and other
components of the present aviation system will be used to identify
fundamental problem areas. and to develop and evaluate potential
TECHNIQUES
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
The objective is to contribute to the technical advancement
of flight simulators as applied to aeronautical research, develop-
ment, and flight training. New eperational requirements for
simulators ix support Langley Research Center programs provide
the mntivatinn and laboratory environment for significant
contributions to the advancement of simulation technology.
fvteragency involvEment with the application of the Differential
Maneuvering Simulator also provides valuable insights into the
needs for improved simulator capability for flight training and
pilot proficiency, as well as for the support of research programs.
This RTOP will cover both in-house and contractual studies
which address current constraints iv simulator equipmevt, the
formulation of simulation math models. and the linkage of the
two to provide effective simulations. Results of the effort will
be documented in NASA Technical Notes and contractor reports
and will be applied to simulation of interest to Langley Research
Center.
W76-70010 504-09-42
Ames Research Center, Moffeit Field. Calif.
SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR AERONAUTICS
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
(504-09-32; 504-09-33)
The objective of this RTOP is to provide a scientific and
technical base of information that will allow the valid, reliable
and economic substitution of simulators for actual flight operations
in aeronautical research, development and crew training.
Specific objectives are: Ill provide an understanding of pilots'
perception and processing of complex visual, motion and other
stimuli, with emphasis on how these relate to the fidelity of
compleu visual scene generation techniques; 121 provide task
related criteria for vision and motion simulator systems; 131 develop
compensation techniques to obtain the motion simulator
performance required for various simulation tasks; 141 provide
engineering development and evaluations of advanced computer
driven visual displays; and (51 develop a Simulation Facilities
User's Guide. In-house perception studies will be continued
with emphasis both on characterizing human perceptual response
characteristics and developing experimental techniques for
measuring the fidelity of simulator displays An in-h ouse study
of the effect on pilot perform ance caused by the phase lags in
the simulation (computer, motion, visual) will be initiated. An
analytical model of the motion simulator will be developed. Both
in-house and contract studies will be continued (or in some
cases ivitiated( to further the development of promising techniques
for scene technology. A Simulation Facilities User's Guide will
be completed.
W76-70008 504-09-34 W76.70011 505-01-11
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif. Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
FLIGHT MANAGEMENT IN REMOTE PILOTED SYSTEMS RELATIONSHIP OF ATOMIC STRUCTURES TO MATERIAL
W. B Winter 805-258-33tt PROPERTIES
This flight test program is primarily to develop and evalaate H. B. Probst 216-433-4000
an integrated system for pilot control of remote piloted vehicles. (606-01-121
The pilot task load will be analyzed and correlated with the The broad objective of this work is to gain a better
psychophysiological response of the aircrew during the develop- understanding of the basic structure and behavior of metallic
ment of the RPV system. The general objective is to define and nonmetallic materials. The ultimate value of such an improved
operator/system interactions, flight procedures in control and understanding will be in its utilization to produce new and improved
display requirements for remote piloted vehicles to be used as materials particularly for aeronautics applications. The approach
training simulators and as active flight vehicles. The specific taken to achieve this improved understanding is to conduct basic
objectives are define and correlate major workload with observed ,esearch in three broad classes of high temperature materials;
response to form predictive performance models (21 evaluate these are alloys, coatings, and ceramics. A more complete
RPV cockpit configuration pilot responses, and display and control understanding of the mechanism of ovide dispersion strengthening
variations to optimize simulation effectiveness and remote in Ni. Ni-Cr. and Ni-Cr.A( alloys will be sought. The solidification
operation efficiency to include horizontal landing. White developing process in directionally grown Ni-base eutectics will be examined.
and utilizing R PV techniques, cockpit configurations will be A better understanding of the occurrence of segregation and of
systematically varied while the effects upon pilot response are the relationship between eutectic structural variables and
tabulated. mechanical properties will be sought. The kinetics of coating
formation and degradation of alumivide coatings will be studied.
W76-70009 504.0941 Silicon carbide ceramics will be investigated to improve our
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. knowledge of the relationships between processing, structure,
FLIGHT SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY SIMULATION and mechanical behavior.
2
PAGENO="0235"
231
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70012
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
ADVANCED PROPULSION MATERIALS
H B Probst 216-433-4000
(505-01-111
The objective of this RTOP is to provide improved materials.
both metallic and nonmetallic, for ose in advanced air-breathing
power plants. particolarly for aeronautical applications Materials
are sought that offer improvements not only in technical
performance but also in economy in terms of costs and life
The classes of materials to be investigated include directionally
solidified eutectics, dispersion strengthened alloys, protective
coatings, and ceramics Property improvements are sought by
basic changes iv materials per se. e g - alloy compositional
changes. and by processchan ges applied to existing and new
materials. Material improvements are judged by measurements
of mechanical and physical properties as well as qualitative
evaluations of microstroctural fearvres and performance in
simulatvd-engixe environments Ultimately, highly promising
materials and processes that result from this program become
candidates for the MATE program to accomplish scale-up and
full scale engine testing.
W76-70013 505-01-21
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio.
FATIGUE, FRACTURE. AND LIFE PREDICTION
M H Hirschberg 216-433-4000
The major objective is to obtain a better understanding of
the failure or fracture mechanisms that are involved in the
application of advanced materials to aeronautics structures or
propulsion systems A second malor objective is to develop
methods for predicting the life of specimens or components when
they are subjected to constant temperature and monotonic loads
or to complex patterns of temperatures and cyclic loads as a
function of time To achieve these objectives, research is underway
to extend existing life prediction techniques and analyses, and
to develop new methods for determining the stress and strain
distributions in the vicinity of discontinuities such as flaws or
cracks, as well as to understand the reaction of advanced materials
to these di scvntinu ties when subjected tx various enuirxxmental
conditions Various apprxaches are also being examined for
predicting the time to initiation of the first detectable cracks as
a result vf mechanical and thermal fatigue and to predicting the
prvpagat;ov rate vf these cracks Stundard test methods and
specimens are being developed tx properly characterize the fatigue
and fracture behavixr vf materials and to provide background
information for rational design procedures
W76-70014 505-01-21
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
FATIGUE. FRACTURE & LIFE PREDICTION
D. R Clrapman 415-965-5065
The objective is to develop the basic understanding required
to capably select materials antI tx reliably predict the life xf
engineering structures exposed to potentially degrading chemical
environments through the study of the following programs the
prediction of time-dependent fracture of structural metals caused
by subcritical crack grxwrh. the study xf the mechanisms of
failure of fibrous compxsire materials, and the definition of
stress-corrosion cracking of iron, nickel, aluminum and titanium
base alloys ix anticipated service environments Experiments will
be conducted on metals under conditions of static and cyclic
loading in a variety of environments lx determine the mechanisms
and kinetics involved in the process of environmental embrittle-
ment. Experiments will alsx be conducted on fibrous cxmposite
materials to determixe tfre relation of load characteristics and
the prxpenres of matrix. fiber and interface to the failure behavior.
Alsx, tests will be performed ox allxy steels being considered
for high strerrgth aeronautical applications tx determine the
incubation period fxr crack growth as a functixx xf parameters
of service enuirxxment In all cases, the experiments will be
related through appropriate analyses to tfie responsible failure
mechanisms Where possible, these results also will be related
to anticipated situatixxs
505-01-12 W76-70015 505-01-31
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
FIRE-RESISTANT. NON-TOXIC POLYMERS
0. R Chapman 415-965-5065
1505-08-21)
The objectives are It) to develop lire-resistant materials for
increasing the survivability ix commercial oiid iriihitary aircraft;
12) to synthesize new and improved high temperature polymers
such as pxlyphxsphazine. elastomers. polycarbonates. bismalei-
mides and high temperature adhesives; 131 to evaluate the tuxicity
xf the gaseous thermal degradatiox products xf these and xther
polymers; (4) to select pxlymers based on criteria such as
flammability axd limiting oxygen index and tx utilize these
polymers in the fabricativn xf fire-resistant composites; and (5)
tx evalute the response of different kinds xf detectors toward
the pyrolysis products of varixus polymers To achieve these
objectives fire-resistant polymers will be syxthesized for potential
use in aircraft Typical polymers will include polycarboxate films.
bismaleimide resins. high temperature adhesives such as
pxlyimides and epxxies. potyphosphazines and uthers The
thermxchemical and thermxphysical properties of these polymers
will be determixed. Low density pxlymeric cxmpxsites will be
developed, and their thermxphysical properties evaluated. State
of the art detecturs will be evaluated by determixing their response
to the pyrxlysis and combustixn prxducts of pxlymers and
cxmposrtes
W76-70016 505-01.32
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
FIRE-RETARDANT AND LASER COUNTERMEASURE
MATERIALS FOR MILITARY PROGRAMS
0. R Chapman 415-965-5065
(505-01-31)
The ob(ectives are. It) tx apply state of the art and advanced
aerospace derived fire-retardant and laser resistant materials and
technxlogy developed at NASA Ames to support current and
future DOD survivability programs and other related military
efforts, 121 lx identify the chemical and physical mechanisms of
the ablatixe of the transparext polymers EXt 12 and EX-4F9 ix
varixus laser environments. (~) to study the reactixn parameters
gxverning the thermal decomposition of the polymers at high
heating rates and tx ascertain the physical phenxmena. such as
char swelling, internal gas generation and mechanical spallation.
(from the perfxrmance of the EXt 12 and EX-4F8. concepts are
tx be established to suggest improved laser resistant materiafs
for a pulsed laser envirxnmeetl. 141 tx study the processing
parameters xf the EXt 12 and EX-4F9 necessary to make an
aircraft canopy To achieve these xbjectives assistance will be
prxvided the military to reduce the vulnerability of flight arrd
missile systems when subjected to ax induced fire enviroxmext
axd to provide laser hardened materials for selected applications
The transparent polymers EXt 12 and EX-4F9 will be char,
acterized as to molecular farm and thermal-chemical properties
Emphasis will be placed xn the exact molecular fxrm. functional
groups and degree xl crosslinks within the polymer. The
mechanism of degradation xf these polymers will be investigated
as a functixn of heating rate using a thermx-graximetric analyzer
W76-70017 505-01.34
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
COMPOSITBS~:,.
R. H Kenrp 216-433-4000
(743-32-241
The overall objective of this research is to develop fiber and
laminate composite materials, structures, and components for
varixus aeronautical prxpuls:on applications The higher mechani-
cal properties and reduced weight xl the composites ix comparison
to monxfithrc engineering materials make them particularly
attractive for advanced turbine engine components such as fan
and compressor blades. fan frames, guide vaxes. and' sxund
suppressors. Recent payoff studies shxw that the application of
composites tx these cxmponenls is highly cost-effective.
Composites being considered include resin matrices reinforced
with graphite. borxn. Kevlar 49. and glass fibers. lx addition.
aluminum and titanium matrices reinforced with bxron and SiC
fiber are being studied far temperatures beyond the capabifmty
3
PAGENO="0236"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
232
of the esin matoces. In the tesin matiio sooth. einphass is
placed oo the development of ptocessab!e polyinnides and
polyphenyl quinvz alines to pios'ide incieased tempetatuie capa-
bility ovet the convectional eposy mateuals to the metal matiio
wosk, emphasis is placed on the development of fabtication
ptocesses and the impiovement of impact esistance A funhei
obiective of the eseatch is to deselop fite ietaidant polymeis
fot ose as mattio matetials has'ivg loss ot no tonic combustion
pod acts
W76-70018 505-01-34
Langley Reseaich Centet, Langley Station, Va
COMPOSITES AND ADHESIVES
ft. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to develop ness- et imptoved lightweight
polymetic composite and metallic tnateials that has-c longet
lifetimes, gteatet eliability and inipios-ed sttvctutvl efficiency in
aetonautical stivctutes. The scoik suiT consist of teseatch aimed
at impiovement of stivctuiat tesins and adhesives thtovgh
systematic satiation in the polymet moiecv!at sttvctvie. detesmina-
tioe of behaviot of ness oi advanced fdamentat- composite
mateoals containing eithet iesin ot metal matoces, and develop-
ment of ness oi impioved fabocation methods fot metal-mattio
and tesin-mattit compnsite maleoals ffeseatch cc ill also be
ditected at tepait technology of composites ieclvding detection
of flasss, deteimination of cstical flaw siaes, des'elopmeot of
appmpoate epan piocedvies, and evaluation of the effectiveness
of the iepaits oe composite behavioi Studies of inteifacial
eactions and diffusion piocesses in advanced metal-mattio
com posites us ith emphasis on degiadation asalunc ion of
tempetatute, stiess and enuconmeofal convsion scill aloe be made
These slu dies cull help to identify ness oi advanced matesals
fot aemnautical stiuctuiat applications and sill pioside impnnant
data on the behav~ot, capab~lities and limitation of svch matesals
W76-70019 505-02-12
Flight geseaich Ceotem, Ed-cads. Calif
HYPERSONIC VEHICLE STRUCTURES TECHNOLOGY
Rogei A. Fields SOb-25S-33t
The ptogmam will attempt to eopesmentally s-alidate suin~fmoaet
hypetsonic-cehicl estiuctu al concepts aed incestigate flight-loads
measoting techniques lot these sttuctv'al concepts as they apply
to the HRA
W76-70020 505-02-12
Langley Reseatch Centet, Langley Station. Va
HYPERSONIC VEHICLE STRUCTURES
R. R Heldenfels 804-827-2042
SOS-05-4f I
The objective isto eoytote ihetioal,sttvciutal concepts tot
futute hypetsooic aitciafi. and deuce anal-~-sis and design methods
applicable to such concepts geseatch and deselvpmeot is
being cattied out Iv establish a techoelogy base tiom which the
sltuctuies and theemul cvet'ol systems lot h~'pnisonic cehcles
can be designee Included in the pmoumun'i ac butn eocem~mnental
and analytical dIets on nouveau d aimfame stuctume concepts
sshich s-ill withstand the tiuOms of eotended and mepeated use in
a hypeis onic en vimvemnieut Resnach data oTtained lions both
labotatoty and wind tunnel espemimenets usmtl seue to unify des~on
and analysis emethods, establish design gu~delines, and pos-mde
guidaoce lot lutue eseamch elloits -
W76-70021 505-02-13
Langley ffeseaich Ceotet. Langley Statios, Va
GENERAL AVIATION CRASHWORTHINESS
R S Heldeofels 804-527-2042
The objective is to cieate and es-al vale uilcaec ccl sltuctsites
concepts, develop techeology lvi ieipvuiug auctafi ciashusothi-
ness, and detis'e analysis and ilesign methuds lvi accialt sttuctoies.
This RTOP is the NASA puitive of a lout FAA NASA Geeeial
Aviation Ciashusvmthioess Fmogaem to pmvu~de the analyst om
designem with v plus-en asalytical mnetliudulupy fm p-cAution of
collapse ef a stmuctic'e unt'ei cash cum'd'tiuns Tv achisce the
vbjectis-n. unalyticul and eopem~ieeentul smivns c-cl, be ynitumnmelt
to deliee tee basic in ecnue's ins ins'u1und in c-as'-
technology. cvcpled -.`.`ith ieseach vein-p-cued nec-p-, d'ss;cutinn
coscepts ss-ili be applied to euttent geeetal aviation aitciaft to
evaluate potential imptos'ements in sumivability tot specific etash
ens-elopes. Thete ate thtee basic ateas of teseatch in this ptogtam:
full-scale ctash simulation testing, nontineat stuctutal asalyses
eecessasy to ptedict total collapse of the vehicle, and evaluation
of enetgy absotpti on concepts fot specific component design
Both analytical and expeitmental methods will be used to develop
eopettise in these thtee ateas Analyses ssill include both simplified
ptoceduies fvt estimating eneigy absotplioe capabilities and mote
compleo computet ptogtams lot analysis of genetal aitftame
espoese Undet the cash ptogtam these analyses usd1 be
developed to ptovide the desigoet with methods fot ptedicting
acceletations load, and displacement histoties of collapsing
sttuctutes Full-scale tests of typical sttuctutes as usd1 as tests
on sttuctutal components usd1 be used to vetify the analyses
and to demonsttate imptosed desi go cone epts.
W76-70022 505-02-14
Langley fleseatch Centet. Langley Station. Va
COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN METHODS
R. Hetdenlels 804-827-2052
1506-17-21; 743-01-01; 743-0l-tfi
Develop advanced compute-aided analysis and design
methods lot design of aictaft sttuctues. Deeelop analysis
lechniques auth the genemalily and efficiency tequited lot the
itetatis'e calculations involved to sizing stu etutal membets
Develop and evaluate algomithms to accomplish sttuctutal sizing
to meet consttaiots including sttength. stillness, aetoelasticity,
thetmal sttesses, and minimum gage Eealuate and define best
atchitectute of sttuctuctal analysis and design systems and evolee
specifications lot the component technical computational modules
in such systems
W76-70023 505-02-21
Ames Reseatch Centet, Molfett Field, Calif.
LOADS. AEROELASTICITY, AND STRUCTURAL DYNAM
ICS
ft H Feiesen 415-865-5850
1505-17-31' 506-17-32; 516-51-02; 743-05-011
The ob~ectiue of this teseatch is to pmouide impioced pmed~ction
methods and data that apply to sevemal dyoamic load and
aeoelasticit~- ptoblems involving aictalt. In the atea of dynamic
loads, n-.'estigatmons ssill be conducted 10 study the floss fields
ann pessute fluctuations usithin and in the sincinity of cavities
isuch as open pots and bomb baysl, ptotubetances, and tuttets
on amictalt. Means of eliminating cavity tes onances and alleviating
high-istensity local dynamic loads will be sought. With coped
to aemcelasticity, both analytical and eopenmeetal tovestigati005
will be coeducled to develop and validate computational methods
lot pmediction of panel flutte including the effects of the boundasy
lab-ct Impoved methods lot ptedictieg aetoetastic loads will be
incompoated in FLEXSTAB including gust loads and active coettol
loads capability Etpeimeotal investigations of unsteady ptessutes
ye oscillating 2-dimensioeal s-togs will be investigated at tansonic
speeds and studies usill be conducted of the fluttet and divetgence
of oblique sings
W76-70024 505-02-21
Langley Rescue h Cede. Langley Station, Va
LOADS. AEROELASTICITY. AND STRUCTURAL DYNAM.
ICS
R S Heldenlels 804-827-2042
In odet to pedict Ilutte and othe aetoelastic phenomena
mome accutately, eseach usd1 be conducted to impoce aetoelastic
analysis melhods, to povide accuate uosteady ttan500ic
aeodynamics. and to s-alidate 010 dynamic analysis The
feasibility of inceasing the Mach eumbet ange of the ttansonic
dyeamics toned ssill be eoploted. In ode to impove and oalidate
aetoelaslic loads analysis pogtams, eatious load pediction
techniques liocluding FLEXSTABI stall be evaluated aod imptoved
lv integmatiuo into com pole systems such as ATLAS and IPAD
In odem to develop methods lot pedicting acoustic loads,
sttuctcaI esp005e, and noise tuesmission thtough aicaft
smsictves. methods fo analyaing panel esponse with a thick
bcuedaly icl'em usill he des-eloped and compated with etpemiment
`use tmansm'nissiue Ihivugh accah sttuctutes usill be studied
PAGENO="0237"
233
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
The objective of these efforts is to provide the technology
eecessary to increase aircraft performance aed extend service
life aed to improoe aircraft safety and ride quality through
rmprooements in methods for predictieg loads, aeroelastic effects,
and structural response.
W76-70025 505-02-22
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif
DAST (DRONES FOR AERODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL
TESTING)
Berwin M Kock 805-258-331
(505-06-44; 505-02-021
Project DAST (Drones for Aerodynamics and Structural
Testing( is a technology development program that will provide
data that will lead to a better understanding of unsteady
aerodynamic loads and flutter at transonic speeds The program
is a combined theoretical, wind-tunnel and flight-test activity
and is a joint LaRC/FRC program The flight-test activity is the
subject of the RTOP. A supercrrtical wing will be installed on a
Firebee 2 This wing will be at a planform representative of
transport aircraft The wing will be designed to be flutter critical
within the normal flight envelope of the modified Firebee II A
system will be installed to provide the necessary flutter damping
The vehicle will be instrumented to measure wing pressures.
accelerations and strains The vehicle to be modified will he
the Firebee 2 used in the capability development program currently
underway at FRC.
W76-70026 505-02-22
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
DAST (DRONES FOR AERODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL
TESTING)
Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to provide the technology necessary to
increase aircraft peiform anon and evtnnd service life, and to
improve aircraft safety and ride quality, through improvements
in methods for predicting loads, aeronlastic effects, and structural
response The approach is to provide flight data for comparison
with results from various prediction methods and for cases where
analyses are known to be inadequate Emphasis will be on
measurements of transonic aerodynamic loads and flight
demonstrations of active control systems for load alleviation and
flutter suppression. Flight testing techniques will be developed
using drvne-type vehicles to gather the desired data An aeroelastic
research winq will be provided with its flutter bouedary within
the flight envelope when flown on a Firebee II vehicle First
flights will be aimed at measuring aerodynamic luads in the
transxnic range. then active control systems will be incorporated
fur flight assess meets of their performance in alleviating leads
and suppressing flutter. Flights will be made conyeratively with
the Flight Research Center
W76-70027 505-02-23
Flight Research Ceeter, Edwards. Calif
FLIGHT LOADS MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
M Jenkins 805-258-3311
Two prolrlem s are Currently being addressed thruugh the
resources of Iris RTOF. Work is cxetivuinq toward develnynig a
solution to the problem of weldable strain gages having a
deleteri vus effect on the fatigue life of super-alloys and titaniunr
alloys. Weldable strain gages have the must faunralile high
teerperatures characteristics Using vu R and D cuntract. methuils
ru accomplish a metal to metal attachment fur useldable strain
gage corrfiguratixns to super-allnys and ritairium allvys Work
has begun on a detailed examinatiun uf the prublems of assessing
the accuracy of flight luad measurements It is kvown that
calibration philusoyhies eleveluperl in tIre fifties are nut vu lid for
curepl en struc turns arid (or composite structures Wurk has begun
to exam inn delta wing load calibratiun results fur potential
yhilusuphical nrndificativns to the load calibratiun prucndure
W76-70028 505-02-24
Flight Research Center, Edwards. Calif
FLIGHT RESEARCH OF A STRUCTURAL MODE CONTROL
SYSTEM ISMCS I.E - MODAL SUPPRESSION SYSTEM)
Jim M Mckay 805-258331 1
(505-02-241
An investigation sun derway on the improvements in total dy-
namic response of a flexible aircraft and the pntextral benefits to
ride qualities, handling qualities, crew efficiency, and reduced dy-
namic loads on the primary structure Tb e effectiveness and per-
formance of the SMCS which uses small aerodynamic surfaces at
the vehicle nose to provide damping to the structural modes will
be evaluated
W76-70029 505-02-25
Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif.
B-i FLIGHT LOAD MEASUREMENT RESEARCH
Alan L Carter 805-258-331 1
The objectives of this research are to evaluate airload
measurement techniques on large flexible aircraft, and tu evaluate
vewly developed compuler programs for aeroelastic analysis A
joint NASA-contractor program will be conducted in which 11)
point load strain gage calibration accuracy will be evaluated
using data recorded during static tests of the instrumented flight
load survey aircraft, 121 strain gage load measurement accuracy
will be evaluated through comparisons with in flight pressure
survey results, and 131 NASTRAN and FLEXSTAB predictions
will be evaluated through comparisons with wind tunnel, ground
and flight test results. TIre contractor will be responsible for
acquiring and documenting the test data and modeling the aircraft
in NASTRAN and FLEXSTAB NASA usill perform strain gage
calibration research, NASTRAN and FLEXSTAB analysis and report
the final results
W76-70030 - 505-02-31
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
FATIGUE AND FRACTURE
R. R Heldnefels 804-827-2042
(506-17-02, 743-01-011
The research is conducted through a combination of analytical
development, experimentation. aed supplementation of in-house
work by contracts and grants Sume specific goals are to improve
fatigue life predictiun techruques. to devise ways to predict the
residual strength of reinfurced sheet structures, to assess the
feasibility of compressing test time during the measurements of
fatigue lives of aerodynamically heated structures, axd to devise
and apply the reliability methruds to aircraft structures where
the number of structures tested is limited by cost and where
measured parameters must be revised according to new data
acquired during fleet operative. To the degree possible, the work
anticipates the desige problems aed materialu that will be
encouxte red by advanced subsuxic and suyersxeic aircraft,
rotary-wing aircraft, and vertical- and short-take-xff'avd-landieq
W76-70031 505-02-41
Langley Research Center, Langley Statixn, Va
COMPOSITE MATERIALS APPLICATION TO AIRCRAFT
STRUCTURES
Heldeefels 804-827-2042
505-Of-3d; 510-51 ~ 743-01-221
The ubjective is to cunduct research on composite materials
ru resulue problems brat may hinder their application, to decelxp
the rechenlugy required fur their utilizatine in future aircraft
structures, and tu establish confidence in the use uf cxirnpusites
through luegtime flight service of structural cvmpvnerrts on
cummercral transpurt aircraft airsl Army helicupters The wurk
nesists of the fnllnwirrg 111 Deunlup analytical methruds re
improve uederstaedieg of cumpesite materials, evaluate behavior
under varixus enciruem entab conditiuns, develop cxncepts.
fabricutiorn. and evnrdnstructiue evaluative techrnulxgy (21 Fabricate
arnd test critical every unents tu demunrstrate perfurmaxce (31
Cunduct engieenring studies tu determine applicability of
cumpusites in primary yr secundirry structures xf commercial or
military aircraft 141 Establish chair techniques fur flawed en
damaged structxire 151 Decelup applrcatines tu operatiunal aircraft
such as the CH-b4B hehicupter. 737. L- Off, aed DC-tO
cerenrercisil rnanspurts 161 Determine mawr eeaece experience
with flight service applicalives Ruth nr-hnuse mimI cuntractuul
lie undertakern TIre results nI these studies will prunide
new techrmnical imnfxrmeatinn and flight' service experience brat will
PAGENO="0238"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
234
develop confidence required to permit early application of
filamentary composites in aircraft structures.
W76-70032 505-02-42
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
DESIGN TECHNOLOGY FOR COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
1505-02-t tI
The objective is to advance the technology of filamentary
composite structures which will provide the potential of a 25%
weight reduction by conducting analytical and eoperimental
laboratory investigations of selected components. Advanced
methods of predicting the strength and stability of laminates,
panels and stiffened components will be applied to new test
data. Analysis will be applied to define the limitations of
conventional test methods, and to develop more satisfactory test
methods. Development of a strong in-house program for design
and test of aircraft components will be continued. Designs for
wing compression covers will be dvveloped using advanced
methods. A large series of graphite panels with either open or
closed sections will be designed, fabricated and tested in the
LaRC Structures Labvratory. Effort will include industry-
developed as well as NASA-developed designs. Data will be
generated over a large range of loading to provide a substantial
NACA-type data bank upon which to base designs. A parallel
program for wing shear webs will be continued. Optimum design
curves will be developed over a wide loading range for both
sandwich and stiffened shear web designs Maoimum strength
of large graphite webs will be determined iv a series of tests at
Langley. In the first quarter of FY 76. data from a large series
of low velocity impact tests of stressed and unstressed sandwich
structure will be published. Residual strength data for impact-
damaged graphite. Kevlan and hybrid laminates has been obtained.
W76-70033 505-02-43
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
COMPOSITE FAN BLADE STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
6. H. Johns 216-433-4000
The general objective of this program is to develop the
structures technology required to provide foreign-object-damage
(Fool resistant composite fan blades. Both resin-matrix and
metal-matrix composites will be considered. Fibers investigated
will include graphite, boron. Kevlar. and glass: matiiv materials
considered will include epoxy, polyimide. and aluminum. The hybrid
composite concept sicill continue to be developed to maximize
the impact resistance to satisfy foreign object damage require-
ments Combinations of fibers, orientations of multiple laminates.
and fabrication techniques will be evaluated to maximize toughness
consistent with ether design requirements such as strength and
aeroelastic response. Static impact testing and single blade
whirling arm rig tests will be used to compare and evaluate
differ ent concepts and assure adequacy xl heal design and
W76-70034 505-03-11
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
BASIC NOISE RESEARCH
6. R. McDonald 213-354-6186
The general objectives of this RTOP are (11 to characterize
the fluctuating quantities and obtain a relationship bets-men the
fluctuations and the intensity and frequency spectrum xl the
noise radiated from lets. (21 to find methods xl reducing jet
noise by cxelrxlling the shear vuise snorces. and 131 tu determine
how cure flow distuibances increase the radiated noise from
jets with the ultimate goal of developing efficient means of
reducing let noise emission by reducing cxiv flxw disturbances
Experiments of supersonic lets over a temperature range up tx
about 1500 F are conducted in an anechoic chamber The turbulent
eddies are characteiized in terms of cross-cuirelations of the
fluctuating density obtained from the detected signals of
crossed-laser beams set up as a Schlierensyste m Cxwparisxns
are made of the density crxss-cxrrelatiox function integrated ever
the volume xf the jet with that determined frxw th enxise signals
detected by pairs xl microphones located xvtsidn the let The
elfects of core flow distoibances which will be examined are
evtrxpy fluctuatiun interactions These interactions will be induced
by introducing pressure fluctuations as well as rapidly alternating
carbon dioxide and air flows into the plenum located upstream
of the nozzle. Spectral intensity of the radiated noise will be
`mpared with the induced composition fluctuations. Pressure
arid cxmpxsitixn disturbances within the plenum will also be
monitored. The experimental work will be supported by analyti-
cal studies.
W76-70035 505-03-11
txgley Recearch Center. Langley Station. Va.
BexSfC NOISE RESEARCH
R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
l5.:5-03.2t- 504-09-111
The objective of this research is to provide a data and
techvxicgy Ii. cv for reducing aircraft propulsion generated noise
with minimum weight, performance. and economic penalties.
Included in this xbjective is the identihcatixn and Iocatixn of
sound sources in flow fields, and in situations where aerodynamic
flows interact with surfaces: atmospheric prxpagatixn including
refraction and scattering: the improved efficiency of acoustic
suppresm tn materials and treatment technology: and the
development of a unilled daia acquisition system. Both theoretical
and eoperimental studies tie involved and snerk will be ac-
complished in-house and by grants and cuntracts. Emphasis is
placed on substantially iwpmoving analytical and experimental
methxds as well as eeuipn-ent and facilities for subsxnic and
supersonic jet noise meseaich aimed at optimizing jet enhaust
noise suppressor designs. The effects xl Ihe atmosphere on exise
propagation will be studied using instrumented lowers and outdoor
instrumented ranges to co~relate acoustic and atmospheric
phenomena This wurk will also include precision measorements
and calculations xl the sound fields inside finite ducts with airflow.
with nanyin gcross sectional areas, and with and without acxustic
treatment materials. Results of in-house analytical duct pixpaga-
tiun and radiation studies, acucstic measurements in the ANRL
flawing impedance tube and flow resistance apparatus. and xl
contract and grant study programs unill be inputs tx the
development of mxre efficient acoustic liners and a program for
predicting the a'-xustic perfuiwance xl engine fluca ducts.
W76-70036 505-03-11
Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif
BASIC NOISE RESEARCH
R. H. Petersen 415-965-5880
1505-06-231
This research is being cxnducted to improve our understanding
xl the fond~mentals of aerxthermxdynamic noise generation and
prxpagatixn. The primary objectives are Ill to develop xplimum
subsonic and supersonic jet and core noise suppression methxds
ihat will provide at least a 60% reduction in currently achievable
thrust loss pevalty. 121 tx develup imprxced and/ur new methods
of predicting noise generation: and 131 lx predict the effect xl a
turbulent jet exhausting mIx an ambient mean flow. Thi sresearc
will involve both analytical and experimental studies xl aerodynam-
ic noise generation and suppression in prxpolsixn systems The
research nn noise generating mechanisms in hut. subsxvic and
sopersunic jet flxws will include detailed studies xl the noise
suppression effects of swirling flow on the noise producing
mechanisms and the cxupling mechanisms between core and
combustion noise smith the jet noise. A thexcetical analysis xl
the turbvl ence structure and noise producing characteristics xl
swirling lets us-ill be emphasized Complete fields xl mean velocity
and all the turbulent correlations will be computed
W76-70037 505-03-11
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
BASIC NOISE RESEARCH
W Conrad 216-433-4000
(505-90-03. 505-03-1 21
This RTOP covers wxrh directed lxxvard understanding the
basic principles and phenomena involved in the geneiation.
propagation and suppressiun xl turbowachinery. let, jet-surface
interactive, and cxiv exise The xcxrk cxmbines in-house
analytical and experimental stodies xsmiih a number of university
type grants and cxvtracts Ix form a covidivated basic noise
research program that is structured Ix permit aere acxuslic
PAGENO="0239"
235
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
specialists to carry out investigations of several years duratron.
if appropriate The work is drrected toward providing a broad
base of understanding and knowledge of the various noise areas
through fundamental, analytical and eoperimental studies This
foundation will provide a fundamental base for reducing aircraft
propulsion generated noise with minimum weight. performance.
and economic penalties.
W76-70038 505-03-12
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
NOISE TECHNOLOGY
W Conrad 216-433-4000
(505-03-11)
The objective is to provide data and a technology base directed
toward improved understanding of noise generation mechanisms
and improved correlation and prediction techniques for reducing
aircraft propulsion noise with minimum weight, performance and
economic penalties. Research is performed on fan, core and
combustion noise generation and its suppression and shielding.
Fan nuise research will be conducted in the 20-inch model rig
in W-2 as well as by contract. Several acoustic parameters (such
as reduced fluctuating stator lift, reduction of mpt's in
and supersonic fans by means of shock swallowing and shockless
rotor blades, reduced rotor stator interaction, and boundary layer
bleed) will be evaluated Core and combustion noise research
will be conducted to determine internal and far field noise spectra.
Jet noise generation and methods of shielding let noise will be
eoamined Forward velocity effects on STOL and CTOL engine-
over-the-wing configurations will be evaluated. New ideas for
noise generative mechanisms, noise reduction, and noise
measurement will be investigated, and improved correlation and
predictive techiiiques will be established Sonic and hybrid inlets
and inlets witlr large area variations will be studied and evaluated
experimentally to optimize noise reductions with regard to
performance losses and operational limitations
W76-70039 605-03-12
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
NOISE TECHNOLOGY
C T Snyder 415-665-5567
1505-10-311
This RTOP covers acoustic research on axial flow fans with
emphasis on thxse designed fur V/STOL propulsi xv systems.
Our xblective is to achieve meaningful reductions in Ian-stage
source noise tlrrough improved aeroacoustic design and testing
practices The program proposed fxr FY76 will continue tx
investigate and emphasize the contrxl of fan inflow properties
such as inlet turbulence and distortion as necessary to achieve
lower fun-stage source noise. Programs already underway in
PP -75 to mxre completely explain the lower fan tone noise
levels in flight cvmpared to static levels will continue. The
investigation of and attainment of lower fan stage noise will
also require new testing techniques scme of which have already
been used xv small scale programs and will he extended to lull
W76-70040 505-03-13
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
GENERAL AVIATION NOISE REDUCTION
6. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective xl this research is to develop and demonstrate
advanced noise reduction technology fxr general aviation to meet
proposed noise standards with minimum performance penalty
and without degrading flight safety; and to develxp a more
complete understanding xl propeller/propulsor noise mechanisms
that will provide for aerx/ acoustic design prediction methodology
for the evaluation and demonstration xl noise reduction techni-
ques Theoretical and experimental studies will be undertaken
in-house and under cxnrract. Flight and wind-tunnel experiments
will he undertaken with a specially instrumented prupeller in
order to relate the noise radiatixe to fluctuating pressvre
measuremevts un the blade surface as part of a gexeral theory
of noise generative. Other experiments involve wind-tunnel tests
of acoustically designed shrouded propulsxrs. performance
designed propellers, and the documentation of th enoise signatures
of typical general aviativn aircraft
W76-70041 505-03-21
Lewis Research Center. Clexeland, Ohix.
NOISE FOOTPRINT PREDICTION
F. J. Moxtegani 216-433-4000
Based ox theoretical and experimental knowledge of aircraft
component source noise and noise propagation. noise prediction
models are formulated for incorporation into the NASA aircraft
xoise prediction program being developed at Langley Research
Center for noise footprint prediction. The specific aircraft noise
areas of major technical effort are: fan/compressor, turbine, let,
flap. combustion, duct acoustics, and shieldieg/retlectiOn. The
noise prediction models are formally documented as NASA
publications. Those research areas critical to the improvement
of noise prediction are identified and specific research programs
to obtain the improvements are sxggested The work is structured
to permit convenient validation, improvement and updating of
the prediction models as additional information is developed.
W76-70042 505-03-21
Langley Research Center. Langley Statixx. Va.
NOISE FOOTPRINT PREDICTION
R. R. Heldeelels 804.827-2042
The objective of this work is to develop an verify ax rntegrated.
state-of-the-art aircraft exise prediction program (ANOPPI A wide
range of activities is being undertaken to assure that the most
advanced, yet widety accepted. prediction methods are implemen-
ted. The areas of flyover noise measurement-noise data reduction
techniques. airport and aircraft operating procedures, data base
maintenance, component noise sources and source noise modeling.
shielding, reflection. propagation. and computer sciences will be
continuously reviewed and updated
W76-70043 605-03-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
EXHAUST EMISSION POLLUTION RESEARCH
S Love 804.827-2893
1505-03-3 21
The objective of this work is to experimentally and analytically
investigate the effect of combustion kinetics, temperature.
pressure, and mixing on the production of gaseous and particulate
pollutants in hydrocarbon-air combustion systems. The results of
these studies will be used to assemble more reliable chemical
kinetic schemes for describing the combustion of hydrocarbon
fuels such as jet fuels and predicting pollutant formation (NOx
and sxotl in gas turbine cxmbustvrs. These studies will be made
usieg labxrarury flame burners, a chemical hi oetic shxu k tube,
and a jet stirred combustur. This study will also investigate the
effect of hydrocarbon fuel structure and composition on the
combustion of hydrocarbon fuels and associated flame radiation
and xrtrrc oxide levels Empirical relationships between fuel
properties and pollutant/radiation levels will be assembled
W76-70044 605-03-32
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
EXHAUST EMISSION POLLUTION REDUCTION
R A. Fludey 216-433-4000
(743.34-211
The xb~ective is to develop. evaluate, and demonstrate the
technology required to reduce modern gas turbine aircraft engine
exhaust emission pollutants to levels complying with current and
future environmental air quality standards with minimum adverse
effects xx performance, weight and complexity. Various techniques
for reducing pollutants emissions are being investigated both
in-house and under coxtract in full scale combustor rigs.
combuster segment rigs, and basic flame-tube type rigs. Five
major multi-phased contract efforts are being used to develop
and demonstrate, ix modern aircraft engines, advanced combus-
or concepts that are aimed at reducing the pollutant emissions
to levels equal to or less than those established by the EPA for
engines manufactured after 1979 These programs include,
candidate engines from all designated classes covered by the
EPA standards for civil aviation aircraft. In-house and contract
efforts lx explore high pressure-high temperature advanced
cxmbustor designs, fundamental modeling and combustion
pxllutant formation studies. ideetification of odorants. and
eon-invasive measurement techniques are also being conducted
PAGENO="0240"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
236
W76-70045 505-03-32
Jet Propulsion Lab., Cahf. lest, of Tech.. Pasadeea
GAS TURBINE ENGINE POLLUTION REDUCTION TECH-
NOLOGY
R R. McDonald 2t3-3S4-6tS6
Ness lunconven tionall combustvr design cone epts for
application to aircraft gas turbines am being ecaloated for their
poteetial for piovidieg sigeificaetly reduced pollutaet emissioes
Reducieg ooides of ertrxgee ushile maretarereg efflcrent. oboe
combustion is emphasized The central coeceptual approach is
to minimize NO formation rates by teducing flame temperature
and by promoting ofstoichrometec burning The ocerall objection
for FY'76 is the demonstration of feasibility of implementing
the H2enrichm ent cone ept to provide for very lean combustion
of H2-/JP feel mixtures. Pvmary emphasis is placed on
establishing an experimental burner configuration that demon-
strates stable, high efficiency cxmbustion with loss pollutant
emissions os-er a range of inlet air conditions typical of contempor-
ary, high performance turbine engines. Prou-rdrng that concept
feasibihty is demonstrated using bottled-H2. a second objective
is to commence exploratory experiments on the feonibility of
incorporating a parlial-onidarion reavtioe cone to generate the
required H2 A continuing ubjective is the establishment xl design
criteria for implementing the H2-enrichm net cone eye in practical
combustion systems for aircraft turbine engines
W76-70046 505-03-33
Lessis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
GENERAL AVIATION INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
POLLUTION REDUCTION
E E Kempke 2t6-433-4000
The overall oblective of this program is to establish and
demonstrate the technology necessary to safely reduce general
aviation intermittent combustion engine exhaust emrssions to
meet EPA 1979 standards and to reduce fuel consumption ssith
minimuni adverse effects on cost. weight. and reliability With
the advent of more restrivtrs'e standards on the pollutant emission
of aircraft piston engines and the driu-e to conserve our natural
resources, there is a need to determine and develop better says
of handling the dis-erse but related areas A comprehensive
program comprising contract xs'ork by the primary engine
manufacturers as s--elI as a Leu:rs Research Center in-house
technology effort has been established Work performed under
contract to the engine manufacturers sill be directed to establish
near-term solutions chile in-house x:ork us_ill concentrate on longer
term soluti onssuc h as alternative engines and concepts requiring
additional technology. The experimental investigation of the lean
operating limits and engine performance u' ith an on -boord
hydrogen generator ushich supplies hydrogen for injection into
an engine to extend the flammability limits of the primary
gasoline/air mixture ssill continue
W76-70047 505-03-41
Flight Research Center, Edusards, Calif
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSION INTERACTION TECHNOLOGY
fMINI-SNIFFERf
Robert Reed 805-258-3311
The objective of this RTOP is to develop a small remote
piloted sampling vehicle lMini'Snileri capable of encountering
and sensing both natural and man-made atmospheric contaminates
and fine tcrbulenve in the altitude range from 50.003 to 100,000
feet Since the vehicle will flu' at los.' expected speed it
pros-ide precise positioning and maneuvering in segmented
atmospheric pollution concentrations at these altitudes as well
as defining the basic fine atmosphesv turbulence characteristics
at these altitudes The Mini-Sniffer is the only stratospheric
sampling platform that cart gather both fine turbulence data in
aircraft snakes as well as ambient atmospheric data igust velocities
less than 0 1 foot per second and ssave lengths less than 200
feet) in horizontal and vertical somseys The design target is to
develop an inexp ensive s'ehic In and an operational technique
requiting only a one or tuna-mae cress' to operate in addition to
radar and payload support personnel
W76-7004S 505-03-42
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
CV-990 AIRCRAFT SUPPORT OF LEWIS RESEARCH
CENTER GLOBAL AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM (GASP)
0. R Chapman 415.965.5065
1505-03-411
This RTOP is to provide CV-990 aircraft INASA 7121 support
of the Lessis Research Center Global Air Sampling Program
IGASPi The LeRC Experimental equipment un-ill be mounted and
flos~n aboard the CV-990 for purposes of des-elopment and
prototype testing of instrumentation to be installed on commercial
airliners The research program is under the cognizance of the
Lewis Research Center P J. Perkins and G. V. Reck).
W76-70049 505-04-11
Lessis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio
INLET AND NOZZLE TECHNOLOGY
D. N. Sowditch 216-433-4000
lmprxved analytical and experimental design methodology
for inlets and nozzles s-sill be generated to achieve higher
perform ance us ith increased propulsion system stability. These
results suill minimize future development effort and cost of
ads-anced civil and military aircraft. Computer analysis programs
for predicting both internal and external flxsss ssill be synthesized
in-house and by contracts and grants These programs s-sill mzke
it possible to analyze combined viscous and inviscid flows and,
in some cases, three-dimensional (los-us. A matrix of inlets and
nozzles s-ill be tested for comparison ssith theory and to
provide design trade information for xptimization of aircraft
configurations. The compatibility of the inlet and nozzle with
the turbine engine and airframe sniill be investigated to develop
inlet-engine-nozzle compatibilith- methodology Experim ental
testing s-sill take place in OntO. 8x6, on the P106 aircraft and
in a static thrust stand, CE 22
W76-70050 505-04-1 1
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va
INLETS AND NOZZLES
E Sos-er 804-827-3285
Studres of locations of the engine posser plant in various
positives vf the airframe sill be conducted in order to achieve
better integration with the airframe and to exploit any favorable
let interference effects suhich may enhance the s-sing lift
performance efficiency, reduce drag or permit vectoring of the
let exhaust to improve performance and control of the aircraft.
For the exhaust eva ale, investigations s-ill be made to determine
a means of imprus'ing the internal and eotervai performanve of
both uninstalled and installed nozzles and to explore the integration
procedures for incorporating the exhaust system into the fuselage
or pods General experimental and theoretical research studies
s-sill be conducted to improve the understanding of the flow
phenomena associated saith inlet boattail/jet/empennage
interference Experimental research on cxi and nun-axisymmetric
nacelles and inlets will be conducted for correlation s-ith analytical
results and design procedures s-sill be developed from this
W76-70051 505-04-11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
INLET TECHNOLOGY
Richard H Petersen 415-965-6116
1505-OS-f 5. 505-06-111
The objectives of this research are to provide infcrmation in
the desrgn and vperation of efficient air induction systems for
sabsoeiv and supersonic aircraft and to apply this technology to
other internal flos.' problems of importance The specific areas
receiving attention are. 111 a general understanding of the basic
problems encountered in inlet flows externally produced flow
fields at the inlet entrance, boundary layer grossith and interaction
ssith shvvks~asies. boundary layer separation, mass exchange at
the boundaries. etc I and development of vesa mathematical design
procedures. 121 detailed studies of tue/v general classes of inlets,
tssx dimensional and anisymmetric. that are readily amenable to
mathematical modeling~ (31 continuous updating of available
computer programs derived to aid in inlet desrgn~ 141 floes drstortion
and unsteadiness at the engine face and correlative of these
phenomena s'ith loss in engine stall margin, and ISI application
8
PAGENO="0241"
237
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
of inlet technology to the development of high performance and
diffuseto for gas dynamic lasers
W76-70052 505-04-21
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio.
FAN AND COMPRESSOR TECHNOLOGY
M J. Hartmann 216-4334000
(51 1-5t-Otl
Approaches to improve efficiency, operating range, distortion
tolerance, durability and reliability and to redace weight. volume.
and cost of the wide variety of fans and compressors required
for advanced propulsion systems will be investigated Analytical
methods to improve accuracy of performance prediction to reduce
the time, cost and risk of incorporating advanced fans and
compressors into future engine development programs will be
developed and compared to experimental data obtained in
advanced single and multistage compressors Both in-house and
contract' efforts are required The major program thrusts are (1)
extend fan stage pressure ratio. 121 improve fan performance
with low noise design and devices, (31 improve distortion
performance. (4) evolve design/analytical/evaluation method; (5)
improve performance retention. (6) determine matching require-
ments of high pressure stages; (71 extend core stuge pressure
ratio, and 181 improve perlormance of small centrifugal compres-
W76-70053 505-04-22
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
TURBINE TECHNOLOGY
O Poferl 216-433-4000
The turbine program includes research on turbine aerodynam-
ics. turbine cooling, and turbine life Each of these areas are
inter-related, and it is not practical to conduct research in one
area without considering how the other areas will be affected
Advanced cooling schemes for very high gas temperature operation
will require increased use of film cooling The effects of this
and other types of cooling air discharge are being investigated
from the standpoints of heat transfer, aerodynamics. aid blade
life Heat transfer, fluid flow, aerodynamics. and life investigations
are underway for a variety of convection and film configurations
for turbine sizes ranging from those for helicopter engines to
high spool turbines for turbofan engines Fundamental heat transfer
investigations on film cooling are also continuing Turbine cooling
problems become much more severe at the very high heat fluxes
that are enceuntered with turbine inlet temperatures in evcess
of 3000 F. and high gas prensures xncountxrx d with uompixssxr
pressure ratios in the range from 30 to 40 Oesign and fabrication
of a turbine rig to investigate the heat transfer and structural
problems encountered with these high temperature, high pressure
turbines is being accomplished using Coff funds In addition,
investigations are being made on multi-stage turbines with work
factors from 3 to 5 for application to high bypass ratio lilt or
W76-70054 505-04-23
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio.
PROPULSION INSTRUMENTATION
.N. C Wenger 216.433-4000
Present effort in propulsion research are often limited by
the inability to make rapid and precise measurements of the
parameters of interest Rapid advances in propulsion technology
have in many cases pushed conventional instrum extation
techniques to their limits Further work on improving conventional
instrumentation and measurement techniques will probably result
in only incremental improvements. The oblective of this RTOP
is to expand the instrumentation technology base and to explore
new concepts that have the potential for significantly advancing
present measurement capabilities Particular emphasis will be
placed on six critical areas that have been identified as serious
impediments to full scale engine and component testing They
are It) turbine blade temperature measurement; (2) gas
temperature measurement. (3) gas flow measurement; 14) blade
tip clearance measurement; (5) blade flutter measurement; and
(6) rotary instrumentation systems New and improved measure-
ment concepts and techniques in each of the six areas will be
explored with each study culminating iv ax experimental
demonstration of prototype instrument or system.
W76-70055 508-04-31
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio
COMBUSTION AND AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS TECH-
NOLOGY
R A. Rudey 2t6-433-4000
(505-03-32)
The objective is to establish the technology necessary for
combustors and augmeetoes to achieve high performance and
good durability at operating conditions typical of advanced
commercial and military gas turbine engines A sw'rl-cae
combustor is being developed for use in the high pressure facility
)HPF) both as a heat source combustor for the turbine rig and
also as a research combustor. A variety of new combustoi
concepts will be investigated, first in a sector rig at low pressure.
then further refined in design and tested as full annular designs
in ECRL-1 at pressures up to 120 psi, and finally tested in HPF
at pressures up to 580 psia This effort will be supported by
research in liner film-cooling, jet penetration and mixing. fuel
injection, vaporization and premixieg. premined fuel autoignitiox
and various diffuser and cold flow model tests Several designs
xl small combustors of the reverse Ibm and axial flow types
will be designed and tested for performance and emission
characteristics. Ax augmextor program will study ways of
improving augmenter perfxrmance of turbofan engines by
investigating a variety of new design appioaches
W76-70056 505-04-41
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio.
DRIVE SYSTEM MECHANICAL COMPONENTS TECHNOL-
OGY
W J Andersen 216-433-4000
(506-16-22)
The objectives of this work are to advance the technology
for bearings, shalt seals, gas path seals, gears. shafts, lubricants,
lubrication systems and mechanical punier transmissions to
achieve increased effectiveness, lile. reliability, elliciency. and low
weight in the high temperature. high pressure, and high speed
environments of turbofan and turbopropellor engines, and
mechanical power transmission systems Basin materials
development, design theory. lubrication techniques, analysis and
experimentativo will be performed for extreme conditions with
lubricants, lubrication systems. bearings, seals and gears of
advanced aircialt turbojet and tuiboprcpellxr engines to achieve
efficient performance, reliability and extended life Analytical
techniques for balancing, determining and controlling the dynamic
behavior of shafts and rotors will be developed and corroborated
experimentally to provide better des'gn tools lot high speed
torbomachinery. shafting and transmissions New transmission
concepts will be developed
W76-70057 505-04-51
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio
FUELS TECHNOLOGY
R A Rudey 2t6-433-4000
Tb eobjectiver are to uetermine the properties xl future
aviation turbine fuels derived frxm non-petioleum sources sue
as shale and coal, to acquire sufficient quantities of these fuels
br performing research rests. to determine the effects of these
fuels on the performance and durability xl lee engine components
and materials, and to evolve the necessary technology that is
required to use these fuels in jet aircraft engines Laboratory
research Ix synthesize and characterize candidate aviation tuibine
fuels from coal and shale eil crudes will be conducted both
in-h ouse and under contract. Feasibility studies will be perlormed
under contract tx determine available sources of shale erl and
to determine pilot plant capabilities required to produce sullicient
let bud from shale oil to perform lull-scale turbine engine
compxnents tests by FY 1 979 Subsequent feasibility studies
will be performed under contract to obtain similar information
on jet fuel deived Irom coal. Combustor tests will be conducted
with hydrocarbon blends that simulate the anticipated range of
properties xl synthetic fuels with broadened specifications
Subsequent combustor, fuel system. and full-scale engine eve arch
72-434 0 - 76 - 16
PAGENO="0242"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
238
will be conducted as various candidate synfuels become available
NASA-Lewis fuels technology effort will be coordmated with
complementary activities being performed by the Art Force
Aero-Propulsion Laboratory (APL).
W76-70058 505-05-11
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio.
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL
D. I. Drain 216-433-4000
The objective is to improve the understanding of and prediction
of propulsion system dynamic behavior so that the system can
be controlled at maximum perfvrmance. Furthermore, the control
of the system most be able to accommodate sudden and
unexpected disturbances safely and reliably. The approach is to
apply the methods of dynamic analysis and simulation to establish
the characteristics of airbrearhing propulsive systems Control
theories and concepts will be developed and applied to achieve
improved performance and operation of the system Special control
hardware, such as servos, instruments, and actuators, will be
developed as required. Experiments with components and
complete systems will be performed to validate the methods
and concepts developed for improved propulsion ny-stem control
W76-70059 505-05-1 1
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif
DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Weneth D. Painter 805-258-3311
The objective of this effort is to flight test an integrated
propulsion control system )IPCS) on an F-f f 10 airplane. The
IPCS program objectives are to Ill demonstrate the control of
a state-of-the-art propulsion system using a digital computer
and associated interface equipment: (2) evaluate the improvement
in steady-state and transieet prupulsi on system performance due
to IPCS: and 131 evaluate the changes in compatibility between
the engine and inlet. (stall margin change)
W76-70060 505-05-21
Lewis Research Center, Clevelaed. Ohio
ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
Ross Willoh 216433-4000
The objective of this prop-am is to provide an improved
technology base for future enqine system development. Experimen-
tal and analytical efforts are cndnrtake.-r to acquire undnrstaeding
and to improve the technology base for the various technical
diciplines associated with the detailed behavior, both dynamic
and steady state, of the complete engine system. The objectives
will be accomplished through research sub-proprams on advanced
subsonic and supersonic civil and military engines. Particslar
emphasis will be placed on seeking understanding and solutions
for the dynamic ivteraotioe probems encountered s-hen engive
components are combined to farm ax engiiie system. The
sub-program will include ievesrigafives in ar ei- sac h as
Aerumechanical instability. fan and compressor performance, inlet
distortion, engine dynamics and ceetrols. and the performance
of various compunents. The overall program is primarily concerned
with significant technical areas cs'here large descrepancies exist
between theory and actoal performance. Engines currently in
the program include J-85-f3. J85'2i. TF-30 and the Ff00.
W76-70061 505-05-22
- Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
POWERED LIFT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY
Carl C. Ciepluch 216-4334000
(738-01-01: 505-02-431
The objective of this RTOP is te advance the technology
related to understanding the ivteracticns bvtcsnen the engine.
nacelle and airplane for powered-life propulsion systems. Thy
particular interactions to be studied include the nacelle, includ-
ing inlet and exhaust euzale. reverse thrust cvnfiquration and
the wing/flap configurarixe Buth aerodynamic and acoustic
interactions will be studied lv additive, technology will be
developed for fans and ejectors suitable for thrusters fxr VTOL
aircraft systems. The desired rechnoloqy will be brought forth
through analytical model developweet and test programs using
models, components engines and engine, nacelle and 5-aing systems
as required
W76-70062 505-05-24
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
LIFT/CRUISE FAN PROPULSION SUPPORT
A. G Powers 216-433-4000
(514-54-021
This RTOP is to cover the continuing lift/cruise fan engine
contract effort and LeRC technical involvement in support of
the jointly sponsored preliminary studies of the L/C fan technology
aircraft. The support includes: Ill extension of the present engine
contract to further rehee the preliminary design and, in particular.
to evaluate problem areas: and (21 LeRC technology studies of
lift fans and turbines.
W76-70063 505-05-41
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
BASIC HYPERSONIC PROPULSION
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
This research program is directed at the development of
concepts for airframe-integrated scramjet engines and the
assvciated basic technology. Component development investiga-
tions are conducted inhouse at LRC ox inlet. combustor, and
nozale designs applyieg to flight Mach numbers from 3 to 10.
These results are incorpxraxed mx complete sub-soul e hot engine
models on which experiments are conducted at Mach 7 in the
LRC Scramjet Facility and at Mach 4 ix the AEDC APTU Facility.
More basic research is conducted on H2 fuel injection, mixing.
and combustion in both 2-D and axisymmetric flow fields fur
bxth wall and stream injection in order to advance prediction
and design techniques. fnhxuse program is augmented in some
areas by R and 0 grants and contracts. Design studies on flight
weight, fuel-cooled engine structures and systems are conducted
in parallel with the aerothermal program. Program generally is
focused on definition of experimental scramjet engine fur flight
tests on research airplane. Studies of low speed thrust devices
are cvnducted primarily inhouse for the purpose of synthesizing
complete propulsion system concepts fur hypersonic vehicles.
W76-70064 505-05-41
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
HYPERSONIC PROPULSION RESEARCH
Richard H Petersen 415-965-5876
505.04-if. 505-06-151
This is the final effort of the investigation of advanced
hypersonic inlet floss fields to develop the methodology for
predicting the internal floss (i.e.. shock-wave boundary layer
interactions. etc I in hypersunic inlet systems needed for efficient
and stable scramjet engine system design. Experimental and
analytical studies of hypersoxic inlet flows are to be concluded
in which the effects of coupling betuseen the inlet, fuel injection
system and combustor are to be evaluated, and in rshich fuel
injectixx and combusror pressure rise are simulated so that the
effects of these factors on mixing flow distortion and inlet
perfvrmance can be determined. A body of detailed internal flow
data urgently needed to enable assessments of analytical methods
will be obtained and reported The study will be concluded by
mid FY76
W76-70065 505-05-51
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohix.
ADVANCED SYSTEM CONCEPTS
R. J. Weber 216-433-4000
In-house and contracted studies will be performed of engine
cycles, complete propulsion systems, and integrated exgine/
airframe cxmbnations applied lx representative airplane missiuns.
The object xf the studies is to determine desirable engine
compovent and system design characteristics fur future aircraft
and tu identify technology deficiencies and profitable areas for
research. The studies will explore the opportunities for satisfying
environmental and natural resuarce constraints and their related
impact on propulsion system selectiun and aircraft performance.
Representative topics include concepts for reducing fuel consump-
tion xf sobsunic transports and variable-cycle engines for
supervvxic military aircraft. Supporting efforts will be included
tu develop ness or impruved techniques for xstimating the cycle
performance, weight. and other characteristics of advanced engine
oxeceyts.
10
PAGENO="0243"
239
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70066 505-05-51
Jet Propulsion Lab Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
HYDROGEN ENRICHMENT FOR AIRCRAFT PISTON
ENGINES
R. A. McDonald 213-354-6186
Analytical and experimental innestigations of the potential
for hydrogen-enriched fuels achi eying significant reductions in
fuel consumption while simultaneously reducing pollutant
emissions in conventional aircraft piston engines will be conducted.
Analytical representations of both supercharged and normally
aspirated engine systems including all components required for
on-board hydrogen generation will be formalized as a means for
estimatin gchanges in u;rcraft systenrelliciency and aircraft
operating envelope. The perfnrnrance improvements indicated by
these estimates will be nerrlred in a senics yf laboratory experiments
on a selected aircraft engine type utilizing currently anailable
hydrogen generators as separate laboratory components The
performance of these generators will be nerifred with aircraft
typo fuels prior to integration into tIre laboratory systems The
estimated impacts on aircraft performance will be verified by
flight testing the selected engine type in an aircraft which eormally
uses that engine las unmedifredl. Aircraft/engine modifications
mill be limited to those minimum changes commensurate with
a definitive noperiment. an integral with engine hydrogen
generator. and aircraft safety. A cooperatine effort between NASA
and cost-sharing Industrial Contractors is contemplated
W76-70067 505-06-il
Amer Research Center, Molfett Field. Calif
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS
Leonard Roberts 4t5-965-5859
)505-06-15. 50-0-tI
The objective is to develop analytical and numerical procedures
which can be used for the study of complex aerodynamic flow
fields at subsonic. transonic and supersonic flight speeds The
procedures will apply to two and three-dimensional configura-
tions and will include consideration of viscous effects. Flow field
studies in the subsonic. transunic and suporsonic speed regmnre
will continue covering flows, with annt without separation, using
finite difference, relaxation technique, and integral method
solutions Ueder this ATOP theoretical methods also will be
developed to produce the flow fields about hrghlift wings and
complete configurations atsu bsonrc speeds Computer codes
will be written for two- and three-dimensional multi-element wings
includin g viscous interaction effects The theoretical programs
will be supported by experiments under RTOP 505-06-31 The
Ames Finite-Element Wing-Body Aerodynamics Computer
Program will be modified to incorporate multiple bodies and
vertical surfaces Several of the computational methods that are
under development or nearing completion will be tested and/or
modified for use in the aircraft synthesis program (ACSYNTI
being used to study various vehicl econce pts. The computer codes
will be compared against a more simplified existing code and
implemented in ACSYNT. Emphasis will be given to correlating
the results of these programs with experimental data and
displaying the results on computer graphics equipment.
W76-70068 505-06-11
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va
COMPUTATIONAL AERODYNAMICS
R. E. Bower 804-627-3285
1505-06-14; 505-06-151
The objective is to develop the capability to analytically predict
complete aerodynamic characteristics of complex three-
dimensional aircraft configurations. now obtainable only by
extensive wind tunnel tests constrained by Mach number and
Reynolds number limitations, sting and wall interference effects)
to a degree that preliminary design concepts can be evaluated
and screened with reduced wind tunnel test time and cost.
Analytical and numerical procedures will be developed for the
prediction of pressure distributions, aerodynamic characteristics.
flow holds, skin friction and heat transfer for inviscid. viscous
and coupled ixciscia-viscous flows with attached and separated
boundary layers. detached lee side flows with vortex formation
and other interactions. Both linear and nonlinear, exact and
approximate flow equations will be applied as appropriate
Mathematical techniques required typically depend on the
problem; however. finite-element, finite-difference relaxation.
time-asymnptvtic. chaiacteristrcs arid integral methods are the most
commonly used fur solving irvvlmniear problems. Linear problems
will generally be solved by the distribution xf various types of
singularities wIn vse strengths are determined by the solution of
a matrix eqoatrun. Several yrublems requiring large computer
storage will he programmed fvr the STAR with particular emphasis
on efficient solution algorithms
W76-70069 505-06-12
Ames Research Center. Mvflvtt Field. Calif
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL AERONAUTICAL
CODES FOR ILLIAC
D. A Chapman 4t5-66S-SO65
1505-06-131
The overall objective is to dvvelvp efficient computer programs
for solving fluid dynamics prvbfems on the ILLIAC and large
serial computers A wide variety vf fluid flows, steady and
unsteady. rnvrncid and vrscvus. is to be simulated from low
subsonic to by yersunic speeds fur two- and three-dimensional
cunfigurativns Specific ubl ectrues are categurized under Ill
numerical methvds fur partial differential equations. 121 CFD
language suftware. 131 transvnrc flvws. 14) supersonic flows, and
151 viscous flvws New nunmerrcal methods will be developed
and analyzed with emplrasis on thuse particularly suited for vector
and parallel yrvcessin g The cvmputvr programs will be written
in CFD language fur prucessing urn the ILLIAC. and with translators
it will be pvssrbln lv debug and execute the same programs on
large svrral cumpaters. viz - the CDC 7600 and IBM 360 and
370 series
W76-70070 505-06-14
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATED FLOWS
P E Bvwer 804-627-3265
The objectives are to pnrlvnm basic research advancing the
knowledge and predrctrvn of uervdyrramrc phenomena involving
various three-dimensional separated flows. Plows such as
separation-induced vurtex flows with reattachment on lifting
surfaces and cross-flow separative on fuselage-type rotating
bodies at high angles xl attack are being studied. Theoretical
and empirical methods are being developed to allow prediction
of the aerodynamic characteristics and critical design Ixads of
aircraft configuratruns to a degree that preliminary design concepts
van be evaluated with reduced wind-tunnel test time and cost
and the aerodynanric and srrcvrcrai rraden can be more nearly
optimized The obl ectrves also include studies of methods for
optimizing and augmenting the separation-induced vortex lift for
applications related to improved maneuver lift. In-house experi-
mental and analytical studies augmented by additional studies
performed under contracts arid grants will be utilized to accomplish
the oblectives. The dvvelupment vf theoretical methods for lifting
surfaces will utilize finite element techniques and the edge
suctrun analogy method. TIre body crvss-flow research will involve
wind-tunnel studies of rvtatrng budres and the development of
semi-empirical prediction methods based on two-dimensional
nuncircular cylinder data Favorable component interference and
powered augmentatrun nrethvds will be used to improve the
vortex-induced maneuver lift
W76-70071 505-06-15
Ames Research Center. Moffetf Field. Calif.
TURBIJLENT BOUNDARY LAYERS
Richard H Petersen 415-665-6116
1505.06-11; 505-04-111
The oblective is to cxnrduct analytical and voperimenral
investigations of turbulent bvundary layer flows under conditions
where our present understanding of such flows is inadequate.
These conditions include Ill fluws over highly carved surfaces
providing severe adverse pressure gradients )wrth and without
bleed or mass infectrvnsl. 121 fluws in the immediate region of,
and downstream vf. shuck-wave boundary-layer interactions, and
(3) flows subject to narration of edge entropy. The flow may be
attached or separated in any vf the foregoing cases. The results
will be utilized to obtain by mid FY-77 empirical turbulence
11
PAGENO="0244"
FFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
240
models for ose in advaeced computer pmgrams foe calculaseg
complete flow helds includieg reg~ons in~ which viscous eflects
play a predominate cole
W76-70072 505-06-15
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS
R E Bower S04-S27-32S5
1505-06-ill
The objective is to research to significantly improve our
ability to predict the behavioi of geneiel turbulent shout floes
including turbulent boundary layers and five mining flue's for
aeeoeautical design purposes. Theontical and ecpeiimental
research on turbulent boundary layers. fiee mioing layers, and
recirculating floes's including effects of compressibility, pressure
gradients, mass and heat transfer and three dimensional floe's
on turbulence modeling Develnpment of physical models of
turbulent shear, stiocture of turbulent floes's, and investigations
into the concepts of controlling turbulence by introducing acoustic
energy into the flow or by modifying boundary conditions A
coordinated theoretical and eoperimnntal program in which
theoretical turbulence modeis are postulated based on the physics
of the situation, with inputs from carefully conducted enperiments
which measure If) surface shear and heat transfer, and (2) detailed
structure of turbulent floes's obtained by standard techniques and
by means of hot evens, lasers and other advanced measurement
techniques. Detailed data and turbulence models are used to
develop and verify snveral large num ecical codes including
computational methods for three-dimensional boundary layers.
three-dimensional fluid mixing. and vertex and separated flues's.
W76-70073 505-06-16
Ames Research Cnntnr, iloffett Field. Calif.
DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED FLEXSTAB PROGRAM
R H. Petersen 4t5-965-5SSO
(505-02-2 11
The aeronlastic deflections enpnsenced by large aircraft both
in steady state and maneuvering Ipeeturbed) flight have a major
impact upon performance, stability, control, and the internal loads
arising ftom such deflections A major objective of this research
is to dnvelop improved analytical methods and to incorporate
such im provemeets in the FLEXSTAB system of computer
programs foe calculating stability and control cf tlnnible aircraft.
Both longitudinal and lateral-directional motions are included.
Modifications are planned that es'ill provide improved lateral-
directional results, more complete loads infoimation, effects of
active controls, and improved representation of non-linea
aerodynamics. As modifinutivns ore made, the FLEXSTAB program
will be validated by computing cvmpvtnd results with enperimental
measurements from both flight and wind tunvel tests.
W76-70074 505-06-17
Ames ffesearch Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT FLOW FIELDS ON ELECTROMAG-
NETIC WAVE PROPAGATION
R H. Petersen 415-965-5550
1505-02-2t)
The object of the research is to predict electromagnetic esave
distortion in the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum,
resulting from propagation through an open pun of an airplane
turret. This program evil) consist of both theoretical and
experimental research. Wind,tunnnl tests simulating the various
types of floe' surrounding the turret esill be conducted for the
purpose of improving existing or ness theory. The tests are also
intended to provide a better understanding uf the phenomena
so that the distortion can be minimiznd. The tests will include a
scale model of an actual flight system, and the results will be
correlated ssith flight test data to be obtained by the Air Force
Weapons Labvratory. A theoretical study of electromagnetic esave
propagation through a turbulent medium will bn performed.
W76-70075 505-06-21
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
NONSTEADY AERODYNAMICS
H. Petersen 415-965-5880
The principal objectives of this research are to obtain an
improved understanding and definition of the unsteady aerodynam-
ic pressures and forces associated with aircraft buffet as affected
by aerodynamic and geometric parameters, to obtain an
improe'ed understanding of the reaction or coupling of the aircraft
structure to the unsteady aerodynamics, to develop methods of
piedicting buffet intensity and wing rock. and to develop means
of extending the buffet bouxdaey Wind tunnel tests. nerifind by
selective flight tests, esill be conducted to obtain unsteady loads.
pressures and model response characteristics for conditions from
buffet onset through maximum buffet and wing rock onset.
Additional esind tunnel parameteric studies esill be made to assess
various approaches toward alleviation of buffet and wing rock.
W76-70076 505-06-23
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
AIRFRAME AERODYNAMIC NOISE
R. E. Boeser 804-827-3285
Noise generating mechanisms and far held acoustic signatures
esill be investigated using scale models of complete aircraft and
of individual components. Methods for measuring airframe noise
from models esill be developed. The aerodynamic integrity of
models being tested ssill be assured Effort sell be made to
correlate floes field characteristics esith noise Work evil) be done
ix quiet floes facilities, esind tunnels. RPV's and the A N R L.
Analytical methods evil) be derived for predicting the noise of
individual components, component combinations, and complete
configurations. Both empirically derived scaling laws and prediction
methods based on the floes fields and geometry are under
dne-elvpment. Trailing edge noise, as it relates to fla p noise sources,
is a topic eshich sill receive special emphasis theoretically and
esperimentally. The development of instrumentation to measure
acoustic signale in a floes and efforts to reduce the background
noise in the V/STOL and FS esind tunnels esill continun to imprue'e
the suitability of lvcal facilities fvr acoustics related research.
W76-70077 505-06-23
Flight Research Center, Edevards, Calif
AIRFRAME AERODYNAMIC NOISE
P L. Lasagna 805-255-331
The technical objective is to obtain an understanding of the
fundamental mechanisms involved in the generation of noise
from other than propulsiv esources by the airflow over the airframe
of an aircraft in flight, and to investigate methods sshereby such
noise could be effectively reduced esithout undue design pnnalties.
In addition to theoretical studies, flight tests esill be made using
a series of airplanes to measure the ground noise of each airplann
s-chile descending along a landing approach path with the engines
off. In so far as practical, the flight speed and configuration
geometry of each airplane s-ill be varied to ascertain the effects
of flaps. slats, cavities, etc - on the noise spectrum and level
Tests have been done ssitl' an AeroCommander. JetStar and
CV-990. Testing s-ill be continued using the JetStar and CV-990
W76-70078 505-06-23
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
AIRFRAME AERODYNAMIC NOISE
L Roberts 4t5.955.5055
l505-03-t tI
The objective of this RTOP is to provide the necessary data
and to determine the design principle s necessary to reduce
airframe noise by tO db in the next decade As a first step in
this process, the noise Invel and spectra from the major sources
of airframes noise are being identified by performing extensive
measurements in such large scale ssixd tunnels as the 40- by
SO-foot ss-ied tunnel and the 7- by 10-foot ssind tunnel. Additional
small scale testing on specifi cnxise sources are being conducted
in the 25- by 35-cm Acoustic Test Apparatus Noise sources
investigated include turbulent boundary layers, vortex systems
and evokes, separated flness, landing gears, and high lift devices.
Special diagnostic techniques are under development for
discriminating the desired noise signal from thn extraneous noise
generated in the send tunnel environment. A parallel theoretical
effort for predicting the noise generated by solid bodies in an
airstrnam is also underssay. A better understanding of the
fundamental mechanisms ssill be used to design incisive
experiments sshich ssilll reduce aircraft noise to acceptable les'els
12
PAGENO="0245"
241
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Noise reduction techniques will be vertified in a series uf wind
tunnel tests on models of existing aircraft and representations
of future aircraft.
W76-70079 505-06-24
Jet Propulsion Lab Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena
AIRFRAME NOISE
T. Vrebalooich 213-354-45fO
The oblective of this task is three-fold (11 to identify the
sources of aerodynamic sound due to the flow about aircraft
component models; 121 to seek means of reducing this noise
through geometrical adjustm ents not inconsis tent with aircraft
design requirements; and 131 to gain improoed understanding of
the physical mechanisms of noise production according to which
121 can be accomplished These oblectioes are to be pursued
through wind tunnel testing. and with the use of a special acoustic
measurement system developed for this use
W76-70080 505-06-31
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
AIRFOIL AND CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS
E. J. Saltzman 805-258-3311
The oblectioe is to improoe ability to predict the aerodynamic
efficiency of vehicles which move through the atmosphere, also.
to define how the efficiency of airfoils or complete vehicles is
influenced by geometry. Reynolds number, surface roughness and
teoture, and free stream and local flow conditions In addition.
eoperimental research on turbulent boundary-layer phenumena
will be conducted The latter will include exploratory model studies
of the use of wing sweep for boundary layer removal on a
swept back-swept forward Idiamondl wing combination to improve
maneuverability at low and tr ansonic speeds Overall and
incremental drag of powered and coasting vehicles will be defined
by the accelerometer and/or dyvamic analysis methods augmented
by the stabilized glide and rate of sink methods Airfoil performance
will be defined by conventional pressure distribution techniques.
bxundary'layer rakes and trailing wake probes augmented by
flow visualization where required Pressure distribution techniques
will also be used in assessing boattail and base drag and in
studying moans of reducing these components of drag The
compliant skin approach of reducing friction drag may alsu be
assessed Turbulent boundary-layer studies will utilize rakes
W76-70081 505-06-31
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
AIRFOIL AERODYNAMICS
R E Bower 804-827-3285
1505-06-11; 505-tO-ti; 505-10-211
The objective is to provide improved airfoils and multi-element
high lift airfoils in four major sub-program areas Ill advanced
fixed-wing subsonic aircraft, 121 tr ansonic executive and com-
mercial transports and military aircraft, 131 advanced military and
civil helicopters, and 141 special applications such as remote
piloted vehicles (RPVsI and outsized cargo aircraft Improvements
are sought in the areas of basic aerodynamic performance. high
lift and controls performance, and stall behanrur. The work will
be an intermix of both experiment and applied theory and will
provide Ill measurements of aerodynamic characteristics for
selected configurations. 121 upgraded predictive aerodynamic
analysis. 131 generation of airfoil design methodology for both
subcritical and supercritical aerodynamic regimes. and 141
stim ulatron of new and unique design concepts, theoretical
methods, and experiment techniques Examples include new
supercrrtical airfoils, General Aviation airfoils, leading and
trailing edge high lift devices, and new rotorcraft blade sectiuns
In addition, the work includes improvements in existing research
facilities and techniques together with development of new and
unique capabilities. These new capabilities are specifically directed
toward achievement of high quality data at intermediate and
very high Reynolds numbers, such as are obtainable through
cryo-tnchnolxfy. at high angles of attack at transonic speeds.
and at very high coefficients using multrelement airfoils at
subsonic speeds
W76-70082 505-06-31
Ames Research Center, Moffelt Field, Calif
AIRFOIL AND CONFIGURATION AERODYNAMICS
H Petersen 4t5-g65-5859
1505-06-ti; 505-t 1-121
This RTOP covers experimental investigations on airfoils,
cxmpxnents. and configurations tot advanced subsonic. transonrc,
and supersonic aircraft. The objectives of this research are to
provide basic aerodynamic reformation on advanced and/or
improved airfoils, to improve the basic understanding of
complicated flows, such as flow separation on both swept and
onswept multi-element high-lift wing configurations. and to
determine the potential configuration advantages of the oblique
wing concept for use on various configurations. The airfoil data
will be for use xx both fixed and rotary-wing aircraft This work
will be primarily experimental and will be conducted in-house
Complementary theoretical investigations are covered in RIOP
505-06-it
W76-70083 505-06-32
Langley Research Center, Langley Statrxn. Va
AIRFOIL DESIGN, ANALYSIS, AND HANDBOOK SERVICES
FOR GENERAL AVIATION
P. K Pierpont 804-827-2210
The oblectives are to develop capabilities outside of govern-
ment organizations to use advanced analytical methods and
computer programs to (11 design and develup new low-speed
airfoils for specific applications, and (21 to analyse and predict
performance of new supercritical airfoils In the face of strong
international competition, such new expertise will provide needed
additiunal direct technical support for the U. S. General Aviation
industry Specific applications will include light to medium weight
single and twin engine private. sports. agricultural, and business
aircraft - both propeller and jet types. The work will include. (11
dedication of contractors' exrstingc omputational facilities and
aerodynamic analysis competence. 121 implementation of
government supplied airfoil analysis and design programs and
techniques. including tuning and optimization procedures where
applicable, (31 demonstration of operational analysis and design
capabilities, and 141 conduct of analysis and design services to
both industry and government The expertise to be developed is
intended to expndite introduction of the advancements in both
low speed and supercrrtical airfoils together with high lift
technology into U S manufactured aircraft. and to permit NASA
research scientists to focus on further advancements in analysis
methods and numerical design techniques
W76-70084 505-06-41
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
BOUNDARY LAYER STABILITY AND TRANSITION
R E Bower 804-827-3285
The objective is to identify and control sources of stream
disturbances in supersonic/hypersonic wind tunnels, identify and
eliminate dominant causes of transition in noazle wall boundary
layers. develop and test noise shield concepts to reduce and
control test section noise levels, develop methods to predict
effects of various disturbances on transition and on fully turbulent
boundary layers and shear layers. and design and construct a
/2-Meter Quiet Tunnel The approach is to test and perfect
settling chamber components. laminar flow nozzles and sound
shield in a Mach 5, 5-inch exit diameter. Pilot Quiet Tunnel
Hut-wire and high response pressure transducers lot microphonesl
are used to determine disturbance sources, amplitudes, and scales
All phases of the work are being conducted under close
consultation with Rnshotko, Klnbanoff. and other members of
tIre NASA Transition Study Group. The 1/2-Meter Quiet Tunnel
will be constructed in two phases as follows. Phase 1 is now
underway and consists of modifying and mounting an existing
hnatnr case as a settling chamber plus the development and
testing of optimum components such as turbulence screens.
baffles, and acoustic silencers sshrch have to be tailored to the
specific installation Phase 2 will be funded with C of P money
and consists of the design and construction uf a laminar flow
nozzle and the design and fabrication of the test snctixn. noise
shield, and vacuum system.
W76-700B5 505-06-42
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
13
PAGENO="0246"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
242
TUNNEL AND SCALE EFFECTS IN TIIANSONIC FLOW
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
The technical objectia c is to poe do 1 lecheotogh or
improved transonic wind 0000! sot 5apab ity lot esporienental
prediction of performance id 1 aht ph t~ te' v.5 0' conceptoal
or new aircraft designs lv coos coettact ad govt scc poeted
research utilizing both ,-sztlst,cal ed eo'eorneottal approaches
will be used to accomp' oh the 0"J' olive csth the elicits borg
concentrated in the toho,'; `-~ spe0-l c a-coo ti ceyvqen'c
windtunnel technology ~`iv stad es in dite,t sopport of the
Transonic Research Tune'' p'clc,t. ,2i s c's and decctopm'nt
directed towards applic t on o' the sapetco'doctien magertic
balance and suspension s--sc--s to the t / 3-octet cr-y-cqeoic
transonic wind tunnel. a-~ 2. - iv. 5h on tra"son.c tann-' walls
designed to minimize i-st.tle"' oh the oevetopes ~et of
improved wall interferer05 s0"O Pt method,
W76-70086 505-06-42
Ames Research Center. iplfett Fi-id. C-ill
TUNNEL AND SCALE EFFECTS ft TRANSONIC FLOW
H. Petersen 415-865-5850
The general oblective of this research is to develop by FY77.
improved transonic wind ta'in,.l lost te'-tivicjaes ,o code- to
reliable correspondence bets' ten viscosity -depodeet data
obtained from scale-model lets aid that Itom lul-scale flight
tests. Tunnel wall coeslreiot,. lIes', c,cai'ty- aed means for
simulating higher Reyvai..s -t `i hr i_cs__s a,~ be ivcest.gated
analytically and enperie-"i ii
W76.70087 505-06-43
Langley Research Cent" L_'y "-,- St,.~eot h'.
FLOW MEASUREMENT TECIINtQUES
E Bower 804-827 3
This effort will develop i - i-_ito' ti_it `ova to .icp'oov
measurement techniqces to ,ot.s' e' so t -. `i-tee i-'-ao ,,tical
testing requirements The "c-i. i' p-_i- -to `_t `, vi n ho ,e cllc't
with emphasis placed c "s".'t_h `i-i sot. ,.`si,. c,' Is
provide measurement te o"c'tp - Lv,. p' - - b'e to avtasiaari-
cal programs Technoii -- - ,.~ i - -_ `a' h' STOP vii b'
coordinated with more t, , so" -` ,,r''nt v "`apeteol ti cther
programs Research to i'c p s,a i' i- vi's d"selep'nevt cl gas
velocity measurement lv hoe,, e `tip_v.' `oei'ts in lied ll.so avd
thermal mapping measoteei--t't., ae'ody'am.- aad vn025-.stee'ents.
model attitude, and dip'ta1 d to n,/a~ siliO. tvchniqces These
research tasks will be cc `i'sa'i ci - -d a',-ith pteoe'st and crc~ected
aeronautical program rnves' `tnt-st teo,,-testi. tn
W76-70088 505-08-43
Ames Research Centet `,t `fcC `v i__
FLOW MEASUREMEI-lT TECltrhlQIJES
Richard H Petersen 4t5.e-, si-0'
1505-06-15, 505-06-3' _s0-Ca
A laser nelocimete- s, i- `- `o d' -r"pe- to' cbta 0 05
mean velocities, tutb,,i'' - 0" ` pod Fp,' i'0 sttess
components in both los-. `i h oi'~ 5' ``0 l c", Ftthvt, a latgo
scale 18 wattl portable p' t `Cii -s' , - s' ot `-s i- to 5 - developed
for measuring local cel ,v - " - - 2 b, 2-loot aed 6-
by 6-foot facilities Me,s `ten- - to -`i sto " to cc i-sad- oath
the 4-watt laser velocivt~tvt in th Ce's S s 8 inch sopetsceic
wind tunnel in the euluta bocttdst', i,,, ,,o toe laced wall
and downstream of a shyci, a'. toe bocsdaty layet i't'tastocn, and
compared with hot mite an- etometet ieea°i'emeis's This elloet
to be completed by FY-77 5-,-i, F-v. coo,dittalcd asith the a't,iyttcal
and enperimental studies .`t ho ta'bc"et b ad ty layer task of
RTOP 505-06-15 The so',. iv, i 2' e 2 aid tcsnel sill be
coordinated with the ellc't I -`to- stad vs e ATOP 505-06-31
and the 6'x6 wind torn,, so - -v.t~". to' oil be con-donated
with the stall/spin RTO° 505 CS-Sb
W76-70089 505-06-70
Jet Propulsion Lab. Cold loot ol Tecs. Pa'adetoa
NON-LINEAR WAVE INTERACTIONS IN FLUIDS
T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530
The object of this OTOF to o. -eon a ccv', then-p of
differential systems, cv.' lv eTi. to to 5h-e-,-,no a systet'rattc
understanding of sole to o `-`v_tort ` qo tons of vctstinccm
mechanics. The methods being developed are especially applicable
to coupled sets of nonlinear ordinary and partial differential
equations, shore results previously have been found by ad hoc
methods. Enamples are Ill invariance transformations, 121
general similarity solutions. 131 characteristics. 141 integral
conservation theorems, 151 discovery of nonlinear superposition
principles, and 161 variational principles Of these, 131. 141, and
161 ate of direct applicability in writing programs for numerical
compotution. 15) and 161 are the most active current areas of
research in applied mathematics, and progress by' close interaction
of computer simulation studies and analytical techniques. The
method is based on the modern calculus of eoterior differential
forms, and is especially appropriate for nonlinear equations such
as occur in describing aerodynamics flows and in nonlinear wave
propagatIon phenomena. The systematic structure of the theory
also altos-as the use of computer symbolic analysis. The most
recent work under this task has been Ill in the application to
coupled sets of ordinary' differential equations, in showing how
Hamiltonian structures may aRaays be found for these, and 121
in discovery of transformations generating multiple soliton
solutions to nonlinear dispersive wave equations Such equations
occure 01 only in classical fluids, but in plasmas, solid-state
docives, laser optics, and ness superconducting computer elements.
Work is in progress in applying the theory to the systematic
dtscovery of conservation laws and variational principles. These
are used in relaoat,on type computer calculations, and have
previously been discovered only by ad hoc methods.
W76-70090 505-06-71
Langley Reseatch Center, Langley Station. Va.
INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING (ICASEI
J. 6. Duberg 804-827.2664
Thts RTOP procides for the continuing operation of the
lestitute for Computer Applications in Science and Engineering
IICASEI located at the Langley Research Center. Hampton,
Vitgin~a. The Institute brings together eoperts from universities
aed industrial establishments to perform research in applied
mathematics and computer science in conjunction with Langley
Research staff members. The major research areas include
activities related to compctarional fluid dynamics, the efficient
use 01 fourth generation compcters, the development of numerical
algorithms for scientific and engineering calculations, and
large-scale evgineerieq and scientific software systems Additional
research is carried cut in a variety of areas also of interest to
Laegley Research Center. The Institute is operated under an
agreement between the Langley Research Center and the
Unicersities Space Research Association This RTOP provides
for a 100 1cr the Association, salaries of a small permanent
scientific staff, stipends for visiting onioersity professors,
post-doctoral fellowships, support for student assistants. and a
sm aft administrative stall. Other members of the Institute
inc/-ide NASA fellows and industry' associates whose salaries
are paid by their employers. The Langley' Research Center provides
office space and some admieistrative and technical support.
W76.70091 505-06-72
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIOUES
0. R Chapman 415-665-5065
1505-06- 121
The oblective is to invent new mathematical methods and
to exteed and improve eoisting methods for simulating on a
computer various physical phenomena. Emphasis will be placed
on the study of numerical methods rather than the solution of
the physical problem although the latter is the ultimate objective.
Various aspects of the malhemat,cal procedure will be studied.
Initially, the goeereieg equations must be form ulated in a
coordonate system that is appropriate to the particular problem
ssith its boundary and initial conditions Then various mathematical
methods mill be aealyzed fur accuracy and efficiency using model
eqaations. Promising methods svill be tested and evaluated for
simplified problems usith known analytic solutions Finally, the
best method usill be applied to the full equations gocerning the
physical phenomenon.
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243
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70092 505-06-73
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
J. E. Stitt 804-8273745
This ATOP is for basic research in the disciplines of applied
mathematics, numerical analysis. and computer science, with
emphasis on the application of computers to anrospace problems.
The objections of this reseaich are the development of mathemati
cal and computer science theory and the development of more
effective analytical and computational techniques for the solution
of the types of aerospace research problems encountered at
LaRC In fiscal year 1976 the topics to be addressed are Ill
approoimation and estimation theory and techniques. (2)
optimization theory and methods. (3) statistical methods for cluster
analysis, (41 the theory and numerical solution of differential
and algebraic systems. (5) interactive computer graphics. (6)
computer aided symbolic and algebraic manipulation, and 17)
programing languages and methology Most of the work covered
by this FITOP will be performed in-house Some support contractor
assistance is anticipated in the development of computer programs.
comparative analyses. etc.. and a number of grants or research
contracts will be awarded in selected areas within the specialities
of the Langley Researchers
W76-70093 505.06-91
Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif
HANDLING OUALITIES' CRITERIA FOR HIGHLY AUG.
MENTED VEHICLES
H. A Redress 805-258-331 1
The overall oblectixe of this effort is to advance the
fundamental knowledge of flight dynamics and to eoploit this
knowledge to develop methods for optimizing specific flight control
or performance goals and to improve flight-test analysis
techniques Analytical studies, computer simulations arid
flight-tests are being performed both in-house and under research
contracts and grants to meet this objective. The range of command
responses of augmented aerospace vehicles that optimizes the
pilot-vehicle performance for specific missions or a specific task
within a mission will be investigated The main emphasis will
be to investigate criteria for desired command responses that
are meaningful to the systems designer and not needlessly
restrictive as to the system concept employed. Certain aspects
of wake vortex encountering dynamics will be studied through
theoretical analysis. simulation and flight tests to assess the
hazard involved and the ability of alleviating the upset by use
of an automatic control system.
W76-70094 505-06-92
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif
HANDLING OUALITIES - TURBULENCE/FLEXIBILITY
EFFECTS
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
Aircraft and pilot responses during atmospheric turbsilexce
encounters are prime factors in the design and operation of all
aircraft. To develop the basis for improved methods for specifying
acceptable aircraft behavior under these circumstances, work is
underway to: (11 refine enisting ride qualities criteria for application
to future large military or civil aircraft where structural mode
eocitation may have a first-order effect on both ride and handling
qualities, and on pilot/aircraft performance, and (21 develop
improved displays, autopilot modes and pilot procedures for severe
turbulence encoun tots with advanced short-haul transport
aircraft. This work will be accomplished by means of analytical
and piloted simulator studies, both in-house and under contract
Research related to objective Ill will be completed by both
in-house and contract personnel on the VARD simulator Oblectixe
(21 will be accomplished by means of a contract study on either
the VARD or another suitable ARC motion simulator
W76-70095 505.06-93
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
ADVANCED CONTROL APPLICATIONS
8 E Bower 804-827-3285
(766-75-02: 742.73-011
The oblectives are to develop a broad base of technology
in control systems which make available to the designer the
ability to improve tIre handling qualities, ride qualities, and stability
and control of various types of aircraft, to investigate and
encourage the adoption of techniques allowing maximum
utilization of these principles by incorporating lb ese considerations
in the early design stages of an aircraft, and to improve
techniques of eotractixg aerodynamic data from light tests.
particularly at high angles of attack The approach is to conduct
analytical studies to investigate the applications of several aspects
of modern control theory to aircraft dynamics and control system
synthesis. These studies include methods of decoupling airplane
responses to individual control inputs, the automatic stabilization
and control of helicopters with external slung loads, analysis of
automatic landirrg systems, and the syntheses of gust-alleviation
systems. Simulation studies are used to investigate the effects
of promising systems on pilot opinion and on handling qualities.
conduct studies of gust-alleviation systems vtilizing accelerome-
ter or v ann seesors and airplane control surfaces, complete flight
tests of simulated STOL airplane with decoupled controls, conduct
studies of automatic control system that will perform steep. curved
apprxaches; conduct srmvlaticrn studies of methods of stabiliz-
ing and cuntroling helicxpters with external sling Ixads. and
continue analytical and experimental studies on extraction of
aerodynamic parameters from flight data fxr various aircraft at
moderate and high angles of attavk
W76.70096 505-06-95
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
VEHICLE DYNAMICS - STALL/SPIN/HIGH ALPHA CHAR-
ACTERISTICS
Richard H. Petersen 415-9656396
(505-1 1-22)
The objective is lx provide a basic understanding of the
aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft at high angles of attack
through the develxpmnnt of improved theoretical methods
supported by static and dynamic wind tunnel tests Ultimately.
through the application of improved methods and test results
new criteria can be established for designing vehicles capable
of performing controlled maneuvers xver an expanded angle-of-
attack envelope Theoretical methods for calculating static
aerodynamic cveflicients are being developed in-house and on
contract Experim ents in several wind tunnels are being performed
to study basic aerodynamic flow phenomena. especially, at high
angles of attack Investigati unsure in progress to evaluate various
experimental methxds for determining dynamic characteristics of
aircraft and experimental capabilitiey are being upgraded lxi testing
at high angles of attack and high Reynolds numbers, both for
static and dynami vcharavterisrics Dynamic apparatus are being
vxnsrrcvred to evaluate aerxdynamiu coefficients w inch are
pertinent to all phases of high-maneuver flight from controlled
mxtixns to fully dnvelxped spins
W76-70097 505-06-95
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu
VEHICLE DYNAMICS STALL/SPIN/HIGH-ALPHA CHAR-
ACTERISTICS
Bower 804-827-3285
The broad oblective is to expand fundamental knowledge of
the stall/spin characteristics xl aircraft, and to determine (re
elfects of these characteristics in terms of piloting the aircraft
Specific oblectixes are It) to investigate the fundamental nature
xl stall/spur including the develxpment of methods for theoretical
analysis. (21 to investigate rise of control systems for automatic
spin prevention. (3) to determine aerodynamic characteristics at
high angles of attack. and 141 to determine characteristics which
produce a spin-resistant airplane The methods xf approach include
wind-tunnel force tests. theoretical analysis. piloted simulator tests,
and dynamic model tests.
W76-70098 505-07-11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
APPLICATION OF CONTROL AND GUIDANCE THEORY TO
THE AUTOMATIC AND MANUAL CONTROL OF FUTURE
STOL AND VTOL AIRCRAFT
C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5567
(513-53-03. 513-54-01)
The purpuse of this research is to eotend and apply advanced
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
244
linear and noelinnar modem control theory techniques to the
guidance and control of STOL and VTOL aircraft Two malor
efforts ate involved, develop methodology and algorithms for
generating fuel, time and noise optimal trajectories of STOL and
VTO L aircraft operating in an advanced air trafhc control
environment; verify the goidance algorithms through an euperi-
mental flight program on the augmenror asing let STOL aircraft
and the tilt rotor research aircraft; develop and evaluate. usith
the assistance and participation of the FAA. a candidate 4D
RNAV system in a real time terminal area simulation. and use
the algorithms to establish optimum fuel consemation operations
for in-semice aircraft over the entire mission and identify airborne
and ground systems required for implementation This technique
can be used for both STOL and CTOL operations. The second
effort is to design a Full Flight Envelope Autopilot which uses a
digital computer and the basic norilin ear aircraft force and moment
equations to calculate open loop and corrective closed loop control
sequences which smooth, follow' and regulate general ATC
tra~ecrory commands. s'erify system performance by an eoperi
mental flight program using the STOLAND system on the
augmenror ss-ing let STOL aircraft, and apply FFEAF design
technique to tilt rotor aircraft.
W76-70099 505-07-12
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
JOINT UNIVERSITY PROGRAM ON AIR TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS
E Stilt 804-827.3745
513-52.01; 513-50-51; b12-51-02l
The primary oblective of this effort is to foster development
of a university research capability across the disciplines that
involve the au'ionics and flight control systems of aircraft and
their interaction svith the air traffic and airport operating
environments A secondary objective is to encourage university
interest in inter-disciplinary education that will provide engineers
and scientists capable of attacking the system problems involved
in these areas of air transportation Efforts to further improve
communications and interactions between the schools, and to
foster initiation of complementary projects c' ill include net
quarterly meetings of the principal investigators, the production
and exchange of video recordings of technical lectures, and the
eotnnsion of the contract between Litchford Systems, Inc., and
the universities NASA. FAA. industrial and aircraft user-operating
organizations will participate in briefings for program coordination
W76-7O100 505-07-13
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICS IN DIGITAL CONTROL
J. E Stitt 804-827-3745
lbl2-53-Ot; bt2-5t-02l
The development of low cost flight computers of ever
increasing speed, capacity, and reliability in recent years has
provided a potential for more effective and easier implementation
of flight control law mathematics than has been the case for
the continuous time or analog systems of the past. Early
applications of digital flight computers to control systems have
in many cases emplob-ed rudementary and intuitive ccncepts for
control law development and implementation. This situation
existed because a theoretical background of design techniques
for discrete time feedback systems and failure management has
not been developed to the extent that such material exists for
the continuous time systems used in the past The purpose xl
this RTOP is to provide for theoretical researches to study and
develop needed design techniques and operational concepts for
discrete time systems to insure more efficient and effective use
of digital computing systems for fligh: control Experience and
studies in the more applied programs such as ASA. TCV and
the F8 DFWB program will sewe to highlight problems of
significance to which attention will be given. In turn the theoretical
treatments in this RTOP s-ill serve to advance concepts for possible
proof of concept exploration in these more experimentally oriented
programs. Areas to be given attention ix this RTOP during the
next year will include pattern recognition theory as appljed to
learning control concepts, the control of nonlinear plants through
im proved adaptive means, the integration of flight control
functions, the improvement of energy management concepts, and
the optimum design of multimode control software
W76-70101 505-07-21
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif.
GENERAL AVIATION FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM AND
DISPLAYS
Shy W Gee 805-258-331 1
1505-10.131
This program is a coordinated effort to provide avionic sys rem
technology, development and criteria that usill continue the
improvem ents ins afery and utility of all aircraft, particularly general
aviation type aircraft Various new concepts in flight control.
navigation, and display systems are being invesriguted through
the use of simulators and flight vehicles that will reduce the
pilots c-.'orkload and enhance his performance by applying human
factors engineering to system design. Emphasis c-ill be xv low
cost designs for general aviation
W76-701O2 505-07-22
Lang!ny Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
AVIONICS ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY
Stitt 804-827-3745
1512-52-02; 505-07-121
The oblecrice of this RTOP is to develop low cost antenna
technology for avionics systems that will be added to the existing
aircraft This includes the development of low profile antennas
that can be added on usah a minimum of structural penetration,
and the determination of optimum locations of ant ennas using
computer aided design techniques The approach to be used is
to expand prnvinxs usork xx printed microsrrip and other low
profile antennas to produce practical antenna elements and arrays
with the polariaarion patterns and gain required, extend present
computer programs and analysis to alloys treatment of GA aircraft.
and to conduct cxmputeriaed siting studies along with extensive
measurement s using sc ale model aircraft The results expected
include prototype antenna hardware and drausings. a document-
ed siting and antnnna type study for programs such as MLS.
and possible flight testing of antennas on selected aircraft.
W76-701O3 505-07-24
Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Va
NON-COOPERATIVE PILOT WARNING SYSTEM
C. Parker 804-824-3411
1505-10- 141
To determine the feasibility of a low-cost computer-aided
radar system for automatic mid-ale collision warnings on a
voncoxperarive basis to all aircraft equipped with only standard
NAV-COM systems in an uncontrolled air traffic terminal area.
Studies cull be perlormed to define lb e uncontrolled air traffic
parameters, midair collision dynamics, systems approaches for
detecting collision situations in this environment and for providing
earnings to pilots involved. The feasibility of a system to provide
pilot warnings and to prevent mid-air collisions in the uncontrolled
terminal airspace will be evaluated analytically and demonstra-
ted using existing and experimental breadboard systems.
W76-70104 805-07-31
Langley Research Cvnter. Langley Station. Va.
HIGHLY RELIABLE CIVIL AIRCRAFT COMPUTER TECHNOL-
OGY
J. E. Stilt 804-827-374b
1513-52-01; 512-53-01. 505-07-411
Detail logic design of two advanced fault-tolerant computer
system architectural concepts will be initiated. Fxrmal proofs of
design will be developnd to prove correct fault recvvery strategies
Procedures for obtaining data inputs for reliability assessment
tools will be developed, and reliability assess meets will be
performed for the fault-tolerant computer system designs
Software faults and their impact on systems reliability will be
investigated In-house investigations of off-the-shelf computer
systems will be performed to gather data for determining that
reliability improvements and fault-tolerance are reliable
W76-70105 505-07-41
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
16
PAGENO="0249"
245
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
AUTOMATED VTOL AVIONICS
E Stitt 804-827-3745
(513-53-04. 513-54-02; 505-10-23)
This effort will derioe and oalidate the advaoced aoionics
technology required for reliable, all-weather operations of a viable
short-haul transportation system in the 1 980's Technology
developed under this ATOP along with coordinated efforts in
- aeronautics (505-f 0-23) and operating systems 1513-54-02) are
the major elements of an integrated LAC program with the ultimate
goal to develop and demonstrate operational capability of VTOL
as a short-haul transportation system. The navigation, guidance.
and control requirements for enroute. terminal area, and approach
and landing of VTOL aircraft will be determined with emphasis
on automatic operations New technology will be used to develop
low cost and reliable radio-inertial navigation systems, displays,
sensors, and to evaluate hemispheric coverage landing guidance
systems. Designs of functionally integrated systems will be
implemented in prototype hardware and flight tests will be
conducted to evaluate and demonstrate systems perforxrarrce
VTO L guidance, navigation, and control requirements, and
concepts will be investigated by extending previvos analytical
studies, simulation, and flight experiments to include automatic
flight and landing operations
W76-70106 505-08-10
Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif.
KNOWLEDGE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES
L. J. Eherxberger 805-258-3311
151 6-51-021
The objective of this work is the definition of the atmospheric
conditions in which turbulence. remperatore transients, potential
pressure altimetry problems and excessive wind shears occur
The major emphasis is the atmospheric environment of supersonic
aircraft Development and acquisition of sensors needed to
measure these phenomena are also included Results of this
work will be applicable to aircraft systems design as well as
flight operations routing and scheduling. Observations of these
phenomena are obtained from instrumented aircraft test flights
The associated meteorological conditions are analyzed and studied
both in-house and on contract
W76-7O107 505-08-10
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala
KNOWLEDGE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES
O H. Fichtl 205-453-0875
The objectives of this ATOP are 11) the definition, modelling.
and simulation of steadysrare wind and turbul once eec
for aircraft accident investigation and the identification of aircraft
operating hazards; 121 the modification of airports, and 131 the
development of techniques and procedures whereby the know-
ledge of the natural environment can be better utilized fur the
safe operation of aeronautical systems The objectives shall be
accomplished by It) the development of models of atmospher-
ic boundary layer flow properties. 121 the development of
probabilistic models of turbulence and the conditions which lead
to turbulence, and 131 performing analytical and laboratory tests
relative to the life cycle of fog To accomplish these objectives,
the following tasks will be performed Ill Task-Ot Induced wind
environments at airports. 121 Task-02; Natural environment
reconstruction fur aircraft accident and operating hazard
investigation 131 Task-03. Free atmospheric perturbations and
turbulence ICATI 141 Task-04 Fog modification. 151 Task-OS
Laser Doppler acquisition of gust correlation matrix data
W76-70108 505-08-20
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
GENERAL AVIATION AIRCRAFT OPERATING EXPERI-
ENCES
Bower 804-827-3285
,Statistical data ye the operational experiences of general
aviation airplanes are being collected and analyzed. Data are
obtained by NASA VO and VOH flight recorders from airplanes
involved in representative operations of general aviation aircraft
usage. Data collected provide information on the ground and
flight loads. on the airspeed and altitude operating practices,
and xv the aircraft's operating environment The information
obtained provides- It) a continuous basis for comparing actual
aitplane loadings with design loadings, and. tlrereby. a check on
the adequacy of design criteria; 121 a nreans of detecting
dnaraticipated operational practices; and 131 provides a bank of
data useful in the design and development of airworthiness
requirements for new types of airplanes
W76-70109 505-08-21
Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston, leo
AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND SAFETY R&T
W Bricker 713-483-3166
The effort defined in this ATOP consists of acontinu ation
of work originally started in FY73 and continued through FY-75
It also provides for funding the additional task of technical and
operations support by DTMO Development Testing and Mis-
sions Operations) This task will cover the refurbishment,
instrumentation of the 737 fuselage, and conducting of the testing
of materials for flammability.
W76-7O110 . 505-08-21
Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif lost of Tech - Pasadena
AVIATION SAFETY R&T -FIRE TECHNOLOGY
McDonald 213-354-6186
The objective of this ATOP is to reduce the fire hazard
associated with aircraft systems This objective will be ac-
complished by research in two areas. Ill by modification of the
fuel, and 121 development of analytical methods for predicting
thermochemical behavior of the polymers in a fire environment.
Fuel aetimisting fuel additives will be developed which will
markedly reduce the mist formed when a fuel tank or line is
ruptured, with a consequent reductiun in the fireball which can
furm on ignition. The effectiveness uf these antimisting agents
appears to be related to the development of a high tensil eviscos ity,
but also the effect i ssens itive to high shear rates and temperature
A systematic study of such rheelugical behavior will be conducted
to facilitate tailoring the additive and its concentration to varied
use conditions. Thermochemical modelling thermodynamic
calculations and modelling will be accomplished to investigate
the parameters that determine the potential for flashover and
flame spread with emphasis on polymer thermal stability and
identification of polymer degradation products. Although flashover
is poorly understood, it is presumably highly dependent on the
composition, thermal stability and degradation mechanism of the
materials involved in fires An important goal will be to define
the flammability limits of mixtures of air and the smoke and
flammable gases geverated by polymers in the fire environment
A combustion model will be developed to predict the flammability
hazard of a given situation and to provide criteria for new materials
and configurations for greater fire safety Condensed phase
thermochemical phenomena will receive attention in the light of
previous experimental and theoretical wurk on the burning of
solid propellants.
W76-7O111 505-08-21
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
AVIATION SAFETY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
O A Chapman 415-965-5065
1505-01-3 11
The objective is to develop the technology base for fire
safe aircraft structures utilizing lire resistant materials, and fire
control systems such as detectors and fire extinguis hants, tv
fire harden aircraft interior structures and in particular lavatories,
galleys, cargx compartments, and aircraft interior passenger
compartments, and tx determine the degree of fire hardening
against various fire threat levels xf the above structures This
program addresses itself to fire hardening of wide body jet
aircraft against the following fire threats It) the in-flight fire. 121
the ramp fire, and 131 the post-crash fire In regards lx in-flight
and ramp fires, the approach includes the establishment of the
fire threat level that unattended are as such as lavatories can
withstand without fire propagation in the passenger area Fire
resistant materials will be developed and applied in these areas
to increase the fire hardening uf these struc lures Detectxrs and
eutinguishants will also be evaluated In regard to pvst-crash
fires, fire resist ant struc tvral panels and windows will be developed
and evaluated fxr prvtection' of the fuselage against external
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
246
fires. Solid fire extinguishants will be evaluated for use on engine
nacelle fires for commercial and military aircraft.
W76-701 12 505-08-22
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND SAFETY R&T
R. D. Siewert 216-433-4000
The objective is to provide a broad base of safety-oriented
technology for identifying and defining the hazards associated
with aeronautical systems; and establish criteria for aircraft design
and operating techniques leading to reduction in accidents, loss
of life and injuries, and loss of equipment. The approach is to
define, recommend, and support research activities that provide
solutions to problems impacting on the safety of aviation.
Cooperate with other NASA Centers and Lewis Divisions to
eoploit unique facilities and engineering talents necessary for
addressing these safety problems. Coordinate research results
with the FAA. NTSB. DOD. other interested Government Agencies.
and the aviation industry. Specific areas of current research
activities include: lightning hazards, rotor burst protection,
hi-energy brakes, and aircraft fire technology.
W76-701 13 505-08-22
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
HAZARD AVOIDANCE AND ELIMINATION
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
The objective is to provide basic technology for the improve-
ment of the level of safety in aircraft operations with regard to
natural atmospheric phenomena and aircraft-induced haaards.
Eoperimental flight research and analytic studies are to be
conducted in areas of aircraft trailing vortices and slant-range
visibility measurements. Assistance will be provided to other
agencies on these problems as requested.
W76-70114 505-08-22
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif.
AVIATION SAFETY - FLIGHT TESTS OF WAKE VORTEX
MARKING SYSTEMS
L C. Montoya 805-258-331 1
1505-08-20; 514'52-Oll
This RTOP covers FRC activities related to flight-test
evaluations of environmentally acceptable vortex marking systems,
specifically the JPL. ITetra Ethylene Glycoll system will be flight
tested in FY-76.
W76-701 15 505-08-22
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
AVIATION SAFETY RESEARCH
E. A Weaver 205-453-4629
Using the laser Doppler technique, systems and instrumenta'
tion will be developed for measuring nato ral and induced
atmospheric flow phenomena concentrating on clear air turbulence
ICATI and aircraft wing tip vortices. System feasibility studies,
design studies, analyses and tests with ground based laser Doppler
instrumentation will be performed to determine operational
requirements, specifications. constraints and capability. The three
major tasks in the RTOP are; 11) - lDevelopment and Test of a
Clear Air Turbulence Detection Systeml Develop and test a laser
Doppler clear air turbulence ICATI detection system as appropriate
on the ground and aboard an aircraft, evaluating test data and
the findings as the basis for system modification to assure overall
system performance goals. 121 - Development and Test of a
Scanning Laser Doppler Vvrteo Systemi Develop and test two-
and three-dimensional systems for measuring atmospheric flow,
concentrating on aircraft wing tip vortices. 131 - IVisible Scanning
Laser Radar Visibility Studiesl Study and test the capability of a
visible scanning laser radar in determining airport slant range
visibility.
W76.701 16 505-08-22
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
HAZARD AVOIDANCE FOR AIRCRAFT IN FLIGHT
R. R. McDonald 213-354-6186
The objective of this effort is directed toward improving aircraft
safety. Specific effort proposed includes: a practical approach to
marking trailing vortices generated by large aircraft will be
investigated, with emphasis placed on injection of nonpolluting
particulates. A preprototype model will be designed and tested.
Based upon these results, it will be installed on a light aircraft
to demonstrate feasibility. Flight testing phase will utilize
NASA-FRC facilities.
W76.701 17 505-08-22
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
AVIATION SAFETY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY- WAKE
VORTEX HAZARD
C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567
(514-52-011
A wake vortex avoidance system is under development by
the FAA that will employ groundbasod computation to determine
safe separations for given aircraft pairs with consideration of
current local environmental conditions. A part of the data base
for the system will be provided by this ATOP and will include:
development of criteria to define hazard boundaries for a range
of aircraft sizes, evaluation of existing mathematical models for
computing the response of an aircraft to a known vortex, and
development of improved mathematical models for computing
the response of aircraft to a known vortex. The hazard criteria
will be developed throuxh the use of piloted moving-base
simulation. The existing and improved mathematical models will
be verified using velocity data and aircraft response data obtained
simultaneously during vortex penetrations. These data were
obtained in flight tests with the Ames Learjet instrumented with
a hot-wire anemometer.
W76.701 18 505-08.23
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
HAZARD AVOIDANCE- DATA PROCESSING AND FLIGHT
SIMULATION FROM AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT RECORDINGS
C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5429
(505-08-22)
This is a cooperative program with the National Transportation
Safely Board. Bureau of Aviation Safety INTSB-BASI. The general
objectives are to 11) develop improved data processing techniques
for analyzing aircraft accident recordings. and 121 develop the
capabilities at NASA-Ames to respond expeditiously when flight
simulator analysis of an aircraft accident is deemed appropriate.
Task 1 involves the investigation and evaluation of advanced
data analysis methods (e.g.. smoothing and parameter identifica'
lion) for the processing of data from either the foil or digital
flight recorders. These advanced methods will be used to
obtain, from a limited set of accident data, a comprehensive
scenario of the aircraft's position, velocities. orientation, configura-
tion changes. etc., and other derived information which may not
have been directly recorded. Task 2 involves the development
of the capability to expeditiously simulate, using piloted Eight
simulators, a given aircraft accident. This flight simulator would
then be used to aid the accident investigation. A key activity
will be the establishment of a library of transport aircraft simulator
models. The data from Task 1 would be used to help ensure
that the flight simulations resulted in a faithful reproduction of
the given aircraft accident.
W76-701 19 505-08-25
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
WIDE-BODIED JET TRANSPORT OPERATING EXPERI.
ENCES
A. E. Bower 804-827-3285
Statistical data on the operation experiences of wide-bodied
jet transports collected prior to closure of the NASA VGH transport
o rogram will be analyzed and reported. Since no other operational
flight data of this type exist for wide'bod;ed transports, this
analysis will provide: (1) a me:.ns to study the operational practices
of these aircraft to determine if aircraft size has instigated changes
in these practices from procedures followed with smaller jet
transports. 121 an assessment of the effect of atmospheric
turbulence on heavier aircraft with respect to frequency of
occurrence and magnitude, and (31 a comparison of gust and
maneuver loads with design gust and maneuver loads.
W76-70120 505.08.30
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
18
PAGENO="0251"
247
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
CROSSWIND LANDING FOR STOL OPERATIONS
A. E. Bower 804.827-3285
The objective is to investigate STOL crqsswind landing
problems and methods of eotencling the crosswind limits for
landing. A flight investigation will be conducted to determine
the relation between airplane control, airplane response, piloting
techniques, flight safety margins, and crosswind limits during
STOL-fype landing operations. A crosswind landing gear will be
designed. built, and flight tested.
W76-70121 505-08-31
Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif.
AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS OPERATIONAL SAFETY AND
EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT
D. R. Chapman 415.965-5065
The objectives are to improve aircraft safety and efficiency
on the runway through the utilization of advanced materials
incorporated in aircraft tires and brake linings, to develop and
evaluate new elastomer formulations for use in tires on high
performance aircraft having wear and safety characteristics
superior to those of state of the art tires, to improve aircraft
braking by the utilization of improved materials for brake linings.
and to develop and evaluate composite carbonaceous materials
which serve as long wear and improvet~ frictional materials.
Thermal-ooidative degradation and basic wear mechanisms of
state of the art and candidate aircraft tire tread elastomers will
be investigated. Tread vulcanizates of new and improved
elastomers in polyblends with artural rubber and/or cis polykuta-
diene will be evaluated with respect to wear and dynamic
properties. A set of aircraft tire carcasses will be retreaded with
a natural rubber/trans polypentenamer polyblend (as a follow-up
to current work on tires retreaded with a natural rubber/vinyl
polyburadiene polyblendl and evaluated in commercial airline
operations as well as in special runway traction tests. Brake
lining composites will be molded of p.polyphenylene. polybismalei-
mide. and branched polyphenylene. The processing and formulation
parameters will be investigated. The key properties will be
determined. These include friction, wear, thermal and ouidative
stability. Selected composites will then be tested on a full scale
dynamometer.
W76-70122 505.08-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu.
AIRCRAFT GROUND PERFORMANCE
R. A. Heldenfels 804.827.2042
The objective is to establish new concepts and techniques
in aircraft systems design. resting, and operarrun wh,oh wiii permit
increased operating efficiencies. Aircraft operations on prepared
runways under adverse weather conditions and on certain
unprepared surfaces present requirements of braking and steering
systems, tires, and runway that are vital to aircraft safety and
passenger comfort. The objectives of programs covered by this
ATOP are: (11 to improve the performance of braking systems.
21 to improve the performance and lifetime of pneumatic tires.
131 to develop new landing gear systems that would permit
operations on unprepared fields, including water, and permit
continuous use of prime runways for all-weather operations. (41
to evaluate tire cornering behavior with and without braking
such that high-speed turnoffs can be designed to increase the
flow of traffic at congested airports. and 151 to relate the character
of the runway surface to aircraft braking and steering performance.
Research to meet these objectives will employ fullscale aircraft.
landing gear systems and subsystems. and scaled pneumatic
tires The test facilities will consist of the Landing Loads Track.
airport runways, including the landing research runway at Wallops
Flight Center. ground test vehicles, flight-type aircraft simula-
tots, and various laboratory equipment.
W76-7O123 505.10-11
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
GENERAL AVIATION - AERODYNAMICS
R E Bower 804-827-3285
The objective is to develop and demonstrate advavced
technology that will permit the design of general aviation aircraft
that are safer, more productive, and clearly superior to foreign
competition. This work will be accomplished by analytical studies.
model tests, and flight tests to develop and demonstrate improved
airfoil sections. wing designs. control characteristics. handling
qualities, stall/spin characteristics, drag reduction. ride comfort,
and pilot information.
W76-70124 505-10-12
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif
GENERAL AVIATION AERODYNAMIC PER FORMANCE
TECHNOLOGY
Roberts 415-965-5066
The objective is to provide advanced technology for general
avIation that will permit the design of future aircraft that are
safer and more productive. Advanced wing designs will be
developed having improved low-speed control and stall characteris-
tics combined with improved cruise drag and stability. Stall
envelopes of eoisting light aircraft will be eopanded and improved
through wind tunnel testing of various aerodynamic and control
system modifications. In addition, promising future aircraft
configurations will be studied which have potential for inherent
or imposed stall immunity. The climb/cruise performance of
general aviation aircraft will be improved by reductions in engine
cooling losses and airframe drag of third level carrier type aircraft
W76-70125 505-10-13
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
FLIGHT DYNAMICS- CONTROL AND DISPLAY
S. W. Gee 805.258-3311
1505-07-211
The objective is to identify and demonstrate the optimum
levels of stability control, and handling qualities for general aviation
aircraft that can be achieved through the application of advanced
technology: and to investigate methods that will reduce the noise
signature of these airplanes. Flight and simulator studies will be
continued in control display interactions. Degradation of system
and component performance will be used in addition to wiving
control modes between axes in order to define minimum system
characteristics. Economical system mechanizations that provide
these characteristics will be eoplured. Studies will be made of
benefits, including direct lift/drag control devices in a flight path
command mode of control
W76-70126 505-10-14
Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Vu.
ANALYSIS OF UNCONTROLLED TRAFFIC PATTERN FLOW
DYNAMICS FOR LIGHT AIRCRAFT
Loyd C. Parker 804-824-3411
The ubjnotivn is to collect and analyan general aviation piloting
procedures and aircraft flight dynamics data to define significant
performance and operational parameters during landing approach
and departure from airports. A data base has been collected
which is comprised of over 3000 three dimensional radar tracks
of arrival and departure flight profiles and the corresponding
environmental conditions which existed for each flight. Math
models for the analysis and quantitative definition of pilot and
aircraft performance and piloting procedures have been developed
Math models for analysis of the mid-air collision hazard in
uncontrolled airspace, simulation of existing air traffic and for
assessment of new air traffic pattern concepts have also been
defined and prototype models dnmonstrated Utilizing these
models, pilot procedures will be characterized for various aircraft
type and environments and simulations of various uncontrolled
traffic pattern concepts conducted to minimize the mid-air collision
hazard and improve community noise exposure created by
present patterns.
W7B-70127 505-10-21
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif
HELICOPTER AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE, DYNAMICS
AND NOISE
C T. Snyder 415-965-5567
1505-10-22: 791-40-221
This RTOP covers research on performance, dynamic loads.
stability, control system, and noise characteristics of advanced
edgewise rotor concepts and configurations. Analyses will be
followed by large scale wind tunnel tests to evaluate configurations
and provide a data base to improve analytical techniques. A
19
PAGENO="0252"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
248
dynamic properTies evaluation of the eea: Rotor Test Apparatus
will be completed to insure applicabibty to a side satiety of
rotor systems. The baseline rotor csdl be tested. The design and
fabrication of ao advanced research rotor wdl be injtiated This
rotor will ocorporate latest concepts of rotor airfoils, camber
aod twst etc. aod soul be used to evaluate helicopter dynamic
load prediction methods tot nonstaodard rotors The Controllable
Twist Rotor wdl be tested to determme performaove/stress
tradeoffs Desigo and c005truction of multicyclic flap systems
tot vibration/sttess so ppression cull continue. The blade/norton
interaction study mdl b econtinu ed. and a rotorcraft drag reduction
study will commence. Design and fabrication of optical elements
for a laser velocimeter for application to rotor inflow studies in
the 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel csill be completed
W76-70128 505-10.21
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. "a.
HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS
R. F. Bower 804-827-3285
)505-tO-23. 505- 0-26; 5 4-53-Of 505-06-3t I
Analytical and eoperimental studies will be made to identify
factors contributing to the aerodynamic and structural characteris-
tics of rotors University grants and contracted studies cod! be
continued to define wake geometry and analytical procedures
which mvfude wake characteristics in predicting airloads. structural
response and aerodynamic performance. In-house eoperimental
studies will be cootinu ed to bntter define unsteady local-floss'
parameters significant m the prediction of rotor blade section
lift and drag. Analytical. csind-tunnel. cs-hirl tower, and flight
innostigations will be made to determine performance, dynamic
loads, vibrations and wake flow characteristics of adcanced rotor
concepts. rotorcraft configurations, and tail rotor arrangnmeots
These studies coil> be coordinated csith the airfoil development
research under STOP 505-06-3t, with the rotor aeroelastic and
acoustic studies coder RTOP 505-tO-26 and c-itS rotor systems
development under 5t4-h3-Of. These programs will, in general,
be carried out jointly with the Langley Directo~ate of the Army
An Mobility Research and Development Laboratoiy.
W76.70125 605-10.22
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
TILT ROTOR AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE,
DYNAMICS. AND NOISE
C T. Snyder 4t5-565-5567
1505-f O-2t I
This STOP covers activity in reseatch and technology lvi
`the tilt rotor aircraft program to provide asvun d base for definition
of petformanve dynamic loads. stability, control system and noise
characteristics of advanced tilt rotor concepts and configura-
tions The basic in-house dynamic stability theory eotended to
coupled niodes and feedback control synthesis in FY75 will be
eoteeded to complete aircraft math modeling. In-house eupeemon-
tat studies will be initiated Contracted analyses and tests cs-ill
be continued to determine -tilt rotor gust response and means
for gust alles'iation and blade load suppression Contracted
genemaliaed vvntrollem studmes fom complete aircraft gust allesiation
csill be confined A contract tOt vied tunnel dynam;v data analysis
technmqves will be evtended
W76-70130 505-10-23
Ames Research Center. Mofiett Field. Calif
ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT DYNAMICS
C T Snyder 4f5-S65-5567
An investigation csill be made of the iniemaction bet--eec.
and relative inipottance of helicvptei stability and control
characteristics, displays, and pilot wvmkload cc performance of
specific military tasks low-level m aneusers. temmain masking and
cnmasking. lvss light level operatives. hub-vp and weapons firing>
The objective is to provide a data base tv quantity the tradeoffs
between system vomplenity and task perform anve so that cost
effective design decisions van be made in the implementation
of hardware desives on military helivoptets F:oed anit mvc;ngbase
piloted simulations c-ill be used to es-aluate ask petfvmemance
Selected results sail) be setmfied with tlg'il escvti-nents cony a
c-amiable stabml~tj- helicnpmet as an in-fkgnt s~m~aamcm Ten apvccatvn
of ads'aeced cnntavl s',stems lv I'm Pvlv' acaft a'' be
enamined, through analysis, piloted sim ulations and . flight'
eoperiments in the Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft.
W76-70131 505-10-23
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
ROTORCRAFT FLIGHT DYNAMICS
R E Bower 804-827-3285
Sf35402. 505-O7-4t)
The objective is to use brood capability helicopter in-flight
simulators to primary tools, conduct tesearch required to develop
improved and certification criteria lprimarily in the areas of handling
qualities and overall flight characteristics) for the can ous classes
of VTOL vehicles as cant) as for helicopters and other roturcraft
The scope of the research includes consideration of manual FR
flight conditions, as can)) as consideration of advanced vehicles
having automatic and active control capability snith satisfactory
provision for pilots to monitor and take over flight control manually
co-ith particular emphasis on flight in the terminal area Representa-
tive types of problems to be investigated include defining the
requrements and flight/operational characteristics of aduanced
flight control systems inc)udivg active controls, inherent and
augmented stability, cockpit display-s. pilot controls. s'ehicle -`pilot
interfaces with ground based and onboad navigation systems
for manual flight in IFR conditions, and vehicte/pilut interfaces
with automatic flight systems. The VALT CH-47 will be
instrumented to provide a highly fleoible and efficient replacement
for the CH-46 in-flight simulatot during FY 976. The SH-3A
will be used for cockpit display - pilot workload studies
W76-70132 505-10-24
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
ROTORCRAFT CIVIL HELICOPTER TECHNOLOGY
R. E Bower 804-827-3285
i505-fO-2t. 505-tO-23. 505-tO-26l
The objectives are: It) to identify in critical disciplinary areas.
the projected requirements, and associated criteria fur achieving
successful and acceptable civil operations, and to evaluate eoisting
vehicles in meeting these requirements. (2) to assess the entent
to which enisting advanced technology- can be applied to meet
pmo;ected requmemeets, and to identify areas mequinng additional
research; (3) to conduct vehicle and systems design application
studies utiliaing enisting advanced technology; and 14) to carry'
out key- enperimental evaluations ishich are deemed critical to
industry acceptance, and-use of promising advanced technology
featumes Studies cs-ill be varied out both through analytical, design.
and systems studies and through enperimental evaluations of
selected systems in simulated operational enciunments. The
p0gm"' will criliae principally contractual effort, plus some
in-house effvmt in flight research euperimeers
W76-70133 505-10-26
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
ROTOR ACOUSTICS AND AEROELASTICITY
F Boss-er 804-827-3285
505-1O-2t, 505-tO-25)
The objective uf thms plan is to develop technology related
the aetuelastic and noise chamacteristcs of rotoms, and to use
this technolvgy in develnp~ng and validating adequate dnsign
pred;ccon methods Technical ameas of interest include methods
of predicting aemoelastic stablity characteristics uf rotors in hovem
and forward flight. sibtat~on characteristics of helicopters and
means tar reducing of allec~ating eocessive u-ibrations. unsteady
rutom aerodb-namivs, noise source identification, improved noise
piediction techniques, and means for controlling the noise from
helicopter rotors. Work coil! continue on the establishment of a
Oennraliaed Rotor Aeroelastic Model IORAtu1( to be used for
enperimental correlation of advanced aeroelastic stability analyses
being developed in-house and under contract Data from tests
of Bell research tutor configuration on DRAM will be used to
correlate UCLA stability analysis. An analytical stody.to develop
means fur predicting the vibratiun characteristics of, complete
helicuptem configurations coil! continue Full scale rotor vacuum
chamber tests c-ill provide data identification techniques.
Oevelnpment of a rotor unsteady lifting surface theoey cnm)l
continue A pmogam to investigate the use of active controls
lvi c'ibativn yvntroi coil! be initiated. Sotor tower tests on four.
20
PAGENO="0253"
249
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
three, two, and one-bladed rotor configurations to measure high
frequency fluctuating loads will be, completed. Flight tests of
UH-t Ogee tips will be conducted Critical ueroucxustic model
experiments on tip cortex modifications will be established
W76-70134 505-10.27
Ames Research Center. Molfett Field, Calif.
ADVANCED TILT ROTOR AERODYNAMICS
.W. L. Cook 4t5-965-5559
The objective of this effort is to proeide technical data to
enable rotor and control system design optimization fnr advanced
tilt toter aircraft. Design information for cvntrol systems that
will maximize aircraft maneuver capability, reduce rotor loads,
and reduce tilt rutor sensitivity to gust and turbulence will be
developed Variable gexmetry rotors will be investigated to
determine pxtential improvements in rotor and aircraft cruise
performance. A dynamically scaled wind tunnel model of a tilt
rotor with a cvmpvsite blade hingeless rotor will be tested under
contract The parametric variation in rotor and aircraft loads during
transitive will be investigated and the current tilt rxtor mathemati-
cal model updated The performance gains and blade load
reduction achievable by puttin gcyclic control under pilot command
will be assessed. The existing data base for hingeless rotor
performance will be extended to a simulated cruise speed of
300 knots Small-scale telnscvping blade rxtor tests will be
performed vnder contract in Fl 1977 The effect of tilt angle
and flight speed xx the transition flight boundaries. rvtor
performance and stability characteristics will be determined
W76-70135 -, . 505-10-31
Ames Research Center. Mvlfett Field. Calif
VTOL AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
C T Snyder 4t5-965-5S67
1505-03-f 21
This RTOF covers research on the aervdynumics. performance.
stability and control of premising let-lilt VIOL cxmmerciul and
military trunspnrt configurations, including a better understvnding
of propulsixn-aerodynamic rnteractivns Analytical methods fur
predicting these characteristics will be imprxved Wind-tunnel
investigations of a large-scale modnl xl a lilt-fair research aircraft
both in and nut of ground effect will begin Large-scale wind
tunnel invnstigativns of aircraft compxnenls will c entinve, as
will wind-tunnel research xx the noise genera ted by lift-fan jet-lilt
VIOL aircraft at forward speed Analytical studies to imprvve
predictivv methods will begin. Studies xl advanced augmentxrs
at both large and small scale will cvxtinae Theoretical and
experimental studies of cruise performance of lift/cruise fan
powered VIOL aircraft will cvntinue -
W76-70136 505-10-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu
VTOL AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE
R E Buwer 804-827-3285
(SOS-lt-411 -
This research is a centinuin g three-part effort in VTO
aerodynamics invxlving applied fluid mechanics phenvinena.
cvmbat aircraft, and transport aircraft. The basic researc Ii vbjective
is to prvvidn the technvlvgy required fur improved perfvrmunce.
stability, and control vI premising VIOL cvnfigurativns applicable
lv military combat aircraft and vIse to civil and military transports
Limited fundamental studies will be contivue d in-hvvse and by
cvntruct to develop. thrxvgh thevry and experiment, engineering
design methods for optimizing the aervdynumics of VIOL aircraft
University grants will augment the in-h vvse analytical eflxrt Majvr
emphasis will be placed on wind tunnel investigatiens of combat
aircraft cenliguratiens and promising lilt-lax transperts for both
military and civil applicative Exploratory research will be
condvcted in an attempt te integrate V/STOL capability into
beth c enven tienul and highly maneuverable fighter aircraft designs
This research will include configvrativns suitable lvr shipbvard
vperatixxs where cv catapults yr arresting gear is used and
embracesv arievs prepulsien schemes svc h as ejecters. thrust
deflecters. and lilt-plvs-lift/crvise engines ` . .
W76-70137 505-10-32
Ames Research Center, Mvlfctt Field, Calif
VTOL FLIGHT DYNAMICS
C T Snyder 4t5-965-5567
(505-10-351
Design and handling qualities criteria will be developed for
satisfactory manual control of jet or lilt-fe-n VTOL aircraft Two
areas are of primary concern The first is to develop advanced
flight control systems that overcome deficiencies of existing
systems designed for these aircraft The second is to study and
solve specific problems that are associated with adapting VTOL
aircraft to operatixns from ships A particular advanced controller
concept, called the state rate feedback implicit model follower,
will be studied in a piloted moving-base simulation and cempared
directly with a convex tional response feedback controller. Flight
research in the hovering mode, using the X-t48 aircraft, will
also be employed to study advanced control concepts Piloted
moving-base simulation will also be employed to study special
problems involved in munval conttvl xi the take-off, approach,
and landing of VIOL aircraft from Navy shiys during severe
weather cenditivns The techniques developed will be employed
in simulations required for the NASA/NAVY Lift/Cruise Aircraft
Technelogy Program (RTOP 505-10-351 as well as in simulations
lv meet the objectives xf this RTOP.
W76-70138 505-10-34
Ames Research Center, Meffett Field, Calif
SIMULATION MATH MODELS OF ADVANCED TRANS-
PORTS
C T Snyder 415-965-5567
Simulatien medels xl all important aircraft concepts in the
CIOL, RTOL, STOL and V/STOL commercial transport classes
are required to svppxrt the study xl terminal area efficiency
factors To permit valid comparisons, the models of all com-
peting concepts must be designed to the same level and
technolegy and, where pessible. er the same missivn Simulatien
medels of premising concepts will be deneleyed. commensurate
with the reguirem ents lvi compvter storage mid speed of
execution, yet censistant ssith the aim xl providing representative
pilet handling qualities The initial eflort will c enceetra te on
medelling and simulatien en the Ames Flight Simulator for
Advanced Aircraft xl a 1985 technelvgy level 100 passenget
tilt rotor vehicle, including its ride quality and gust allen alien
centrel system Tb e next airc alt types to be medeled will be
commercial derivatives xl the Air Force AMSI velvclcs and a
16w wing leading STOL with ride quality centrol
W76-70139 505-10-J5
Ames Research Center, Melfett Field, Calif
NASA/NAVY MULTIMISSION V/'STOL AIRCRAFT TECH-
NOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
14 L Coek 415-965-5903
(514-54-01)
This RTOP is lx cvver the Ames Research Center's lechnelegy
Oevelepmnnt Pregram er the yetential FY-77 New Start lxr
the NASA/Navy Mvltipurpese V/STOL Technelegy Aircraft These
lechnelegy Develepment Programs are being equally cefunded
by Ire U S Navy, and Lewis Research Center is supporting the
lechnelegy Prvgrams lot tIre lilt/cruise prnpvlsi en system Thus
research aircraft weuld have V/SIOL capability provided by
integrated prepulsien/centrol system having lilt/cruise fans lvi
hover and lb ecrvise modes xl flight The deuelvpment el lie
technelegy weuld allew preceeding with the lilt/cruise fan
denelepment ix P1-76 lellewed by start of lubricative xl `the
research aircraft in FY77 The lechnelegy Oesielvpmext Pregram
includes (1) small-scale and largescule wind tunnel tests xl
tIre research aircraft to be cenducted in the Ames 40- by
90-Feet and the Langley V/STOL Wind' Tunnels, (21 static tests
xl large-scale thrvst deflecters lvi th ecruise fans, (31 integrated
cenirel/prepulsien systens studies and tests, 141 cenceptual design
studies vf the petential research and technelegy aircraft fer NASA
and Navy flight ~nuestigatien purpeses, incleding estimates of
and schierlules er budgetary purpeses prier lv proceeding
with thin research aircraft pruject. and 15) denelnpment vI math
medels based ye existing data Inn 6-degree ef metien sirnulatren
the putential research aircraft dun eq Fy76
21
PAGENO="0254"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
250
W76-70140 505-10-41
Langley Research Center. Langley Statinn. Va.
POWERED-LIFT AERODYNAMICS
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
(769-38-02; 769-39-03)
The objective is to provide the technology required to improve
the low-speed performance and aerodynamics and high.speed
cruise performance of powered-lift aircraft configured for short-haul
applications. Primary emphasis in FY.t976 will be placed on
upper-surface blowing (USE) concepts which employ attached
exhaust flow on the upper surface of the wing during terminal-area
operations. In-house and contract efforts which utilize wind
tunnels, static test rigs, and theoretical and analytical approaches
will be directed toward providing data and prediction techniques
pertaining to aerodynamic performance.
W76-70141 505-10-41
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
POWERED-LIFT (STOL/RTOLI AERODYNAMIC PERFORM-
ANCE
C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567
1505-06-231
This RTOP covers Ames efforts in R/STOL Aerodynamics
and noise. The goal is to provide aerodynamically efficient, quiet.
and mechanically simple powered lift systems having RTOL and
STOL performance. The experimental investigations at large and
small scale as well as theoretical studies for improving augmex-
br performance and acoustics will continue. General support in
the investigation of other powered lift concepts will be continued
ix both theoretical and experimental effort Supporting investiga-
tions of wind tunnel wall effects for STOL aircraft, ground effect.
and noise characteristics of STOL aircraft will be conducted under
this RTOP.
W76-70142 505-10-42
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
STOL/RTOL FLIGHT DYNAMICS
C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567
Generalized analytical studies, ground-based simulation. and
flight research will provide data for revision and extension of
existing handling qualities and certification criteria for STO
aircraft. The data will apply to the following critical areas:
flight-path, airspeed, and attitude control; landing flare in presence
of ground effect; roll and yaw control for cross-wind landing;
and the control of a powered-lift STOL following loss xl an
engine Tentative airworthiness criteria based on studies of
representative powered-lift aircraft, together with techniques for
determining compliance will continue to be developed ix
cooperative FAA/NASA piloted simulation studies ox the Flight
Simulator for Advanced Aircraft. These results will contribute to
generalized criteria for all concepts. Flight research in both handling
qualities and certification areas will be accomplished using the
Augmentor Wing Jet STOL Research Aircraft; a DHC-6 aircraft
equipped with hinged-plate spoilers (joint NASA/FAA program);
and the QSRA. YC.t4 and YC.t 5 aircraft as they become available.
A simulation experiment will be conducted to develop means
and procedures for minimizing landing field length for short-haul
RTOP aircraft
W76-70143 505-10-43
Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif.
STOL - CRUISE AUGMENTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Richard H Pelvrsex 415.965-5859
)505-l0-4t1
This work will cover the Ames research effort to explore
the possible benefits to the cruise performance of augmentor-wieg
jet STOL aircraft by operation of the augmentor in the cruise
flight regime. The primary goals of this study are It) to develop
an efficient augmentor configuration for STOL aircraft over the
entire flight Mach number range, with particular emphases xx
the cruise speed; (21 to improve the overall propulsive efficiency
of STOL aircraft; and 13) to attain high wing efficiency utilizing
the augmentur system as a bovvdary layer control device; i.e..
with a suitable design 1 isexpecte d to maintain a `flal top'
pressure distribution over almost the entire upper surface of the
wing (thus emulating the so-called super-critical wing sectionl
Because little is known about behavior of the augmenter flap at
STOL-cruise speeds, it is proposed to carry out the research
work ix a step-by-step or multi-phase in-house aed contractual
program. Thus, tests will be conducted ix tow speed tuenels
and then, high speed tunnels, using both 2 and 3 dimensional
STOL-augmextor configurations. The effort will be supported by
appropriate analytical analyses.
W76-70144 505-10-44
Langley Research Center. Laegley Station. Va.
POWERED-LIFT ACOUSTICS AND LOADS
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
1769-38-02; 769-39-031
The objective is to provide the technology required to improve
the terminal-area noise and to define the loads xf powered-lift
aircraft configured for short-haul applications. Emphasis in
FY 1976 will be placed ox upper-surface blowing IUSBI concepts
which employ attached exhaust flow on the upper surface of
the wing during terminal-area operations. In-house and contract
efforts which utilize wind tunnels, acoustical laboratories, xutdoxr
test rigs, and theoretical and analytical approaches will be directed
toward providing data and prediction techniques pertaining to
acxustios. and loads phenomena Studies will also be carried
out of integration of these results into optimal configurations.
W76-70145 505-11-12
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
SUBSONIC/SONIC AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC PERFORM-
ANCE
Richard H. Petersen 415-965-5990
1505-06-31; 791-93-621
The objective of this investigation is to determine the
aerodynamic performance. stability and control characteristics.
of the R.T. Jones oblique wing transport aircraft coxfiguratixx
at subsonic. transonic and low supersonic speeds, and to provide
adequate aerodynamic prediction methods for this class of vehicle
This information will be used for mission studies to assess the
potential of axtisymmetric configurations for advanced transport
application. Concurrently, analytical and experimental investiga-
tions of nacelle-airframe configurations are uedermay using a
scaled wind tunnel oblique wing transport model designed for
flight up to M.- 1.2. The performaxce xl wind tunnel model will
be compared with analytical predictions to assess the validity of
the methods used
W76-70146 505.11-13
Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif.
OBLIQUE WING FLIGHT TEST TECHNOLOGY
William H. Andrews 805-258-331 1
(516-5010; 505-11-121
This test program will be conducted in two phases and will
be directed toward the operation of an RPV and full-scale manned
airplane modified to demonstrate the oblique winged configuration
concept developed by R. T. Jones of the Ames Research Center
The initial program phase will consist of testing ax R PV,
Firebee 2. particularly ix the critical regions of the projected
flight envelope. The second phase will be directed to flying a
manned LTV F-8 airplaee to fully demonstrate aed gain industry
acceptance of the concept. Bulk vehicles will be modified to
incorporate essentially an elliptical. full-span, variable-sweep wing
(Lambda = 0 deg to 60 dog) fabricated to standard structural
design specifications. The incorporation of conventional lateral
control and high lift devices in the wing or other alternatives
will be considered ix the development stages of these programs.
Basic control and stability augmentation system modifications
to the test vehicles will also be assessed ix the early develop-
ment phase of each vehicle, respectively. The objective of the
flight programs will be no demonstrate the feasibility and utility
of the concept by evaluating the following:
W76-70147 505-11-13
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
OBLIQUE WING FLIGHT TEST TECHNOLOGY
R H. Petersen 415-965-5881
The primary objective of this project is to denelop and improve
analytical and empirical prediction techniques that will provide
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
more accurate estimation of aircraft dynamic flight behavior from
static wind tunnel data. Investigations of the currently used
methods for predicting dynamic derivatives from static aerodynam-
ic data and methods based on wind tunnel flight-data correlations
mill be made and effort will be made to improve these methods
and develop new methods where appropriate. Initial efforts under
this project will be directed at developing the NASA capability
for predicting the dynamic behavior of oblique wing aircraft based
on static wind tunnel and calculated data. An oblique wing
remotely piloted aircraft will be wind tunnel tested and the
aerodynamic data will be used to develop a simulation of the
aircraft. The aircraft will then be flown to generate the actual
dynamic behanior. The dynamic derivatives will be eotracted from
the flight test data. Correlation of the flight determined values
with the wind tunnel data and the predicted derivatives will be
used as a guide in the effort to develop improved prediction
techniques.
W76-70148 506-11-14
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
CIVIL AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT TESTING - INDUSTRY
AND OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
R. H Petersen 415-965-5848
Civil aircraft research and development generally require
supporting wind tunnel investigations. lv particular. Reynolds
number effects on high-lift system characteristics at take-off and
landing speeds. and performance. stability and control characteris-
tics and aerodynamic loads assessment at transoxic and supersonic
speeds need experimental evaliation. Notably the 12-Foot
Pressure Wind Tunnel and the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel are
well-suited for such investigations and, when technically appropri-
ate. are utilized accordingly Proprietary testing at the request
of a particular company is charged for in accord with NASA
policy. Testing for other government agencies is dove withovt
transfer of funds
W76-70149 505-1 1-15
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
HIGH-SPEED AERODYNAMICS
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
The technical objective of this work is to provide the analytic
methodology and a background of aerodynamic data throughout
the speed range (up to about M .4.51 for defining and optimizing
the aerodynamic performance of high-speed aircraft çoxligura-
lions. The approach to be used will employ both theoretical and
experimental investigations of generalized aircraft configurations
to develop techniques for increasing aerodynamic efficiency; to
determine means of managing the aerodynamic center variation
with Mach number to attain low static margins without
encountering regions of static instability; and, to develop new
aerodynamic control concepts to provide maximum aerodynamic
control effectiveness with a minimum of control force. Attempts
will be made to formulate original theories and to adapt eoisting
theories to practical usage in computing programs. Limited
wind-tunnel tests will be made to verify, to establish limits of,
and where appropriate, provide empirical corrections to theoretical
results. Interactive computer graphics will be developed for
efficient use of both manpower and computer power.
W76-70150 505-11-16
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
LONG-HAUL AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS AND PROPUL-
SION SYSTEM INTEGRATION
R E Bower 804-827-3285
The objective is to provide advanced technology required to
improve the aerodynamic performance of advanced medium-to-
long-haul transport aircraft without undue degradation to other
characteristics. Emphasis will be directed toward technology
development applicable to next generation transport designs
configured to conserve fuel and be environmentally acceptable,
and toward advanced very large aircraft for cargo or other
applications. In-hoase and contract efforts which utilize wind
tunnels, acoustic laboratories, outdoor test rigs, and theoretical
and analytical approaches will be directed toward providing a
data base and prediction techniques pertaining to subsonic
aerodynamic performance for both cruise and high.lift conditions.
propulsion system integration, stability and control, and where
appropriate. acxvstic and loads phenomena.
W76-70151 505-11-21
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
MILITARY AIRCRAFT - AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS
Richard H. Petersen 415.965.6116
1505-06-95: 505-04-111
Experimental and analytical studies will be made to provide
the aeiodynamic technology for design of advanced military
aircraft. Large scale wind tunnel studies will be condvcted on
components and integrated configurations to determine the mutual
aerodynamic interference effects between the airframe and
propulsion system for military aircraft at subsonic, transonic, and
supersonic speeds. The effect of fuselage geometry and inlet
location on aircraft and inlet performance will be determined.
Various numerical analysis and apprxvimatiov techniques will be
employed to serve as a basis for the detailed numerical study,
and to aid in defining cost effective experimental programs. Wind
tunnel studies and existing tuvvel results will be made over the
Mach number range to verify the analysis and xx evaluate the
mutual aerodynamic interferevce effects between the airframe
and propulsion system that are beyond the sccpe of present
analytical methods. It is estimated that this effort wili extend
thru FY79.
W76-70152 505-1 1-21
Langley Research Center. Langley Statixn, Va
MILITARY AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS
P. E. Bower 804-827-3285
The technical xbjective of this work is xx develxp the
aerodynamic technolxgy base for the design of future military
aircraft. The approach to be used will combine both analytical
and experimental studies xf the integration of advanced
aerodynamic concepts such as supercritical aerodynamics, wing
warp, maneuver devices. thrust-indvced lift, and cxmpxnent
ivterfereece iv the design of complete aircraft cxvfiguratixns.
Particular emphasis will be placed on the improvement of
performance and stability-and-control characteristics iv the high
avgle.xf-attack tango at subsonic, xravsvvic, and supersonic
syreds.
W76-70153 505-11-22
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
MISSILE AERODYNAMICS
R E. Bxwer 804-827-3285
The objective is xx provide a xechvolxgy base such that
maximum advantage of aerxdyvamic effects are realized in missile
performance. Identify new aerodynamic/missile concepts and
establish the data base xx evaluate the perfxrmavce of the concept
The approach to be used will combine bxth analytical and
experimental techniques Studies will provide the xechnolxgy for
advanced missiles ax all speeds for various mission requirements
including the aerudynamic stability and conlrol characteristics of
surface-tx-air. air-tx-ground, air-tx-air, and surface'to-surface
missiles with wing, tail. canard, or jet controls. Emphasis is to
be given xx aerodynamic problems of fundamental importance
xx a class of cxnfiguratiovs xx permit a later selection for a
specific develxpmevt. Studies will include rocket as well as
air-breathing systems with special cunsideration being given to
inlet-airframe integration.
W76-70154 505-11-22
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
MISSILE AERODYNAMICS
Richard H. Petersen 415.965-5859
1505-06-9 51
This program is aimed at providing consislent basic know-
ledge, experimental tools, data, prediction methods, and theory
for determining the aerodynamic and control characteristics of
high'maneuver missiles for the 1980's. The basic approach is
to carry out four highly integrated tasks. Task 1. develop prediction
methods for estimating static fvrce and moment chaacteristiCs
ax high angles of attack (xx 180 degl and provide experimental
verification on basic missile-type bodies. Task 2. determine
dynamic stability characteristics through wind tunnel experiments
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
252
and prooide data for formolatioir of semi-empirical prediction
methods A eeoc large scale oscillatory apparatus us-ill be fabricated
lot this task The large rotary apparatus being constructed under
RTOP 505-06-95 u-all also be osed Task 3. provide, both
theoretical and enpnsmeotal tools to nualuate the influence of
socket eohaust plomes on the missile aerodynamic and control
characteristics Theoretical methods u-ill be developed and
eopetimnntal moestigations mill be conducted to determine
adeqoate eohaust simolation techniqoes for eotensis'e usied onset
tests on conhgotati oes no plored in Task 1 Task 4. opgiade
current prediction methods for calcolating aeroelastic effects on
conhgurati mrs on det high loads doe to aerodynamic and thtost
controls fectease the capability of the conipotei program.
FLEXSTAB. and coedoct eoperimenral tests to eerily improce-
Vd76-70155 505-11-23
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
MILITARY AIRCRAFT - VECTORED THRUST MANEUVER-
ABILITY
ft E. Saucer 804-827-3285
The objectice is to espand VIFF stud:es of the Harrier to
matimom speed and throat Fl:ght trials of the Phase 2 Jo~nt
NASA/U. K VIFF flight research program mill be completed in
the U.K osing a modifind Harrier aircraft supplied by the U K
These trials mill be in lu-a parts fl air-to-air and 21 air-to-ground
W76-7O156 505-11-24
Flight Research Center. Edusards. Calif
F-15 STALL/SpIN - RRV-FLIGHT TESTS
G P Layton 80525833ff
This program invoIces the dnsige and construction of three
3/5.scale remote piloted F-tb fighter aircraft configurations to
be air-launched, louse through high angle-of-attack m aenuc ers
and rdcooered by horiaontal landing cc Eda-ards Dry Lake or by
parachute re000ery. These cehicles are to be 11cc-n to gather
needed flight data at angle-of-attack values at, near, and beyond
the aircraft stall and departure The o-anrali cb~ectiv-es are to
develop a remote controlled test technique that is suited to
stall spin type research: to obrain high anale-of-attack data
specifically for a 3, 8-scale F- 5 configuratjon up to and including
post-stall, pie-spin conditions, and to assess aduanced control
systems in pm-stall, post-stall, and pc-spin fight
W76-70157 505-11-25
Flight Research Center. Edo-aids. Calif
RPRV CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT
B tat Kook 80525833ff
This RTOP covers a Remotely Piloted Research Vch~cle IRPRVI
capability development program The program a-ill develop a
baseline capability for performing flight research u-itS supersonic.
maneuverable, vehicles Particular emphasis usill be placed on
developing the evisrin g FRC RPRV operating systems to be
compatible us-ith this class of a-chicle A Firebee 2. target drone
18DM-3d E/Fl converted to an RPRV. audi be used The
cehicles ss-ill be on loan from the USAF The technique develop-
meet program usili consist of a serins of Lights using MARS
nuns-cry and a series of flights using hc-izoetal landing as the
recocer'y technique During these fl:ghts the performance and
maneuvering envelope of the airplane audi be esptoed so as to
meet the program obiectivcs To accomp'ish the prog-ann the
vehicles usd1 be modified us'ith a complete research instrumenration
capability This instrumentation along u-.'~th the RPRV voer-eand
and control capability usd1 deuelop the Fireben 2 into a versatile
high performance research test bed
VV76-70158 505-11-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va
HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMIC TECHNOLOGY
Bouser 804-827-3285
1505-04-31. 501-22-061
The purpose of this usork is to pros-ide the technology for
the design of efficient, practical hypersonic airbreathing aircraft
A number of aircraft systems are being studied These inulode
hypersonic transports, military strike and reconnaissance vehicles.
hypersonic research airplanes. and the aebreathing launch vehicle
The aabreathing launch vehicle us-hich is potentrally capable of
providing a truly lou.' cost space logistics systems can fill an
nopected need in the NASA/DOD program in the post 1990
time period The hypersonic transport, usith its bog-range capability
and cruise sonic boom levels that may be acceptable over
populated areas, has the potential of prov'iding a major step in
air transportation in the latter part of the century. Airbreathing
vehicle systems must folly evploit synergistic interactions betus-nen
aerodynamics. propulsion, structures, trajectory selection, etc - to
achieve manimum overall efficiency and operaticoal flenibility.
Detailed usork on configuration concepts. reliable prediction
techniques. full-scale Reynolds number effects, engine-airframe
integration. etc - usd1 be vigorously pursued to pros-ide the
technological base necessary The technology for all three systems
oceds to be demoestrated in flight before commitmeot to mission
harducare is made. The X-24C research aircraft coocept result-
ing from the Joint .USAF-NASA study completed in January
975 usd1 be used as a focal point in the technology development.
W7B-70159 505-11-41
L-imngley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
DOD ASSISTANCE - SPECIFIC MILITARY DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAM
`E Boa-ce 804-827-3285 .
The objectiuc is to determine, at specific request of DOD.
the aerodynamic characteristics of models aod model components
at subsonic. transooic. and supersonic speeds. Current emphasis
is focused on the USAF 8-f, USAF F-tB, USAF F-SE. USAF
A FTI configuration and several missile coocepts. Anr~cipatnd
emphasis u-oIl be focused on DOD requested Iprogram interest
to NASA) gcreeraliaed research programs on methods to improve
aircraft maneuverability Results usill be obtained by means of
u-cind-tunnel investigations coo ducted over appropriate raoges of
aerodynamic variables to determine forces, moments, and loads
as u-cell as by the use of the many available analytical programs
Analysis of the results usd1 be performed and selected -esults
us ill be documented
W76-70160 505-11-41
Ames Research Center, Moffotl Field, Cal~f.
DOD ASSISTANCE
Roberts 415-965-5848
:136-63-02: 760-74-Of - 764-74-011
Technical assistance, voesuirive services, and facility support
us/I be prov-idnd to the DOD in support ci m:iitarr' aircraft and
enissile development programs Included are research efforts to
a:d in assuring satisfactory aerodynamic and handling qualities
of piloted aircraft and in assuring satisfactory- fligl'it path and
attrfuade control of these aircraft in given automatic flight modes,
such as radar-gurdcJ approaches and landings on an aircraft
carrier locluded also are efforts to define and develop techniques
for improvement of margioal or cesatisfactory characteristics of
onus airplaoe designs r5/rod tunnels, flight simulators, and central
computer facilities 13601. together vsith applications of advanced
control theory, us-ill be empl/yed as required Specific useapon
systems programs for us'hivh support ,is planned daring FT 976
include the B-i. AV-S - - 2-Kiloton Surface Effects Ship. YC-t5.
AFTI. Navy Oviet Torpedo. A-7E ACLS. Lightuseight Fighter. Point
Defense Missile and EA-68 APC'ACLS
W76-7O161 505-11-41
Lea-is Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio
OUTSIDE AGENCY SUPPORT AERONAUTICS TESTING
O N Bous'ditvh 216-433-4000
The objective is' to support requests from the Department
of Defense. Department of Tiansporiation and other federal
agencies outside of NASA for aerodynamic testing in', the facilities
of the Leusis Research Center
Aeronautios System Studies
W76-70162 791-40-03
Ames Research Ceeter, Moffert Field, Calif
CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND CONCEPT
STUDIES
L J iaa'illiams 415-965-5887
The cbjnutivn of this RTOP is to provide systems analyses
01 future civil air transportation systems and concepts in order
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
to identify promising aeronautical systems, determine optimum
characteristics, and define technology requirements and costs
associated with such systems. Studies will be conducted for a
satiety of air transportation systems including short haul, both
commuter and regional, and long haul, both domestib and
international. Emphasis is to be placed on fuel economy in future
air transportation systems. Total system studies will be carried
out considering all of the interactions between aircraft, airports,
airways, community inipact, and economics Iboth within the
aviation industry and on a national basisl. Studies of a short
term nature will be conducted in suoport of the aeronautical
program planning activities of ARC and OAST. This RTOP is
responsive to the program objectives related to Civil Air
Transportation Studies, fuel conservation in aeronautics, and
systems analysis methodology and support.
W76-7O163 791-40-04
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
MILITARY AIRCRAFT CONCEPT ANALYSIS AND METHOD-
OLOGY DEVELOPMENT
L Roberts 415-965-5881
The objective of this RTOP is to develop a methodology to
aid in defining the benefits of new aeronautical technology and
to increase the value of NASA's research to DOD for preliminary
design studies and evaluations. The approach will be continued
incorporation of advanced technologies into in-house aircraft
synthesis programs and exercising these programs by analysis
of aircraft systems intended to meet mission requirements obtained
from or developed in coeperation with appropriate DOD
planning personnel. Historically. NASA has supported the DOD
by generating advances in technology and by providing analytical
and test assistance during the development of specific designs.
NASA is involved in assessing the readiness of advanced
technology and assisting the military in determining its effect
on future aircraft.
W76-70164 791-40-08
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION
R. E. Bower 804.827-3285
151 6-50-201
The objectives are: to develop an improved model for
calculation of variable life.cycle aircraft operating costs with
emphasis on better evaluation of the impact of advanced
technologies, to determine future market growth, mission
requirements, and overall transportation system demands which
vould impavt design features xf both cvexes tional avd advanced
air cargo concepts, and to evaluate potential market response
to the introduction of an advanced air freighter with significant
improvements in efficiency, productivity and payload capability;
and to assess the technological impact of advanced and
unconvevtional aircraft on the national interest and public sector
through predicted interactiun with the economic, social, environ-
mental, political and legal systems in both dxmestic and
internatienal arenas. A joint effort by an operating airline and
an aircraft manufacturer will be conducted tu develop imprxxed
methodology fer determining aircraft opeiating costs. The
Phase 1 contract jointly funded and administered by NASA and
the National Science Foundatien to assess the technology impact
of large air transports will be completed and the results evaluated.
A follow-on Phase 2 effort will be broader in scope focusing on
the most promising interface fer all transportation elements ef a
comprehensive intermodal system. A contractual study will be
initiated to identify the unique transport needs ef developing
countries and to propose an air transport system to serve those
needs. Contractual studies will provide an in'depth analysis ef
those specific facters which would impact the design features
and determine the potential impact on freight market shares.
W76-70165 791-40-11
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
STUDIES OF ALTERNATIVE AIRCRAFT FUELS AND
GROUND SYSTEMS
R. E. Buwer 804-827.3285
The objectives are. to generate by exploratery and by systems
studies sufficient technological data. comparable to that already
available on airplane design, for the purpese ef defining and
describing an air transportation system in which conventional
jet fuels are replaced bj liquid hydrogen as a measure to conserve
natural crude petreleum. Data from initial studies indicate eptions
and opportunities to farther the evolutionary process of definivg
a hydrogen air transportation system. Under this RTOP. contract
studies will be extended to investigate the mest premising option
and opportunities.
W76-7O166 791-40-15
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
CIVIL AIRCRAFT ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
R. H. Petersen 415-965-5881
The objective of this research ~s to develop and use an
overall system synthesis capability which can identify the best
aircraft characteristics for various air transportation systems.
Mathematical models ef the air vehicle elements will be used
and verified by comparison with eperational situations. Quick
response studies of civil air transports will be cenducted to identify
critical research areas, assess energy consumption and provide
information for cost benefit studies. Specific studies of aircraft
optimized for cargo, reduced energy consumption, and reduced
nxise and wake-vortex hazard will be initiated. These in-house
studies will pruvide guidance fyi possible future centract studies.
W76-70167 791-40-18
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
STUDY OF POTENTIAL UTILITY OF RPVS (REMOTELY
PILOTED VEHICLES) FOR CIVIL APPLICATIONS
R H Petersen 415-965-5881
1516-50-10. 50511-12; 505-11-131
Studies will be conducted to identify and describe the potential
civil market for RPV's, to assess the associated benekts and
costs of using these vehicles, and to identify likely candidate
vehicle concepts and the technology required to satisfy civil
markets The study will include an assessment of the impact of
safety, reliability and environmental requirements on the future
use of civil remotely piloted vehicles. A contracted study will be
completed in about April of 1976.
W76-70168 791-40-22
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
ROTORCRAFT MAINTENANCE COSTS METHODOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
W. L Cook 415.965-5559
1505-10-22, 505-10-211
This RTOP covers evaluation of current rotorcraft maintenance
cost experience of both civil and military operations and the
establishment of techniques for projecting maintenance cost of
advanced rxtxrcraft. in particular the tilt rotor cencept. Com-
mercial and military operations will be surveyed to provide a
data base on current experience Projections of likely technological
developments in subsystem design and the effect en rotorcraft
maintenance cysts will be made Multiple regression techniques
will be used to develop the impxrtance of parameters such as
vibration level, mission cycle vs. flight hours. etc as well as the
effects of major technical design differences. if pertinent, in
determining goed maintenance cyst estimating relatienships
W76-70169 791-40.23
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF INTERCITY TRANSPOR-
TATION SYSTEMS
H. Hornby 415-965-5895
The objectives of this RTOP are to enhance NASAs
contribution to our nations ability to prxxide adequately fur its
futere transpurtatien needs, including modal systems and their
energy requirements; and to determine the possible impacts on
the timeframe and goals of aviation and air transportation R&T
of the more promising future intercity transportation systems
and corresponding urban structures. The approach will be based
on extending the NASA/DOT joint agency Technolxgy Assessment
of Intercity Transportation Systems into Phase 2 activities.
Phase 2 shall include the selection and initiatien of fellow-on
studies of critical issues, constraints, barriers lidentified in the
25
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Phase 1 technology assessment) which require further definition
toward future objectives of the NASA aeronautics program. The
follow-on activities emanating from Phase 1 which are of mutual
interest to both NASA and DOT will be jointly funded by the
two agencies, and those tasks of sole interest to each agency
mill be independently funded.
Aeronautics Systems Technology
Programs
W76-70170 510-51-01
Langley Research Center,.Langley Station, Va.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS APPLICATION TO THE C-130
CENTER WING STRUCTURE
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
(505-02-4 1)
The objective of this program is to obtain longtime flight
service performance of filamentary composite materials in the
center wing boo of C-13O aircraft. The objective will be achieved
through a systematic program as follows: 11) conduct advanced
development study to provide design allowables. manufacturing
and process methods, required analysis methods; (2) perform
detailed design; (3) fabricate three composite-reinforced alumi-
num-alloy wing booes; (4) perform ground test on one full-scale
boo (fatigue and strength); 15) install wing booes in two C-130
aircraft, and deliver aircraft to Air Force; and (6) perform periodic
monitoring to establish performance of wing booes. The results
of this flight service program will provide meaningful data on
the performance of composite materials in a primary structure
in the flight environment. Results will also be obtained on design,
manufacturing and processing methods, nondestructive evaluation
and field inspection procedures heretofore unavailable on large
scale composite-reinforced primary aircraft structures. The program
will provide confidence needed before commitments are made
to future applications in aircraft structures.
W76-70171 510-52-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
COMPOSITE PRIMARY STRUCTURES FLIGHT PROGRAM
R. R. Heldenfe)s 804-827-2042
(505-02-41; 510-51-01)
The objective is to establish a confidence level and economic
base for filamentary composite primary structures that will warrant
a production commitment by airframe manufacturers to incorporate
these structures in future commercial transport aircraft. This
objective will be accomplished by demonstrating weight savings
of about 25 percent with composite materials, by accumulating
operation and maintenance eoperience in an airline environment.
and by developing the design and manufacturing technology
required to (ower the acquisition cost of composite primary
structure as well as to achieve tife-cycle costs comparable to
current metal aircraft structure. The flight components wit) be
replacement parts on eoisting commercially operated aircraft.
W76-70172 510-53-01
Lewis Research Center, Geveland, Ohio.
MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TURBINE ENGINES (MATE)
N. T. Saunders 216-433-4000
(505-01 -12)
This program involves the application of at least five new
materials and manufacturing processes for aircraft turbine eng:nes
planned for the 1980-85 time-frame. (t wil) cover the advanced
development, rig, and engine testing necessary to demonstrate
the potential of new materials technology for use in future engines.
The purpose of this program is to accelerate the application of
new materia)s technologies to aircraft engine use in order to
achieve improved engine performance benefits. The program will
be conducted through contracts with domestic engine manufactur-
ers and their vendors. New materials and processes that have
shown )aborarory feasibility in eoploratory development programs
will be selected for further development and evaluation under
this program. Cost/benefit and risk analyses will be conducted
to help guide the selection of the best candidate materials. The
selected materials will then be scaled-up, manufactured into
appropriate engine hardware, eutensively evaluated to provide
preliminary design data, and tested in both engine-simulation
rigs and euperimental engines to demonstrate their potential for
future engine use.
W76-70173 510-54-01
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
INTEGRATED PROGRAMS FOR AEROSPACE-VEHICLE
DESIGN ((PAD)
A. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to reduce vehicle design cycle time by 50
percent and design costs by 25 percent by 1980 through
development of a computer-aided design system (or industry.
Statement of Work is complete incorporating results of Boeing
and Genera) Dynamics (PAD Feasibility Studies, critiques of those
studies, and a missile system design application study. )ndustry
interface approach has been formulated and summarized in a
Prospectus disseminated to industry for their feedback. (vdustrial
development will be undertaken with a prime contractor if industry
reactiun to Prospectus if favorable. (n-house work will be aimed
at preparing the (PAD Development Section to monitor the
cuntractor to ensure development of software which will improve
the productivity of the U. S. aerospace industry.
W76-70174 510-55-01
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio
AEROELA5TICITY OF TURBINE ENGINES
R. H. Kemp 216-433-4000
The overall objective of this area of research is to evolve
improved empirical flutter boundary criteria and to obtain
information concerning the factors that influence these criteria.
Also, to provide, through analytical and euperimertal research, a
more scientific basis for the reliable prediction and avoidance of
instability regions. A program plan has been evolved by a joint
NASA-LeRC/U5AF.APL pane) that was established in Decem-
ber 1973. The work outlined by this ATOP ducument is based
on the deliberations of that panel and reflects the areas of
responsibility recommended by the panel to LeAC. The LeAC
program contains a number of related elements covering nonsteady
aerodynamics, structural dynamics, coupling analyses, and
euperimental flutter boundary data coliection and correlation.
In-house theoretical and euperimenta) studies will be com-
plemented by contractual work to take advantage of special
evisting flutter research facilities and capabilities.
W76-70175 510-56-01
Ames Research Cerer, Moffett Field, Calif.
FIRE-RESISTANT MATERIALS ENGINEERING
D. A. Chapman 415-965-5065
1505-01-31; 505-08-21)
The objectives are: It) to accelerate the transfer of advanced
materials and structures technologies to application in design of
fire safe airframe structures and aircraft interiors; and 12) tu
provide the technology base required for the airframe manufactur-
ers to make future aircraft materials, structures and subsystems
as fire-resistant as feasible in crder to provide an increased
probability of passenger and crew survivability in aircraft interior
Sand euterior fires. Fire-resistant materials and fire control systems
will be evaluated fur application to aircraft interiors and fuselage.
Tests will be conducted to assess the fire threat levels that
state of the art materials and aircraft structures can withstand.
The limit of the degree of fire'hardening for state of the art
aircraft structures will be established. Initially, tests will be
conducted on unattended areas of aircraft such as lavatories.
cargo bays, and other aircraft interior sections retrofitted with
state of the art materials. Folluwing these tests improved
fire-resistant materials will be utilized to construct those systems
which subsequently will be evaluated to determine the degree
of fire-hardening. This program will be conducted in cooperation
with the Johnson Space Center.
W76-70176 511-51-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
ADVANCED MULTISTAGE AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR
M. J. Hartmann 216-433-4000
1505-04-21)
26
PAGENO="0259"
255
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Compressors for advanced military and commercial aircraft
must be lightweight and efficient and capable of operating over a
wide range of conditions. Hardware, maintenance, and operational
costs and fuel consumption must all be reduced below present
levels. Besides achieving high component performance levels the
compressor must be selected to be compatible with eopected
advancements in the related technology areas of materials,
structures, acoustics, fans. combustors, turbines, controls, bearings
and seals. To meet these requirements high pressure stages
must be properly matched in a multistage compressor operating
at high rotational speeds. The compressor is the pacing item in
advanced engine development programs. From program risk and
schedule considerations, it is necessary to select a compressor
design that has demonstrated suitable performance or to
minimize modifications to such compressors. To provide an
advanced compressor utilizing high levels of stage pressure ratio.
the performance of a multistage compressor designed for an
overall pressure ratio in the range of 15:1 to 20.1 will be
determined. A preliminary design and definition study will
investigate compressors having from sio to twelve stages and
having overall pressure ratios of 15:1 to 20: 1. The compressor
indicated in the preliminary study as providing the greatest benefit
to advanced transport aircraft of the mid 1980's will be built
and tested at the contractor's site.
W76-70177 511-53-01
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio.
QUIET. CLEAN GENERAL AVIATION TURBOFAN IQCGATI
G. K. Sievers 216.433-4000
1505-03-12)
An eoperimental program is planned to provide the technology
for quiet, cleat and economical general aviation turbofan engines.
The program will utilize an eoisting general aviation turbojet or
turbofan core in an eoperimental quiet high bypass turbofan engine.
The experimental engine will incorporate the latest quiet engine
technology derived from the Ouiet Engine program, the Ouiet
Clean Short-haul Eoperimental Engine program and other related
component technology programs. The approach to be usnd for
noise reduction will be primarily directed toward the reduction
of source noise by the use of such techniques as a high bypass
ratio fan plus fan and turbine noise reduction techniques in
preference to the use of eotensive noise suppression systems,
Three study contracts will be awarded to three small turbofan
engine manufacturers to provide NASA with information required
to start an experimental engine program IQCGATI. A single
contractor will then be competitively selected fur the eoperimental
program which consists of design. fabrication, assembly and
ground tests of an experimental turbofan engine.
W76-70178 512-51-01
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
DIGITAL FLY-BY-WIRE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
C. R. Jarvis 805.258-3311
1512-51-021
The overall objective of this effort with LaRC is to provide
the technology necessary for the implementation of advanced
reliable Digital Fly-By-Wire systems in future aircraft. Negotiations
have been made with JSC to include as an additional objective;
flight-test verification of key space shuttle flight control system
software, hardware, and redundancy management concepts. The
program is to be carried out in accordance with the schedules
and resources identified by the Digital Fly-By-Wire project plan
lrevised yearlyl. The Phase 1 flight-test program to establish
Digital Fly-By-Wire systems feasibility has been completed. In
Phase 2. a multichannel digital system is to be developed and
flight tested in the F-8C aircraft. This will be a three~channel
system utilizing redundancy management concepts developed for
space shuttle application and providing the capability to evaluate.
in flight, advanced control laws being developed by LaRC.
W76-70179
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
DIGITAL FLY-BY-WIRE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
(512-51-01: 505-07-31)
The objective of this effort is to provide a design base for
reliable, cost-effective digital fly-by-wire flight control systems
for commercial and military aircraft applications. A cooperative
program of theoretical and experimental research and demonstra-
tion in DFBW flight control will be carried out by the Plight
Research Center and the Langley Research Center, As presently
conceived this program has two phases, phase 1 of which is an
initial demonstration and exploration program using Apollo
hardware. This program is complete. Responsibility for this
program lay with FRC. Experimentation in control law software
will take place during phase 2. The phase 2 program. in addition
to experimentation in advanced control laws will involve researches
into redundancy management of sensor systems that will benefit
the flight control task.
W76-70180 512-52-01
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
GENERAL AVIATION - ADVANCED AVIONICS SYSTEM
C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5427
The overall objective of this program is to provide the critical
information required for the design of a reliable low-cost avionics
system applicable to General Aviation aircraft which would
enhance the safety and utility of this mode of transportation.
Sufficient data mill be accumulated upon which industry can
base the design of a reasonably priced system having the capability
required by General Aviation in and beyond the 1980's. It should
also be emphasized that this program is directed at establishing
the technology for a total avionics systems design lie., navigation.
guidance, control, powerplant management. displays. etc.) as
opposed to singling out a particular subsystem, or function.
upon which the research effort will be concentrated. The program
will include: analysis. system concept studies, piloted simulation
and component research and development. Throughout the
program, active coordination will be maintained with the
DOT-FAA. It is recognized that an essential ingredient in this
program is the strong and direct participation of the General
Aviation industry and its representatives.
W76-70181 512-52-02
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
GENERAL AVIATION ADVANCED AVIONICS
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
1505-07- 12: 505-0722; 513-05-511
This effort will develop and apply advanced avionics and
fluidics technology to the instrumentation and control of general
aviation aircraft. Emphasis wilt be directed toward the light aircraft
end of the general aviation spectrum, which comprises about
85% of the G. A. aircraft. For this reason, low cost and lam
maintenance Ihigh reliability) will be primary drivers in this
program. Evolving technology such as fluidics. special purpose
integrated circuits, and low-cost microprocessors will be
investigated for use in avionics and control systems for light
G. A. aircraft. Subsystem and component designs will be made
to evaluate the new technologies, and to provide examples of
the avionics and controls capabilities. These designs will be aimed
at providing increased capabilities for the relatively inexperienced
pilot without significantly effecting his workload, particularly in
planned or unplanned operations under adverse weather condi-
tions. In the controls area, fluidics work previously under
505-07-23 will be continued to expand the technology of
no-moving-parts autopilots. Also, stall-warning/control sensors
and systems will be developed. The avionics work will develop
an ineopensive moving-map display, and matrix display concepts.
W76-70182 512.53-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Vu.
ACTIVE CONTROL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
1512-63-021
The objectives are to identify, develop and validate technology
required to establish design guidelines for the incorporation of
active controls in future civil aircraft and to demonstrate this
technology using a special flight research vehicle. This will result
in aircraft with improved economics, performance and ride qualities
while being safer to operate. The approach is to Ill validate
active control technology by direct comparisons of theoretical
512-51-02
27
PAGENO="0260"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
256
and wind tunnel and flight enperimental results. 12) provide missing
data nnednd for thn design of active control systems. (31 develop
computer programs to be used in integrated conceptual design
studies. 14) establish the benefits of using active control systems.
through integrated conceptual design studies, and 151 demonstrate
the application of active controls using a special research vehicle.
W76-70183 512-53-02
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
ACTIVE CONTROL AIRCRAFT FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
C. Thomas Snyder 4t5.965.5444
1512-53-Ot; 512-53-03; 505.07.t
The objective is to apply Active Control Technology (ACT)
to short haul, turboprop. STOL. and VTOL aircraft to assess
potential performance, fuel savings, and passenger acceptance
benefits, identify technology requirements, provide a test bed
for verification and application of technology, and provide a data
base on which design criteria for these aircraft can be developed.
Provide a proven methodology to apply advanced control concepts
to these aircraft, with attention to aircraft and control system
modeling, simulation, testing hardware development and flight
verification of systems. Develop a data base for eovpowered-lift
and power-lift aircraft which ssill include economic justification.
technical feasibility, ride control, gust load alleviation, aircraft
handling qualities, effects of failure modes on controllability.
redundancy requirements, ATC coupled systems, and interactions
of these concepts. The approach will be to integrate the
relevant computer programs used in aerodynamics, structure.
propulsion, control and economics into a single interdisciplinary
action control system design program that is applicable at any
state in the aircraft desjgn cycle The design program will be
evaluated by simulation and flight test using a DHC.6 turboprop
aircraft with modified control surfaces A conceptual design of
an optimally ACT-configured short-haul. nonpowered-lift transport
will be developed and evaluated. In addition, design methodology
for total active control systems for powered-lift STOL and VTOL
aircraft usill be developed. This design methodology sni ill be
evaluated by simulation.
W76-7O184 512-53-03
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
ACTIVE CONTROLS AIRCRAFT FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
D. A Dents 805-258-33t 1
(512-53-Oil
A coordinated program is planned in conjunction with the
Active Controls Aircraft Program to supplement, validate, and
demonstrate the design techniques required to incorporate active
control into the design of future civil aircraft. The specific FRC
objectives include: It I design and test simple aeroelastic
wind-tunnel models and RPRV flight test models to demon-
strate flutter suppression concepts as they are developed; 121
conduct studies to determine the most effective means for
demonstrating and transferring action controls technology to
industry; and 131 conduct flight demonstration tests of a special
ACA research vehicle. Theoretical and wind tunnel work will be
performed under research grants. Studies and fabrication of
demonstrator will be dove by contractor.
W76-70185 513-50-50
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
TRAVELER ACCEPTANCE - LOW DENSITY SHORT-HAUL
SYSTEMS
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
1504-09-211
The objective is to identify, study in detail. and model those
factors influencing acceptance and use of aircraft as the prelerred
mode of travel by the public iv the low- to medium-density
short-haul market Appropriate information will be compiled
through literature search. traveler questionnaires, and measure-
ments aboard low- to medium-density, short-haul airline systems.
Limited information will also be obtained concerning competing
modes of transportation which could influence choice of travel
mode The data ssill be analyzed and mathematically modeled.
Some existing types of aiicraft Lsed in low-density, shun-haul
service svill be evaluated using this model. The majority of effort
will be carried out under grant.
W76-70186 513-50-51
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
VLF WIDE AREA NAVIGATION FOR LOW-DENSITY
SHORT-HAUL TRANSPORTATION
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
1505-07-121
The objective of this work is to investigate VLF navigation
techniques and to develop promising approaches for en-route
and terminal area navigation. Systems such as Omega can provide
large geographic coverage with a limited number of ground
stations, and are relatively unaffected by altitude or terrain.
Characteristics such as these are highly desirable for short-haul.
low-density transportation systems. where direct terminal-to-
terminal routes at relatively low altitudes are required. The
application of VLF navigation to civil aviation will also enhance
air safety by reducing pilot navigating within a network of
approximately 1000 VOR stations. Work will be conducted in
two areas. The first area consists of the measurement and analysis
of errors doe to propagation anomalies and atmospheric noise.
The second area consists of the development and evaluation of
Omega avionics, including both differential and composite Omega
configurations.
W76-7O187 513-50-53
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
ANALYSIS OF THE OPERATIONAL COMPATIBILITY OF
FUTURE CIVIL AIR TRANSPORTATION AND CONCEPTS
T. L Galloway 415-965-5887
(513-50-52; 513-50-531
The objective of this RTOP is to provide analyses of nova
civil air transportation system operational concepts and procedures
that will result in improved airport functions and reduced
congestion, increased safety, and improved air traffic control
Specifically, the study of the design, the operation and potential
market for future medium density transports will be continued
along with studies of the effect of microwave landing systems
on airport capacity and short haul transportation system
turn-around times In addition, studies of future airport concepts
will be initiated. These studies will be performed both in-house
and under contract. Close coordination will be maintained with
the Department of Transportation on each of these studies
W76-7O188 513-50-54
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
FEASIBILITY AND VALIDATION OF LOW COST MI-
CROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM AVIONICS
C Thomas Snyder 4t5-B65-548B
151 3-53-02; 513-53-03; 512-52-011
The overall objective is to support the FAA in implementing
the National Microwaoe Landing System IMLSI Program by
validating the feasibility of low cost airborne M LS avionics. Specific
objectives include establishing the operational/functional require-
ments and specifications for a low cost MLS receiver; design-
ing, constructing and testing selected subassemblies that haoe
the greatest potential for reducing receiver cost; assessing low
cost receiver performance by integrating the individual subas-
semblies into a functional receiver; flight nalidating the avionics
feasibility model performance with two or more MLS ground
stations of snidely differing degrees of complexity for application
to low density STOL and small community business and general
aviation operations; and producing a detailed final report for
distribution to the FAA and avionics/MLS manufacturers. The
basic approach is to accurately define the required low cost
MLS receiver performance specifications, identify the cost critical
receiver subassemblies. design and construct biassboard models
of those seIne ted subassemblies with the primary emphasis on
red acing enst and establishing a design-to-cost figure. integrate
the subassemblies into a feasibility model MLS receioer and
perform a flight test validation of the airborne avionics. Refined
cost projections will be obtained after hardware optimizations
are made. These optimizations will assume volume fabrication
and production techniques and a quantity standard of 1000 units.
Cost reduction of operational MLS avionics developed through
this program will be the primary measure of program effectiveness.
28
PAGENO="0261"
257
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70189 513-52-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
TERMINAL CONFIGURED VEHICLE PROGRAM
E. Stitt 804-827-3745
(505-07-311
The Terminal Configured Vehicle ITCVI Program is an
advanced technology activity focused on Conventional Take-Off
and Landing ICTOLI Transport Aircraft that will be operating in
reduced weather minima in the future high-density terminal
areas equipped with new lunding systems, navigational aids, and
increased surveillance and automation under development by
DOT/FAA. The broad objectives of the Program are to provide
improvements in the airborne systems (avionics and air vehiclel
and operational flight procedures for reducing approach and
landing accidents, reducing weather minima, increasing air
traffic controller productivity and airport and airway capacity,
saving fuel by more efhcient terminal area operations, and reducing
community noise by operational procedures. This involves research
analyses, simulations, and flight studies A modified Boeing 737
airplane. (Research Support Flight System. RSFS(, equipped with
highly fleoible display and control equipment being made available
by DOT/FAA. will be used to study operations in simulated
future terminal area environments. Active coordination will be
maintained with DOT/FAA and DOD Particular emphasis will
be given to compatibility with the microwave landing system
IMLS( under development by DOT/FAA and with future air trafhc
control systems. CTOL transport, terminal area, productivity.
capacity, fuel saving. MLS. reduce noise, acceptance rates, air
traffic control, reduce runway occupancy.
W76-70190 513-53-01
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
TECHNOLOGY FOR ADVANCED INTEGRATED AVIONICS
FOR TERMINAL AREA FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS IN STOL
AIRCRAFT
C. T. Snyder 415-965-6383
(513-53-02; 513-53-03)
The objective is to develop navigation, guidance, and control
avionics for use in STOL flight eoyeriments and for use in STOL
validation flights for the new common-use civil/military Microwave
Landing System (MLS(. The potential advantages of STOL can
be realized only with advanced avionics systems and associated
operational procedures which eoploit the capabilities of STOL
for making steep ascen ts and descent, tight turns, and slowspeed
approaches and landings within the constraints of proposed ATC
systems Performance and design requirements for a fleoible
avionics system which will operate in various manual and
automatic modes will be defined to satisfy the objectives of
STOL flight eoyeriments and of STOL MLS validating flights In
particular, requirements will be based on the use of the
developmental scanning beam system, MODILS. (and perhaps
the MLS( provided by the FAA for use in the STOL flight
eoperiments The fteoible avionics system referred to as STOLAND
will be designed and developed and then installed in appropriate
STO L aircraft and tested in flight. With the eoceptron of
MODILS/MLS. the flight tests will be conducted using standard
instrumentation. tracking. data processing. and navigation aids
The detailed design and devetoyment of STOLAND. which will
be performed by the contractor, will be supported by relatively
complete fined base and moving basesimu lations of the aircraft
and avionics sys rem at Ames Research Center
W76-70191 513-53-02
Ames Research Center, Moffert Field. Calif.
MICROWAVE LANDING SYSTEM VALIDATION FOR STOL
AIRCRAFT APPLICATIONS
C Thomas Snyder 415.965.5488
1513-53-01. 513-50-54)
The overall objective is to assist the FAA in developing the
Microwave Landing System IMLSI. Specific obtectives include
the refinement of the MLS operational/functional requirements
for STOL operations, assisting the FAA in developing the prototype
MLS conhgurations and specilications. establishing the MLS/
STOL evaluation criteria and procedures, and evaluating a
prototype basic configuration MLS for STOL operations The basic
approach is to utilize analysis, piloted and computer simula-
tions, and the results of the STOL Operating Systems Eoperiments
to refine the M LS operational requirements and evaluation criteria
for STOL operations The results of the MLS Feasibility tests.
the MLS Technique Selection Process. and the STOL Eoperi-
ments will be incorporated into this evaluation. The above facilities
will also be used to refine the prototype M LS accuracy
specifications The suitability of the MLS for STOL applications
will be evaluated utilizing representative STO L aircraft, the
experimental STOLAND avionics system. and a prototype basic
configuration MLS
W76-70192 513-53-03
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
STOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENTS USING
MODELS AND THE CIVIL MILITARY MICROWAVE LAND-
ING SYSTEM (MLS)
C. Thomas Snyder 415-865.5424
(513-53-011
Eoperiments will be conducted on navigation, guidance.
control, and flight management systems for STOL aircraft using
advanced airborne avionics and a Microwave Landing System.
The results will be used to evaluate system concepts and
define design criteria and operational procedures for STOL aircraft
This program is part of the Joint DOT/NASA Operating Systems
Eoperiments Program Investigations will be conducted encompas-
sing analysis, simulation, flight eoperiments. and supporting
studies These investigations will emphasize the terminal area
navigation, guidance, control and flight management problems
which must be soloed to take maoimum advantage of STOL
capabilities for making steep ascents and descents, tight turns.
and slow speed approaches and landings. The flight eoperiments
will be conducted using a fleoible research avionics system.
referred to as STOLAND. in conjunction with appropriate STOL
aircraft The complete research system comprises STOL aircraft.
avionics system, instrumentation, and the following navigation
aids: VOR/DME. TACAN. and a microwave landing guidance
system to be provided by the FAA.
W76-70193 513-53~05
Ames Research Center. Molfett Field, Calif.
INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF STRAPDOWN INERTIAL
SENSOR UNITS FOR THE INTEGRATION OF FLIGHT
CONTROL GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION FUNCTIONS.
C Thomas Snyder 415-865-5983
The objective is to research in-flight investigation of specihc
strapdown sensor systems for a lowest cost, highly-reliable inertial
guidance and control concept which can be used as an integrated
sensor package, and for use in improving navigation. This system
will make full use of digital computer technology with the system
elements regrouped for maximum performance and minimum
compleoity and cost. It will be a redundant system which utilizes
an aircraft control computer for navigation, guidance and flight
control. A candidate system with ring laser gyros is being
developed by ARC which will replace all the standard set of
inertial sensors with a tetrad strapdown inertial refer ence system
configuration There are four tasks in this program Task 1 is
the establishment of requirements, identification of applicable
technology, and thy configuring of ARC prototype flight systems
Task 2 is the identihcation of system performance and the
fabrication of the ARC prototype strapdown inertial reference
systems Task 3 comprises the investigation of these systems
through a simulation, laboratory test. and flight test program. It
includes the development of Kalman filters for tetrad redundancy
management and inertial smoothing for radio navigation. Task 4
is the utilization of radio signals for aiding the prototype ARC
Ring Laser Gyro Tetrad strapdown system when performing the
short haul aircraft guidance and control missions.
W76-70194 513-53-06
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
TERMINALAREA EFFECTIVENESS PROGRAM - OPTIMIZA-
TION OF FLIGHT PROCEDURES OF SHORT HAUL
TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
C. T. Snyder 4t5-965-5b67
(505-10-341
The overall objective of the program is to provide guidance
29
PAGENO="0262"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
258
to NASA's aeronautical research and technology efforts by
developing techniques and facilities for determining and improving
the effectiveness of future short-haul air transportation. The criteria
for effectiveness will include such factors as fuel usage, noise
and pollution impact. terminal area capacity, ride quality, airspace
and ground space usage. pilot acceptance, operating economics.
etc. Special emphasis is placed on the terminal area although
certairl criteria must be considered over the entire mission for
meaningful results. Mathematical models required for effectiveness
studies will be developed for future short-haul transport aircraft.
their noise and energy usage characteristics, and for the future
air traffic environment as well as for other elements of the
short-haul system. These models will be used in fast and real
time simulations to develop optimum flight procedures. System
studies will be conducted to determine the capacity of future
terminal areas as a function of implementation olternotives. A
methodology will be developed for integrating the effectiveness
measures in order to obtain a total assessment of terminal area
effectiveness. A terminal area simulation consisting of a piloted
simulation at Ames and a FAA-NAFEC directed ATC simulation
will be conducted to validate the procedures and systems
resulting from the effectiveness evaluation studies.
W76.70195 513.54.01
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
VTOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENTS
C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5569
(513'53-O1; 513-53-03)
The objective is to develop a data base for use in estaslishing
system concepts, design criteria, and operational procedures for
VIOL aircraft. This technology base will aid the development of
efficient, economical VTOL short-haul operations with minimum
adverse environmental impact. The objective also includes a
research and technology program to support military requirements
for assuring a VTOL operational capability into a wide variety of
landing sites, under reduced visibility conditions. The approach
will utilize: analytical studies, piloted closed-loop simulations, and
flight experiments. Analytical studies will be carried Out in-house
and under contract. Piloted simulation studies will be accomplished
at Ames prior to flight tests. Flight experiments will be carried
out in the Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft IXV-1 51 using V/STOLAND.
Two avionics systems (V/STOL.AND) will be procured. The first
system will be installed in a fixed-base simulator at Ames for
development of computer software programming and piloted
simulation studies. This system will then be checked out in an
Army UH-l prior to installation of the second system in the
XV.15. The XV-15, with avionics system, will be used to
investigate alternative avionics functional configurations. flight
paths, operational procedures. levels of automation, and landing
aids. Time constrained flight paths, steep curved, decelerating.
and omnidirectional approaches. and the effects of winds will
be investigated. This RTOP describes the NASA tasks in a joint
program with the Army. The systems will be also used by the
Army for simulation and flight investigations of tactical helicopter
missions not described herein. Joint funding is shown.
W76-7O196 513.54-02
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ROTARY WING VTOL OPERATING SYSTEMS EXPERI-
MENTS
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
(505-10-23; 505-10-24; 505-07-4t1
The program will encompass the investigation of operating
systems and piloting techniques for operations from downtown
vertiports under all-weather conditions. Terminal air traffic
procedures, airspace requirements, the avionics system require-
ment for navigation, guidance. flight control, and displays for
takeoffs, cruise and landing will be defined. Flight vehicles and
simulation facilities equipped with electronic display systems
and advanced control concepts will be used to define the degree
of automation required in the aircraft control system and in the
guidance, display, and communication systems onboard the aircraft
for VTOL terminal-area operations. Operating procedures and
piloting techniques for curved, decelerating approach trajectories
will be explored for application to steep-gradient operations into
congested areas. As part of the joint NASA/Army program in
which a CH-47 is being provided, studies will be made of pilot
cueing requirements for improved handling qualities, warning for
critical envelope limits and for aiding the pilot in interfacing
with the automated or partially automated control systems.
W76-70197 513-54-03
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
HELICOPTER - AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INTEGRATION
STUDY
J. E. Stirt 804-827-3745
1505-10-23; 514-53-02)
This research is concerned with the problems of integrating
V/STOL aircraft and their air traffic control system into the total
air traffic control environment of the terminal area. The objectives
are to determine: It) aircraft design and equipment require-
ments; 12) operating procedures and airspace volumes; 13) ATC
equipment and handling procedures, and (4) requirements for
compatibility and integration of the V/STOL system with the
total ATC complex. Real-time simulations are being conducted
of a VTOL aircraft operating in metropolitan areas and performing
precision approaches at high-density airports. These simulations
will be improved to include new terminal-area routings and
approach concepts based on the low-speed and maneuver
capabilities of V/STOL configurations. Increased reality will be
obtained by linking the Langley simulator with the FAA's ATC
simulator at Atlantic City, followed by the eventual linking of a
V/STOL aircraft operating at the Wallops Radar Flight Facility
and being provided simulated total terminal-area traffic environ-
ment by linking to the Atlantic City ATC simulator.
W76-70198 514-50-01
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
ADVANCED V/STOL AIRCRAFT DESIGN AND APPLICA-
TION STUDIES
W. L Cook 415-965-5559
(505-10-35; 744-01-01; 769-02-021
The objective of this effort is to investigate advances in
V/STOL aircraft technology which offer unique performance and
operational advantages (yr civil and military application. Aircraft
design and application studies will be performed to support
technology development programs for advanced V/STOL aircraft.
and to provide guidance to the planning and conduct of related
OAST research programs. Potential applications of lift fan, tilt
rotor, and advanced helicopter aircraft to a wide range of civil
utility missions are currently being studied under contract. Those
applications which can best exploit the capabilities of V/STOL
and lead to significant improvements in mission effectiveness
will be identified by matching aircraft performance characteristics
to mission requirements. Design Studies of a gust alleviation
system for the XV-t5 tilt rotor research aircraft utilizing composite
blade hingeless rotor with integrated rotor/flap/aileron feedback
controls will be initiated. These studies will provide preliminary
estimates of system gains, authority and control rates for follow-on
wind tunnel investigations. This design study will use eoisting
computer programs modified for this particular study and the
Ames turbulence moth model for simulation. Conceptual design
studies of tilt rotor commercial transport aircraft having telescopic
(TRACI rotors will be performed. These studies will provide an
assessment of weight penalties, performance gains, fuel efficiency.
DOC and noise. Rotor design and wind tunnel test requirements
will be determined.
W76-70199 514-52-01
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
WAKE VORTEX MINIMIZATION
C. T. Snyder 415-965-5567
(505 -08-22)
Short and long range aerodynamic solutions to the aircraft
trailing vortices will be obtained. Investigations will be made to
determine: (1) the fundamental mechanisms involved in vortex
generation and decay; 121 the components of vorteo velocity.
turbulence, and the rolling momont on a following aircraft up to
large distances behind the aircrafl for various conditions of angle
of attack, flap deflection, stabilizer incidence. etc.. and 13)
vorteo dissipation resulting from variations in span loading and
turbulence at the generating aircraft. Both theoretical studies
30
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259
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
and experimental investigations utilizing wind tunnels and water
tow facilities will be made. Promising vortex alleviation concepts
will be applied to specific transport aircraft and evaluated in
flight.
W76-70200 514.52-01
Flight Research Center. Edwards, Calif.
WAKE VORTEX MINIMIZATION FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS
Larry C. Montoya 805-258-3311
1505-06-221
This ATOP covers FRC activities related to full-scale
flight'test evaluations of various aerodynamic wake vortex
alleviation devices. These devices have been, and/or, are being
developed in ground facility test under the related ATOP
1505-06-22) The approach taken will be that of flight testing
the devices on actual transport aircraft (e.g.. 747's, 727's.
L-101 l's. etc.). Comparisons of the vortex characteristics with
and without the devices will be made by probing the aircraft's
wake with specially instrumented probe aircraft (e.g FRC's 1-37
and ARC's Lear Jet). To facilitate wake probing and visual
determinations of vortex breakdown characteristics an improved
vortex visualization system will be developed. This development
of an improved vortex visualization system will provide information
relevent to the related RTOP )505-08-1X). The persistent nature
of trailing vortices generated by jet transports create a documented
safety hazard for following aircraft. This hazard severely curtails
optimum use of our nations airports. The FAA's present solution
to this problem (increase separation distances to 3 to 5 miles)
is not satisfactory because it results ix a greatly reduced runway
utilization rate.
W76-70201 514-52-01
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
WAKE VORTEX MINIMIZATION FLIGHT RESEARCH
A. E. Bower 804-827-3285
1505-08-221
The objective is to develop and demonstrate wake vortex
minimization methods and devices acceptable for routine aircraft
operations. Laboratory and flight tests have established the
feasibility of modifying the trailing vortex system of an aircraft
by aerodynamic means. Laboratory testing will continue to develop
alleviation means that will allow safe and economic operation
of aircraft with separation distances of two nautical miles.
Flight evaluations will be conducted as required to demonstrate
the effectiveness and operational suitability of the alleviation
methods and devices.
W76-70202 514-52-02
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VORTEX WAKES
Harvard Lomax 415-965-5124
1505-06-121
The objective is to develop a computer code that can be
used to calculate the flow behind an airplane in the takeoff and
landing condition A primary purpose is to simulate the effects
of vortical turbulence that arises from landing gear, flaps, nacelles
and other protuberances that disturb the flow in the wake of a
large airplane. The codes will be used to study the sensitivity of
wake flow to changes in airplane configuration, flap deflection
and wing loading, in general. The three-dimensional Navier-Stokes
equations with an eddy viscosity will be used as the governing
equations. They will be solved numerically to find the time history
of the vorticity generated behind an airplani traveling at a low
Mach number. At least two codes will be developed. one in a
Lagrangian. vortex-tracing frame and the other in a fixed Eulerian
mesh. The initial study will involve relatively simple vortex
interactions so that the codes can be tested and verified both
against one another and with experiment.
W76-70203 514-53-01
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
ROTOR SYSTEMS FOR ROTOR SYSTEMS RESEARCH
AIRCRAFT
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
1505-10-2 11
Ix order to insure timely rxtorcraft technology development
and demonstration and to provide maximum efficiency of utilization
of the Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRAI. research rotor
systems will be selected, designed. fabricated, and flight tested.
A technology program for hardware development and flight
experiments will be defined for testing of current and advanced
technology rotor systems through a broader flight envelope to
define and document technological advancements for rotors and
rotorcraft. Through a series of advanced systems design study
contracts initiated in FY-1975. definitive program plans are being
developed in order to establish both technical and budgetary
data necessary for initiating the initial major rotor system design
and fabrication in F'r'-1976. Parallel effort will be continued to
provide the design verification information required for both the
variable geometry rotor and the composite structure rotor.
Predesign studies leading to definition of effective manufacturing
techniques for the aerx/acxustic rotor are also being carried
W76-70204 514.54-21
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
F-is FLIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM
Adkins J. 805-258-331 1
The objectives of this effort are: Ill assess F-is high alpha
and agility, including stall/spin, flying characteristics and compare
with other experimental data; 121 assess F-i 5 engine/inlet
compatibility, particularly at higher alpha. and compare with
other experimental data; 131 assess F.i5 airframe/propulsion
system interference Iboattail dragl and correlate with other
experimental data; 141 assess the flight suitability of integrated
digital propulsion system controls on the F-is and correlate
with other experimental data; and 15) support the USAF ix
dntermining the acceptability of F-iS product improvement items.
This will be a jxint USAF/NASA Intercenter effort with flight
activity being conducted at FRC in accordance with a Memoran.
dum of Understanding which will be negotiated with the USAF.
NASA unique flight activities will be fully funded by NASA under
this ATOP. USAF unique activities will be fully funded by the
USAF. The USAF is expected to administer all NASA contracts
which involve the USAF Contractors for the F-iS and its systems.
NASA will maintain and operate the airplane and its systems
and will provide funding for ox-site contractor support of the
flight activity. The USAF is expected to allow NASA reimbursable
access to the F-is logistics system for spare parts and component
repair and to assign a high priority to this logistic support of
the program.
W76-70205 515-51-li
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
HUMAN FACTORS IN APPROACH AND LANDING
SAFETY
H. P. Klein 4i5-965-5094
(504-09-32; 505-08-23)
The objectives are: Ill to provide objective information
regarding factors in the aviation system which cause or contribute
to the occurrence of human errors in air transport operations.
especially during the approach and landing phases of flight; 121
to evaluate the potential dangers posed by these factors in aviation
operations; 131 to examine ways of eliminating such factors from
the aviation system, or of minimizing their potentially harmful
effects; and (41 to reduce the incidence .xf approach and
landing accidents caused by or attributed to human errors. The
approach is to do Ill descriptive and analytic studies of occur
rences. incidents and accidents to determine system and other
factors,which are associated with human errors in air transport
operations; 121 full-mission simulation studies to evaluate the
ways in which these factors influence human performance; 131
evaluation in simulation or flight research of candidate solutions
designed to eliminate or minimize the decremental effects of these
factors; and 14) collaboration with government and industry groups
in implementing promising solutions designed to reduce the num-
ber and seriousness of human errors in the aviation system.
W76-70206 516.50-10
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
OBLIQUE WINGED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM STUDIES
R. H. Petersen 4i5-9B5-588i
31
PAGENO="0264"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
260
The objective of these studies is to provide configuration
definition and detailed analysis in selected technical areas of
oblique win god transport aircraft. Previous contract system studies
identified promising high transonic speed, oblique winged aircraft
at the conceptual design level. An ongoing study of FY-1975
will also identify a similar subsonic aircraft. Studies this year
will provide technical and economic depth to the understanding
of both the high transunic and the subsonic spend concepts.
Contracts will be initiated to perform an assessment of the
relative economics and energy consumption of oblique wing
aircraft fur subsonic and Mach = 1.2 flight and to perform an
assessment of operational and practical application of oblique
wing aircraft in an airline environment. Further studies will be
initiated, in-house, to noawine the potential for application of
the oblique wing concept to high performance shorn-haul transport
aircraft The study of relative economic and energy characteristics
will be a competitive 9 month contract ending in June 1976.
The airline evaluation of oblique winged aircraft will be a
competitive contract eoteedieg over a 6 month period ending in
June 1976. Technical refinement of the subs onic concept will
be an eoteesiov to the current contract, to be completed in a 6
month period ending in May 1976. Refinement of other key
technical areas will be a competitive contract of 5OKS ending
in September 1976.
W76-70207 516-50-11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
TECHNOLOGY STUDIES OF AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS
M. D. Ardema 415-965-5887
The objective of this work is to help develop a sound
technological base for future decisions relating to the design.
development, and operation of commercial transportation systems
This oblectine will be achieved through studies that eoam,ne
the relationships between aircraft technology airline economics
and markets, and environmental constraints. These studies will
be done in sufficient detail to provide a realistic assessment of
technical problems regarding transport aircraft design. develop-
ment and operatiovs and their development and operational
costs Study results will be used to help define the future direction
of productive technical land system relatedl activity for air
transportation systems. This investigation will be performed
in-house and under contract.
W76-70208 516-60-20
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
STUDIES
E. Bower 804-827-3285
1791 -40-011
The objective is to perform systems and design integration
studies for subsonic C/RTOL commercial transports in order to
Ill identify and quantitatively evaluate technology advances that
will improve aircraft economics, fuel consumption, noise. emiss;ons
and terminal-are a congestion; and 121 determine the technical
and economic feasibility of utilizing other fuels in combination
with JP fuel In-h ouse studies supplemented by contractor studies
in critical areas will be performed for aircralt and secondary
systems. Contractor capabilities will also be utilized to upgrade
eoisting in-h vase en hide design computer software
W76-7G209 516-51-01
Plight Research Center. Edwards. Calif
YF-12 FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS
Gene J. Matranga 805-258-331 1
743-05-22; 743-01-21; 743-Ot-22; 743-01-23; 743-02.221
The YF-12 type airplanes are the only airplanes in the free
world which are capable of sustained Mach 3 flight Major areas
of research include the evamination of the hot. fleoible structure;
dynamic inlet behavior; airframe/propulsion interaction, and
general problems related to high speed and high altitude flight.
In the structures area, thermocouples and strain gages have
been installed in airplane 935 Ground calibrations uvill allow foe
the measurement of hot loads in flight. Flight results will be
compared with NASTRAN predicted information Dynamic inlet
information obtained in flight will be compared with results from
a 1/3 scale inlet model and a full scale inlet operated in the
wind tunnel. Airframe/propulsion interaction flight information
will be related to data predicted using a 1/12 scale airplane
model. The airplanes will be used in support of numerous
Supersonic Cruise Aircraft Research projects.
W76-70210 516-51-02
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
YF-12 PROPULSION RESEARCH
M. 0. Dustin 216-433.4000
1506-05-111
The objectives are. 111 to evaluate the capability of currently
available computer simulation techniques to determine the
dynamic behavior of a high Mach number wined compression
inlet to downstream and upstream disturbances, 12) to determine
the steady state and dynamic performance of a high Mach number.
mioed compression inlet and compare the performance with a
similar inlet in flight; and 131 to study evisning aircraft control
systems and investigate alternate techniques that minimize the
propulsion system-airframe interaction
W76-70211 516-51-02
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif
YF-12 DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Richard H Petersen 4159656010
1505-04-111
The unique performance capabilities of the YF-t2 airplane
provide an opportunity to obtain heretofore unavailable flight
data. These data are invaluable for the assessment of theoretical
and empirical prediction methods. Comprehensive wind tunnel
tests are being made in the areas of Ill the engine-air inlet
and internal flow system; 121 the effects on the aircraft
aerodynamics produced by the various modes of operation of
the propulsion system; and 131 aeroelastic effects on the aircraft
stability characteristics Flight tests will be conducted by the
NASA Flight Research Center for correlation with the wind tunnel
results, and with prediction based on theory Current prediction
techniques will be improved and resulting technology provided
to industry for use in design of future supersonic cru isv aircraft
and an advanced YF.t2 airplane to increase its Mach number
and attitude capability.
W76-70212 516-51-02
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
YF-12 DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
R. B Bower 804-827-3285
1766-72-02; 766-72-02; 76672021
The objectives are to evaluate analytical techniques for
pred;ctivg boundary layer transition, heat transfer, and skin friction;
to provide the basis for improved design prediction techniques;
no define and provide solutions for unknown problems in flight.
and to evaluate the application of eoperimeetal wind tunnel results
no flight conditions Approach will be to conduct pertinent
ground-based analyses and wind-tunnel tests on a boundary layer
test component hollow cylinder 10 ft. long and 1.5 ft. in diameter)
that will be flight tested on the YF-t2 aircraft. Analyze and
correlate these data with those Irom flight tests on the same
W76-70213 516-53-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
FUEL CONSERVATIVE AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TECHNOL-
OGY
R. B. Bower 804-827-3285
1505-06-31; 79t'40'08; 5t6-S0-20l
The overall objectives are to develop advanced technologies
that will lead to major savings in aircraft fuel consumption and
to verify and demonstrate that the fuel conserving technologies
are practical, economical, and safe for use on future transport
aircraft ln-hnuse ground-based eoperim nets supplemented by
contractor efforts will be performed to develop aerodynamic fuel
cveservivg technologies Aircraft systems studies, both in-house
and contracted, will determine the most effective means of
integrating these technologies and other fuel-saving technology
for manimum fuel conservation consistent with ecological.
economic, and operational considerations As fuel conserving
technology development progresses, limited flight euperiments
32
PAGENO="0265"
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
will be performed to verify benefits and establish confidence in
the technologies.
W76-70214 516-54-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu.
HYDROGEN-FUELED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
R E Bower 804-827-3285
The objective is to provide a technology base in materials.
structures. configurations, and tank systems to establish the
feasibility and payoffs of liquid hydrogen fueled aircraft, and to
determine the hazards and preventative measures which will permit
a high degree of safety for hydrogen-fueled aircraft. The efficiency
of various tank insulations suitable for use aboard aircraft, the
compatibility of various metals with hydrogen and the fuel pump
and distribution system for aircraft one will be established by
the design and testing of subscale and, if required, full-scale
eopnriment'al hardware. The approach is to perform in-house and
contractual eoperimental studies of subscale cryogenic tank
systems `including lightweight insulations, and utilizing the most
promising flight weight tank systems, perform experimental studies
directed at application to aircraft design. Also, conduct configura-
tional studies of liquid hydrogen aircraft concepts and carry out
safety programs.
W76-70215 516-55.01
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio.
VARIABLE CYCLE ENGINE COMPONENTS SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGY
E. A. Willis 216-433-4000
Modern high performance aircraft are required to operate
over a wide variety of flight conditions This creates conflicting
requirements on the propulsion system which, in many cases,
can be most effectively met by a Variable Cycle Engine )VCE).
A VCE typically has 2 or more distinct operating modes. le.g.
turbofan and turbojet), each tailored to provide optimum efficiency
at one uf the major flight conditions. e.g takeoff, subsonic cruise
and supersonic cruise The success of any VCE concept depends
in torn on the proper functioning of its components -- which in
many cases must operate safely and efficiently over an unprece-
dented range of operating conditions. In order to provide
technology readiness for these components, studies will be
conducted to: identify those for which the payoff for technol-
ogy advancement is highest, determine liv the case of a variable
geometry component) the optimum degree optimum degree of
variability, and select the most promising design approaches
The components initially considered will include but not be limited
to the fuliuwing: highly variable fans; variable HPC's. lIFT's.
and LPT's; variable exhaust systems. burners, mixer valves and
flow diverter valves.
W76-70216 516-56-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
HYPERSONIC AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
6. E. Bower 804-827-3285
505.11-31; 505-04-21; 501-22-061
The purpose of this work is to provide the technology required
for flight demonstrations and tests of advanced propulsion and
structural systems associated with achieving efficient sustained
hypersonic flight In addition, this work is tu support jointly with
USAF the configuration development, thermal protection system
verification and rocket engine selectiun for the test vehicle IX-24Cl
xx which the experiments would be carried. A joint USAF-NASA
ad hxc committee has developed a research aircraft concept
meeting the flight research requirements of both agencies. Detailed
work on configuration development including integration xf the
majur flight experiments such as a scramjet will be cunducted
Further, the verification xf the thermal protection system and
studies leading tx the final selection of the rocket primary
propulsion system will be conducted lv addition, this program
(iv cxxpnratixn with the R&T disciplinary research programs)
will develop the techeulogy for advanced systems demonstrations
fur eventual flight test on the X.24C. Technology development
leading to the fabrication and ground test of a flight-weight
scramjet module designed to fully integrate with the vehicle as
well as the development and test of liquid hydrogen fuselage
tanks and advanced structural panels will be spensored under
this RTOP
W76-70217 517-51-01
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
TRANSONIC AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY ITACTI
Weneth D. Painter 805-258-331 1
1517-51-02; 517-51-031
The objectives of this effort are: It) to demonstrate the
supercritical wing improved transonic drag rise and lilt levels for
buffet onset shown in wind-tunnel investigations; and 121 establish
the desired level of confidence in prediction of sxpercritical wing
characteristics for future applications. This is a loint NASA/USAF
program being conducted in accurdance with a Memorandum
of Understanding dated 16 June. 1871. The supercritical wing
and associated parts were provided by Convair Division of General
Dynamics under Air Force Contract AF 336t5-71C-1912 The
left-hand wing was structurally proof tested at the AFFD
Wright-Patterson AFB NASA FRC will supply and install the
basic instrumentation as well as perform the aircraft modification
and wing installation NASA FRC will alsx be responsible for
the flight test and total program management beginning at the
end of the envelope expansion phase of the flight test NASA
FRC assumed responsibility for the TACT program management
as of August 28. 1974.
W76-7021B 517-51-02
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
F-ill TACT RESEARCH AIRCRAFT
R H. Petersen 415-965-6463
The overall oblective of the Transonic Aircraft Technology
(TACT) program is tx provide a proof-of-concept research flight
demonstration of recent advances in supercriticul wing technology
leading to the development of design criteria for future military
ard civil aircraft. Specifically, the effort at the Ames Research
Center will be to provide thorough wind tunnel investigations as
the basis for prediction xl aerodynamic performance, stability,
control, buffeting characteristics, and structural loads of the TACT
airplane. Correlation of the predicted characteristics based on
the wind tunnel results with lull-scale flight test data is a further
major objective. Current projections are that all wind tunnel test
data require for the correlation of wind tunnel and flight test
results will be obtained by end of FY77
W76-70219 517-51-03
Langley Research Center. Lanoley Station. Va
TRANSONIC AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY (TACT)
R E. Bower 804-827-3285
The xverall oblective xl the Transonic Aircraft Technology
(TACT) program is to provide prool-xf-cxncept of supercritrcal
airfoil technology in the transonic and low supersonic flight regimes
and to provide dvsign critvria for the design of future military
and civil aircraft. The eflxrt at the Langley Research Center will
be to analyze and document wind tunnel test results of the
nozzle thrust-minus-drag and fuselage afterbody drag coefficients
for use in correcting static aerodynamic data to lull scale airplane
values for various engine power settings The Langley effort will
alsu prxvide technical assistance for the correlalion and analysis
xl the wind tunnel and flight aerodynamic data.
W76-70220 517-51-04
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif
MILITARY SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
T. R Srsk 805-258-3311
NASA-FRC has obtained permission tx participate iv several
AF development and flight programs xl highly maneuverable
aircraft Being involved in these programs permits FRC to obtain
ax early insight into many xl the design innovations of these
advanced technology aircraft and allows detailed planning of
follow-on programs to cxmpare to model data and analytical
prediction methods Some of the areas of interest include It)
stability and control characteristics at high angle of attach and
advanced load factor. (2) buffet/wing rock characteristics (3)
effects of maneuver enhancement devices such as flaps and
strakes. and 14) effects xf advanced design features such as
RSS and canards
33
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
262
Aeronautics Experimental Programs
W76-70221 723-01-01
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
HIGHLY MANEUVERABLE AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY
(HiMATI - FLIGHT RESEARCH PROGRAM
G.P. Layton 805-258-331
1505-06-441
This RTOP covers the flight test phase of a program to
provide improved technology for the design of highly maneuverable
aircraft. Present design restraints will be relaoed to permit complete
freedom in the application of state-of-the-art system soch as
integrated, computerized controls, composite structures, propulsion
augmentation of lift and control and the like in order to achieve
maoimam benefits from synergistic effects. The complex and
innovative configurations soch as the HiMAT designs can only
be oalidated and the high risk technology matured for manned
vehicle application through eotensive testing of the complete
configuration in the real and dynamic environment of flight. The
high level of technical risk inherent in the HiMat designs precludes
their application to manned prototype vehicles because of pilot
safety concerns and the enormous cost of these aircraft. This
program will use large scale free-flying models controlled by
remote piloting techniques to acquire actual flight tests data at
a minimum cost. The facility for these tests eoists at FRC and
is currently being eotended to handle supersonic vehicles.
W76-70222 723-01-03
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
HIGHLY MANEUVERABLE AIRCRAFTTECHNOLOGY/WIND
TUNNEL SUPPORT
R E. Bower 804-827-3285
The objective of this research is to investigate and develop
the technology base required for the design and development of
new highly maneuvering aircraft concepts. Study of several
onconventionnl concepts will be pursued with the objectives of
defining the subsonic stability, control and performance character-
istics at high angle of attack. The successful accomplishment of
the goals of this research can proizide significant increases in
the aeronautical performance for future fighter aircraft. Promising
ideas for obtaining high aerodynamic performarce for m anueuver-
ing fighter aircraft will be eoamired analytically and eoperimentolly
with primary emphasis on investigating their aerodynamic
performance, propulsion, stability, and control characteristics.
Representative promising concepts which may be investigated
include configurations employing high respect ratio, two-
dimensional, vectoring eozzles; new and innovative wing designs
including aeroelastic tailoring, and anti-spin deveices. The
eoperimental studies will be conducted primarily in the Langley
16-foot. 7- by 10-foot. spin. and 16-foot transonic dynamics
W76-70223 738-01-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
QUIET CLEAN SHORT-HAUL EXPERIMENTAL ENGINE
IQCSEE)
Carl C. Ciepluch 2t6-433-4000
(505-05 -221
The objective of this program is to design, build and test
eoperimeetal engines to consolidate and demonstrate the
technology needed for very quiet, clean and efficient propulsion
systems for economically viable and environmentally acceptable
powered lift short-haul aircraft. Two eoperimental propulsion
s~ stems, engines and nacelles. one for under-the-wing and one
for over-the-wing installation, will be designed, built, tested and
delivered to the Lewis Research Center. Acoustic and aerodynamic
performance testing in wing/flap system installations will be
conducted to verify system characteristics and achievement of
program goals.
W76-70224
Langley Reseaich Center, Langley Station. Va.
SCAR - STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
(743-01-it; 732-01 -12. 732-01 -221
The objective is to assess merits of structural arrangements,
concepts, and materials for advanced supersonic aircraft and
determine best approaches. Perform studies to develop baseline
structure for arrow-wing aerodynamic configuration and guidelines
for future research. Acquire analysis and design tools for future-
in-house studies of advanced configurations. Develop advanced
composite panels for low-weight and high fracture-resistance.
Assess impact of application of composite structures in a
continuation of Boeing structural concept study contract. Perform
sensitivity studies in-house with LTV team to eoamine impact
of structural modifications and composites on aeroelastic behavior.
Purchase advanced composite panels for testing in-house.
W76-70225 743.01.02
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
FUEL TANK SEALANTS
0. R Chapman 415-965-5065
The objective of this RTOP is to develop fuel tank sealants
which offer long semice life under conditions encountered in
advanced supersonic aircraft. The specific objectives are to:
synthesize, characterize and vulcanize sealant elastomers; study
mechanism(s( by which they deteriorate on eoposure to heat
both in the presence and absence of fuels; select optimum sealant
and determine its thermophysical and dynamic properties; and
evaluate it by performing appropriate environmental and flight
testing. Novel elastomers will be synthesized as candidate fuel
lank sealants designed to meet Eight requirements of Mach 2.7-3.0
and higher. The mechanism sealants mill be selected, compounded
and tested under simulated fuel tank conditions to establish their
long term service life. The optimum sealant will then be applied
to a fuel tank in an advanced aircraft and flight-tested.
W7B-70226 743-01-11
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SCAR- COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
(743-01-01; 743-01-12; 743-01 -221
The objective is to develop computer-aided design methods
for supersonic cruise vehicles with particular attention to
aeroelastic. flutter. thermal stress, and fatigue and fracture
considerations. Under grants and contracts, eotend or improve
computer codes for design-oriented aerodynamics, fatigue and
fracture design. and flutter optimization. In-house. define
component processes for a flutter design computer code module.
W76-70227 743-01-12
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SCAR- LOADS AND AEROELASTICITY TECHNOLOGY
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
1743-05-04; 743-01-111
Under the specific objective to establish an eopanded
supersonic structures and materials technology base in parallel
with the eopansion of other supersonic disciplinary technologies
which will permit major reductions in structural weight by research
on new materials with satisfactory fatigue, fracture, and lifetime
characteristics under supersonic cruise conditions, the objective
xl this plan is to develop, in-house and with contract support.
technology in the area of loads and aeroelasticity to a sufficient
state of readiness to provide an adequate base for confident
initiation of development of advanced supersonic cruise aircraft.
A multi-faceted approach will be used to meet this objective.
The development of advanced Putter analysis theories will provide
improved inputs to the flutter design module now being developed
1743-01-111 particularly in the transonic and low supersonic speed
regimes. Loads analysis techniques to include aeroelastic and
nonlinear transonic effects will be developed. Both existing and
new wind tunnel eoperimental results will be used to verify and
improve analysis techniques. Acoustic pressure inputs from the
engine nohaust will be quantified and the response of various
structures will be analyzed. A program to predict aircraft landing.
taoi and takeoff motion will be formulated and the benefits of
an active landing gear on the ride quality and loads will be
determined. Related work is being done at Langley. Ames and
Plight. The DOT SST technical follow-on program has related
tasks which have been considered in developing this program.
743-01-0 1
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70228 743-01-13
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SCAR - ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to establish and eopand sopersonic structures
and materials technology base which will permit major redactions
in stractural weight for supersonic cruise conditions and to
establish the aeroelastic behavior of highly flexible long and slender
aircraft in the transonic and supersonic flight regime. Detailed
definition of power spectra of turbulence and wave motion
characteristics present in the atmosphere in various meteorological
conditions will be obtained. Special emphasis will be placed on
the determination of the spectral shape at wavelengths of
30.000 ft or greater and altitude of 30.000 to 65.000 ft
Meteorological conditions will include jet stream, mountain waves.
gravity waves, and near thunderstorms as well as earth boundary
turbulence measurements, the latter primarily for instrumentation
verification. Consistency of spectra and directional characteristics
of wave phenomena will be investigated. All measurements will
be made utilizing the same instrumentation system and same
data processing procedure. Instrumentation includes low, inertial
flow vanes, an inertial platform for measuring aircraft motion
angles. platform mounted accelerometers integrated for aircraft
velocities, and rate gyros for angular rates. A total of 6090
flights should yield sufhcient data to accomplish the objectives.
W76-70229 743-01-22
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
SCAR - MATERIALS APPLICATIONS
R. R. Heldexfels 804-827-2042
(505-01-31; 505-03-21; 505-02-41 505-02-421
The objective of this program is to advance composite and
titanium materials and structural component technology to achieve
longtime structural integrity and low weight in supersonic cruise
aircraft structures. The technology development program will
consist of development of advanced fabrication methods;
performance of strength. fatigue. and fracture tests to establish
structural integrity of materials and representative components;
development of methods for acceleration of fatigue tests;
performance of time-temperature-stress investigation to determine
limitations of advanced materials; development of new or improved
resins, adhesives, and coatings; and fabrication, ground test, and
installation of components on the YF.12 and Boeing 737 aircraft
for flight service evaluation. It is anticipated that these programs
will provide important advances in materials and structural
component technology; help establish the future role of advanced
composite materials; and indicate approaches for achieving lower
structural weight. improved structural integrity, and lower
fabrication costs for supersonic cruise aircraft.
W76-70230 743-01-23
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
SCAR STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
Alan L. Carter 805-258-3311
(501-32-05; 501-32-061
The objective is to determine the structural performance of
candidate AST materials and fabrication techniques Icorrugated
and honeycomb sandwich. composites. conventional skin - stringer.
etc.l subjected to load and thermal cycling Conduct a coordinated
program of flight and laboratory tests on specimens supplied by
Langley. For the flight program, representative panels would be
designed, fabricated and flight rated under contract and installed
on the YF-12 for exposure to realistic operating environment
during NASA flight tests. Subsequently the panels would be
subjected to thermal and load testing ix the FRC Heat Facility.
lx addition, a series of small specimens. supplied by Langley.
will be tested in the laboratory for additional background
W76-70231 743-02-22
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Vu.
SCAR - STRATOSPHERIC EMISSION IMPACT- TUNABLE
LASER MEASUREMENTS
E. S Love 804-827-2893
1506-18-121
The objective of this research is to develop laser flight
instrumentation to measure trace constituents in stratospheric
let wakes and the effect of these constituents on the ambient
stratosphere. This RTOP continues a program initiated in FY.73
[501.24.20]. A feasibility study under that program identified
tunable laser instruments which are capable of making fast time
response spatially resolved measurements of jet wake constituents
with greater sensitivity than currently available in-situ techniques.
Under an FY74 program 1743-34-221 a Phase A contractual
design and cost study of a flight instrument for two-ended diode
laser absorption demonstrated the feasibility of a two-ended
,absorption measurement operating between the cabin of a chase
aircraft and a wing-mounted retroreflector. The approach to this
program will be to continue a phased contractual program An
FY-75 contract will be initiated to provide in-flight wing motion
measurements of the U-2 aircraft and to design and build a
wing tracking mirror. An FY-76 contract will be let for design
and construction of the flight instrument. In-house laboratory
and theoretical studies will be continued to provide calibration
spectra for the jet woke and stratospheric constituents.
W76-70232 743-02-22
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
SCAR - STRATOSPHERIC EMISSION IMPACT
0. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
1989-15-20. 505-03-41. 976-61-111
The basic objective is to develop an understanding of the
interaction of supersonic jet exhausts with the upper atmosphere
to provide data which can be used to assess wake impact on
the natural atmospheric composition. Detailed objectives are to
determine composition of the jet wake and the perturbations
chemical. fluid-dynamicl in the stratosphere caused by the
passage of supersonic aircraft ix a specified air corridor, and
develop and apply advanced instrumentation to measure these
tra cc constituents in the stratosphere. The Stratospheric Jet Wake
Program will continue its studies in two parts: wake assessments
cvncluding in FY76, and far-wake evaluations, if warranted.
through FY79. Integral with these activities is ax advanced
instruments development program The near-wake studies involve
the use of newly available instruments on a U-2 aircraft flown
into the visibly-marked wake of a supersonic aircraft iv the
stratosphere to measure exhaust gases These data are being
used to improve and verify mathematical models of engine
exhaust wake chemistry. Fluid-dynamic models of the wake are
being verified by photographic methods which provide wake
dimensions with time. Far-wake studies require new types of
instruments being developed ix the advanced instruments
development pregram. These devices will provid e sensitive
measurements xf very dilute exhaust gases and atmospheric
constituents with which the exhaust may react. Improved wake
visualization methods are also necessary so aircraft can be directed
into and near aging exhaust plumes.
W76-70233 743-03-11
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
SCAR NOISE REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY
U. H. Von Glahx 216-433-4000
The objective is to develop the technology required to quiet
both conventional and advanced supersonic transport engines to
levels acceptable to the community. Areas of particular concern
include noise suppression of high velocity jets and choked inlet
suppression of rurbomachinery noise. Wind tunnel tests will be
conducted using scale-model nozzles developed for advanced
duct-burning turbofan engines to determine airspeed effects on
the jet acoustics of such nozzles. Studies will be continued to
determine the effect of aircraft motion on noise sources External
flow effects on various jet noise suppressor types and on the
acoustic characteristics associated with engine cycles of interest
will be evaluated.
W76-70234 743-03-21
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio
SCAR POLLUTION REDUCTION TECHNOLOGY
R. A Rudey 2164334000
150503-32. 505-04-31. 743-02-221
The obl entice is to minimize the amounts of pollutants being
discharged by aircraft engines into the upper atmosphere, by
35
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
264
improving combustor and/or augmentor dnsigns. Achieving low
levels of exhaust emissions from high altitude aircraft by improving
combustion design principles is needed in order to minimize
any potential interaction of combustion products with the ambient
atmosphere. Reductions in combustor exhaust emissions are
being sought in two efforts The first, which has been completed.
was directed toward modificatiov to combustor hardware presently
being developed in the clean combustor program with emphasis
placed on reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOv) at supersonic cruise
conditions. The second approach, which is currently under way.
is tu evaluate novel and unique techniques to minimize NOo to
the lowest values possible in combustion systems eventually
applicable to aircraft engines The first effort is aimed at the
near term emission reductivns that may be practical, whereas.
the second effort is geared toward developing technology for
future supersonic aircraft engines. The evaluation of potential
augmentor emission reductions will be used to assess the impact
that well designed augmentors, used during cruise, would have
on total engine emission levels The augmentor program is being
initiated and a follow-on effort to the low cruise NOx efforts is
being planned
W76-70235 743-03-31
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
SCAR INLET STABILITY SYSTEM
M. 0. Dustin 2t6-433-4000
The objective is to demonstrate an improved ivlet stability
system for supersonic, mined-compression inlets The system will
allow the inlet to operate at a higher pressure recovery with
fewer inlet uvstarts than for the present inlet system. The
development of a shock stability bleed system using mechanical
relief valves will be accomplished in wind tunnel tests using a
full-scale YF- 12 inlet If successful, the stability system will be
evaluated in flight on the YF-12 aircraft.
W76-70236 743-03-41
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
SCAR ENGINE STUDY
E. A. Willis 216-433-4000
Adoances in propulsion system technology will be required
to permit the development of a quiet, clean, economical
commercial supersonic transport. Cvntracts for the study of such
airplanes have been let by Langley Research Center and other
supporting work is being performed by LaRC. LeRC. ARC. DEC.
and DOT. As part of this effort. LeRC has let contracts to study
various types of propulsion systems that might be applied iii
the advanced aircraft The studies will determine the desirable
characteristics of the engines, assess the benefits of advanced
technology. and identify the needs for future research They
also will be used to define the content of a possible experimental
engine program.
W76-70237 743-03-51
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
SCAR - TECHNOLOGY-UNIQUE COMPONENTS
R A Signorelli 216-433-4000
Advanced aircraft that must perform efficiently over a wide
ange of subsonic and supersonic flight speeds may employ
variable bypass engine cycles which require a number of unique
components. These components include a through-flow fan and
sound suppression system which must provide a high level of
performance over a uside range of flow conditions. The large
complex sections must be fabricated with lightweight structural
materials capable of operating at the high temperatures encoon-
feted at high flight speeds and in the hot section of the engine.
Advanced composites provide the most promising materials for
the se struc lures To provide lb e nevess ary high levels of
performance and advanced materials fur lb ese unique components
of variable bypass engines, the Ivllowing major thrusts are
included It) advanced boron/aluminum composite materials for
lightweight Ian blades u/ilk improved impact resistance will be
evaluated, (21 structural and fabrication properties of an applicable
high temperature composite material (silicon carbide' in metal
matrix) will be evaluated for use in the hot sections of the
engine. and (31 supersonic through-flow fan stages applicable
to a supersonic cruise engine will.be evaluated
W76-70238 743-04-01
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
SCAR - AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY
(SYSTEMS INTEGRATION STUDIES)
R. E. Bower 804-827-3285
The work performed under this RTOP will address the impact
of advanced technologies applied to supersonic cruise aircraft
by studying their effects on the overall characteristics and mission
capabilities of promising aircraft concepts. Integration studies will
typically evaluate advances in aerodynamics/configurations,
propulsion, structures, materials. and avionics. These studies will
not only indicate the most favorable design tradeoffs, but will
also point out the directions for productive future research and
technology activities. Throughout the studies, major considerations
will be the meeting or exceeding of current noise and pollution
levels and improving the energy utilization of supersonic cruise
aircraft. The work will be carried out in two ways In one, SCAR
will support the supersonic technology efforts of a team from
the Vehicle Integration Branch of the LRC Aeronautical Systems
Division. The emphasis of this team. which is made up of in-house
and nonpersonal services contract manpower, will be on providing
early assessments of new technology on the characteristics of
the total aircraft, and on defining reference configurations for
future comparison purpose. In the other approach, industry
expertise will be utilized by awarding contracts in areas of
particular company capability or initiative, and where practical
design and construction methodology needs to be considered
W76-70239 743-04-12
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
SCAR AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY
CO N CE PTSf
R E Bower 804-827-3285
The objective of this program is to develop advanced
supersonic cruise vehicle concepts and to provide a source of
experimental data which can be used in the optimization of
these concepts. The goal is to provide fully integrated
configurations which provide at least a 30 percent improvement
in supersonic cruise efficiency while meeting the requirements
of other disciplinary areas such as structures, propulsion, and
flight controls The effort will be conducted in two ways. In one
approach, ic-house developments in the concept area will be
analyzed and tested extensively at subsonic, transonic and
supersonic spec ds Iterations will be made on the concepts and
wind tunnel models will be tested to establish trade information
and to provide cause and effect relationships In the other
approach, cooperative NASA/Industry programs will be supported
to develop data bases and trade information on promising airframe
industry supersonic cruise vehicle concepts
W76-7024G 743-04-21
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
SCAR-AERODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE TECHNOLOGY
(THEORY)
R E. Bower 804-827-3285
(743-04-21; 501-06-01)
The objective of this program is to develop and validate
methods for use in predicting overall aerodynamic characteristics
and detailed load distributiuns, for design and off-design
conditions, of advanced supersonic aircraft configurations
Theoretical methods will be developed through contract and
in-house studies and then evaluated with in-houue tests of
representative models of advanced supersonic aircraft. The studies
will involve Improvements to existing linearized-theory area rule
methods and to the inclusion of local Mach number effects to
allow prediction of detailed surface loadings and flow fields of
complete configurations The off-design and critical design load
problems snill be approached by including leading edge separation
and reattachment in finite-element lifting surface theories
W76-70241 743-04-21
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
AERODYNAMICS AND PERFORMANCE (THEORY)
C T Snyder 415-965-5587
(50506-11; 505-06-31)
The research performed under this RTOP is to develop and
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
evaluate aerodynamic theories for use in predicting the high-lift
characteristics at advanced supersonic technology aircraft.
including wing-body interterence. propulsive flow effects, airframe
acoustic shielding effects, and ground effects. The overall objective
is to provido the theoretical technology for design of advanced
supersonic technology aircraft having acceptable aerodynamic and
acoustic characteristics during landing. take off, and subsonic
flight operations.
W76-70242 743-04-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SONIC BOOM
R E Bower 804-827-3285
This RTOP is in support of the Supersonic Cruise A/C Research
Program. The objectives are to provide an understanding of sonic
boom generation and propagation, and to develop methods of
estimadion and minimization. In recognition of the substantial
accomplishments already made for supersonic speeds approaching
the hypersonic range, and in the absence of a national supersonic
transport development program. the present research porgram is
rather limited. Contract work has been terminated, and the present
university grants will be discontinued this year. An in-house
program of analytic studies and wind-tunnel eoperimentation will
be continued. The work will cover refinement of minimization
techniques and their application in definition of configuration
requirements for low levels of sonic boom.
W76-70243 743-05-01
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif
STABILITY AND CONTROL PREDICTION OF FLEXIBLE
AIRCRAFT
H Petersen 4t5-g65-5880
1505-02-21. 505-06-16. 5t6-51 -02)
The objective is to develop and incorporate into the FLEXSTAB
computer program system improvements that will increase the
accuracy and efficiency of analysis of stability and control
characteristics of flexible aircraft, and that will add aerodynamics
design capability, and analysis of maneuver and gust loads and
active control characteristics. To apply the FLEXSTAB for
configuration analysis in support of SCAR Program objectives
and to make the program available to aerospace industry. Coiitracts
have been obligated with previous fiscal year SCAR Program
funds that are still in progress that will provide much of the
new technology needed to accomplish the above objectives
Although no new funding is requested in FY 1976. cysts will
be incurred during FY 1676 from the existing contracts
W76-70244 743-05-04
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
ACTIVE CONTROL OF AEROELASTIC RESPONSE
R R Heldenfels 804.527-2042
151 2-53-011
In order that dynamically scaled aeroelastic wind tunnel
models may be used to study and validate active control
applications fur the minimization of aircraft anroelastic response.
the state of the art of mudding technology, including model
design and constrocrion and resring techniques, will be advanced
as required fur active control applications In addition to basic
technique development, considerable emphasis will be placed
on validating model procedures by correlating wind tunnel results
with analytical and flight data. In urder that future supersonic
cruise aircraft can take full advantage xl the potential benefits
of active control for the minimization of aeroelastic response
technology, research will be conducted to develop new active
contrxl concepts and apyrxachns that are particularly applicable
to SCAR class aircraft. The efforts are designed to help mevt
the general vblvctioe xl establishing an expanded supersonic
stability and cxvtrvls technology base in parallel wiih the expansion
of other supersonic disciplinary technologies which will provide
major contrul system ado ances a pplicable to aircraft operating
at supersonic cruise speeds
W76-70245 743-05.22
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif
SCAR-COOPERATIVE AUTOPILOT/SAS/PROPULSION
CONTROL SYSTEM
Gene J Matranga 805-258-331 1
Significant airplane flight path disturbancesattributabfeto the
propulsion system, have been observed on the XB-70 and YF-12
airplanes at high speed. This RTOP is developing wind-tunnel
and analytical techniques for predicting airframe/propulsion
system interactions of advanced supersonic aircraft and determin-
ing the feasibility and benefits of a cooperative autopilot/SAS/
propulsion control system. This goal is being pursued by conducting
simulator and analytical studies to determine the possible benefjts
to be derived through the use of such an integrated control
system on the YF-t2. Contracts are being let for the design.
construction, and installation of such a system on the YF-12.
Flight tests are planned to verify the benefits that can be obtained
by such a system in an operational environment.
W76.70246 743-05-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ACTIVE FLUTTER SUPPRESSION OF SUPERSONIC CRUISE
AIRCRAFT
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
Active flutter suppression systems appear to be attractive
for application to future flutter deficient aircraft designs from
performance and costs points of view, since the potential eoists
for considerable weight savings as compared to traditional passive
approaches of increasing structural stiffness and/or mass
balancing. However, specific comparisons of active and passive
solutions to increasing flutter speeds are needed so that the
quantitative benefits of active systems can be determined. This
is the objective of this RTOP. The objective will be reached by
using contractor studies to compare active and passive flutter
suppression applications to increasing the flutter speeds of
particular structural configurations.
W76.70247 744-01-01
Ames Research Center, Molfett Field. Calif.
TILT ROTOR RESEARCH AIRCRAFT PROGRAM
W. L Cook 415-965-5442
744-Ot-OtI
The design, development and flight research on two tilt rotor
research aircraft are proposed to prove the tilt rotor V/STOL
concept for potential military and civil missions A program of
direct supporting technology is also a part of this RTOP The
Project Plan for Development of V/STOL Tilt Rotur Research
Aircraft. Revision 2. dated January 1974 and Change 1 to the
same. Dated September 1974. address the technical objectives.
approach. justification, the operating plan. ovoiroemeeral impavr
statement, milestone schedules and the review and reporting
for the subject project.
W76-70248 745-01-01
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
ROTOR SYSTEMS RESEARCH AIRCRAFT IRSRAI
Robert E. Bower 804-827-3285
(505.10-24; 505-10-21; 505-f 0-23. 505-10-26. 514-53-011
The Rotor Systems Research Aircraft (RSRAI objective is to
develop and bring into uperation two versatile flight research
aircraft to provide economical rotorcraft research capability in
the real and dynamic environment of flight These research aircraft
will provide research capabilities that cannot be duplicaied in
groundbased facilities and that haoe previously been restricted
because of the expense of specialized vehicles The versatility of
the Rotor Systems Research Aircraft will pruorde (11 economical
flight research of a wide variety of promising new rxtxr concepts.
and 12) real-world verification xl rutorcraft supporting technology
offering potential solutions ix existing xi anticipated problem
areas This is a joint prugram with the Army, iv accordance
with tIre Memorandum of Undnrstanding between NASA and
the Army dated November 1. 1971 TIre program will be managed
thrxugh a vet prxject ullice iv accxrclance with the NASA/Army
Rotor Systems Research Aircraft Prolect Plaii which was jointly
approond by NASA and the Army xv February 23. 1973. and
updated February 7. 1974 by the NASA/Army RSRA Project
Office
W76-70249
Ames Research Center, Molfett Field. Calif
769-01-01
37
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
266
AMST PROGRAM PARTICIPATION
C. Thomas Snyder 415-965-5567
(769-38-01)
This RTOP provides for participation by NASA/Ames in the
Air Force AMST program and for the subsequent use by NASA
of the AMST aircraft. NASA's role in the AMST program includes
joint planning with the Air Force of the flight test program.
arrangements for the provision of special instrumentation or
modifications to the aircraft, arrangements for the performance
of support effort in wind-tunnel and simulator facilities, the conduct
of additional analyses and tests in support of NASA's unique
flight test requirements for the AMST. and participation with
the Air Force in the Air Force flight test program, and later, the
conduct of unique NASA tests of the AMST aircraft. Accomplish-
ment of the above requires achievement of a framework for
joint NASA/AF working level flight test planning. Also required
is an evaluation in depth of the capabilities of the AMST aircraft
to perform propulsive-lift flight research and an investigation of
modifications which may enhance their flight research usefulness.
The first stage of the flight test program will be devoted to
achieving the Air Farce primary objectives and as much as NASA's
technology-oriented research as can be accomplished concurrently
without interference with the primary objective. Following
completion of the one year of prototype evaluation planned by
the Air Force, the aircraft may be turned over to NASA for
tests more closely related to NASA's flight research objectives.
W76-70250 769-01-02
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va
AMST EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM PARTICIPATION
R E. Bower 804-827-3285
1505-1 0411
The objectives are to obtain, through participation in the
U. S. Air Force advanced medium STOL transport (AMST)
prototype aircraft program, upper-surface blowing and externally
blown flap propulsive-lift flight research data. The Langley
Research Center will supply principal investigators to plan and
help execute specific eoperiments in various discipline areas. A
Langley representative will serve on the Inter-Center Quiet
Propulsive-Lift Technology IOPLT) Flight Eoperiments Working
Group where the NASA noperiments will be planned. evaluated.
and integrated into the joint flight test program with the Air
Force-led flight tests and later NASA-led flight research utilizing
both the Boeing YC-14 and Douglas YC-15 AMST aircraft. For
justification, see specific objective and targets for AMST
experiments, quiet propulsive-lift technology. page 3 1-1. PASO
Document dated February 1. 1975
W76-70251 769-01-03
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
AMST FLIGHT EXPERIMENTS
M R Barber 805-258-331 1
This RTOP cxvers FRC activities pertaining to svpport xf
the jxint Air Fxrce/NASA AMST program and activities. Specific
areas involved are, 11) participation on the AMST Joint Test
Team; including flight test planning. developing NASA prxposed
flight experiments, developing research instrvwentatixn and data
acquisition requirements, in-house data reduction and analysis.
and informatixn disseminatixn; (2) prcpvsing. reviewing, develop-
ing, initiating. ard assisting other NASA Centers in implementing
flight experiments derived frxm the QPLT Flight Experiments
Working Group. 131 measuring the nxisec haracteristics xf the
AMST aircraft; and 141 investigating cxntrxl system/stability and
control requirements and xperating evvirxnwent for fullow-on
NASA Lead AMST flight experiments. All xl the abxve listed
activities were essentially new efforts in FY-74 covered under
the RTOP 769-89-01
W76-70252 769-01-04
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
AMST EXPERIMENTS PROGRAM PARTICIPATION
Michael F. Valerino 216-433-4000
This RTOP provides for Lewis Research Center participation
in the jxint Air Force/NASA AMST program which includes
definitixn xf flight research experiments in the areas xl prxpulsixn
system performance and nxise to be conducted using the
Boeing YC-14 and Douglas YC-15 prototype aircraft. LeRC will
define, develop, and implement NASA propulsion-related flight
experiments to be conducted daring the Air Force-led portion of
the AMST flight test program and daring the subsequent
NASA-led flight research program.
W76-70253 769-02-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
QSRA PROPULSION SUPPORT
M. F. Valerino 216-433-4000
LeRC is supporting ARC in the propulsion systems of the
OSRA aircraft, including the study of engines potentially suitable
for the research aircraft in achieving its powered lift, noise, and
near terminal performance goals. Based upon the results of these
and the aircraft studies, the hybrid upper surface blowing system
has been selected for incorporation into the Buffalo aircraft. These
velections then resulted in the selection xf the Lycoming YF1O2
series turbofan engine as that most suited for the intended
application. The continuing engine support will then include further
determination of modifications required to the engine to
accxmodate the needs of the research aircraft, and the provisixrf'
xf gxvernment-owned YF1O2 engines for the flight aircraft and
for supporting ground studies by LeRC. The effort also includes
participating in all other propulsion aspects of the aircraft program.
In addition, assistance will be proxided to the QPLT Office in
its staff support role to the OAST Transport Technology Programs
Office in carrying out the nertical cut responsibilities for the
Short-Haul Transport Technology Program. This includes participa-
tion in the development of a Short-Haul Transport Technology
Program plan.
W76-70254 769-02-02
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
QUIET SHORT-HAUL RESEARCH AIRCRAFT (QSRA)
W L Cook 415-965-6181
1769-02-0 11
This RTOP covers the design, fabrication and test of a quiet
propulsive-lift research aircraft which will permit flight research
beyond the flight regime of the AMST and the existing augmented
let flap Buffalo aircraft. The approach stresses low-cost modifica-
tion of another existing Buffalo aircraft. Key design simplification
guidelines are use of fixed landing gear. 160 knot maximum
speed. +2g. -O.5g limit load, and design life of 500 flight hours.
The flight research will advance technolxgy for future development
of reliable, quiet. and economical prxpulsive lift transports. The
test program will provide specific information on flight characteris-
tics. and powered lift performance, as well as information on
design, noise. operational features and propulsive-lift system
economics, all needed narixusly by designers, regulatory agencies
and operators. The research aircraft design goals include: capability
of usable approach lift coefficients greater than 4.6; 90 EPNdB
noise footprints smaller than one square mile. and roll cxntrol
power greater than 1 rad/sec/sec. The project will include
modification of an existing C-8 Buffalo aircraft into an advanced
hybrid/upper surface blowing propulsive-lift configuration with
updating existing Lycoming YF-1O2 engines with A-9A gearbox
and accessories to power the aircraft in its flight research program
Refer to the following documents for all the required additional
RTOP information: Ill Project Plan for QSRA October 11. 1974;
121 Flight Test Plan for OSRA. August 1974, Risk Assessment
for OSRA. September 1974; 13) Ennironmental Impact Statement
for QSRA, September 1974.
Space and NuClear Research and Technol-
ogy Base
W76-70255 506-16-11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
SURFACE PHYSICS
0. R Chapman 415-965-5065
Studies are being conducted to expand the understanding
xf surface and interfacral properties and surface-ennironment
interactions to determine their effects on material behavior. These
38
PAGENO="0271"
267
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
studies range from describing the changes in surface properties
that result when atomic and molecular beams interact with solid
surfaces to the study of the growth characteristics of thin films
and of the nature of composite interfaces. In addition, a study
was initiated to correlate grain boundary chemistry of fracture
surfaces and embrittlement of structural materials. This study
uses an Auger analysis system and has the capability of fracturing
and eoamining in-situ a variety of metal alloys in aggressive
environments. Other eoperimeetal studies will involve in-situ high
resolution electron microscopy of thin film nucleation and growth
phenomena in ultra-high vacuum under well controlled eoperimen-
tal conditions. Additional high resolution electron microscopy work
has been initiated to investigate gas/solid interactions of small
metallic particles 110-100 Al of interest to catalytic reactions.
Thin particulate Pd films of well defined properties will be prepared
to study the influence of particle size and structure on their
surface free energy and catalytic activity. LEED/Auger/work
function/thermal desorption studies of the interaction of metal
vapors and gaseous species with metal and graphite surfaces
will continue and concentrate on the effect of thin intermediate
oxide layers on the atomistic properties of metal/metal interfaces.
The Auger-microprobe capability will be further developed.
W76-70256 506-16-12
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS
R. A. Lad 216-433-4000
1506-16-141
The objective is to increase the base of understanding of
the relationships between the electronic, atomic, molecular and
microscopic structures of sofids and their useful mechanical
structural and chemical properties: the focus is mainly on basic
problems associated with metal matrix composites, the hot
corrosion of superalloys and the functioning of battery separators.
The emphasis in composites is on phenomena which contribute
to low impact strength, a wide spread in mechanical properties
and deterioration during thermal cycling. The emphasis in hot
corrosion is on the study of the kinetics and mechanism of the
reaction, the composition of the gas phase and solid phase
chemical species involved, and the thermochemistry acid
thermodynamics of the reactions. The battery separator research
is focussed on definition of the requisite film properties for good
ionic conduction and on the determination of factors which control
density formation and film peeetratioo.
W76-70257 506-16-12
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS
D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
The objective is to develop efficient computer programs to
calculate reliable wane functions for ground and excited states
of atoms, diatomic molecules, polyatomic molecules, and solid
state matter. These wave functions will in tore be the basis for
precision calculation of many basic properties of matter such as
bond dissociation energies, radiation transition probabilities, dipole
moments. Auger transitions, chemical rate coefficients, and solid
state properties Computer codes for calculating wave functions
using the CDC 7600 and the parallel processing feature of the
ILLIAC 4 will be developed. These codes will be.compared with
the best available numerically computed wave functions, to assure
the coding is reliable, then they will be used to calculate larger
expansions of these wave functions, which will be more precise
than heretofore, and also wave functions for species which have
not yet been computed. Several low-lying states of each
symmetry type will be computed, and optical transition probabili-
ties between these states will be evaluated. The work will
concentrate on molecules such as CN. CIO, NOI±l. N2l+ I.
ClOD. etc. which are of current interest with regard to upper
atmosphere pollution, planetary entry, heat shield ablation. or
gas lasers.
W76-70258 506-16-13
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICA-
TION
E. S Love 804-827-2893
Four related research efforts comprise this program. Ill
Research on GaAs epitaxial solar cells is directed toward achieving
high efficiency, high temperature, radiation stable solar power
for space and terrestrial application Improved substrate material
and ultra-thin GaAIAs epi-layers will be employed to improve
efficiency. Improvements are being made in junction formation.
surface properties, and electrical contact technologies with
in-house and contractual research. 121 Research and development
of delayed chemiluminescence pollution detectors will develop
rubrene as an ozone detector and assess other materials for the
detection of other atmospheric pollutants Ic g.. diaminobenzorc
acid for NO2I. An indepth effort is being mode to develop the
technology for use as a personal pollution exposure monitor
EPA co-sponsorship of this work will continue. Practical
measurements of reaction parameters as a function of temperature.
time. 03 concentration, etc.. and fundamental measurements of
reaction products and the chemical mechanism are being made.
131 Sophisticated quantum mechanical techniques are being used
to investigate sunlight eocitediO2 reacting with NO to eoplain
anomalous observations in photochemical smog and photoeocited
SO2 reacting with molecular H2O. These calculations will yield
energies of reaction and reaction products which are critical to
proper detection and alleviation of NO and SO2. 141 The floating
Gaussian orbital computations of solids and surfaces are providing
a method for computing energy and structure to obtain general
chemical trends and to predict chemical behavior.
W76-70259 506-16-13
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICA-
TIONS
T: Vrebalovich 213-354-4530
1506-1 8-331
This program parsons basic investigations into new technolo-
gies needed to meet NASA's unique requirements for electronic
components Investigations are directed at thin MOS structures.
Schottky barrier solar cells, and superconducting Josephson
junctions. Thin MOS lmetal-ooide-siliconl structures with oxide
thicknesses on the order of tOO A are being investigated by
three tasks for their application in ultra-high-density microelectron'
icy which will make on-board data processing practical. This
technology is predicted to come through normal commercial
development in 10 to 15 years. but a well-directed effort in
this program can help lay the groundwork to foreshorten this
time by a least five years Two tasks attack basic questions on
the properties and limitations of these thin MOS structures with
unique technique 5 recently developed at JPL. involving resonant
tunneling and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A third task on
Submicro Microelectronics is an expansion of existing activities
to investigate the limitations of submicron-sized MOS devices
with 100 A thick gate oxides Schottky barrier solar cells are
being investigated for development into low-cost, high-efficiency
cells which could have major impact in the space program. The
effort is directed at optimizing the metal-semiconductor contact
on Ill-V compounds. This approach eliminates the recombination
problems of GaAs junction solar cells. Superconducting quantum
detectors are being investigated by two tasks for applications in
the millimeter and far-infrared wavelengths. The approach includes
the study and improvement of weuk-lrvk devices used directly
as detectors, and also the study of such devices with an
infrared-actice overlay to improve sensitivity and selectivity.
Studies are also being undertaken to increase operating tempera-
tures for improved performance and reduced refrigerator
requirements.
W76-7O260 506-16-14
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio
INTERDISCIPLINARY LABORATORIES FOR MATERIALS
RESEARCH
R. A. Lad 216-433-4000
(5O6-t6-t2l
The objectives are to obtuin new understanding of the
relationships between electronic. utomic. molecular and micro
scopic structures of solids uvd their useful mechanical, struc-
tural, electronic and chemical properties: to emplvy the expertise
existent in universities to obtain knowledge in those ureus of
39
PAGENO="0272"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
268
direct interest to NASA long range programs. Interdisciplinary
and multidisciplinary research involving several departments is
condacted at 3 universities in areas recommended by consultations
with a committee composed of representatives from Headquarters.
LeRC. LaRC and ARC Research areas under study are: Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute - Ill mechanical and structural properties
of metals, composites and polymers; 121 surfaces and interfaces
of crystalline solids; and (31 relanatiun and transport properties
in solids Rice University . hI stress corrosion and hydrogen in
metals; 121 optical and magnetic memories; and (31 polymers
and high temperature materials. University of rVashington . (1)
solid electrolytes; (21 ceramic fibers; and 13) ceramics processing.
W76-70261 506-16-15
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
NON-METALLIC SUPERCONDUCTORS
T. Vrebalovich 2t3-354-4530
The primary objective is to determine the possibility of
synthesizing a high temperature superconductor. The feasibility
of obtaining a high temperature superconducting state depends
upon the effective utilization of the encitonic mechanism. This
mechanism may be optimized, or enhanced vonsiderabty, thru
the use of quasi one dimensional Ii Dl structures A strong
eucitonic interaction can yield a high temperature eocitonic
superconductor directly. A moderate interaction may result in a
highly conducting 1 D metal in sshich a high temperature infinite
conducting state is possible via the Frohlich collective mode
(Frohlich superconductiviryb. Therefore, the approach will involve
a coordinated experimental and theoretical effort directed towards
the investigation of quasi-i D organic and organometatlic structures
in which the eucitonic interaction is stressed. The experimental
program will consist of chemical synthesis and physical characteri-
zation efforts The chemical synthesis effort will emphasize
structures containing Ill cation radicals and anion radicals. (21
polymers containing highly polarizuble heteroatoms and radicals.
and (31 organometallic coordination compounds with highly
polarizable leucitonici ligands. Physical characterization will involve
electrical, magnetic, optical, and X-rays measurements Prof. A.
Hermann of Tulane University. under a subconfract, will carry
Out thermoelectric povver and photoconductivity measurements
of single crystals and thin film samples to assist the JPL
experimental effort. Prof. W. Little of Stanford University. also
under a subcontract, will carry out normal reflectivity measure-
ments on single crystals.
W76-70262 506-16-16
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
RELATIONSHIP OF ATOMIC STRUCTURES WITH MATERI-
AL PROPERTIES
W D Klopp 216-433-4000
(506-i 6-211
The obl evtives of this program are to elucidate the re-
lationships between atomic and microstructurat properties for
refractory metal, iron-, and nickel-base alloys and to relate these
to useful engineering materials properties in oider to help guide
the development of these materials for advanced space applica-
tions This research program is conducted primarily through grants
with universities plus a limited in-house ellort. The current projects
include. (1) determination of the relationship and mechanism of
grain-size effects in creep of nickel and binary nickel alloys. (2)
determination of the threshold stress (or diffusional creep of
dispersion-strengthened alloys. 131 correlat:nn of electronic
properties of dilute body-cevteted-cvbic alloys lircluding Mv. Nb.
and Fe alloys) with the lxvi' temperature solution softening
observed in these alloys, and 141 investigation of the micrxstrxc-
rural contributions to the inverse relationship between fracture
toughness and strength for 300-grade maragivg steel
W76-70263 506-16-17
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif lost xl Tech.. Pasadena
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
T. Vrebalovich 2f3-354-4530
This is a program of fundamental research on the mechanical
behavix of polymers It is intended to determine the molecular
parameters which control rheological behavior This has been
successful in simple amorphous rubbery systems cihich ate ext
chemically reacting. The goal now is to extend this work first to
longer times, where degradation may set in. and then Ix shorter
times, where the material is glass-hard. At the same time a
modified theory must be developed to describe crystalline and
polyphase systems. The general approach involves the syntheses
of both new and modihed polymeric and prototype chemical
structures, the characterization of these materials and the
determination of chemical structure, morphology and property
relationships. Applications for the mechanical properties work
might range from improved solid propellants. expulsion bladder
and valve seat materials for liquid propulsion systems, sealants
for high-speed aircraft, new types of reinforced plastics, and
high reliability belts and tapes for spacecraft magnetic recorders.
W76-70264 506-16-21
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SPACE
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objectives of this research are: (11 Ix identify mechanisms
xl mechanical property degradation in advanced materials such
as metal matrix composites; 121 Ix expand capability tx predict
mechanical property degradation of these materials; 131 to define
the operating condirixes fur which these materials are suitable;
and 14) to modify the materials to improve properties and reduce
degradation. Metal matrix composites such as Borsic/Ti. B/Al.
and Rorsic/Al will be subjected to thermal and mechanical
cycles. Residual mechanical properties will be evaluated, and
degradation of these properties will be correlated with microstruc-
tural changes. Analyses of diffusion, phase change. and chemical
reactions wilt be developed, and these analyses will be applied
to.predict microstructural changes These analyses will then be
extended to predict residual mechanical properties directly in
terms of thermal and loading histories. Finally. with this
quantitative analysis in terms of materials variables available,
the materials will be modified tx reduce degradation.
W76-70265 506-16-21
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
ADVANCED MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROC-
ESSES
N. T. Saunders 216-433-4000
1506-16-1 61
The objectives of this program are to characterize the
suitability of present materials and to devetup improved materials
and manufacturing processes for advanced space systems, such
as power-generation systems, communications systems, propul-
sion systems, and reentry vehicles. This is a combined in-house
and contractual effort with current projects directed at the
following: (1) development of new iron-base alloys with high
fracture toughness over a wide range of temperatures 1-196 C
to 540 C) 121 improvement xl the long-time, high-power
transmission properties of laser window materials; (31 determina-
tion of space environmental effects on properties of columium-
base and nickel-base alloys; and 141 improvement of the
manufacturing process control of boron/aluminum composites
to achieve more consistent and greater design-allowable
mechanical properties
W76-70266 506-16-22
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
MATERIALS FOR LUBRICATION AND WEAR IN MECHANI-
CAL COMPONENTS
R L Johnson 216-433-4000
1505-04-41)
The objectives are to obta;n greater understanding of the
structure of materials to eliminate empirical approaches in the
selection of materials for lubricants, seals, bearings and other
mechanical components; to extend the technology of application
methods improved materials including designs lot optimized solid
and fluid mechanics in mechan;cal components for the real and
anticipated extreme environments of aerospace devices; also.
the utilization of aerospace materials and tribological concepts
for the general benefit of mankind, and further. lx pursue solutions
to anticipated lubricarion. hydraulics and mechanical components
problems for aerxspace vehicles such as the space shuttle
engine and vehicle as well as for advanced aircraft
40
PAGENO="0273"
269
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70267 506-16-31
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
SPACE VEHICLE THERMAL CONTROL HEAT PIPES
P Mcintosh 301-982-6071
The objectives of this task are to improve both the capability
and reliability of spacecraft temperature control in the following
manner develop more reliable heat pipes and vapor chambers
in the ambient and cryogenic temperature range. and by
development of stable thermal control coatings. The approach
considered for the heat pipe development is: (1) develop reliable
high performance heat pipes for ambient temperature; use this
technology to develop isothermal vapor chambers, and eotend
the temperature range to the cryogenic region; (2) investigate
the problems associated in integrating a cryogenic heat pipe
and IR type detectors; (31 establish acceptable standards for
the manufacture and testing of heat pipes; and (41 for the coatings
developmedt the approach is to develop low ulpha/E coatings
which have low xutgassing and well defired reproducible optical
properties.
W76-70268 506-16-31
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
John V. Foster 415-965-5083
The objectives are: (1) to develop basic control mechanisms
by which heat pipes may achieve variable conductance, feedback
control, or thermal diode performance; (2) to improse liquid
transport capacity and reliability; and (31 to participate in flight
tests of advanced heat pipe technology to establish flight level
confidence. The Ames Research Center shall act as the lead
OAST Center and provide guidance to IA. OSS. and OMSE in
this capacity as a means of extrapolatirg basic understanding
into practical missions. Development of basic control techniques
will be continued with increased emphasis on cryogenic thermal
diodes, vapor controlled variable conductance heat pipes, and
cryogenic gas-controlled heat pipes. Liquid transport capacity
and reliability will be increased through the development of higher
performance non-arterial heat pipes, development of gas
invulnerable and fleoible arteries, and continued research into
electrohydrodynamic pumping. Performancn predictions and design
techniques will be improved in the cryogenic region where
liquid transport capacity is currently limited The Ames Heat
Pipe Experiment (AHPE) an OAO-C and the Advanced Thermal
Control Flight Eoperiment (ATFEI on ATS'F will be supported. A
new eoperiment to flight test a cryogenic diode, phase change
material, and cryogenic fined conductance heat pipe will be
developed for Landsat-C.
W76-70269 506-16-31
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio.
THERMAL CONTROL WITH HEAT PIPES
James F. Morris 216-433-4000
The objective is to establish materials, design, and processing
for efficient, durable heat pipes for space applications iv the
cryogenic, ambient. superalloy. and refractory'metal temperature
ranges. The approach is to screen compatibilities. evaluate
performances, and determire lifetimes for selected heat-pipe fluid,
wick, and envelope materials. designs, and operating conditions,
and to use these results to propose and specify heat pipes for
`space applications in the various temperature ranges. Justifica-
tion for this heat-pipe work appears on page 4-3.1 in the PASO
document and in the following paragraph. Conventional heat pipes
are self.contaixed. self-pumped energy-transport systems with
high throughputs. small temperature drops, and numerous
applications Producing heat pipes to operate reliably and efficiently
with long lifetimes requires proper material selection, design.
fabrication, processing, and filling and closure techniques. A
thorough knowledge of corrosion mechanisms. impurity effects,
gas generation, and deposit accumulations is also necessary to
prevent heat-pipe degradation and failure. This program comprises
approaches to this technolugy for assuring the desired--'~
W76-70270 606-16-33
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
THERMAL CONTROL COATINGS AND PHASE CHANGE
MATERIALS
Donald R. Wilkes 205.453.0186
1506-163 SI
As a continuation of work in the thermal control field. our
efforts will be directed toward methods xl improving NASA's
capabilities of controlling spacecraft temperatures This work is
divided into two tasks. The first is to complete development of
the best white paint. Zn2 Ti04 pigment in an 01-650 glass
resin binder, and to test this and other thermal control coatings
for their environmental stability and contamination sensitivity.
This best white paint will be reduced to a NASA specification
coating. The second task is to further develop the Phase
Change Materials (PCMI technology. With requirements for lower
temperature operation and higher cyclic heat loads. PCM
techniques and materials will be studied to provide PCM operation
at low temperatures (below -20 CI and at higher heat capaci-
ties. The tasks covered by this RTOP have been defined to be
essential technology for NASA's planned missions by the Space
Transportation Systems Technology (STSTI Thermal Control
Working Group.
W76-70271 506-16-36
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SPACE DEBRIS STUDIES
S Love 804.82T2893
The objective of this RTOP is to provide spacecraft designers
with current knowledge of the meteoroid environment, man-made
earth orbital debris. and the effects of these on space operations.
Such knowledge is basic in insuring proper mission planning
and implementation. A model of the meteoroid environment in
the solar system is being generated. This model will account for
the interplanetary meteoroid environment and the gravity well
effect of planets. All available data are being used in this effort.
This is a long range effort ending in 1977 The hazard which
man-made earth orbital debris presents to spacecraft is being
studied under this RTOP. This hazard must be evaluated for its
impact in the space shuttle era. This evaluation will form the
basis of a report to be presented and distributed internationally.
Laboratory experiments are part of this RTOP. The effects of
meteoroid and man-made debris impacting on spacecraft and
schemes to protect spacecraft against these hazards are being
studied and evaluated empirically in the Langley Impact and
Prolectile range The scope of the original RTOP has been
expanded slightly by inclusion of work on developing space debris
experiments for the Long Duration Exposure Module (LDEFI.
W76-70272 506-16-41
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
PLANETARY ENTRY TECHNOLOGY
Dean R. Chapman 425-965-5065
(506-16431
The objective is to develop the aerothermodynamic and
abalative heat protection technology required to design spacecraft
for entry into Venus and the outer plunets. and to evaluate heat
shield design concepts for future space exploration vehicles
capable of entering atmospheres at speeds to 60 km/sec The
approach is to define the heating environments to be encountered;
to minimize the heating rates and total heat loads by proper
choice of trajectory, vehicle shape. and heat shield material; to
evaluate available materials in simulated environments including
a number of different atmospheric compositions and combined
convective and radiative and convective heating loads; to develop
new materials tailored to provide maximum heat protection in
given environments Heat shield materials capable of the severe
entry conditions of the outer planets will be tested in arc lets
and their performance evaluated. A comprehensive realistic
description of the gas cap radiation environment coupled to the
material response for graphitic. reflecting and transpiration cooled
heat shields will be performed by carrying out computations on
the Illiac computer. Proof xl cxvcept for reflecting heat shields
has been demonstrated and development of more efficient
reflecting heat shields will continue.
W76-70273 606-16-42
Ames Research Center, Mxlfett Field. Calif.
ADVANCED THERMAL PROTECTION MATERIALS AND
EARTH ORBtTAL APPLICATIONS
41
72-434 0 - 76 - 18
PAGENO="0274"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
270
Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065
(506-16-43)
The objective is to develop the thermal protection technology
required for design of advanced space shuttle vehicles -and
earth-orbital spacecraft for the later 1980's. This program will
address (if the improvement of current reusable surface
insulation IRS)) materials and development of new reusable heat
shield materials, and (21 the evaluation of advanced thermal
protection concepts and materials that have promise for
improved performance, weight and cost savings. The effects of
cyclic arc plasma eoposure on new TPS materials will be studied
to determine changes in crystallinity. morphology, chemical and
physical properties that are related to TPS performance. The
specific focus of the program shall be in three areas: (if
improvement of current reusable heat shield materials for advanced
shuttle and other earth orbital vehicles, 12) advanced TPS for
future earth orbital vehicles, and (3) minimum cost advanced
TPS materials for shuttle in orbit heat shield repair. Analytical
and experimental studies will be conducted in-house on the specific
areas of interest. A number of improvements for current silica
RSI such as impregnation with silicon carbide, increased firing
temperature and density, development of a material using no
binder and development of none coating systems are under may.
This research is expected to yield a material stable to 2800 F.
Among the systems to be evaluated in FY-76 are semirigidized
alumina and mullite, composite silica/mullite composites and new
coating systems that may be stable to over 3000 F. Low density
P81 will be studied as a candidate for thermal protection of
advanced earth orbital vehicles.
W76-70274 506-16.43
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
SPACE SHUTTLE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065
(506-16-42)
The performance, including reusability, of candidate heat shield
materials and design configurations will be evaluated and failure
modes and material modifications identified that would increase
the performance potential. Immediate objectives far FY-76 include
completion of materials evaluation leading to materials selec-
tion, confirmation and continued Reusable Surface Insulation IRS))
and Reinforced Carbon/Carbon )RCC) exposure to arc plasma
flows leading to material characterization'. This is the determina-
tion of the residual thermophysical and mechanical properties
after 100 simulated flights and is required for final TPS design
confirmation. These material evaluation tests will be done in the
Ames Aero and 20MW Pilot TPS Test Facilities. Details of the
shuttle TPS designs result in elements that require evaluation in
the appropriate environments. These evaluations are referred to
as clesing development tests--an example being tile-to-tile gap
joint design. Tests to support this activity will be performed in
the Ames Aero, 20MW Pilot IFS Test Facility and 60MW
Interaction Heating Shuttle Panel Test Facility.
W76-70275 506-16.43
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SPACE SHUTTLE THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEMS
R. R. Helclenfels 804-827-2042
The objectives of this RTOP are to provide heat shield testing
to support the space shuttle program, and to develop improved
thermal protection materials and systems for advanced vehicles
such as a flyback booster. Available arc-tunnel and other facilities
mill be used as required to validate the space shuttle TPS. If
- problems are discovered in the course of this testing, in-house
programs will be undertaken to find solutions. Environmental
exposure testing of RSI will continue. Emittance measurements
ox shuttle IRS materials will continue. Technology studies of
alternate shuttle TPS will be completed if facility time is available.
For advanced vehicles, new materials and materials configurations
will be developed with emphasis on metallic materials. High
temperature creep will be studied; data will be generated on
various alloys and a design methodology will be developed based
on statistical analysis of the data. A model for cyclic creep will
be developed. Thermomechanica) processing techniques which
improve creep resistance and other properties of materials mill
be developed.
W76-70276 506-17-11
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
LARGE ERECTABLE SPACE STRUCTURES
R. R. Heldvnfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to provide technology which will lower cost
and improve the operational effectiveness of future space systems
through the creation of new concepts for expandable structures
needed for antennas, solar arrays, and reflectors. The approach
is to continue efforts to define LARGER, a largv geometry erectable
space structures experiment for shuttle. Through combined
in-house and contractual studies define structural concepts for
future space payloads that require large area and/or accurate
geometrical shape and orientation, such as antenna or solar arrays.
Preliminary industry system studies will be initiated to determine
critical design conditions imposed on such structures during
operation in space. Dynamic response and thermal problems
unique to large area structures will be identified and investigated.
Contractual studies supported by in-house analytical and
experimental efforts will lead to the development of new viable
concepts for typical components. Particular emphasis will be
placed on new cxncepls for long boom type structures that
have potential application to first generation shuttle missions.
W76-70277 506-17-12
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio.
COMPOSITE TANK TECHNOLOGY
R. H. Kemp 216-433-4000
Composite pressure vessels and propellant containment tanks
offer a variety of attractive advantages in space vehicle
applications. Due to the high structural efficiency of the constituent
materials, a composite vessel is significantly lighter than an
all-metal vessel. Even relatively small weight savings can be
significant for upper stage vehicles such as the shuttle orbiter
)S3OK/lbf and tugISi 60K/lbf. The catastrophic shrapnel-type
failure of a metal vessel can be prevented by using composite
vessel technology. This can provide a reliability advantage which
is ext directly relatable to a cost savings but is considered a
major factor ix selection of candidate system configurations. In
addition, composite vessels have an inherent design flevibility in
providing optimum combinations of thermal, structural, and weight
characteristics. The principal objective of this program is to develop
structurally efficient, reliable, low cost composite vessels from a
variety of composite materials including S-glass. Kevlar 49, and
graphite fibers in epoxy resin matrices. In this context, a
pressure vessel is considered to be a complete structural system.
Due to the porous nature of high-performance composite vessels,
liners are required. Both structural flxad-bearingf and xonstructural
(thin-metal or polymeric) liners are therefore a part of this program.
W76-7O278 506-17-14
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS APPLICATION TO STRUC-
TURES
R. H. Kemp 2i6'433-4DOD
Composite materials offer a high potential for reducing the
weight of many structural components. However, before full
advantage can be taken of the unusual properties of composite
materials in such applications, considerable material property and
design information is needed. It is proposed that studies be
continued that will: (1) develop analytical design techniques for
predicting structural characteristics of given composite configura-
tions and for optimizing composite structures for minimum weight,
cost, or maximum efficiency; 121 provide )in'house) testing facilities
for measuring the mechanical properties of fiber composites
under complex loadings, environments, high velocity impact, and
for determining flaw growth characteristics; (3) determine the
effects of cyclic loading on the sad-carrying ability of composite
components with and without flaws and develop )rn'house and
by contract) improved finite element capability consist with
NASTRAN requirements to permit improved stress analyses of
fiber composite components; and (4) develop improved composite
analysis capabilities for high velocity impact, flaw growth and
arrest, and develop fin'house and by contract) composite systems
with improved impact resistance and the methodology for assuring
structural integrity. The studies outlined above have been reviewed
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
and coordinated with cognizant Langley Research Center personnel
and do not doplicate work at that CenteL
W76-70279 506-17-15
Jet Propolsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
ADVANCED CONCEPTS FOR SPACECRAFT ANTENNA
STRUCTURES
R R. McDonald 213-354-6186
(506-20-22; 645-25-02)
Outer planet and planetary missions in the 1978-1988 period
will require substantially increased communication low cost
capabilities. JPL studies of NASA Payload Models indicate that
optimum telecommunication design for deep space missions is
realized with 5 to 30 meter 115-100 It) antennas which have
much higher gain than currently used on Mariner type spacecraft.
and will be dependent on the technology of furlable or erect-
able structures. The principal objective of this effort is to fulfill
the need to develop and make available the technology required
by near term flight projects (1978-1988) for utilization of new.
low cost, high performance, erectable antennas. A number of
furlable antenna configurations have been considered from 5 to
30 meters (15 to 100 ft( in diameter for operating frequencies
up to X-band. The technical approach is to demonstrate
feasibility on small scale models as close to flight hardware as
possible. The design. fabrication, and preliminary mechanical and
RF testing have been accomplished for a 5-meter flight-like furlable
conical antenna. Final functional testivg. RF evaluation and
technology extrapolation to larger size antennas will be ac-
complished for the conical lien source feed antenna during FY-76.
The development criteria includes, low cost and weight per unit
area of reflector, surface accuracy in the operating environment
and reliability of deployment. This effort will be coordinated with
Microwave Techniques and Components. RTOP Code 506-20-22.
W76-70280 506-17-21
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
NASTRAN (FORMERLY) GENERAL PURPOSE ANALYSIS
AND DESIGN METHODS
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to provide advanced design techniques
including automated analysis and design methods which will
greatly improve capabilities for development of efficient, reliable.
and cost-elfective aerospace vehicles. To maintain and improve
NASTRAN as the NASA standard structural analysis tool Planned
improvements are selected from those most needed by space
shuttle contractors, aerospace industry users, and NASA Centers.
Capabilities of final level of NASTRAN will be defined and plans
established to accomplish this level by FY-78.
W76-70281 506-17-22
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
THERMAL/STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS FOR SPACE TRANS-
PORTATION SYSTEMS
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
1506-16-431
The objective is to develop and evaluate thermal/structural
concepts needed for efficient, reliable and cost-effective space
transportation systems. Evaluate the integrity and aerothermal
performance of surface TPS and control surface dynamic seal
concepts by tests in the 8-foot High Temperature Structures
Tunnel 18' HTSTI and the Thermal Protection System Test Facility
(TPSTF); maintain, operate and improve these facilities. Conduct
analytical and experimental studies required to establish design
technology for hot structures concepts for future space transporta-
tion systems such as fly-back boosters and SSTO vehicles.
W76-7O282 506.17-23
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
FRACTURE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
R. H. Johns 216-433-4000
The major objective of this work is the technology development
necessary for effective design. evaluation, and maineenance of
structurally efficient and damage tolerant aerospace components.
Both primary structure and propulsion system components are
included. Fracture control developments oriented by the require-
ments of advanced space transportation systems will be
emphasized. To achieve these objectives, programs structured to
provide fracture control methodology, supporting test data. and
definition of the NDE capability necessary to assure reliable.
long life, and lightweight structures for reusable weight critical
vehicle components will be conducted. A 100 mission reuse
and 10-year operational fife capability will be targeted as minimum
objectives. Specific tasks will develop fracture control methods
(including advanc~d fracture mechanics data and techniques when
required) and provide failure criteria for structural metallic alloys.
These objectives will be addressed by a program of interrelated
in-house and contract activities.
W76-70283 506-17-24
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION FOR SPACE STRUC-
TURES
R. L Davies 216-433-4000
(506-17-121
This program involves the development of advanced technol-
ogy and adaptation of current technology to provide improved
nondestructive evaluation )NDEI processes for future space vehicle
structures. The main thrusts of this work will be the improvement
of reliability and detection limits of current inspection methods
for use with fracture control design methods for metallic structures
and the development of the base technology required to determine
the quality of composite materials and structures. This mill include
the use of NDE techniques in the study of failures in composites
and the development of automated-signal processing and analysis
methods to put inspection on a more quantitative basis. The
program will be conducted through both in-house and contractual
efforts.
W76-70284 506-17-25
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED METHODS FOR SHELL ANALYSIS
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
The objective is to provide advanced design techniques
including analysis and design methods needed for efficient, reliable.
and cost-effective space vehicles. The approach is to continue
support of development of advanced computerized analysis of
shell-of revolution structures using methods which are foolproof
in requirements for user skills because of the use of integration
(the `field' method) for solutions rather than more numerically
uncontrolled algebraic solutions. Continue support and improve-
ment of analysis tools which determine linear/nonlinear stress
behavior and vibration characteristics of two-dimensional shelf
structures. Apply analysis to critical agency problems as required.
Study effects of imperfections in shell structures to generate
more rational design procedures. I n-house efforts will be focused
on studying new solution techniques which will permit in-depth.
practical modeling of critical areas of structure.
W76-70285 506-17-26
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
COMPOSITE SPACE STRUCTURES
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
(505-02-421
The objective is to provide, through advances in the state
of the art, efficient, cost effective structural concepts for future
earth orbiting. planetary and deep space spacecraft and launch
vehicles. Design concepts for ultra fightweight space panels will
be investigated. Structural integrity of panels with surface densities
of about one tenth of pound per square foot mill be studied in
laboratory tests. Methods of design for composite shell structures
will be developed. Advanced concepts for cylindrical shells will
be investigated. To sane costs, the feasibility of conducting cowed
panel tests in lieu of full-scale shell structures will be investigated.
Buckling tests on a series of curved panels and a limited number
of large shell structures will be conducted.
W76-7O286 606-17-27
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va'. -
FATIGUE AND FRACTURE OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
1505.02-31: 743-01-011
fe-house and contractual research will concentrate en
43
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
272
of the structural system will be developed. Also, improved methods
for aealytically colcoloting highfidelity mathemotical models of
spocecroft aed payloods will be devised. The followieg tasks
will be undertakes to accomplish the objective: task 42.
development of modified vibration test criteria for qualifying space
vehicle components, task 51. methods for combining payload
parameter variations with input environment, task 52. development
of free field acoustic test technique, task 61. statistical iteration
method development, and task 62. spacecraft structural response
prediction and minimization.
W76-70287 506-17-31
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
PAYLOADS DYNAMICS
R. H. Petersen 415865.5880 W76.7O291 506-17.31
)505'02'2t; 506-17-32) Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
The objective of this research is to provide improved prediction PAYLOADS DYNAMICS
methods and data on the dynamic loads resulting from aerodyna R. R. McDonald 213-354.6186
mic noise, and exhaust plume interactions with the flow field The principal objective of this five-year effort is to perform
and the (esulting effects on dynamic loads. The research on research and advanced development in structures and dynamics
dynamic loads will include basic experimental studies of surface design, analysis, and testing in order to reduce the cost of future
pressure fluctuations due to attached and separated boundary spacecrafts and shuttle payloads. Shuttle payload related activities
layers and shock waves at transonic, supersonic, and hypersonic are to be coordinated with OMSF. The research and advanced
speeds Empirical formulae that predict the temporal and spatial development plan coordinated with NASA headquarters and other
characteristics of the nonsteady loads svill be derived from these NASA centers will be pursued. Wherever feasible. the tasks will
data. use Viking Orbiter's existin g load analysis, rust data, flight data.
and schedule data.
W76-70288 506-17-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. W7670292 50617.32
PAYLOADS DYNAMICS Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
R R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042 SHUTTLE DYNAMICS AND AEROELASTICITY
(506-17-32) R. R. Heldenfels 804-817-2042
The objective us to provide dynamics technology for the shuttle (506-17-31)
development team tx assist them in the design xf the vehicle. The xbjective is to provide dynamic and aeroelastic technology
and to reduce the cost of future space systems through for the shuttle deveTopment team to assist them in design of
improvement of payload vibration analysis. The approach is to the vehicle, and to reduce the cost of future space systems
continue development of technology lx properly define the dynamic through improvement of spacecraft acoustic and vibrations analysis
environment experienced by payload during shuttle launch. A and test programs. Many of the previous studies in this area
flight dynamic loads experiment will be defined for La R C's were oriented toward identifying potential problem areas requiring
LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) shuttle payload. Efforts further research. Much of the current program is directed toward
to understand boss to analytically predict coupling of vibration evaluation of identified potential problem areas. definirg methods
behavior of individual components will continue. Major experimen- of alleviation, and validation of final design concepts ssith regard
tal efforts will be focused on studies of a model payload and to dynamic loads and aeroelastic stability. The investigations will
carrier structure. Feasibility of mini-computer-controlled data be primarily in-house with some contract support, and will make
acquisition and shaker control systems for dynamic simulations use of both analytical and experimental methods.
will be investigated. Model tests of coupled shuttle system will
be completed and analyzed. Analytical correlation xf data obtained W76-70293 506-17-32
on 1/8-scale models of the external tank and solid rocket booster Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
structures will be investigated. SPACE SHUTTLE DYNAMICS AND AEROELASTICITY
R. H. Petersen 415.965.5880
W76-70289 506-17-31 1506-17-31)
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Wind tunnel test support and analysis xvi)) be provided to
PAYLOADS DYNAMICS investigate transxnic buffet (including aeroelastic effects),
J. P. Young 301-982-4864 aerodynamic noise inputs and response, and flutter of a space
The xvera)l ubjective is to reduce the cost and increase the shuttle vehicle. Rocket exhaust plumes will be simulated by cold
effectiveness of structural evaluation-and reliability demonstration jets so that static and dynamic loads can be measured in a
services for spacef)ight hardware. This ebjective will be approached realistic launch environment. The dynamic response of representa-
through a study of means to improve the cost effectiveness of tive skin panels will be determined in wind tunnel tests which
both test and analysis services. The above xbjective will be met simulate the actual launch environment. The f)utter of representa-
during FY-76 by performing the following activities: (1) continued tive skin panels will be evaluated and a computer program for
development of more cost effective test specifications for predicting the flutter of space shuttle type panels including
components. 12) development of cost effective alternate ap~ boundary layer effects wi)) be validated. Aeroelastic effects on
prxaches to creating shutt)e spacelab payload environmental test the stability and contrul of the space shuttle will be determined
requirements. 13) development of analysis method to predict lxxv using the FLEXSTAB computing program. Additional models will
frequency acoustic environment in the shuttle payload bay at be tested as needed to investigate panel response, buffeting
lift-off, 14) development xf approach to be followed in the and f)utter. and pressure fluctuations will be measured in
generation of a NASA'wide shuttle payload general test regions of high intensity noise to evaluate aerodynamic noise
plax/specrfications, and (5) development ef spacecraft past inputs.
performance data from which cost versus risk tradeoffs can be
made xx future preshuttle and shuttle era programs W76-70294 506-17-33
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
W76-70290 506-17-31 STOP (STRUCTURAL-THERMAL-OPTICAL-PROGRAM)
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsvi)te, Ala. H. P. Lee 301-982-5275
PAYLOADS DYNAMICS The xbjective xf this RTOP is to advance mu)tidiscrpTinary
R. S. Ryan 205'453-2481 analysis capabilities by developing unified genera) computer
The ubjective is to derive and develop space vehicle structural programs in relevant technical disciplines. The purpose is to provide
dynamic technology that wil) establish techniques and methods greater solution accuracy and to increase cost effectiveness by
resulting in a more efficient design with a lower cost. More reducing the need to develop separate analytical models with
accurate methods of predicting dynamic loads and the response the concomitant requirement for intermodef data transfer. Unified
developing engineering analyses which predict the fatigue lives
and fracture strength xf composite materials. Failure modes xvi))
be studied, and the relevant parameters which ccntrol fai)ure
modes identified. Specific studies include the analysis xf
stringer stiffened xrthotropic sheets, tests uf thermally cycled
composite materials. and an extension of an engineering model
of laminar fatigue to interlaminar fatigue.
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
approaches are particularly effective in cases such as space-borne
telescopes where small thermally caused deflections can cause
significant degradation. The approach is to develop a general
purpose finite-element heat transfer computer program compatible
with the structural version of NASTRAN. The results of the thermal
deformation analysis are then used in another eoisting ray-trace
computer program to evaluate optical or RF performance. The
unihed thermal-structural model simplifies the discipline interface
and permits a virtually unlimited problem size. An analytical
capability to assess the sensitivity of temperature variances due
to uncertainties inherent in input values of system parameters
is also included in this ATOP. Included in this current RTOP are
efforts to provide capabilities to deal with heat pipe and phase
change effect methods of precision temperature control, develop
higher order elements to improve solution accuracy and efficiency.
and automate portions of the program which currently require a
long train of input cards. The approach is to develop the analytical
methods to achieve these goals in-house. Implementation into a
working program is to be accomplished by contract.
W76-70295 506-17-34
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
D.C
SHOCK AND VIBRATION INFORMATION CENTER ISVICI
Douglas Michel 202-755-2364
The SVic is a government and industry sponsored facility
located at the Naval Research Laboratory that provides a focal
point and source for shock and vibration information. It receives
its support principally from DOD and NASA.
W76-70296 506-18-11
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
ADVANCED IMAGING SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
R. V. Powell 213-354-6586
The lung-term objective of this ATOP is the development of
imaging system enabling technology to meet the anticipated
requirements of future planetary imaging missions. The general
approach includes the study of future missions as a source for
the postulation of future imaging requirements, the study of current
and projected imaging technology as a means of establishing a
state-of-the-art baseline, and the implementation of specific
technology development tasks to provide the desired enabling
technology. The current objective is the development of solid
state imaging sensor technology for both Mariner and Pioneer
class spacecraft. based upon charge-coupled device )CCD)
technology. These devices have the potential advantages of small
size, reliability. scan nersutility, geometric fidelity, magnetic
cleanliness, and very high sensitivity. Furthermore, they are
eopected to lead to an integral solid'state camera lexcluding
optics) with major cost savings to future missions. A near-term
target is to provide, by FY-77. a CCD ima~ing sensor with 10
to tOO times the sensitivity of the Mariner vidicon for outer
planet flybys. The approach includes a three phase contractual
program coupled to an in-house analysis and test program. The
technology advances resulting from this RTOP are being applied
to OSS camera development programs for Jupiter-Uranus flybys
and Jupiter Orbiters, and to development of sensors for Large
Space Telescope applications.
W76-70297 506-18-12
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
HIGH RESOLUTION SENSORS
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
1176-30-31; 683-10-001
The objective of this research is to develop advanced sensors
and sensor systems technology for remote and in situ sensing
of the earth, aircraft, and spacecraft environments. Technology
areas to be investigated are: It) hydrographio LI DAR techniques
for the measurement of chlvrophyll a concentration, salinity. and
turbidity of bodies of water; 121 continuously tunable infrared
diode lasers for high resolution absorption and emission spectro-
scopy of low concentration atmospheric constituents; 131 miniature
diode laser velocimeters for aircraft and spacecraft boundary layer
gas flow field measurement; 14) ultrasonic sensors for particulate
detection in turbid fluids; and (51 ultraviolet absorption sensors
for smoke stack effluent monitoring.
W76-70298 506-18-13
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
ASTRONOMICAL HIGH RESOLUTION SENSORS
J. 1. Williams 301-982-5095
The objective of this RTDP is the development of high
performance astronomical sensors. In particular. we will
investigate: an opaque photocathode camera, a photon counting
TV using ICCD arrays. and development of large area CCD arrays
as high resolution devices for future astronumicaf space missions.
W76-70299 506-18-21
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND COMPONENTS
J. E. Stilt 804-827-3745
(520-71-01; 51252-021
The objective is to develop advanced electronic devices and
components required for application in future aerospace missions.
Analytical studies and laboratory investigations in selected areas
of electronic materials and processes will be conducted and
research contracts will be used to develop these materials and
processes to provide new electronic devices and compnnents.
Those material and process technologies, with the potential for
providing improved and reliable electronic performance in cost
effective devices and components, will be emphasized. Current
research efforts include the investigation of new materials and
processes for developing improved infrared detectors, strain and
heat flux sensors. and filament materials for calibrating mass
spectrometers. Organic materials as a storage medium in optical
mass memories and garnet films for magnetic bubble storage
systems are investigated. Liquid crystal and light emitting diode
modules for application in panel cockpit displays, charge coupled
devices for buffer memory and filtering applications, and solid
state photosensor arrays for planetary imaging and spectrometery
are being developed. Graded band.gap materials are being
investigated to develop solar cells with improved power conversion
efficiencies. Material and device technology is being investigated
for application in monolithic configurations for integrated optic
data systems
W76-70300 506-18-22
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
D.C.
ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND SYSTEMS SUPPORT
C. E. Pontious 202-755-3227
(506.18-21; 506-18-31; 506-18-32; 506-t8~33)
The objective of this program is to provide effective coordina-
tion of NASA sponsored research and dovolepment eflerts en
electronic devices and systems with similar work supported by
DOD and other government agencies. Through associate
membership on the Advisory Group on Electron Devices and its
constituent Working Groups. NASA program managers receive
expert advice on the feasibility, currency and soundness of
planned A and D prxcurement activities, lung range A and R
requirements. cemplementary work in other government agencies.
and ferecasts uf new technical developments.
W76-70301 506-18-23
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
FIBER OPTICS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESS-
ING
V Powell 213-354-6586
The gxal of the proposed effort is to apply the emerging
technology of hber optics and integrated optics to NASA needs,
and to contribute to the advancement of the technology in selected
areas The initial effort, in collaboration with the Langley Research
Center. is lx define reqairemnnts for a selected application (shuttle
payload), to identify the limiting technology, and to define the
approach to be taken toward the construction of a flight experiment
type of data-link for the shuttle payload. Other applications will
be considered as the work progresses The long term goal is to
provide the technology for the application xl hber optics and
integrated eptics in a variety of space flight and ground applications
in order to obtain benefits of lower costs, reduced weight. and
improved immunity to noise pickup, electromagnetic interference
and grxund Ixops. During FY.76 the requirements study for the
selected shuttle payload system will be completed and a laboratory
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PAGENO="0278"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
274
breadboard will be constructed having appropriate performance.
A second application, probably an intercomputer data-link, will
also be defined and requirements established for it.
W76-70302 506-18.31
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
DESIGN. PROCESSING AND TESTING OF LSI ARRAYS
John M. Gould 205-453-3770
(506-18-32; 506-18-33: 180-17-55)
The objective is to improve product uniformity and perform-
ance. reduce the cost, size and power requirements of large
scale integrated circuits ILSIC's) and hybrid electronic devices
for all NASA applications. The approach is to provide the
technology, techniques, equipments. and sources to ensure that
long-life ISI arrays can be produced economically and consistently
through the accomplishment of the following tasks. Ill Task 01:
device technology: design and test software: 121 Task 02: IS)
processing technology: 131 Task 03: controlled LSI processing
techniques: 141 Task 04: hybrid microcircuit technology.
W76.70303 506-18-32
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
SCREENING AND RELIABILITY TESTING OF MI-
CROCIRCUITS AND ELECTRONIC PARTS
L C. Hamiter 205-453-3770
1506-18-31: 506-18-33)
The objective is to develop approaches for assessing and
assuring predictable long operating life of microcircuits and other
electronic devices used in aerospace applications. A reliability
study and test program is being conducted on solid encapsu-
lated microcircuits in order to identify failure mechanisms
associated with the designs. materials, and processes used in
their fabrication. This study will also develop qualification,
screening, and inspection methods necessary to assure the
reliability of these devices in space applications. Programs are
also being implemented to develop new and improved accept-
ance tests and inspections for electronic parts. Included in these
efforts is a study to investigate the potential of using operating
temperature cycling of microcircuits to screen poorly bonded
internal interconnecting wires and defective die metallization. A
test program is being initiated to determine the effectiveness of
low temperature operating life tests to screen microcircuits and
other electronic parts having complex metallization systems that
may be highly susceptible to adverse reactions to minute amounts
of chemical contaminations. Also, a program will be continued
in the area of improving wafer level testing of microcircuit die
used in hybrid and discrete microcircuits. This program is intended
to significantly improve reliability and reduce the costly rework
necessary using present techniques.
W76-70304 506.18-33
Jet Propulsion lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
PREDICTABLE LONG-LIFE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY
N. V. Powell 213-354-6586
The goal of this effort is to provide NASA with a microelectron-
ics technology which will provide the reliability that is necessary
to achieve the mission objectives of a wide range of future
space missions including those involving unusually long flight
times. The approach will be to thoroughly investigate those
technologies which NASA will be utilizing on future missions
and to identify the life limiting mechanisms inherent in the basic
processes involved. Models will be developed of specific failure
mechanisms. These models will be used in combination with
test chip measurements to predict the probability of device failure.
and their specific behavior under varying environmental stresses.
This understanding will promote constructive feedbock to the
fundamentals of processing which will then further enhance device
reliability. The near term objectives will focus specifically on
standard MOS Technology and appropriate hybrid packaging
techniques which will take full advantage of the MOS potential.
Specific investigations of failure processes will center around:
oxide breakdown, charge instabilities. `metallization instobilities.
and silicon defects. The work under this RTOP is being conducted
in close cooperation with the MSFC to satisfy the specific NASA
objective long life reliable circuit technology. Specific RTOP target
objectives are: Ill by late FY76 establish basic CMOS life
prediction techniques which includes the known dominant failure
mechanisms. These techniques provide for the inclusion of new
failure mechanisms as they are identified and defined: 12) by
mid-FY.76 complete the evaluation of thick vs. thin film packaging
technology: (31 by late FY-76 report preliminary findings on CMOS
accelerated tests: (41 by late FY-76 determine the effectiveness
of wafer test circuits for predicting device reliability.
W76.70305 506-19-11
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
INERTIAL COMPONENTS
B. P. Walls 205-453-5910
(909-10-311
The objective is to continue technology development in the
inertial sensor field. The major effort being on the ring laser
gyro and in developing hybridized electronic packages peculiar
to inertiol sensors. Other sensors such as the dry gyro will be
investigated. The laser gyro work supports the redundant
strapdown inertial navigation system under development at MSFC.
This system is presently boselined as the tug IMU. Work will
be performed to advance the laser gyro basic technoTogy and to
evaluate candidate ring laser gyro performance characteristics.
A continuing program in design and hybridizing the peripheral
electronics required by inertial sensors will be continued. The
work to be performed under this program is divided into four
tasks: Ill laser gyro development: 12) dry gyro for stropdown
systems: 131 investigation of stropdown sensor rebalance loops
and system redundancy concepts: and 141 experimentol studies
of body-mounted gyroscope design.
W76-70306 506.19.12
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
ADVANCED COMPONENTS FOR PRECISION CONTROL
SYSTEMS
H. E. Evans 301-982-5194
1506-19-13: 506-19-141
This task covers research, design and evaluation of cost
effective advanced control and stabilization components and
related control circuitry for precision pointing appications and
long duration missions. Components and control systems for both
earth orbital and interplanetary applications are included. For
precise pointing systems, prototype components and control
systems will be developed with: 11) broader range dynamic control
capability. 121 greater efficiency, and (31 increosed reliability by
elimination of life-limiting elements of attitude control components.
Component technology advancements are utilized which include
the technical breakthroughs in the areas of electronic commutation.
magnetic suspension techniques and microprocessors. These
concepts are integrated into cost effective precision component
designs such as long life magnetic bearings, isolation systems.
multiaxis control and advanced motors and actuators. Speed and
position control systems compatible with these new concepts
also form part of this work. Advances in the above areas of
technology are supporting Applications Technology, Planetary.
Earth Orbiting systems. Shuttle and have general applicability
throughout the Guidance and Controls area.
W76-7O307 506-19-13
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED SPACECRAFT AND EXPERIMENT CONTROL
SYSTEMS
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
1909-74-351
Technology will be developed to permit the design of cost
effective spacecraft and experiment control systems for earth
orbital missions. Simulations will be made of new and existing
control concepts for earth orbital vehicle/missions in order to
determine required system and component performance. Effective
system configurations, low-cost system integration, multipurpose
operation, and component standardization will be used to reduce
systens,and component cos;s while achieving- required perform-
ance. Control software and hardware needs will be defined and
development efforts undertaken. Critical hardware elements will
be carried through laboratory developments to establish feasibility.
This effort is directly coordinated with GSFC. JSC. MSFC. and
46
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
JPL GSFC developed components will be integrated into Langley
control actuator hardware.
W76-70308 506-19-14
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
EXTENDED LIFE ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEMS (ELACS)
FOR UNMANNED PLANETARY VEHICLES
Robert V. Powell 213-354-6586
1186-6854)
The long range objective of eotended life attitude control
system (ELACS) is to develop and demonstrate a spacecraft
control concept that is applicable to a wide range of unmanned.
earth orbital, planetary, and shuttle programs. In combination.
these missions demand longer life, improved accuracy. lower
weight, less power, and greater cost effectiveness. Specific
program targets are: Ill by FY.76. complete development of
flex, body control analysis technology for predicting induced
angular rates of planetary science instruments Ix better than
1 sec/nec; (21 by mid FY-77 mechanize and test a breadboard
programmable attitude control electronics with fault tolerant
capability with a life potential of greater than 5 years; 131 by
end of PY.77, develop and demonstrate a long life dry gyro
inertial reference unit IDRIRU) to achieve a weight savings of
45%, and a cost reduction of 43%. as compared with the present
Mariner/Viking dual IRU; (41 derive and demonstrate a final
design by early FY-78 of control filters and state estimation
algorithms for fault tolerant programmable electronics to meet
science pointing requirements for rate settling to 2 sec/sec in
less than 10 seconds; (5) by early FY-78, develop and demonstrate
an engineering model long life reaction wheel with life potential
greater than 8 years; 16) by mid PY.7g, develop and demonstrate
an engineering model star tracker for economical long life attitude
reference (STELLAR) with a cost saving 50% (i.e.. 1.200k reduced
to 500k) of a typical Mars orbiter program; and 171 by FY-79.
mechanize and test a breadboard extended life attitude control
system )ELACSI with a 0.01 deg pointing accuracy and a lifetime
potential of more than 10 years with functional redundancy.
W76-70309 506-19-15
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
VIDEO INERTIAL POINTING SYSTEM FOR SHUTTLE
ASTRONOMY PAYLOADS
J. V. Foster 415-965-5083
(356-41 -06)
The objective of this RTOP into develop and flight demonstrate
an attitude reference system that will satisfy the acquisition and
pointing requirements nf shuttle attauhed astronomy payloads.
including the shuttle infrared telescope facility )SIRTFI. The video
inertia) pointing (VIP) system will provide computer generated
error signals for three-axis stabilization and pointing of the
astronomical telescope. In addition, system outputs will drive a
display for use in star held/target identification and manual
pointing control. The star field sensed by a coarse and a fine
video sensor aligned to the optics of the telescope will provide
the basis for a three-axis attitude reference. The relative positions
of two or more stars in the field will be combined with the
outputs of a triad of rate integrating gyros (RIG's) in an
onboard digital computer to generate pointing and stabilization
error signals. The outputs of the video sensors will also drive a
CRT display at the operator's console to facilitate quide star/target
acquisition and manual pointing of the eoperiment. The VIP
system will be developed in several stages with each stage
culminating in a flight evaluation on the Ames Infrared Balloon
Borne Telescope lAIROscopel. Analysis and simulation will be
used to develop the multiple star processing and gyro filtering
capability. An advanced CCD sensor will be developed by JPL
for use in the flight evaluations.
W76-70310 506-19-16
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
EXPERIMENT POINTING MOUNT
R. V. Powell 213-354-6586
1506-19-14; 186-68-541
The shuttle instrument pointing system currently being
proposed by ESA does not fully satisfy all user requirements or
meet all desirable vehicle and payload consttaints. The objective
of this effort is to formulate an experiment pointing technology
IEPTI approach that will meet Spacelab payload needs in a cost
effective manner. An ad hoc Working Groop will be established
to develop user requirements that are applicable to payload control
parameters. Alternate and complementry pointing systems
presently being suggested and studied will be considered for
their individual technical approach. The activities will draw upon
existing studies of experiment pointing subsystem requirements
and suggestions from the steering group Space Transportation
System - Payload Requirements and Analysis Group (SPRAG).
W76-7031 1 506-19-21
Jet Propulsion Lxb.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION FOR UNMANNED PLANE-
TARY VEHICLES
R. V. Powell 213-354-6586
(186-68-74; 310-10-60)
The objectives are to derive and verify advanced navigation
techniques incorporating new ground and on-board measurements
and software into a navigation system which minimizes trajectory
correction delta V requirements. enables efficient gravity-assists.
and permits precise scientific observations resulting from improved
field of view delivery capability, increased mission opportunities.
and lower operational cost for future exploration. Specific targets
are: (1) by FY76, demonstrate the ability of S-X band multi-
frequency and multi-station rudiometric data to reduce effects
of dominant error sources by a factor of ten and yield increases
in accuracy. reliability, propellant savings and missixn design
flexibility; 121 derive and validate in-flight approach guidance
techniques which yield 25 micro-radian measurement accuracies
in 6-hour turn around times and can allow up to 50% payload
increases through on-board propellant savings for outer planet
missions; with satellite/star scene and CCD measurement
technologies to be available in FY77; (3) by PY-79. demonstrate
outer planet satellite ephemerides programs. which improve
present (FY74) ephemerides by factors of 5-20 and allow a
factor of 50 reduction in the time required tx generate satellite
trajectories resulting in project cost savings and increased mission
operations flexibility; (4) by FY80, demonstrate in the laboratory
an optical navigation system using simulated flight data processing
which reduces the measurement processing time from the 6
hours currently tequired to 2 minutes while retaining the accuracy
tx within 20%; and 151 by FY-86, design and validate in flight a
fully autonomous system with the capability of on-board flight
path control to 1 km within two minutes of final measurement
for small body rendezvous or flyby missions.
W76-70312 506-19-31
National Aeronautics and Space Administratixn. Washington.
D.C.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
W. Gevarter 202-755-3227
(506-19-321
The objective of this RTOP is to improve our ability to manage
large amounts of data, to effectively utilize sensed information,
and to provide more efficient methxds for processing informa-
tion. Near term targets include development of automated
problem-solving systems and techniques for machine perception
and analysis of scenes. The technical a~prxach is to develop
computer models which simulate intelligent system xperatixns
such as perception, question-answering and learning and test
these models with various real or approximately real functional
problems. The results will provide guidelines for the development
and exercise of autonomous or robotic systems such as the
JPL robot Rover project. The work will be performed through a
series of research grants and contracts with academic and
industrial laboratories recognized for their competency in
automated information systems R and 0.
W76-70313 506-1932
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR INTEGRATED ROBOT
SYSTEMS
R. V. Powell 213-354-6586
The long-range objective is to establish a technology base
in robotics and semiautonxmous cxntrxl of unmanned machines
47
PAGENO="0280"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
276
or vehicles to support lunar and planetary surface explorations
The results of the work will also be applicable to other remote
systems, automated fabrication facilities, and other systems and
activities of importance to NASA and the nation as a whole. At
JPL. a robot rovingve hide is being assembled to demonstrate
semiautonomous operations, provide practical tests of machine
intelligence concepts, define research requirements, and develop
design guidelines for system apphcations. During FY t976. a
four-wheeled vehicle, a manipulator, a laser rangefinder, stereo
`(`V. and navigational and proximity sensors will be integrated
with each other and with a computer system, and tethered
operations will begin in an indoor laboratory. In FY 1977. this
breadboard system will be extensively tested to evaluate
controlling software, system operational procedures, and strategies
for coordinating sensors and effectors to accomplish such tasks
as moving from one location to another and picking up a rock
or tool without operator assistance In FY 1978, semiautonomous
operutions of an untethered vehicle in increasingly complex
outdoor settings will be demonstrated. In FY 1979 and subsequent
years, new concepts in manipulators, sensors, and control
strategies mill be incorporated ard evaluated; studies will be
made to determine the balance between autonomous control
and interactive man-machine) control fur the elfiuient sundout
of remote operations; and data and engineering criteria will be
provided no guide the desigin-of.jynar and planetary rovers and
other remotely controlled machinesT
W76-70314 506-20-il
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
ADVANCED DIGITAL DATA SYSTEMS FOR DEEP SPACE
R. V. Powell 213-354-6586
The goal of this work is the development of advanced
technolugy for integrated spacecraft data systems including the
functions of control, data acquisition, data processing, and data
storage. Wurk during FY-76 will focus on three objectives: 111
development of a unified data system IUDSI. for missions having
launches after 1977; 121 data compression and processing
research; and. 13) development of a magnetic bubble buffer
memory. A specific UDS design was achieved in FY-75 and a
breadboard test and evaluation is planned fur FY-76 The effort
encompasses the consolidation of hardware, the application of
microprocessors, simplification of software, and incorporation of
fault tolerance The justification of a new UDS design is based
on a cost savings goal of approximately S1300K per mission
for the missiun set listed in 15.8 of this plan. The 51300K per
mission saving represents 5500K saving in flighi software costs,
S400K saving in support equipment and support software costs,
andS400K saving in hardware costs due to the common processor
and standardized S/C interfaces. Research soil) continue on tasks
pertaining to advancement of data compression technology. The
main emphasis will be directed toward planetary optical imaging
and radar imaging applications. The work s'vill include investigation
of incurporating pattern recognition into the control elements of
the RM2 compression algorithm. simulations with the basic
RM2 algorithm to enable investigation of image fidelity considera-
tiors, and study of RM2 hardware implementation issues over a
wide range xl input data rates. The architecture fur a static
memory using bubble technology was completed in FY-75, ard
a functional breadboard was cunstructed using commercial bipolar
memories. During FY-76, breadboard testing will be cumpleted.
The procurement of a bubble memory building block is scheduled
for mid-FY-76 with functional and environmental tests to follow.
W76-70315 506-20-14
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
AUTOMATED DATA HANDLING TECHNIQUES AND
COMPONENTS (HIGH CAPACITY DATA SYSTEMS)
David H. Schaefer 301-982-5184
(656-21 -011
The focus xl this RTOP is to develop methods of on-board
analysis of image data generated by earth observation and other
image sensing missions. Under this RTOP. parallel image
processing systems are being develuped Such systems process
all points of an image simultaneously. Priurity is being given to
the development of a digital type of parallel image processing
known as a tse computer. Such computers are two dimensional
analogs of conventional digital computers These computers mill
process from sixteen thousand to one million points simulto-
neously. It is the aim of this RTOP to develop computing systems
suitable for spacecraft on-board use that have an effective bit
rate of 10 to the t 2th power bits per second. Real time image
processing systems that utilize coherent optical phenomena are
also being developed.
W76-70316 506-20-21
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
MICROMINIATURE TRANSPONDER DEVELOPMENT
R. V. Posoell 213-354-6586
1186-68-53; 506-20-221
The objectives of this RTOP and OSS RTOP t86-68-53 are
to jointly develop microwave radio transponder techniques.
components, and subsystem technology required for NASA
planetary missions in the period 1977 to 1982. Particular emphasis
will be placed on substantially rvducivg the cost of transponders
while improving performance capability, reliability, and lifetime
and reducing size, weight. volume, and power consumption. The
key element of the develupment is a microminiature multimission
transponder (MMII consisting of an S-band receiver and an
S/X-band eooitnr assembly utilizing such advanced devices as
beam leaded RF-IC's, surface acoustic wave filters ISAWP( and
ceramic substrates. Accomplishments to date include: 11) the
demonstration of technology readiness of a discrete component-
printed circuit board version xl the MMT by the end of FY-74
(this model became the baseline design for the MJ577, Pioneer
Venus and B-Sanl. This version has the following advantages
over the Viking Orbiter design: an order of magnitude improvement
in differential phase and group delay stability; and reductions of
35% in per unit cost; 72% in power consumption; 60% in vulume;
and 50% in weight. 121 The development, lab and evaluation of
a set xl SAWP's on quartz substrates (for very low IC necessary
to reduce phase delay variations) by the end of the third quarter
of FY-75. 131 The development, lab and evaluation of abreadboard
version (beam leaded components in non-hermetic ceramic
submodules) of the MMT by the end of FY-75. By the end of
FY-76 micruminiature brassboard assemblies and modules will
have been tested to type approval and qualification test levels
to demunstrate the technology readiness for flight missions
beginning in t979 which has the following advantages relative
tu the discrete component version: A doubling of mission life
potential (adequate for 10-year missions ss'ithout additional
redundancy(; and reductions of greater than 50% in weight and
W76.70317 506-20-22
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
MICROWAVE COMPONENTS AND TECHNIQUES
R. V. Powell 213-354-6585
1506-20-21; 650.10-15)
The long range objectives of this RTOP are to (11 devise,
analyze, develop, and test new telecommunication subsystems
which are needed to meet the requirements of the deep space
exploration mission set for the next decade, 121 investigate means
xl increasing the performance and decreasing the cost xl existing
subsystem designs. and 131 better understand the interaction uf
the telecommunication system with other spacecraft and ground
systems in urder to ensure that pruper emphasis and direction
is given to future system requirements and designs. The objectives
of the FY-76 efforts are: Ill investigate advanced digital radio
technology and components in micruminiature form that will
substantially reduce the cost of npacecraft radio, telemetry,
.ommand. navigation, and radio science functiuns sohile improving
performance capability and flexibility, reliability, and life time;
(21 begin development uf an active antenna pointing system for
use soith antennas on the order of 15 meters at X-band frequencies,
and steer the antenna R.F. beam electronically over the range
of the attitude control system deadband; a near term objective
is to develop an electronic array feed pointing system capable
of working with a 3.6 meter antenna over a 2 degree range;
(31 develop efficient techniques for determining the far held
properties of large antennas from near field measurements, and
provide analytical tools for designing and predicting the properties
uf array/reflector configurations; (41 analyze the effects on
48
PAGENO="0281"
277
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
electromagnetic waves propagating through dispersive media, and
construct turbulence models for the solar corona and planetary
atmospheres; and (51 investigate coding and modulation
techniques which can be used to improve the efficiency ol deep
space microwave communications. The approach taken for all
these efforts involves tradeoff studies, analysis, simulation.
breadboard evaluation, and system testing.
W76-70318
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
MICROWAVE AMPLIFIER TECHNOLOGY
R E Alexovich 216-433-4000
(643-40-10; 643-60-011
To advance the state-of-the-art of microwave power
amplification for space and terrestrial applications above one
GHz will be investigated. To achieve this objective, research
and technology development programs will be undertaken on
microwave amplifiers, high current density electron emitters and
high power microwave passive components. Studies and
investigations of space.earth propagation and interference will
be undertaken to guide high power communication component
and subsystem investigation. Specific techniques such as
multi-stage depressed beam collection and beam refocusing for
linear amplifiers are amovg promising techniques being investi-
gated iv addition of rf circuit and electrov gun optimization studies.
W76-70319 506-20-24
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
MICROWAVE NEAR EARTH DATA TRANSFER AND
TRACKING
F. J. Logan 301-982-4901
The objective of the work under this RTOP is to achieve
technological advances in data transfer and tracking systems in
order to satisfy the demanding communication requirements for
future space flight projects, such as space shuttle, earth
observation satellite program and TDRS. The capability and
performance requirements on the communication links for these
advanced projects are characterized by high data rates (up to
200 Mb/sI simultaneous multi-link operation, and reliable long
life operation. The attainment of these parameters requires
technological advances iv spacecraft techniques and hardware.
High power efficient solid-state amplifiers at Ku-Band will be
developed. These advances will be utilized iv the development
of a high data rate spacecraft transmitter package capable of
direct communication to ground or to a data relay spacecraft.
Previous work under this RTOP has verified that small, light-
weight spacecraft low-noise parametric amplifiers are aohiovablu
iv the existing NASA frequency bands. The future goals iv this
discipline are: improve overall power efficiency and reliability in
existing designs, and prepare for future applications iv both
communications and microwave instruments by development of
a space qualified parametric amplifier iv the 35-40 0Hz range.
W76-70320 506-20-26
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
MILLIMETER WAVE COMPONENT DEVELOPMENT
King 301-982-5702
1650-60-1 11
The objective is to develop millimeter wave component
technology iv the 50-200 0Hz frequency range for use iv advanced
communications and sensor systems. Radiometer systems will
be fabricated at 94 and 183 0Hz to measure atmospheric losses
by means of sun tracking and sky temperature ivversiovs. Gallium
arsenide Schottky barrier miners and solid state impatt local
oscillators will be developed to function as the hoyt ends of
these radiometers. This miner performance will be compared
with harmonic mining to measure loss of performance due to
harmonic mining. After the development of mixer/local oscillator
is complete. it will be installed iv the 183 GHz radiometer tu
improve the existing systems performance. At this point, work
will be started on the 94 0Hz mioer using a 92 0Hz fundamental
frequency impale local oscillator. Plans for this program are divided
into three areas Ill components and techniques development.
121 system development, and 131 propagation experiments. During
FY-76 components and techniques will be emphasized at 94
and 183 0Hz. but in subsequent years systems and propagation
W76-70321 - 506-20-31
N ational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
D.C.
OPTICAL DATA TRANSFER RESEARCH
C. E Catoe 202-755-3227
This program of research is directed toward providing NASA
with the fundamental tools and methods needed for the
development and analysis of new types of lasers and laser devices
that are applicable to future planetary, earth observations, and
data relay missions. The activities addressed in this program
will result in the advancement of laser technology in the areas
of optical communications and tracking, optical processing and
spectroscopy. This program will advance the optical laser
technology by means of two research grants: one at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology which is concerned with
the quantum aspects of optical communication, and the second
at Stanford University that is concerned with development and
understanding of laser phenomena.
W76-70322 506-20-32
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
OPTICAL DATA TRANSFER SYSTEMS
J. H. McElroy 301.982-5608
NASA flight missions iv the 1980's and 1990's will need
high capacity data transfer systems. This RTOP is for the
development of the technology to provide 300 P1bps and above
data transfer terminals for space-to-space-tx-ground relay links.
The C02 laser offers the best promise to meet these requirements
and laser heterodyve systems using this laser are being developed
under this RTOP. Theoretical, analytical, and trade-off studies
are conducted to establish system parameters. Research and
development is carried out to advance the state-of-the-art critical
components such as waveguide lasers, infrared mixers, modulators.
modulator drivers. and current regulated high-voltage puwer
supplies needed for the laser discharge tubes. Acquisition and
cracking techniques are beivg develuped for spacecraft termi-
nals First-of-a-kind subsystems are assembled into engineering
models iv spacecraft configuration. Systems are evaluated in
the laboratory and in test chambers to determine system
performance parameters. such as bit error probability, receiver
sensitivity. laser stability, and tracking errors (spatial and
frequevcyl.
W76-70323 506-20-33
Goddard Space Flight Cevter. Greenbelt. Md.
GEOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY
M. W Fitzmaurice 301-982-4948
(645-40-01. 161-02-01. 653-01 -011
This RTOP is to provide the technology necessary for the
development of precise space-to-space and space-to-ground-to-
space laser range/range rate systems. Specific ublectives are
(11 to develop the component and subsystem technology to
advance the state-of-the-art iv ground based laser ranging systems
to the 5 cm level iv FY/75-76 and to the 2 cm level iv 1978.
and 121 to develop the flight qualified components for a spaceborne
laser terminal with 2 cm/ 003cm per second range/range rate
precision This spaceborne terminal is to be tested at the
engineering model level iv 1979-80 and flight tested on a 1980-81
shuttle mission. This RTOP interacts closely with RTOPs
161-02-01 and 653-10-01-03 iv the development of ground-
based systems and interacts closely with 645-40-01 iv the
development of the spaceborne systems. The four major tasks
within this RTOP are: Ill advanced receiver development. (21
flight qualified Nd:YAG laser development. 131 high/accuracy
tracking and control systems development, and (4) C02 laser
experiments will become equal iv importance. Radiometer systems
will be developed to measure atmospheric losses from the gound
and from high altitude aircraft flights for use in communications
systems modeling and meteorological sensing of water vapor
and precipitation. The first years component development effort
will include improving the performance of mixers in the 183 0Hz
and 94 0Hz frequency bands and developing solid state local
oscillators for receiver systems iv the same bands. Performance
506-20-23 goals include achieving an 8 dB noise figure at 183 0Hz and a
stable 5 milliwatt oscillator at 183 0Hz.
49
PAGENO="0282"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
278
tracking systems. During FY-76, Task 1 will emphasize the
optimization of existing avalanche photodiode detectors for the
short poise ranging receiver application and will initiate the
development of a swept image converter receiver for next
generation systems. Task 2 will initiate the development of a
0.2 es pulse laser for the 2 cm ranging systems and will continue
the development of CW laser pumps for range rate systems.
Task 3 will develop and demonstrate the techniques of open-
loop satellite tracking at the 20 arc-second level and Task 4
will continue the feasibility analysis of C02 laser tracking systems.
W76-70324 506-21-10
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
ADVANCED LIQUID ROCKET COMPONENT TECHNOL-
OGY
D. A Petrash 216-433-4000
The general objectives of the programs conducted under
this RTOP are to provide the technology for improvements in
performance and reusability of liquid rocket components and
subsystems. Experimental and analytical programs will be
conducted to denelop It) low cycle thermal fatigue and heat
transfer technology for reusable thrust chambers, 12) advanced
thrust chamber technology using un conventional nozzles. 131
Improved fabrication techniques for thrust chambers and 14)
reduced gravity fluid acquisition and transfer systems. In the
area of reusable thrust chamber technology, efforts will be devoted
to obtaining fundamental fatigue data, developing the analytical
capability to predict thrust chamber life and testing materials or
new designs ix an Inexpensive thrust chamber simulator.
Advanced heat transfer techniques will also be applied to ease
the severity of the thermal load of high performance thrust
chambers and improved fabrication techniques involving sputtering
and electroforming will be evaluated to produce better, more
reliable thrust chamber hardware. Unconventional nozzles will
be investigated to provide more flexible design options, low
pressure solutions to advanced engines, and high area ratio.
high performance thrust chambers in a minimum size envelope
Low gravity fluid system studies will investigate critical characteris-
tics and components for in-orbit fluid acquisition and transfer
W76.70325 506-21-11
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio.
ADVANCED LIQUID ROCKET SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
John W. Gregory 213-433-4000
(909-75-03; 506-21-121
Analytical and experimental efforts are being pursued to
provide technology required for advanced reusable hydrogen-
oxygen space propulsion systems, such as the spac~ tug Although
much of the MPS technology is applicable lx aerospike engines.
the effort thus far, has been primarily directed toward bell nozzle
type engines. In FY-76. the program will be expanded to include
technology directly applicable to annular throat, anrospike type
engines In the bell nuzzle type engine area, the effort is directed
at developing the technology for small, high-pressure, reusable.
pump-fed, staged-cow bustion cycle hydrogen-oxygen rocket
engines. The work, which started in FY-72 and will carry through
FY-77, is concentrating upon critical component technology for
a 20.000 lb. thrust engine operating at a chamber pressure of
2000 psia. The component technolugy programs are in the
turbumachinery and thrust chamber areas. If the FY-77 new
Initiative is approved, the components developed in these
technology programs will be assembled into a powerhead
breadboard assembly IPBA). Tests will be made to assess engine
and component adequacy, capability and operating characteristics.
A preliminary design study of the PBA will be conducted in
FY -76 to enable assembly of the existing components. In the
aerospike engine area, effort will be directed at determining the
performance, regenerative cooling capability and the weight
potential of an advanced, hydrogen-oxygen, aerospike thrust
chamber for pussible applicatiox in the main propulsion system
for the space tug
W76.70326 506-21.12
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
REUSABLE CRYOGENIC STORAGE AND TRANSFER
John W. Gregory 216-433-4000
The work conducted under this RTOP will provide the
technology required for the effective design and fabrication of
reusable cryogenic thermal protection and fluid transfer systems.
This work will be conducted on thermal protection systems
designed to meet the problems assuciated with the changing
environments experienced during a typical flight cycle by a reusable
high energy upper stage. Work on a purged multilayer insula-
tion system will be continued. Experimental evaluations will be
conducted on the several baseline TUG multilayer insulation
systems that have been proposed to demonstrate their perform.
ance under cyclic environmental conditions. Work will continue
on a high performance load bearing insulation that is capable of
providing performance approaching that of uncompressed MLI
while still providing all of the advantages of an evacuated system
without the attendant weight penalty usually associated with
rigid vacuum shells. Experimental and analytical studies will be
conducted to optimize multilayer insulation by selectively varying
thickness and shield emissivily. The effort on fluid transfer systems
will be applied to evaluation of the use of composite materials
for the fabrication of engine feed lines, vent lines. pressurization
lines, valves, and fittings. Designs will be evaluated to provide
lines that are lightweight, have low axial heat conduction, and
provide rapid chilldown.
W76.70327 506.21.21
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
LONG.LIFE ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR
PLANETARY SPACECRAFT
P. J. Meeks 213.354.2546
(506-21-51)
The objective of the work proposed in this RTOP is to provide
for the advanced development of key liquid feed assembly
components and the rocket engine assembly for advanced liquid
propulsion systems that will be used on planetary missions.
Specifically, in FY-76. fabrication of two each of propellant shutoff
and isolation valves will be completed and the design of a remotely
actuated fluorine fill valve will be initiated. Fracture toughness
testing and impact testing on one heat of Ti6Al-4V will be
completed. Additionally, the investigation of a fluorine-compatible
foam insulation will continue. lx order to finalize the baseline
thrust chamber, a contract will be issued to design two ablative
thrust chambers. The design will be based on the results xf
Contract NAS7-304 entitled Chamber Technology for Space
Storable Propellants. From the design drawings, one engine design
will be selected and two chambers will be fabricated and tested
at C-stand at JPL's Edward Test Station. Cuncurrent with this
effort a high-performance injector will be fabricoted and tested.
Systems studies will continue evaluation propulsion system
configurations including structural and thermal support, based
upon information generated from the valve and engine work
Main emphasis will be on the design of a bluwdown propulsion
system.
W76.70328 506.21.30
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
THE CHEMISTRY AND ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTIONS OF
EXHAUST CLOUDS FROM ROCKET VEHICLES
E S Love 804-827-2893
1180-72-501
The objective of this research is to develop a basic understand-
ing of the chemistry of exhaust clouds from rocket vehicles and
Interactions of the exhaust clouds with the atmosphere including
precipitation. Although the initial composition of the rocket exhaust
is known at the SRM exit plane, it is of little use in determining
~re ultimate chemical and physical distribution of these pro-
ducts in the atmosphere, or on the ground. The chemical
composition of the exhaust cloud changes continually; rapidly at
first as a result of high-temperature reactions with atmospheric
species and nucleation of condensible species, and then more
Slowly as a result of both ordinary and photochemical gas and
condensed-phase reactions, gaseous diffusion, droplet growth and
evaporation, and various other interphase and transport pheno-
mena. Thus, a complete chemical characterization of the resulting
exhaust cloud as a function of propellant, atmospheric condi-
tions, and time is needed to properly assess the environmental
impact of the exhaust products The results of the research
50
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279
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
proposed herein will provide a critical part of the technology
base required by NASA to develop and substantiate the
environmental impact statements for future NASA rocket launches.
W76-70329 506-21-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED PYROTECHNIC/EXPLOSIVE SYSTEMS TECH-
NOLOGY
E. S Love 804-827-2843
The overall objective is to develop and demonstrate technology
for pyrotechnic systems to meet expanding aerospace flight
requirements. Eoperimental programs will be conducted to develop
engineering design guidelines to meet pyrotechnic system
requirements, such as safe, reliable initiation, stable pyrotechnic
and eoplosive materials, and the selection and sizing of pro-
pellant loads to accomplish a variety xl mechanical or chemical
functions. Ignition, combustion, and energy delivery mechanisms
will be studied through the use of advanced perfxrmance
monitoring techniques and systems, developed to simulate the
actual flight working conditions and requirements. Developmental
studies will include: the selection and evaluation of a variety of
safe, electrically nonconductive first-fire propellants. as well as
high-performance gas generating propellants, and the eopansion
of the NASA Langley Research Center explosive seam welding
technique to meet advanced aerospace fabrication requirements.
W76-7O330 506-21-32
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. cf Tech., Pasadena
ADVANCED SOLID PROPULSION AND PYROTECHNIC
CONCEPTS
P. J. Meeks 213-354-2546
(506-21-521
The long-range objective of this RTOP is to develop and
demonstrate solid rocket propulsion and pyrotechnic advanced
technology that can be applied to. Ill reduce cost, improve
performance, and improve reliability of existing concepts, and
121 provide new concepts for future NASA missions, in which
existing propulsion and pyrotechnic mechanisms cannot be used
to satisfy the mission peculiar requirements A comprehensive
approach. which employs analytical and experimental investiga
tions, in both in-house and subcontracted modes, will be
utilized to select, develop, and demonstrate the required advanced
technology. Work also will be accomplished to provide solutions
to solid rocket motor operational and design problems. This plan
is the major element of the OAST Level 4 program on Low
Cost Solid Propulsion. The efforts included in this RTOP are
Waste Propellant Disposal with Component Salvage and Reeyelo.
Moditication of Aluminum Fuel by Surface Oxidation, Heat
Sterilizable Propellants. Gas Dynamics of High Back Pressure
Propulsion; Laser Beam Chemical Eoplxsives Interaction. Long
Term Storability of Solid Propellant Motors; High Energy Upper
Stage Restartable Solid Rocket Demonstration. Advanced
Propulsion Module Motxr Technology; Pyrx and Explosive
Technology; Squib Pyrotechnic Material; and Solid Propellant
Combustion.
W76-70331 506-21-33
Lungley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
SOLID BOOSTER EXHAUST
E. S Love 804-827-2893
The objectives xl this research are to examine and to
demonstrate the effectiveness xf chemical agents and delivery
systems in nextralizng the acidic effluents emitted in the
troposphere by the sxlid propellant bxosters of the space shuttle.
The Environmental Statement fxr the Space Shuttle Prvgram
(July 19721 states that vperatixnal constraints will be imposed
on space shuttle launches to eliminate the possibility of unaccept-
able hydrogen chloride concentrations in the troposphere. The
possibility of the delay of launches due tx the possible unaccept-
able environmental impact of hydrogen chlvride would be cause
for concern This research will attempt tx demonstrate that the
hydrogen chloride emitted in the troposphere can be neutralized
by a cost effective system and that the pvtential toxic hazards
due to the gaseovs hydrxgen chloride can be removed and the
possibility of an acid rain eliminated Several potential neutraliza-
tion agents have been investigated and it has been calculated
that it is chemically possible to neutralize all of the hydrogen
chloride by the addition of chemical agents to the exhaust cloud
The various methods xl delivering the agents to the exhaust
cloud include adding to the deluge water presently used to cool
the launch complex, spray entrainment in the ducted exhaust
gases at ground level and airborne delivery using aircraft similar
to those employed in forest fire control. A feasibility study and
demonstration of the system is necessary before the decision to
proceed with the design of the modification and/or additions to
the launch complex.
W76-70332 506-21 -40
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
LASER PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY
D L Nored 216-433-4000
(506-25-5 1)
The objective of this program is to evaluate the cxncepts
and establish the potential feasibility of laser propulsion by 1980.
The program will investigate propulsion concepts and systems
based upon the energy being transmitted by a laser beam from
a remote station. Space, aircraft and earth-based laser systems
for potential NASA and military application will be included A
broad technolvgy base will be developed for realistic appraisal
of systems, mission application and design. Efforts will concentrate
on most appropriate laser systems, beam transmission, laser-beam
receiver systems. elficient conversion of laser beam energy to
sensible propellant enthalpy, and viable thruster design. The
program approach includes: Ill identification of laser energy
absorption mechanisms in prxpellants; 121 performance of
components and system studies (synthesis, definition, design,
tradeoffs, and problem area idnntificationl; 131 evaluation of
potential mission possibilities; 141 design, fabrication and
evaluation of laser thruster concepts; and (51 investigation of
optimum wavelengths and lasers for propagation, absorption by
propellant and compatibility of optics systems.
W76-70333 506-21-41
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio
ATOMIC AND METALLIC HYDROGEN
Gerald V. Brown 216-433-4000
The objections are to produce and store hydrxgen in each
of two different monatomic forms, metallic hydrogen and
spin-aligned atomic hydrogen. Eilher form would store an energy
of approximately 50 K cal/gram with respect to the molecxlar
state. Such stored energy would be recoverable by allowing
reversion to the molecular state. Superconductivity of metallic
hydrxgon will be studied, and other prxpertins xl both new
atlotropes will be determined High pressure devices capable of
producing a few wegabars will be developed to cxmpress hydrogen
rv about 15 times the ordinary molecular solid density and thus
cause the predicted transition to the metallic state Hydrogen
dissociated to atoms by varixus means (electric discharge.
photolysis. and irradiation( will be stored at temperatures below
2 K and in magnetic fields xf 2 to 10 tesla to paramagnetically
align the electrxn spins and prevent formation of the molecular
bond. Matrix storage xl H in H2 will be investigated to determine
maximum H concentration possible as a function xl temperature
(below 2 K( and magnetic field
W76-70334 506-21-42
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
PROPAGATION STUDIES USING EXTENDED WAVE-
LENGTH RANGE OF HIGH POWER LASERS (PROPULSION
NEW HORIZONS)
S Love 804-827-2893
(506-25-55; 506-18-121
The objective is to extend the wavelength range xl high
power lasers (C02, CO. OF. HF( fur imprvved atnrospheric
transmission and to evaluate their potential use in spacecraft
experiments For this purpose high power/high pressure laseys
are being developed which permit tuning acrxss pressure
broadened laser lines The timing characteristics and mode
structure of a high pressure (approximately 5 atml photopreionized
pulsed C02 laser with medium pulse energies (approximately
1/10 Jxule(. recently developed under contract. will be evalu-
ated with a laser heterxdyne spectrometer and laboratory
51
PAGENO="0284"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
280
transmission cells. High power/high pressure C02 lasers will be
developed with high resolution tuning at higher pulse energies
(greater than or equal to 1 Joulel and high pressure operation
of other laser types (CO. OF. HF( investigated. The feasibility of
high pressure CW operation of high power lasers will be evaluated.
The results svill be coordinated with laser propulsion studies at
other NASA centers and related DOD studies.
W76-7O335 506-2143
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
NEW HORIZONS IN PROPULSION
P. J. Meeks 213-354-2546
The objective of this program is to identify and conduct
research on new concepts in propulsion which offer significant
improvements over systems that now exist or are in development
when these new concepts are applied to a variety of future
propulsion requirements. The approach is to define the concepts
in sufficient detail to allow initial applications analyses to be
made and then to evaluate the applications. These concepts are
compared with current systems and with each other. Experimental
and theoretical investigations are then conducted as required
for verification of thus e concepts which are promising. Studies
which will be conducted include: Ill the production and storage
of antimatter and the control of matter-antimatter annihilation.
(21 methods of tapping energy available in space such as may
be obtainable from the interaction between a fluctuating magnetic
field located in the vicinity of a planet and an electrically conducting
fluid in turbulent motion aboard the spacecraft. 131 system analysis
of the use of indigenous materials for propulsion and power. 141
the utilization of planetary atmospheres. 151 efficient physical
processes for converting a high energy density source into thrust.
and 161 laser propulsion
W76-7O336 506-21-44
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif lest of Tech.. Pasadena
GENERATION AND STORAGE OF ACTIVATED SPECIES
P. J. Meeks 213-354.2506
The main objective of this task is to perform experimental
and theoretical investigations of methods of producing and
increasing the lifetime of excited states of helium and other
atomic and molecular species in both the superfluid and solid
phases of helium. A second objective is to perform experimental
and theoretical investigations'of p(oducing and stabilizing solid
materials containing very high concentrations of hydrogen/
deuterium. and also producing and stabilizing solids which have
undergone electronic collapse. A third objective is to perform
theoretical investigations of metallic hydrogen, thereby comple-
menting the euperimental work being done at LeRC
W76-70337 506-21-51
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
SPACECRAFT LIQUID PROPULSION RESEARCH
Paul J. Meeks 213-354-2546
1506-2t-2tl
The combustion, injection, ignition, and wall compatibility
characteristics of those propellant combinations utilizing fluori-
nated oxidizers and amine fuels are being studied both experiment-
ally and analytically The objective is to provide fundamental
understanding of the interacting chemical processes that are
essential to the development of a technology base that forms a
precursor to the application of these high performance propulsion
systems to unmanned space exploration missions Of particular
interest is the formulation of an analytic representation lcomputer
modell of a rocket combustor which predicts performance in
terms of specific impulse and compatibility in terms of chamber
lifetimes and integrity as well as plume elfects on presumed
adjacent spacecraft components and structures In its completed
configuration the input parameters for such predictions must be
limited to those quantities Isuch as dimensions and assigned
flowsl that are a-priori known. The concomitant instrumentation
required for the experimental work is being developed.
W76-70338
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst xl Tech . Pasadnna
SOLID PROPELLANT RESEARCH
P. J. Meeks 213.354-2546
506-21-52
1506-21-321
The objective of this RTOP is to establish scientific bases for
the chemical formulation, mechanical design, and surveillance of
solid propellants for rocket motors. Theoretical and experimental
investigations will be performed in rheology, network structure.
ingredient synthesis and purification, and curing and degradation
chemistry to: (11 obtain a better understanding of propellant
mechanical property, processing and environmental stability
characteristics to permit the formulation of techniques for the
control thereof; and 121 derive information which will enable
one to design motors as structurally integrated units with a
minimum of empirical study and to predict their useful lifetimes
on the basis of expected environmental patterns.
W76-70339 506-21-53
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
CHEMICAL PROPULSION RESEARCH
0. A. Petrash 216-433-4000
The xbjxctives of this wxrk are xx expand the basic
understanding of injection, mixing, combustion, and other chemical
physical processes in chemical propulsion systems in order to
provide higher performing, more reliable, and lower cost systems
for future missions. These objectives will be attained through
theoretical studies to delineate the important design parameters
required to achieve engineering improvements. euperimental
studies to demonstrate the validity of specific theoretical
approaches and design parameters, and exploratory studies to
investigate new techniques or theoretical approaches that svill
provide further engineering improvements in liquid rocket engines.
Areas in which this effort will be applied are the following: Ill
combustion. 121 fluid flow, and 131 thermodynamic, transport and
kinetic data
W76-70340 506-21-54
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
SPACE SAFETY RESEARCH
P. M. Ordin 216-433-4000
The objectives are to obtain a better understanding of the
hazards and improve the safety of NASA and contractor operations
associated with oxidizer and fuel systems and related propellants
for flight. R&D facilities and ground service equipment. Specific
areas of current interest include preparation of criteria for the
design and operation of propellant systems, investigations of the
initiation of oxygen system failures induced by contaminants,
investigations of combustion and nonideal explosions caused by
propellant spills and tank ruptures, and the analysis and tests of
gravity effects on fire extinguis Sweet systems.
W76-70341 506-21-55
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala
LAUNCH VEHICLE PROPULSION
J. A Lombardo 205-453-3791
1502-04-21; 502-24-211
The effort described in this RTOP is directed toward improving
the boundary layer JANNAF reference program which predicts
rocket thrust chamber boundary layer performance loss and heat
transfer. The predicted boundary layer losses obtained from
existing turbulence models will be compared with boundary layer
measurements derived from hot fire tests at high area ratio
now planned under an existing program. The analytical models
will then be revised as indicated by the euperimental data Should
the experimental data indicate that model revision is not required
then an alternate study to investigate the desirability of using a
kinetic rate control method in place of the present chemical
equilibrium method in the boundary layer model will be conducted.
W76-70342 506-22-10
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
AUXILIARY ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Robert A. Callens 301-982.4205
Uxmanned meteorological, communication, earth observation.
and other application satellites require, not only long-lived.
light-weight spacecrah propulsion systems, but also ones capable
of providing north-south station keeping, procession control.
east-west station keeping, or precise attitude control. The
objective of this RTOP is to identify and develop electric propulsion
52
PAGENO="0285"
281
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
systems that promise to provide yubstantial improvement over (180-t7-571
conventional propulsion systems. When necessary, they are The objective of this RTOP is to insure the availability of solar
evaluated at GSFC's facilities and space flight tests of candidate array technology which meets solar electric propulsion require-
systems are conducted to further demonstrate their capability ments. The approach is to perform a preliminary design in order
for space flight application, to identify the solar array technology required to support solar
electric propulsion This technology will be compared with the
W76-70343 506-22-11 state-of-the-art to identify areas where demonstration of further
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio. development of technology is needed. These areas will be worked
AUXILIARY PROPULSION ION THRUSTER TECHNOLOGY as specihc tasks with results being fed back into the design
R C Finke 216-433-4000 effort. The availability of overall array technology will be
The objectives are Ill to develop prototypical xne.millipound demonstrated by fabricating and testing a full-scale wing. To
mercury ion thruster system hardware and subject it to flight accomplish the objective, the following tasks will be performed:
qualification level testing, and 121 to provide the technology to ITask 1 was completed in Dec. 19741, 111 preliminary design
eotrapolate mercury ion thruster performance at larger or smaller for identification of required technology. 121 materials demonstra-
thrust levels. The technology developed will result in hardware tion, 131 thermo-compression bonding of solar cells to electrical
for flight prototype thruster subsystems of demonstrated efficiency interconnects. 141 solar cell selection and characterization, (5)
and durability, thus assuring a firm base of technology-ready solar cell module thermal cycling. 161 nondestructive inspection
hardware for application to anticipated auxiliary electric propulsion and tests, and 171 full-scale wing technology demonstration.
controlled spacecraft
W76-70347
W76-7034.4 506-22-12 Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech. Pasadena SEPS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
CHARACTERIZATION OF PULSED PLASMA THRUSTER J B Stephens 205-453-2114
INDUCED ENVIRONMENT (180-17-561
A Briglix. Jr 213-354-6137 This RTOP is for the investigation of the parametric qualities
The exhaust plume of both a micropound and millipound associated with terrestrial perturbations in the lower stratosphere
pulsed plasma thruster will be examined during operation in and the troposphere from the release of mercury. The study
two vacuum facilities These results will be used to evaluate Ill contract for RTOP 180-17-57 on the Environment Impact of
the amount of ion and neutral material impingement on various Solar Electric Propulsion revealed that a detailed analysis of the
locations downstream of the thruster, and 121 the amount of effects of a mercury release from a failure mode in these regions
degradation due to surface contamination that might be expected of the atmosphere required additional definite investigation to
in the function of spacecraft solar cells, thermal control, and establish reaction rates and diffusion parameters. This work will
optical surfaces. The amount of infrared interference of the plume address two separate problems. Ill the reactions and rates of
with infrared sensing spacecraft instrumentation will also be mercury with ozone to determine the long term effects of
examined The environment exhibited by both a LES.6 micro- mercury on the ozone layer in the lower stratosphere: and 121
pound-second thruster and a millipoundsecond thruster will be the development of mathematical methods to account for the
characterized The plume of each thruster will be experimentally deposition and diffusion of mercury in the troposphere.
investigated in detail in a 9 ft. diavacuu m tank. Instrumenta-
tion for in-situ determination of surface effects will also be 506-22-40
developed in this facility These results will be verified in the
liquid-helium-cooled Molsink facility which provides a neatly ideal
simulation of the vacuum and cold sink of space for surface
effects testing An analytical model of the plume and neutral
materials will be constructed from the experimental test results.
506-22-33
W76-7O348
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
ION THRUSTER RESEARCH
R. C. Finke 216-433-4000
The objective of this work is tx increase the knowledge of
electron-bombardment ion thrusters in an orderly and meaningful
manner Basic physical processes are studied, both experimevtally
and analytically, for a range of thruster sizes commensurate with
thrust levels of 2 to 000 mrllieewtons Although mercury vapor
is the chief propellant used, other propellant gases, such as
argon and xenon are also studied fxr specific mission or
ground-based applications. A further objective of this work is to
define and understand interactions between ion thrusters and
the spacecraft, mission and science payload Experimental and
analytical studies are conducted through grants, contracts and
in-house programs Specific programs include Ii) probing the
plasma discharges of the thruster to identify reactions and support
analytical theory. (21 developing analytical theory to predict thruster
limitations and ultimate performance. (31 novel ways to imprxve
thruster starting reliability, such as the use of a HV pulse to
light the cathodes, 141 measurement and control xf thruster efflux,
both in the thruster and on spacecraft surfaces, and 151 the
measurement of electromagnetic and magnetostatic fields
produced by the thruster system and the:r effect on the
spacecraft/ science payload
W76-70345 506-22-30
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
PRIME PROPULSION ION THRUSTER TECHNOLOGY
R. C. Finke 216.433-4000
The overall program goal is to identify and develop the required
technology to demonstrate technology readiness status for primary
propulsion subsystems for proposed missions Development and
testing of thrusters, power processors, and interface elements
will be done to optimize element performance. lifetime, and
reliability and also define and characterize the critical system
interfaces and requirements The program mill result in a baseline
technology and design criteria for application to anticipated electric
propulsion spacecraft A major program will be to define
requirements. develop to engineering model status, and verify
by life tests and multiple thruster operation, primary propulsion
thrusters which satisfy the range of requirements of foreseeable
missions. Power processors will be designed and developed to
functional model status, integrated with thrusters, and verified
by system level and lifetime testing Other critical system elements
such as gimbals. propellant storage and distribution system. and
thrust subsystem-spacecraft interface hardware and software will
be simulated and integrated into a functional subsystem Thrust
subsystem interactions and ixtegration problems will be investi-
gated to the ext ent necessary to clearly define critical interfaces
and system requirements and reduce risk in future applications.
W76-7O346 506.22-32
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala
SOLAR ARRAY TECHNOLOGY FOR SOLAR ELECTRIC
PROPULSION AND PAYLOAD APPLICATIONS
E. Young 205-453-21 tO
W76-70349 - 506.22-41
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
ADVANCED PLASMADYNAMIC LASER RESEARCH
George R Seikel 216.433-4000
The objective is to define the feasibility aird potential of
novel plasma laser concepts that exploit' technology developed
lot electric propulsion Investigations are aimed at understanding
the controlling physical processys to determine limitations on
efficiency, power density. and attainable laser wavelength regions
Investigations will aim to define and meet laser requirements
for potential high-power applications of interest to NASA.
Analytical and experimental studies which include extensive
53
PAGENO="0286"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
282
diagnostics will be made. Novel concepts such as charge-exchange
ion lasers will be explored and atlempts to demonstrate their
feasibility in MW quasi-steady experiments will be made. Research
will include estimating performance of laser concepts and use
of lasers. High power lasers are potentially of interest to NASA
for a number of applications However, at present only molecular
long output wavelength lasers leg.. C02 laser output is
10.6 microns) can operate at high Igreater than kwl average
output power. This research will explore the feasibility of
developing high power ultraviolet and/or visible wavelength ion
and atom lasers using novel high power flowing plasma technology
concepts.
W7670350 506.22.43
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
ION BEAM APPLICATIONS RESEARCH
R. C. Finke 216-433-4000
The broad objective of the work described is to provide the
basic research and technology needed to define and develop
eonpropulsion applications of electrostatic accelerator technology.
By conducting pertinent experimental and analytical studies, the
xverall program is directed at demonstrating fruitful application
of the unique capabilities of electrostatic accelerator technology
to the improvement of the state-of-the art of Ill sputter deposition
by ixn beam. 121 ion sources for fusion systems, 131 ion milling
and polishing, and 141 space manufacturing applications. Major
programs are directed at identifying applications which could
strongly benefit from the unique capabilities inherent in this
technology. Specifically, the program goals are to identify
manufacturing processes which could substantially benefit from
the ability to clean and etch a substrate and deposit layers of
virtually any material in a high vacuum environment, free from
undesirable contaminants. Freedom to independently control
substrate temperatuxe may allow the material to be deposited
in structure ranging from epitaxial to amorphous. Controlled
impurity deposits and graded layers will be investigated. Large.
high current. svell-neutralized ion beams for injection into magnetic
bottles will be investigated. Other applications requiring the unique
capabilities of this technology will be expTored and investigated.
W76-70351 506-22-44
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. lest. of Tech.. Pasadena
PULSED MPD ARC JET WITH INDUCTIVE ENERGY
STORAGE
A Briglio.Jr 213-354-6137
1b06- 24-3 11
The objective of this RTOP is to investigate and assess the
feasibility of operating quasi-steady MPD arc jet thrusters directly
from a nuclear thermionic power source through an inductive
storage device The magnetoplasmadynamic (MPDI arc jet is an
electromagnetic plasma thruster which operates from a low
voltage (100-15OV) at high current (greater than 10.000 A).
The self-inductance of this device at large current levels generates
a desired magnetic field for propellant acceleration, increasing
the propulsion efficiency. The thruster operates at lower average
posver by pulsing, where very large capacitors are presently used
for energy storage. It now appears that inductive energy storage
could lead to a more desirable power system development than
capacitive storage The feasibility of this concept requires study
W76-70352 506-23-12
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
PLANETARY SOLAR POWER RESEARCH AND TECHNOL-
OGY
A Brigliu. Jr. 213-354.6137
A listing of the JPL FY76 program for planetary solar arrays
and solar cell technology development is given bnlow (11 continue
the program to develop lightweight solar arrays. 121 continue
the development of .01-cm-thick high-efficiency solar cell, 13)
continue the development of low-cost solar array technology.
(4) continue the program to test and evaluate solar cells fur
deep space applications. (51 development of improved radiation-
resistant cells. (6) c ontinve the silicon research program, and
17) continue the inversion layer solar cell program. This work
will be accomplished through combined in-house and contracted
efforts with indvstry and un'vnrsitins
W76-70353 506.23.15
Goddard Spoce Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
HIGH EFFICIENCY SOLAR CELL DEVELOPMENT AND
EVALUATION
L W. Slifer 301-982-4841
The objective is the development of high efficiency solar
cells into production line item, and the evaluation of production
line cells for space flight use. The approach is to It) evaluate
pilot line samples of high efficiency cells, 121 transfer technology
to production line. (3) evaluate production progress samples, (4)
flight qualify production cells, 15) develop large area production
cells, 16) develop thin production cells. (7) perform yield and
cost analysis, (8) develop detailed production procedures, 19)
develop quality assurance requirements, and 110) develop high
efficiency solar cell specification.
W76.70354 S06~23.17
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY
0. T. Bernatowicz 216-433.4000
The objective of this RTOP is to develop the technology for
low-cost solar cells and arrays with high end'of-tife efficiency.
Research and technxlogy prxgnams will becxntixue d in the
following areas: It) research into the basic loss mechanisms in
photovoltaic devices: 121 development xf cells with improved
end-of-life efhciency, including epijunction cells, back surface held
cells, heavily doped cells, and cells with wraparound contacts;
131 investigation of processes for fabricating low cost cells,
including continuous growth of web-dendrite ribbon. automation
of wafer cell fabrication, thick hIm processes for contacts and
interconnects, and low cost reduction and purification of silicon:
141 development of PEP-covered solar cell modules, and (5) flight
euperiments to evaluate improved solar cells and modules.
W76-70355 506.23.22
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
BATTERY QUALITY CONTROL AND TESTS
T. J. Hennigan 301-982-5547
The objectives are to: (1) advance battery material develop-
ment, 121 investigate areas that will lead to an increase in the
usable energy density of nickel cadmium cells, (31 improve cell
and cell component characterization methods for application to
fabrication process control. (4) develop analytical methods for
cell component analysis, and 151 maintain a NASA Test Facility
to perform battery life tests and investigate methods of accelerated
cell/buttery testing.
W76-70356 506-23.23
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech., Pasadena
ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND STOR-
AGE
A. Briglio. Jr. 2t3-354-6t37
1506-23-33)
This RTOP is directed toward providing the battery technology
to support future planetary missions and terrestrial applications
The objectives. ix accord with the NASA Program Objectives.
are to attain long-life ltO-year(. high-energy-density, and highly
reliable and low-cost electrochemical energy storage devices by
advancing the technology of its components, operating and
storage techniques, and test and evaluation procedures. Specific
targets are 111 to advance the state-of-art of the nickel-cadmium
technology by developing a cell capable of a tO-year life and
anene rgy density of 25 Wh/lb.. and by establishing a nickel-
cadmium predictive model based on all available empirical data.
and by red ucing costs through innovative designs and operational
techniques such us with nun-gassing cells; (2) to develop primary
batteries for planetary probe missions that can deliver high power
outputs Ii 5C1 after prolonged 17-tO yearsl storage; 131 to develop
advanced battery electronics including modular sequential charging
and pulse charging thereby improving reliability and extending
the lives of cells and batteries; and 14) to determine the effects
of a zero-gravity environment on high power outputs of
nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc and nickel-hydrogen batteries through
the use of test veh:cles such as the Astrobee Sounding Rocket
and the shuttle
54
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
W76-70357 506-23-24
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES
Harvey J. Schwartz 216.433.4000
The object of this program is to attain long.life. high energy
densities and high reliability for electrochemical energy storage
devices. In order to meet this objective, work will be performed
to develop silver-zinc batteries with 4-5 times the energy density
of nickel-cadmium batteries for 5 years life in synchronous orbit
and planetary applications by FY 1978. A longer lived (10 year(
higher energy silver-hydrogen synchronous orbit battery will be
developed by FY 1979. A high energy sodium-sulfur cell using
a glass fiber electrolyte will be demonstrated by FY 1978. Solid
electrolytes suitable for operation in alkali metal batteries of the
100-150 WH/lb class will be identified by FY 1976. Testing of
a prototype cell for a 20 lb/KW. 10,000 hour life H2-02 fuel
cell system will be completed by FY 1977.
W76-70358 506-23-30
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
ADVANCED LOW COST POWER PROCESSING AND
DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
P. A. Thollot 216-433-4000
1506-23-311
The objectives of this program are to advance the stateof-the-
art and establish the technology required to improve aerospace
power processing and distribution systems. Terrestrial applications
will also be considered in the establishment of this technology.
Addressed are, improvements in electrical circuit performance,
and the general optimization of power processing and distribution
systems including development of advanced circuit techniques
and the utilization of integral solar array power regulation and
conditioning. In addition to general technology, this program has.
as an objective, directed technology for specific applications.
Included in this category are, Ill power processing concepts
with efficiencies in eocess of 90% and power densities with a
target value of 2.5 kg/kW for ion thrusters and other high voltage
loads, and (21 modular power conditioning techniques leading
to low cost, reusable space applications and shuttle requirements.
Also included in this program is an effort directed tvward
developing engineering tunIs, using modeling and analysis
techniques, which will enable designers to rapidly and accurately
assess total system interaction and trade-off effects. e.g. weight
vs. efficiency, cost vs. efficiency, etc Contract and in-house studies
will be implemented to perform analytical and eoperimental
investigations and hardware fabrication as required to establish
the technology of new circuits and power pravessin g and
distribution systems.
W76-70359 506-23-31
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
HIGH PERFORMANCE POWER ELECTRONICS COMPO-
NENTS
P. A. Thollot 216-433-4000
(506-23- 301
The objectives of this program are to advance the state-of-the-
art and establish the technology required to improve electronic
power components and subsystems and to investigate interactions
between the electrical systems and the environment of spacecraft.
This includes the development of improved electronic power
components as required for use in low weight. high efhciency
power processors and distribution systems It also includes the
effects of photoconductivity in space type electrical insulating
materials at high voltages. Contract and in-house studies.
experimental investigations, and hardware fabrication will be
performed as required.
W76-70360 506-23.32
Goddard Space Plight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
POWER PROCESSING FOR EARTH ORBITAL SPACE
SCIENCE AND APPLICATION SATELLITES
Edward R Pasciutti 301-982-4885
This RTOP defines a program in power electronics utilizing
university and industry personnel and facilities GSFC personnel
involvement is limited to the extent of initiation, guidance, and
evaluation plus, as warranted, a necessary amount of eoplvra-
tory investigation, or advanced in-house design and development.
The RTOP objectives are: to expand the power electronics
technology base, to lower cost by both reducing development
time and the achievement of commonality of designs. to use
new components, circuits, and increased frequency bandwidths
to reduce size and weight. to improve high voltage, circuit reliability
through research of circuits, components, materials, potting and
assembly techniques.
W76-70361 506-23-33
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
LONG-LIFE. HIGH-PERFORMANCE POWER PROCESSING
FOR PLANETARY APPLICATIONS
A Briglix. Jr. 213-354-6137
1506-23-231
The objective of this RTOP is to develvp and demonstrate
advanced power processing and distribution and related system
configuration and integration technology to meet the requirements
of future planetary spacecraft. These requirements, as identified
in NASA's Objectives Oocumentation. include longer life, higher
performance. higher reliability and lighter weight than is achieved
with existing technology. The intent of this work is to develop
designs that nut only can meet the technical requirements but
which can also be built and incorporated into the spacecraft
power system for minimum cost. In developing the necessary
capability, techniques and hardware it is required that the
specialized requirements of both solar and sun.independent pnwer
sources be accommodated. The basic approach being taken is
to develop modular designs for the major power processing
elements within the spacecraft power system These designs
are standardized to the maximum extent pussible and feature
active rather than standby redundancy. This minimizes the total
number of separate modules required in the system and, hence.
the cost to build and test it. High-performance circuits are used
throughout, and the basic approach affers a large degree of
flexibility for scaling the system to different input voltages and
power levels, thus providing capability for multiple applicatiuns.
Additionally, standardized design and analysis methods are being
developed and applied for all power processing circuits used in
planetary spacecraft power systems, and test methodology and
equipment for multi-redundant power systems are being
developed.
W76-70362 506-23-34
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
MULTI-KW DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
J. L Fetch 205-453-4634
As part of the NASA space vehicle technology development
pregram. the Marshall Space Flight Center conducted a compre
hensive Space Vehicle Electrical Power Processing. Oistribution
and Control study. This study, which was completed in late
1972. disclosed that significant reductions in weight. greater
design flexibility, reliability, and lower cost can be realized for
large future aerospace vehicles through use of higher dc
distribution and transmission voltage (above 100 Vdcl when
compared to conventional 28 Vdc or 115 Vac systems. It also
showed that maximum benefit can be obtained when high voltage
dc distribution is coupled with use of remotely controlled solid
state switchgear and multiplexed computer controlled supervisivn
and checkout of the electrical system. The approach which has
been selected for providing technotogy-readin ess consists xl test
and demonstration xl complete multi-kw power distribution
systems using voltages up to 300 Vdc The following task will
be performed design, fabrication and operation of a flexible
technology breadboard test facility to be installed at MSFC
W76-70363 506-23-35
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst xl Tech. Pasadena
AUTOMATED POWER SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
A Briglio. Jr. 213-354-6137
Future planetary spacecraft will have to perform for greater
perivds xl time, more remotely from ground control, in more
hostile environments than their predecessors Furtherwnre.
missions will become more cnmpleo involving orbit changing
and real time adaptive sequence changes fur planetary urbiters
and myers It is the more demanding aspects of future missions
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284
which establish unique requirements upon power system
capability, reliability, and operation System capability will be
pressed by the wide variations in posser system parameters which
are dependent upon distance and mission duration. Reliability
requirements will be determined by the need to perform for up
to 10 years Operations will be significantly impacted by the
increased action/reaction cycle time lop to 8 hoursl. Perhaps
the most stringent demands will be for the power system to
accommodate real time changes in mission enecutiun and to
provide fault correction capability autonomously, because
intervention from ground stations cannot occur in real time The
work described in this RTOP will develop the technology required
to achieve autonomous capability in planetary spacecraft power
systems. Referred to as APSM. Automated Power Systems
Management is the capability of a spacecraft passer system to
automatically perform monitoring, computational, command, and
control functions srvithoat the need for ground intervention. The
effort will include analysis, design, development, and evaluation
of hardware and softsvare necessary to demonstrate the readiness
of APSM technology in FY80. APSM technology will be
developed for Mariner class solar array avd RTG poavered systems.
and battery possered lentry probel systems. Major technical
emphasis will be svith respect to defining the appropriate
functions to be managed. sensor development, interface definition.
software algorithms, and breadboard demonstrations using
off-the-shelf computer hardware.
W76-70364 506.23.40
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
THERMO-MECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION
R. P. Migra 216-433-4000
The objective of this RTOP is to provide a technology base
for high-efficiency. long-life, low-cost, thermo-mechanical space
power conversion systems applicable to near-term NASA missions.
(early 8O'sl. This program will include a demonstration of the
Brayton posser conversion process in the fractional-to-2 kilowatt
power level NASA missions in the early 80's appear to require
power levels in the veighborhood of 1 kilowatt Several of these
missions, especially deep space probes, cannot use solar arrays.
In addition, certain DOD missions in this time period require
compact power systems with long life and in the range of
1 kilowatt power output. To fulfill these needs and especially to
provide confidence fvr mission selection, a proof-of-concept
Brayton demonstration system ssill be designed, built, and run
to demonstrate failure-free and unattended operation for a
continuous period of at least two years. The tO KW sub
engine under endurance testing at LeRC will receive a total
teardown and inspection at 20.000 hours and be reassembled
for continued endurance testing to 50.000 hours if warranted
by inspection
W76-70365 506-24-11
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
PLASMA COHE REACTOR RESEARCH
K Thom 202-755-3066
1506-25-311
The objective is to establish the scivvtific understanding of
gaseous 235 UF6 nuclear reactors and plasma core nuclear
reactors fur the future development of such energy sources for
major advances in space propulsion and in the generation and
conversion of nuclear energy in space and on earth. Specifically.
to elaborate the physics of cavity reactors that are fueled with
a gaseous fissioning medium at stationary conditions and under
condition at which the fuel is flossing through the reactor and
is confined by a wall jet inflow of buffer gas In addition, to
investigate the non-equilibrium distribution of ionized and eocited
states in the tissioning gas and possibility of nonequilibrium e m.
radiation The HO funded research at the Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory (LASLI includes 11) nuclear pumped laser research
for dir ect conversion of fission fragment energy into coherent
m. radiation. using the LASL 000IVA fast burst reactor. 121
gaseous fueled cavity reactor theory and experiments to establish
the reactor physics of such systems, to prove their safety and
control. and to probe their usefulness iv respect to goals, employing
a beryllicm moderator-reflector, a control system, and a pressure
vessel salvaged from the previous NASA Nuclear Rocket Program,
and (31 LASL osill subcontract United Aircraft Research Laboratory
for UF6 handling research and to design and fabricate UF6
canisters and flow systems components for insertion into the
reactor cavity.
W76-70366 506.24.11
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
PLASMA CORE REACTOR RESEARCH
S. Love 804-827-2883
1506-25-311
The objective is to establish the scientific understanding of
235UF6 and 235U plasma-core nuclear reactors avd to study
their technological usefulness. Emphasis in this basic research is
on the physics of fission fragments - gas interactions to understand
the mechanisms of nuclear-induced electromagnetic radiation, the
transport of this radiation and its conversion to useful forms of
energy. In addition, a major effort of research is directed toward
fluid mechanical confinement of fissioning gaseous nuclear fuel
and for floss and materials studies of UF6 and uranium vapor
handling systems. The fluid mechanics. UF6 handling and part
of the optical radiation research ssill be conducted under contract
under LaRC direution. Other supplementary radiation research is
conducted under the LaRC 506-25-31 RTOP. Nuclear reactor
eoperim ents us ill be conducted under a separate NASA Head-
quarters RTOP.
W76-70367 506-24-13
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
NUCLEAR PUMPED LASERS
T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530
The primary objective of this work is to develop high pressure.
visible and vacuum ultraviolet lasers where the laser pumping is
provided by a pulsed nuclear reactor. A secondary objective is
to conduct supporting theoretical and experimental research which
ssill lead to an understanding of the kinetic processes responsible
fur lasing in high pressure plasmas produced by the products of
W76.70368 506-24-16
Lessis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio.
BASIC STUDIES IN HEAT TRANSFER AND FLUID
MECHANICS
Lester 0. Nichols 216-433-6203
The objective is to provide basic knossledge required to predict
and control processes involving hot gases, reacting eonstituents,
coolants, and radianu heat fluxes as they occur in energy-transfer
systems. The work iveolves efforts in the research areas of heat
transfer and fluid mechanics The approach is to study basic
behavior and processes applicable to whole classes of energy-
transfer systems. Theoretical models of processes are developed
and are tested by comparison with experiment. These euperiments
are generally small scale, and are devised to produce general
inform ation needed for predicting performance of full-scale
systems The ideal performance of an energy-trarsfer system is
an essential benchmark in assessing the performance of such a
system. It is often the rationale fur assigning an efhciency or
coefficient of performance.
W76-70369 506-24-21
Leuvis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
HIGH-EFFICIENCY THERMIONIC CONVERSION
James F. Morris 216-433-4000
The objective is to acquire the technology required for
high-efficiency thermionic cuneersiun xf heat from various energy
sources for use iv a wide range xf puwer-generariun applications.
Coordinated cvvtract. grant, and in-house theoretic and experimen-
tal studies will yield better emitters, collectors, and ion generators.
The resulting reduced electrode wurk functions and interelectrode
losses will produce more efficient thermiunic converters, which
will in turn lead to mure effective space power systems.
Justification xl this thermiunic-cuveersion usork appears on page
12-2.1 in the PASO document and in the following paragraph
To meet all eventual NASA needs, thermionic R&T must pruvide
fur low to near-megawatt pouser levels, and high space power
reqvires high ssaste-heat-rejection temperatares to xbtain
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
acceptable radiator weights. So the NASA program must cover
the full range of thermionic-conversion lemperatures.
W76-70370 506-24-22
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMIONIC CONVERTER
T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530
(506-24-311
The long range objective is to develop a low-temperature
converter having a conversion efficiency which is more than
twice that of high-temperature converters. In the high-
temperature converters. reradiation heat losses from the
high-temperature emitter are a significant part of the total input
energy required to operate the converter. This reradiation loss
can be drastically reduced by lowering the emitter temperature
Resulting reduction of thermionic emission current can be readily
compensated by a reduction of emitter work functions (from
3.0 eV to 2.0 eV(. However, the smaller emitter work function
creates a need for a collector work function as low as 1.0 eV
so as not to lose the output voltage. Thus a development of a
low work function collector, which operates at a temperature as
high as 800 K. becomes necessary. The immediate objective is
to fabricate and test a low temperature converter having an
appropriate emitter such as a barium oxide cathode and a low
work function collector. The first collector tested will be a negative
electron affinity (NEAl type electrode and the second choice
will be a metal-oxygen-cesium electrode system. For reducing
the plasma losses, effects of molecular nitrogen on the converter
output voltages, and a discrete ion source approach will also be
investigated.
W76-70371 506-24.23
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
THERMIONIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530
(506-24-221
The long-term objective of this technology effort is to achieve
high efficiency nuclear thermionic power subsystem technology
readiness for application to space power. The intermediate
objective is to establish the feasibility of key technology items.
and evaluate the capability for low-cost production of thermixxic
systems. These objectives are accomplished through system design
studies and a well-defined directed technology effort at the
component and subsystem levels Work is to be coordinated
with applicable technology efforts from other programs. A typical
thermionic power subsystem consists of a heat source, therwionic
converters, heat exchanger, heat rejection radiator, pum ps.
controls, structure, nuclear shielding, power processing, and
distribution. The power subsystem is expected to be integrated
with electric propulsion in a nuclear electric propulsion (NEP(
stage far exploration of the outer planets in the 1990's. Other
applications, both for space power and terrestrial power. will be
studied as appropriate. In particular, low-cost solar concentrators
with low-cost, high'efficiency thermioxic converter technology
are to be evaluated in the FY 75-76 program.
W76-70372 506-25-11
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
PLASMA DYNAMIC ENERGY SYSTEMS
George R Seikel 216-433-4000
The objective is to establish the knowledge required to
produce. confine, and utilize plasmas for advanced power and
propulsion systems xf potential importance to NASA, and to
understand the fundamental physical processes involved in
plasmadynamic energy systems. Analytical and experimental
studies which include extensive diagnostics will be made. Topics
to be investigated include: MHO generators for both open and
closed cycle electric power systems, and high-temperature (fasion(
plasma heating and containment in open and closed magnntic
geometries. Investigations will include studies to define poten-
tial system performance, critical techna(xgy needs, system
concepts leading to new NASA capabilities and missions, and
alternative applications of technology develxped. Justification An
improved understanding of the physics and of the dynamics of
plasma is needed to acquire the ability to generate and manipulate
plasmas ix ways serving specific objectives related to NASA
programs. Amang such potential applications of objectives are
space propulsion and power generation (embracing not only MHD
generators, but also controlled thermonuclear reactxrs(. The
obtective. targets, need, and relevancy of this research are
described on pages 13.1.0 to 1.1 of the PASO dxcument.
W76-7O373 506-25-21
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio
MAGNETICS AND CRYOPHYSICS
Gerald V. Brown 216-433-4000
The objective is to achieve intense magnetic fields iv large
volume with minimum mass and power requ;remnnt; to conduct
research on superconducting materials to improve stability, current
density. operating temperature. and strength; and to study the
low temperature and/or intense field characteristics xf materials
and devices of significance to refrigeration, power, and propulsion
applications. Basic and applied research in magnetic cxxling and
solid state physics are included. A new mechanical design and
forced-convection LNe heat transfer will be applied in a cryogenic
magnet to produce a 30 T steady-state magnetic field. (Present
record steady field is 22.6 TI. High-field supercxnductors (e.g
Nb2Sn( will be produced in a substantially improved composite
farm to give magnetically stable, high current density magnet
windings. The pxtextial high efficiency of magnetic heat pumps
and refrigerators will be evaluated by building and testing devices
in the entire range from 4 K to room temperature.
W76-70374 506-25-31
Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena
FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS
T. Vrebalxvich 213-354-4238
The objective of the laser kinetics task is to conduct the
research required to dnvelxp various types of high pxwer. efficient.
shxrt wavelength lasers. Emphasis is placed on understanding
the basic physical phenomena that determine the efficiency,
wavelength, size, and power output of laser devices. The principal
objective of the electron impact spectrxscxpy task is the generation
xf reliable cross sections for electron-molecule (atom( interactions
Particular emphasis is placed on obtaining cross sections for
use in the understanding xf the behavior of high energy lasers,
plasma devices, and the energy degradation of high energy
electrons. The objectives at the nuclear Zeeman maser task are:
(11 to study the feasibility of constructing a nuclear Zenman
maser. (21 tx investigate the characteristics xf sach a maser as
an oscillator and as a low temperature rf amplifier, and (31 ta
develop and apply the NMR line narrowing technique to Mxssbauer
systoms in nrdnr to enchance the resonant emission or absxrptixn
cross section of gamma rays, which might eventually lead to
the gamma ray laser system. Theoretical and experim ental
development of distributed feedback (DFB( as a laser optical
system will be applied to various lasers that currently exhibit
external mirror prablems. A theory far self-sustained DFB will
be developed. An attempt ta induce laser action ix He 2 (800 A(
will be made. In the physics of molecular interaction pragram,
basic research xx the chemical and physical interactions xl ions.
electrons, metastables, and molecules is conducted, with particular
emphasis on processes involving the production of excited states.
A related applied research study is underway to develop a new
class of charge transfer ian lasers.
W76-70375 506-25-31
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio
FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS
W. Blue 216-433-4000
The LeRC cyclotron accelerates all the isxtxpes of hydrogen
and helium to energies as high as 75 MeV. These high energy
particles are used to excite atoms and/ar nuclei far the following
purpxses: lx cause (11 nuclear excitations for possible use ix a
gamma ray laser (graser(, (21 radiatian effects on optical windows
used to view the plasma in fusion and fission devices, and (3)
atomic excitation of inner electran shells created far trace emelent
analysis of environmental samples The approach is lI to study
photonic recoilless emission from nuclei and thereby to determine
the energy. level width and lifetime xf nuclear states. (21 high
energy protons are used to simulate fast neutrons and gamma
radiation and the optical opacity determined as a function of
57
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PAGENO="0290"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
286
temperature and dose rate, and (31 opacity measurements of
glass microspheres containing H2. D2 and He3 at too atm.
made during and after proton bombardment.
W76.70376 506.25-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS
E. S Love 804-827-2893
The fundamenta( characteristics of a fissioning uranium p(asma
wit) be investigated to determine the feasibi(ity of direct conversion
of nuclear energy into electromagnetic radiation. (user power or
work. The thermodynamic properties of uranium heoafluoride wit)
be investigated and the interaction of fission fragments with
uranium heoufluoride and other gases will be determined. Radiation
induced p(asmas will be studied to determine possible popu(ation
inversion. nonequilibrium emission, and ionization and eocitation
cross sections. A new hypocycloida( plasma focus wit) be
constructed with great(y increased plasma confinement time. The
increased neutron production expected from this device should
improve the production of fissioning uranium plasmas by increasing
fission yie(d. The interaction of intense C02 (aser radiation with
the dense plasma focus wilt be investigated, specifically the
efficient conversion of (user radiation to X-rays. Photo catalysts
wi(l be investigated with the aim of providing direct photo-
dissociation of water by sunlight. A new hypocycloida( plasma
focus wit) be constructed and tested for possible use in the
production of a fissioning uranium plasma. Studies on the
properties of fissioning uranium plasma produced in the LRC
p(asma focus device will continue Research on fission-fragment
induced plasmas, on characteristics of the radiation emitted from
fissioning plasmas, and on photo-electrochem ica) production
hydrogen will be performed under grants to various universities.
W76-70377 506.25.31
Nationa) Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
D.C.
FUNDAMENTAL PHOTONICS
K. Thom 202-755-3066
The objectives are to do fundamenta( physics research on
e.m. radiation-matter interactions, to eoplore the principles of
the generation, conversion, and utilization of power at energy
(evels much higher than used in conventional thermodynamic
systems, for great(y improved capabilities in space propulsion
and the usage of energy in space and on Earth (n particular.
the objective is to explore means of power generation from
fission fragment-gas interactions in form of em. radiation in the
visible to ultraviolet spectrum, to generate (user power direct(y
in this spectra( range. and to investigate basic principles of the
direct conversion of (user power into electricity, or mechanical
work without going through phases of thermalization of energy.
The approach is through the following grants: University of Florida
research on nuc(ear pumped (users and fissioning plasma radiation.
University of Washington for research on direct (user purser
conversion, and (user plasma heating. Stanford University for
research on (user-electron beam interactions
W76-70378 506-25-32
Ames Research Center, Mof(ett Field. Calif.
QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
0. R. Chapman 415.g65-SO65
(506-25-61)
The objectives are to conduct enperiments and analysis of
topics in the physics of quantum electronics that provide basic
data on. and understanding of. the interaction of (aver radiation
with matter in support of a broad range of NASA applications
in propu(sion. power transmission, lasers and space, and
atmospheric physics. The specific approach will inc(ude an
investigation of the following areas: the interaction of high intensity
radiation with solids. (iquids, gases. and plasmas leading to
oon(inear and nave) effects Experiments mill be performed to
obtain inversion on ultraviolet, soft X-ray, and even X.ray
transitions. Using tunable sounces. investigations of excited state
quenching, transfer, and chemical rate depend ence vs ill be
examined. Similarly, tunable (asers will aid iv investigations of
isotope and isomer separation as well as (aser-induced chemistry.
A theoretica( investigation of vibrational energy transfer in laser
gases will be conc(uded. us will the eoperimenta( investigation
of the ion-electron recombination (user. Finally, a study wil) be
continued to determine work functions, therma( stability and
atomic structure of electropositive (ayers co-adsorbed with oxygen
on single crystal surfaces.
W76-70379 506-25.41
Natixna( Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
D.C.
HIGH POWER LASER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
J. G. Lundholm 202-755-2488
The objective of this program is to evaluate the potential of
high power (users systems for NASA applications. The program
will define and evaluate both space and ground-based systems
for potentit( NASA. cummercia). and/or military applications. A
broad technology base is involved and must be considered for a
rea(istic appraisal of systems and applications and for future
design, development, and use of such systems. An in-depth
investigation by an appropriate organization to assist NASA ix
defining program guidelines for the next 3 to 5 year period is
contemp(ated.
W76-70380 506-26-41
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
HIGH-POWER LASER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
0. L Noted 216-433-4000
The objective of this program is to evaluate by 1980 the
potential of high-power (users for NASA applications. This program
wilt define and investigate high-power (aser systems and their
potential use. Both space and ground-based systems for potentia)
NASA, commercial, and/or military applications wil) be inc(uded.
A broad technology base will be provided, as necessary, for
realistic uppraisa) of systems and applications, and for future
design. development, and use of such systems. Efforts will
concentrate on evaluation and technology investigation of flowing
gas (user devices suitable for future high-power (aser transmitter
systems, efficient passer generation systems for such devices,
conversion systems for high-power (user energy receivers, optical
components unique to (arge high-passer (users, and on screening
and definition of applications. The program approach includes:
11) identification of potential applications. and in-depth evaluation
of their requirements (a continuing effort); (2) component
performance and system studies; 131 experimental investigation
of component and subsystem technology within critical areas;
14) design and operation of high-power lasers to assist in the
component technology investigation program; 151 design.
fabrication and testing of high-power (user transmitter systems
for evaluation of system-type problems; and (61 design, fabrication.
and operation of systems and eoperimevts applicable to potential
applications, including laser propulsion
W76.70381 506-25.41
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
HIGH-POWER LASERS
O R. Chapman 415-965-5065
1506-25-321
The objectives are to conduct experiments and analysis of
topics in the physics of quantum electronics that relate to the
development of (users and ancillary devices suitable for NASA
missions and applications solar physics, space physics, atmos-
pheric physics. and space flight technology. This work should
provide the necessary research and technology base needed to
evaluate the potential of the (user for these needs. The specific
approach will include an investigation of the following areas.
Firstly. the development of an efficient, supersonically cooled.
electric discharge carbon monoxide ICOEDSI (user will be pursued.
Secondly, an arc-heated CDL facility will serve as a versatile
test bed to examine CW (using at higher pressures and
temperatures than previously attainable by others Various lasant
mixtures, the effect of contaminants, and supersonic injection of
the (avant will also be examined. Thirdly, the study and assessment
of potential (user energy converters will be pursued. After detailed
eoamination of the pertinent physics and engineering of such
candidate devices, such as metal-barrier-metal optical diodes.
(user heated thermionic converters. (aser engines, and (aser
assisted dissociators. specific dnvices wil( be experim enta(ly
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
examined for conversion efficiency and suitability for space usage.
Finally, the theoretical analysis and development .of computer
codes suitable for optimization of existing, and development of
new, laser systems will be pursued Typical of such efforts are
the computer code for predicting the output power of a C02
gasdynamic laser, and a comprehensive theory of vibrational
energy transfer in anharmonic diatomic gases
W76-70382 506-25.41
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst. of Tech . Pasadena
HIGH ENERGY LASER TECHNOLOGY
T. Vrebalovich 213-354-4530
(506-21-62)
The objective is to develop the necessary technology required
to construct various types of high power, efficient, short
wavelength lasers. Emphasis is placed on the development of
scaling laws that govern the efficiency, size, and power output
of specific laser devices
W76-70383 506.25.42
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadena
LASER ENERGY CONVERSION RESEARCH
T Vrebalovich 213-3544530
The objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of efficiently
converting laser energy to electrical energy and to advance our
understanding of physics involved in the conversion process.
Investigations will be made with. (1) Schottky barrier (SB)
photovoltaic converter, (2) SB laser rectifier, and (3) a plasma
device such as a laser phasmadynamic (LPD) converters (1)
Laser Photovaltaic (LPV) Converter: The materials to be used
will be gallium arsenide and ternary Ill.V compounds for the
visible range, and gallium phasphide. zinc selenide. and zinc oxide
for the ultraviclet range. The barrier fabrication will be the Schottky
barrier technique. (thin metal film-semiconductor). Emphasis will
also be placed on control of the interfacial layers on the
semiconductor These layers can significantly increase voltage
outputs, and hence, conversion efficiency. Multilayer barrier
devices will also be tested (2) Laser Rectifier. The feasibility of
rectifying the laser light wave to obtain electric current will be
investigated with a SB diode having a light wave guide built
into its barrier region This type rectifier has an advantage of
being able to handle a larger power than a point contact rectifier.
(31 LPD Converter This effort will be continued at a reduced
level to fully understand the findings that have been obtained
through FY75. Minimal amount of experimental work will also
be continued to supplement the analysis. A documentation of
the LPD converter research will be completed
W76-70384 506-25-43
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
HIGH RESOLUTION LASER ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMIS-
SION RESEARCH (HIGH POWER LASER SYSTEMS
TECH NOLOGY)
S. Love 604.627.2893
(506-21-42; 506-18-12)
The objective is to perform in-house high resoluti xv spectros~
copy of atmospheric transmission windows with tunable lasers.
High power gas lasers using C02., CO.. OF-. and HP will be
operated at high pressures Igreater than 1 atm) for tuning off
atmospheric absorption lines. Low power tunable diode lasers
will be operated in two modes: (1) laser as source for long
path transmission, (2) laser as local oscillator of heterodyne
spectrometer with sun as light source. Under a university grant
laying at visible wavelengths will be studied with novel chemical
laser constructed in FY75. The influence of high pressure
operation of chemical )HF.DF) lasers on cascading between
vibrational levels and resulting multiline output, harmful to
atmospheric transmission, will be studied Also some effects of
high intensity laser radiation on transmission and photochemistry.
through excitation of higher vibrational levels, will be evaluated
The results will be coordinated with studies at DOD and ERDA
W76-70385 506-26-10
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va
ADVANCED EARTH-ORBITAL TRANSPORTATION AERO-
THERMODYNAMICS
S Love 804-827-2893
The oblective of this study is to develop the aerothermody-
namic technology required for the design and operation of ad-
vanced vehicle systems suitable for space or global transportation
in the 1990's and beyond. The intent is to derive viable vehicle
configuration concepts utilizing technologies advanced beyond
the base being established by the space shuttle program. Programs
designed to provide solutions to key technology issues will be
designed and implemented using both ground based facilities
and flight experiments (as may be accomplished through the
capabilities offered by the space shuttle) as required. Candidate
concepts will be evaluated through a series of analytical and
experimental investigations which will include the impact of
environmental constraints such as sunic boom and the effects
of variations iv the atmosphere Analytical efforts will include
the development of methuds far vehicle characteristics definition
Computational flow field methods will be developed with particular
emphasis on realistic configurations; verification will be throught
specifically designed experimental investigations. Langley facilities
such as the 6-Inch Expansion Tube, the Hypersonic CF4 Tunnel.
Continuous Plow Hypersonic Tunnel, the 22-Ivch Helium Tunnel.
and others will be used to perform parametric studies of real-gas
effects, viscous interactions, vortex interactions, and convective
heat transfer of a broad range of vehicle configurations and
components over a broad range of flight conditions.
W76-70386 506-26-20
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va
PLANETARY ENTRY AEROTHERMAL R&T
6. 5. Love 804-827-2893
The objective is to establish the technology base necessary
to assure survival and reliable performance of scientific probes
during entry into the atmospheres of Mars, Venus. the outer
planets, and certain natural satellites such as Titan. The technology
readiness target schedule, which assumes a cutoff in technolagy
development 3 years prior to launch, is mid 1975 for Venus
(Pioneer Venus), late 1977 for Jupiter (Pioneer Jupiter
Orbiter/Probe) and late 1978 for Saturn and Uranus. This target
schedule is the key for the specific task milestones. The objective
will be pursued using analytical and experimental methods and
will be conducted primarily in-house with contract support as
justified. This work will encompass the following topics: (1) studies
to define hypemelecity entry vehicle heating and aerodyvamic
environments, and minimize radiative and canvective heating
and/or heat loads and optimize aerodynamic performance by
choice of tralectory. nehivle, shape. ero. (2) dnvelupm ent of
aerothermal technology required for upgrading of existing
facilities or design of new facilities considered appropriate to
development of planetary entry aerothermal technology.
W76-70387 506-26-21
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
GAS DYNAMICS RESEARCH
0. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
The objective is to add to the understanding of high-energy
fluid flaw processes and the relations between such flow processes
and the basic thermodynamic avd transport properties of matter,
including kinetic rate processes and radiative transfer in gases
Classical, semiclassical, and quantum theories will be explored
to find the most efficient models for these properties in terms
of the aerodyvamic problems of present and potential
long-lead-time NASA mission requirements, particularly in the
area of processes induced in the earth's upper atmosphere by
high altitude hypersonic aircraft and space shuttle type vehicles,
and also in the area of problems experienced by entry probes
ivtx the planetary atmospheres, such as those which effect thermal
protection and communication. These models will be tested. where
possible, with experimental results. Numerical solutions using
Monte Carlo statistical modeling of fluid flow will be developed
which utilize the large size, speed, and parallel processing features
of modern computers to calculate transport properties of gases
and other flow properties. Such solutions will be used to determine
the domain of validity of numerical flow field calculations based
on the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid flow, and also for
determining transpurt properties (viscosity, thermal conductivity.
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288
and diffusivityl of reactive gases more accurately than has been
possible with previous lineariaed methods
W76-70388 506-26-22
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL AEROTHER-
MODYNAMICS
Dean R Chapman 415-965-5065
1505-06-t2; 505-06-131
The objective is to develop the aerothermodynamic technology
required to define the flow field around entry vehicles Emphaso
is on the developmevt of turbulence models from numerical and
physical eoperiments These models will be used in computer
codes that numerically simulate the floss fields. Numerical and
analytical studies will be performed to develop new turbulence
models appropriate for high-speed flight and incorporate these
models in advanced computer codes Eoperimeets at hypersonic
speed specifically designed to verify these turbulence models
and computer codes are to be performed. Additional enperiments
will be performed, as required, to define the aerothermodynamic
environment for particular classes of entry probes such as the
effect of moderate to massive ablation rates on transition to
turbulent flow on blunt entry probe shapes. The first verification
experiment will be that of an axisymmetric shock-wave-eopansion
interaction with a hypersonic turbulent boundary layer. The
computer code planned is the complete solution of the Navier-
Stokes equations including various models for the turbulent
transport terms. Additional experiments will be performed as
needed to verify new development in turbulence modeling and
computer codes.
W76-70389 506-26-23
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
PLANETARY PROBE DESIGN/OUTER PLANETS
R. R. McDonald 213-354-6186
This plan forms a part of the Planetary Probe Design Specific
Objective of the Entry Technology Program. The assigned objective
of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to determine the dynamic behavior
of outer planet atmospheric gases and atmospheric entry probe
response in very high speed entry includes five tasks: Ill radiative
gasdynamics, 121 boundary layer and base flow, (31 systematic
performance study, 141 entry dynamics, and (51 facilities
development. Since the outer planets have atmospheres consisting
mainly of hydrogen and helium, most of the work performed is
applicable to entry into Uranus. Saturn. Jupiter and Neptune
although the speeds of entry differ. In trying to reduce the
uncertainties in predicting radiative and convective heat transfer.
an approach incorporating a solid theoretical foundation combined
with advanced state-of-the-art experimental techniques yields
the most rapid progress. Measurements of shock heated gas
radiative emission and convective heat transfer are used to validate
analytical and numerical models which are in turn used to compute
and predict the floss-field and II ones en perienced by a proposed
planetary atmospheric entry probe. Aerodynamic stability of entry
probe models is to be based on various free-flight tests which
provide the coefficients necessary to predict entry probe motion
in a 6-deg of freedom computer program.
W76-70391 506-26-31
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
SPACE SHUTTLE: CONFIGURATIONS AND AEROTHER-
MODYNAMIC5
Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065
The objective is to evaluate the aerodynamic performance,
stability and control and heating, of the space shuttle orbiter
and launch configuration and ferry configuration to pinpoint and
find the solution to aerothermodynamic problems of these vehicles
in support of shuttle vehicle development by JSC and its
contractors Models resulting from contractor and in-house studies
salt be tested in subsonic, transonic. supersonic, and hypersonic
facilities of the Ames Research Center The wind-tunnel data
will be used by NASA and shuttle contractors to evaluate the
space shuttle and ferry configurations characteristics. Numerical
methods and computer programs will be developed for calculating
the three-dimensional chemical-nxnequitibrium inviscid and
viscous real gas windward floss around space shuttle orbiter
configurations at angle of attack Codes svill be written for parallel
and serial computers and parametric studies of shuttle entry
flow fields us ill be performed on llliac 4 when it becomes
operational. Sufficient experimental data will be obtained to verify
the correctness of the computer codes
W76-70392 506-91-10
Leuvis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
APPLICATIONS DATA SYSTEM SUPPORT
0. Mandel 216-433-4000
The objective is to operate an Aerospace Safety Data Bank
to collect, analyze, evaluate, retrieve and disseminate safety-related
technical information available to all elements of NASA. its
contractors and the technical com munity; to assure that
information on the latest state-of-the-art regarding safety is
available for use in planning, design, fabrication, testing and
operations of aerosp ace vehicles and systems and associated
ground facilities. ASRDI will use the resources and services of
the Lewis Computer Sewices Division for access to the data
bases. ASRDI sill, also, use the resources of the NASA Facility
to have its information files available for retrieval at remote
consoles at every NASA installation ASRDI will call on all
elements of NASA. its contractors, and other organizations to
provide basic, applied and operational data related to ground-based
and flight safety experience for the Aerospace Safety Data Bank.
Cooperative and eochange programs have been, and will continue
to be. established with similar information activities in government
and industry with the intent of utilizing existing compilations of
accurate data. Liaison is being established with these activities
to assure access to the information contained in these sources
as needed The information will be analyzed, verified, correlated
and qualihed as required This information will be made available
to all elements of NASA. its contractors, other governm ent
agencies and the technical community. Improved methods of
storing. searching. retrieving and disseminating information are
being developed and implemented
Space and Nuclear System Studies
W76-70390 506-26-30
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va W76-7039, 790-40-03
SPACE SHUTTLE DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
E. S Love 804-827-2893 TECHNOLOGY READINESS
This RTOP focuses Langley's expertise in configuration R. V. Powell 213-354-6586
aerothermodynamics and operational flight mechanics on those 1684-30-951
concerns having greatest impact on successful development of The objective of this RTOP is to assess the readiness of
the shuttle. The RTOP supports the Shuttle Program by 111 technology alternatives for specific candidate planetary missions
providing time in Langley ground-based facilities for direct and to recommend change strategies for promising new
OMSF/contractor requested support. (21 continuing independent technologies. The Mariner Jupiter Orbiter lMJOl mission will be
in-house shuttle technology and development studies. 131 addressed in the study snith particular use of the Mariner
responding to specifically requested task-study areas from the Jupiter Saturn 1977 (MJS( technologies and designs as the
Program Office at JSC. and 141 maintaining a strong basic technology base The proposed introduction of block change for
aerothermodynamic supporting technology program. In addition, the MJO mission will be considered throughout the study. The
Langley will perform independent evaluations and assessments approach cv ill be to develop descriptions of the technology
uf the configurations and operational modes and requirements alternatives which appear attractive for the MJO mission. based
a s necessary. This RTOP's program is coordinated with other on: proposals emanating from advanced technology areas xf
NASA centers and the Phase C/D contractor through appropriate subsystem development groups; and logical extensions of MJS
Program Office Engineering Coordination Panels at JSC technology as defined in technology descriptions evolving from
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
other studies. An anulysis of change introduction will be made
and appropriate recommendations derived. This task will make
use of the MJO mission study 1684-30-95-00-tO) supported by
NASA (SL) during FY-75.
W76-7O394 790-40-04
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech Pasadena
TECHNOLOGY ENABLEMENT ANALYSIS
R. V. Powell 2t3-354-6586
The objective of this STOP is to identify and assess the
enabling technical developments in the disciplines of environment
control and communications which would have the greatest
benefit/risk/cost potential for application to future NASA missions.
including a set of shuttle launched missions. The results of this
assessment will be presented as a recommendation for the
development of specific technologies supported by benefit/risk/
cost analyses Areas of communications and environment control
technology requiring further development to It) support currently
projected NASA missions of the 1980's and 1990's; 12) provide
greater mission capability; and 13) provide capability for missions
not feasible now, will be identified. Technology identification will
be accomplished by identifying the requirements of the pro-
posed NASA missions and identifying current state-of-the-art
advances that could effectively be employed by further missions.
This activity will take full advantage of other separately funded
work in the general area of technology projection, such us the
Space Transportation System Technology lSTSTl and Advanced
Systems Technology lAST) Working Groups fur Communications
and Informative Systems and for Thermal Control; the General
Dynamics Future Payload Technology Requirements Study. Report
No. ATR-WP-0O4, administered by Ames. the Marshall shuttle
payload study, and the NASA-wide Outlook fur Space studies.
Included under environment control are the disciplines of
thermal control, cryogenics, contamination, and nuclear radiation,
but eocludes thermal protection. Included under communications
are the disciplines of tracking, telemetry and command, encompas-
sing both spacecraft and ground systems.
W76-7O395 790.40.06
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
INTERSTELLAR COMMUNICATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
J Billiegham 415-965-5729
1790-91-02)
The objectives of this study are to eoamine the validity of,
techniques for, appropriate target stars for a systematic search
for intelligent life within t.000 light years of earth. This STOP
is for a study program to eoamino the feasibility of interstellar
communication, to select the must promising system for the
search, and to develop a plan for further engineering studies.
The approach will be to perform basic concept review and
preliminary target star identification studies in-house with the
guidance and assistance of distinguished scientists), and also by
out-of-house preliminary engineering studies. The in-house team
will report directly to the Chief, Systems Studies Divisiqn, Ames
Research Center. The study will capitalize on the already
completed, comprehensive Project Cyclops study, and will evaluate
the Cyclops proposals as one of several possible approaches to
iiiterstellar communication. Candidate system concepts will be
evaluated, and the selection of a preferred system made according
to major criteria such as cost, national goals, international
cooperation, and contributions to science and technology,
particularly nadioastronomy
of approaches to advanced system design and a detailed
examination of the relative impact of assumptions as to
achievable levels of various technologies offers a suitable means
of identifying those technologies which are crucial as well as
those most cost effective; this identification will be a primary
output of the effort. An inherent characteristic of any such
advanced system is that it offer clear and significant cost/capability
advantages relative to current systems. Programs to provide
solution to key technology issues will be designed based on the
results of these studies The activity will be pursued through a
series of contractual system studies, technology planning
methodology development studies, and selected in-house analyses
as required.
W76-70397 790-40-11
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY AND SUPPORT
O B Wood 301-982-2330
The objectives are to provide an improved analytical basis
for OAST management decisions on R&T program planning and
selection; develop and eoercise techniques by which modern
systems, economic and decision analysis methods can be applied
to the planning process.
W76-7O398 790-40-12
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
ADVANCED HIGH PRESSURE ENGINE STUDY
John W Gregory 216-433-4000
NASA is currently conducting studies of advanced vehicle
concepts for the 1 990's and beyond time period to provide
direction for technology advancements to best meet future national
needs and agency goals. Various single-stage-to-orbit ISSTO)
shuttle vehicle concepts have been studied and appear promis-
ing as low cost space transportation systems. Such vehicles
utilize high pressure rocket engine systems and may employ
mined-mode propulsion wherein high bulk density propellants
are burned at take-off and low bulk density, higher performance
propellants ILOX-LH2) are burned later in the flight. Studies will
be conducted in FY-75 of such rocket engines to determine
cooling limitations, turbopump drive cycle limitations, engine
weight, and performance for various propellants and auxiliary
coolants. These studies will include dual fuel engines, which are
capable of burning two different fuels with LOX in the same
thrust chamber. In FY76 this study will bo uctended to include
high pressure LOX-LH2 engines which may be used only in
vacuum conditions or may operate from takeoff to orbit like the
SSME.
W76-7O399 790-40-45
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF POST EOS/SEOS OPERATIONAL
SYSTEMS
Edgar M. Van Vleck 415-965-5898
The objective of this RTOP is to capitalize on existing and
xe-going study results to determine desirable technical characteris-
tics and research and technology requirements of post EGS/SEOS
earth observations systems; to identify optimal sensor comple-
ments, operational procedures, data flow patterns, orbital
configurations, etc.; and to develop an understanding of total
W76-70396 790-40-07 program lifetime cost impacts of key system options The approach
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va is to expand the studies of earth observation satellite options
ADVANCED MISSION CONCEPTS - EARTH ORBITAL into the post EGS/SEOS timeframe and explore the cost-
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY REOUIRE- effectiveness xl varying these options as to: sensor cumplements,
MENTS data product packages; coverage frequencies; orbit; mixes of
E. S. Love 804-827-2893 satellites; synergistic combinations of sun synchronous and earth
The obloctive of this study is to identily the technology synchronous satellites, aircraft, RPV's and in situ sensors; satellite
required for the design and operatiun xl advanced earth-orbital size tradeoffs, satellite reliability/maintainability tradeoffs; spatial,
vehicle systems for application in the post-shuttle time frame, spectral, and temporal resolution, user acceptance; and cost-
The intent is to analyze potentially attractive concepts which effectiveness. The optimal technical characteristics of post
build upon the technology base developed for the Space EOS/SEOS xperational systems will be studied as a guide to
Shuttle Prxgram utilizing projected advances in such areas as the cxeceptual studies, research and technology development,
materials, structural design, and propulsion systems. Definitixn and experimental demonstration satellites necessary to achieve
an operational system in the future.
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290
Space and Nuclear Systems Technology
Programs
W76-70400 520-71-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SOLID STATE DATA RECORDER
J. E. Stitt 804-827-3745
(506-18-21)
The overall objective of this project is to provide, by CY-1978.
a 10 to the 8th power solid state data storage system suitable
for replacing tape recorders in many aerospace vehicle applications.
Specific intermediate objectives are: Ill to design a 10 to the
8th power bit data recorder osing bubble technology. (21 develop
and demonstrate a basic recorder in a breadboard configuration.
and (3) develop and fabricate a prototype 10 to the 8th power
bit recorder. A two-phase developmental contract will be used
to provide the 10 to the 8th power bit data storage system.
This contract will be supplemented by analytical studies and
laboratory investigations in critical areas of the recorder magnetic
and electronic systems. These studies will be directed towards
providing improved operational characteristics, longer useful life.
and reduced costs
W76-70401 521-71-01
Flight Research Center. Edwards. Calif.
ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT EXPERIMENT
Jack L Kolt 805.258-331 1
The subsonic and (ow supersonic characteristics of a
configuration representing an advanced class of entry sehicles is
being studied by means of a coordinated flight and wind-tunnel
test program with the X-248. The program will yield the
detailed aerodynamic characteristics of a high hypersonic L/D
entry vehicle and an indication of the ability of the wind tunnel
to predict these characteristics. A flight-test approach will assess
the handling qualities and piloting problems of this class of vehicle
while determining performance and stability and control character-
istics. Energy management and approach schemes will also be
investigated during unpowered flight periods
W76-70402 524-71-01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va
CASTS - COMPOSITES FOR ADVANCED TRANSPORTA-
TION SYSTEMS
R. R. Heldenfels 804-827-2042
(505-01-34: 505-02-41: 743-01-221
The broad objective is to increase the maoimum operating
temperature of resin-matrio composite materials for structural
applications to 600 F to meet requirements fur advanced space
transportation systems and payloads. The objective will be
achieved through a joint in-house and aerospace industry contract
effort which will (1) development and characterization of currently
available polyimide resins and adhesives and new resin systems.
21 development of manufacturing and quality control procedures.
(3) development of thermal structural design methods, and 141
design. fabrication and ground tests of small scale components
and full-scale space structure demonstration components.
Space and Nuclear Experimental
Programs
W76-70403 750-01-02
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif.
IMPACT OF THE SHUTTLE/'SPACELAB OPPORTUNITY TO
EXTEND RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMS INTO
SPACE ON SPACECRAFT FAILURES AND ANOMALIES
F. F. DeMuth 415-965-5638
The objectives are: to determine if the opportunity afforded
by the Space Transportation System/Spacelab to eoteed research
and technology programs into the space environment by providing
a means to conduct in situ technology eoperimeets demonstrations
or tests can have a significant input on the quantity or seriousness
of anomalies eohibited in-flight by spacecraft: (1) to catalog those
anomalies eoperienced by in-flight spacecraft when access to
space could have been instrumental in eliminating the cause of
the anomalies or reducing their impact: and 12) to identify those
technological or programmatic areas where acess to space could
have been significant in reducing the impact of in-flight spacecraft
anomalies. The approach is to review and analyze, in light of
the objective, the 1230 spacecraft anomalies contained in the
PRC/SSC Space Data Bank.
W76-70404 750-01-10
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF OAST SPACE
TECHNOLOGY WORKSHOP ACTIVITIES
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
(750-01-12: 750-01-31)
The objective of the OAST Space Technology Shuttle Payloads
Program is to eoploit the Space Transportation System (shuttle.
Spacelab. tug) to accomplish innovative, cost effective research
and technology investigations in the space environment which
require the characteristics of space (weightlessness. vacuum.
radiation, and unique location) and complement ground-based
and airborne investigations. This effort addresses the organization
and management of OAST Space Technology Workshop activities
The objectives are to identify research and technology eoperiments
which can/should be conducted in space utilizing the Space
Transportation System (STS): identify technology needed from
OAST by OSS. OA, OMSF, and OTDA in order to meet the
objectives of their space activities: and broaden the STS user
community. The approach is to: conduct an in-house NASA
workshop in the summer of 1975 to identify those engineering
technology areas which could beneficially utilize the STS to
conduct eoperiments in space, and identify specific eoperiments:
sponsor a symposium in the spring of 1976 to present NASAs
thoughts (from the in-house 1975 summer workshop( to the
non-NASA engineering community (other government agencies.
universities, and industry): and conduct a 1976 summer workshop
to obtain inputs from the eon-NASA community.
W76-70405 750-01-11
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY SYSTEMS
DEFINITION
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
1750-01 -121
Langley Research Center in-house studies have established
the feasibility of a Spacelab compatible Advanced Technology
Laboratory (ATLI. These designs included definition of LaRC
eoperim ents, AlL and Spacelab concepts and operational
requirements. The objective of this effort is to provide a systems
definition of an ATL which utilizes the NASA shuttle and European
Spacelab for advanced technology investigations. The ATL will
provide CAST with the capability of implementing a spaceborne
research program that is truly accessible to the ground-based
researcher. This primarily contracted effort will focus on major
ATL program functions for the lirst ATL payload (ATL No. 11
such as: eoperiment/payload layouts, interface hardware, display
and controls. data management. mission analysis. interface GSE.
etc. Design analysis will also be conducted to assess the impact
of Spacelab on NASA's advanced technology program. In addition.
costs. schedules, and implementation plans will be defined for
phased follow-os activities. Further refinement of the ATL design
will focus OAST shuttle sortie research requirements and make
timely contributions to the concurrent NASA shuttle and European
Spacelab design activities.
W76-70406 750-01-12
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
DEFINITION
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
750-01-10: 750-01-11. 750-01-311
The objective of the CAST Space Technology Shuttle Payloads
Program is to eoploit the Space Transportation System Ishuttle,
Spacelab. tug) to accomplish innovative. cost.effective research
and technology investigations in the space environment which
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OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
require the characteristics of space (weightlessness, vacuum.
radiation, and unique location) and complement ground.based
and airborne investigations. The Advanced Technology Laboratory
IATL) is a set of Spacelab payloads which will provide the capability
to perform multidiscipline research and technology experiments
in space. The objective of this effort is to identify and define
experiments to update the ATL experiment manifest. In-house
studies initiated by Langley in 1972 have established the feasibility
of the ATL concept. These studies included the identification
and definition of 42 ATL multidiscipline experiments. This effort
to identify and define additional AlL experiments will be
accomplished by in-house efforts, outside consultants, research
contracts, and selective procurement of experimental studies and
equipment. This effort will provide experiment definition assistance
and guidelines to ATL eopeiiwenters to ensure that experiments
are designed to operate effectively and safely in space. The
experimenter and his supporting organization will be responsible
for follow-on experiment funding, development, fabrication and
operation.
W76-70407 750-01-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
LDEF EXPERIMENT DEFINITION
E. S Lone 804-827-2893
The broad objective of this RTOP is to identify through contacts
with the scientific community experiments which could be
conducted or future Long Duration Exposure Facility ILDEFI
missions. This task will be directed toward assessing demands
and requirements and systems planning. Potential users will be
identihed and briefed on the general capabilities of LDEF. The
experiments identified will be studied in sufficient detail to provide
information on the scientific return, complexity, cost, and impact
on LDEF mission and system characteristics. A contract will be
awarded to assist LRC in this experiment identification effort.
Other smaller contracts way be awarded to such areas as university
research centers to assess the contribution of LOEF to their
research programs.
W76.70408 750-01-51
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
DEFINITION OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS
IN SPACE
S Love 804-827-2893
This RTOF supports two parts of the total program. the
Physics and Chemistry Experiments (PACE) Working Group
activities and the Molecular Beam Lab )MBL) experiment definition
studies. The goal of the working group is to formulate a PACE
program designed to use the shuttle transportation systems to:
(1) promote physics and chemistry as a laboratory science to
be performed in space; (2) provide the opportunity to perform
PACE experiments in space to a broad community of researchers
and to encourage their participation in the program: (31 define
and develop for space flight fundamental and applied FACE
experiments for which the space environment is essential; (4)
define and develop the facilities required to perform these
experiments in space. The goal of the MBL dehnition studies is
to define the experiment and facility concepts which will be
developed and flown on space shuttle. The Molecular Beam
Experiment Facility is a Wake Shield Facility modified by the
addition of a hole at the apex of the cone permitting the entry
of atmospheric gas. The experiment facility will be used to perform
research in the fields of gas-surface interaction and in atmos-
pheric physics. The first gas-surface research involves the initial
oxidation kinetics of a clean metal surface with atomic oxygen
from the atmosphere. This is important for corrosion technology.
electronics, and catalysis. Precise characterization of the upper
atmosphere by MBL will permit scientists to detect and understand
the effects of solar wind and magnetic disturbances on the
atmosphere.
W76-704O9 750-01-53
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
DEFINITION OF FLUID PHYSICS AND COMBUSTION
SPACELAB EXPERIMENTS
D. A Petrash 216-433-4000
The general objectives of the program conducted under this
RTOP are to provide specific proposals for experiments to be
conducted in the Spacelab of the shuttle. Analytical as well as
experimental programs conducted on the ground and in the LeRC
Drop Tower Facilities will provide the information from which
these proposals will be drawn. During FY74. overview studies
on fluid physics and combustion were conducted by scientific
experts in the private domain in order to identify areas in which
worthy Spacelub experiments could be conducted The studies
to be carried out and the principal investigators involved will
primarily be determined by the recommendations of these
overviews Although the majority of the research will be conducted
by non-NASA personnel, some in-house work is planned in the
lute 1970's
W76-70410 750-01-54
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
DEFINITION OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENTS
IN SPACE
William C. Cliff 205-453-0875
The overall objective is the conduct of definition and
feasibility studies of candidate experiments, in the area of the
physics and chemistry of fluids (single and niultiphasel. which
require and utilize the unique zero or low gravity of earth orbit
The candidate experiments (tasks listed below) are motivated by
the need to resolve fundamental problems and issues which are
of significant importance in the areas of pure and applied physics
and which relate to national needs. Individual objectives are 111
the development of a model and theory for the kinetics of the
scavenging of aerosols by walls. (2) the development of a model
and theory for the effects of gravity on two phase flow phenomena,
(31 the development of a model and theory fur diffusion due to
the presence of a mass density gradient, and 141 the development
of a model and theory for nucleate boiling burnout in the
asymptotic limit of zerx-g. The objectives shall be accomplished
by developing theories and experiments for a zero-gravity
environment which (1) separate gravity scavenging of particles
from wall scavenging. 121 separate the gravitational slippage from
accelerating slippage (relative motion( in two phase flows. (3)
produce a density gradient with attendant muss diffusion, and
(4) separate gravitational body forces from wetting forces.
W76-70411 750.01.61
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Culif
ENTRY TECHNOLOGY PAYLOADS
D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
The objectives are: to dotormine the feasibility of using the
shuttle or a shuttle payload to advance entry technology; to
identify those planetary entry flight experiments which can be
conducted using the shuttle (augmented with a booster); and to
define the parameters of a dedicated shuttle payload which can
be used to simulate an outer planet entry and an abortive reentry
of a nuclear waste disposal package. The approach to be followvd
in utilizing the shuttle system for achieving the objectives of
entry technology is to study and assign priorities to experi-
ments, to determine the levels of complexity of the experiments;
Ii e.. piggy-back experiments, or a shuttle flight dedicated solely
to the experiment). Examination will be mude of such questions
as availability and capability of boosters. weight requirements.
scheduling of experiments, costs, and impact of the experiment
on the shuttle vehicle. Experiment definition will include definition
of the experimental objective and the contribution it will make
to the existing technology.
W76-70412 750-01-62
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
SHUTTLE ENTRY TECHNOLOGY PAYLOAD AND EXPERI-
MENT DEFINITION
S. Love 804-827-2893
The planned operational flight frequency of the shuttle coupled
with its large payload carrying capability will provide an
unprecedented opportunity for conducting aerothermodynamic
research as an adjunct to orbital operations. This research
capability can be separated into two categories: (1) those research
experiments which will utilize the shuttles normal interaction
with it's environment during ascent and reentry; (21 those
experiments which will utilize a vehicle launched from the Orbiter
63
PAGENO="0296"
OFFICE OF AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
292
for earth entry. The successful application of these eoperiments
and the effective utilization of the shuttle flights for reentry payload
faunchmg with minimum impact on the shuttle system and primary
mission objectives depends on early experiment and payload
definition, development, and system integration. It ssill be
necessary to determine in-house research requirements applicable
to shuttle and shuttle-launched payloads and conduct studies to
define feasibility and capabilities of various shuttle launched
payloads, design launch systems, and define shuttle interfaces
and mission peculiar requirements.
W76-70413 750.01-71
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
DEVELOPMENT OF INDUCED ENVIRONMENT CONTAM-
INATION MONITOR (IECM)
Robert J. Naumann 205-453-0940
1506't6'35; 909-54-131
The broad objectives for the STS Induced Environment
Contamination Monitor IICEMI are to conduct an indepth survey
of the potential contamination of experiments from the induced
environment in and around the STS on the early Orbital Flight
Tests IOFTI of the Orbiter. LDEF. and Spacelab during all mission
phases in order to: 111 verify the specified requirements in
Volume X of JSC 07700; 121 provide diagnostic data to
identify any sources that contribute to not-of-specification
conditions so that corrective action may be taken; 131 measure
the contamination effects from delivery. deplvymeet, retrieval,
and landing a free-flying payload; and 141 perfvrm routine
monitoring to detect any anomalous operating conditions such
as teaks in the hydraulic, coolant, or fuel system; sloughing off
particulates from TPS. insulation, or experiments, xutgassing from
new components or various experiments. tv. Basic instrumenta-
tion concepts have been established and breadboard instruments
are being procured for evaluation. A demonstration model of
the IECM will be assembled and demonstrated by Oct. 1976 A
proposal stage program plan for an FY77 nez. start has been
prepared and submitted
W76.70414 750.02.01
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
LONG DURATION EXPOSURE FACILITY PROJECT
E. S Love 804-827.2893
The broad Long Duration Exposure Facility ILDEFI Project
objectives are the following: to develop LDEF, a simple. low-cyst,
free-flying facility for performing long duration technology and
other experiments in the space environment using the Space
Transportation System lSTSl; to develop a hrst set of experiments
for the facility and, by the performance of these experiments.
obtain valuable technological data and demonstrate the unique
shuttle/LDEF capabilities and features; to broaden the STS user
community by providing a simple low-cost apyroach to integrate
and operate a large number of OAST and other unmanned lung
duration experiments via the STS. The LDEF is a reusable.
unmanned, low-cost, free-flying structure on sshich many different
experiments can be mounted. The facility will be delivered to
earth orbit by the shuttle. After an extended period in orbit. the
facility will be retrieved oii a subsequent shuttle flight and returned
to earth for experiment analysis. Many of the experiments being
cvnsidered for the LDEF are completely passive with the active
data measurements being made in the laboratory after the
experiments are returned.
W76-70415 750-03-01
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
DEVELOPMENT OF A SHUTTLE FLIGHT EXPERIMENT:
DROP DYNAMICS MODULE
T. Vrebalovich 2t3-354-453O
The principle objective of this RTOP is to design, fabricate.
and test an acoustic levitation and manipulation module for
Spacelab and to utilize it to perform an initial set of experiments
as part of the NASA Physics and Chemistry in Space Program
on ax early shuttle/Spacelab flight. The module is scheduled to
be ready for the ESRO-NASA joint Spacelab mission. and will
be available for Spacelab flights thereafter. This acoustic
positioning and manipulation module will allow us to utilize the
unique zero-g envirxnment provided by a shuttle/Spacelab flight
to perform drop dynamics experiments that are impossible to
perform in a gravitational field. Examples are: Ill study experimen-
tally the problems first proposed by Newton, and never
satisfactorily studied, of equilibrium figures and the bifurcation
processes of a rotating spheroid, and 121 understand the fission
and fusion processes in drops that are also applicable to
meteorvlvgy and nuclear physics The scope of this work is
threefold. Ill to determine the maximum capability of this facility
ssith,x the constraints of money and schedule, through consultation
with the scientihc community and investigators; 121 to fabricate
a flight unit, and 131 to perform an initial set of experiments.
Drop Dynamics, as part of the NASA Physics and Chemistry in
Space Program. The scientific cvmmvnixy will be invited to
participate in experiments informally thrxugh international
symposia and colloquia Some scientists will participate with
JPL as science zssvciates and consultants. Others will presumably
submit experiments in response to NASA AFO's.
OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS
Energy Research and Technology
Programs
W76.70416 776-10-01
Marshall Space FIght Center, Huntsville. Ala.
SPACE BASED POWER CONVERSION AND POWER RELAY
SYSTEMS
ijbialter E. Whitacre 205-453-3465
The objective of this RTOP is to develop a data base for
assessment of satellite power systems in the areas vf technology.
envirvnmental impacts, costs, and competitiveness in comparison
with earth based systems; and to provide thereby a sound basis
for future decisions cuecerning satellite power systems develop
meet. Analytical and experimental ienestigativns will be conducted
under contract and in-house These studies will be designed to
identify and develop the critical technologies. assess envirunmental
effects, develop procedures to minimize these impacts, and
estimate the costs of system development and operation. Space
based solar and nuclear energy sources direct and dynamic power
conversion systems, and active and passive power tiaesmission
systems will be considered. The technologies will be developed
directly and through the support of other projects, with the aim
of remxning technical. ecunomical. and environmental barriers,
cumpurisons will be made with cunvee tional and advanced
terrestrial purser systems in the areas of perfurmance. costs of
develupment and operation, and malur impacts; this phase uf
the ssurk will be vlusely covrd:nated with studies in prugress
and planned at JPL
W76-70417 776-10-02
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. uf Tech., Pasadena
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ORBITAL AND TER-
RESTRIAL CENTRAL POWER SYSTEMS
M. E. Alper 213-354.6948
The NASA Office uf Energy Programs is presently conducting
a study of the pvtential utility of large orbital central power
stations as energy suurces fur terrestrial applications. As part cf
this study, which will continue in FY.76, a survey of potential
terrestrial energy cunversivn systems is being made in order to
provide a basis fur assessment of orbital central power stations.
`he terrestrial systems studies include the areas of system
perfurmance, operations, costs and impact. Terrestrial puwer
plant types include standard and advanced fossil and nuclear
energy systems and several types uf solar energy systems.
Cnnventioeal and more advanced methods of energy transmis-
sion are also included. In conducting this study. maximum use
uf the existing literature is being made.
W76-70418 776-15-01
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
MICROWAVE POWER TRANSMISSION AND RECEPTION
B. V. Powell 213-354-6586
04
PAGENO="0297"
OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS
(643-60-10) W76-70421 778-10-01
This plan continues a five-year long cooperative effort with the Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
Lewis Research Center to answer some fundamental questions ENERGY CONVERSION ALTERNATIVES STUDY
about microwave power transmission and to advance the state L I. Shore 216-433-4000
of the art therein. FY-76 efforts will deflne the properties of The objective of this program is to provide an evaluation on
large-scale transmitting arrays to enable the design and dvvelop- a comparable basis of ten major classes of advanced stationary
meet of an array that can replace the existing klystron and power covversion systems for electric utility application using
85 foot diameter antenna used in the initial test. This transmitting coal or coal-derived fuels. The evaluation will be on a basis of
array will be intended as a prototype of one suitable for spaceborne energyconse rvation. environmental intrusion, economic viability.
applications. Shuttle mission experiments in space power and natural resource requirements. The study of each of the
transmission will be designed. In particular. JPL will do the conversion systems is being conducted under two major contracts
following 11) complete the Rectenna Verification Tests using with the General Electric Company and Westinghouse. These
the JPL Venus-DSS-13 26m antenna and transmitter as the contract activities will be supplemented by an in-house analysis
high power microwave illuminator; 12) obtain preliminary ef several of these advanced systems in order to assist pro)ect
component phase characteristic data for DC-RF converters. RF management in guiding and directing the studies. The output of
mixers, phase locked loops, and filters; (3) perform system analysis the contracts will be data that will be assessed in an LnRC
and design xptimization of a power transmitting phased array; in-house national energy system model to determine impacts
(41 obtain breadboard phase control system performance data; and benefits on a national scale. This prxlect is being performed
and (5) develop the system specification and begin preliminary by NASA for the ERDA and NSF and is jointly funded and
design of the microwave power transmitting phased array for directed
the FY.78 large scale verification test.
W76-70422 778-11-02
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE HYDROGEN ATTACK OF STEEL
D R. Chapman 415-965-5065
The objectives are to define the effect of relevant high
temperature gaseous environments on the integrity of pressure
vessel steels used in planned and operating coal gasifiers and.
if possible, to develop improved materials and/or operating
procedures to increase the efficiency of gasification systems. The
environments of concern consist primarily of gaseous hydrogen
mixed with significant quantities of steam. CO. and C02 and
lesser quantities of CH4. NH3, H2S. and HCN at pressures from
15 to 1500 psia and at temperatures from 150 to 500 C This
program will be cvnducted in close cooperation with the Electric
Pxwer Research Institute EPRI) and will consist of four separate
components aimed at improved efficiency (reliability) of coal
gasifiers The NASA work is one component of the overall program
and will concentrate on developing improved understanding of
the behavior of steels in high temperature, hydrogen rich
environments with EPRI concentrating on the remaining objectives
The NASA program will define not only the effects of the
environments including the anticipated important effects of minor
constituents) on the kinetics of relevant surface and bulk reactions.
but also will define influences of these rzactixns ye the mxvhanival
integrity of the steel alloys Of special interest will be the influence
of alloying additixns and structural modificativns to the steels
The results of these kinetic and mechanistic studies will be
W76-70420 777-40-01 combined in an effort to onderstand and predict the rate and
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio severity of degradatixn encountered in specific engineering
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENERGY APPLICATION OF apylications
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
James R. Ramler 216-433-4000
The objectives are to identify the xpportunities for application W76-70423 778-15-01
of advanced energy technolvgies. and assess their potential Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio
benefits and impacts 1° the nation, and. tv identify within the DIRECT CYCLE GAS TURBINE ENERGY CONVERSION
technologies showing significant benefit, those in which NASA M. H Krasner 216-433-4000
could potentially make a majxr contribution. The approach is xx The objective is to contribute to development of a new
conduct in-house and contracted studies to identify and assess Power Conversion Loop IPCLI to be used in commercial nuclear
opportunities for advanced energy technology applications; plants for base electric load applications The plant will use a
determine the performance and costs of systems incorporating developed High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTGRI as a
advanced energy technologies, and their benefits and impacts heat sxorce. t 500 F helium available from the reactor will be
on the nation; compare alternative advanced technology systems used iv a Brayton cycle turbine system to generate electricity.
which are functionally competitive. These evaluations will be The advantages yf this system stem from its ability to use dry
conducted within the framework of the U S. energy and heat rejection economically EROA is the funded agency for the
economic systems and will include both national and regional xverall program and all funds will be transferred. The approach
considerations. Various energy and econumic system projections is to manage cxmpletixn of the conceptual design of a Helium
scenarios) will be considered based on a range of assxmptixns Components Test Facility (HCTFI capable of testing a full-scale
regarding such major factors as depletion of resources, population prototype PCL Ithe facility will use a fossil-fired heater to simulate
growth rate, availability of capital, and others. Since these studies a reactorl, these tests will cxnfirm system performance, establish
will address a broad spectrum of energy related questions and transient characteristics and demonstrate maintenance tech-
technology areas, an inter-center coordinating group will be formed niques; manage and execute programs to investigate the suitability
to insure that the interest and expertise of other NASA centers of key HCTF components or subcomponents resulting from the
involved in energy related work will be appropriately utilized conceptual design; and assist in the definition phase of a
and incorporated into the overall study. supporting base technology program for the PCL
293
W76-70419 776-40-01
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
SOLAR IRRADIANCE DATA FOR ENERGY CONVERSION
FROM METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES
M P. Thekaekara 301-982-5034
The objective of the RTOP is to develop and apply procedures
for determining solar flux en the ground by joint analysis of
satellite measurements and grxund truth data. An ultimate
objective is to prepare solar energy maps for the United States
and its bounding waters, to be used for guidance in the optimum
siting of solar power conversion systems. in solar heating and
cooling of buildings. biocxnversixn for clean fuels production.
and desalination of water. Analytical and empirical methods will
be investigated for the application of satellite data in conjunctrxn
with ground truth data to the determination of ground level
solar energy llux. The analytical method will take accxun t of
the dependence of ground solar flux on the insxlatixn at the
top of the atmosphere, the planetary albedo. the ground albedo,
and the solar energy absorbed in the atmosphere The empirical
method will relate ground level flux tx satellite-obtained imagery
of the cloud cover and associated hours of sunshine Data from
previous and ongoing metexrxlxgical satellite missions will be
used These efforts will be contractual. Ground truth data
determination will be perexrmed by in-hxuse stall
65
PAGENO="0298"
OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS
294
interim measurement method established in FY-75 will con-
tinue. The sensitivity of solar cell performance to nariations in
terrestrial insolation will be determined. A second Workshop on
measurements will be held to establish specifications for a
permanent measurement method and a suitable solar simulator.
Real-time and accelerated endurance tests will be continued and
studies of the failure mechanisms initiated.
W76-70427 778-24-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Ronald L Thomas 216-433-4000
The objective of this program is to develop the technology
for cost competitive wind-turbine generators IWTG'sl and
demonstrate a sufficient number of WTGs in actual applications
so commercial implementation will begin by 1980. Wind energy
represents a clean non depleting energy source that is available
in sufficient quantities to provide a signihcant portion of the
nations energy needs for electricity. Tests will be made on
wind-turbine generators to determine performance, operating and
engineering data. Studies and designs wiTI be made of minimum
cost WTGs from 50 kW to 3000 kW. WTG's with potential for
mm-cost will be demonstrated in actual applications. The utilities
will be involved early to remove barriers to implementation. The
suppliers for the WTG's will be developed early in the program
to aid the transition to commercial status. This program will
provide the technology base and demonstrations to lead to
commercial implementation beginning by 1980. Program will also
develop energy storage systems. Energy storage systems
particularly attractive for use with WTGs will be identified and
these storage systems will be tested with WTGs.
W76-70425 778-21-01
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
LOW-COST SILICON SOLAR ARRAY PROJECT
R G. Forney 213-354-6709 W76-70428 778-30-01
1506-23-121 Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
The objective is to develop low cost, reliable, silicon solar ADVANCED SURFACE PROPULSION RESEARCH AND
array technology required for production of more than 500 MW TECHNOLOGY
per year at a cost of less than $0.50 per peak svatt with 20-year - Donald 0. Beremand 216-433-4000
lifetime by 1985. The plan for this program is described in the The objectives of this RTOP are: Ill to assess the need for
JPL document, Program Plan, Low Cast Silicon Solar Array surface propulsion research and technology to meet a number
Program, dated November 15. 1974. no. 1200-181. The Task uf suggested mid-term and long-range objectives and goals for
Order is RD152-A66. This Project svas initiated under the surface propulsion; (21 to define the alternative research and
Memorandum of Understanding between National Science technology programs required to meet these goals and objectives;
Foundation NSF) and National Aeronautics and Space Administra- and (31 Ix establish the analytical methodology and data base
non INASAI Cuncerning Cuoperative and Collaborative Research required to rapidly assess the impact of new technology on the
Efforts on the Subject of Solar and Solar Derived Energy for objectives and goals.
Terrestrial Use, dated 27 September 1974. In December. this
effort was transferred to Energy Research and Development W76-70429 778-31-03
Administration (ERDAI from where it will be administered as Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
part of their Photovoltaic Conversion Prograw. The Project will SYSTEM DESIGN PHASE. HIGH EFFICIENCY. LOW-
assess the many competing and augmenting technologies involved POLLUTION ENGINE PROJECT
in the production of arrays by soliciting Industry and Universities 0. W. Meisenholder 213-354-4058
fur their proposals including materials, solar cell formulation. The work described in this RTOP will begin in April 1975
encapsulation and the automation of the various steps and and will be approximately 50% complete by 30 June 1975.
processes. Production quantities will also be procured for test This RTOP is submitted for the continuation of this work This
and demonstration purposes work will build on the completed NASA sponsored concept
feasibility (bottled gas vehicle) effort, the completed EPA
W76-70426 778-21.02 sponsored critical evaluation of the hydrogen enricbed fuels
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland, Ohio. concept, the completed DOT sponsored lean combustion work.
PHOTOVOLTAI C TEST. STANDARDIZATION AND SYS- the NASA sponsored hydrogen grneration technology work, and
TEMS APPLICATION the on-going NASA sponsored engine rwprovement work to yield
Daniel T. Bernatowicz 216-433-4000 a system design for planned demonstration research vehicle. To
The Lewis Research Center will conduct fur ERDA the Test achieve the objective of this work, the interrelated tasks described
and Systems Application Project under the ERDA Photovoltaic below will be accowplished: It) establish a vehicle system design;
Energy Conversion Program. The objectives for this project are 121 establish component and subsystew performance requirements
(1) to determine the system operating characteristics for a variety hased on this design; 131 evaluation experimentally the perform-
cf photovoltaic systems and subsystems. (21 to prove by once of critical cxmponents and component interfaces; 141 evaluate
demonstrations that photovoltaic systems can satisfy the experimentally the performance of critical subsystems and
requirements of potentially attractive applications. (31 to devise subsystem interfaces; (5) modify the system design and
and maintain a standard solar cell performance measurewent cumponent/subsysrem requirements as dictated by the euperimen-
system, and 14) to determine the endurance of solar cell arrays ral results; and (61 result in a mature system design and a plan
under terrestrial conditions Cuntingent upon final agreement for the demonstration research vehicle phase.
between NASA and ERDA. the work for FY 1976 will include
cunstruction of a System Tests Facility and testing of a breadboard
residential system in it. start of design and construction of a
prototype residential system, and the initiation of definition studies
for a residential demonstration system. Implementation of the
W76.70424 778.20-01
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
EARTH BASED SOLAR POWER CONVERSION AND
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
W. E. Whitacre 205-453-2817
The objective is to bring xx a logical and timely conclusion
in FY-76 the analysis and subsystem/system designs and testing
of concepts for the development of earth based electrical power
generation systems utilizing involution as the energy source. Plans
for this program were formulated in CY-74 and were phased to
systematically investigate concepts, subsystem designs and system
problems through analysis, design development, and testing, which
would culminate in an earth based solar powered electrical
demonstration power plant of 100 KW capacity. Uncertainties
in roles and missions affected funding almost from the beginning
which resulted in limiting the scope and placing funds on high
priority rechnolxgy needs. Three areas were pursued. fresnel lens
collector technology development, the acquisition of insolation
data including procurement of an automatic insolation measuring
system, and coatings Imaterrals) technology. Subsequent events
now require concluding the effort in a way that maximum value
will be realized from the past work. This will be accomplished
by completing the test and evaluation of a full size fresnel lens
collection module f6'x12'l completing the analysis of the NOAA
solar flux data, testing the automated insolation measuring system
to be delivered in August `75 and utilizing results of the coatings
(materials) technology xow in process. All acticities are sched-
uled fur completion by the end of CY 1975.
W76-70430 778-32-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
ERDA/NASA AUTOMOTIVE GAS TURBINE PROGRAM
J. A. Holler 216-433-4000
66
PAGENO="0299"
295
OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS
The objective of the program is tv transfer current and
on-going aerospace technology, particularly in the areas of
turbomachinery. metallic and ceramic materials, and combustion
and, by this means, to improve the fuel mileage by 30 percent
beyond the planned 100 ph ERDA upgraded engine performance.
while maintaining emissions below the 1978 standards, and to
achieve this goal by FY 78. Current aerodynamic turbvmachinery
technology is being applied to the design of ERDA's new 100 pH
upgraded gas turbine, and proven new technology will be
retrohtted into the new engine after delivery. Results of advanced
gas turbine studies will identify new technology required and
guide new and on-going advanced automotive gas turbine
technology.
W76-70431 778.36-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
NI.ZN BATTERY/ELECTRIC CAR FEASIBILITY DEMON-
STRATION
Homey J. Schwartz 216-4334000
1141-93-00; 506-23-24; 778-36-021
The objective of this program is to demonstrate the feasibility
of a NASA.developed nickel-zinc battery to meet performance
requirements of an urban electric passenger vehicle. The program
is undertaken at the request and with the guidance of the Division
of Advanced Automotive Power Systems IDAAPSI of the Energy
Research and Development Administration. Nickel-zinc batteries
incorporating a new separator will be built by two commercial
battery companies and tested in an urban electric car to a standard
driving cycle recommended by DAAPS.
W76-70432 778-4001
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
ADVANCED COAL EXTRACTION SYSTEMS DEVELOP-
MENT
R E. Pease 205-453-4113
The objective is to conceive and develop new concepts for
efficient coal entraction frvm underground mines, both newly
opened mines and abandoned mines with large coal deposits.
The current Bureau of Mines R and 0 programs to improve the
eoisting mining methods through automativn and remote control
techniques are targeted to satisfy the United States near term
energy requirements However. it is felt that the upper limit in
production of coal by these methods will soon be realized and
that entirely new methods will be required to meet the long
range energy requirements of the U.S To entract coal from an
underground coal seam, there are certain basic functions that
must be performed and they include. Ill cutting the coal from
the seam; and 121 haulage of the coal from the working face to
the mine mouth.
W76-70433 778-41-01
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED LDNGWALL SHEAR-
ER
Pease 205-453-41 13
The objective is to develop, fabricate and test a coal interface
detector and control system for automating a hi-directional
double-drum ranging shearer/loader of the type commonly used
in lovgwall cool mining The automatic control of the drum shearers
will consist of two control functions One function utilizing the
coal interface detector, will continuously adiust the vertical positron
of the drums to insure maximum cutting of the coal from the
seam, with a minimum penetration of the roof and floor strata
TIre second control function is to drive the drums on a specific
trajectory to maintain the desired profile of the working cool
face The critichl component in the drum vertical control is a
coal interface detector (CID). The development of a CID that is
reliable and capable of substained operation in the adverse
environment of a cool mine will receive the major emphasis of
this effort The second control function will require the develop-
ment of a practical. low cost control system for the shearer
guidance This control system will direct tIre drum shearers to
mine fully the coal seam the desired depth of cut and maintain
proper vertical and horizontal aliqnmerrt of the coal face to errsure
maoimum production of coal for each pass of the shearer
across the face
W76-70434 778-41-03
Marshall Space Flight Cenfer. Huntsville. Ala.
LONGWALL MINING SYSTEM RELIABILITY AND MAIN-
TAINABILITY STUDY
R. E. Pease 205-453-41 13
The underground coal eotractixv industry currently has
demands upon it to increase production and provide a larger
portion of the nation's energy. The Iovgwall mining method,
presently in use by the mining industry, is the most promising
advanced mining method. Reliability and maintainability, however.
have contributed heavily to the prevention of longwall mining
from reaching its full potential. This study will apply the analytical
techniques of reliability and maintainability analysis to the goal
of increasing coal production. The expected term of the task is
ten months.
W76-70435 778-61-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
REDOX ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
Harvey J. Schwartz 216-433-4000
This RTOP covers a joint program between the ERDA (lead
agencyl and the NASA to demonstrate a tOO KW Engineering
Model System of a low-cost bulk energy storage system based
on the Redox Flow Cell by FY 1981. The unique features of
the mdxx flow cell allow bulk energy storage systems to be
built iv any size and sited almost anywhere. Key technology
areas such as the ion exchange membrane separator, evaluation
of electrochemical couples, and system optimization will be
investigated through suitable electro-chemical experiments.
materials developments, design studies, and laboratory tests
W76-70436 778-54-01
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
O L Nomed 216-433-6948
The objective of this program is to extend aerospace-derived
energy storage technology to terrestrial applications. Technology
developed by NASA may apply to utility, industrial, commercial.
and residential energy storage. Examples of NASA programs
that relate directly to terrestrial energy storage include Brayton-
cycle space power systems using thermal energy storage, flywheel
systems for orbital attitude control and energy storage. hydrogen
fueled power systems. hydrogen storage and combustion, and
the development of high pressure ratio compressors and high
temperature turbines. These technologies will be used to define
nnergy storage oxvenpts. systems, and applicatiuns which support
and complement EROA's energy storage programs Candidate
energy storage concepts to be investigated include compressed
air, flywheels. thermal storage and hydrogen An assessment of
their operational and economic characteristics, potential impact
and benefits, and technology requirements alxng with a critical
comparison of alternate approaches. will be completed in FY76.
Supporting systems and technology studies, and preliminary
experimentation, will be conducted to establish the feasibility of
concepts for electric utility peak-leveling systems and other energy
storage applications. Technology development and demxnstraticn
prqgrams will be formulated for promising concepts. Results will
be forwarded to ERDA for their use iv formulating and implemen-
ting conservation R and 0 programs.
W76-70437 778-60-01
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena
HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
DEFINITION STUDY
M. E Alper 213.354-6948
1778-60-02. 77860-031
The Hydrogen Energy Systems Technology (HESTI Study
conducted under this RTOP outlined a preliminary POP for a
Federally coordinated Hydrogen Energy Systems Technology
Program to begin in FY77. This was presented to the NASA
Office of Energy Programs in June 1975 for their review and
consideration Oaring the first quarter of FY76 the HEST Team
at JPL will support OEP in the documentation and refinement
of the POP for FY77 and beyond Work under this RTOP during
FY76 will also emphasize the investigation and ivitiatiox key
elements of hydrogen energy research and technology identified
67
PAGENO="0300"
OFFICE OF ENERGY PROGRAMS
296
during the HEST Study and in which JPL has special capabilities.
Primarily in the category of hydrogen production, the work will
include investigations of (11 a relatively low temperature
thermochemical cycle using ineopensive materials such as
limestone as a feedstock, (2) kinetic rates in thermochemical
cycles. 131 increased current densities from pulsed electrolysis,
141 microbiological production of hydrogen. (51 thermochemical
cycle interfaces with nuclear reactors. 161 reversible storage of
hydrogen in low cost aeromatics, 171 iecovery of hydrogen from
hydrogen sulfide, and 181 tests of specific devices to generate
performance data. This work will serve to identify areas of
signihcant payoff in hydrogen technology, begin key work prior
to the FY-77 federally coordinated program start, and focus
in-house capabilities on hydrogen technology problems of potential
national interest, initiating an R and T base for the solution of
these problems
W76-70438 778-70.01
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
ADVANCED MULTI-PURPOSE GAS TURBtNE TECHNOL-
OGY
R. P. Miora 2)6-433-4000
The oblective of this effort is to define an advanced
groundoriented gas turbine technology program of broad
applicability leading to a substantial improvement in performance
Ifuel savings), adaptation to alternate fuels such as coal or coal
derivatives with minimum pollution and have obvious benefit to
the nation's energy needs. A coordinated program meeting the
needs of the variaxs government agencies and industry suppliers
would eliminate duplicative efforts Technology advances having
application to the full range of gas turbine power levels and
uses would result in maximum impact at minimum cost. A
secondary objective of this RTOP is to initiate proof-of-principle
eoperiments, important studies and technology evaluation in
FY-76 using NASA funding in those areas cohere NASA-developed
technology from aero and space appear to be applicable. The
continued planning and new technology efforts will provide the
base for a comprehensive gas turbine technology program The
general approach will be to make use of an in-house Lewis
team of gas turbine component and system experts to define
technological areas that need to be advanced, have a wide range
of applicability, and have obvious benefits to the nation.
W76-70439 778.91.01
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech. Pasadena
HELICAL SCREW EXPANDER PROJECT
M E. Alper 213-354.6948
The purpose is to evaluate the mechanical and thermodynamic
characteristics of a commercial-size It megawatt( Lysholm-type
helical rotary screw enpander utilizing total brine floss frum
liquid-dominated geothermal fields. The eoparider to be used as
a prime mover for loss-cost electrical power generation from
high-salinity resources which because of scaling and corrosion
have not presently been exploited. The plan for this program is
described in JPL Proposal 151-330. titled A Project to Evaluate
and Characterize a Helical Rotary Screw Expander Power System
for Electrical Puwer Generation from Geothermal Brine-Phase `I',
dated June 26. 1974. This project is to be accomplished under
funding by the Energy Research Development Administration
(ERDA) The initial phase (Phase Al is to purchase and prepare
a commercial-sized single-stage rotary screw expander power
system module for testing and evaluation on high-enthalpy
geothermal brine. During fabrication of the module, test stes
will be evaluated and selected and the planning and preparatixns
for the second phase (Phase 81 testing of the system will be
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
Weather and Climate
W76-70440 175.10-10
Ames Research Center, Mollett Field, Calif.
SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH
0. R. Chapman 415-965.5065
The oblective is to investigate the utility of satellite and air-
borne observations to local weather and its effect on atmospheric
composition problems. The approach will be to continue
development of the MESO-MET cumputer program to model
mesoscale meteorological and dispersion problems, primarily in
the area of coastal phenomena and of stagnation conditions on
urban scales, and to use these models to evaluate methods of
interpreting and applying remote observatixns. to deline additional
capabilities desirable in future satellites, and to investigate the
use of such observations in develuping, improving, and extending
the MESO.MET model.
W76-70441 175-10-30
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va.
SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
(175-10-40: 174-30-401
The technical objective is to develop numerical models for
the movement, growth and behavior of severe local storms.
Continued development of the present Langley model to determine
analytical solutions for the movement, growth, and behavior of
thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes will be stressed. These
sulutions will be validated with aircraft and satellite data and
numerical solutions applied to study the structure of the storm.
Expected results are (11 method fur detecting tornado cyclones
from satellites, and 121 models for fxrecasting the location, time.
and intensity of any tornadoes generated by a tornado cyclone.
W76-70442 175-10-40
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH
W. E. Shenk 301-982-5945
(175-10-70. 175-10.301
The objectives are to: (11 develup improved objective methods
to detect and predict severe storms and mesoscale phenomena.
121 obtain a better understanding of storm dynamics. and 131
specify ness satellite capabilities for detection and understand.
ing of these phenomena. The overall approach is to synthesize
measurements of severe storms and mesoscale phenomena and
their environments and to study these data using vu menical and
statistical models wherever possible. The measurements mill be
obtained from satellite, aircraft, and conventional sources. Special
processing systems will be used to extract parameters to be
used in models Coincident with these efforts, new aircraft sensors
will be developed and tested to provide new or improved data
pertinent to the understanding and detection of severe storms
and mesoscale phenomena. The results of various research
appruaches case studies, modelingl ssill be synthesized for a
systems appruach tu the problem uf severe sturm detection and
prediction The expected results of the prugram are 111 a collection
of the most complete and correlated set of data available to
date on severe storms. 121 ness techniques for extracting vital
parameters from available measurements. 131 development and
test of sensxrs tx provide ness data, especially from satellites.
(41 verification or rejection of hypotheses on the structure and
dynamics u severe storms leading to a better understanding of
them, and 151 improved objective methods of detectign and
furecasting severe storms using mudding techniquns.
W76-70443 175-10-70
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
SEVERE STORMS AND LOCAL WEATHER RESEARCH
William W. Vaughan 205-453-3100
(175.10.40. 645-10.011
Using correlative atmospheric measurements from satellites,
aircraft, radar and ground based sensors, determine to what
extent satellite observed data can be used to detect and describe
mesoscale phenomena - especially severe sturms. Make assess-
ments of satellite data and, sshere appropriate, improvements in
interpretation techniques and identification of current sensor
limitatiuns or potentials. Conduct the research necessary to euplore
the theoretical basis of cloud microphysicai processes relative to
luss gravity experiment potentials. Explore various experiment
system components and accomplish the necessary research
investigations to provide the required technology for use in
68
PAGENO="0301"
297
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
developing the initial and future shuttle flight experiment payloads.
Using results xf MSFC developed flight laser Dxppler system.
determine its applicability tx severe storms research and develxp
the system if proven feasible. To accomplish these objectives.
the following tasks will be performed (1) Task-6t. structure
and dynamics of mesoscale systems; (2) Task-li: theoretical
studies of microphysical processes; 131 Task-41: warm cloud
experiment technology development; (41 Task-42: cold cloud
prxcess experiment technology; and 151 Task-2t. laser Doppler
flight system.
W76-70444
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
DAILY WEATHER RESEARCH
Stitt 804-827-3745
The objective of this work is to investigate the application
of microwave/millimeter wave techniques to the weather and
climate discipline which relates to the sea-air interface. The
research will cxncentrate upon radiometer hardware performance
and radiometric data analysis and interpretation. The approach
to the hardware phase is to develop near octane bandwidth.
swept frequency microwave and millimeter wane radiometers
having low noise characteristics and high efficiency antennas
for use on aircraft and space shuttle. The approach to the analysis
is to conduct controlled experiments with a wane tank and to
utilize field data for establishing a unique correlation between
the radiometric signature and the physical characteristics of the
wind-driven ocean surface This work will provide techniques for
measurement and separation of surface parameters. For example.
the isolatixr of the emission from ocean foam will yield
independent measurements of surface temperature and surface
wind speed
W76-70445 175-20-40
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
MULTISCALE METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH
John S Theon 301-982-5249
(175-10-40. 175-30-40. 175-40-40. 175-50-401
The objectives are; to improve remote sensing techniques
for observing multiscale meteorological parameters; to develop.
test, and calibrate new remote sensing instrumentation required
for such observations; and to demonstrate the application of
meteorological data from such satellites as Nimbus, ATS. and
SMS to the solution of outstanding meteorological problems
involving multiple spatial and temporal scales Studies of radiative
transfer problems including numerical modelling and involving
gaseous and partoulate constituents, polarization, reflection.
absorption, and transmission in the atmosphere will be conducted
utilizing laboratory measurements, balloon, aircraft, and satellite
observations These studies will seek to improve the remote
sensing of atmospheric temperature profiles, sea surface
temperatures, ocean roughness, surface winds, atmospheric
moisture and snow and ice cover Systems to suypvrt the required
aircraft and syacecralt sensors and provide the efficient acquisition
of the data produced will be developed. Laboratory facilities to
calibrate, evaluate, and test remote sensors will be supported
Data from such satellites as Nimbus. ATS. and SMS as well as
from balloon and aircraft will be analyzed to determine the spatial
and temporal distriliutions of atmospheric temperature, cloud
cover, snow and ice cover, the earth's radiation budget and the
interannual variations of these indices Improved techniques for
the determination of atmospheric temperature profiles; cloud
amount and height; atmospheric moisture distribution; sea surface
roughness and temperature; and the radiative energy budget
are expected These improvements will result from advances in
sensors, in the analyses of the data, and in suypvrting theories
W76-70446 17530-40
Goddard Inst for Space Studios. New York
STUDIES IN THE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE DATA TO
LONG-RANGE FORECASTING AND CLIMATE PREDICTION
AT COLUMBIA. CUNY. NYU. AND MIT.
M Halem 212-678-5618
The oblective of this research program is to develop
methods for the utilization of meteorological satellite data for
application to long-range forecasting and studies of climate
change Part of the program covered by the RTOP involves grants
to New York-area universities for work in direct support of GISS
meteorological projects. The work is performed on GISS premises
by advanced graduate students and research associates from
the universities involved, working under supemision of members
of the GISS staff holding adjunct faculty appointments. These
research assistants and associates make up the on-site Iunixr'leuel
scientific staff at GISS. Major projects conducted ointly with
nearby university personnel under this RTOP include: 11 analysis
of climate satellite data; 121 stochastic dynamic forecasts (monthly(
from climate data sets; (31 studies of feedback mechanisms leading
175-20-30 to droughts and deserts; 141 physics of atmosphere-ocean
interactions; (51 development xf theoretical models for studying
climate change; (6) development of initialization and balancing
schemes for the assimilation of satellite sounding data; and (71
mathematical and numerical analysis support ix the application
of long-term integrations for climate przdiction. The collaboration
between New York-area universities. MIT. and GISS is the
backbone of the scientific resources required to carry out the
program objectives laid out in the GISS 5 year meteorological
W76-70447 175-30-50
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
GLOBAL WEATHER RESEARCH
D P Burcham 213-354-3028
This research is geared to providing a detailed understanding
of the exchange of heat (both latent and sensiblel and momentum
between the atmosphere and a snow cover and the employment
of that knowledge in parameterizing that interchange for a general
circulation model (0CM) of the atmosphere. The study expects
tu include all heat transfer mechanisms at the surface, i e the
conduction of heat through the snow into the grvund. the turbulent
exchange of heat from the surface, the radiation balance in the
atmosphere above the snow and at the snow surface, and the
latent heat transfer throegh evaporation and melting of snow.
This involves a detailed numerical model describing the above
processes and possibly some experimental data to verify results
W76-70448 175-40-10
Ames Research Center. Molfett Field. Calif
CLIMATE RESEARCH
D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
(176-10-11)
Long range goals are to assess the sign and magnitude of
climatic variations induced by changes in the amount uf various
atmospheric aerosols, trace gases. and solar spectrum. The effects
of both natural and man-made perturbations will be cunsidered
A cxmbinativn of laboratory measurements, theoretical modeling.
and cxmparisun with recvrds of past climatic variations will be
utilized to assess the possible climatic effects uf contaminant
emissions into the armvsphere Laboratory measurements will
be made of the radiative properties uf candidate contaminants
These include the specification of the optical properties of aerosols
of interest. The theoretical modeling includes the development
of radiation and dynamical models that will be applied on local.
regional, and global scales Studies of records of past climatic
change. us illustrated by the investigation uf polar ice cores,
will supply clues on the causes of past climatic change, as well
as permit an assessment of the models The use of remotely
sensed parameters in the climatic models will be stressed, and
techniques will be developed to determine some of the important
model parameters by remote sensing measurements The
sensitivity of the models to noriations in the parameters they
utilize will be assessed.
W76-70449 175-40-30
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va
CLIMATE RESEARCH
E S Love 804-827-2893
(683-75-32)
The principal oblectives are to adopt evisting methods.
nraterials. and flight hardware to the development of an accurate,
but i nevpensiv e, satellite system for measuring the earth radiation
budget. The satellite system will provide the long-term characteris-
tics of the earth.ocean-atmnsphere system and will emphasize
69
PAGENO="0302"
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
298
the understanding of the physical basis of climate. These
measurements are also important to determine the direction of
climate change (warming or cooling), and thereby assess the
effects of pollutiun. It will benecessary to continue these
measurements for perhaps two solar cycles (about 22 years) in
order to assess both short- and long-term trends. Studies of
existing data will be used in planning and designing the
eoperiment. Plans for reducing and analyzing data for the long
period will be developed, and climate modeling established.
W76-7O450 175-40-40
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
CLIMATE RESEARCH
o F. Heath 301-982-6421
The principal objectives are. 111 the development of a
climatology of the stratosphere from satellite observations of
ozone and stratospheric temperatures which are subsequently
used in the investigation of large scale stratospheric processes
/and solar-meteorological phenomena. 121 Measurements of the
temporal variability of the solar constant and spectral irradiance
with an accuracy sufficient for climatological research. The
approach to be used is the use of the five years of ozone
observations from the BUV experiment on Nimbus 4 and the
stratospheric temperature data from the SCR eoperiments on
Nimbus 4 and 5 to develop a climatology of the stratosphere.
This global data set of stratospheric ozone and temperature
data will be used to investigate stratospheric warmings. meridional
transport. circulation, and the rote of the stratosphere as a
connecting link between the tropospheric phenomena and the
interplanetary solar magnetic field sector boundary passages
identified in solar meteorological phenomena These results will
be combined with other stratospheric trace constituent soundings
to assess the seriousness of anthropogenic pollution of the
stratosphere. Periodic flights of solar constant and spectral
irradiance and atmospheric radiance experim cots on aircraft
operating in the stratosphere will be made assessing the temporal
variability of the solar constant and solar flue and the UV solar
flux divergence in the photochewical region of the stratosphere
The eopected results from this effort will include: It) development
of a climatology of the stratosphere. (21 determination of the
magnitude of solar fluo variability as a climate parameter. (31
fundamental research into stratospheric processes, circulation and
its role as a connecting boundary in solai-weteorological
W76-70451
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. xl Tech.. Pasadena
CLIMATE RESEARCH
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
(175-30-50)
The location and duration of snow and ice cover are recognized
to be some of the most important variables in the earth's heat
balance, since the albedo of ice and snow is about 80% while
the albedo of bare ground and open water vary from about 5%
to 20% Changes in the ice and snow cover can have a significant
effect on weather and climate. Kukla and Kukla 119741 showed
that a large increase in the snow and ice cover occuired in
1971 and later, which may have been related to the anomalous
global weather patterns in 1972 Monitoring of the extent of
snow and ice can help to predict future weather and climate
changes A better knowledge of the changes in the snow and
ice cover in the past few years, when these inter esting changes
were nuted by Kukla and Kukla. can help to understand the
mechanism relating these variables to the weather Previous
axalyses have been made using data from NOAA satellites
However, these analyses have used data which have been
degraded in resolution and number xl brightness levels, and have
had as much as a S-day error introduced into the time that
changes occurred. This study will develop techniques for the
best xse xl satellite data for scow and ice mapping using the
JPL image processing lab, and will reanalyze some of the older
data to evaluate the magnitude of errors introduced by degradation
of data. This study is undertaken in cooperation with Dr George
Kukla of the LamontDoherty Geological Observatory of Columbia
University.
W76-70452 175-40-60
Wallops Station, Wallops Island, Va.
CLIMATE RESEARCH - OZONE MEASUREMENTS
A. C. Holland 804-824-341 1
(176-10-6 1)
The objective is the improvement of techniques for the
measurement of atmospheric ozone. The approach will be to:
(1) Study improvements in optical methods for measuring
atmospheric ozone using Monte-Carlo simulation of radiative
transfer through the atmosphere. Assess errors or limitations in
measurements due to scattering and/or absorption by mole-
cules and aerosols. Perform studies to determine optimum
instrument design parameters with necessary design modifications
to satisfy future requirements for routine synoptic measurements
of ozone. (2) Perform evaluation and intercomparison of
satellite-borne, aircraft-based. balloon-bxrne and ground-based
sensors for the measurement of ozone. Determine the degree to
which these different techniques are capable of giving conxistent
results. (3) Use the ground-based, balloon-borne and aircraft-borne
ozone measurement systems to provide correlative (including
in-situ) truth data for the calibration and ealidation of rocket
and satellite borne ozone sensors. For example, the limb radiance
inversiun radiometer ILRIR( scheduled to fly on Nimbus F to
measure ozone profiles from 15 km to 60 km
W76-7O453 175-40-70
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
CLIMATE RESEARCH
William W. Vaughan 205-453-3100
1175-40-40; 175-40-10: 175-40-601
Based upon previous MSFC global reference atmospheric
model development efforts, expand and improve the model to
provide a reference for use in evaluating and improving numerical
models of climatic change. Satellite and ground-based data ~vill
be used to develop the physical statistical atmospheric model.
Develop theoretical geophysical fluid flow models for simulation
of atmospheric and oceanic circulations with goal to providing
scientific base for future shuttle sortie experiment/payload.
Conduct research on a solar-climatic model with view to furthering
the development and testing of model relationships between solar
activity and climatic (precipitation. etc I patterns and climatic
dynamics. To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks
will be performed: 11) Task -41: simulation and modeling of
geophysical flows. (21 Task -61: solar-climatic relationships, and
131 Task -71: climate model.
175-40-50 W76-70454 175-50-40
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
PROGRAMMATIC SYNTHESIS AND AUGMENTATION
A Neil 301-982-6291
The objective of this RTOP is to provide financial support
to the NASA Meteorology Program Ofkce (MPO( in the conduct
of its business in support of the Office of Applications and the
various program offices represented. Results of efforts under this
RTOP will be used in performing evaluations, providing recom-
mendations. and developing future plans for NASA's weathe'
and climate missixii and programs. Funding will be utilizec
in-house and through available support services cxntractxrs for
selected efforts ix fulfilling the objectives of the MPO as defined
in its charter. Studies will be focused on emerging technology
so as to expedite its application and on future requirements so
as to identify areas reqoiring initiation of new technology
development. Functional expertise available at GSFC and other
Centers involved in weather and climate activities will be drawn
upon to the maximum extent possible. Technical and programmatic
conferences as required from time to time by NASA Headquarters
will be arranged and supported, and information resources to
support program planning/evaluation activities will be developed
and maintained. Reserve funding for contingencies or asgmenta-
tion of other UPN 175 RTOPS is also provided
Pollution Monitoring
W76-70455 176-10-11
Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif.
70
PAGENO="0303"
299
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
GLOBAL STUDY OF STRATOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS
0. A. Chapman 415-965-5065
(505-03-04; 743-02-22; 175-40-10)
Goals are to precisely assess effects of pollutants on
composition, dynamics and structure of the stratosphere; measure
global distribution of trace constituents, aided by theoretical
studies and interpretations; assist in evaluation of satellite remote
sensing eoperiments to monitor the stratosphere. These goals
are to be achiened by means of model studies and by making
physical measurements in the upper atmosphere Theoretical
models of the global stratosphere are being used to calculate
the effects of pollutants. with special attention to anthropogenic
sources, on the ennironment. particularly on stratospheric ozone.
1-. 2-. and 3-dimensional chemical-dynamical models are being
used, modified or deneloped to provide assessments of such
sources as fleets of supersonic transports or industrial halocarbons
Interpretation of model results provides a basis for evaluating
and interpreting in situ and remote sensing eoperimental programs.
Airborne measurements of 03. NO. and aerosols are being made
seasonally and in northern, temperate and tropical regions to
determine the variations of these constituents fur model
interpretation and verification. Additional natural constituents and
pollutants require simultaneous measurement to deduce interactive
processes which may affect the ozone shield globally New
instruments to measure NO2 and 0 are being developed in this
program. Instruments for measurements of other critical
constituents are being developed in other programs. but their
application will also greatly benefit this activity
W76-70456 176-10-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va
STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM
E Stitt 804-827-3745
(176-10-32; 176-20-31)
The objective of this work *s to improve our knowledge and
understanding of the stratosphere by developing advanced sensors
to allow broad surveys of atmospheric constituent distribution.
by research into, and modeling of. the transport dynamics and
constituent photochemical reactions in the stratosphere The
sensor development work includes the design of an improved
limb-scanning infrared remote sensor to measure vertical
distribution of stratospheric constituents important in ozone
depletion chemistry. This work includes SRT on detector coolers
and elevation scan and azimuth pointing servo systems, and
detailed optical, thermal and radiometric analyses of the sensor,
with a laboratory test program to verify the results A feasibility
study of a near-IA-correlation instrument to determine the vertical
distribution of stratospheric HCI based on solar attenuation
measurements will also be performed. This effort under strato-
spheric modeling includes an evaluation of the relative roles
played by aerosols and ozone depletion on the atmospheric thermal
balance (and dim ate). Previously developed one-dimensional
photochemical models will be applied to determine the impact
of injecting Cl. NOn, and H20 into the stratosphere. Coupled
multi-dimensional dynamics model will be completed. and
studies of interactions between troposphere and stratosphere
performed
W76-70457 176-10-32
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER-GEORGE WASH IN GTO N
UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING PROGRAM
S Love 804-8272893
The objective of this work is to conduct an educational and
research program the purpose of which is Ill to expand the
environmental modeling activities at Langley in a manner which
directly supports the Office of Applications' remote sensing
activities. Langley Research Center's involvement iv the
NIMBUS.G satellite experiments, and other environmental
modeling activities at Langley (21 to strengthen and expand
the research and educational opportunities within Langley. (31
to increase the quality and number xl trained research scientists
in the area of environmental modeling, and 141 to promote
cooperation between NASA. and other organizations and agencies
involved in this work area (EPA. NOAA. etc.). The approach
taken to accomplish these objectives will be to establish a research
and education program in environmental modeling in cxnlunctixn
with university senior faculty members and qualified graduate
research assistant scholars. The faculty and research assistants
will conduct research in conlunctixn with Center professionals
which is supportive of the needs of Langley and the Office of
Applications. The research and educational efforts of the
research assistants will lead to a Master of Science degree upon
completion of the basic requirements, normally two years The
program will be managed by a coordination committee of university
W76-70458 176-10-41
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM
O F Heath 301-982-6421
The principal objectives are: the use of a 2-D photochemical
model in conjunction with satellite derived ozone and temperature
fields to investigate photochemical effects, meridional circulation
and transport processes between the hemispheres, and large
scale stratospheric processes; the development of a 3-0
quadrupole mass spectrometer to search for new stratospheric
trace constituents, and the development of a fast detector for
stratosphere water vapor. The approach is to use an existing
2-0 photochemical model with existing satellite and rocket data
on constituents and structure to understand the physical processes
which govern the stratosphere. A 3.0 quadrupole mass spectrome-
ter will be built and flown aboard an airplane operating iv the
lower stratosphere A new water vapor measurement technique
will be tested and flown on board an airplane and then a balloon.
`The expected results are concerned with providing new know-
ledge in such areas as stratospheric warmings. polar night and
equatorial processes Eventually a survey will be made xl the
stratospheric trace constituents which could affect the stability
of the ozone layer.
W76-70459 176-10-42
Goddard Inst. for Space Studies. New York
ATMOSPHERIC MODELING OF POLLUTION TRANSPORT
Richard W. Stewart 212-678-5579
The objectives of this research are to utilize mathematical
models. (1) to aid in the interpretation of satellrte and aircraft
data on atmospheric composition and xx assist in establishing
sensor requirements for future missions. 121 xc assess the impact
xl aerospace and industrial activities on the atmosphere. The
approach is to develop increasingly comprehensive and sell-
consistent models for the description of atmospheric phenomena
in both the stratosphere and troposphere. The initial models
describe the distributions of chemical species in the atmosphere
on urban, regional and global scales for prescribed thermal and
dynamic atmospheric properties. Intermediate models will couple
solution of the energy balance equation to that for the species
continuity equation to xbtain thermally consistent results
Advanced models will. in addition, calculate radiative and dynamic
properties of the atmosphere and thus be fully interactive Expected
results include 11) an assessment of SST. space shuttle, and
ground-level industrial activity on stratospheric ozone levels, and
121 the development xl operational urban and regional scale
pollution models for describing the effect of specified ground-level
pollution sources and for conducting simulation and sensitivity
studies for projected remote sensing nope riments.
W76-70460 176-10-51
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena
STRATOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAM
0. P. Burcham 2133543028
1645-20-02; 743-02221
The composition xl the atmosphere over a large portion of
the Northern Hemisphere will be investigated by means of remote
infrared sensing techniques in a series of aircraft and balloon
lliglxts extending over a period of three years The oblective of
the observational program is to obtain a complete mnventxry of
atmospheric trace constituents and pollutants with a sensitivity
extending down to the 10 to the minus 10th power to tO to
the minus 11th power by volume rairge. and to study their
71
PAGENO="0304"
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
300
three-dimensional and temporal variation in thn troposphere and
stratosphere. The experimental approach involves the use of a
nery high resolotion 10.05/cm) fast Fourier intnrferometnr
spectrometer to obtain absorption spectra in the t to 9 micron
region in short time intervals lapprooimately 200 see). The
instrument will be moontnd in aircraft flying at altitudns ranging
from t km to 20 km Observations will be made by viewing
the earths surface in the nadir mode to stody tropospheric
composition, and by observing the son through long atmospheric
paths traversing the stratosphere in the horizontal-looking mode.
Balloon flights will be conducted for stratospheric observations
in the 20 to 45 km altitude range with solar observations as
well as in the nadir mode. In addition to the construction of an
improved lMark 2) version of the existing High Speed Interferome-
ter and its integration into the U-2 and CV 990 aircraft and the
balloon gondola, the work includes the observational program
using these platforms and the analysis and interpretation of the
data obtained from them.
W76-70461 176-10-61
Wallops Station, Wallops Island. Va.
DETECTION. CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF
ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS
A. C. Holland 804-824-341 1
1175-40-60; 175-40-61; 185-47-94)
The objective is to develop the analytic techniques necessary
to interpret remotely sensed data on the atmospheric aerosol;
and to develop the models necessary to evaluate the impact of
atmospheric aerosols on the earth's albedo. Models of radiative
transfer through the earth's atmosphere for both plane wave
and finite beam illumination will be developed and tested. The
model atmospheres used will be (1) plane-parallel, stratified, and
121 spherically symmetric, stratified models These simulations
will be used to determine the best strategies for the remote
detection of atmospheric aerosols using both passive and active
techniques. The models will further be used to calculate the
effect of varying amount of atmospheric aerosols on the earth's
radiztion budget.
W76-70462 176-10.62
Wallops Station. Wallops Island, Va.
INVESTIGATIONS OF STRATOSPHERIC CONSTITUENTS
T. Shardanand 804.824.34t 1
1176-1 1-611
The oblective of this ffTOP is to carry Out an integrated
laboratory study in order to determine the spectroscopic and
chemical kinetic data which are important to stratospheric studies.
In the later part of the program the data obtained in this
investigation will be used for photochemical modelling of the
stratosphere. Also, these data (absorption and scattering
coefficients, chemical rate coefhcients etc( are important to assess
the elfects. to detect and quantitatively determine the amounts
of minor constituents in the earth's atmosphere. Although the
bulk of absorption coefficient data for most of the individual
gases do exist, a careful consideration is required in their use
when more than one gas are simultaneously present and subject
to photochemical changes. However, our knowledge of photon
scattering (Rayleigh. Raman. Resonance.fluorescence( is very
meager. Therefore, we intent to obtain the absorption data in
simulated conditions of photochemical equilibrium (dynamic
and/or static) for chemically active coristitutents (oxygen, ozone.
oxides of nitrogen, chlorine and hydrogen...) For this purpose
the multiple gas cells in series which can be connected to each
ot:rer for reactions to occur will be utilized. The study of photon
scattering will also be an integral part of this program to obtain
the spectroscopic data of electromagnetic radiation interaction
with atmospheric constituents. Also, the data obtained in this
study will be used in the photochemical scheme fur ozone
W76-70463 176-20.11
Ames Research Center, Moffert Field, Calif
TROPOSPHERE AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND REMOTE
SENSING EVALUATION
D R. Chapman 415.965.5065
1175-10.10)
The oblective is to develop, test and utilize a chemical kinetic
dispersion model uvhii~h can be economically used with the ARC
three-dimensional mesoscale meteorological model IMESO-MET(
Ix simulate air pollution in the presence of complex terrain. The
approach will use existing chemical kinetics models in a
three-dimensional. time dependent Eulnrian dispersion model by
reducing their computation cost to a minimum while retaining
their simulation capabilities. This dispersion model will then be
incorporated in MESO-MET and used to model au pollution
phenomena in a complen area to demonstrate and verify its
simulation capabilities. Tho total MESO-MET/dispersion model
will then be used to investigate in a realistic manoer the
interpretation of observations from remote pollution sensors, and
to define desirable future capabilities of remote observations of
mesoscale and regional scale air pollution.
W76-70464 176-20-31
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
REMOTE MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF TROPO-
SPHERIC POLLUTANTS
S Love 804-827-2893
The objective of this RTOP is to evaluate the role and
capabilities of airborne and spaceborne remote sensors for
monitoring air quality en urban'to.global scales. Measurement
technology development is a major portion of the current
tropospneric program but the program also includes work on
numerical modeling and statistical techniques to aid in the
interpretation of remote sensor data. The sensor development
uvork begins with the definition of observables Ic g.. spectral
characteristics, and radiative models) and proceeds through
evaluation of measurement concepts and techniques applicable
to both aerosol and molecular pollutant monitoring Emphasis ix
the aerosol measurements area will be on establishmert of
inversion schemes for the visual polarization measurement
technique. Molecular trace constituent sensor work will continue
to emphasize passive techniques such as the gas filter correla
tion analyzer (MAPS NIMBUSI and correlation interferometer
(COPE) instrument fur total gas burden, but studies started ix
FY 75 to evaluate active (LIDAR) techniques for profiling
measurements will also continue. In the numerical modeling area.
work will concentrate on regional-tourban scale models for
dispersion studies and work on statistical analysis techniques
will continue as required to aid interpretation of aircraft and
satellite sensor data
W76-70465 176-20-32
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
DEMONSTRATION TESTING OF TROPOSPHERIC SEN-
SORS ON URBAN AND REGIONAL SCALES
S Love 804-827-2893
117610-31; 176-20.31)
The technical objectives are to: (11 Demonstratn the capability
of remote sensors for detecting, mapping and tracking tropospheric
pollution on urban to regional scales (21 Evaluate the role of I
remote sensors in integrated monitoring systems. (31 Develop
the capability for providing ground truth for eventual satellite
measurements. (41 Develop a systematic approach fur evaluating
remote sensor candidates for fiurure missions The approach will
be: (1) Aircraft tests u' available remote sensor concepts in an
urban enqj~oxment in conlun ction with user agencies. (21
Evaluation of remote sensor flight test data and correlation with
in situ support data. 131 Systems requirement studies snill be
initiated to evaluate the eventual role of remote sensors in urban
and regional monitoring systems
W76-70466 176-20-42
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
REMOTE SENSING CONCEPTS FOR TROPOSPHERIC
POLLUTION
C L Korb 3019826233
117620.31; t76.20.5t)
The objective is to develop and evaluate an atmospheric
pollution monitoring experiment which will provide the capability
for measuring from aircraft and spacecraft the vertical pollution
concentration profiles and near surface concentrations for a large
number of tropospheric pollutants The approach selected utilizes
high spectra resolution and the variation of line profile with
72
PAGENO="0305"
301
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
pressure in the atmosphere to obtain pollutant vertical concentra-
tion profiles. The solar reflected infrared portion of the spectrum
is used since the measurements in this region, unlike those in
the thermal infrared, are srnsitive to the effects of near surface
pollutant concentrations Also, the measurements are self
contained since they are relatively independent of external
environmental variables, such as surface temperature, and
atmospheric lapse rate. Laboratory measurements will be made
using a recently bsilt breadboard unit, with synthetic pollutant
atmospheres to validate the concept and evaluate possible
eoperimental problems. An upgraded breadboard unit will be used
to conduct field experiments and verify the concept of atmospheric
concentration profiling. Analytical studies using a very high
resolution atmospheric transmission program will be conducted
for data interpretation purposes. High resolution laboratory
measurements of the line strengths and widths of various pollutant
bands will, be made as required. Instrument optimization studies
will be conducted and an aircraft instrument will be built and
tested for the major tropospheric pollutants. These studies and
measurements will provide a new technique, and the required
instrumentation and analysis for remotely obtaining vertical
concentration profiles for the major tropospheric pollutants. With
these techniques recent analyses predict that fifteen important
tropospheric pollutants can be measured with sensitivities which
range from 0.0003 to 0.005 ppm.
W76-70467 176-20-51
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
TROPOSPHERIC POLLUTION SENSING
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
The general objectives are to develop and evaluate high
spectral resolution remote sensor concepts for the measurement
of tropospheric pollution. and to address current problems in
tropospheric sensing with eoperimental studies. Specifically, the
task covers: Ill Development and evaluation of both active and
passive instruments which use infrared laser and heterodyne
receiver technology. 121 Experimental pollutant measurements with
the Mark 1 High Speed lnteiferumeter IHSII, in a program which
leads to a bvtter understanding of urban air quality and to the
definition of experiment requirements to make similar observations
from airborne platforms in the future The approach involves
two areas of work. Improved infrared spectra will be obtained
with laser sources and used to determine how well an airborne
laser absorption spectrometer (LASI will be able to produce altitude
profiles of several important constituents leg. 03, H20. ND,
N02l. Ground-based laser instruments will be used to monitor
ozone and nitric oxide over horizontal and vertical paths in the
JPL ambient atmosphere. with emphasis on evaluating instrument
sensitivity to various degrading factors The Mark t HSI will be
deployed in a number of preselected areas in the Los Angeles
Basin at various times during the year which reflect typical
meteorological conditions. In-situ measurements of atmospheric
composition will be made near the ground over various path
lengths and correlated with total vertical column abundances
obtained from solar observations The measurements will permit
interpretation of the results in terms of spatial, diurnal, and
seasonal variations in the air quality.
W76-7046B 176-30-11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
REMOTE SENSING OF LAKE PROCESSES. INCLUDING
EUTROPHICATION AND WATER OUALITY
D R Chapman 415.965-5065
1176-13-ti; 176-53-1 11
The objective is the measurement and use of those characteris-
tics of water pollutants and water quality indicators which are
accessible by remote sensing in order to provide and demonstrate
remote sensing techniques for the identification, quantification
and mapping xf water pollutants and their behavior as a means
to understand those whole-lake processes necessary for monitoring
and control and to characterize the eutrophic status of lakes.
Techniques for the identification, quantification and mapping of
suspended sediment, algae, other water pollutants and water
quality indicators by remote sensors will be developed and
documented Laboratory and field measurements of the spectral
characteristics of such pollutants will be developed into a library
of spectral signatures using spectroradiometers and a rapid
scanning spectrometer. Field measurements will be taken ix
conjunction with multispectral. narrow-band and color aerial
photography, aerial spectrometry thermal linescanning. Landsat
data and surface truth. Water bodies containing predominantly
one type of pullutant will be examined to develop basic data on
spectral signatures and thermal effects of the pollutant as well
as for comparison with laboratory data. The relationships of
spectral signatures to the phutography and satellite data will be
determined, including the averaging effects of broad bands. In
addition, much of the same data will be used in the study of
whole-lake processes involving the eutrophication of lakes such
as lake circulations, circulation models, algal boom dynamics
and lake eutruphication classification in a way acceptable to
limnologists and other users.
W76-70469 176-30-21
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
WATER/LAND POLLUTION MONITORING FEASIBILITY
STUDIES
H. J. Mark 216-433-4000
1176-90-211
The technical objectives are: Ill to detect, identify and monitor
by remote sensing techniques, pollution due to strip minieg of
coal and other surface mining, and to determine the impact on
the water quality of streams due to runoff from these mined
areas. 121 continue development of remote sensing systems for
monitoring water quality and limnolugical parameters in the Great
Lakes. The approach will Ill continue present research on the
spectral signatures xl various soil types and demonstrate that
multispectral sensing can detect and discriminate specific soil
types. Develop a method to predict stream water quality changes
due to runoff over these various soils. In cooperation with
departments of the States of Ohio and Kentucky investigate the
ability of remote sensing techniques to validate the system for
application, 121 use existing data, such as ERTS, and additional
aircraft overflights with multispectral sensors as required with
ground truth to develop methudolugy fur inferring water quality
and limnolugical parameters Continue to utilize cooperative
arrangements with EPA, NOAA. and Canada for surface truth
measurements in the Great Lakes urea. Document techniques
for transfer to user agencies.
W76-70470 176-30-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Statiun. Va
COASTAL ZONE INVESTIGATION RELEVANT TO OCEAN
DUMPING MONITORING
E S Love 804-827-2893
The objectives of this RTOP are: Ill to develop and evaluate
remote sensing techniques for the detection and monitoring of
substances and processes which affect water quality, 121 to develop
analytical techniques including modeling which will permit more
effective use uf remote sensing data in water pollution monitoring
and environmental assessment. and 131 to cvoperate with user
agencies in applying NASA technology to the monitoring of the
water environment. Existing and new research will be extended
through the focusing of the work toward applications using
remotely sensed data to measure coastal zone parameters
relevant to the monitoring of pollutants dumped into oceans A
joint plan will be developed and implemented with NOAA and
other users tu apply NASA technology to the monitoring of
ocean pollution. The determination of spectral signatures of
pollutants in water will continue with emphasis on the spectral
signatures of special significance for ocean dumping. The
development of pollutant transport and dispersion models for
data interpretation and analysis will continue and measurements
required for validation efforts in the New York Bight will be
dehned Overflights will be performed with various existing sensors
to evaluate their use in this specific monitoring task. Data analysis
techniques will be extended to be as specihc and quantitative
as possible through the use of NOAA surface truth.
W76-70471 176-30-41
Geddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
NEARSHORE. RED TIDE AND ESTUARINE WATER
CHARACTERISTICS
73
72-434 0 - 76 - 20
PAGENO="0306"
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
302
Warren A. Hovis 301-982-6465
(177-52-4 1)
The objective of this effort is to develop remote sensing
techniques for use in detecting and identifying organic materials.
soch as red tide and pollutants, that occur naturally or are dumped
into ocean waters; carry out supporting truth measurements.
including development of new equipment and techniques; and
to use thematic data to assess changes in estuarine water quality.
Field investigations will be carried out combining ship and aircraft
observations where in simultaneous surface truth measurements
and remote sensing are carried out. Spectrometers and multi-
spectral imaging radiometers will be flown on aircraft in selected
coastal areas, such as the N.Y. Bight and the Gulf of Mexico,
concurrent with surface measurements of such parameters as
transmissivity, scattering and phytoplankton type and concentra-
tion. Comparison of the surface truth data with the remotely
sensed data will bn made to develop optimum data processing
techniques for eotraction of the desired parameters, eg.. type of
red tide organism and concentration, type of pollutant and
concentration, from the remotely sensed data. Spacecraft sensor
data, LANDSAT in particular, will be used to evaluate changes
in estuarine water quality and occurrence and coverage of red
tides in coastal zones. These investigations will provide the basis
for a remote sensing program to monitor red tide onset and
growth, and pollution dumping and dispersion, by defining
optimum spectral intervals and data processing methods to extract
character and quantity information from remotely sensed data.
W76.70472 176.30-51
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech. Pasadena
EPA/JPL LAKE CLASSIFICATION PROJECT
R. H. Green 213-354-6703
1141-95-01)
JPL and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Corvallis.
Oregon have conducted a feasibility program to utilize Earth
Resources Technology Satellite IERTSI Multispectral Scanner
IMSS( data to examine fresh water lakes currently being studied
by the EPA National Eutrophication Survey. Preliminary analysis
of the results of this effort indicate that there is a high positive
correlation between the spectral signature obtained by the ERTS
MSS and water quality measurements and parameters gathered
by EPA using ground observation methods. This proposed work
will continue the effort and expand the development of lake
classification procedures by machine methods. Additional
emphasis will be given to the development of trophic index
models through the combined use of EPA ground truth measures
and ERTS MSS data Utilization of EPA in-house eopertise and
JPL image processing and multispectral analysis capability will
permit the development of cost-effective lake classikcation
procedures. EPA will attempt to coordinate its water sampling
program with projected future ERTS overpasses Use will be
made of existing spectrographic instruments for field checking
of known water samples and/or lakes. Particular attention will
be given to examining the spectra) response of phosphorus.
nitrogen, dissolved ovygen. chlorophyll and dissolved sediments
in water. Attempts will be made to obtain EATS/aircraft coverage
simultaneously with the three projected sampling periods by EPA
Ispring. summer, fallI.
W76-70473 176-90-21
Lewis Research Center, Cleveland. Ohio
EPA/NASA GREAT LAKES BASIN PROGRAM
S. Fordyce 216-433-4000
1176-53-21. 644-02-02)
A joint agreement between EPA Region 5 and NASA Lewis
is being developed which will respond to need which EPA has
defined in connection with its responsibility for the Great Lakes
Basin. The specific objective is for NASA to use its technology
and capability to develop environmental monitoring systems for
the Great Lakes Basin. The approach to be followed is a phased
eflort ix close coordination with EPA Region 5 covering the
development, test, feasibility demonstration and technology
transfer of the following monitoring systems: for water (1) remote
sensing; (21 in-situ automated; 131 shipboard; for air (11
baseline/trend; and 121 ground based regulatory, and for land a
remote system for eon-point source runoff. In support to the
above, a comprehensive effort on the development of data
management and display systems and transport and dispersal
models for Great Lakes application together with network strategy
and communications will be undertaken.
W76-70474 176-90.31
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va
COORDINATION AND PLANNING ACTIVITIES FOR THE
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PROGRAM
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
The purpose of this RTOP is to continue the Focal Center
planning and coordinating activities for environmental quality; to
explore with user agencies cooperative programs that will utilize
NASA's expertise in the area of pollution monitoring; to
conduct economic studies with emphasis on stratospheric research
and future polluting monitoring missions; to establish updated
list of measurement parameters to be used in support of advanced
missions; tocontinu e the existing agreement between NASA
Langley and the Region 6 Virginia State Air Pollution Control
Board; and to continue supporting Headquarters-OA with technical
assistance involving preparation of material for the annual
congressional testimony for the agency's Environmental Quality
Programs, and preparation of material in support of New Start
Programs. Additionally. Langley plans to prepare a tropospheric
research plan which will essentially address the same questions
as was covered in the Stratospheric Research Program plan
approved by the Associate Administrator for Applications during
FY.75. This RTOP is also intented to cover the extensive
coordination activities required between this office and other
Lead Centers. i.e., EATS fallow on evaluation. Aircraft Support
requirements and participation in the many inter-agency working
groups and committees leg; ICMSE. ICMAREP, COSPAR.
ICAS. ICCERSPI involved in Environmental Quality Programs.
Earth Resources Suntey
W76-70475 177.11-51
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
SCANNER/CAMERA EVALUATION
O P. Burcham 213-354-3028
Most digital imagery is acquired at lower resolution than is
available from photographs taken under similar circumstances.
The loss in resolution of spatial features is compensated for by
an increase ix spectral response; photographs monitor only visible
and eear-visible light but multi-spectral sensors are sensitive in
reflective and thermal IA. and can be extended to microwave.
Furthermore. digital imagery is in a convenient format for
application of image enhancement and classification techniques.
using a digital computer. These procedures have proven their
utility at JPL and elsewhere over the past decade. The objective
of this work is to evaluate the validity of human interpretation
of high resolution black and white, color, and color-IR aerial
photographs compared to computer-assisted interpretation of
lower-resolution digital multi-spectral scanner imagery, including
multi-spectral enhancement and image classification. Pho-
tographs and digital imagery of urban, agricultural, and geological
test sites will be analyzed comparing the interpretations of the
imagery to ground truth. The results of the study will be formulated
as guidelines describing the circumstances for which photo-
interpretation is the most cost-effective analytic tool, and those
for which digital processing is required Paranreters limiting the
utility of each technique will be identified, including those imposed
by instrument design. Recommendations for modification of future
instruments and processing techniques will be itemized in a
comprehensive report.
W76-70476 177-22.41
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
VISIBLE AND IR SENSOR SUBSYSTEMS
Harvey Ostrow 301-982-4107
High performance visible and IA sensor systems are required
for future earth observation survey missions Increased spatial
and spectral resolution, improved signal-to-noise ratio, response
74
PAGENO="0307"
303
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
into the emissive IR and improved radiometric accuracy of the
sensor systems are required. The tasks included in this RTOP
will by used to achieve this improved sensor performance.
Improved visible and 1Ff detectors will be developed with special
emphasis placed on self-scanned linear arrays fncluded will be
photodiode arrays. CCD arrays and hybrid structures in which
HgCdTe elements are coupled to a silicon CCD in order to provide
performance in the 10 micrometer spectral region. Other programs
include Ill development of solid state detectors with low noise
preamplifiers to provide performance better than PMTs and 121
development of detector arrays that operate in the time-delay-and-
integration mode to yield substantial improvements in signal-to-
noise performance. To improve the radiometric accuracy of the
sensors, better calibration techniques will be developed includ-
ing very stable radiant sources as well as sources specially adapted
for use with very large aperture sensors such as the thematic
mapper High performance scanning radiometers require accurate
scan mechanisms with minimal jitter and high reliability. These
will be developed in this program. The developnrent of a laburatory
to provide peformance testing of earth observation sensors will
be continued to permit in-orbit evaluation of system performance.
Some of the critical technology required for advanced sensors
that will be fluwn in future earth observation missions will result
from the work performed in this RTOP.
W76-70477 177-22-91
John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach. Fla.
REMOTE SENSING OF SEA TEMPERATURE AND TURBID-
ITY
R. A. Bland 305-867-7705
1177-56-91; 177-70-911
It is proposed to construct a laser system which will ultimately
be employed as a remote sensor to obtain subsurface tempera-
tures. turbidity profiles and other data in fresh and marine waters
These profiles will be obtained from the measurements of the
shifted and unshifted wavelength radiation returns due to the
Raman. Brillnuin and Tyndall effects. Major components of this
system will be obtained based on the results of a design study
which will be completed December 1975. Initial laboratory
eoperiments will be performed as the system is developed.
Eotensive testing of the laser system on a ship will be performed
before the system is tested and operationally used in an aircraft.
W76-70478 177-28-41
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
SIMULATION STUDIES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF THEMATIC
MAPPER AND ADVANCED SENSORS
R. Jastrow 212-678-5619
The objective is to optimize the specificatiuns of earth resource
sensors in the visible and infrared regions by conducting simulation
studies on the accuracy of terrain classification as a function of
instrument performance parameters for the thematic mapper as
well as more advanced sensors. Special emphasis is placed on
spectral band-width, band placement. signal/noise ratio, electronic
filter specifications, optical system. size and shape of IFOV, and
sampling rate. Techniques and software have been developed to
simulate satellite observations of earth resources for up to 24
spectral bands. Band width, band placement and various aspects
of instrument response Isee above) are specified for each study.
The basic input to the simulation study consists of spectral
signatures obtained by aircraft spectrometers for various crop
types and soil conditions. Eopected results are. It) an evaluation
of the effect of band size, band placement and instrument
performance parameters on crop type discrimination, 121 the
construction of a comprehensive library of spectral signatures
for important agricultural crops at various stages of growth, soil
and illumination conditions Initially, spectra will cover the range
04 to t.1 micron The data base will ultimately eotend to
15 micron.
W76-70479 177-31-52
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
IMAGE PROCESSING/LAND USE/HCMM
Fl. H. Green 213-354-6703
The objective of the project is to expand upon the Land
Use Management Information System ILUMISI application with
special emphasis on It) analyzing the suitability of using remotely
sensed data and technology in the preparation of the LUMIS
data base and using ERTS technology for updating the data
base and 12) generating a transferrable LUMIS software package
for use by other local and state government agencies Tacoma.
Washington has been selected as the initial city for transfer of
this technology as specified in FY-75 RTOP 644-5X-XX. Using
the FY75 LUMIS as a starting point, the LUMIS application
will be expanded in both scope and depth. Cost data on system
development has been collected during FY75 Similar data for
system operation will also be collected and these costs will be
used along with observation of actual L A. City Planning
Department utilization to dehne the technical specifications for
generating a transferrable LUMIS software package. Furthermore.
working iv conjunction with L A. City and the ASVT prolect
definition FY76 RTOP 177-6X-XX Multiple Input Land Use
System for Metropolitan/Regional Applications in California). this
project will determine the extent to which remotely sensed data
and technologies and digital image processing techniques can
be utilized. A software requirements analysis plus an initial
transferrable software package will be available by the end of
FY76 A more comprehensive package incorporating greater use
of remote sensing technology is planned for FY77.
W76-70480 177-32-51
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena
LOW COST DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM
O P. Burcham 213-354-3028
The purpose of this task is to define advantages, disadvan-
tages. availability, capabilities and other pertinent features of
potential low cost data analysis equipment for small or medium
size users to interface with their existing equipment or for stand
alone data processing The study will be restricted to processing
data from imaging sensors and to the conversion of data from
other sensors when necessary for relating to image data.
Experience at JPL has shown that crucial factors in efficient
image processing lie in on-line digital image acquistion. on-live
volatile and hard copy display, and the image processing software
system itself. thus those will be the primary areas to be studied.
Because of the interrelation between software and hardware in
image processing. consideration must be given to available image
processing software and to tradeoffs between hardware and
software processes. Thus, the recommendations for development
of needed equipment and systems may include software. Since
previous surveys have been aimed at the larger user, they must
be reviewed for applicability to the small user. The data in these
will be updated with new mavufacturer's intxrmatiOn. and the
present state of the art will then be compared to that required
for efficient image processing Due consideration will be given
to the possibilities of modular upgrades and standardized interfaces
to keep user costs down.
W76-70481 177-42-51
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
DATA TECHNIQUES FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION
0. P Burcham 213-354-3028
The primary objective is to refine and improve image
enhancement techniques developed by the JPL Image Processing
Laboratory IIPLI and to apply these to geologic problems. In
the past, these methxds have proved to be extremely useful for
the detection of hydrothermal alteration zones associated with
possible mineral deposits, and for identification and mapping of
geologic structxres and lithxlogic units. Using a data base of
spacecraft acquired multispectral digital data, computer process-
ing with image analysis is necessary to extract that subset of
information pertinent to solving a particular problem Sup-
plementary spectral data will be acquired using the previously
developed backpack spectrometer. aircraft data, and laboratory
analysis. Specific objectives will include the detection of prophyry
copper deposits in southern Arizona and New Mexico in
cooperation with Continental Oil Co.. the detection of uranium
sands in Wyoming in cooperation with the University of Wyoming.
and the study of xltramahc rocks in southern Brazil in cooperation
with the U.S G.S. Further work will be undertaken in the field
of lithologic identification and mapping Areas of study will include
southeast Alaska in cooperation with the U S G.S. and crystalline
75
PAGENO="0308"
W76-70482 177-42-52
Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif. Inst. of Tech . Pasadena
HIGH RESOLUTION ERS DATA TEXTURE ANALYSIS
D P. Burcham 213-354-3028
(177-42-52)
The long term objective of this work is to demonstrate the
utility of placing sensors capable of directly measuring ERS picture
element teoture on board future satellites. A family of teoture
measures will be delineated. Selection of the teoture measures
will be guided by effectiveness and ease of hardware imp)ementa-
Son. High resolution images from sources such as Skylab or
U-2 wdl be scanned and digitized. Teoture will be measured for
regions that correspond in size to one ERS picture element. In
this manner we produce teoture images that correspond to the
standard MSS images. The teoture images will supply additional
dimensions to the four-dimensional MSS data. The effectiveness
and utility of the teoture measures will be demonstrated by
segmenting the scene by the JPL MSS Bayesian classifier
operating on teuture images and four-channel MSS images.
W76-70483 177-42-85
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston, Tex.
LARGE-AREA CROP PRODUCTION INVENTORY BY
REMOTE SENSING
A. E Potter 713-483-2071
1177-51-81; 177-52-821
The eopansion of crop production inventory technology from
the relatively local areas over which it has been developed to
the larger areas required for large area inventories using satellites.
ha s uncove red a number of technical problems previously
overlooked or underestimated The objectives of the tasks outlined
in this RTOP are to investigate solutions to problems associated
with large area crop production inventory. The approach has
been to separate the large-area crop production even tory process
into a sequence of technical areas, and then to define the most
important problems in each. Production estimates are based on
the combination of yield and acreage information. An initial
breakdown of tasks is made according to whether each relates
to acreage, yield, or production. Within these areas, further
subdivisions are made according to technical problems which
nerd solution. Total crop acreage in large areas is estimated
from computer-aided analysis of satellite multispectral imagery.
The approach is first to determine crop acreage for a number of
small sample areas chosen within the large area.
W76-70485 177-44-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va.
SENSOR EVALUATIONS
E. S Love 804-827-2893
The objective is to determine the spectral bands euhich provide
the characteristic signatures that relate remote sensor measure-
ments to aquatic primary production This effort will investigate
the use of characteristic spectral signatures of the carotenoid
pigments in phytoplankton to remotely determine quantitative
characteristics of algae such as mass, productivity and growth
rates. Initial studies will review available spectral data and an
evaluation of the known relationships between carotenoid
concentrations and the quantitative characteristics of interest.
Subsequent work will include in-house laboratory studies of these
relationships, development of multi-band recognition schemes.
and laboratory tests of candidate sensor systems, with held tests
of selected systems beginning in FY77. Alsà included in this
effort is correlation of eelgrass productivity with remote sensing
techniques, originally using Kodak's special water penetration
film and extensive surface truth measurements for synoptic
coverage. In-house research will be augmented by a contract
with Virginia Institute of Marine Science.
W76-70486 177-44-52
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
SENSOR EVALUATIONS
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
1645-30.08)
With the ready availability of the 24 channel multispectral
scanner data and the Portable Field Reflectance Spectrometer
)PFRSI. the problem of determining the most suitable bands
and ratios for discriminating various geologic units and areas of
hydrothermal alteration become exceptionally difficult by the
techniques previously developed at JPL Multivariate statistical
analysis must therefore be used to analyze the 24 channel
multi spectral scanner data to determine the optimal channels
and ratios needed to distinguish various geologic units and
recognize potential areas of economic importance. Such techniques
include principal component analysis and discriminant analysis.
Principal component analysis can be used to determine the
interdependence of the various spectral channels and ratios for
different geologic materials. Discriminant analysis enables the
determination of the optimum combination of spectral bands
which discriminate the spectra signature of one geologic unit
from another. Ground-truth measurements on the spectral
reflectivity of various materials obtained from laboratory analysis
of held samples and in situ held measurements with the PFRS
will be statistically compared to the 24 channel MSS data. The
collected samples will also be analyzed to determine the minerals
and chemical elements responsible for the material's spectral
signature. A companion study will be the evaluation of the effect
of sensor parameters on the ability to classify materials based
on multivariate analysis.
304
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
terrain in New Mexico in cooperation with' thb University of and subsequent analysis. For example the class that corresponds
New Mexico. Assistance will be provided to other investigators to the peak in the histogram or the variance of the histogram
based on the applicability of their problems to developing or texture measure).
extending IPL enhancement techniques
W76-70484 177-43-51
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
ERS SUB-PIXEL CLASSIFICATION AND SPECTRAL
RESOLUTION STUDY
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
The objectives of this research is to demonstrate the utility
of on-board classification of high resolution multispectral image
data and to develop a quantitative relationship between the
measurement element size effective earth surface area implied W76-70487 177-44-53
by one image sample) and the spectra) signature of the finest Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
data element to be resolved An ancillary objective is to propose SIMS EARTH OBSERVATIONS SRT
suitable classification strategies and to study the data compression D. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
capability offered by the application of pattern recognition 1645-30021
techniques to on-board data processing High resolution images This RTOP combines a previous program `Microwave
from sources such as Skylab or U-2 will be scanned and digitized Radiometric Measurements of Ice Thickness' 1177-55-521, with
at a family of sampling intewals. The high resolution images a new program to provide supporting research for a Microwave
will be `smeared' to produce an equivalent ERS MSS image. Earth Observations experiment for the shuttle. Microwave
That is an image with approximately 100 square meter surface radiometry has been proved a useful remote sensing tool for
resolution. Smearing xvi)) be accomplished by averaging the earth observations the NEMS and ESMR experiments on
number of high resolution image samples equal to one ERS NIMBUS-5 and the S-193 and S-194 experiments on Skylab.
image sample. The ERS equivalent images svi)) be segmented These experiments have led to other microwave experiments
either manually or by the JPL MSS classifier to define the class developed for NIMBUS-F and now being developed for NIMBUS-G
resolution provided by the data. The high resolution component and TIROS-N. The shuttle, because of its extended capabilities
images will also be segmented into classes and a histogram over previous space transportation system offers a unique
(relative frequency of occurrence) of classes xvill be generated, opportunity to significantly extend the developing applications of
We will convert the histogram into a single feature for transmission microwave radiometry. It can provide improved surface resolution
76
PAGENO="0309"
305
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
at frequencies which hane been used on prior euperiments, and
pronide for menningful measurements at lower frequencies which
bane not been feasible for previous eopnniments. Measurements
with improved resolution at lunger wavelengths are especially
useful for observing phenomena such as soil moisture permafrost
regions, ice boundaries in lakes and oceans. etc. The shuttle
imaging microwave system (SIMSI. now in late definition phase
will provide such measurements This cask will provide the
supporting research required for interpreting the SIMS measure-
ments in terms of geophysical parameters, which are of interest
for hydrology, geology, routing, and other applications. The
research will include theoretical modeling and controlled experi-
ments using eoisting instrumentation (with minor modifications(
previously developed as part of the ice thickness program.
W76-70488 177-44-83
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston. Tex.
MULTIFREQUENCY MICROWAVE CLASSIFICATION OF
SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE OBSERVABLES
Curtis C Mason 713-483-6287
(177-51-84; 177-44-821
Extraction of qualitative information on agricultural and soil
properties has been demonstrated using data from microwave
systems This effort will eotensively quantify the information
available from the response of active and passive microwave
sensors to a wide range of agricultural and soil hydrological
phenomena associated with both surface and/or subsurface
obsemables The overall objective is to develop techniques by
which (11 soil moisture profiles and (21 key agricultural crop
phenomena can be accurately determined and/or differentiated
by active and passive microwave sensors, The soil moisture
investigations are acontinu ation of those being conducted within
the joint soil moisture experiment using field and airborne
microwave sensors Field measurements of key crops (corn, wheat.
soybeans, and mi(o( will be conducted by the University of
K ansas using a radar spectrometer. These measurements will
extend those previously conducted by the U of Ks. but will
cover a morn comprehensive range of phenomena over the
complete growth cycle. The Investigations will result in the
definition of the microwave sensors response as a function of
frequency. polarization. and incidence angle to (11 soil moisture
profiles for diflerent conditions including al crop cover. (b( surface
roughness, cl soil type, (dl underground anomalies. and el
moisture state, (21 agricultural phenomena, including al crop
type. (b(maturity. cl plant turgidity, (dl foilage orientation, (xl
fuilage density, fl fvilage muisture. and (g( plant health. The
results can then be used in the definitiun of optimal sensor
type, frequencies, and operational conditions for use on shuttle
and other spacecraft and aircraft applications. Data analysis
techniques for optimal interpretation and utilization will be
developed
W76-70489 177.51-41
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md
JOINT MICROWAVE SOIL MOISTURE AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT
T. J. Schmugge 301.982.6360
The objective of this effort is to determine the capabilities
of active and passive microwave techniques for use in the remote
sensing of soil moisture. This involves the ebservation of changes
in the emissivity or reflectivity for a soil as a function of moisture
content. In addition, the possibility of using microwave techniques
for detecting important parameters of a vegetative canopy such
as amount and type of crop cover and degree of moisture stress
is to be studied. The recent work under this RTOP has involved
field measurements using truck-mounted microwave sensors for
the determination of the emissive and scattering properties of
surfaces and aircraft flights for the demonstration of the remote
sensing capabilities of these sensors. It is proposed that these
efforts be continued and thvt work be initiated on the development
of models which can make use of this remotely sensed soil
moisture data for the estimation of agricultural crop yieldn. Toward
this end specific questions that must be answered include the
depth to which the techniques can sense soil moisture varia-
tions, what amount of vegetative cover can be penetrated by
the `microwave radiation, and what information concerning the
vegetative canopy can be obtained from the emissive and
scattering properties of the crop itself. To accomplish these
objectives a Joint Soil Moisture Experiment working group was
formed in August 1973 consisting of personnel from Texas A&M
University. University of Kansas. University of Arkansas.
USDA.ARS (Chickasha, OK( and NASA (both JSC and GSFC(.
It is expected that the field and laboratory measurements will
continue to be performed at these universities and this group
will provide the manpower for performing the flight missions
W76-70490 177-51-42
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md
CROP CLASSIFICATION USING TIME DERIVATIVES OF
LANDSAT DATA
R. Jastrow 212.678.5619
(177-20-411
The general objective of this program is to develop innovative
techniques for extracting maximum-information from LANDSAT
data with special emphasis on agricultural applications. Specific
objectives are to (11 evaluate accuracy of crop classification and
determine crop acreage using time-history techniques; 121 study
signature-extension techniques. with objective of minimizing
dependence of crop classification on ground-truth; (31 improve
classification accuracies by correcting for atmospheric effects
Discrimination of wheat from other crop and plant canopies will
be emphasized. A data-processing method has been developed
by GISS working with Dartmouth and Columbia personnel to
process LANDSAT data and other multispectral data on the basis
of a profile of changes in spectral signature with time, i.e..
time-history. The technique makes a pixel.by-pixel comparison
uf changes in spectral signature for up to four successive
LANDSAT passes. An automatic discrimination is applied on the
basis of timedeiivatives of the spectral signature, represented
as a vector in the four-dimensianal space corresponding to the
4 MSS bands. Experiments to date involving this method, with
only two ERTS passes and first time-derivative of the spectral
signature have proven highly accurate in classification of wheat
acreage. In FY-76. the project will be extended to more difficult
crop-classification problems, using more ERTS passes and
higher-order time derivatives. Further improvements in classifica-
tine accuracy will be attempted by inserticn of atmospheric
corrections derived from detailed theoretical modelling of
atmospheric absorption combined with high-spectral resolution
airborne spectrometer data. Expected results are improved acreage
and yield estimates at earlier times in the growth cycle, and
minimization of the ground-truth required to make regionally
valid crop production furevasts.
W76-70491 177-51-81
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Too.
FORESTRY APPLICATIONS PROJECT
A. W Patterson 713-483-2204
The JSC Earth Observations Division and Southern Region.
U.S. Forest Service began a cooperative effort in July 1971, to
investigate the applications of remote sensing to Forestry. Two
Forest Service employees were assigned to the Applications Office
Since then the Forestry Applications Project Team has determined
that the following tasks should be developed into applications
procedures-timber resource inventories, and soils resource
inventories-using automatic processing and multispectral data
The over-all objective is to develop procedures for making forestry
inventories utilizing remote sensing and implementing suitable
techniques in the Southern Region The approach to meet this
objective will be through a thorough investigation and implementa-
tion of the fallawing tasks (11 determine Forest Service
requirements which can be accomplished by remote sensing
techniques. (21 Establish task objectives and procedures for remote
sensing studies involving certain requirements. (31 Perform the
above tasks utilizing present state-of-the-art remote sensing
technology, define areas of needed technological research and
direct that research toward satisfying project objectives (41
Evaluate the results of the investigations and assess their economic
feasibility. (51 Verify techniques in a different forest ecosystem
to determine breadth of application. (61 Transfer to the user
agency the acceptable techniques and assist them in the
implementation of the applications.
77
PAGENO="0310"
OFFICE OF APPLICATIONS
306
W76-70492 177-51-91
John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach, Fl a.
THE APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING TO EVALUATING
SURFACE TEMPERATURE DURING FREEZING CONDI-
TIONS
P. 0. loft 305-867-7705
(177-70-911
The primary objective of this investigation is to establish a
cost-effective method using remote sensing to accurately
determine the amount (temperature and dorat;onl of crop freeze
eoposure over large geographical areas, and to develop a
comprehensive cold weather climatology classification and
geoatmospheric model of Florida's citrus areas for accurate freeze
exposure forecasting. The approach selected utilizes airborne and
satellite thermal data to measure the earth-air interface tempera-
tures over selected agricultural areas during freeze conditions.
The data are then used for comparison with actual freeze
conditions and inputted into computer models. These models
would then be improved as indicated by the comparison of the
predicted vs. measured temperatures.
W76-70493 177-52-21
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio.
SOIL VEGETATION AND WATER IMPOUNDMENT STUD-
IES OF MIDWEST STRIP MINED AREAS
Mark Herman 216-433-3000
Various soil, water and vegetation parameters characteristic
of both coal and clay strip wined areas will be used to classify
selected wined areas as to their suitability for reclamation. In
addition, current efforts as well as the effectiveness of earlier
efforts for mined area reclamation will be evaluated.
W76-70494 177-52.42
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
REGIONAL APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT
P. J. Cressy 301-982-2658
(644-01-41; 683-76-411
The objective is to undertake projects involving joint participa~
lion of users and the Information Transfer Laboratory IINTRALABI
in the development of techniques for the application of remotely
sensed data to regional problems. U sers us ill be invited to
participate with INTRALAB in the analysis of user'identified
problems of regional operational significance. Users wiTI supply
ground truth, and will assign personnel to work with INTRALAB.
which will provide remotely sensed data (aircraft and space-
craftl. discipline experts. and advanced facilities and information
extraction techniques for image analysis. The intent will be to
not only develop aed transfer techniques for the user's specific
problem, but also to thoroughly explore the utility of present
remote sensing technology for the application under study. These
studies will: 111 provide specific users with hands-un experience
in applying remote sensing techxiques to meet the user's
xperational xbjectives, and 121 establish a realistic basis for
dehning requirements for, and assessing potential benefits of.
future earth applications missions.
W76-70495 177-52-82
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex.
REGIONAL APPLICATIONS EXPLORATORY STUDY
PROJECT
G E. McKain 713-483-6287
1177-42-831
Early in 1973, the JSC Earth Observations Divisox and the
State of Texas began a cooperative effort to investigate the
utility of remotely sensed data as a source of land resources
information. The specific objectives of the effort are To establish.
within the State of Texas, a capability to utilize remotely sensed
data Tx develop and transfer to Texas remot esensin g technology
which will support the operational needs of the State. To design
and conduct pilot demonstrations of the application of remotely
sensed data. To establish a mrchanism within Texas for the
implementation of a joint Texas/NASA demonstration project.
The project is primarily a State activity within NASA making its
major contribution in the following areas: Ill Orientation and
training of State personnel to remote sensing technology. 12)
Remote sensing systems design. technology development and
technology transfer in support of State pilot demonstrations. 131
Providing remote sensing consultation in support of State
prxgrams NASA's cxntributixxs in areas 1 and 3 will be
accomplished by Project personnel: area 2 will be accxmplished
through NASA's supporting research and technology programs.
The SR&T activity required to support the State's operational
demonstrations will be mutually defined by Texas and NASA
personnel
W76-70496 177-53-41
Goddard Space Plight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS USING LANDSAT AND
RELATED DATA
Herbert Tiedemann 301-982-5123
The objectives are to continue evaluation of application of
LANDSAT/EREP data to practical geologic problems in exploration
for fossil fuels and geothermal energy sources, nuclear plant
siting and envirxnmental geology, and pursuit xf increased
computer and optical processing capabilities to identify, enhance
and extract data relevant to solution of these problems. Current
studies will be expanded to evaluate (11 finears mapping as a
guide xx subsurfave struetore in petroleum exploration and for
regional tectonic assessment required for nuclear power plants
siting. (21 use of color/tonal anomalies as guides to surface
alteration effects related to petroleum ur geothermal sources.
and (31 potential for satellite data in production of environmental
geology maps. Expanded capabilities in computer processes and
optical techniques will be used to improve analysis of digital
data and imagery. These studies will: (11 assess the capability
uf various data enhancement and extraction techniques available
at GSPC to resolve energy- and environment-related geologic
problems, and 121 identify limitations of present data and/or
systems for use in addressing future requirements
W76-70497 177-54.11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
HYDROLOGIC MODELING
A. J. Stratton 415-965-5898
1177-64-111
The objectives of this work are to: (11 develop inter-related
management-oriented hydrological models, taking into account
both supply and demand, that make optimal use of modern
remote sensing capabilities; and 121 study the cost-effectiveness
of such models as compared to the utility of conventional, presently
used mxdels or other management tools Large water basins
and regional water distribution systems, as typified by the
California Water Project, mill be the focus of study. Effort will
be devoted to both the supply and demand aspects of such
systems. The development of advanced applications techniques
which provide methods of acquiring data inputs to supply and
demand models will be pursued. As the remote sensing application
techniques are developed, they will be made available for
quasi-operatixnal demonstratign tests conducted jointly by NASA
and user agencies under separate funding.
W76-70498 177-54-12
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
REMOTE SENSING FOR SNOW AND ICE MAPPING AND
MONITORING
W. I. Linlor 415-965-5538
(177-54-11; 177-64-111
The objectives are snowpack measurements by use of remote
sensor technology, to obtain hydrological cycle data input, so as
to achieve better utilization of water resources. flood forecasting.
hydroelectric energy production, and related activities. Remote
sensing techniques will be applied for the measurement of the
extent, depth, density, and percent moisture of snowpack. to
assist in water resource management Specific techniques
include surface, airborne, and satellite-based instrumentation
Surface systems are needed for ground truth data. Time'
progressive infxrmation will be obtained by cxmpletely automatic.
remote installations to measure moisture in the snow by
attenuation of microwaves between source and receivers that
move vertically within dielectric tubes. Data would be relayed
via satellite link. This is a joint project with the U S. Forest
Service and thn U S. Geological Survey. Airborne systems will
78
PAGENO="0311"
307
OFFI CF OF APPLICATIONS
be investigated using passive and active electromagnetic
measurements, the latter being based on multifrequency sounding
to obtain snowpack depth, density, and moisture Calculations
will be continued for representative models snow, ice, water.
and earth. Satellite-based systems will include passive microwave
measurements to give synoptic. time-progressive surveys of snow
coverage, waler equivalent, and snowpack moisture lripnnessl,
in a joint project with the U. S. Geological Survey.
W76-70499 177.54-22
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
SATELLITE ICE MONITORING FEASIBILITY STUDIES
HJ Mark 216-433-4000
The objectives are to explore the use of remote sensing
techniques for transportation applications in the oceans; to
determine the feasibility of extending present techniques and
capabilities that have been developed for Great Lakes ice shipping
to shipping operations in Arctic areas including the use of satellite
data to develop a transferable system for application to sea ice
navigation. The approach is to use experience gained in develop-
ing a Great Lakes all-weather ice season navigation system.
expand and extrapolate it. including the use of any applicable
satellite data. to the needs of ocean shipping with emphasis on
shipping operations in Arctic areas.
W76-70500 177-54-41
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
MONITORING AND MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC SYS-
TEMS
A Rango 301-982-5480
The thust of this effort is to; (1) characterize snowpack
parameters with microwave measurements and digitally map
snowcovered areas. 121 develop physically-based ftoxdprxne area
signatures, (3) modify hydrologic models to make better use of
remote sensing data, and (41 investigate new hydrologic modeling
concepts that will make more optimum use of remote sensing
capabilities. lx order to measure more meaningful snowpack
parameters satellite, aircraft, and field microwave measurements
will be combined with detailed ground truth measurements.
Semi-automatic mapping of snxwcxvered area for operational
use will be accomplished using digital LANOSAT multispectral
classifications. Multispectral signatures will be developed ix areas
known to be floodproxe. and the signatures will then be transferred
to other floodprone areas and any discrepancies will be field
checked and the signatures refined The currently existing
capabilities of LANDSAT for measuring land use, surface water
area. and imperviousness will be exploited to full potential by
modifying existing hydrologic models so as to better accept the
remote sensing inputs. Snowmelt subroutines will also be modified
to accept the direct input of sxxwcxver area, snowline elevation
and albedo. New modeling concepts will also be tested ix regard
to compatibility with remote sensing Streamflow simulations
from models with and without remote sensing will be compared.
It is expected that the microwave studies will for the first time
allow high altutide estimates of snow depth and water equivalent
Combined with semi-automatic snowcuver area extraction, the
microwave data will provide results allowing recommendations
for ax operational snowpack monitoring remote sensing system.
The development of floodplain signatures with physical explana-
tions will permit operational agencies to make more obiective
use of remote sensing for flxodprone area delineation and
developmental monitoring. The results from the modeling effort
will show the expected benefits of having upto-date remote
sensing information incorporated into streamflow simulations for
water management.
cooperative research program with USGS. CRREL Bureau of
Land Management, NSF. and NOAA ix conjunction with their
recently initiated Arctic Off-shore Program IAOP). These studies
are also directed towards the definition of an ASVT for sea ice
monitoring, which would involve the operational utilization of
satellite data obtained from the NIMBUS-S. NIMBUS-6,
NIMBUS.G and the SEASAT-A satellites The cooperative research
program will entail both the acquisition of data, its interpretation.
and a cxuperatiue planning of an operational ice warning system
Acquisition of data from aircraft platforms will involve utilization
of USGS aircraft on a regular basis and NASA aircraft on an
occasional basis. Instrumentatiun to be used to acquire sea ice
data will involve active and passive microwave wagers. infrared
wagers, and photography lx defining ax operational system,
the following possiblities will be considered 111 the feasibility
of transmitting, via APT mode, satellite informative directly to
ships and drilling platforms; and (21 relaying data acquired by
surveying aircraft to such ships and drilling platforms by satellite
relay in a fashion similar to the ice warn system developed for
the Great Lakes. It is expected that this effort will result in lhe
definition of a sea ice warning ASVT.
W76-70502 177-55-31
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
COASTAL PROCESSES
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
The objective is to investigate the ERS potential concerning
coastal zone processes dealing with sedimentation (sediment
transport, beach erosion, sediment quantification. etc.(. current
analysis, and water color Research is to be oriented lx take
advantage of satellites such as SEASAT and NIMBUS in addition
to ERTS. Emphasis will be on improvement of methods for
quantification of sediment cuncextration. development of computer
facilities and algorithms for the identification and quantification
of multispectral scanner signatures of marine waters, and to
investigate the pxxential of ERS in current analysis. Sediment
integration of the methodologies of leading authorities to develop
understanding of remote sensing process of particulates followed
by the development of strategies for quantification of sediment
concentration; conduct additional aircraft flights with improved
ground truth support; and initiate methods of evaluating dredge
spoil plume dynamics and circulation patterns Scanner signatures:
adapt langley computer facility into advanced system specifically
aimed toward identification and quantification of marine signa-
tures; and expand capabilities for pretreatment of data and multiple
regression techniques The system development will include
capability for accepting classification approaches from other
organizations Current analysis: existing ERS data will be examined
to determine area and reflectance limit s necessary to recieue
current data from ERS; and feasibility of enhancing water current
patterns with additives will be studied, and experimental
observations of promising candidates will be made during aircraft
and satellite overflights.
W76-70503 177-61-42
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
DEFINITION OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND
CONTROL ASVT
V V Salomonson 301.982.6481
(177-54411
The objective uf this effort is to define a program that will
involve the use and evaluation of products derived from spaceborne
observing systems by agencies having mandated responsibilities
for the management and control of water resources in the
United States and selected regions. A particular objective is to
define in detail the prucessrng and distribution of remotely
W76-70501 177-54-42 sensed-data as it proceeds from satellite observing systems to
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. the point where it is used to make a decision or determination
SEA ICE MONITORING involving water resources or associated systems This approach
P. Gloersen 301-982-6362 to be used will involve meeting and planning with user agencies
1177-54-22) representatives so that a pruject plan can be derived,that will
The objective of this program is to determine the feasibility clearly meet real needs of the agencies involved and have their
of an operational sea ice monitoring system for the purpose of concurrence Certain representative data products that the
providing increased safety for shipping operations ix the Arctic agencies can evaluate and approve will be produced The prucess
sea lanes and for Arctic off-shore resource extraction, e.g., drilling of producing these data products will be documented and
platforms for oif-shxre oil. Effort will be directed towards a feasibility established from these prototype exercises for the
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conduct of a complete Water Resources Management and Control
ASVT (WRMC-ASVT). The expected results from this effort will
include: (t) selected data products representing those common
outputs to be produced during a WRMC-ASVT; and (2) a project
plan that meets the requirements outlined in Appendix A of the
Ofhce of Applications Earth Resources Program Summ ary.
January 1975.
W76-70504 177-61-52
Jet Propulsion Lab Calif. tnst. of Tech Pasadena
MULTIPLE INPUT LAND USE SYSTEM FOR METROPOLI-
TAN/REGIONAL APPLICATIONS IN CALIFORNIA
R. H. Green 213-354-6703
(177-52-51; 644-02-02; 656-ti -031
The objective of this ASVT definition project is the design
and development of a land use information system to serve
urban and regional applications. Major emphasis is to be placed
upon (1) technology development for construction of data base
systems. 121 program design that assures that potential users in
the State of California be able to interrogate/interface their own
information systems with the data base, and (31 system design
that accepts the full range of data sets of potential use to a
variety of agencies operating in metropolitan regions. The data
base ensign will incorporate the interfacing of tabular formatted
geocoding systems already in existence with an on-going
development of a rastnr scan formatted gnocoding system. To
insure that the overall system design is acceptable to user
agencies. JPL's contacts with government agencies in southern
California through the LUMIS project (RTOP 177-52-511 s.!l be
expanded by drawing in consultants from the University of
California system (Riverside. Los Angrles. Santa Barbara. and
Berkeley) to assist in project design and execution. The system
will be developed with the close cooperation of the Southern
California Association of Governments ISCAGI. The program would
encompass a hoe-year period incorporating progressively larger
regions. The hrst year's effort will be devoted to determining
system design criteria and user needs for the ASVT project. By
the end of FY-77 software development and construction of a
prototype geocoded information system of land use for metropoli-
tan Los Angeles should be complete During FY-7B and .79
data base sets will be constructed fxr urbanized and urban fringe
areas in California and modeling and inventory applications will
be conducted with user agencies. During FY50 JPL will provide
information to the State initiate a stand-alone land use information
W76-70505 177-70-11
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
WESTERN REGIONAL APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT
J. M. Deerwester 415-965-5597
The objective of this RTOP is to provide a focus for bringing
to bear Center competence in remote sensing. data collection.
and systems analysis on problems facing state and local agencies.
Experiments will be performed to determine the contributions
that remotely sensed data and other products of NASA technology
can make to the statutory needs of the cooperating agency.
These applications developments will make particular use of
expertise in the fields of land use inventories, geology, hydrology
and coastal processes. Wherever possible, the program will exploit
Landsat data, including use of the Data Collection System. In
general the approach will be to coordinate user needs directly
with respective agencies within the eleven Western States (as
dehned by the Office of User Affairs). Emphasis will continue.
however, on cooperative projects within the State of California.
Workshops and seminars of general interest to regional users
will be held, as appropriate, to apprise potential users of the
applicability of aerospace technology to their nends Those
experimental projects that yield favorable results would be
considered at a later date as candidates for more extensive
applications demonstration projects.
The objective is to search for, define and demonstrate
applications of remote sensing in cooperation with local, state.
federal agencies and academic institutions. Regional applications
that may be extrapolated to other areas will be emphasized.
Particularly important are projects that impact coastal zone
problems. Especially mans interaction with this zone as he seeks
for example to manage wetlands, develop residential areas and
industrial sites The approach is to combine remote sensing
techniques already developed and apply them to local problems
along with a modest amount of development at Wallops Flight
Center. Resources to be drawn upon include the ground truth
instrumentation, aircraft, datacente r, analysis equipment, and
the various support services available at WFC. Users include
those WFC is already working with such as the Park Service
and Agricultural Extension Services along with users still to be
identihed especially those connected usith the Delmawa Advisory
Council. a local group representing a wide range of economic
activities in this region. Emphasis will be placed on projects
which have application to the coastal zone.
W76-70507 176-56-12
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES
H. P. Klein 415.965-5094
The objective is to apply NASA radio-telemetry. bio-
instrumentation and remote sensing technology to the needs of
wildlife resource management programs as dehned by user
agencies and the Congress. Demonstrate to user agencies how
NASA technologr- can be used to gather critical data concerned
with environmental vigor and degradation, wildlife resource and
behavior patterns, and disease factors affecting domestic stock.
human populations, and wildlife resources. The approach will be
to match aerospace technology to the needs of user agencies
for mapping and tracking of natural resources and anim als
Coordinate these efforts through GSFC. JSC. and HO in order
to reduce redundancy and take advantage of best methods. ARC
is responsible for coordinating the animal handling through the
user agencies, developing animal collars, harnesses, and big-
instrumentation. and coordinating all NASA efforts toward goals
responsive to the user agencies. GSFC will develop the instrumen-
tation antennae and power supplies associated with long range
telemetry. Use of aircraft and satellite imagnry for detecting
meteorological, sea ice, and vegetation changes will be studied
to demonstrate its usefulness in combination with telemetry for
wildlife resource management programs. The combined imagery
and telemetry studies will be in conjunction with existing efforts
of user agencies working on real-time wildlife resource manage-
ment models. The user agency will take the responsibility for
animal handling and much of the ground truth.
W76-7050B 150-06-60
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
LAUNCH VEHICLE PLANNING STUDIES
B. C Lam 202-755-3726
The objective of this task is to provide the studies and
analyses required for OSS Launch Vehicle and Propulsion
Programs planning, for OSS level space program planning, and
~or space shuttle user charge policy planning Individual tasks
are formulated and assigned by the Office of Space Science, by
Launch Vehicle and Propulsion Programs. or by the Technical
Planning Office. NASA/JSC. The contractor conducts studies and
analyses lOSS planning studies, economic analyses. trade-off
studies, investigations in areas of launch vehicle technology; etc.)
that provide a base of technical information that can be drawn
177-70-61 coon in the formulation of program recommendations.
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
Launch Vehicle Development
W76-70506
Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Va.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL APPLICATIONS AND W76-70509 180-17-50
LAND USE Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
J. 0. Oberholtzer 804-824-341 t SYSTEM PERFORMANCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESS-
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
MENT FOR UNMANNED MISSIONS
G. Wittenstein 205-453-3017
From previxosly developed studies and computer programs.
new studies and programs will be developed which will evalaate
system requirements in order to enhance accomplishment of
unmanned missions. Special mission planning tools will be
developed in conjunction with this. To accomplish this, the
following tasks will be performed: (1) maintain and opdate
methodology and computer programs. (2) provide evaluation of
unmanned L/V and systems with respect to OSS mission
accomplishment, (3) continue to analyze the Scout L/V perform.
ance reliability program. (4) perform mission planning and reliability
assessment required for the various experiments, and (5) perform
a special Mission Planning Computer System evaluation and
feasibility study.
W76-70510 180-17-54
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
GUIDANCE COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
B White 205.453-3987
The coming decade of vigorous space activity by NASA
and other organizations will require an increasingly reliable launch
vehicle family. This includes the development of technology to
provide flexible and re)iable computation for future space missions.
High performance data processing configurations with useful
lifetimes up to five years for long duration earth orbital and
p)anetary missions are being emphasized. Digital logic, circuits.
packaging techniques. avd configuration are being deve)oped to
meet the reliability and environmental constraints of these
advanced missions. Emphasis is being given to continuation of
research in modular computer configurations. Existing software
is being refined and expanded and new software developed in
the areas of failure detection, switching control, and recovery.
The culmination of these developments and evaluations will result
ix the fabrication of a breadbxard modular computer system
which demonstrates and verifies the objectives, approach, and
architecture of a long life fault tolerant computational system
W76-7051 1 180-17-55
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
CONTAMINATION CONTROL IN HYBRID MICROELEC-
TRONIC MODULES
Salvadore V. Caruso 205-453-1505
(506-18-31)
The objective of this effort is to develop, test and evaluate
processes, process controls, and electronic coating materials for
protection of hybrid microelectronic circa it mudules from
contamination In addition, detection methods for contamination
inside packages will be developed and/or evaluated Investigations
will be performed to select and evaluate electronic passivation
methods and materials and processes for applicativn in particu
late contamination control Studies will also be performed in
related areas such as wire bonding, package sealing and particle
detection methods To accomplish these objectives, a task in
Hybrid Microelectrov:cs Development Studies will be performed.
W76-70512 180-31-52
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Ivst. of Tech . Pasadena
LIQUID PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY
P. J. Meeks 213.354.2546
(506-21-21)
The overall objective of this effort is to evolve and demonstrate
the technologies of critical components for a 950 )b sub f thrust
bimode propulsion system. Once Ihese technolagies have been
demxnstrated, they easily can be adapted to flight application
by the ultimate user. The engine development effort, which
consitutes a vajor portion of this RTOP. has as its objective
the demonstration and evaluation of a preflight configuration
bimoda) rocket engine for unmanned planetary spacecraft
applications It will utilize the earth-storable propel)ants nitrogen
tetroxide )N204) and hydrazine (N2H4), and will produce a
bipropellant vacuum thrust of approximately 4275 N (950 lb
sub f( at a 40. 1 expansion area ratio The Preflight model will
be designed based on criteria sub p and information generated
during prior years's efforts. This engine then will be subjected
to performance, margin-limit, and life testing in a vacuum
environment. System design and application analyses will be
conducted to guide component design and development. These
studies will be coordinate with potential earl y users to ensure
that the resulting technolxgies will be applicable to proposed
flight systems with minimal modifications.
W76-70513 180-32-51
Langley Research Center, Langley Station. Va
SOLID ROCKET PROPULSION SYSTEMS
E. S. Love 8O4-827~2893
A review wil) be made of the criteria and methods of analysis
used in the design. prucesses, and techniques used in the
fabrication of solid fuel rocket motors. particu)arly those used in
the Scout vehicle, and identify those areas where the design
and/or process controls are inadequate. A development program
wil) be conducted to determine the selection of an improved
materia) to replace graphite materials currently used for nozzle
throat inserts on solid propellant motors. A progiam will identify
the critical design parameters that affect the reliability of
pyrotechnic systems so that lxw cost, simple, and reliable systems
can be used. An investigation shall determine what materials
and designs are best for solid rocket motor nozzles including
those used in new high energy propel)ant programs. Studies
and demonstrations of high energy propellants iv existing solid
rocket motor hardware shal) be initiated. A design feasibility
study shall be conducted to delineate the mechanical and structural
concepts and configurations fur strapon bovsters on small launch
W76-70514 180-72-50
Langley Research Center, Langley Station, Va.
ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS RESULTING FROM EFFLUENTS
PRODUCED DURING NASA UNMANNED ROCKET
LAUNCHES
E. S. Love 804-827-2893
The objectives of this researcs are to examine the effluent
from NASA unmanned launch operatiuns which may alter the
environment and to conduct a prugram to assess the possib)e
impact of these operations on the environment The type and
amount of effluents from launch operations will be determined
from studies of the launch systems. Analytical models are being
developed and applied by the Marshall Space Flight Center to
describe increases in cvncev tratixn ard dispersion of launch
vehicle effluents. Measurements of the concentration and
dispersion of effluents from selected launches will be made by
the Langley Research Center. The analytical predictions and the
experimental measurements xvi)) be used joint)y to assess the
effects of NASA unmanned launch operations on the environment
The primary environmental effects that will be determined are
(1) the spatial and tempxral distribution of toxic materials in
the vicinity of the (aunch site resulting from NASA unmanned
launch operations: (2) possible adverse effects of exhaust effluents
on vegetation and man is the vicinity of the launch sites, by
studying the environmental fate of the effluents, and (3) the
type and amount of material deposited in the troposphere during
launch operations This study is being coordinated with other
related studies on the environmental impact of exhaust effluents
through the NASA Panel on Shuttle Exhaust, OAST Shuttle
Technxlvgies Office. This work is also being cxxrd:nated with
re)ated DOD studies. Previously developed measuring techniques
and hardware will be used whenever practical.
Planetary Exploration - Science
W76-70515 185-47-51
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbe)t. Md
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE. ATOMIC OXYGEN. AND ENERGET-
IC BEAM CALIBRATION FOR MASS SPECTROMETERS
H. B Niemann 301-982-4706
The objective of this work is to develop new laboratory
techniques and to construct facilities far testing and calibration
of instruments to measure the neutral particle composition and
temperature of planetary and cometary atmospheres. The
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PAGENO="0314"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
310
different atmospheric environments encountoted in the various
planetary and interplanetary missions as well as the different
scientific goals set for the study of the planets require an eotensive
instrument and test facility development program which leads
to a satisfactory laboratory capability for evaluation and calibration
of flight instrument concepts and subsequently flight instruments.
The different chemical properties of the various atmospheric
constituents and the various gas dynamic covditi ons eopected
in a planetary entry or cometary encounter make it necessary
to develop several separate systems each with a limited range
of fleoibility which together satisfy the test requirements. Static
pressure calibration systems have beee developed for calibration
of mass spectrometers with nun-reactive gases in the pressure
range suitable for mass spectrometer operation. i.e.. equal to yr
less than .001 mb. This technique has to be eopaeded to include
pressure regions up to 100 bar, where instruments with eotended
dynamic ranges of greater than or equal to 10 to the 9th power
can be calibrated for detection of minor constituents and the
precise determination of isotope ratios. High speed computer
compatible data recording is planned to improve measurement
accuracy and data handling efficiency. Particle beam systems
have been developed for chemically active gases. i.e. 0 and H.
These particle beam techniques eeed to be eopanded to increase
the kinetic energy of the beam particles from is less than or
equal to 0.5eV to greater than or equal to 10eV for better
simulation of actual flight conditions. The effect on the instrument
performance of high velocity impact en instrument surfaces by
compleo molecules will be evaluated specifically for cometary
W76-70516 185-47-52
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
EXPERIMENT DEVELOPMENT FOR NEUTRAL GAS COMPO-
SITION MEASUREMENT IN PLANETARY AND COM.
ENTARY ATMOSPHERES
H B Niemann 301.982-4706
This research plan is concerned with the overall improvement
of neutral gas composition measurements planned for the
atmospheres of the planets and comets. In general, improve-
ments are sought in two basic areas: Ill sensor concept and
application, and 121 optimization of basic instrument parameters
in anticipation of restrictive mission constraints. In the first area,
sensor development will be directed toward: Ill the improvement
of ambient gas sampling techniques for high velocity probes
into high density atmospheres leg.. Saturn or Uranus entry probes).
121 the design of more efficient ion sources of both the open
type which provides side-energy focussing, and the closed type
which increases the thermalization of the gas being measured.
and 131 development of a neutral particle reparticle retarding
potential analyzer for high velocity probes In the second area,
neutral spectrometer system development will be directed toward
optimizing eoisting techniques in view of rigorous requirements
anticipated in forthcoming planetary and cometary flight opportuni-
ties. This work will concentrate on. 11) development of smaller.
lighter, higher resolution, less eopensive mass analyzers. 121
improvement of ion current detectors applicable to digital systems.
emphasizing accuracy, sensitivity, and stability, and 13) develop-
ment of improved digital logic and un-board data processing
sub-systems. Periodic earth atmosphere flight tests will be
performed to evaluate developments in the ion source area and
in the on-board data processing system oeder true flight conditions.
W76-70517 185-47-53
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
ION MASS SPECTROMETER TECHNIQUES FOR PLANE-
TARY AND COMETARY EXPERIMENTS
H. A. Taylor, Jr. 301-982-6610
The purpose of this RTOP is to support instrument develop-
ment for optimizing the diiect measurement techniques used iv
the detection of ambient thermal ion composition and conceetra-
lion from planetary probes, orbiters, and cometary probes The
desirability for optimizing the Bennett RF Ion Mass Spectrometer
measurement technique is brought about by the mission
constraints anticipated for future flight opportunities which demand
automatic inflight adaptability in response to limitations in
telemetry rate, power, and weight. New missions present additional
challenges in the measurement technique, in the form of the
effects on sampling of high spacecraft velocity. Realization of
these objectives in the midst of a constantly evolving technologi-
cal development in turn requires a continuing evolution of
instrument concepts. To respond to these requirements,
improvements in the Bennett spectrometer instrument are
planned in three areas: Ill adaptive step-dwell ion peak detection.
optimized according to spectral range and peak spacing. 121 access
and repeats of randomly selected prominent peaks identified in
eoploratory scans, replacing the present requirement for serial
selection. and 13) implementation of a triple-beam ion source `test
facility, including individually variable energy and density.
permitting a more rigorous calibration of the servo Va-Vs ion
sampling technique These tasks involve electrical design
modifications and testing, emphasizing a controlled and reliable
entension of present technology It is planned that these
improvements will be evaluated when possible as part of earth
flight tests involving cooperative participation as a piggy-back
instrument on as'available rocket payloads.
W76-7051B 185-47-54
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
ADVANCED EXPERIMENT DEVELOPMENT FOR PARTICLE
COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT IN PLANETARY ATMOS-
PHERES
H. B. Niemann 301-982-4706
The objective of this work is to develop a practical technique
for the determination of the composition of the gas and the
cloud particles in the lower atmosphere of Venus and the outer
planets. The method of mass spectrometry for the composition
determination of solid materials and covdensibles will be adopted
for space flight application Several different atmosphere sampling
techniques will be developed and studied for optimum efficiency
in the specific application of the various principle atmospheres.
Sampling techniques employed in the high temperature C02
environment in the lower atmosphere of Venus differ significantly
from those employed in the relatively cool H2/He environment
in the lower atmospheres of Saturn or Uranus Ike analysis of
solid particles deserves special attention as it requires a much
higher degree of instrument compleoity than required for
atmospheric gas analysis. Laboratory proven techniques will be
adopted for flight application when practical and new sampling
concepts will be developed when required.
W76-70519 185-47-55
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF PLANETARY
AND COMETARY MOLECULES
L J. Stief 30t-9B2-2529
The objectives ot this program are to measure the optical
and chemical properties ol atoms and molecules which are
important in understanding the composition of planetary
atmospheres and comets. Emphasis is placed on those problems
which are of immediate concern for interpreting the results of
rocket and satellite observations lv these investigations the well
known techniques of optical spectroscopy and of photochemistry
are applied under well defined eoperimental conditions. Sophisti-
cated techniques have been developed for data reduction and
for handling the small signal levels which are usually encountered.
The flash photolysis-resoeance fluorescence apparatus is now
equipped with a variable temperature cell and the eetire
eoperimeet is linked to the IBM/t800 ccmputer for realtime
data reduction and analysis. Time resolved detection of the atomic
species H. 0. and S has been achieved via resonance floorescenc
and/or resonance absorption The apparatus is being used to
measure relative probability of primary photodissociation channels
aed to measure absolute rate constants as a function of
temperature for atom-molecule reactions Measurements on
photodissociative eocitation of C02 have been eoten ded to include
cross sectines for producing CO (a cubed pi). C02l - (IA squared
pil. and wavelength sub u and a function ol incident photon
energy Excitation cross section for electron impact on CH4.
NH3. and H20 have been measured for those spectral features
which lie between 1100 and 2000A The electron encitation
apparatus was modified and results have been obtained for
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PAGENO="0315"
311
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
electron impact on N2 and 02 to produce emission in the EUV
is less than A
W76-70520 185-47-56
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
NEGATIVE IONS IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
A. C. Aikin 301-982-4913
The objective is to determine the altitude distribution and
species of negative ions present in planetary atmospheres such
as Venus and Mars. Since negative ion formation and species
will depend on the presence of minor neutral atmospheric
constituents such as molecular oxygen and water napor.
identihcation of negative ions can be used as a tracer of these
neutral constituents. The present study will simulate the lower
ionosphere on a C02 atmosphere with trace neutral constituents
and identify species of negative ions A negative ion detection
system for sampling in planetary atmospheres will also be
developed. This system will initially be utilized for the earths
atmosphere. The research has application to the manned and
unmanned exploration of the Martian surface, since it dehnes
the electrical environment in which systems operate It has
application to meteorology in that negative ions found can be
utilized as tracers to determine factors involved in large scale
circulation and interaction between different atmospheric regions
Development of an instrument suitable for a Viking type Mars
mission is a prime objective.
W76-70521 185-47-57
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS
A. Pirraglia 301-982-4528
Recent planetary missions have greatly increased our
knowledge of the atmospheres of Jupiter. Venus and especially
Mars, and future missions promise further results For a full
understanding. it is necessary to develop a general approach to
theoretical atmuspheric dynamics based on the existing tempera-
ture structure and cloud formation data obtained from planetary
missions. The analytical techniques developed will be used in
the interpretation of existing data and in the improvement of
models which are necessary to consolidate the measured quantities
into a comprehensive view of the solar system. The planets
present contrasts in mass, rotation rates, radiative time constants.
heat deposition and topographic influence of the atmosphere.
These widely differing conditiuns permit the isolation of specific
dynamic phenomena and allow comparison of different regions
of the parameter space assxciated with a particular phenomenon
Our increasing knowledge of these disparate atmospheres when
augmented by analytical models will lead to a greater understand-
ing of the dynamics of our own atmosphere
W76-70522 185-47-66
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field, Calif.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICAL PHYSICS - RESEARCH
STUDIES OF PROCESSES IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES.
COMETS AND INTERSTELLAR SPACE
O R Chapman 415-965.5065
The objective is to determine products, rates, and yields of
energy transfer reactions in planetary atmospheres, comets, and
interstellar space Solar and galactic radiations interact with the
atmospheric constituents to produce excited and ionized species
and free radicals, which then react to form ether ionized and
excited species, and/or eeutral ueexcited species, and/or reradiate
spectral energy. Insight into the nature of planetary atmospheres.
comets. and interstellar matter can be obtained from studies of
these prxcessesun der controlled laboratory conditions The
recombination of CO and 0 to produce CO2 will be investigated
under conditions simulating the CO2-rich atmospheres of Mars
and Venus This study will consider the effectiveness of minor
constituents such as CL, S. and OH iv catalyzing the recombina-
ion reactions This latter study is particularly relevant to the
C02 photochemistry on Venus, The ultraviolet photolysis of CH4.
NH3. H20 and H2 will be investigated and the quantum yieltls
and fluorescence em issi uncross-sections determined These
studies will contribute to our understavdinq xl the photochemistry
of reduced atmospheres le g Jupiter) and will provide scientific
support for future planetary exploration
W76-70523 185-47-67
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
STRUCTURE OF PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
0. R Chapman 415-965.5065
1384-47-66)
The basic goal is to connect atmospheric observations with
theory. Immediate objectives are' Ill structure of the ionospheres
of Venus. Mars, Jupiter. and other planets, and the moons of
Jupiter and Saturn. 121 interactions of planetary ionospheres with
the solar wind; 13) dynamics of the atmospheres of Venus and
Mars; 14) atmospheric structure of the Jovian planets and Titan;
and 15) mean particle sizes and optical depth of Saturn's rings.
All of this work is closely related to recent spacecraft missions.
to programmed missions such as Venus Pioneer. or to missions
in the study stage such as those to the outer planets. The
abundances and distributions of ions, electrons, and minor
constituents on Mars., Venus. the outer planets, and the moons
of Jupiter and Saturn axe being studied theoretically, using data
from observations and laboratory measurements. In each case
this work involves numerical solution of appropriate conservation
equations For example. in the case of lx we solved the complete
set of coupled mass. momentum. and energy consemation
equations for electrons, ions, and neutral particles. Thermal
strxcture models have been constructed to understand the
operation of the greenhouse effect on Titan In order to understand
the dynamics of Venus' atmosphere, calculations are being carried
out to examine the effects of rotation, apparent solar motion.
and the energy deposition profile on the circulation of the
atmosphere. The Mintz-Arakawa model of the earth's atmosphere
is being adapted to the conditions on Mars to permit a calculation
of the general circulation uf the Martian atmosphere Estimates
of the particle size in the rings of Saturn are obtained from
analysis of IR and microwave measurements.
W76-70524 185-47-68
Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. Calif
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES - STRUCTURE AND COM-
POSITION
Alvin Seiff 415-965-5685
1185-47-69; 185-47-67)
The ongoing OSS program to explore the planets includes
two missions, Viking and Pioneer Venus. on which prxperties of
the planetary atmospheres will be measured during entry and
descent to the surface by instruments carried by the probes.
These experiments have grown Out of research supported by
this RTOP. The continuing studies will optimize the a~sp,,rxach
and maximize the return related to atmosphere structure `I'rnrno.,
the Viking Entry Science experiment, and will further develop
the capabilities of the Pioneer V enus nope rimenr. A mator thrust
of this ..ryork recently ha«=" been the relationship of measured
parameters to ihe winds at the entry sites and the overall
circulation of the planets' atmospheres The further development
of wind observational techniques will require continuing effort.
Extension of experiment capabilities in several directions is also
to be pursued These include turbulence measurement. and its
relationship to turbulent mixing and transport in the atmosphere;
precise definition of molecular weight of hydrogenhehium
atmospheres, as a means for defining the hydrogen-helium ratio;
and definition of the probe mass loss as a function of time, to
permit the experiments to be performed with precision on
entries into the giant outer planets which are accompanied by
large mass loss of the heat shield In addition, some work will
be devoted to study of composition experiments for missions to
Saturn. Uranus. and Jupiter
W76-70525 185-47-69
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES EXPERIMENT DEVELOP-
MENT
O 6 Chapman 415-965.5065
The objective of this program is to establish the feasibility
of experimentally identifying the composition of planetary
atmospheres by utilizing the spectral signature of atmospheric
cow povents as measured with attenuated total reftection
techniques IATRI on atmospheric probes ATR techniques shou Id
be especially effective for monitoring the proposed organic and
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
inorganic constituents of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Venus
without the recessity of sample ingestion or erectiue of
experimental components eoternal to an atmospheric probe. The
ATR technique w ill be applied to the measurement of the
spectral characteristics of thin films of typical proposed consti-
tuents condensed onto the outside of simulated s'induuvs of an
atmospheric probe Commercially available apparatus xc ill be
employed to obtain the pertinent signatures. applying minor
hardware modifications necessary fur the particular requirements
of the pertinent atmospheric constituents The possibility of
identifying several constituents from a layer of one constituent
deposited on a sub-layer of another constituent, as well as single
layers of miotures of two or more constituents, will be investigated.
Based on the results of the measurements. consideratiue,will
be given to the feasibility of incorpnrating a typical ATR apparatus
into a space en pesment by considering component development
requirements.
W76-70526 185-47-71
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadena
ATMOSPHERIC EXPERIMENT DEVELOPMENT
D. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
This work defines, develops and evaluates noun or improved
science experiments for the exploration and study of the
atmospheres of solar system bodies from spacecraft The approach
is through research in the follxusing cuteguries: If) develnpment
and application of practical radiative transfer theory applicable
to remote sensing experiments; 121 interpretatiun and critical
analysis of existing data from planetary missives and Earth-
based observations; 131 lxburatory and theoretical studies of
physical and spectral properties of atmospheric gas and clvud
constituents relevant to specific experiment guals; and 141
participation in planning mission science by evaluating feasibility
of key xblectiv es using realistic technology within a framework
of spacecraft and mission constraints Instruments and techniques
are developed via detailed numerical studies and error analyses
and laboratory. grxund based or airborne experim ents as
appropriate. Atmuspheric models are developed and cuntinually
refined to maximize the realism and relevance of numerical work.
Experimental techniques developed under this task are being
implemented on Viking. MJS and Pioneer Venus. Innuvative
approaches to the analysis of infrared radinmetric data origi-
nated under this task have been applied a pvstnrinri to
Mariner tO and Piunner to/ft data to make important dicnveries
about Venus and Jupiter. New and continuing work fur FY 76
centers on If I remote sensing of Uranus and Neptune. 121 direct
measurement of the H2/He ratio in outer planet atmosphere.
131 advanced Jovian temperature sounding experiment, 14)
experimental methods for the structure and cxmpxsitinn of cloudy
atmuspheres. especially Venus. and (51 develvpment of ion sources
for entry probe mass spectrnmerers'
W76-70527 185-47-72
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
THEORETICAL STUDIES - PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES
D. P. Burcham 2f3-354-3028
A bnard program of applied and theoretical studies related
tu planetary atmospheres sail) be cunducted. u'ith the fullxuaing
primary objectives: It) understanding the properties and
deferminatiun nf the parameters of planetary atmnsphnres. (2)
applicatiun of labnratory experimental data tu the understanding
and interpretative of spectral features and mechanisms fur cumptex
planetary afmnspheres. 131 applying these findings toe~ard design
of ground based and spacecraft experiments and (4) interpretative
of above data as cue)) as other observations lx aid in the evolution
of valid planetary atmuspheric mudels This program contributes
tu NASA planetary missinns buth in its direct research el nuance
to planetary atmospheric science and in the maintenance within
JPL xl a staff of spncialisfs who may evaluate and define scientific
objectives and experiments for planetary flight projects Thn studies
to be conducted in FT 76 pertain lx planetary atmnspheric
mudeling radiative transpurx thnvry and thnvretical spnctruscvpic
develvpment fur studies xl planetary atmuspheres
W76-70528 185.47.74
Jet Propulsive Lab - Calif Inst of Tech - Pasadena
IONIZATION AND RATE PROCESSES IN PLANETARY
ATMOSPHERES
0. P. Burcham 21 3-354.3028
The objective is xx apply the unique and complementary
laboratory instrumentation at JPL towards a dedicated study of
univ processes and chemical synthesis in planetary atmnspheres
Some specific objectives for the coming hscat year include. (11
determine the rate constant fur the three-body reaction of CH3I-l
ions with H2 and other three-body macfinns of importance at
Jupiter. 121 studies xf the reaction of H atoms and other radicals
ucith ions, 131 laboratory wurk on the upper atmospheric chemistry
of the satellites of the Outer Planets. 14) modeling of the upper
atmuspheric chemistry of Jupiter including effects of metal ions
and of energetic particle precipitation via the b-ian flux tube.
Using a new calibratiun procedure developed in xur laboratory.
absxlute elastic and inelastic, differential and integral, cross
sectiuns of a electron-mulecule lur atom) cxlljsion processes
which occur in planetary atmospheres are measured, and the
methnds of electron-impact spectroscupy are used to Incate and
identify luw.lying optically forbidden transitions in C02. H20.
NH3. CH4. H2S, and HCN. Elastic, inelastic, and supemelastic
cross sectiuns from radical atomic species, and metastable
mxlecxlar states [0. 02 12 super 1 delta g)] are also measured.
W76-70529 185-47-91
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
PLANETARY ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND MEASURE-
MENTS
S. Love 804.827.2893
384-47-9 11
Properties and processes of the earth's upper atmosphere.
as well as the atmospheres of other planets. will be studied
using grxund-based and satellite measurements. labxratory
simulations, and theoretical studies Earth xeronomical measure-
ments employing various techniques are compared with drag
measurements of the NASA Langley Air Density Explurer satellites
to obtain a more comprehensive picture of our thermxsphere
and exosphere. The vertical distribution of ozone in our atmusphere
is determined spectrophotometrically from ground-based measure-
ments of satellites passing mIx the Earth's shadow. Photochemi-
cal models of ozone are formulated. Theoretical and experimental
studies of gas-surface interactions are perfurmed. A number of
studies concerning atmnspheric processes and measurements
apply tu other planetary atmospheres Studies of the meteorology
uf Mars. Venus. and other planets are being employed to evaluate
and improve instruments and measurement techniques on other
planets A unique molecular beam mass spectrometer system is
being develuped to study reactive and nunreactive gases in
planetary atmospheres Theoretical studies are being performed
on the cumpusitiun, density, temperature, and evolutiun of the
thermospheres and exospheres of Mars, Venus. and other planets
and planetary satellites. Improved techniques are being develxped
to analyze radio tracking data, solar occultation data, and other
data types tx determine characteristics of planetary atmospheres.
Design studies and fnrmulatinn of design criteria for possible
instruments, measurement techniques, and spacecraft tu further
our understanding of planetary atmuspheric processes will be
W76-70530 185-47-92
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS
S Love 804-827-2893
The overall objective of this wurk is to accurately measure
the cunstituent number density uf the terrestrial thermuspheme
(100 to 300 km) The approach centers on the development of
a unique mulecular beam mass spectrometer system which
virtually eliminates gas-surlace infnractinvs and makes possible
the accurate measurement of reactive g asessuc h as atomic
oxygen The feasibility of this instrument design fur measurement
of reactive gases in the atmosphere has been demonstrated by
thenretical and experimental wvrk This work has included design
and tests of engineering mudnls xl tl'a primary instrument
cump unents such as the ion source, mass separator, and ion
cvllnnmvr system Studies of vehicle requirements for flight
measurements ucith this instrument have alsx been initiated and
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PAGENO="0317"
W76-70532 185-50-40
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
PLANETARY X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETER
Thomas A. Parnell 205-453-5130
An X-ray diffractiometer will have high priority on any
planetary landing mission Constraints imposed by the environment
will restrict the range and power of techniques which may be
applied, and consequently the value of the mineralogical
information carried in diffractograms produced In order to obtain
the most powerful instrument, sam e unusual techniques of
diffractometry need be examined The specific objective of this
program is to analyze quantitatively the performance of multiele-
ment proportional counter arrays used in diffractometry and to
test the results with a laboratory model of such a counter. This
RTOP consists of a single task. Design studies will be made for
a multielement proportional counter diffractometer capable of
good resolution at most Bragg angles, yet with adequate speed
of analysis, low pxwer consumption, low weight, high detector
signal-to-noise ratio, and long lifetime Mathematical analysis will
be perfarmed to determine the optimum extent, type, and geometry
of such a multi-element prxpxrrixnal exunter array. A model
will be built and used to prxduce diffraction patterns of minerals
Multilayer prxportional counters will be used to determine the
extent to which the nuclear generater and cosmic ray background
can be reduced.
W76-70533 185-50-51
Langley Ffesearch Center. Langley Station, Va.
REMOTE DETECTION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES OF
PLANETS
S Love 904-627-2693
The xbjective xf this research is the determination of planetary
surface properties such as particle size. interparticle separation.
albedo. cxmpxsitixn. dielectric constant, and surface rxughness
from analyses of the characteristics xf radar signals and solar
radiation that have been reflected from planets and are detected
by planetary orbiters yr Earth-based instruments. The research
is divided into three parts 11) a thexretical part, that includes
rigorous derivations xl phxtometric functions that describe
reflected radiarixn in terms of scattering gexmetries and surface
properties, quantitative treatments of pxlarizatixn phenomena,
studies of the phxtometric effects of rxugh txpographies. and
the development of a comprehensive mathematical formalism
for accurate interpretations vf radar-backscatter data from small
planetary areas; (21 an experimental part, that includes brightness
measurements of labxralory sxil samples fur the purpose of
verifying, refining, and supplementing the thevretical formulae.
131 an applicatixns part, that includes the interpretation (by means
of the theoretical expressixnsl of existing and (stare photxmetric,
pxlarimetric, and radar data xx Mars and pxss;bly other planets
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
W76-70535 185-50-61
Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field, Calif
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PLANETARY BODIES
0. 6. Chapman 415-965-5065
The objectives are to obtain a better understanding of selected
problems pertaining to planetary surface phenomena. the
composition. structure and evolution of planetary bodies and their
satellites, and the origin of the solar system by means of
theoretical investigations employing the results of spacecraft and
grxund-based experiments Theoretical knowledge. physical
insight, and mathematical modeling techniques are used, together
with astronomical and gexlxgical data, to construct self-consistent
mathematical descriptions of planetary processes and structure.
Analysis and interpretation of the results of these model
calculations are applied to such topics as: the evxlutixn of
Jupiter. wind-blown surface features xx Mars, and the calculation
of cxnditixns within the early solar system.
W76-70536 185-50-72
Jet Prxpulsiox Lab.. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadena
PLANETARY STUDIES
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
We are prepared to measure the near IR 11-5 micronl
reflectance of various ices and from the spectra, determine the
complex refractive indices of these ices. The ices may exist either
as pure phases, mixtures, hydrates. clathrates. compounds or as
altered compounds (by UV irradiation or proton bxmbardmentl.
With our present system, we will be able to study all but the
altered cxmpxands The fundamental physical constants meas-
ured in this program may be used for scattering calculations in
any thenretical mudel uf atmospheric xr cloud radiative transfer
or surface reflectance.
W76-70537 185-50-73
Jet Prxpulsixx Lab - Calif. Inst. xf Tech - Pasadena
PLANETOLOGY INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
O P. Burcham 213-354-3028
The goal of this work is the denelxpment of six spacecraft-
borne experiments which shxuld be particularly effective in the
study xf planetary surfaces Extensixn beyxnd present capability
for the explxratixn xf Mars is the principal xbjective in each
case, and these specific experiments were selected xx their
potential fxr shedding new light on sipnificant questixns regarding
that planet Hxwener. there alsx exist potentially important
applications for these instruments on xther planetary missions.
The six instruments/experiments are (11 X-Ray diffractxmeter/
spectrxmeter. 121 differential scanning calorimeter, (31 area array
camera using DDC nensurs, 141 orbiting gamma-ray spectrometer.
151 Alpha/X-ray analyzer using sxlid state detectxrs, and (61
dielectric cxnstant/Ixss tangent xl C02 ice by radar A com-
plementary camera development activity to the linear array camera
described is covered in an Advanced Technical Develxpment (Code
1861 RTOP, sesnxr development is being suppxrted by an OAST
task
313
these preliminary studies indicate that all vehicle requirements 0 6. Chapman 415-965-5065
can be met by using the third stage of nhe Scout vehicle or the (384-50-711
second of a Delta vehicle with only modest modifications The objectives are to Ill study the relative expressions of
the impact process on the production of surface features of
W76-70531 185-47-94 inner planets and their satellites, 121 determine parameters
Wallops Station. Wallops Island. Va. governing eolian processes in the Martian environment and use
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF PLANE- this information to perform wind tunnel experiments, and 131
TARY ATMOSPHERES determine feasibility of making lead age determinations xx
A. C. Holland 804-824-341 i planetary surfaces using a miniaturized ion probe. The approach
The objective of this RTOP is to carry out an integrated is to (11 characterize morphxlxgy and size frequency distributions
experimental and theoretical stady aimed at improving our on recognized mercurian surface units and use these data with
understanding of the optical properties of planetary atmxspheres other inputs to reconstruct the impact history and to evaluate
including the effect of aerosols on slant path visibility through plains forming mechanisms. 121 carry out a statistical analysis
the atmosphere. Special emphasis will be placed xx Ill developing involving all Martian craters with diameters larger than 3 km
and improving model atmospheres for use in remote sensing. that will include all parameters necessary to evaluate the style
121 development of instrumentation for measuring optical of cratering xx Mars as compared to the Moon and Mercury.
parameters, of the atmospheres, 131 imprxxing existing theoretical 131 Conduct experiments using the Martian Surface Wind Tunnel
models of radiative transfer through the atmospheres containing to study threshold, and in other studies, assess the effect of
significant amounts of particulate matter (i.e. haze, dust, ice crater geometry on eoliax patterns and stxdy the paths of wind
crystals, fxg dropletsl. driven grains resulting from crater controlled wind patterns using
computer models
W76-70534 185-50-60
Ames Research Center, Mxlleit Field. Calif
PLANETOLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SURFACE
PROCESSES OF PLANETARY BODIES
85
PAGENO="0318"
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
Advanced for 8-year missions w/o additional redundancy): and reductions
of greater than 50% in weight and volume.
W76-70540 186-68-54
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. )nst. of Tech., Pasadena
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANE-
TARY MISSIONS
R R McDonald 213-354-6186
1506-19-14. 506-19-211
The objective of this work is to make available a planetary
star tracker suitable for use on the proposed 1979 MJU mission.
This work will also provide the technology base for a standardized
low cost star tracker for broad application to anticipated NASA
missions from 1980 on This star tracker has been designated
by the acronym STELLAR, for Star Tracker for Economical Long
Life Attitude Reference. The STELLAR makes significant
improvements in reliability by utilizivg an all solid-state image
sensor thereby completely eliminating high voltage circuitry and
vacuum tubes as used in current star trackers and in addition
provides significant reductions in vest, size and weight. The
STELLAR concept is a revolutionary rather than evolutionanyl
departure from current star trackers and is keyed directly to the
fast emnrgieg new technology of charge coupled device ICCD'sl
photodetectors. The objective of the STELLAR development effort
is to achieve the improvements in reliability 110 year lifetime vs
3 yeansl. performance and cost lover 50% reduction in sensor
costsl and to demonstrate these improvements in an evgineering
model STELLAR This work is jointly funded by OAST ELACS
RTOP no 506-19-14.
W76-70541 186-68-55
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
G&C TECHNOLOGY FOR MARS ROVING VEHICLES
R. R. McDonald 213-354-6186
The work proposed in this RTOP will provide technical
assistance and direction to the NASA Headquarters University
Grant NGL 33.018-091. This grant is to Rensselaer Polytechnic
Ivstitote for development of component and system technology
for Mars Roving Vehicles. The JPL effort will consist of
reviewing the work at RPI as well as correlating RPI's effort
with ongoing work at JPL It is understood that NASA will
reduce RPI's funding during FY76 and end the work in FY-77.
W76-70542 186-68-62
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
PROPELLANT COMPATIBILITY WITH MATERIALS FOR
LONG DURATION MISS) ONS
R R. McDonald 213-354-6186
The objective of this work is to provide the technology for
propellant/material compatibility that will be used on future
planetary missions. Current objectives include work to determine
which materials are acceptably inert for use in the construction
of propulsion subsystem components in contact with earth storabTe
liquid propellants for long duration missions The test program
involves continuing actual specimen storage tests in a controlled
environment osieg the compatibility test facility at the JPL Edwards
Test Station Detailed chemical and physical analyses of specimens
and propellants mill be performed after specific storage periods
and a rating assigned for design purposes
W76-70543 186-68-65
Ames Research Center, Moffrtt Field. Calif.
PIONEER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
O P Chapman 415.96b.b065
1186-68751
The objective is to develop basic spacecraft systems using
enisting technulogy. as close as possible to Pioneer 10/1 1. and
Pioneer Venus configurations, respectively, consistent with specific
mission requirements This will-provide the basis for the realistic
estimates of performance, costs, reliability, and scheduling so
vital to project definition and decision waking This can only be
accomplished by understanding the requited technology, sub'
systems, and the respective interfaces Program costs are
determined by the ability to define realistic system and subsystem
requirements. The approach is to concentrate on the most critical
areas first, understand the technology requirements, evaluate
Planetary Exploration
Technological Development
W76-70538 186-68-52
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech - Pasadena
IMAGING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANETARY
MISSIONS
R. R. McDonald 213-354.6186
1185-50-73: 50618-111
The objective of this program is the development of imaging
instrument technology using line and area array CCD ICharge
Coupled Devicel sensors. Eopected advantages of cameras using
these sensors, compared to current Mariner technology, are
extended red and near-IR response, increased sensitivity and
dynamic range, lower cost, lower instrument weight, decreased
power, and a simpler interface adaptable to different types of
spacecraft. The camera development will be coordinated with
development of CCD sensors, with the initial objective of
developing a medium-resolution area anray camera for use on
the proposed Mariner Jupiter/Uranus 1979 IMJU'791 Mission.
Future development efforts will be directed to inoreasieg the
camera format using sensors developed under an OAST RTOP
task. The larger format cameras will be designed to provide
large area coverage at high resolution. Fabrication and testing
of a litre array camera has been completed. and the design of a
breadboard area array camera is nearing completion. This
breadboard will serve as the design base fur the feasibility model
camera to be built in FY76. In addition to demonstrating the
feasibility of using a CCD sensor for planetary imaging. work
will commence this year on preparing to build such an instru-
ment for the proposed MJU'79 Mission Spacecraft interface
definition will begin, camera design characteristics will be
documented, telescope/sensor integration will be initiated, and
a more intensive sensor development activity will be undertaken
These activities will provide the base upon which a project funded
MJU'79 Imaging Instrument can be built
W76-70539 186-68.53
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calil Inst of Tech., Pasadena
MICROMINIATURE TRANSPONDER DEVELOPMENT
R R McDonald 213.354-6186
150620-21: 506-20-221
The objectives ol this RTOP and the OAST RTOP 50620-21
are to jeintly develop microwave radio transpunrler techniques.
components, and subsystem technology required lot NASA
planetary missions rim tee periucl 1977 Ix 1982 Particular emphasis
will be placed un substantially reducing the cost xl transponders
while improving perlurmance capability, reliability, and lifetime
while reducing size. weight, volume, and poser consumption
The key element of the development is a in icrommniature
multimussiun transponder IMMTI cvesust.eg of arr S-band receiver
arid an S1'X-baed necuter assnnrhiy vt~liaung such advanced devices
as beam leaded RF-lC's. suriacn acoustic usave f:lters lSAWF)
arid ceramic substrates Accuccylmvhernrmrs to date include Ill
the item eostnatioo of tevhvviagy readiness xl a discrete
cow penen I-printed circuit board version of the MMT hi' the end
of FY'74 lihis mudnl became thn baseline design fur thy MJS77.
Pivnerr Venus and Ja paves e Breadcast Satellitel. Thrs version
has the fell owing advantages over Ire Viking Orbiter design
an order of magnitude improvement iv differential phase and
group delay stability, and reductrues of 35% in per unit cost:
72% in power cvesuumytion. 60% iv vulvme. aird bO% in weight.
121 The development. faIr and evaluation of a set of SAWF's en
quartz svhsnrales lIar very usa TC necessary tu reduce phase
delay varuatiu'rsl by the cnn xl sn third quarter of FY-7b 13)
The developmemrt, lab viii evalaativrr of a breadboard version
beam leaded components irr nonhernietuc ceramic submodulesl
xl the MM I liy the end of FY 75 By the end of FY76
micruminiature hrasshoard assemrrhlinc and modules cull have been
tested Ix type appros-al and qualifiyatrvn tnsr levels to demonstrate
the technology readiness for fliqht m~ssivns beginning in 1979
which has the fullowueg advantages relative to the discrete
component cersiun A doubling xl mission life potential ladnqaatn
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PAGENO="0319"
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
alternatives, and investigate the most attractive but unproven
concepts. Emphasis will be placed on obtaining experimental
data. Evaluation and application of existing technology will have
the highest priority. All efforts will be primarily hardware-oriented
and related to specific missions
W76-70544 186-68-73
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
EPHEMERIDES AND RECOVERY ANALYSIS FOR COM-
ETARY MISSION PLANNING
R. W. Farqvhar 301-982-5063
The principal goals of this RTOP are to provide and catalog
up-to-date data on comets that are possible targets for proposed
missions in the 1980's. For each comet and comet mission
opportunity, the following data will be collected or generated
It) orbital elements and ephemerides, (21 the evolution of cometary
position uncertainties near each mission opportunity, 131
earth-based sighting data and polar plots near each mission
opportunity, and 14) past physical, photometric and spectrxscxpic
data for each proposed target comet. Using all available
observations, improved orbits will be computed for target comets.
Cometary ephemerides and the evolution of position error
ellipsoids will be computed for the various mission opportunities.
Literature searches will be conducted to gather physical
observations of target comets. For each mission opportunity,
earth-based sighting conditions and polar plots will be generated
to facilitate the comet's early recovery by ground based observers
All data or the proposed target comets will be systematically
cataloged and made available to all interested parties.
W76-70545 186-68-74
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst of Tech., Pasadena
SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION - NAVIGATION AND
MISSION ANALYSIS
R R McDonald 213-354-6186
The objectives are the development of a comprehensive
navigation accuracy analysis software system for low thrust
missions and the exercise of that software for the generation of
navigation accuracy forecasts and requirements for advanced
SEP missions and the development, testing, and evaluation of
navigation strategies incorporating advanced data types and
filtering techniques Development and utilization of a comprehen-
sive mission analysis capability for determination, evaluation, and
study of (ow thrust Iboth SEP and NEP) mission concepts. In
FY-76 dxvcmentarion of the existing software system will be
completed, and capabilities will be expanded to narruw the gap
between conservative and realistic analysis capability for future
missions. Performance software to accurately simulate the low
thrust hardware system and assess mission impacts of various
operational strategies and constraints will be used to develop
data to a limited extent for missions, such as comet rendezvous,
and a description of the software initiated. Limited expansion of
capability may also occur. Active cognizance over the software
will be maintained to allow a timely response, on a limited
scale, to questions that may arise in connection with preliminary
mission performance studies or thrust subsystem development,
at LeRC
W76-70546 186-68-76
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif
PLANETARY SURFACE PENETRATOR TECHNOLOGY
Dean R. Chapman 415-965-5065
Recent studies have shown that Surface Penetrators are
attractive tools for exploring the solid bodies of planets and
satellites Several aspects of the science instrument design and
regolith modification caused by penetration must be assessed
before a penetrator mission can be approved Studies and tests
will ho performed to confirm the survival of several candidate
science instruments and to measure the amount of change
produced in the regolith by penetration.
W76-70547
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena
MISSION AND SYSTEM DESIGN - MJU79
R R McDonald 213-354-6186
(18668-78. 186-68-79. 186-68-801
The objective of this RTOP is to accomplish the mission
and spacecraft system design for a Mariner Jupiter/Uranus 1979
mission, such that a science payload confirmation can be made
by January 1977 Conceptually. the MJU79 spacecraft design
is a direct adaptation of the MJS77 syacecralt hardware. software
and ground data system design. The only modifications to the
MJ577 spacecraft to be considered are those that are necessary
to accommodate the MJU mission; this involves three spacecraft
subsystems and the science payload. A study xl the incorporation
of these modifications. ix a spacecraft system context, will be
accomplished and ultimately, a spacecraft system design will be
defined. Mission design will be undertaken with initial efforts
directed to those mission definition activities required to support
early science selection activities. Mission design activities will
conclude with a finalized mission design at the time science
confirmation is wade. The approach to be taken will be to form
a single design team to accomplish the mission and spacecraft
system design. The team will be comprised of personnel
representing each of the JPL technical divisions. as well as the
Project Engineering and Space Science divisions. Team representa-
tion will also include certain technical disciplines, e.g., mission
analysis) having a major involvement in the design and science
payload definition activities. The team will operate under the
direction of a designated team leader and by means of regularly
scheduled meetings will define the MJU79 design
W76-7O548 186-68-78
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst of Tech., Pasadena
MJU79 BUFFER MEMORY DEVELOPMENT
R R McDonald 213-354-6186
1186-68-771
The objective of this effort is to develop a no-moving-part
memory for the Mariner Jupiter-Uranus 1979 IMJU-791 mission.
The established Silicon-Nitride menrory technology. MNOS. will
be used. The memory will be capable of being used as input-output
buffers for NASA Standard Tape Recorders or as a stand-alone
memory to provide redundancy to the tape recorder. The memory
will have the capability of graceful degradation in case of
component failure. The memory will be based on a two
dimensional array of identical memory modules; the array
parameters will be determined by input-output data rates.
preferred degradation modes, and detailed mission peculiar
requirements. The MNOS memory device will be developed and
qualified starting in FY-76 In parallel with the device develop-
ment. the memory architecture will be rekned, and a functional
breadboard based on that architecture will be designed, built
and tested
W76-70549 186-68-79
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
MAGNETIC BEARING REACTION WHEEL FOR UNMANNED
PLANETARY VEHICLES
RR McDonald 213-354-6186
1506-19-14)
The objective of this task is to qualify the technology for
the magnetic bearing reaction wheel IMBRWI initiated by the
ELACS task (506-19-14) to achieve technology readiness for
MJU79 An engineering model MBRW is under development at
Sperry Flight Systems Phoenix and is scheduled for completion
about November 1975 It is proposed that this contractual effort
be supplemented to qual;fy the MBRW and electronics controller
technology.
W76-70550 186-68-80
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif Inst. of Tech. Pasadena
MARINER JUPITER/URANUS 1979 SCIENCE STEERING
GROUP
R. R McDonald 213-354-6186
It 86-68-771
During Fiscal Year 1976 preliminary selection will be made
of the investigations for the Mariner Jupiter/Uranus 1979
IMJU 791 mission This selection will be wade on the basis of
the evaluation of proyosals received in response to Announcement
of Opportunity No OSS-t.75 Follvwivg selection on about
December t, 1975. the Principal Investigators will be formed
into a Science Steering Group 15513) for the MJU 79 mission
186-68-77
87
PAGENO="0320"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
316
Thepurpose of this RTOP is to provide funding support for this
SSG. Contracts will be et to each investigator to support his
activities daring the preliminary phase leading to the final selection
of investigations.
PhySiCS and Astronomy
W76-70551 188-36-55
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI-
CLE/FIELD INTERACTION
D. R. Chapman 4t5-965-5065
(385-36-Ot)
The objective is to improve understanding of the dynamics.
origin, and termination of the solar wind by observations and
their theoretical interpretativn, and by investigating techniques
to improve space plasma observations. Techniques to imprvve
the lifetime, reliability, sensitivity, sampling rate, dynamic range.
and resolution of space plasma evperiments are studied Means
for improvement of measurement resvlutivns for the individual
plasma parameters, the temperature, density, velocity vector and
tem perature anisotropy. and investigation vf techniqves for
improvement of calibration procedures and calibration data
analysis are included. Thevretical studies provide designs of plasma
analyzers for testing in the labvratvry. Theoretical studies aimed
at understanding the large-scale dynamics of the solar wind, its
acceleration and heating mechanisms, and its properties at large
heliocentric distances are carried out. These studies employ known
theoretical techniques of plasma physics and maqnetvhydrody-
eamics, and also often require eotensions of basic theoretical
plasma physics. Theoretical develvpmeets are related to spacecraft
plasma and magnetic data, as well as to indirect observations
of the svlar wind.
W76-70552 188-36-55
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC.
MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI-
CLE/FIELD INTERACTIONS
E. R. Schmerling 202-755-3685
The objective is to II investigate the processes occurring
in the magnetosphere of the earth and in interplanetary space
through a study of energetic neutral and charged particles and
their interactions with magnetic and electric fields Areas of
investigative include trapped and avrvral particles, the magneto-
pause, geomagnetic tail and svla cvi nd. 12) investigate the
processes which result from the arrival of solar particles near
the earth, and the conse qveeces uf variatives in the incident
fluo Eutend these investigations tv the magvetvspheres of other
planets The approach will be to Ill develop instruments far
me asuring neutral and charged particles from several eV lv several
tees of MeV. dc magnetic fields frvm below 0.t gamma to
several oersted; electric fields and VLF wave activity. (2) develop
the theory needed to understand the magnetosphere, the auroras.
the solar wind, the interplanetary regions and the observed
boundary effects, down tv roughly the plasmapause
W76-70553 188-36-55
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
MAGNETODYNAMICS.NON THERMAL PLASMAS
Keith W. Og:lvie 30t-682-5504
The object of this research is to ivcrease the knowledge
and crrderstandieg vf eovthermal plasmas occurring in nature.
and also to improve the theoretical description of their properties
This requires continuous improvement in measurement techniques.
and interpretation of appropriate space and laboratory erperimeers
The interpretative re qvires corres pending improvements in
numerical techniques. and in methods of data display
The Vector Helium Magnetometer is being developed for
use on missions to the outer solar system where extremely weak
interplanetary or interstellar fields will be measured and where
intense planetary he(ds may also be encountered JPL scientists
and engineers carry out tests and experiments to establish the
fundamental principles of the magnetometer operation and design.
Improved components are developed, the desi go is changed to
yield improved performance, and new modes of operation are
investigated. The basic objective is to provide continuing
theoretical support for NASA's observational space plasma
programs. An analytical tool developed earlier under this task
will be applied to the problem of magnetic merging at the
magnetopause and to studying the influence of solar-wind
thermal pressure on magnetospheric motions. To set the stage
fur analyzing spacecraft data in terms of solitons, a new theoretical
investigation will be undertaken to determine tI under what
conditions solitons will form and propagate in space plasmas,
121 where and to what extent solitons contribute to the dynamics
of space plasmas. and 131 how solitons can be identified.
W76-70555 188-36-56
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
PARTICLES AND PARTICLE/PHOTON INTERACTION
G. R. Swenson 205-453.4t75
1356-36-041
The objectives of this RTOF are: 11) to update ground based
instrumentation Ii e, Fabry-Perot interlerometer, sector spectro-
photometer. 4 channel tilting photometer, and J.5 sounderl; 121
to measure, in support of MS. at MSFC. nightglow wavelength
6300 temperatures and winds (F region), to measure wavelength
6300. 5577. 5200. and OH intensities in nightglow, and provide
the data in a usable form to the World Data Center in Boulder.
Colorado; 131 to make measurements at a Polar Cusp Station of
particle related emissions from the ground to determine rotational
temperatures and related spectroscopic emission intensities in
the (hat) cusp region and to make these measurements in
coincidence with AE.D satellite for particle and photometer
infvrmatiov; and (4) to do theoretical studies on the geophysical
W76-70556 188-36-56
Goddard Space Flight Cenler. Greenbelt. Md.
MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS: PARTICLES AND PARTI-
CLE/PHOTON INTERACTIONS
James F. Heppeer 30t.982.4797
The objectives are: Ill to conceive, design. develop and
test new techniques for space measurements of electric fields.
auroral particles. trapped particles. solar-interplanetary particles.
plasm a waves, wave-particle interactions. photon-particle
interactions, plasma composition. ivnospheric winds, electron
density and atomic and molecular collision processes with
particular emphasis on magnetospheric and ionospheric regions.
and 121 to analyze problems and condvct theoretical studies in
magnetodynamics. plasma physics. and atomic and molecular
interactions The approach includes detector and supporting
electronics, design. laboratory and contractor fabrication and
testing, and theoretical studies of field and particle phenomena
and distributions in space. This effort is expected to produce.
It) instrumentation having the capability to make measurements
that previously have eat been possible, particularly in areas where
there are significant gaps in var knowledge as a consequence
uf there being few or no measurements. 121 accurate models of
fields in space which have both scientific and technological utility.
131 indices which describe the instantaneous degree of disturbance
in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. 141 advances in the
understanding of plasma instabilities, and (51 new techniques
far studying the transport of ion and neutral particles in the
ionosphere
W76.70557 188-36-56
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
W76-70554 188-36-55 MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI-
Jet Fropulsian Lab. Calif lest. vf Tech, Pasadena CLE1 PHOTON INTERACTIONS
PARTICLES AND PARTICLE/FIELD INTERACTIONS E R Schmerling 2027553685
0 P Burcham 213-354-3028 118836-571
88
PAGENO="0321"
317
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
The objective is to investigate the absorption of solar photons
and particles in the earths upper atmosphere, the processes by
which the absorption products are dissipated, and the effects
which arise therefrom. Included are the collisional, photochemical
and electromagnetic interactions which are found in the upper
atmosphere, the ionosphere and the inner magnetosphere. These
investigations are also applied to the atmospheres. ionospheres
and inner magnetosphere's of the planets. The approach will be
the development of instruments for the direct and indirect
measurement of near-thermal plasmas. neutral gaseous constit-
uents, electric and magnetic fields. Coordinated investigations
will be conducted for cause-and-effect studies, together with
the development of the appropriate theories. The region covered
eotends roughly from the lowest ionosphere to the plasmapause
W76-70558 188-36-56
Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif.
MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - PARTICLES AND PARTI-
CLE/PHOTON INTERACTIONS (AERONOMY)
D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
1185-47-67)
The objective is to investigate the physics of the earth's
topside ionosphere and plasmasphere and the coupling of these
regions with the magnetosphere and solar wind. Theoretical studies
of the thermal charged-particle composition, density, and
temperatures are being performed. Computer programs are being
coded based on the continuity, momentum, and energy balance
equations appropriate to these regions. Data from the Alouette.
ISIS. and other satellites will be used as boundary conditions.
Special correlative studies are also being performed to investigate
the global nature of certain anomalous features; i e., the
plasmapause and ionospheric troughs. The results of these
efforts are vital to the understanding of the earth's charged
particle environment and have application to communications
between terminals immersed in these media. The theory and
techniques involved are applicable to the studies of atmospheres
and ionospheres of other planets and their effects on radio
communications of space probes. Preliminary efforts are being
initiated to investigate the charged particle environment of the
Venus and Jupiter ionospheres.
W76-70559 188-36-57
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington.
D.C.
MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS - RADIO SCIENCE
E. R. Schmerling 202-7553605
1188-36-56)
The objective is to investigate the interplanetary medium,
the environments of the earth, the moon, the planets. and the
sun, as well as celestial mechanics and relativity, by the
propagation or scattering of radio waves. The approach will be
to develop techniques for interpreting the refraction, scattering.
polarization rotation aed phase shifting of radio signals occurring
naturally or generated artificially in terms of physical properties
of the intervening medium. To develop instruments for generating
electromagnetic waves in space and measuring the effects of
the medium, together with the appropriate theory To model, in
the laboratory, the ~ilasma interactions and resonances observed
in space, and to t~st the theories developed to explain them
To investigate the interaction between radio waves and energetic
particles in the ennir~nments of the sun, moon, and planets
W76-70560 188-36-57
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
APPLICATIONS OF THEORETICAL SPACE PHYSICS
T. G Northrop 301-982-4441
Theoretical investigations are presented of a dozen or more
areas of space plasmas and of cosmology. These include 11)
cosmic ray origin and propagation. 12) supernova explosions, 131
fluxes of electrons and protovs,obsemed by Pioneers 10 and
11 iv Jupiter's magnetosphere. 4) sources of galactic gamma
rays. 15) ozone dynamics in the upper atmosphere, 16) dynamics
- of earth's magnetosphere. 17) fluid dynamics and Martian cloud
patterns. 18) scintillation of radix sources and solar wind, and
19) big bang cosmology.
W76-70561 188-38-51
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS AND HARDWARE FOR
SOLAR PHYSICS RESEARCH
F. Osantowski 301-982-5861
A research program was initiated to develop or improve
critical technology items principally, but not exclusively, for solar
physics research and tx supply critical data required by scientists
in designing and/or proposing advanced instrumentation for space
or ground based observations Specifically, the development of
specialized optical components, the development or improvement
of optical instrumentation, and the development or improvement
of various techniques or instruments for support of solar
observations is included To accomplish this objective GSFC is
conducting in-house, Uviversity grant. and contract experimental
and theoretical studies in the following technology: 11) design,
fabrication, and testing of glancing incidence optical systems for
the 8A to 300A spectral region including the problems of increased
energy throughput and scattering, and 12) diffraction grating
technology including holographic grating development. Other
technology areas will be included to support current programs
or problem areas identified by the solar physics community.
References for identifying key technology include NASA Document
SP.21~. `A long Range Program in Space Astronomy-final report
of rho Space Shuttle Payload Planning Solar Physics Working
Group Report and the Space Science Board Report - Scientific
uses of the Space Shuttle.
W76-70562 188-38-52
Marshall Space Flight Cente', Huntsville. Ala.
GROUND-BASED OBSERVATION OF THE SUN
M. J. Hagyard 205-4535687
1357-38-01; 385-38-01)
The Real Time Solar Magnetograph )RTSM) is designed to
study small scale variations in the sun's magnetic field in order
to determine their role in solar activity. The system uses a narrow
bandpass filter, polarizing optics and an SEC vidicon camera
system to measure linear and circular polarization in Zeeman-
sensitive chromospheric absorption lines An H-alpha telescope
and Brightness Distribution Analyzing BOA) system are operated
in support of the RTSM for active region identification and flare
classification In direct support of the RTSM, theoretical work is
being performed with the objectives of It) interpreting the basic
phenomena associated with solar active regions by studying the
interactions of the solar plasma with local magnetic fields, and
121 reducing, analyzing and correlating solar data on the basis
of these plasma magnetic field interactions To accomplish these
objectives, the following tasks will be performed, real time solar
magnetograph, and theoretical descriptive and data analysis of
solar active regions.
W76-70563 188-38-52
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
GROUND BASED OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUN
C Brandt 301-982-4701
The Zeiss filtergraph at the GSFC Optical Site will be modified
for the objective of recording and analyzing solar velocity fields
Our approach will be to utilize a state-of-the-art dual bandpass
H-alpha filter, together with vidicon equipment for image handling.
Three-color photometry of the corona, to develop a new model.
remains as an objective. The present system will be reconfigured
for use at the 1976 Australian eclipse. The approach wilt be
modified to take advantage of USAF support equipment and to
substitute Reticons for the present Digicoes. The present objective
of the vidicon systems is to obtain data on chromospheres and
possible `solar winds' and `solar activity' of other stars, using as
an approach the McMath Solar Telescope and vertical spectro-
graph at Kitt Peak. The objective of radio observations under
this RTOP is to search for recombination lines of heavy elements
in the solar corona and the approach is to use the millimeter
wavelength radio telescope of the University of Texas and also
the one maintained by NRAO on Kilt Peak.
W76-70564 188-38-53
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENT - LABORATORY AND
89
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PAGENO="0322"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
318
THEORETICAL SOLAR PHYSICS
J. C. Brandt 301-982-4701
Research toward improved systems for solar observations in
the EUV. X-ray and gamma ray regions is being pursued through
the development of prototype collimator systems and detectors
for these wavelengths. Research into improved hard X-ray
detectors emphasizes the objective of extending the energy range
of observation to 20 MeV. Use of a passive Li impregnated
Bismuth shield offers a substantial improvement over existing
methods. Electronics are being developed which together with
existing crystal and mechanical fixtures, will produce a detector
able to record the spectrum of a solar X-ray burst with
100 milliseconds resolution. Design of high resolution coronal
spectrometer/pxlarimeters for the wavelength ranges 1-20
angstrxms and 1200-1500 angstrxms is underuvay and bench
testing will be carried out. Microprocessors will be evaluated for
application to solar experiments xn satellites and sounding rocket
missions Integrated circuits of the buffered COS/MOS type will
be tested in typical solar space experiment subsystems. Further
development of the infrared upcnnversixn technique will emphasize
application to spectrxscxpy. Feasibility xf an integrated xptics
approach to xpcxnverting imagery will be evaluated. Fabrication
and evaluation of a GaAs Digicon will be attempted. Solid state
diode arrays will also be tested in conjunction with circuits
fabricated by us. Methods for improved solar observations include
the development xf an improved millimeter wave radiometer
Extensive laboratory work is performed to support ultraviolet
solar observations made from space vehicles, this includes work
in our xwn facility and work as guests at a fusion-class laser
facility.
W76-70565 188-38-53
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
LABORATORY AND THEORETICAL SOLAR PHYSICS
E. S Love 804-827-2893
The principal objective is to experimentally determine rate
coefficients for ionization and excitation by electron impact for
various stages of ionization xl elements of astrophysical interest.
These coefficients play an important role in the determination
of the ionization balance i nnxnequ ilibrium astrophysical ptasmas
such as the solar corona. Elements to be investigated include
carbon, nitrogen, xxygrn. neon, and silicon whivh are also xl
interest in a large number of laboratory experiments. In addition.
a compilation of spectrxscxpic data for atomic spectral lines
below 2000 Angstrxms will be maintained. The theta-pinch favility
is uniquely suited for the investigation xf collisional rate coeflicients
since in the initial shock heating phase the atomic processes
are dominated by electron collisions. Accurate measurements of
electron number density and electron temperature are obtained
by the Thomson scattering of ruby laser radiation. Plasma will
be heated to a temperature of two million to three million K in
about 00003 sec. This is adequate to produce the high stages
of ionization found in the solar corona. Electron collisions will
be the dominant process during the shock heating phase.
Observation of the time xf peak emission xl the resonance line
xf each stage of ionization and a measurement xl the electron
number density and electron temperature at that time give the
needed information to determine rate coefficient from a time-
dependent corona model computer code. Excitation rate
coefficients will be determined by measurements xi the absolute
emission coefficients for selected lines. These emission cxellicients
are related to the excitation rate coefficients by use xl a
collisional-radiative model.
wide range xl the electromagnetic spectrum from the visible to
the gamma ray region. A number xl different instruments will
be required to cover this range. They will be selected on the
basis xl making comprehensive measurements in their specific
wavelength regions in a format which is coordinated with and
complimentary to the xther instruments in the payload For
example, all instruments will operate with the same temporal
and spatial resolution to the maximum possible extent. The
instruments considered for this payload are: Ill a solar telescope
lphotxhelixgraphl with aperture greater than or equal to 65 cm,
(21 a high resolution 1000-2850 A spectrometer used at the
fxcus xl the telescope and observing line profiles from the
chrxmosphere and the transition region, and 131 digital imaging
devices for measuring line profiles with high time spatial resolution.
W76-705B7 188-41-51
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
UV AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY
Edgar R Miller 205-453-0108
The scope xl the UV and Optical Astronomy RTOP is being
reduced to xne task concentrating efforts towards utilizing a
unique integrating digital video detector system which allows
very high temporal resolution en laint objects and small
telescopes. The change in scope also reflects the change in
personnel and priorities. Specifically, the xbjective xl the task
will be to measure short term variability xl several X-ray sources.
Ostriker and Davidson have shown that time variation xl X-ray
sources can help in building models of these sources The video
system used in conjunction with a low resolution IBoro-Spotal
spectrograph allows digital recording and analogue display with
spectra to be recorded xx one TV frame, providing data
compression capability and hence mxch easier data reduction.
The system also provides xbserver interaction, since any digitally
tape recorded spectra can be recalled and, for instance, be
compared with any successive spectra by placing item on the
screen xn the same frame.
W76-70568 188-41-51
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten
ULTRAVIOLET STELLAR SPECTROMETER DEVELOPMENT
FOR SPACE SHUTTLE
Y. Kondo 713-483-6467
The objective is to develop astronomical space-UV instrumen-
tativn for use in shuttle sortie missions, which will demonstrate
state-of-technology detector and tracking performance, flexibility
xl interfacing instrumentation with a gnncral purpose telescope
platform, and versatili'y xl man's real time xperational involvement.
The development xl the ultruvixlet stellar spectrometer for space
shuttle is performed through the flights xl the ballovn-borne
ultraviolet stellar spectrometer IBUSSI payload as well as
through other concurrent laboratory-based developments. The
BUSS payload performs high resolution spectrophxtometry xl
astronomical objects in the mid-ultraviolet. The first version xl
the BUSS payload has been developed and flown success fully
three times. It comprises a pointabte telescope 140 cm aperture.
1/7.5 modilind Ritchey-Chretienl to which a variety xl instrumenta-
tion can be attached Payload functions are commanded from
the ground in real time, and the data are tvlemetered to the
ground in real time, where they are monitored in real timn and
recorded. Further development xl the payload is planned in
conjunction with the cxllaboiative prxgram with the Space
Research Laboratory. Utrecht. the Netherlands. In this collaborative
program. we shall jointly investigate stellar UV spectra in the
range 2000-3400 A with a resolution xl 1/bA. employing an
echetle spectrograph in combination with an image intensified
storage vidicon detector Subsequent flights will develop the star
tracking system for targets as faint as 10th magnitude and for
improved spectral resolution.
W76-7056B 188-38-64
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
DEVELOPMENT OF SHUTTLE PAYLOADS FOR THE STUDY
OF SOLAR FLARES AND FLARE RELATED PHENOMENA
K. J. Frost 301-982-4811
The Laboratory for Solar Physics and Astrophysics and Optics W76-705B9 188-41-51
Branch. Mission Technology Division. GSFC. propose to build a Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
group of instruments to observe solar flares and related solar UV AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY
phenomena from shuttle sortie and free-flier platforms in 1979. A. Boggess 301-982-5103
1980 and 1981. The scientific cbjrctive xl this paytcad will be The objective is to pursue a long range program in astronomi-
to advance our understanding xl the nature xl the mechanism cal research with emphasis on optical xbsnrvations. theoretical
xl a solar flare. This will be done by observing a flare over a astrophysics, and other specilic topics xl special interest to NASA.
90
PAGENO="0323"
319
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
The effort includes operation of ground telescopes, development
of new instrumentation for ground and rocket use, data
interpretation, and theoretical studies. Spectroscopic and
photometric data are obtained from ground and rocket telescopes
in order to analyze the properties of stellar atmospheres.
nebulae, and the interstellar medium. Model atmospheres are
being developed to compare with observation, particular attention
being paid to non-equilibrium phenomena Additional tasks include
calculations of fundamental physical parameters of astrophysical
interest, investigations of convective energy transport, and some
stellar population problems
W76-70570 188-41-51
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS
D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
The oblective is to conduct theoretical studies on important
fundamental problems in astrophysics and astronomy and to
provide theoretical advice and technical assistance for the center
program on observational infrared astronomy. Astrophysical theory
and mathematical techniques will be used, together with available
observational data, to develop self-consistent theoretical models
for the investigation and interpretation of astrophysical pheno-
mena. Application will be made to a wide range of problems
including the time variability of quasars and of X-ray sources.
pre-main sequence stellar evolution, structure and evolution of
white dwarfs and binary star systems, galactic evolution.
interpretation and airborne infrared observations of stars, planets.
and H II regions, and others
W76-70571 188-41-51
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
UV AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY (COMPUTATIONAL
PHYSICS)
E. S Love 804-827-2893
New and improved computer models will be developed to
investigate the evolution and structure of various systems of
astrophysical interest, such as spiral galaoies. the asteroid belt
and Saturn's rings. Galaoy related problems that will be studied
are how the bar-forming instability cue be stabilized to allow
formation of normal spirals and the method by which spiral
ga(aoies transfer their angular momentum outwards. Another
problem to be investigated is the density wave theory proposed
to eoplaie the spiral structure of galaxies Computer eoperiments
testing the density wave theory without making the approximations
required in ae analytical treatment will be performed. A
three-dimensional computer model recently developed will be
used to investigate the development of flat or disk systems from
originally elliptical or spherical systems A hybrid computer model
containing both a stellar and gas component will be developed
to more realistically simulate the dynamics of spiral galaxies
Numerical experiments on the evolution of the asteroid belt will
be performed. In particular, resonant effects caused by the
commensurability xl asteroids with Jupiter will be investigated.
Similar calculations will be made for Saturn's rings. Another
problem to be investigated is the particle acceleration and other
phenomena occurring in solar flares It appears that particle
acceleration occurs near magnetic neutral points and involves
magnetic flux annihilation in solar flares, in laboratory experiments
such as (he plasma focus, and possibly also in phenomena on a
galactic scale.
W76-70572 188-41-51
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington,
D.C.
ULTRAVIOLET (UV( AND OPTICAL ASTRONOMY
D Rosendhal 202-755-3687
The objective is the advancement of stellar and galactic
astronomy through observations and interpretations of data
secured in the ultraviolet and visible electromagnetic portions of
the spectrum. The emphasis is on research in direct support of
ox-going flight programs or in anticipation and preparation for
future ones. The four elements supported are laboratory
astrophysical studies, theoretical astrophysics, instrumentation
development, and direct observational programs A balanced
program involving all these elements is required ix order to insure
full utilization and healthy development of the space science
order to insure full utilization and healthy development of the
space science program with the goal of the advancement of
our understanding of the universe. The approach includes:
developing theoretical models. performing theoretical studies, and
determining basic atomic and molecular parameters. Interpretation
of data, especially that obtained in the relativity unexplored UV
spectral region, requires the additional information provided by
these efforts. A broad and sound theoretical framework allows
new observutions to be interpreted and new directions to be
instituted. In addition to atomic and molecular physics. specific
areas of study include stellar atmospheres, stellar systems, and
cosmology.
W76-70573 188-41-52
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
GROUND-BASED RADIO ASTRONOMY
R G Stone 301-982-4631
1161-05-03; 369-05-031
The objective of the Grocnd Based Radix Astronomy Program
is to provide a better understanding of the dynamics and
composition of astrophysical plasmas in objects such as radix
galaxies, quasars, supernovae, pulsars, and solar system sources
such as the Sun and Jupiter through the high angular and time
resolution observations of radix emission from these objects.
-Radix astronomy has provided new insight into such problems
which could not have been gained from observations in other
parts of the spectrum as the visible or UV region The interpretation
of source spectral and spatial distribution in terms of our
knowledge of plasmas and high energy processes leads to
knowledge of the evolution of the source and of the magnetic
field, energetic particle compositivn and dynamic processes within
the source. The approach taken involves the use and development
of high resolution radio telescopes which permit remote
observations of phenomena occurring ix extensive and inaccessible
regions The develvpment of radiometers for spectral observations
in the freqvency bands of the principal atmvspheric absorption
lines will be initiated. A great deal of our knowledge about the
evolution of dust clouds into stars in our galaxy has come from
the study of interstellar molecular lines. These lines are concen-
trated in the millimeter region of the radio spectrum. Part of
the mm spectrum is obscured by atmcspheric absorption lines.
As a resclt several impvrtant lines vf astronomical interest such
as HCN. 02 and 03 require observations above most of the
atmosphere Development will concentrate on high frequency
mixers and frequency lock loops at 60, 120 and 180 GHz.
Radiometers and spectral line.
W76-70574 188-41-52
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. lest. of Tech.. Pasadena
GROUND-BASED RADIO ASTRONOMY
D. P. Burcham 213.354-3028
This RTOP uses the unique facilities of NASA's Deep Space
Instrumentation Facility IDSIPI to hnd microwave spectral lines
of interstellar atoms and molecules at X'band 18 GHzl and K-band
(15 GHzl. regions in which NASA's receiving capabilities are
the best in the world Concurrently, a laboratory microwave
spectrvscopy program is carried out to measure frequencies.
absorption coefficients and cross sections for presently known
interstellar molecules and for other molecules whose presence
in the interstellar medium is strongly predicted by theory. DSIF
equipment to be used includes the 64 m Goldstone antenna;
K-band and X-band wideband low noise feeds. masers. and
receivers; a wideband digital correlator spectrum analyzer;
calibrated noise sources; and programmable local oscillators This
DSIF equipment either already exists or is being develvped for
programs svpported by the Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition
IOTDAI. The spectrometer system to be used in the laboratory
investigations includes a Stark Modulation Spectrometer and
associated programmable digital data handling and control
equipment. Fundamental questions in stellar and galactic evolution
to be answered by interstellar microwave spectroscopy include
the galactic molecular and isotope distribution and the isotopic
abundance ratios; the velocity distribution of interstellar material;
and the causes of anomalous interstellar molecular spectral line
intensities. Of particular interest is the location and abundance
91
PAGENO="0324"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
320
of complex interstellar molecules, because the mechanism that
allows the creation and retention of such molecules is presently
unknown. In addition, timing and intensity measurements are
performed for 22 pulsars
W76-70575 188-41-54
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst of Tech.. Pasadrna
RELATIVITY & CELESTIAL MECHANICS
D P Burcham 213-354-3028
The astrophysical consequences of missing matter in the
universe is being studied, fast by formulation of general models
with conducting plasma matter content. This research will support
interpretation of data on intergalactic matter, its composition.
excitation and ionization history, which will result from far
ultraviolet quasar spectra taken with the forthcoming tUE satellite.
The solution of Einstein's equations for selected anisotropic
cosmological models is being investigated. Consequences for
observational cosmology have be en considered. This research
has supported a study and proposal for measurement of large
scale anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
to be made from a Scout-launched Explorer satellite. Advances
in techniques of nonlivear applied mathematics are being applied
to selected problems of relativistic gravity, in particular to the
calculation of fields of axisymmetric spi nnieg snurces. and to
gravity waves. Research is being performed on the interaction
of gravitational radiation with Doppler spacecraft tracking
measurements, and on possible detection of gravitational radiation
by simultaneous tracking of several spacecraft
W76-70576 188-41-54
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC.
RELATIVITY
N G Roman 202-755-3649
The primary objective is to niiake experimental tests of the
theory of relativity and thereby elucidate the interrelationship
among space, time, and gravity. In particular, the test of Einstein's
General Theory of Relativity is paramount. This formulation is
fundamental and of high scientific interest. Experim ental
verification is difficult but the ability to orbit large, complex.
and extremely precise apparatus, shielded from deleterious
perturbations should obviate them. In addition to the scientific
goals, improvements and innovations in the technological areas
of cryogenics, gyroscope design, and precision clocks are expected.
Specific objectives include the development and operation of a
flight qualified cryogenic gyroscope, complete gyroscope system
error analysis, and the consideration of various theoretical
formulations of relativity and their subsequent experim extol
implications. Possible future benefits apart from the scientific
ones include improved timing for navigation, communication and
geodesy as well as cryogenic systems capable of extended
operation in space.
W76-70577 188-41-54
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
RELATIVITY AND CELESTIAL MECHANICS
Richard A. Potter 205-453-3431
The objective of this activity is to develop the technology
required to support and lead to a demonstration of the Stanford
Relativity gyro euperiment. Two or more gyroscopes, with their
associated dewar will be flown in the spacelab or shuttle bay
to establish the gyroscopes's ability to operate and function in
a near zero gravity environment. The well coordinated. theoretical.
experimental and engineering program at MSFC and Stanford
University wilt be tailored to development of an cope rim ent
system that will prove the required technology during the early
shuttle time period.
stellar atmospheres in order to account for the properties of
these stars. and to determine the abundance of various molecular
species in late-type stars in order to estimate their importance
as opacity sources. In addition, the extent and distribution of
circumstetlar matter in early-type stars will be examined by
obtaining the spectra of these stars in the 1-1.6 microv region
and using the emission in the hydrogen and helium tines to
determine distribution of the material and physical condition in
these gaseous distributions. Specific objectives are: Ill qualitative
comparisons of the similarities and differences in the live spectra
among these stars. avd 121 detailed calculations of the line shapes
of the 1-1.6 micron helium and hydrogen lines in Be stars for
various model envelopes. Near infrared spectra of appropriate
stars will be measured using a Michelson interferometer. The
available instrument is capable of spectral resolutions to 0.05/cm
in the 1.1.6 micron range.
W76-70579 188-41-55
Goddard Inst. for Space Studies. New York.
MILLIMETER-WAVE AND FAR INFRARED ASTRONOMY
Patrick Thaddeus 212-678-5621
The main scientific purpose is Ill to observe interstellar
molecxtes at millimeter and sobmillimeter wavelengths, in order
to study the dynamics of dense interstellar clouds. the process
of star formation, isotopic ratios, interstellar chemistry, and other
astrophysical topics, and 121 to obtain laboratory data on molecular
spectra in order to interpret these observations, and in order to
search for new molecules in space. The main technical purpose
is to extend radio frequency techniques into the far infrared for
use on aircraft and space vehicles The approach involves the
design. construction, and test of millimeter-wave receivers,
observations using these with existing radio telescopes, and
back-up laboratory measurements
W76-70580 188-41-55
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
INFRARED ASTRONOMY
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3026
The objective of this task is to obtain and analyze absolutely.
calibrated high resolution near infrared 11-6 micronl spectra of
late-type stars and variables The program is a collaborative effort
between JPL and the University of Texas at Austin and involves
a oct observing program using the JPL Fourier Spectrometer
at the 2.7 m telescope. McDonald Observatory, model atmosphere
analyses and spectrum syntheses in Austin. molecular physics
at JPL and stellar interior modelling at JPL From these data.
we hope to learn more about the composition, structure and
evolution of these projects
W76-70581 188-41-55
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
D.C.
INFRARED ASTRONOMY
N W. Boggess 202-755-3688
The objective is to advance stellar and galactic astronomy
in the spectral region between 1 and 1000 microns through
observational and theoretical programs Observations in the
infrared portion xf the electrumagnetic spectrum are particularly
important for an understanding of the early and late stages in
stellar evolution, interstellar matter, galaxies and quasistellar
objects and the energy mechanisms associated with them, and
the residual radiation of the universe A balanced program including
observation, technique and instrumentation development, and
theory is required to insure the advances needed for full utilization
of future platforms in space The approach includes the following
elements Ill support observational programs using ground-based
telescopes, balloons, and airplanes; and 121 promote the
development uf infrared techniques and apparatus. Special
emphasis is placed on far IR narross band filters, spectral
interferometers, modulation techniques, and multiple detector
arrays in xrder to enhance the information content of an
observation; and more recently, on development of cryogenic
and towbackground telescopes
188-41-56
W76-70578 188.41-55
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tex.
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF STARS
A. E. Potter 713-483-2071
The overall objective is to clarify the structure and nature
of cool stars. Specific objectives are to determine accurate
continuum energy distributions for typical C, M and S.type stars W76-70582
throughout their phase variations. Results will be fitted to model Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
92
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321
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
FAR INFRARED ASTRONOMY
Michael Hauser 301-982-2468
The scientific objective of this new program is to observe
stellar, interstellar and eotragalactic sources of far infrared
(10-1000 micrxnf radiation in order to study many astrophysical
problems, such as early and late phases of stellar evolution, the
composition and dynamics of the interstellar medium, the
energetics of high luminosity galactic and extragalactic sources,
and the structure and history of the Universe. Since atmospheric
opacity and emissivity prohibit or severely limit ground-based
observations, high altitude observational platforms such as
balloons and satellites must be developed to permit sensitive
astronomical measurements in this spectral range. High detec-
tivity composite bolometers will be developed to take maximal
advantage of the low background conditions achievable at these
altitudes.
W76-70583 188-41-57
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
Laboratory data will be obtained to support the theory of
interstellar molecular synthesis by ion-neutral reactions in cloudy
regions of condensed material between stars. Up tv now.
theoretical studies which mudel interstellar synthesis by ion-neutral
reactions have had to rely, to a large degree, on assumed reactions
and assumed rate constants. Those reactions and rate cvnstants
which are of most pressing interest for interstellar molecular
synthesis can be measured in the JPL Ion Chemistry Laboratory
using the ivy cyclotron resonance IICRI technique. The reactions
of atomic ions IHI+l. C(+l. Nl+l. 01+11 and simple hydride
ions (CH(+(, NHI+l, etc.l with the most abundant neutral
molecular species (H2( have been measured in this laboratory.
Ix order tu study the reaction of ions with atoms and radicals
(H, CH, OH, etc.(, the ICR spectrometer will be mxdified to
produce these unstable neutral species. Those electron-molecule
collision processes which play an important role in interstellar
chemistry will be studied. Cross sections for these processes.
and radiative lifetimes of the excited species will be determined
in molecular beam/electron beam scattering experiments, and
by electrun-photon coincidence measurements, respectively. The
methods of electron-impact spectroscopy will be used to identify
metastable states of molecules which are not observable via
photon excitation. The measurements will be carried out on
H2.NO.CH4.NH3.H25,CH3OH. and HCN in a manner that
correlates these measurements with all the available experimen-
tal and theoretical data.
W76-70584 188-41-64
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbvlt, Md.
X-RAY ASTRONOMY FOR SHUTTLE
Elihu A Bxldt 301-982-5853
Celestial X-ray sources have introduced us to rich new aspects
of astrxnxmy ranging from the millisecond bursts of hard X-rays
coming from the innermost orbits of matter falling xlv a black-hole
to the broadened K lives emitted by subrelativistic cosmic ray
iron nuclei ejected mIx the interstellar gas from recent supernovae
such as Cay A. The combination of large sensitive area, low
detector background, high temporal resolution and eon-dispersive
spectruscopy over a broad bandwidth has been our approach in
discovering and evplxrivg these phenomena. The power of this
approach is being well demonstrated. Extending it with improved
spectral resolution and broad-band imaging is a major area of
develupment now indicated. This involves the creation and
evaluation of new systems incorporating low nuise ionization
counters of optimum resolutixv, large area X-ray concentrators.
imaging counters and associated scatter-hole camera configura-
tions The laboratory-type operation and high telemetry capability
of the shuttle make it particularly appropriate fun the effective
application of such instrumentation to new experiments in X-ray
astrunumy.
W76-70585
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
COMETS AND INTERSTELLAR MATTER
B. D. Dunn 301-982-5014
This RTOP includes several programs to study interplanetary
and interstellar matter. The primary objective is laboratory
experimentation relevant to the physicochemical behavior of matter
in space. Theoretical analysis of astronomical problems using
experimental and theoretical results is a second aim. A third
aspect involves observations from spacecraft to obtain new data.
The last phase uses ground based telescopic observations.
Molecular beam, laser techniques. and resonance fluorescence
are being used for measuring production and reaction of atoms.
radicals and ions from planetary, cometary or interstellar molecules
by impact of photons. electrons and ions. The optics. spectrxs-
copy and chemistry of species appropriate to the study of
interstellar molecules and grains will be investigated. The possible
relation of comelary and interstellar molecules to star formation
chemical evolution and the origin of life will be examined. lx
support of other research use of image intensifiers to study
cumets and interplanetary matter will be investigated.
W76-70586 188-45-51
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
COMETS
O P. Burcham 213-354-3028
It is the objective of this RTOP to coordinate a program of
ground-based observations, laboratory work, and theory addressed
particularly toward a quantitative understanding of the physical
procexses which give rise to the phenomena of nucleus, coma.
and tails called a comet. A further objective is the intercomparison
of many comets ix order to enhance the value of data taken on
those few that become targets for space missions. The observa-
tional program will be carried out at the Table Mountain, Mt.
Wilson, and Mauna Kea Observatories. Emphasis will be placed
xx using the SIPS lsilicxx imaging photometric system( to obtain
two-dimensional photometry of comet comae and tails. These
maps will be used to determine the distribution of emitting species
ix comet comae. The laboratory studies programs are directed
towards understanding photochemical processes in comets and
mechanisms of cometary halo production. Theoretical modelling
which incorporates both the observations and laboratory work
will be used to develop models of cometary structure. Both
neutral and plasma gas distributions will be included in the
modelling.
W76-70587 188-45-52
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
INTERPLANETARY DUST AND COMETARY PHYSICS
Nicholas C. Cxstes 205-453-0946
A broad multidisciplinary approach will be applied to problems
related to the origin, composition and physical properties of
solar-system small boJies, combining the experience in optical
scattering and surface phenomena developed in the Skylab
Optical Contamination program, the experience in the properties
.of porous material developed in the Apollo lunar surface
investigations, and the experience with developing and applying
state-of-the-art electro-optical observing and automated analysis
techniques developed previously under this RTOP. The observa-
tional objectives are to xbtain statistical data on the composition
of shower and sporadic meteors through spectral analysis; obtain
distribution functions for meteor masses ix the range from
0.000001 to 100 grams as a function of hour and season; to
map shower profiles in order to obtain the effects of perturbations
on the shower components; and to obtain spectral, photometric.
and polarimetric data on targets of opportunity such as comets
or asteroids that may become visible. Supporting laboratory studies
will include the study of simulated cometary structure and physical
properties by means of vacuum sublimation of aggregates of
various minerals and ices at cryogenic temperatures. Evapora-
tion rates of various ices as a function of impurities under solar
simulatixn will be studied. and photo-dissociation and excitation
of the evaporating molecules will be measured Finally, attempts
will be made to relate the research results into a coherent picture
of the behavior of comets and the dust they produce.
188-45-51 W76-70588 188-45-52
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va.
METEOR ASTRONOMY - OBSERVATIONS. SPECTRA. AND
DATA ANALYSIS
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
322
S. Love 804-827-2893
The primary objective is to obtain trajectory, orbital, and spec-
tral data of chemically differentiated meteors, and of other meteors
of special interest. Additional objectives include radiation studies.
and studies of earth-orbital, far-UV meteor spectroscopy.
Preparations for far-UV meteor photometry and spoctroscopy from
space-shuttle launched platforms. LDEM and AlL will be made.
Calibration and data reduction procedures for the UV region will
be developed. The research will be accomplished by operating
and upgrading the two-station, direct-photography and meteor
spectra patrol. Statistical studies of data in hand and detailed
reduction of selected data will continue. Radiation studies.
particularly of self-absorption and energy partition will continue.
An engineering model of a far-UV meteor detector/photometer
will be developed for intended use on an Explorer class spacecraft
and for the space shuttle ATL A UV photometer experiment
will be developed for the Long Duration Exposure Facility.
W76-70589 188-45-53
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
COSMIC DUST MEASUREMENTS
D. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
The objective of this work is to develop a focal plane mass
spectrometer with an extremely sensitive ion detector which would
allow the simultaneous collection of all ion beams over the mass
region of interest. The high sensitivity is particularly important
for the analysis of cometary atmospheres where very low densities
are likely to be encountered and the ability to optimally trade-off
sensitivity and spatial resolution is currently constrained by low
duty cycle, scanning instruments. The approach would be to
work closely with Professor A 0 C Nier of the University of
Minnesota who will provide hardware and sciencn support in
concert with an electro-optical detector development at JPL
The present concept of the detector is to place a micro-channel
electron multiplier array at the focal plane of the mass spectrome-
ter where the ion beam signals are converted to electrons with
an amplification of greater than or equal to 10,000. The resulting
electron beams would impinge upon phosphor coated hber optics
yielding photons which are directed to a photodiode linear array.
W76-70590 188-45-53
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF METEOR DEBRIS FROM
THE ATMOSPHERE
D. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
1176-61-11; 743-02-22; 195-21-04)
The objectives are to compare the properties elemental and
mineralogical) of material collected in the atmosphere after a
meteor hrebal) event with the debris ablated from meteorites.
and the cosmic dust background level in the stratosphere The
particulate collections will be obtained using basic instruments
currently available and on board the U-2 aircraft supporting Ames
stratospheric research prcgram IRTOPs 176-61-11 and 743-02-
221. The collection will be attempted on meteor hreballs with
magnitudes of approximately -10 or greater within 30 hours of
the event Ito ensure largest possible particles will be collected)
at an altitude of approximately 20 km. The flight path will be
determined using ground observation data and a meteor fireball
wake distribution pattern based upon known stratospheric wind
conditions employing a classical atmospheric fallout model. The
analyses to be performed on collected specimens will includn
optical mineralogy. petrography, density, X-ray diffraction.
electron microprobe, scanning electron microscope. laser
microprxbn. and ion microprobe. Thesn results will be compared
with current data describing physical properties of aerosols in
the stratosphere and those characteristics of meteor ablation
debris obtained from studies on meteorite fusion crusts and results
obtained during artificial meteor ablation expnriwents.
W76-70591 188-46.52
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbnlt. Md
THEORETICAL HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS
R. Ramaty 301-982-4715
The objectives are: 11) to conduct theoretical research in
high energy astrophysics with particular emphasis on areas of
interest to the general program of the Laboratory for High Energy
Astrophysics. 12) to provide support of graduate students from
the University of Maryland to participate in research leading to
doctoral dissertations in theoretical astrophysics, 13) to publish
in the scientific literature the relevant and significant results
obtained from research carried out by members of the group,
and 14) to provide theoretical support for satellite experiments
and mission definition studies, conducted both within and outside
the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics. The Theoretical
Group in the Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics consists
of two civil service employees IR. Ramaty and L A. Fisk), one
or two National Academy Research Associates (B Kozlovsky,
1973-74; C. Ryter, 1974-75). and three graduate students (H. T.
Wang. T. Bai and R. Bussard). Members of the group have
maintained a high level of theoretical expertise in high energy
astrophysics and have attempted to contribute to and keep abreast
with new developments in this area of astronomy. Using this
expertise, they initiate and support theoretical research in the
Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics. They have alsx
contributed to the weekly Goddard-University of Maryland
Astrophysics Seminar both as lecturers and as advisors on topics
and potential speakers
W'76-70592 188-46-56
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington.
D.C.
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS
Albert G. Dpp 202-755-8493
1188-46-571
The objective of this RTOP is to study the isotopic and
charge composition and energy of galactic and solar cosmic
rays. The primary galactic radiation represents the direct
penetration xf material from the galaxy mIx the solar system.
The study of the nuclear composition and energy of this material
provides direct evidence of the stellar processes responsible for
the cosmic radiation and information on the interstellar material
transmitted by the cosmic radiation The observation of solar
cosmic rays provides information on the abundances of different
elements in the sun and information on the solar processes that
accelerate energetic particles to their observed energies. The
design. construction and test of cosmic ray detectors is the
prime activity supported by this RTDP. Solid state detectors,
magnetic spectrometers, scintillators. Cerenkxv cxue tees and
ionization spectrometers are typical instruments developed and
tested under the support of this RTOP. Research balloons are
employed extensively. Balloon flights are used both to test new
instruments and to obtain new scientific information on the
properties of cosmic radiation. New instrument concepts are also
tested at particle accelerators.
W76-70593 188-46-56
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS
F. B. McDonald 301-982-4801
(188-46-641
The objective is to measure the energy spectra, charge and
isotopic composition of the primary cosmic radiation and of solar
conmic rays. Supporting this xbjective is the development of
new detector systems foe the study of the properties of cosmic
radiation, and the associated development of theoretical studies
related to these experiments. The results will be used in
astrophysical considerations concerning the origin, acceleration
and propagation of cosmic radiation. Specific goals are enumerated
as follows: Ill measurements of the high energy composition of
the cosmic radiation, including spectral, charge and isotopic studies
from electrons up through the heaviest elements; 121 development
of detectors to study the low energy composition of solar and
galactic cosmic rays, with the goal xf measuring the intensity
xf cosmic rays at great distances from the sun xx deep space
missions; and 13) measurements of the positron ratio from 20 MeV
to 20 GeV is terminated. Detectors will be designed, constructed
and tested in our laboratories. Detector behavior will be explored
using particle accelerator beams and other devices. Balloon flights
will be carried out both for the purpose of detector development
and for obtaining new scientific information New measurements
will be made of the properties of cosmic radiation available for
study at balloon altitudes.
94
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323
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
W76-70594
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY
D. P Burcham 213-354-3028
This describes the JPL program in X- and gamma ray
astronomy, part of which is a cooperative effort with UCSD.
The primary objective of the program is to observe nuclear gamma
ray line spectra from eotratnrrestrial sources in the .02 to 10 MnV
energy range. Such observations could provide important
information on nucleosynthesis. galactic history and the physical
nature of various celestial objects including cosmic X-ray and
gamma ray sources, both constant and transient. Under this
program, a high resolution gamma ray spectrometer balloon
system will be used in a series of astronomical observations.
Additional activities will be the developmevt of advanced concepts
in detection techniques. instrumentation and data analysis. The
specific objectives for this program for FY-76 are to reduce.
analyze, and publish the data from previous balloon flights; conduct
two observational balloon flights in the Southern Hemisphere;
and continue the development of a gamma-ray burst detector.
W76-70595 188-46-57
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
D.C.
GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY
Albert G. app 202-755-8493
(188-46-59)
The objective of this RTOP is to measure the characteristics
of energetic photon omission from celestial sources and to
understand the physical process responsible for the emissions.
This RTOP includes photonic radiation from approoimately 10 keV
in energy upward to as high as can be measured, that is. from
hard X-rays to ultra-high energy gamma rays. Several hard X-ray
sources have been identified, which have spectra eotending into
the tens to hundreds of keV. The spectra of discrete sources
and the spectra and distribution of the diffuse background will
provide information on the physical processes active iv stars.
galaoies and interstellar space. Gamma ray photons result from
a number of physical processes. These processes can furnish
information on the synthesis and distribution of elements in the
universe, on the magnetoplasma environment of a star, on the
condensation and interaction of interstellar material with radiation.
as well as other astrophysically important parameters. Gamma
rays, which are undeflected by magnetic fields, travel directly
from their sources, and anisotropies in the direction of arrival of
the photons gives ivformation on the location of the gamma
W76-70596 188-46-57
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY
C. E. Fichtel 301-982-6281
The technical objective is to develop the most appropriate
detector systems for the observation of the astrophysical sources
of very energetic photons. The approach has been divided into
several different parts. The first approach to the general
problem of gamma ray astronomy was the development of a
large telescope using digitized spark chambers to be tested on
high-altitude balloons and then flown on satellites. Other
approaches to detector systems are now being pursued both for
the high-energy gamma rays and intermediate gamma ray studies.
A medium-energy gamma ray detector has been designed and
built. A unique feature of this system is its high time resolution
which will permit the tagging of several gamma rays during a
short (microseconds) pulse as might be eopected from a supernova
outburst. Additionally, the theory of shaped scintillation detectors
for measurement of medium energy gamma rays on small satellites
is being studied, and design work of a detector system will
begin in the near future. Improvements in the particle chamber
systerys'are continuing, and methods for accurate timing are
bejng' developed for a search for discrete source emission of
..~gamma rays at pulsar periodicities. Special attention in the particle
chamber research is now being directed at designing and building
a low cost chamber of significantly larger size. At the same
time several different approaches are being eoplored to improve
angular resolution, especially through better positional accuracy,
W76-7O597 188-46-58
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
LOW ENERGY GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY
T. L Cline 301-982-4375
The technical objective of this new research program is to
carry out ostensive studies iv astronomy in the 0.1 to 10MeV
region, intermediate between the traditional X-ray and gamma-ray
domains Spectroscopy. as a basic element in this program is
central to its success, since high-resolution energy determination
is the tool that will make possible the scientific advances in
this window of the electromagnetic spectrum where background
problems have always predominated. The study of the 0.1 to
10 MeV gamma ray spectrum us critical in high-energy astrophys-
ics, since this energy region contains many important monochro-
matic lines and spectral features which are the signatures of
basic astrophysical processes. Nuclear gamma-ray lines in
particular are eopected in great profusion in this energy interval.
Identifications of nuclear and isotopic species are uniquely possible
with the detection of these characteristic gamma-ray lines. Among
these, depending on the process involved, are the 2.23 MeV
deuteron line, the 4.43 MeV carbon-12 line, the 6.14-MeV
ooygen-16 and 6.33 MeV nitrogen-iS lines, some of which have
been observed in solar flares. Additional possibilities are the
0.43 MeV beryllium-7 and 0.478 MeV lithium-7 lines, and the
0.845 MeV and 1 24 MeV iron-56 lines, not to mention the
0.511 MeV positron line, a unique feature not necessarily the
product of a specifically nuclear reaction. Many theoretical treatises
have been written predicting measureable fluoes of the various
nuclear gamma-ray lines from astrophysical sources. including
supernovae and novae and their remnants. X-ray emitters, and
diffuse regions, including the galactic plane and center. For
example. lollowing a nearby supernova event (which itself may
turn out to be detectable as a brief but intense X- and
gamma-ray emitter), the several-week decay period of the light
curve predicts a variety of fractional MeV gamma-ray lines. These,
unlike the flare or burst-typo transients. eoist for a----
W76-7O598 188-46-59
N ational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
X-RAY ASTRONOMY
Albert G. Opp 202-755-8493
1188-46-561
The objective is to investigate and understand the nature of
sources of X-ray emission. The number of sources detected has
been increasing by virtue of the action observational program
being conducted with balloons, rockets, and satellites. As
experimental techniques have been refined, a number of point
sources have been identified with unusual optical objects both
galactic and extragalactic in origin. In addition. X.ray variability
of different characteristic forms has been found; some sources
are analogous to the radix and optical pulsars The general cosmic
X-ray background. as well as the point sources need further
study in order to elucidate the emission mechanism and the
cosmological significance of these objects. Specific objectives
are the detection of additional sources. spatial mapping of the
background; accurate positional determination and correlation with
optically identifiable objects. These objectives are met by
supporting laboratory studies, flight programs. and theoretical
work. Research and development of advanced detectors. shielding
systems, and focussing optical systems are being conducted
Data processing methods are being rehned.
W76-7O599 188-46-59
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md.
X-RAY ASTRONOMY
Elihu A. Boldt 301-982-5853
Celestial X-ray sources have introduced us to rich new aspects
188-46-57 as well as sensitivity for future gamma ray telescopes. A factor
of two improvement in positional accuracy in both dimensions
has already been achieved and several approaches for further
significant improvements are currently under study. These
developments should provide the improvements in sensitivity and
angular accuracy which are critical to the future advancement
of gamma ray astronomy.
95
PAGENO="0328"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
324
of astronomy ranging from the millisecond bursts of hard X-rays
coming from the innermost orbits of matter falling into a black-hole
to the broadened K lines emitted by subrelativistic cosmic ray
iron nuclei ejected into the interstellar gas from recent supernovae
such as Cas A. The combination of large sensitive area, low
detector background, high temporal resolution and eon-dispersive
spectroscopy over a broad bandwidth has been our approach in
discovering and exploring these phenomena. The power of this
approach is being well demonstrated. Extending it with improved
spectral resolution and broad-band imaging is a major area of
development now indicated. This involvbs the creation and
evaluation of new systems incorporating low noise ionization
counters of optimum resolution, large area X-ray concentrators,
imaging counters and assxciated scatter-hole camera configura-
W76-70600 188.46-64
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala.
COSMIC RAY AND GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY INVESTI.
GATIONS
T. A Parnell 205-453.5130
The objective is to develop instrumentation, perform theoreti-
cal calcxlatixns and develop data analysis techniques for
measurements on high Z cxsmic rays and fur gamma rays between
0 t and 10 MeV. To test the instrumentation and techniques
fur shuttle era experiments by performing obsernatiuns of the
cosmic ray and gamma ray flux on ballouns. This work will
include the following tasks: using detectors and techniques
already developed, a large-area 125 sg ml multi dE/do Cerenkxv
counter system will be flxwn on a balloxn to perfxrm a high
resolution measurement of the individual elements from Z = 6
thru 28. A study will be made to extend this class of detectxr
system to very large area for use in shuttle era enperiments fur
high charge resolutiun measurments in the Z greater than 28
regixn. Theoretical work will continue on the applicatiun of Mutt
cross sections to detectxr response fur High Z. A high resolution
(GeLil gamma ray detector with a low loss des/ar and large
area Nal detectors will be assembled into an instrument fur
observation of gamma ray lines from the galactic center region,
and to search for small gamma ray bursts. This instrument will
include a novel data system now under development for use on
long-dxratixn (super-pressurel balloons Calculatixns and experi-
ments will continue on gamma ray background due to neutron
and proton activation.
W76-7O601 188.46-64
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
SHUTTLE DEFINITION STUDIES FOR HIGH ENERGY
ASTROPHYSICS
F. B. McDonald 301-982-4801
1188-46-561
The objective of this program is to develop a variety of
new detector systems fur high energy astrophysics research,
including cxsmic ray, X-ray and gamma ray astrxnxmy. Meaningful
new experiments in these fields presently require the dnvelvpment
of several new devices. incurporating new improvements in energy,
charge and isotope resolution, in temporal resolution and
directional resolution, and utilizing very large payloads of great
size and weight, capable of orbit with the shuttle. These include
the cosmic-ray composition and energy spectrometers. The
technical objective is to measure the energy distributiun and
the charge and mass composition of the several cxmpxnents of
the primary cosmic radiation. These cxmpxnents include both
electrons and nuclei from hydrogen to iron, lead. uranium, and
beyxnd Beyond 10 to the 12th pxwer eV, en infurmatiun is
presently available, primarily because particles in this range are
very rare. The spectra fall steeply with increasing energy requiring
large area detectors and lung exposure times. This large enpusure
must be obtained while maintaining the resulution of much smaller
detectors. Energy measurements in this highly relativistic range
are currently being dune using ixeizatiun spectrometers and gas
Cerenkov detectors. Development of new techniques such us
transition radiation detectors and magnetic spectrometers, n/ill
be required fur some measurements. The properties of charge
measuring devices, direction detecting devices. and energy
spectrometers will be calibrated on the ground and studied at
balloxn altitudes. These detectors are being develuped for
shuttle missions which will provide the essential expxsxre time
and background free environment.
W76-70602 188-48-51
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala
INTERDISCIPLINARY SPACE SCIENCE RESEARCH
E. Stuhlinger 205-453-3033
The objective is to conduct space research in varixus scientific
and technical disciplines with a capability of directing quick
reaction efforts toward significant problems or prumising areas
of research and with the overall purpose of enhancing in-hnuse
scientific capabilities of the MSFC. Such research is related to
the physics and astronamy programs of NASA. Under the direction
of the Associate Director fur Science, Dr. Ernst Stuhlivger. research
is initiated in scientific and technical areas which influence the
scientific missions of the center. Research projects are selected
that. within available resources, contribute significantly to in-hxuse
scientific capabilities and state-of-the-art advancement. These
projects are then funded from the Interdisciplinary Space Science
Research discretiunary funds.
W76-70603 188-48-52
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
BASIC THEORETICAL RESEARCH
A Temkin 301-982-4091
The objective is to develup techniques for the solution of
basic Iprototypel atxmic collisiun problems involved in processes
occurring in planetary and stellar atmospheres and in other
plasmas also for collision processes that may be used as
diagnxstic tuals in atmuspheres. Specific wurk implementing the
abxve objective falls intx the following general categuries: Ill
study of electron impact iunizatixn, 121 development of techniques
and calculations of autxinnizatiun states of atomic systems, 131
calculation of electron molecule scattering techniques, 141 charge
exchange of iron nuclei with cosmic gases, 15) study of
electron-atom scattering methods. 16) investigation of electron-
pxsitron annihilatixn in solar flares, 17) development of a
calculatixnal program of electron-ion impact excitatiun. and 181
precisinn calculation of Hl.~l2 transitiun Ire quenc ins.
W76-706O4 188-78-51
Gxddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. GENERAL:
SIGNAL AND DATA PROCESSING ELECTRONICS; SOLID
STATE DETECTORS
James H. Trainor 301-982-6282
The technical objectives of this research project are tx develop
and test new on-buard signal handling, data prucvssing, storage,
computing and auxiliary electronics circuitry for use in energetic
particle and astruphysics experiments on spacecraft, rockets,
bullauns. etc., as well as special test and analysis equipment
applicable also fur both ground and shuttle usage. The growing
cxmpleoity of experiments and the often currespunding increase
in the volume of data obtained have made signal handling, data
processing and data transmissixn capability limiting factors. To
reduce the transmission of unnecessary data, it is necessary to
increase the experiment's on-board signal handling and data
processing capability. This prxgram is approached through (11
the investigatiun and develupmont of new techniques fur signal
shaping and handling, data processing and uuoillary circuitry,
and 121 the mndificatixn uf existing techniques by the applicatixn
uf advanced technology and materials including MDS/LSI
technology, thick hIm techniques, and multiple chip techniques.
Special techniques must also be devised in order to accurately
and efficiently evaluate and test the flight systems at low cast.
The use of micrx'processxrs and minicxmputers is being pursued
buth for ground testing and in'flight data systems. The technical
objective of the research project is tu conduct a program of
research and develupment, and device test and evaluatiun in
the field of silicon nuclear radiation detectxrs with emphasis on
(11 the improvement of detector technulugy; 12) the understanding
of the radiation damage effects on device operation and lifetime:
131 the understanding of the effects on these detectors of chemicals
commonly used near or on spacecraft; (4) to establish the
technolugy fur the fabricatiun of specialized devices not available
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
from industry; and 15) to continue the pragmatic life testing
now underway.
W76-70605 188-78-51
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
LOW GRAVITY SUPERFLUID HELIUM ADVANCED TECH-
NOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
Richard A. Potter 205-453-3431
Several experiments are currently being developed which will
require a low temperature environment for their proper operation
in space. Superfluid helium will undoubtedly be used for many
of these applications Immediate application to eoperiments is
to be found in cosmic ray, relativity and infrared astronomy.
The purpose of this RTOP is to investigate theoretically and
eoperimentally. where possible, the properties of superfluid helium
to be eopected when liquid helium dewars are flown into space.
The properties of superfluid helium in this near zero gravity
environment will be assessed and methods will be investigated
whereby problem areas may be resolved and/or controlled. Low
gravity aircraft and rocket flights will be conducted to permit
more realistic design on helium dewars.
W76-70606 188-78-51
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington,
D.C.
ADVANCE TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, GENERAL;
CRYOGENICS
M J. Aucremanne 202.755.3676
Physics and astronomy eoperiments are being developed
which will require a low temperature environment for their proper
operation iv space. Superfluid helium will undoubtedly be used
for many of these applications The purpose of this work is to
investigate theoretically and eoperimentally. where possible, the
properties of superfluid helium to be eopected when liquid helium
dewars am flown in space Properties of superfluid helium and
other cryogens for application in IR astronomy, cosmic ray physics
and relativity will be assessed and methods to deal with problems
will be developed.
W76-70607 188-78-56
Goddard Inst. for Space Studies, New York.
MILLIMETER WAVE AND FAR-INFRARED DETECTORS
A. B Kerr 2t2.67g.5S62
Coherent detectors similar in principle to those available at
radio frequencies will be developed for the far infrared, and
research will be conducted to advance detector theory and
technology at millimeter wavelengths In the virtually unoc-
plored spectral band from 500 to 1500 microns it is eopected
that sensitivities many orders of magnitude greater than those
presently available from thermal detectors Ibolometersl can be
obtained. The scientific purpose is to lay the foundation for spectral
line observations of astronomical objects and the atmospheres
of the earth and planets A prime objective is to provide spectral
line receivers for the study of interstellar molecules with the
large uncooled telescope of the space shuttle, and radiometers
for the upcoming generation of meteorological satellites. A
1 7 mm wavelength detector is beirg developed under this RTOP
for the Microwave Limb Sounder IRTOP #176-31-531 which is
planned for an early flight of the space shuttle, and a low-noise
2.6 mm detector is being constructed for use on the Columbia-
GISS Sky Sumey Telescope Quasi-optical guiding techniques
will be used, together with new microscopic antenna-like resonant
structures produced using photolithographic techniques Existing
nonlinear elements - Schottky-Barrier diodes and Josephson
junctions - are potentially capable of performing the required
electrical functions, but their physical configurations must be
revised to permit their integration into microscopic circuit
structures. Concurrently with this work a detailed study is being
made of millimeter wavelength mixers - which are still poorly
understood - to determine the optimum embedding structures
for low-noise operation, and to investigate the anomalous noise
observed in these devices
W76-70608 188-78-56
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
D.C.
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY - IMAGE TUBE AND
DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT
M. J Aucremanne 202-755-3676
Development of large space telescopes is fundamental to
the objectives of the Astronomy Research Program Iris essential
that normal incidence image forming systems operating with
maximum spatial and spectral resolution in the IR. visible, and
ultraviolet regions be evolved. These instruments will be required
to detect and present astronomical data in extreme fidelity. In
order to accomplish this it will be necessary to develop a series
of instruments that both accomplish their scientific objectives
and at the same time provide technological data to permit a
burgeoning capability. In order to fully utilize such advanced
telescopes it will be necessary to concurrently develop suitable
electronic image sensing system.
W76-70609 188-78-60
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
ADVANCED MISSION STUDIES FOR EXPLORER PRO-
GRAMS
Paul Butler 301-982-4S03
The objective is to perform studies and necessary research
in support of continuing advanced mission studies for Explorer
class missions as defined in NASA A0 no.6 and AG no 7. AD
no.6 solicits participation in the scientific teams that will define
missions for Explorer spacecraft launched by either Scout or
Delta vehicles or space shuttle. AD no 7 solicits proposals for
the complete definition of individual scientific missions for
Explorer class spacecraft launched by Scout only The approach
is to support assigned studies and tasks related to the above
AD's involving NASA, the U S scientific community and the
international scientific community Support will be provided by
conducting required study and research effort either in-house,
out-of-house, or in combination. Support is being provided now
in evaluation of available proposals. This will continue for future
proposals. Assistance will be further provided in support of the
scientific mission definition teams appointed as a result of the
A0 activities.
W76-70610 188-78-60
Langley Research Center. Langley Station, Va
SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION STUDY FOR AIR DENSITY
EXPLORERS - 1980 (NEUTRAL DYNAMICS EXPLORERSI
S Lone 804-827-2893
1385-36-Ot I
The objective is a scientific deheition study lie response to
AD no. 71 of the next generation Air Density Explorer experiment
which will usn a complementary set of drag and mass spectrometer
experiments to study the structure, composition, temperature.
and dynamics of the thermosphere and exosphere. The experiment
will include neutral and ion mass spectrometers, as well as a
drag-free proof mass to allow the detection of accelerations
orders of magnitude smaller than flight-proven accelerometers
The measurements from these Neutral Dynamics Explorers will
be compared to those of ionic constituents from the Electrodynam-
ic Explorer type experiment (mentioned in AG no 61.
W76-7061 1 188-78-60
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
DC
ADVANCED MISSION STUDIES
M J. Aucremanne 202-755-3676
The objective of the Advanced Mission Studies is to initiate
studies both in-house and on contract for the Explorer Series
and for the disciplines represented in Physics and Astronomy
Programs This RTOP will permit studies to be initiated for those
disciplines outlined in the recent announcement of flight
opportunities. The need for observations in the disciplines of
physics and astronomy has been expressed by the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS). Endorsement of the Explorer Series
has been provided by the NAS in their summer studies and by
others in the scientific community The purpose of this RTOP is
to expedite preliminary and conceptual studies by the appropriate
field centers. If 055 is to continue to meet the goals of this
agency, then it is imperative that we initiate the studies required
to meet oar scientific commitments to the nation. The technical
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326
objectives of the planned effort include support activities in
dehnition studies, the review of prior projects to ascertain whether
existing subsystems, systems and hardware can be used in a
minimum cost approach to designing the basic spacecraft, and
the resources required to conduct the missiuns
W76-70612 188-78-60
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala
SHUTTLE LAUNCHED HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS
SPACECRAFT
Joseph A. Dabbs 205-453-2817
Shuttle launched free flying spacecraft instrumented for High
Energy Astrophysics are planned fur the time period of t980's
onward. While it is impussible to predict the instruments and
experiments which will have priurity in that time frame, it is
reasunable to select several representative experiment comple-
ments and associated mission requirements us inputs for
evaluation of spacecraft requirements. The mix of science
requirements and instruments will be furnished by the Physics
and Astronomy Programs Office. Additional information is available
from the 1973 High Energy Astrophysics Working Group final
report and the t973 Wouds Hole Group. These missiuns will
be examined with regard to spacecraft communality and feasibility
in a preliminary in-h xuse study. The folluw-on contracted study
will dx a detailed technical analysis.
Planetary Biology
W76-70613 192-55-61
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
(192-55-62; 192-55-67)
Chemical evolutixn encompasses the study of the evolutiunary
path of carbun and its compxunds from the primal fireball, through
interstellar dust clxuds. to formative of galaxies, solar systems.
and planets, to the beginnings of life on the earth. lx the luburatory.
the syntheses uf organic compxunds related to terrestrial
bixchemicals are explored in experiments which simulate the
putative envirxnments of interstellar dust clouds. cxxling solar
nebulae and primxrdial and extant planetary atmospheres and
surfaces. The study is relevant to understanding the prebixlxgical
chemistry of the solar system which led in the case xf earth to
the formatiun of organic cxmpxunds and the origin of life, but
which on extraterrestrial bxdies and environments may have taken
divergent paths. The study provides an experimental basis for
the hypxthesis that the origin of life on earth, and pxssibly
elsewhere, was preceded by a period of xrganic chemical evvlutixn
in which simple compounds containing the xrganxgenic elements
C. N. 0. 5, P. H were cxxverted by abixtic processes intu the
complex xrgaeic mxlecxles which are direct precxrsxrs of the
macromxlecules essential lx life
W76.70614 192.55-62
Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif.
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
(192-55-611
The principles and practices of organic gexchemistry can be
applied ix any cxsmx-chemical investigaticn wherein a sxlid matrix
is studied fxr the presence of organic matter and its characteriza-
tion. Thus. gexlxgical materials from earth and extra-terrestrial
samples such as metexrites. lunar materials, and future samples
returned frxm planets are objects of stxdy Organic geochemistry
seeks to elucidate the occurrence, nature. and distributive of
organic cxmpxunds ix melexrites and in terrestrial substances
such as cxntempxrary exvirxnments. recent and ancient sediments
lincludixg Precambrian rocks), and fxssils. The methxds asd results
of these studies can be applied lx the interpretatixn of the
significance of organic substances in terrestrial and extraterrestrial
materials. By using the earth and its geochemical processes as
a model, information abxut the influence of extraterrestrial
prxcesses on organic matter can be better understoxd Highly
rehned analytical techniques are develxped and used in organic
gexchemistrj to separate organic compounds from mineral
matrices. These cxmpxunds furm the basis for understanding
geuchemicul processes including diagenesis. From these studies
chemical criteria develxped in chemical evxlutixx experiments
xx distinguish between organic matter of bixlugical and eunbixlugi-
cal origin can be tested and evaluated using geological samples.
These criteria are essential fur understanding the mxde of origin
of extraterrestrial organic materials.
W76-70615 192-55-63
Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif.
PLANETARY SOIL MICROBIOLOGY
H. P. Klein 415.965-5094
1192-55-66)
Studies are being performed xx better implement the
develxpmext of techniques fur the detectiun of extraterrestrial
life fur missixes utilizing in situ instrumentation ix or on soils.
or in soil samples returned from planetary evplxratixn missions
This work includes the science required to elucidate and/or
facilitate the amplihcatiun of bixlugy or bixlugical changes in
the gas. liquid or sxlid phases
W76.70616 192-55-64
Ames Research Center, Mxflett Field. Calif.
BIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION TO EXTREME ENVIRON-
MENTS
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
1192-55-67)
The objective of this RTOP is lx study terrestrial mi-
croxrgunisms which have adapted to life under environmental
extremes, as (1) mxdels for organisms which may be fxund on
other planets. 121 pxssible terrestrial contaminants of other planets.
and 13) examples or organisms which may be present in samples
returned frxm Mars in the future. There are terrestrial mi-
croorganisms which live ix cxnditixns of high and luw tempera-
tures. lxw humidity, high radiative flux, acidity, alkalinity, and
salinity; all environments fxund on one or more of the other
planets. The enzymes. structural compxnents. and genetic
systems of these organisms are being studied xx determine huw
they have been modified during adaptation xx such cxnditixns.
The ixfurmaxixn will suggest whether it is reasxnable xx expect
that life furms resembling terrestrial life could have evolved on
a particular planet, and what characteristics might be present in
thxse forms. lx addition, there will be informative impcrtant to
the questixns of forward cxntaminatixn xf unxther planet, and
back cuxtaminatixe to earth.
W76-70617 192.55-65
Ames Research Center, Mxffett Field. Calif
BIOINSTRUMENTATION
H. P Klein 415-965-5094
The broad objectives of this effxrt are xx develxp instrumenta-
xixn and techniques fur the dexectixx and characterizutiun of life
ox other planets. The primary emphasis of the program is directed
toward the planet Mars, but cxnsideratixn will be given to
applicatixn of the instrumextatixx lx other planets. The wxrk
prxjecxs involve the continued develxpmenx of operatixxal
breadboard models of the Unified Bixlxgy Experiment and the
Wet-Chemical Amino Acid Analyzer, which are being develxped
as candidate pxst-Viking experiments. Develxpment of operatixxal
breadboards and prototypes fur the Unified Biology and the
Wet Chemistry Analyzer experiments will becxntinued with
emphasis on test programs xx insure that the current designs
will adequately perform the scientific gxals of the experiments
and to identify engineering problems which will require further
design and develxpment effxrts.
W76-70618 192-55-66
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
PLANETARY ENVIRONMENTS
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
1192-55-631
Scientifically justifiable methxds of analyzing biologically
impxrxant parameters are being studied for instrumental
implementatixn in order xx assess the extent of a planet's bixlugical
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
habitability based on the planets atmosphere and water history.
and for selecting biologically enriched areas based on water
availability and atmospheric characteristics.
W76-70619 192-55-67
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
ORIGIN OF LIFE
H. P. Klein 415-965-5094
(192-55-64; 92-55-61)
The objectives are to advance our understanding of the
processes which are critical to the development of the first living
systems on the earth, and to suggest how those processes would
function on other planets. Studies on the origin of life focus on
the productivn of functional macromolecules, their organization
into systems with one or more of the characteristics of living
cells, and eventually the appearance of metabolizing, replicating
organisms. Information which can be acquired about these
processes, and how they led to the appearance of life on earth.
can also be applied to cunsideration of a biota on the other
planets. Laboratory studies will include, assessment of ultraviolet
light as a primitive energy source as well as degradative force;
the role of changing atmospheric constituents (e.g.. the appearance
of ooygenf on the evolution of primitive organisms; the origin
and evolution of catalytic systems; and the development of
information transfer systems required for cell replication
Planetary Quarantine
W76-7O62O 193-58-61
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst of Tech - Pasadena
PLANETARY QUARANTINE ADVANCED STUDIES
C. W Craven 213-354-5322
Planning and analytical studies will be carried out which
support the development of planetary quarantine requirements
together with basic analytical techniques for their effective
implementation in flight programs. Potential contaminating events
of future missions will be evaluated Specifically, these studies
will include. (1) evaluation of the impact of planetary quarantine
constraints on Jupiter-Uranus flyby missions, as well as probe
missions to the outer planets; and (21 determining the effects
of the natural space environment cv the survival of micro-
organisms These studies are conducted to identify and better
understand the planetary quarantine constraints applicable to
various planned missions. This, in turn, will permit the development
of procedures and methodology to reliably satisfy such constraints
This RTOP also provides br Planetary Quarantine Project Office
functions (as directed by the NASA Headquarters Program Office)
These include program planning, definition of resource require-
ments, technical monitoring of research work, solicitation and
evaluation of technical proposals, and establishment of research
contracts. lv addition, a JPL detailee. located at NASA Headquar-
ters, is provided to support the Planetary Quarantine Program
Office on a day-ru-day basis and to provide support in budget
and funding analyses
W76-70621 193-58-62
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
MICROBIAL ANALYSIS
C W. Craven 213-354-5322
The objective of this RTOP is to develop methodology and
data for quantitatively estimating the level of contamination
resulting from the transfer of contaminants between various
elements of spacecraft hardware This involves the development
of analytical algorithms as well as the generation of empirical
data needed to exercise the model Physically significant
parameters and processes will be analytically modeled and
experimentally verified, where possible, to obtain confidence in
the results The approach will be to Ill perform experimental
tests liv existing JPL facilitiesl to obtain parametric data relative
to the various physical phenomena being modeled These data
will be used to reline and verify the analytical recontamination
models, and 121 to perform sensitivity analyses to assess the
impact on recontamination of uperating missions iv various
modes In addition, contracted studies are planned which will
examine. (11 the nonlinearity of the probability of growth for
Mars; and (2) the technical propriety for ivflight revision of the
probability of planetary contamination
W76-70622 193-58-63
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
CONTAMINATION CONTROL
C W Craven 213-354-5322
The objective of this RTOP is to develop methodology and
procedures for quantitatively estimating and reducing microbial
contamination on an assembled spacecraft just prior to encapsula-
tion or terminal sterilization This technology is needed for' (1)
determining a minimum acceptable sterilization process such as
may be required for a planetary lander or probe, and (2) reducing
microbial contamination on spacecraft not requiring sterilization
so that planetary contamination probabilities may be reduced
This RTOP provides for activities of the Planetary Quarantine
Laboratory at the Air Force Eastern Test Range. This laboratory's
research is directed at improving and evaluating microbial sampling
techniques, microorganism enumeration estimates, sterilization
procedures and rapid identification of microorganisms associated
with spacecraft and their environments The RTOP also covers
studies of the interaction between currently used cleaning and
decontamination procedures and the operational constraints that
may prevail when planetary spacecraft are launched by space
shuttle
W76-7O623 193.58-64
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif Inst of Tech.. Pasadena
PLANETARY BACK CONTAMINATION
C W Craven 213-354-5322
The primary objective of this RTOP is tx study the quarantine
implications of introducing extra-terrestrial materials into the
earth's biosphere Such materials may be in the form of samples
purposely being returned to earth from extra-terrestrial sites or
may exist as `contaminants on vehicles returned to earth after
having encountered extra-terrestrial targets The secondary
objective of this RTOP is to study methods for. (1) reducing or
eliminating extra-terrestrial contamination on earth return vehicles
prior to their entry into earth's biosphere, and (2) manipulating
and processing returned extra-terrestrial samples in order to make
determinations relative to the need for their quarantine or the
risks involved in their release therefrom. Basic questions
involving the definition and detection of life from a quarantine
viewpoint will be addressed Operational protocol and problems
assxciared with the use of the Lunar Receiving Laboratory will
form a framewxrk rxr the initial part of these studies
Lunar Science
W76-70624 195-20-01
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
OC
EARTH BASED OBSERVATIONS
F I Roberson 202-755-1602
Continued study of the lunar surface using earth-based
instruments Studies of broadband reflection spectrvscopy is used
to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition of the
lunar surface Study of the moon in terms of composition, surface
processes. and retional gexlogy using data from telescopic spectral
reflectivity Using telescopic measurements of minute color
differences, studies will be on separating lunar maria into chemical
stratigraphic units and dating these units.
W76-70625 195-20-02
Nariunal Aerunautics and Space Administration. Washington.
O.C
THEORETICAL STUDIES
F I. Roberson 202.755.1602
Oevelopment of scientific concepts about the composition,
structure. srratigraphy. origin. and history of the muon and its
constituent features requires an iterative process of data
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PAGENO="0332"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
328
acquisition, synthesis, and theory. The evolving theoretical models
of the moon have been constantly refined through testing and
modification in this senes of studies. Major areas of research
include temperature-pressure studies. cosmogenesis. seismology.
electrical conductivity. geologic mapping, interactive of lunar
matenals with energetic particles, and thermodynamics of lunar
W76-70627 195-20-04
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
EXTRATERRESTRIAL MATERIALS
F I Roberson 202-755-1602
The objectives of eotraterrestnal materials program are to
mprove and eoteed scientific and technical knowledge of
meteorites in order to increase our understanding of the
compasition and history of the solar system. give detailed
information on present and past conditions of cosmic radiation
in interplanetary space Ispace probes), and supplem ent studies
of the chemical, physical, and geological properties of the lunar
samples. The wide variety of experimental techniques available
for meteorite study, including measurements ii crystallography.
mineralogy, radioactivity, particle tracks, chemical and isotopic
composition. etc. - serve to give us detailed information on the
origin, age, and history of these extraterrestrial objects
W76-70628 195-20-05
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
ANALOGUE STUDIES
F. I. Robersvn 202-755-1602
Studies of terrestrial features that have been formed by similar
processes to those that are believed to have shaped the moon's
surface provide the data needed to interpret lunar history. The
type of features being eotevsively studied are terrestrial meteorite
impact structures. terresterial volcanoes, mass ca aste erosive, lava
ridges, ash flows and ejecta flows These are the type of
features that appear to be dominant on the lunar surface.
W76-70629 195-20-06
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ktashiegton.
DC
SCIENCE EXPERIMENT CONCEPTS
F. I. Roberson 202.755.1602
Eoperimental concepts are conceived. developed, and
demonstrated that pertain to the lunar orbit and surface which
require perfection of techniques of data reduction and analysis.
and interpretation as well as inves ligation of concepts, instruments.
and hardware including testing and calibration These enperiments
emphusiae goephysics and geochemistry
W76.70630 195-2102
Ames Research Center. Mvffett Field. Calif.
THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE MOON AND METEORITE
PARENT BODIES
0 R Chapman 4t5-965.506b
The objective is to understand the origin. evolutivn. structure.
and present state of the moon by means of theoretical
investigations which incorporate the results of lunar, spacecraft.
and groundbased eoperimevts To achieve this objective theoretical
W7B.70631 195.21-03
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.
IMPACT CRATERING IN GEOLOGIC MATERIALS
D R Chapman 415-966-5065
1383-21-021
The objective is to study scaling laws and trajectories of
debris ejected from impact craters formed in narious targets to
understand impact crater formation and emplacement of crater
deposits on various planetary surfaces and to study the formation
of doublet craters and their ejecta patterns. To achieve this
objective the Ames Vertical Gun Impact Range will be used.
Gravitative effects are evaluated by cratering dropping noncohesive
sand targets where each drop has a selected constant acceleration
and where the crutering is recorded on 35 mm stereo movie
film. Multicolored, patterned sand targets are used to establish
points of origin and deposition of ejecta. A plate dissector will
be osed with a high speed camera to record trajectories and
velocities of fragments ejected throughout crater growth. Special
layered targets will be impacted to study the origin of lunar
and terrestrial impact melts, and techniques of achieving
simultaneous impact developed earlier will be used to model
conditions of origin of selected lunar crater complexes suspected
of having such an origin.
W76-70632 195.21.04
Ames Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF METEORITES AND
ABLATION PRODUCTS
0. R. Chapman 415-965-5065
(385-45-01: 188.45-53)
The objective is to utilize various analytical techniques to
(11 characterize formation and post-formational histories of
carbovace ous chon drites and basaltic achondrites; 12) to determine
the feasibility forming iron meteorites from a cold beginning;
and 13) characterize the reaction and fractionation products of
meteor ablation to develop criteria for identifying ablated debris
in the terrestrial environment. To achieve this objective analyses
will include the following techniques: electron m icroprobe,
microscopy, ion microprobe. heating and phase equilibria. X-ray
diffraction. X-ray flourescence and scanning electron microscopy.
Most carbonaceous choedrite are breccias that formed in a
water vapor environment Ongoing textural-mineralogical studies
have resulted in significant progress. Concentrations of volatile
and nonvolatile elements and various isotopic ratios in different
constituent phases now must be determined to test and/or refine
models of their origin. Basaltic achoedrite breccias appear to
have formed on the surface(s) of the parent bxdy(iesl Detailed
studies of component lithic and mineral fragments will provide
information on rocks exposed at the parent body surface during
formation and thus evidence of its state of differentiation and
history Ongoing experiments are being used to examine the
possibility of formation of iron meteorites from parent bodies
with low temperature origins. Fosi on crusts and ablated products
of artificully ablated materials are being studied and compared
to natural materials to develop criteri anecess ary for the recognition
of such debris in the stratosphere, in sediments and in glacial
W76-7G633 195-22-02
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
THEORETICAL STUDIES
A. O'Keefe 301-982-4445
This work consists of diverse theoretical studies on the
structure and history xl the moon Included are studies of the
mechanics of the earth-moon system during breakup; studies of
the loss of volatile material iv the early history of the moon,
and experimental knowledge of physical processes are used,
together with astronomical and geological data, to construct and
analyze mathematical models of lunar processes and structure.
The results of these calculations are interpreted ix terms of such
topics as: initial thermal state, composition, material properties,
and thermal history of the moon, the interpretation of rare gas
studies of meteorites and lunar samples. the cratering history of
the lunar surface, and the dynamics of tidal fission and subsequent
W76-70626 195-20-03 impact of lunar orbiting bodies
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Washington.
DC
LABORATORY SIMULATION
F I Roberson 202-755-1602
To study the moon by experimentation in the laboratory.
This includes study of the lunar surface by laboratory observations
the effect of earixus types of solar radiation of silicate glass.
Study through models. the lunar interior structure and evolution
as constrained by the physical and chemical properties of the
same minerals found on the moxn. Study the shock effects, in
the laboratory, of rockforming minerals and the synthetic materials
under a wide range of temperatures and pressures Study shock
metamorphism effects and cratering phenomena to impact
parameters of meteorids using the laboratory facilities.
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OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
studies of the deficiency of nickel and precious metals in the
moons surface; and studies of tektites, regarded as possible
natural lunar samples. Work so far suggests that a number of
connectional ideas about the mono are less securely founded
than is usually assumed, including the mechanics of cratering,
especially by impact.
W76-70634 195-22-03
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES OF SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLIDS
A. Philpotts 301-982-5206
(195-22-04; 195-22-06; 383-22-04)
The objective is to characterize the phase reactions and
associated magnetic properties in materials which simulate
meteorites and planetary surfaces and which are affected by
shoc)x impact and thermal processes in nariable FO sub 2
conditions, and to relate this information to integrated syntheses
and interpretations of available meteorite and planetary surface
data in order to dexelnp process-response models tn provide
basis for understanding planetary magnetism. Laboratory
experiments utilizing man made alloys and other simulations which
have been subjected to known dynamic and thermal histories
will be conducted concurrently with exporiments on meteoritic
material whose histxry mast be deciphered. The manner in which
dynamic and thermal processes affect spectral reflectance will
be recorded as part of the systematic program in order to relate
magnetism tx telescope reflectivity curves and other remote
sensing techniques. Newly defined and established rem anence
mechanisms fur metals will be systematically evaluated, and the
nature xl remanence acquisition by controlled, dynamic, and
thermal processes as a function of field dependence will be
explained Thermal reduction in low FO sub 2 will be evaluated
along with synthesis and characterzation of specimens which
will help to understand lunar rock genvsis and in particular rho
composition of coexistent metal
W76-70635 195-22-04
Goddard Space Flight Center. Grvenbelt. Md
GEOCHEMISTRY AND MAGNETISM OF EXTRATER-
RESTRIAL MATERIALS
A Philports 301-982.5206
1195-22-03. 195-22-06; 383-22-04)
The objective is to study the nature and evxlurion of condensed
matter in rho snlar sysrew Laboratory dnterwinations will be
made xl major and trace element abund avces, winoralugy and
petrxlxgy, radiometric ages, isatopic cxwposirixns. magnvtic
properties, reflectixilies. and radioaclivitivs. Meteorites will be
the prime samples studied
W76-70636 195-22-05
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
TERRESTRIAL ANALOGUE STUDY OF METEORITE IMPACT
CRATERS
J. A Philpxrts 301-982-5206
1195-22-03, 195-22-04. 383-22-04)
The objective is to understand the effects xl the meteorite
impact process through study xl the nature xl terrestrial impact
craters Particular attention will be paid tx the systematics xl
the radixmetric daring techniques K-Ar and Rb-Sr. including the
cxnd;tions under which partial ar tatal resetting of apparent ages
xccurs Cxmpositixnal and other affects will also be studied
Terrestrial impactires and unshocked country racks will be the
prime samples studied
W76-70637 195-22-06
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
SYSTEM AND RADIATION EFFECTS STUDIES FOR
ORBITAL X-RAY AND GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER
I Trxwbka 301-982-5941
The xxerall xblectine the development xl X-ray and gamma
ray spectrometers for remat e sensing systems tx be included
aboard lunar and planetary missions A number xl areas are
under study. redesign xl the X-ray detector cullimatar to give a
more symmetric response as cxmpared with the Apnllx system;
development xl a new calibration sxurce in terms xl the variation
of the sxlar spectrum; the cantinued study of on-board data
processors; the further dexelxpment of near real-time data
processing systems, and finally, the study of the cosmic ray
induced activity in X-ray and gamma ray detectors. specifically
intrinsic Ge. We also plan further development of the Electrun
Spectrxmeter for lunar related research. Prxblems in solar wind
darkening are of specific interests We plan tu use a honeycomb
circular cxllimutor with hexagonal shaped holes This shxuld yield
a more symmetric detectxr response with respect to the surface
under obsernatixn. Included with the Apollo X-ray spectrxmeter
experiment was a sxlar mxnitxr tx be used to calibrate the
spectrum for spectral changes in the sun's emission. This system
did not turn out tu be too satisfactxry. We therefore plan to
study an alternate method which utilizes measurement taken
with a methxd depending on the monitoring of the X-ray
fluorescence produced in a known composition slab. The slab
wxxld be placed so that it wxuld receive direct solar irradiation
and the emissixo would be monitored with a detectxr similar to
that used in measuring the X-ray flux from the planetary surface.
The Multiplex Data Accxmulatxr IMDA) now ope.uting in xur
laboratary would be used to simulate previxus on-board data
pracessing systems.
W76-70638 195-23-01
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
EARTH BASED LUNAR OBSERVATIONS
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
We propxse (1) to cxntinue our ground-based observations
of the Mx on using several techniques, and (2) lx accelerate the
prxcessing and use xf data already obtained with the Silicon
Imaging Phxtometer System SIPS). This wxrk cxnsists of two
tasks which are aimed at investigating (1) the cxmpxsition and
stratigraphy of lunar mare units and (21 the correlation xf spectral
data with gravity, tapugraphy and geochemical inlormation. The
Lunar Stratigraphy SIPS) task uses images acquired by our Silicon
Imaging Photxmeter System to study spectral units in specific
lunar regions selected for study of gravity anomalies or standard
areas lot planned overlap with ather data sets A major port of
the task is donated to exploring data handling and display
techniques designed to make aprimum use xl spectral data far
use in synthesis. The facilities of the Image Processing Labora.
tory allow a wide variety of geometrical cxrrectixns Isuch as
Mercatar Prxlectixn) to be made and a recently acquired GE
Image 100 Systems has already been used ta greatly speed
and improve the classificatixn and display xl spectral units
identified by `cluster' analysis The Infrared Imaging lask is a
new effort rx extend rho spectral range of imaging data This is
important as several interesting lunar spectral rypes linxludinq
`fresh' rock) have greater contrast in this spectral range than at
shorter wavelengths. This will be accxmplished using the
multiplexing masking camera develxped under DDF funds, which
is now xperatixnal with angular resolutixn xl apprxximarely
W76-70639 195-23-02
Jet Prxpsilsixn Lab - Calif Inst xf Tech - Pasadena
LUNAR THEORETICAL STUDfES
O P. Burcham 213-3543028
Lunar physics examines questions about the xrigin and
evolution xf the mxxv applicable Ix analysis uf geophysical,
geochemical and geolxgic data To the extent that the thermal
hislury of this body can be deciphered, we may expect ta
understand the xrigin and exxlutixn xl other planetary xbjects.
and especially the earth The current program will cxntinues tudy
begun last year an recxnery xf the early nearsxrlace thermal
history by analysis of surface deforwatixn under loads inferred
Ito exist upon it) from the gravity field Secondly, emphasis will
be placed on analysis xl tidal deformation xl the wnxn (by
earth) using Apxllx seismic canstraints xn. interior elastic
prxperties The Lynn numbers for wudels with and withxut rigid
cores will be determined. alnog with tidal stress and displacements
With these, a distinction may be pussible between a rigid but
S-wave attenuating core and a nonrigid fluid or partially molten
interior The existence xl a mxon-xiide surface layer allow rigidly
(the regolirhl is possibly important in masking bulk elastic
pruperties uf the interiur by measurement of surface deformation
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PAGENO="0334"
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
330
alone. The extent to which this is so will be determined as a
natural eutcome of the analysis The elastic data so obtained
may be coupled with Love numbers eventually to be determined
from the JPL refined analysis of lunar motion using LURE data.
The method of analysis for our elastic problem will bn that
originally employed by Alterman Jarosch and Pekeris 119591 in
their study of free oscillations of the earth. This well-known
method requires solution of a system of six sim ultaneous
differential equations in displacements, stresses, and gravitational
potential by numerical methods Software for such a solution
has largely been developed here us part of previous studies en
deformation of spheres under surface loads.
W76-70640
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
ADVANCED EXPERIMENT CONCEPTS
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
There are two tasks included in this program The first task.
in the urea of Advanced Gamma Ray Spectroscopy. suIt undertake
scientific studies ard along lead-time engineering development
in anticipation of an opportunity to chemically map the entire
lunar surface from a spacecraft placed in a close lunar polar
orbit. References points will be the results of the Apollo 15 and
16 gamma ray experiment, and the scientific potential/design
requirements of high purity Ge detector instrument. Tb e scone
task. Particle Track Cosmochronology. will develop new submicro-
scopic methods fur fission track age dating, utilizing the capacity
of in situ low-U minerals to record and retain tracks from more
labile U-rich phases These methods should permit us to climate
the problems with fission track ages due to metamictization,
partial annealing of tracks in the host phase, very high track
densities due to U-rich phases, and questions of authenticity of
tracks. Selected terrestial and meteoritic samples will be used
in the developmevt. Support for luvar sample applicatiov will
be sought. We will also covtivue development of Tb mapping
methods, including a whole-rock Tb method.
W76-70641 195-35-01
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greevbelt. Md.
LUNAR POLAR ORBITER SYSTEM DEFINITION
Marius B Weinreb 301-982-6849
1686-20-001
The ubjective of this RTOP is to covduct a System Definition
Study to provide management with the necessary information
to initiate the Lunar Polar Orbiter Executiov Phase The required
information includes 11) dnfinitiov of overall systems require-
ments to carry out the selected experiments: 121 development
of and definition of the major interfaces, and 131 development
of resources requirements The approach is to covduct a detailed
system definition study including Ill support of a science working
team established to assist iv developing basic requirements.
preliminary designs and ivteriaces for the experiments: and 121
definitive of total system requiremevts for critical interfaces.
integration and test, and giound operations for all phases of the
execution. The major products will be a System Defivitiov Report.
a procurement package covering all major covtracts. and a Project
Plan. Supportivg reports will be issued as required
W76-70642 195-40.02
Langley Research Cevter. Lavgley Statiov. Va
EVALUATION OF TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF LUNAR AND PLANETARY GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS
S Love 804-827-2893
The objective of this work is to define and evaluate satellite
subsystems which would be applicable to an optimum determina-
tion ol lunar avd planetary gravity fields Due to increased interest
by geologists avd plavetologusts in applyivg the results of gravity
field research to interval structure avd composition ivterpretations.
covtivual demands for more exacting information are expected
iv the future Throughout the years S/C radio systems have
been the primary source of data: however, there exist inherent
problems and limitations with radio systems sshich need to be
resolved if further advavcnmevts are to contivue iv gravity field
definition This research will cvncevtrate on the theoretical
evaluation of graviratuoval field srnsivg devices suitable for lunar
and planetary orbiting missions for which implementation
technology already exists. Examples ef such devices are
satellite-to-satellite radio tracking and the gravity gradiometer.
Feasibility studies, including as prime bodies, the Moon. Mars.
Mercury. and possibly Venus. will be conducted to determine
the relative applicability of such devices. Attention will be focused
on both the measurement and separability of gravitational effects
and the ability of each system to resolve components of the
gravity field spectrum. The impact on mission and spacecraft
design parameters such as power, weight, and volume will be
examined in order to evaluate the merits of each subsystem
when compared to the radio system
W76-70643 196-41-50
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md
GROUND-BASED INFRARED ASTRONOMY
V. G. Kunde 301-982.5693
Ground'based measurements of Venus have been obtained
with a Michelson interferometee in the 400.500/cm and
750-1200/cm regions with a spectral resolution ef 0.2 cm.
Evident in the spectral are numerous C02 molecular absorption
lines and several diffuse absortion features in the 850.1200/cm
region. Preliminary interpretation of the diffuse features from
the observed continuum using homogenous model atmospheres.
and considering only absorption, strongly indicates a 75 percent
solution H2504 for the composition of the clouds of Venus.
The scientific objectives of this research is to develop a more
complete understanding of the physics of the Venusian atmosphere
in the region above 200 mb. This will be accomplished by
developing a more physically realistic eadiative.transfer model
for line formation including scattering in an inhomogenous model
atmosphere. With this model additional information may be derived
from the observed spectra concerning the physical parameters
of the cloud particles and the cloud stratification
W76-70644 196.41.51
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
RADIO AND RADAR PLANETARY STUDIES
K Alexander 301-982-5461
The objective of this program is to obtain information on
the nature, extent, and dynamical behavior of planetary magnetic
fields, trapped radiation belts, and magnetospheres by studying
the nonthermal radio emissions from the planets. The major
approaches to this investigation are. Ill synoptic observations
of Jupiter's decametric radiation via a global network of monitoring
instruments: and 121 theoretical analyses of the generation and
prxpagotion xl novthermal radiation in a planetary magnetosphere.
The Jupiter Monitor Network is providing unique data relative
to the rate and stability of the magnetic field rotation and the
physics of satellite-plasma interactions in the magnetosphere.
and correlative data for fly-by in-situ measurements Analysis of
the radio measurements in the context of new informatixn from
the Pioneer 10 and 11 Jupiter encounters may lead to a
clearer understanding xf the radix emissions and their role in
particle-field interactions iv the magnetosphere.
W76.70645 196-41-52
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md
GROUND.BASED OPTICAL SOLAR SYSTEM ASTRONOMY
S P Maran 301-982-4703
This RTOP provides for the operation of a small high altitude
observatory for qualitative and quantitative observations and
measurements of solar system phenomena. These include imaging
research on comets and their interactions with solar radiation
and the solar wind, as well as photoelectric photometry and
spectroscopy of asteroids, comets, planets and natural satellites
of the planets. In addition, if a suitable bright comet appears
optical observations will be made with a mobile viducon facility
and radix observations will be made with existing national facilities.
W76.70646 196-41-54
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
195-23-06 Planetary Astronomy
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331
OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCES
ADVANCED INFRARED ASTRONOMY AND LABORATORY
ASTROPHYSICS
Michael J. Mumma 301-982-6994
Two new infrared spectrometers will be further developed
and used for high resolution infrared astronomy and laboratory
astrophysics. The first, an infrared heterodyve spectrometer, was
assembled in an attempt to search for NH3 in Comet Kohoutek
and has been used successfully to detect thermal emission from
Mars and the Muon This instrument has been re-designed, based
upon the euperience gained in building the first version. and is
now being re-built. It will feature a 40-channel. 1 0Hz. filter
bank and a digital data system for acquiring the heterodyne
signal The improved system will be used to study molecular
lines in comets, H II regions, and planetary atmospheres The
second instrument, an infrared parameteric up-converter has been
assembled and an upcunverted 3.3 m signal was detected.
Modifications are now being made which are eopected tu reduce
the NEP to 10-15 watts/Hzl/2. 102 lower than the NEP of
the present version The objective is to have the heterodyne
system on-line at an astronomical field site by the end of the
year. Laboratory experiments necessary for the proper operation
of the spectrometers and/or essential to the proper interpretation
of results will also be carried out. These include precise line
position measurements, pressure broadening coefficients, and the
study of excitation processes. Under a proposed new task,
radiometers will be developed for millimeter wavelength observa-
tions of several important molecules occurring in planetary
atmospheres, particularly H20. 02, and 03. High frequency miners
and frequency lock loops will be developed at 60. 120. and
180 GHz. This task will initially use the spectral line receiver
developed under the infrared teeterodyne program.
W76-70647 196-41-67
Ames Research Center, Moflett Field. Calif.
PLANETARY ASTRONOMY AND SUPPORTING LABORA-
TORY RESEARCH
o R Chapman 415-965-5065
The abundance, temperature, and pressure of certain
constituents of planetary atmospheres can be determined by
spectroscopic observations from ground-based and from airborne
observatories. Such data are necessary for the preparation of
model atmospheres that are needed to evaluate the possibilities
of life on the planets and to design systems for eoploratory
missions The oblectives of this work are to study airborne and
ground-based observations of planetary spectra, to obtain in the
laboratory the spectroscopic parameters needed to analyze the
observatory spectra, and to develop the analytical and computa-
tional techniques to interpret the spectra in terms of real planetary
atmospheres. Spectruscopic parameters, such as absorption line
and band intensities and absorption line hall-widths, as well as
their dependence on pressure and temperature, will be obtained
for molecules of planetary interest using long path gas cells.
cooled and heated gas cells, and high resolution spectrometers
and interferometers operating primarily in the infrared Aircraft
spectra of the planets and their satellites will be obtained and
analyzed to obtain information about the composition and structure
of their atmospheres and the composition of their surfaces
W76-70648 196-41.71
Jet Propulsion Lab. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
GROUND-BASED OPTICAL ASTRONOMY
0. P Burcham 2t3-354-3028
The general objective of the Ground-based Optical Astronomy
task is a comprehensive study of solar system bodies by means
of ground-based astrophysical observations in visible and
near-infrared wavelengths )approo. 0.3 to 2 microns). Several
sub-tasks are included in this task They are as follows: It)
planetary spectroscopy. to investigate the physical and chemical
properties of the upper troposphvres of the planets Uranus, Venus,
Jupiter, and Saturn. through high-resolution astronomical
spectroscopy, 12) lo sodium dIme patrol, to investigate the spatial
and temporal behavior of the Na D-Line emission from the Jovian
satellite lo )J-l) through a coordinated program of photometric
imaging and high-resolution spectroscupy. 13) asteroid photometry,
to determine physical properties color. albedo. rotation period)
of a selected sample of minor planets through a program of
multi-color photometry; 14) planetary and satellite photometry,
to determine the composition and physical properties of the
surfaces of solid bodies in the solar system, particularly outer
planets' satellites and to provide photometric information for
interpretation of atmospheric composition and structure of the
outer planets, particularly Uranus. through use of Multifilter
photometry from 0.3 to 2.5 microns and SIPS imaging; 15)
comet studies, to obtain basic chemical and physical information
an a large sample of known comets, through a coordinated
program of photometric imaging SIPS) and spectroscopy; (6)
natural satellite patrol, to provide raw positional data on the
satellite systems of Jupiter and Saturn; (7) infrared multipleoing
camera, to obtain improved infrared It micron to 2 micron)
images of Jupiter in order to investigate spatial and time-variable
phenomena observed in the Jovian cloud deck; 18) to investigate
reported asymmetry in the brightness of the ansae of Saturn's
rings in the near IR.
W76-70649 196-41-72
Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif. Inst of Tech., Pasadena
GROUND-BASED INFRARED ASTRONOMY
0. P. Burcham 213-354-3028
1196-41-74)
The purpose of this effort is to obtain and analyze high.
resolution near-infrared 11-6 microns) spectra of the planets in
direct support of ongoing and planned planetary missions The
principal equipment employed is the Mk 3 Connes'-type Fourier
spectrometer at the 2.7 m telescope, McDonald Observatory.
but ancillary approaches such as laboratory infrared spectruscopy.
theoretical radiative transfer, model atmospheres and spectrum
synthesis are also employed. We also undertake the development
of new instrumentation to enhance capabilities for this work. To
this end, a design study for a new phasemodulated Fourier
spectrometer for the NASA 3 m telescope at Mauna Kea is to
be undertaken
W76-70650 196-41-73
Jet Propulsion Lab, Calif Inst of Tech., Pasadena
RADIO AND RADAR PLANETARY STUDIES
O P Burcham 213-354-3028
The ongoing objective of the radio astronomy task is to
conduct comprehensive studios of the atmospheres, magneto-
spheres, and surfaces of planets and their satellites Theoretical
models are constructed and radio astronomical observations are
made to test the models and provide input for theoretical
refinements Primary interest is currently focused on Venus,
Mercury. and the four maior planets and their satellites The
observational eoperiments are conducted at JPL's Table Mountain
Observatory )TMO). the Deep Space Network Tracking Stations,
Caltech's Owens Valley Radio Observatory )OVRO) and other
observatories as required by specific needs of the program
Research programs at these facilities are planned in order to
take full advantage of the unique capabilities of the individual
systems, especially the new 36 0Hz interferometer at 1MG and
the 64-m antenna and advanced low-noise receivers at the DSN
stations The objective of the DSIF radar astronomy task is to
obtain radar data on the planets for determining properties of
their surfaces, orbits and spins, with Venus. Mercury. Mars.
Saturn's rings and Jovian Satellites as prime goals This work
emplayes the unique facilities of the DSIF. and euploitation of
synthetic aperture techniques. The microwave radiometer
development effort is supportive of the radio astronomy task
The objectives are to design, construct, and maintain advanced
microwave radiometer systems and associated digital systems
for use at the Table Mountain. Goldstone. Owens Valley and
other radiotelescope facilities that are used by the group
Immediate specific oblectives are to maintain and upgrade the
existing equipment and to expand the operation uf the 36 0Hz
interferometer to the twobaseline capability
W76-70651 196-41-74
Jet Propulsion Lab . Calif Inst of Tech - Pasadena
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY
O P Burcham 213-354-3028
It 96-41-72)
The objective of this activity is to determine those parameters
103
PAGENO="0336"
OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
332
of molecular absorption spectra which will be of use to
astronomical and space flight studies of planetary atmospheres
There are two main functions, namely: ltl to furnish quantitative
band or line data chiefly at infrared wavelengths, and 121 to
provide direct aid in verifying identifications of features observed
in planetary spectra. The primary facility employed in this task
is the Spectroscopy Laboratory which contains spectrometers
covering the visible, near and middle infrared spectral regions
and absorption tubes capable of providing path lengths up to
200 meters.
OFFICE OF TRACKING AND
DATA ACQUISITION
Supporting Research and Technology
W76-70652 310.10-22
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
MISSION SUPPORT COMPUTING SYSTEMS AND TECH-
NIQUES
D. S. Wootston 301-982-5571
1310- 1 0-261
The major objective of this RTOP is to ensure the availability
of mission support computing systems to meet the operational
needs of forthcoming spacecraft missions. The emphases of the
STOP are in the areas of ItI orbit determination and orbit
propagation: 121 generalized mission support for the shuttle era.
131 flight maneuver analysis techniques, and 141 tracking data
processing and analysis. In each of these areas the limitations
of existing technology are being explored and more economical
and efficient approaches are being sought. Research efforts are
directed, for example, at providing rapid, precision orbit predictiovs
valid over long time spans, at improving accuracy and efficiency
of computer utilization in image processing by making use of
landmark data in orbit determination: at defining mission support
requirements in a multi-mission environment. at adapting
analytical techniques for orbit prediction to mini-computers: at
optimum spacecraft maneuver and control: and at optimum
tracking data utilization
W76-70653 310-10-26
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbett, Md
ATTITUDE-ORBIT ANALYSIS
Eugene J. Lefferts 301-982-5508
The objectives of this STOP are to increase the efficiency
and decrease the resources needed to meet the requirements
for forthcoming spacecraft missions by Ill the use of new data
types from on-board sensors and telemetry to decrease the
quantity and usage of tracking data for orbit determination and
guidance con trot 121 the provision of generalized and flexible
computing systems using on-board sensors and processors
along with small ground computers to increase the speed of
inform ation flow and reduce the demand upon the central
computer facility and 131 providing standardized sensor combina-
tions. telemetry interfaces and computational algorithms suitable
for small computer implementation to effect a reduction in the
attitude and orbit determination software development cost. The
approach involves the development of computational software
to permit the analysis of the coupled attitude-orbit determination
process and the generation of suitable efficient algorithms for
use on mini-computers. Error anatyses and simulations will be
developed to examine the sensitivity of sensor combinations and
algorithms for the combined models Analyses of the attitude
and orbit determination yrocesses will be performed using
on-board sensors and computer systems and small ground-based
systems IPDP-t 11 A research mini-computer facility will be
acquired to test and evaluate the algorithms and procedures
developed under this STOP
W76-70654
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbntt, Md
FREQUENCY STANDARD SOURCES
V S Reinhardt 30t-982-5946
3 10-10-42
(644-03-151
This STOP is to develop improved atomic hydrogen frequency
and time standards with a frequency stability of 2 x 10 to the
minus 15th power at 10,000s, and with a frequency accuracy
of 1 x 10 to the minus 14th power, as well as to aid in the
transfer of existing hydrogen maser technology to provide a
contractor source of operational hydrogen masers for meeting
critical NASA applications such as optical and microwave range
and range rate tracking. very long baseline interferometry, and
the Spacelab Applications Facility
W76-70655 310-10-43
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
ADVANCED LASER RANGING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
T S Johnson 301-982-5538
1161-02-0t~ 502-20-331
The objective is the field testing and evaluation of advanced
prototype ranging systems prior to their acceptance and
deployment into the operational laser ranging network This STOP
svill use the components developed under OAST STOP 506-20-33
and the subsystems developed and tested undc~ GA STOP
161-05-02, and will integrate these technologies into complete
laser ranging ground stations These advanced ranging systems
wilt be evaluated using the existing tracking facilities at the
Goddard Optical Research Facility IGOSFI Presently orbiting
satellites of the Beacon Explorer and GEOS series, as well as
planned geodetic satellites such as LAGEOS will be tracked and
range residuals will be evaluated using contemporary geopotential
models Groundbased targets wilt be employed to establish stability
and absolute accuracy levels. Program goals include the demon-
stration of 5 cm range accuracy ix 1975 and the achievement
of 2 cm accuracy by 1978 Ground-based and batloon-bxrxe
meteorological instrumentation will be employed as required to
establish the range increment induced by the nonuniform
atmospheric refractivity. In FY-76, extensive field tests of the
high pulse rate l3Oppsl mode locked and frequency doubted
Nd:YAG system will be conducted. Such systems operate at
relatively low peak powers and therefore offer potential reliability
and cost advantages when deployed in the operational laser
ranging network. This system approach has been field tested
previously only in connection with the lunar retroreflector arrays
at reduced pulse rates. The FY-76 field tests at 00SF will evaluate
system performances with the geodetic satellites for the first
time. Intercomparison of these results with those obtained by
the more convex tional giant pulse ranging technique previously
developed at GSFC will provide important direction to the
advanced technolog work required to obtain 2 cm by 1978.
System approaches which show a capability for both near-earth
satellites and lunar ranging will be emphasized
W76-70656 310-10-60
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
NAVIGATION ACCURACY ANALYSIS
O W Trask 213-354-4878
13t0-tO-62.3tO-tO-6t,3tO-tO-64,3t0-1O-66l
Those OSN tracking system uncertainties which limit
spacecraft navigation capability now and in the future will be
determined. The effects of the transmission media and uncertain-
ties in platform parameters ISSS location. UTI. and polar motionl
represent primary limitations for future missions, especially those
to the outer planets. Methods of removing these limitations either
by direct calibration or by utilization of less sensitive data types
`sill be developed and analyzed Calibration techniques include
the use of the S/X band dual fre quency system for the charged
particle component of the transmission media and the water
czpor radiometer for the wet component of the troposphere.
white a VLBI system is being developed to reduce th eunce rtainties
for the platform parameters In addition, data types being
developed which are less senstive to the above limitations include
the use of two DSS to obtain differential VLBI data which
measure the spacecraft position with respect to an angularly
nearby extragalactic radio source and the use of a single DDS
to track one spacecraft with respect to a second angularly nearby
spacecraft. In addition to reducing limitations in navigation
capability due to the tracking system, this STOP develops tracking
techniques to overcome other limitations such as those arising
104
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333
OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
from the trajectory design or spaceyraft characteristics. Exam-
ples include multi-station tracking techniques where the differenc-
ing of simultaneously acquired range from widely separated DSS
is used to overcome the degradation of single station eanigation
capability for low declination spacecraft, and the differencivg of
simultaneously acquired Doppler is used to overcome the problems
arising from unmodeled forces acting on the spacecraft.
W76-70657 310-10-61
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
RADIO METRIC INSTRUMENTATION DEVELOPMENT
Fl. L Sydnor 213-354-2763
1310-10-60; 310-10-66; 310-10-69)
The objective of this RTDP is to develop and demonstrate
high quality instrumentation and techniques for radio metric data
acquisition to support the outer planet satellite, orbiter and entry
eavigatiax of the next decade in response to system requirements
determined in RTOP 60. These requirements include: a VLBI
instrumentation system using tropospheric and charged particle
calibration, comparison of bandwidth synthesis techniques.
analysis and improvement of ranging systems for long round-trip
light time Igreater than 1 hr), improvement in DSS time delay
stability to 0.2 meters, improvement in frequency and timing
subsystem, and study of a high accuracy 10 cm ranging system
at X-band to be demonstrated in RTOP 69. Instruments being
developed include, 11) improved frequency standards lH masersl
for maintaining low Doppler residuals over the long ruund-trip
light times and for maintaining phase coherence over the
integration time required for Very Long Baseline Interferometry
)VLBI) based data types. 121 equipment and circuits to stabilize
and calibrate the time delay uf the DSS tu produce mure accurate
range and Doppler data, and 131 inter-site frequency and time
synchronization system fur support of accurate multi-station data
types. The techniques developed under this RTDP include. Ill
optimal time synchronization methods. 121 system engineering
of the DSS for use of VLSI-based data and its optimal use, and
13) systems engineering of the Frequency and Timing Sub-
system IFTS) to optimize its use for the new data types.
W76-7O658 310-20-20
Godoard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
George 0. Clark 301-982.4034
1310-20-461
The two objectives are: Ill to provide for the teleoxmmuxioa-
tions simulation of the TDRSS to be used to verify systems
performance capability, and 121 to provide for the orderly
development of technology to maximize the TDRSS performance
capability. Various studies, simulations, and model fabrications
will be performed to establish and verify the performance
parameters for a TDRSS. Studies will be performed and
technology will be developed as required to improve the
performance of the TDRSS.
W76-70659 310-20-27
Goddard Space Flight Center, Grvenbelt, Md.
NETWORK TIMING AND SYNCHRONIZATION TECHNOL-
OGY
A R. Chi 301-982-2502
The objectives of this reseamh are: to study and develop
techniques for time synchronization. to coordinate time determina-
tion methods and dissemination formats to meet NASA needs
and network requirements. and ra conduct theoretical investiga-
tions and experimental tests for network applications. The
approach has been the development of a worldwide time
synchronization system such as the use of two additional signals
in the Navy's OMEGA navigation system. Coordination with the
Navy in the transmission of the two additional signals whose
frequencies are separated by 250 hertz has been made. These
signals are presently being transmitted by two OMEGA stations
at North Dakota and Hawaii. A receiver specihcally designed for
extracting time from OMEGA has been developed and tested.
Modifications of the receivers to improve reception for longer
range beyond 8000 kilometers are being made. The system
precision is plus and minus 2 microseconds on a worldwide
basis. An alternate and more advanced approach has been
reviewed and planned. Immediate effort will be directed to
investigation of the interfacing problems of using a synchronous
satellite system to transpond a time synchronized pseudo-random
noise (PRNI coded signal from a ground station to the network
stations. The technique as well as the hardware coding design
has been developed in another program. The precision of this
system meets the projected network requirements of 1980. i.e.
below one microsecond
W76-70660 310-20-31
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
A GROUND ANTENNA FOR WIDEBAND DATA TRANSMIS-
SION SYSTEMS
A. F. Durham 301-982-4973
Future advanced spacecraft system will transmit data to the
ground at rates much higher than that of current operational
systems. The Land-sat used fur Earth Observation will transmit
high resolution color imaging data either directly tu a ground
station or via a Tracking and Data Relay Satellite ITDRSI. The
TDRS will transmit signals from Land-sat arid other satellites
which required total TDRS bandwidths well above 100 MHz.
Existing NASA ground stations are not equipped for such data
rates. Future wideband communication by TDRS. Land sat and
other projects, require use of frequencies at which the neces-
sary bandwidth can be allocated. A wideband system requires a
high performance ground antenna system. Emphasis on overall
system efhciency will be essential to an economically feasible
ground station. Ix particular, techniques and components will be
developed which yield high efhciency antenna systems, feed
systems and low noise preamplifiers. In addition. dichroic
subreflector techniques permitting simultaneous and efhcient
operation of an antenna at different frequencies without
degradation of overall performance or flexibility will be refined.
Analytical prucedures and design tools will be further developed
to support the specific requirements of these advanced antenna
systems and the general antenna development program.
W76-70661 310-20-32
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
HIGH RELIABILITY CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR ANTENNAS
N. A. Raumann 301-982-6579
The objective is the development of a high performance
servo and control system for large tracking antennas. There is a
trend in the networks toward higher SF frequencies, switching
from S-band to Ku-band of operation. This switch will require
ax improvement ix traoking accuracy of the antennas from a
present 0.9 mrad to 0.2 mrad. At the same time there is a
requirement for increased link reliability due to concentration of
data acquisition responsibilities and increasing data bandwidths
resulting from redaction in the number xf network stations Thus
link downtime has to be minimized by providing a high reliability
control system and by reducing routine alignment and mainte-
nance requirements. These objectives are met by use of a small
digital computer ix the antenna tracking loop. Ax experimental
system, the Computer Controlled Antenna System, has been
developed under this STOP and is in operation uf the Network
Test and Training Facility INTTFI. The capabilities of this system
will be extended by development of control algorithms to improve
the tracking accuracy and by providing high reliability control
system to minimize antenna downtime.
W76-70662 310-20-46
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
RF TECHNOLOGY FOR TDRSS USER SPACECRAFT
FJ Logan 301-982-4901
1506- 20-241
The objective of the work under this STOP is to achieve
technological advances in SF and antenna systems in order to
satisfy the future requirements of spacecraft projects that require
the near global real-time coverage of the Tracking and Data
Relay Satellite System ITDRSS). It. Ill identifies the basic
operational requirements of these missions; 121 investigates SF
components and types xl antennas that are available to attain
the required parameters; and 131 develops system designs
incorporating the optimum subsystems to permit the spacecraft
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72-434 0 - 76 - 22
PAGENO="0338"
OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
334
projects to obtain proven reliable flight hardware within a
reasonable time frame. These advances will be utilized in the
development of S-band and Ku-Band spacecraft systems, including
the antenna, transponder, transmitter and receiver. These systems
will be capable of direct communications to ground stations or
tu the TDRSS.
W76-70663 310-20-65
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. lest. el Tech.. Pasadena
ANTENNA SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
H. P. Phillips 213-354-4743
(3 t 0-10-61; 310-20-66; 310-30-68. 310-30-69)
This RTOP develops the technology for increasing the
communications capabilities of the DSN ground based antennas
as a part of optimizing the overall flight/ground communications
link for planned NASA missions to outer planets. Communications
capability is measured by the antenna figure of merit (ratio of
gain to receive system noise temperature); usable operational
frequencies (S. X or K bands); and environmental limits of
operation. The cost of construction, operation and maintenance
are additional factors in ground station performance. The
technology developed provides options for spacecraft planning
in terms of single ur dual frequencies of operation, simultaneous
receive/transmit or receive only modes and other configurations
with advantages for particular missions Flight/ground tradeoffs
will balance the needs of mission scientific data transmission
requirements, spacecraft parameters and DSN capabilities for
single or concurrent missions. Overall performance and economy
in spacecraft communications, based on these tradeoff studies,
are the key objectives of this program. Advances in ground antenna
performance are sought in the areas of microwave techniques;
antenna structural, mechanical and pointing systems; and in
materials and techniques for producing less costly, more reliable
antenna components to reduce operations and maintenance costs.
Advanced analytical techniques are developed and applied to
the improvement of existing antennas and to the design of new,
lower cost antennas with appropriate communication capabilities.
A study, integrating current developments in all of the interrelated
disciplines projects a 3 db improvement in the figure of merit
of existing 64-m antennas.
W76-70664
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
RADIO SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Macgregor S Reid 213-354-3332
(310-20-67; 310-20-65; 310-10-61)
The objective is to improve the spacecraft-to-ground radio
system elements of the communications link in order to meet
the future navigation and high data rate telecommunications
requirements of the planetary exploration program. Future missions
to the outer planets will require sensitive receivers and wideband
radio communications for high rate video, telemetry, navigation,
and radio science data. They will also require calibration and
models of the propagation medium and of the DSN ground
radio parameters. In order to commit the DSN to a specified
X-band performance level, a detailed investigation of the
propagation medium is required and is underway. Local weather
effects at the DSN tracking station complexes on X-band
propagation are being investigated and will ultimately provide
DSN specifications for the statistical performance of X-band links
for use by flight projects. Equipment will be developed for the
radio metric calibration of water vapor in the earths troposphere
in the line-of-sight of the 64w antennas. The inforwahon from
the water vapor radiometer will be used to increase the accuracy
of radio metric navigation by calibrating the tropospheric delay
and to improve the X-band weather model Other hardware
development includes increased bandwidth and reduced noise
temperatures of advanced maser/closed cycle refrigerator systems
for the DSN. Maser bandwidths will be increased from about
30 MHz to a target of 300 MHz. Reduction of the X-band
maser noise temperature from the present value of 7K to 2.5K
will improve the received signal-to-noise ratio by 0 7 db Other
radio frequency measurement development work supports the
precision monitoring and calibration of the ground receiving
system, antenna gain, system temperature, pointing accuracy,
spacecraft received power level and range delay.
W76-70665 310-20-67
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
DIGITAL SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
N. A Winkelstein 213-354-3843
(31 0-20-66; 310-30-68; 310-30-69; 310-40-72)
The objective of this RTOP is to develop digital data handling
systems which permit effective communications between earth
and spacecraft for mission types of the next decade while
minimizing the cost of such communications. The entire
communication link from the Mission Control and Computing
Center to the spacecraft and back again will be considered in
order to tradeoff spacecraft/ground system configurations which
will result in highest efficiency and low overall costs to NASA.
In particular, a multiple rate flight/ground command system will
be developed and demonstrated in FY-76. This system will permit
more rapid entry of commands during periods when the uplink
to the spacecraft can support higher data rates thus optimizing
operations when more than one spacecraft must be sequentially
commanded from a single OSN station. In support of tradeoff
studies, computer decoding simulations will be developed to verily
predicted threshold perform ance under ad verse conditions such
as the effect on sequential decoding thresholds when Pioneer
Venus 78 transmits through the fading and turbulext transmission
path of the Venus atmosphere. Studies will also be made of
telemetry bit rates in the 5 megabit per second range required
for high data rate missions such as the Mariner Jupiter Orbiter
and the Venus Orbital Imaging Radar missions. lx addition, two
specific designs are being studied and developed: It) a
concatenated algebraic convolutional code which will be used
on the Viking 75 X-band telemetry demonstration similar to the
demonstration on Mariner 10, and 121 a digital phase locked
loop receiving system for optimum reception of signals transmitted
through a dispersive medium and for rapid receiver reconfigura-
tion when communicating with wore than one spacecraft from
a single DSN station during a common view period
W76-70666 - 310-30-24
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Md.
WIDE BAND STATION DATA HANDLING EQUIPMENT
Henry J. Franks 301-982-2649
Future NASA Programs such as the Earth Observatory
310-20-66 Program require a data haxdling capability as high as
240 Megabits per second 1Mbps). The Goddard Spaceflight
Tracking and Data Network ISTONI presently has a maximum
data handling capability otiS Mbps. The STON presently operates
at VHF and S-band which cannot accommodate the bandwidth
required for the above mentioned program. The objective of this
RTOP is to develop prototype equipments that can accommodate
these high data rates.
W76-70667 310-30-68
Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Tech., Pasadena
STATION MONITOR & CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
N. Bruce Crow 213-354-3291
(310-30-69; 310-30-70; 310-30-72)
The general objectives of an approach to this work are to:
It) assess the present OSS subsystem technology in its
applicability to automated station design considering long term
equipment stability, complexity, maintainability, and reliability; 12)
specify, in conjunction with RTOP 69, 70, and 72 future DSS
system and subsystem technology for high performance automa-
tion application including digital signal processing. hierarchial
control philosophy, interface philosophy, and minicomputer/micro
processor architecture and software (Al Conduct specific
development of representative automatic subsystem assemblies
which fit automation objectives. Obtain support from RTOP 72
for Control and computation Modules applications; 18) conduct
demonstration of NP/microwave/antenna subsystems, automatic
calibration, acquisition, failure back-up/diagnostics, rapid reconfig-
uration and real time monitoring and logging. The software design
is to use structural, top down design using high level language;
(C) guide the station system level automatic design. Support
feasibility studies using management science techniques for life
cycle cost determinations and collect an automation data base
for cost-benefit analyses in RTOP 70.
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OFFICE OF TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION
W76-70668 310-30-69
Jet Propulsion Lab Calif. Inst. of Tech Pasadena
TRACKING STATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
R. R. Green 213-354-3015
(31 0-40-68, 31 0-40-70, 310-40-72, 310-40-65)
The objectives of this RTOP are to develop, and demonstrate
new station systems capability and new network technology
required to support deep space missives in the cent decade.
The 400 K watt 18.495 0Hz) X-band transmitter development
demonstrated in RTOP 64 in FY75 will be refined and exercised
further via planetary radar eoperiments. Additional work in this
area will include development of components to operate at the
7.1 to 7.25 0Hz X-band frequency assigned to the DSN.
Waveguide components needed to handle high power at low
loss will also be developed ard tested. Development of wideband-
width high-density magnetic tape recorder system for VLSI,
predetection and postdetection of high rate telemetry started in
FY-75 will be continued. Also, the development and testing of
an automated, computer controlled antenna pointing system, a
station controller, and interfaces will proceed toward an ultimate
automated station demonstration in con junction with RTOFs 68.
70 and 72. Finally, the planetary radar system which serves as
test-bed will be expanded to utilize and test the increased
capability offered by X-band. Side benefits obtained from the
planetary radar enperiments include data on the transmission
medium at X-bznd, updatnd ephemerides to the planets, and
planetary surface characteristics, useful for flight project planning
W76-70669 310-40-26
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
AUTOMATIC SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER PROGRAM
DOCUMENTATION
P. Damon 301-982.6886
The obleotives of this RTOP are to extend the capabilities
of the Automated System for Computer Program Documentation
in order to (1) operate on the Univac and CDC computers, and
12) to provide the necessary tools which will help measure.
manage, predict. and categorize errors which occur in software
in order to control software reliability. The plan of activity will
include. (1) define categories of errors; 121 measure parameters
for the software reliability study, (3) develop reliability model
(prototype); (41 evaluate existing software reliability techniques
and determine proper areas for advance study; (51 study and
develop tevheiques to improve reliability; (61 structured programm-
ing; (7) program management techniqaes (a) chief programmer
team. Ib) computer program management technique. 181 proving
programs correct; and (9) conclusions and recommendations.
W76-70670 310-40-36
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
AUTOMATIC DATA HANDLING
C Rodgers 301-982-4189
-Improvements to meet the large increases in sopport
requirements demanded by NASA's future space programs
specifically include a higher level of automation for Goddard
Space Flight Center (GSFC( facilities resulting in increased data
and information cxc hanges between the various GSFC facilities.
This STOP shall study methods of handling data and information
and shall result in two end products 11) the design and
development of a prototype Integrated Telecommunications
Distributions System providing a communications network
between the Operational M&DOD computers, and (21 the design
and development of the Data Accountability System with the
necessary capability to monitor, coordinate, and account for the
data messages transferred between the remote ground stations
and the G SFC facilities The Integrated Telecommunications
Distribution System will interconnect existing M&DOD computer
systems and will permit any computer on the telecommunications
network to communicate with any other computer on the network
The Data Accountability System shall interface with the M&DOD
computer facilities and NASCOM concentrating on the particular
problems inherent in data coordination, and accountability when
data is automatically transmitted between ground stations and
GSFC by computer-to-computer transfers.
W76-70671 310-40-38
Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt. Md
COMPUTATIONAL REQUIREMENT - DEFINITION
A Goodson 301-982-5308
The functional capability of the M&DOD computer facilities
is continually being reassessed in the light of present and future
mission support reqoirements. advances in computer technology.
and cost-effectiveness considerations. The purpose of this RTOP
is to find practical answers to different aspects of this problem.
Emphasis is on using advanced tools and techniques to define
computational requirements and to determine alternative means
of meeting these requirements To meet this objective the following
action will be taken: (1) identify functional requirements of users.
12) identify current system and xser demands, and 131 develop
functional configurations
W76-70672 310-40-39
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt. Md.
IMAGE PROCESSING FACILITY PERFORMANCE EVALUA-
TION AND IMPROVEMENT
V. Sos 301-982-2841
In the future several new Office of Applications IOAI projects.
such as AEM. NIMBUS-G. SEASAT. will require image data
processingc apabilities It is planned to augment the existing
GSFC image processing facility (1FF) to support, in addition to
LANDSAT. the above projects This plan proposes to conduct
studies leading to the development of specifications for new
1FF equipment, to define operational concepts for the facility.
and to continue the development of efficient image processing
algorithms. To assure achievement of high performance it is
necessary to develop efficient performance monitoring techniques.
parameters to characterize product quality. ard obtain instruments
to implement the techniques in conjunction with enisting and
planned 1FF hardware. It is also necessary 10 study methods for
generating image products that could be less expensive and
more useful to the investigator, and to eliminate un-needed and
expensive products This plan proposes to develop efficient and
accurate methods and equipment for monitoring and controlling
performance of image processing systems, and assuring the quality
and usefulness of products generated in the 1FF. Higher time
resolution will be required on future spacecraft consistent with
more sophisticated experiments and with the desire to correlate
data from one spacecraft with data from another. It is necessary
to study several spacecraft systems with different types of timing
problems
W76-70673 310-40-40
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
PROJECT OPERATIONS CONTROL CENTER COMPUTA-
TIONAL SYSTEM OF THE 1980's: POCCNET
~. DesJardins 301-982-6223
The goal of this RTOF is to develop a control center
computational system design lhardware/software( for the 1980's.
christened POCCNET. embodying the following features: (1)
ultrareliable. fail-salt hardware/software design. (2) high visibility
of sytems implementation status and operational state. (31
virtxalization of computational system functions, 14) flexibility and
ease of reconfiguration. simplified integration and test. (61 reduced
development time and cost, 17) special attention to human
interfaces and to software engineering. (8) low-cost standard
software and supporting services for the low-cost modular
spacecraft (LCMS(. The effort will be subdivided into four elements:
(1) identify probable computational requirements on GSFC Project
Operations Control Centers anticipated in the 1980's due to
Shuttle, TDRSS and LCMS. (21 identify applicable advanced
technologies, and develop specifications for minicomputers.
high-speed serial channel and telemetry input prepr000ssore; (31
identify applicable software engineering methodologies, specifically
including comparisons of systems implementation languages and
software design methodologies, and (4) design POCCNET
subsystems in both the systems and applications areas.
W76-70674
Goddard Inst for Space Studies, New York
COMPUTER USAGE TECHNIQUES
Paul B. Schneck 2126785617
3 10-40-41
107
PAGENO="0340"
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336
The objective is to develop and apply techniques for: ltl
increasing the efhciency of current computer systems; and (2)
identify criteria for the selection of future GSFC computer systems.
The three areas leading to this objective are: (tl Operating
Systems: Designs and approaches to improve system performance.
identification of hardziare requirements necessary for effective
performance: (2) Program Performance: Construction of automatic
program improvement (optimization) facilities to decrease the
running time of programs; 131 Parallel/Vector Processing
Cvnstruction of automatic facilities for converting evisting (serial)
programs to forms suitable for use on machives with parallel
and vector architectures. The approach wilt be: (11 Operating
Systems. A mathematical model of a computer system wilt be
eotended to show hardware/software tradeoffs, and the best
investment strategy (in terms of configuration selection( for a
given dollar cost, Input to the model will come from a hardware
monitor which will be attached to the GISS computing facility;
(21 Program Performance. The FORTRAN and FORTRAN
Optimizing Compiler will be eotended to include additional machine
independent program optimizations. The compiler will be brought
to a fully operational status and placed in regular use at GISS
and GSFC. A preliminary version of the compiler is in use at
CERN. The World Bank, SLAC, IBM. Sandia, IRIA and has been
distributed to many other laboratories, both domestically and
internationally. At the current time it often reduces program
running time by 10.20 percent. (3) Parallel/Vector Processing
The Parallel Vector Compiler (common uvith the FORTRAN to
FORTRAN compilerl will be eotevded to perform translation to
a real language for parallel computation. e.g.. CFD for the ILLIAC
computer. This compiler will also be made operational so that it
may be used for evaluating the applicability of new parallel and
vector machines to currevt OSFC programs.
W76-70B75 310-40-70
Jet Propulsion Lab.. Calif Inst. of Tech.. Pasadena
NETWORK MONITOR. CONTROL AND OPERATIONS
TECHNOLOGY
Richard R. Green 213-354.3015
(310-40-68; 310-40-69. 310-40-72)
This RTOP considers the Deep Space Network (DSN( as a
single large distributed system. Within this system there are no
important types of information flow. Operational control
information originates from a single centralized source and must
be distributed to each of the several Deep Space Stations )DSS(.
Tracking, telemetry, and station status information may originate
at any of the stations and must flow back to the centralized
cotlection point. The tolerable error rate for the outgoing
operational control information (station configuration, spacecraft
commands. etc.) is entremely lose, less than 1 part in 10 million.
The incoming station originated data can tolerate somewhat
higher error rates, typically 1 part in 100.000. This RTOP is Ill
developing communication techniques to achieve the required
low errors rates. (2) evaluating control techniques for minimizing
required communication bandwidth and for achieving immunity
from single points of failure. znd (3) investigating techniques for
developing network monitor information into a useful aid for
effective DSN management, long range planning. and providing
cost-benefit analyses. Several achievements are planned in FY-76
to realize these objectives A demonstration of communication
error control techniques will be conducted using the high speed
data lines to communicate with DSS-t4. The remote automatic
control pulsar data collection system ssitl be operated to obtain
data on remote control techniques. Using that data as a base.
the first part of an advanced automation demonstration system
at DSS-t4 suIt be constructed. Information obtained from the
pulsar automation demonstration, the RTOP 68 RF automation
demonstration, and from DSN maintenance activities will be
integrated into a data base for evaluating alternative management
and control methods, and system designs for the DSN.
W76-70B76 310-40-72
Pasadena Office. Calif.
NETWORK CONTROL AND DATA PROCESSING DEVELOP-
MENT
J. W. Layland 213-354-2757
(310-40-70, 310-30-68; 310-30-69)
The oblective of this RTOP is to develop the techniques
necessary for the efficient and cost-effective application of
computational resources to the jobs of the OSN. New methods
allow the design of systems utilizing hardware and software to
be performed in a top-down hierarchial fashion to satisfy functional
requirements thereby enabling effective management control of
system development The economical partitioning of the elements
of a functionally designed system between hardware/firmware/
software in a way which satisfies real-time system constraints
is a tractable resource-allocation problem within the framework
of a hierarchical design. Rules for structured programming and
hierarchical design of software systems are being developed via
the machine-independent design of a language processor for
MBASIC. The MBASIC language itself encourages structured
hierarchical software development, and is a proposed standard
for all management-oriented computer data access Maintenance
of logical hardware in the network environment represents
another sizeable cost item for the DSN. This cost is being attacked
through the development of a standard set of logical building
blocks, the Control and Computational Modules, which wit) be
used for the fabrication of a variety of digital systems, from a
dedicated signal processor to a multipurpose digital controller.
The automation development eoperimevts led by RTOP 310-40-
70. and RTOPS 310-30-69 and -68 are supported in part by
computer technology developments in the RTOP. This involvment
includes but is not limited to participation in the development
of computer communications protocol, interfaces, and software;
and the evaluation of impacts of changing minicomputer/
microcomputer technology on future network implementation of
automated subsystems.
OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE
FLIGHT
Advanced Development
W76-70677 910-01-00
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala.
STRUCTURES
C. Loy 205-453-3960
The objective of this RTOP is to establish design, analysis,
fabrication, and inspectivv techniques to provide lightweight.
reliable pressurized and onpressurized structural systems for
reusable space vehicles and payloads used on the space shuttle.
Use of composite materials will be emphasized where applicable.
Development of reliable meteoroid shielding data is planned. To
accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be performed:
111 Task 31. lightweight shell structure; (2) Task 54. thin gage
propellant tank design. fabrication, and test; (31 Task 61,
bending/stretching coupling of laminated composite plates; and
(4) Task 62. structural analysis of solids. Through fabrication
and testing of large structures, close to full scale. representative
of a propellant tank and unpressurized eoternal shell, the
viability of selected materials, design, analysis, and fabrication
techniques will be demonstrated. Selected structures will have
all required attachments, and weights derived from test hardware
will give realistic data for reusable space vehicles and payloads.
W76-70678 910-02-00
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
THERMAL CONTROL
J. L Vaniman 205-453-1 171
Space transportation systems thermal control is the mainten-
ance of thermally sensitive equipment and structures within
specified critical temperature limits through the control of heat
floss to and from such equipment. Equipment includes but not
limited to( such items as electronic components, optical sensors,
fuel cells, batteries. APS systems, and hydrauticsystems. Studies
show that sophisticated semi-passive thermal control methods
which require state-of-the-art advancements are required to
maintain satisfactory thermal conditions under the environmental
eutremes encountered by future space transportation systems.
The objective of this continuing effort is to analyze, design, and
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OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
develop thermal control systems lincluding hardwarel and
demonstrate system application and `feasibility for maintaining
thermally critical hardware within specified thermal units To
accomplish these objectines. the following tasks are to be
performed: Ill Task 3t: thermal control breadboard: 121 Task
32: electronic equipment internal thermal control: 131 Task 5t:
low temperature thermal control: and 141 Task 54: temperature
mining control device.
W76-70679 910-02-03
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten.
THERMAL CONTROL
W. E. Ellis 713-463-4941
The primary means for rejecting heat from current manned
spacecraft while en-orbit has been through a space radiator system
which is mounted on the skin of the vehicle and which rejects
heat from a fluid circulating through it by radiation to the space
environment The primary goal of this activity is to develop a
radiator system which is not integral with the spacecraft skin.
and can be separately developed and manufactured. The
independent development approach has signficant potential to
reduce spacecraft development costs by Ill reducing development
and qualification testing. 121 providing a longer production run.
131 simplifying integration between the heat rejection system
and vehicle, and 141 reusing heat rejectian systems which are
returned from orbit on other experiments. This activity has
applicability to a very broad range of future possible missions.
and could result in significant overall cost savings during spacecraft
development and operations. Two separate advanced space
radiator concepts will be pursued in an integratvd effort to develop
multi-mission use, low-cost heat rejection systems which can
overcome the limitations of current radiator systems. These
concepts are not considered to be competitive alternatives, but
unique design approaches which have the combined capability
to meet a wide range of specific advanced mission requirements
at minimum costs Two supporting tasks will be pursued which
have application to either of the separate advanced space radiator
concepts being developed, advanced heat rejection control
techniques, and lightweight radiation fin development
W76-70680 910-03-00
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala.
MAIN PROPULSION
H Pratt 205-453-3623
Activities described in this STOP will utilize data from a
current contracted effort to design, fabricate and verify through
cold flow component test a lightweight, compact. ovygee/
hydrogen heat eoch anger suitable for use in an engine system
for tank head idle mode operation. In a separate task design.
fabrication and mechanical test activities will be pursued to validate
the mechanical integrity and alignment characteristics of a
translating nozzle actuation mechanism and a primary nozzle-
nozzle eotension seal. Out-of-house contracted efforts will be
pursued. All testing will be performed at contractor facilities.
The RLtO engine system will be used as the base for component
sizing. Sufficient hardware will be fabricated to allow incorporation
into an existing government furnished engine system at a later
date.
W76-70681 910-03-00
Lewis Research Center. Cleveland. Ohio
ADVANCED H2-O2 ENGINE COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY
John W Gregory 2t6-433-4000
1506-21-11)
The objective of this program is to provide improvements
in the technology of the components applicable to advanced.
high performance reusable hydrogen-ooygen rocket engines Such
engines must operate reliably in space for long periods of time
and provide many restarts during a minimum of 20 missions
Included in this program are efforts on components such as
thrust chambers, bearings and seals for turbopumps. and complete
turbopump assemblies. Technology will be developed for long
life, small, high speed bearings for liquid hydrogen turbopumps
Both rolling element and hybrid (fluid film) bearings of 20 mm
size shaft diamvrerl will be evaluated. Bearing design and
fabrication were provided under contract, and bearing testing
will be performed in-house at LeRC. LH2 Pump testing will be
performed with hybrid bearings installed. Effort will also be applied
to the design, fabrication, and testing of controlled fluid film
seals for small, high speed liquid ooygen turbopumps. This contract
effort will evaluate seals of 30 mm diameter capable of 10 hours
operational life and 300 start/stop cycles at shaft speeds up to
90,000 rpm Work was initiated in FY-74 on the design.
fabrication and acceptance test of a high pressure lup to
4400 psial liquid oxygen turbopump Complete performance
testing of the pump will be done in FY76.
W76.70682 910-03-00
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Ten.
PROPULSION
C W. Yodzrs 7t3-4B3-4924
The objectives of this RTOP are to improve the propulsion
systems for post-shuttle programs. Improvements will be achieved
by taking advantage of promising design concepts in the areas
of Ill high frequency stability, and 121 nonintrusive flowmeters.
Current acoustic cavity designs are only effective over a narrow
range of frequencies. Recent testing with dual mode conhgurations
indicates that this range can be increased to a more desirable
range Non intrusive flowmeters are desirable since they are not
exposed to propellants and should have long life Methods of
increasing their accuracy to 1%. however, are required and have
to be further developed
W76-70683 910-04-00
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala.
ATTITUDE CONTROL PROPULSION
F. F. Garcia 205-453-1242
This effort will demonstrate a service life of a minimum of
20 missions and the extent xf performance variations of an
improved hydrazine thruster throughout its service life. The
performance and endurance of a passive propellant manage-
ment system for zerx-g operation wilt also be deomonstrated. A
hydrazine thruster for an attitude control propulsion system (ACPSI
employing the radial flow catalyst bed technology developed for
the space shuttle orbiter APU gas generator will be designed.
fabricated, and tested. A passive propellant management system
employing a surface tension device of the type being developed
for the space shuttle orbiter RCS will also be designed. fabricated.
and tested.
W76-706B4 910-04-03
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst. of Tech - Pasadena
ATTITUDE CONTROL PROPULSION
P. J. Meeks 213-354-2546
The objectives of the work contained in this STOP ore:
to tie-off, in a logical manner, the resonance ignition work, and
to disseminate the information in the most cost-effective method
so that it is available to any potential user both within interested
governmental agencies and private industry: 121 to initiate a
design study, in conjunction with JSC to implement the
substitution of hydrazine N2H4 for monomerhylhydrazine (MMH)
in the reaction control and orbital maneuvering systems on-board
the space shuttle; and 131 to initiate a contracted design study
to adapt the RCS main engine to N2H4/N204 from MMH/N204
W76-706B5 910-05-00
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex.
SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL TECHNOL-
OGY -
O 0. Hydrick 7t3-4B3-3286
The vbjvctive of this program is to provide achievable
advancements in the solid polymer fuel cell technology for
application to space power generation. It is proposed to take
advantage of the inherent characteristics of the solid polymer
ion exchange fuel cell. long life, invariant performance. low
specific weight I/f kwl and low specific cost IS/kwl in a phased
technology program which offers potential benefit and advance-
ment to system design of the next generation of solid polymer
electrolyte fuel cells Approach - The program will be conducted
in a phased effort which represents a continuation of contractor
in-house effort, the NASA funded Space Shuttle technology
program and the United States Air Force Biosatellite H2/02
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OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
fuel cell program. The primary phase of the program will address
the electrochemical performaece improvements of the basic cell
assembly applicable on hydrogen-oxygen and low purity reactants.
Subsequent phases will utilize the results of previous phases
with evolution of hardware design and test directed toward defined
goals relative to use, size, power cost, weight application. ect.
W76-70686
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
ELECTRICAL POWER
A M. Aden 205-453-4950
The effort described in this RTOP is in support of space
systems in the electecal power area The objectives of this program
are to develop essential technology, design requirements, and
design specifications and to perform component research and
breadboard/prototype development necessary to produce flight
qualified hardware for long life, cost effective power systems
To accomplish these objectives, the following tasks will be
performed: ItI Task 31: Switch Gear and Circuit Protection.
Perform necessary research and discrete part evaluation to
fabricate breadboard power controllers to switch loads in the 3
to 20 ampere range. 121 Task 32: Power Conditioning. Develop
power conditioning circuits and equipment in which built-in rest.
system monitoring and control, and advanced concepts will be
investigated. Standardized load center and central power supplies
and inverters will be designed, built. tested, and qualified. 131
Task 6t: Feed- Thru Electrical Covnectors. Develop a statement
of performance, design requirements, and conceptual configura-
tions and fabricate acceptable cryogenic feed-thru connectors.
W76-70687 910-07-00
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houstnn, Ten.
COMMUNICATIONS
Jack G Sheppard 713-483-6301
This ATOP will improve the productivity of communications
and tracking systems to support Spacelab. payloads, and
subsequent programs Improvements will be achieved by taking
advantage of advances in solid-state electronics, particularly in
LSl large scale integrationl. Other gains will be achieved by
transmission system improvements at new frequencies. Television
will be important in future programs. It will gather experiment
data, control payloads. assist docking operations. inspect damage
and provide information to users on the ground. These diverse
uses require a family of cameras, monitors, and controls. It is
highly desirable that these components be solid state. This ATOP
continues the design of required systems and development of
key components. RF spectrum crowding and data rates are
driving systems to higher frequencies both microwave and optical.
Certain key components required for satisfactory implementation
must be developed These new systems offer greater performance.
but require careful implementation In particular, the integration
and operation of electronics and antennas must be investigated
to ensure that propogation losses do not negate the advantages
of operation at higher frequencies RF spectrum crowding also
is impacting tracking systems such as radars The use of
communication techniques, such as spread-spectrum, hold
promise of greater power and performance within the evolving
electromagnetic spectrum constraints, and they will be applied
to radar systems
W76-70688 910-07-01
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala.
COMMUNICATIONS
0. 0. Lowrey 2O5-453-1S7B
The objective of this eflort is to des-elop active electronically
steerable microwave phased array systems operating in the S-band
and Ku-band frequency regions for space communications and
tracking purposes. These systems will provide high data rate,
telecom m unications capability with simultaneous ors eparate
transmit, receive and tracking functions Considerable system
advancement and performance with decreased size and weight
will be realized over conventional systems using separate
transmitters, receivers, antennas, transmission lines, control and
driving motors, and associated supporting structures This is a
continuing eflort that will produce active electronically steered
phased arrays that are lightweight, highly redundant, have low
W76-70689 910-07-06
John F. Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach. Fla.
COMMUNICATION
C H Bell 305-867-3842
The objective of this effort is to demonstrate the installation,
operation, and maintenance of a widebavd fiber optic cable
transmission system. Field tests will be conducted at KSC in an
operational environment in order to determine aod define the
installation and maintenance requirements for a fiber optic
cable system.
W76-70690 910-08-00
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
ADVANCED DEVELOPMENT: STABILIZATION AND
CONTROL
S. M. Seltzer 202-453-4580
1893-78-571
The approach will be to: Ill develop and exploit modern
control theory techniques to assure satisfactory performance of
instrument pointing system IIPSI. in the presence of such effects
as vehicle flexibility, sensor and actuator eonlinearities. and digital
implementation Isamplingl; and 121 study the dynamics and control
problems ol multiple space deployment from the tug. Define
deployment mechanism requirements. deployment technique and
the impact of multiple deployment on the Tug attitude control
system design, including a definition of candidate mechanisms
which satisfy these requirements. Accomplishthent of these
objectives requires as a minimum the following tasks Task 61 -
Obsernability and Controllability Analysis: Determine the critical
vehicle states of the flexible vehicle. Select and place sensors
and actuators to enhance their observability and contrxllability.
TASK 62 - Digital Controller Design: Analyze IFS noelivearities,
such as quantization. actuator friction and sampling, to determine
conditions for limit cycles in order that they may be minimized
by proper design. Employ previously developed digital redesign
technique to design the digital controller.
W76-70691 910-08-04
Jet Propulsion Lab - Calif. Inst of Tech, Pasadena
INSTRUMENT POINTING SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY FOR
SPACE LABORATORY
Aobert V. Powell 213-354-6586
1506-19-14; 186-68-541
The Instrument Pointing System IIPSI being developed by
EAND. et al for Spacelab must accommodate a wide variety of
Earth pointing and astronomy payload requirements A high
precision pointing system is required for xrievtation and control
xf the on-board scientific instruments The most cost effective
approach in the development of the IPS would maximize the
utilization of Low Cost Systems Office ILCSOI components and
year-term-ready OAST-sponsored control system technologies.
The objective of this effort is to develop a plan for the integration
of LCSO and advanced development technologies which could
accommodate instrument requirements and result in significant
cost savings for future IPS hardware The plan will be based on
supporting studies of IPS requirements; technical interactions
with NASA Hqrs. and Centers. and EANO; and system simulations.
d.c. power drain, uses 100 percent microwave integrated circuitry
and utilizes a modular building block construction concept with
standardized modules for maximum design versatility and
minimum cost. The study of application of active electronic
modular techniques to the Ku-band electronically steered phased
array will be continued. The most critical devices and circuits
will be fabricated and laboratory tested in descending order of
910-05-00 criticality to verify the design performance.
W76-70692 910-09-00
John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach, Flu.
SAFETY
A J Cerrato 305-867-2780
The disposal of hypergolic liquids and vapors at KSC in
such a way as to minimize effluent effects on the environment
is a project that is continuing, based en criteria developed under
contract NAS1O-8399, Hypergolic Propellavts Liquid and Vapor
Disposal. Activities will include the evaluation of microwave
110
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OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
ultraviolet background; the infrared background. the molecular
column density; the gamma ray background, and the magnetic
background to the levels specified in the CR00 requirements
121 Task 52- Continue development of electrets as a contamina-
tion control and collection device.
W76-70696 910-13-00
John F Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach. Fla
INSTRUMENTATION
R J Cerrato 305-967-2790
The objectives of this project are to provide instrumentation
to support KSC lcuvch operations. avd include the development
of a passive methvd for determining fluid covtamieation levels
iv fluid flow systems, both on-board and ground, is continuing
with breadboard testing and evaluation, the automation of minor
chemical analytical instrumentation processes is desired to reduce
the manpower requited, to increase proficiency, and optimize
processing equipment requirements to support microchemical
sample analyses, determine the correlation between automatic
particle counters and the conventional microscope method of
counting particles for the determinativn of contamination levels
in flight and ground support equipment; design and build an
automated system to electronically trace and verify prepatched
patchboards iv support of the KSC telemetry station; and improve
KSC telemetry station operation reliability and reduce opera-
tions personnel through the use of a centralized control console
W76-70697 910-21-00
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville, Ala
W76-70694 910-13-00 MANUFACTURING AND INSPECTION
Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston. Teo. J. M. Knadler 205-453-2492
INSTRUMENTATION The objective of this effort is to evolve through research.
W L Craddock 713-4B3-5t7t development and technology application studies new nondestruc-
The Space Environment Simulation Laboratory at JSC tive testing INDTI nondestructive evaluation INDEI techniques
represents the state of the art in advanced thermal-vacuum test for application during production. post production. preflight, and
(space simulationl facilities. Continuing efforts are being made post flight refurbishment of space systems hardware such as
to reduce required manpower and total operating costs, while large space structures, space vehicles, free flying teleoperators.
maintaining the high standards of test posture and capability of and elements and components, such as thin wall tank structures
the facilities. Research is required to understand and predict and composite materials These techniques must be comprehen-
operational characteristics as they apply to actual thermal-vacuum sive. reliable, fast, and give data which have traceability and
chambers. payloads, and spacecraft This is to include law cost reproducibility, along with remote and portable application
techniques for optical refurbishment and fabrication, a more refined Holographic: ultrasonic and acousro-eprical techniques and
analytically predicted thermal model, corona phenomena, test combinatioirs thereof will be investigated in the following tasks
articles geometric shapes and surfaces. and to develvp methods ItI advanced remote visual inspection techniques. 121 holographic
and systems for identification, measurement, control and theoretical model developments. 131 basic developments in
improvements To accomplish the objectives of this RT0P the holographic detection. 141 composite mobile holographic nonde-
following tasks are proposed. ltl Task 32 - Corona Detective strucrive testing ICMHNDTI system; 151 acousto-optical holograph-
System (continuinge ffvrtl, and 121 Task 4t - Lambertiav/Specular ic nondestructive resting IA0HNDT) system; 161 automated
Sources, ISCATE) (continuing effort(, and (31 Task 53-Data holometry fringes inspection and data analysis. 171 refurbishment
Acquisition and Control System INIM/CAMACI. nondestructive evaluation (NDEI. (81 advancement of automated
ultrasonic testing.
W76-70695 910-13-00
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala W76-70698 910-21-09
ADVANCED INSTRUMENTATION (CONTAMINATION) John F Kennedy Space Center, Cocoa Beach. Fla
R J Naumann 205-453-0940 MANUFACTURING INSPECTION
(506-t6-35; 750-0t-7tl S D. Wilson 305-867-2758
Previous work performed under a combination of this RT0P The objective of this prolect is to conduct a test program
and RT0P 506-16-35 has resutted in the induced enviroement to evaluate the automatic butt welding of flared-type coneecrois
monitor (IECM( which is a complement of instruments designed to stainless steel tubing to replace the currently used technique
to verify all the contamination requirements specified JSC of mechanically flaring heavy-walled stainless steel tubing The
07700 during the shuttle DFT Series and early spacelab missions study will include the sample welding of test specimens of stainless
and provide diagnostic data on any out of specification condition steel tubing typically used at KSC. a mechanical test program.
so that it can be corrected before operational flights begin a cost-trade study and possible purchase of a tube welding
Additional requirements have recently been identified by the device
contamination requirements definition group (CR001 which require
advanced instrumentation techniques in ultraviolet photometry. W76-70699
infrared radiometry, mass spectroscopy, gamma ray spectrometry Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten
and magnetometry. ft is proposed that the primary emphasis ol ADVANCED SCHEDULING
the RTOP be directed toward developing the advanced instromee- R S Davis 7 t 3-493-4346
ration to perform the measurements specified by the CRDG on The objective of this task 32 is to complete the Phase 2
the early shuttle and spacelab flights. To accomplish this objective prototype development and to verify the PLANS language
the following tasks are required; Ill Task 51: Conduct an developed in Phase 2 and thus prove its acceptability for
instrument definition study to determine measurement techniques. operational usage. Specifically, the language data structure, library
instrument requirements, survey of availability of eoistieg modules, and language statement capabilities will be tested for
instruments, and development of engineering prototypes to operational completeness and efficiency of usage This will be
measure the size, velocity, and tralectories of particulates, the done through an eotensive series of verification programming iv
decomposition as a vapor disposal technique, the operation and
evaluation of a prototype liquid disposal pond and the preliminary
investigation of state-of-the-art concepts suitable for the disposal
of fluorine compounds and diborane fuel. The construction and
tosring of two full-scale prototype vapor scrubbers of advanced
design lone for fuel vapor and one for oxidizer vaporl will be
accomplished. In support of the large quantities of hydrazine
fuels to be utilized at KSC in the future, the development and
testing of an engineering prototype hydraziee sensor which is
suitable will be initiated.
W76-70693 910-10-00
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala
GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION
B. F. Walls 205-453-5910
This RTOP describes the program of research and technology
development planned in the guidance and navigation area to
establish an adequate techvology base for the design and
development of the space tug The objective of this effort is to
provide advances in the state-of-the-art in the inertial measure-
ment unit and the scanning laser radar sufficient to support the
design and development of the space tug mission requirements
The approach is the inhouse performance of specific improvements
in operational characteristics, weight, cost and reliability of the
guidance and navigation systems and components This program
takes advantage of other ongoing development programs at MSFC.
such as the SUMC computer funded by OMSF and the laser
gyro funded by OAST.
9 10-25-00
111
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OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
340
both batch and interactive envaonments. The language translator
will be optimized fur the production of PLt object code in order
to increase the evocation speed, and a spncification will be
prepared for the capabilities of a data management system to
support PLANS. Also a specification for the interface between
the interactjve use r and the PLANS language will be prepared
The objective of supplemental task 6t is to provide interactive
eoecution capability for the PLANS language being implemented
in Phase 2. Displays. in put conventions, and tutorial aids to
support the language will be developed A graphics support
software will be prepared and the system implemented in Houston
Finally, the Phase 2 demonstration program will be adapted to
interactive use and implemented on the system.
W76-70700 910-27-01
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex.
ADVANCED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Mary Ann Goodwin 7t3-483-475t
This task continues the development of an inter actions oftware
program, the Automated Test Data Generator (ATDGI. to aid in
the verification of computer software by the use of a network
analysis of the software logic The technique was initially conceived
as a means of constructing efficient test data. However. eoperience
with the system has suggested the technique of software network
analysis has broader application. ft is proposed that the present
tool be used to evaluate the feasibility of the technique in all
areas identified as potential applications, logic error detection.
critique of logic construction. modularization. requirement and
specification evaluation, and subroutine and unit test design It
is further proposed that the logical development of the tool
continue. Areas to be further developed include: Ill eotension
of manually input and automatically detected constraints: (2)
alteration of the path-building algorithm to consider dynamic
changes in the network constraints; (31 eotension of the analysis
to include more than one subroutine; 141 initialization enecu tion
of the subroutine being analyzed from ATDG so that the path
generated can immediately be eoecuted and then return to ATDG;
and 15) simplify operations and improve displays for the interactive
W76-70701 910-28-00
Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten.
SOFTWARE PROCESSES
C. R Mains 713-483.3281
The objective of this RTGP is to perform research in data
management system techniques leading to the development of
tools to aid JSC personnel in implementing new applications.
selecting among data management system approaches and
evaluating the performance of the applications on the host system
Research is also being performed on new data structuring
techniques. One tool is a math model simulator which will simulate
various data ha se structures and access techniques for various
host computers and background loads to provide data concerning
resource utilization and response time for a particular applica-
tion. The second tool is a piece of softsaare called the Real
Time Simulator which will interface actual data management
systems to permit creation of actual data bases on an actual
host computer system to provide instrumentation data for use
in calibration and validating the math model simulator and user
requirements. After constrcction of these tools, the research will
enter a phase of applied research. A comparative analysis of
these tools with other methods and techniques for evaluating
DMS's and their performance will be accomplished. The purpose
of this phase is to further demonstrate the adaptability, accuracy.
and accomplishment of original tool objectives by applying them
in an operational environment using real applications and central
computer facility support personnel and services.
W76-70702 910-28-02
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
SOFTWARE PROCESSES
Bobby Hodges 205-453-0134
The objective of this effort is the development of techniques
and algorithms for the automatic verification/validation of software
modules. Current effort places emphasis on analysis of enisting
techniques and design of a unified system approach to software
testing FY-76 and future efforts are to be directed toward the
implementation/application of the techniques. This effort will
provide new capabilities for reducing total software testing time
without sacrificing confidence in performance. and at the same
time improve the cost ratio between hardware/svltware systems
W76-70703 910-29-01
Lyndon B Johnson Space Center, Houston. Teo
COMMUNICATION/NAVIGATION/TRAFFIC
B H Batson 7t3-483-298t
This RTOP provides for development of prototype hardware
for an all-digital television processing and transmission system
Much effort has been directed towards the study of TV digitization.
compression. coding. and modulation techniques. but only recently
(with the advent of large-scale integrated circuit technologyl
has an all-digital system appeared truly competitive with
conventional analog techniques. ft is now felt that an all-digital
approach to picture transmission is not only feasible for the
shuttle operational era, but that such an approach will have
very significant advantages, such as low cost, high reliability.
light weight, low power consumption, small volume, and high
performance. Two techniques for digitization of television presently
appear to be promising for manned spaceflight applications One
of these techniques (Hadamard transform codingl is believed to
offer good picture quality at very low bit rates (less than or
equal to 8MBPS(. but requires moderately compleo hardware at
both the transmitting and receiving terminals. The other promising
technique (adaptive delta modulation with overshoot suppression(
also offers good picture quality and has the additional advantage
of being very simple to implement. Unfortunately, the required
bit rate is relatively high (greater than 20 MBPS(. so much of
the advantage ostensibly offered by digital television over
conventional analog techniques may be lust if delta modulation
is used. It is felt that each of the two techniques warrants
further investigation, which will include fabrication and testing
of laboratory breadboards of actual Hadamard translorm and
delta modulation hardware.
W76-70704 910-31-00
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex.
SPACE OPERATIONS TECHNIQUES
Walter Scott 7t3-4S3-3458
A four part statement of work has been written for this
study The first part (onboard consumables managementl has
been completed. Task 2 (ground consumables managementl will
be completed by September 1975. The third part (Task 31 will
define the simulator functional requirements for consumables
management, define the required algorithms, and begin the actual
software development identified as required in Task 1-3. Task 4t
is the development of cryogenics PVT algorithms for space
applications The first year of this program completed the
equation-of-state for hydrogen and developed an equation-of-state
for ammonia In as much as the ammonia effort was added.
the density eoplicit functions are deferred slightly. In the second
year of the RTOP the contractor will providn a set of computer
programs of a density eoplicit equation-of-state for hydrogen,
ovygen. nitrognn. and ammonia which will be in the order of
too times faster and at least 1/3 smaller in core storage than
any model presently eoistin g. Thermodynamic properties of slush
hydrogen and ooygen will be initiated this year.
W76-70705 910-32-01
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY/SUBSYSTEMS
Michael K. Hendrix 713-483-4061
The objective of this development is the feasibility demonstra-
tion through evaluation testing of a low cost, standardized.
prototype nonvolatile (information is retained if power to the
device is lost) semiconductor memory. This device may be used
advantageously in eoperiments, control systems, and particularly
in data management applications where low power, small size.
and high reliability are required The memories will be designed
as a standardized functional block which can be assembled into
largn. low cost. mass memory arrays. This development effort
will be conducted in three stages: Ill A study will be made to
determine which microelectronic integrated circuit technology best
112
PAGENO="0345"
341
OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
satisfies the performance~'cOst~ and reliability requirements
consistent with the specific data storage applications. The results
of this study will define the design requirements for the
microelectronic chip (21 A microelectronic chip will be designed.
fabricated, and tested. Key design parameters will be retention
time, interrogation time, power dissipation, transient tolerance.
and radiation resistance. Evaluation testing of key electronic
parameters will verify performance of deoice and demonstrate
its reliable use in higher level assemblies. 13) A microelectronic
hybrid assembly (consisting of several nonvolatile chips in
terconnected on a common substrate) will be designed, fabricated.
and tested to the requirements of Spacecraft Data Management
Branch/EG6. The results of this testing will prove the feasibility
of using the non-volatile microelectronic chip in spacecraft
systems.
W76.70706 910-33-00
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville. Ala
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
R E. Panciera 205-453.3989
The objective of the Space Ultrareliable Modular Computer
effort is to develop low cost reliable aerospace modular computers
and computer input output hardware. which are applicable to
NASA's future payloads. The main thrust of this effort at this
time is to implement. into the current simpleo design. adequate
reliability by the incorporation of automatic fault detection and
correction designs, perform qualification testing. and continue to
develop support software. The development of an internally fault
tolerant computer must be undertaken immediately for timely
integration of future payload information management subsystems
such as tug. The objective of the information management effort
is to continue to define, develop and space qualify an onboard
information management system lIMSI which can best accomplish
the requirements of the Space Tug missions. Areas in which
analysis and technology developments are required will be
identified. The requirements for memory will be determined. A
computer, previously developed, under this effort, and computer
input output hardware with special monitoring equipment currently
under development will be provided for use in the design.
development and test of a redundant laser gyro inertial measuring
W76-70707 910.33-03
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Tee.
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Benjamin H Hood 713-483-5831
This RTOP will determine the feasibility of optical techniques
for spacecraft digital data transmission systems similar to the
space shuttle data bus system. The use of optical techniques
holds promise of improving the cost effectiveness of digital data
transmission systems by the inherent immunity of fiber optics
to electromagnetic fields resulting from lightning strike, precipita-
tion static, RF transmitters, and power and signal circuits routed
in proximity to the fiber bundle. Where secure communications
requirements apply, design and test costs should be reduced
significantly because the fiber optics bundles will not emanate
RF energy and can cross red/black interfaces without shielding
In some cases filtering requirements on associated conventional
wiring can be reduced. System design problems arising from
normal EMC wire separation requirements would be alleviated,
since the fiber optics bundles are not subject to inter-wire
capacitive or inductive noise coupling This should result in a
net savings in vehicle volume. It is also eopected that the fiber
optics bundles would perform functions equivalent to conventional
metal conductors with less weight impact. System and equipment
level EMC and lightning protection design costs should be less
since the fiber optic bundle will not conduct electrical noise.
the avoidance of which is a design impact inherent in conventional
wire circuitry.
W76-70708 910-35-00
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Teo
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
W. F. Haldeman 713-483-2931
The objective of this plan is to improve the JSC and NASA
capability to use costs and schedules as parameters iv future
space system design. development. production,and operations.
The approach is as follows (1) methods will be investigated to
improve the ability of the agency to include cost as direct design
parameter in advanced program planning. This will involve
improvement of existing techniques for vehicle design synthesis,
and the development of new techniques in high cost hardware
areas such as avionics; 121 the in-house cost data and analysis
capability for advanced space program estimating purposes will
be further developed and maintained, including various subsystems
which are applicable to payloads and future space systems. An
avionics data base of historical cost, schedule, and technical
future space system hardware and software developments will
be further developed; and 131 the data base developed for each
subsystem will be used to determine relationships between cost.
schedules, and readily.knowe parameters, such as desired
technical performance characteristics. These relationships will form
the basis for subroutines in the NASA synthesis model.
W76-70709 910-35-01
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Ten
MANUFACTURING IN SPACE ENVIRONMENT
P R Maloney 713-483-3987
The objectives are to initiate the exploitation of the space
environment to manufacture at low cost for use in space objects
of different characteristics Ii e.. curvature, composition, size,
thickness, and strengthl; and demonstrate the ability to use the
space environment advantageously in the manufacturing proc
esses The approach is to use centrifugal force, space vacuum.
inert atmosphere, pressure differential, temperature control, electric
and magnetic fields, and other physical parameters to form metals
and other materials into objects with specific characteristics. The
forces of surface tension of most liquids are higher than their
cohesive strengths Theoretically, by virtue of these properties.
one could in zero-g, by rotating a spheroid of homogeneous
liquid about an avis through its center, cause the spheroid to
become oblate. By introducing a gas at the aois of the spheroid.
it can be made hollow. By a combination of rotation and gaseous
pressurization, a spheroid may be made both oblate and hollow.
By controlled variation of this combination in conjunction with
temperature and rate of solidification, solid surfaces with specific
eccentricities may be fabricated Electric and magnetic fields may
also be employed to determine geometric shapes and molecular
patterns
W76-70710 910.35-02
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va
INTEGRATED POWER/ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR
SPACE VEHICLE APPLICATIONS
J E Stitt 804.827-3745
1506-19-131
This work will establish the required technology for an
Integrated Power/Attitude Control System IIFACSI capable of
performing the dual functivn of power generation and attitude
control for a large variety of spacecraft and missions. Results
from in-house and contractual efforts are being used to investigate
power generation and control capability of IPACS. to generate
requirements for crilical hardware components; to develop IPACS
configurations and control laws; and to define multimission
applicability of IPACS to provide low cost modularized vehicle
subsystems Viability of the IPACS concept will be verified through
integration of critical hardware components into a laboratory
IPACS and through thorough evaluation of this unit in a realistic
mission and dynamic environment using LRC static and dynamic
test facilities. Associated development programs will be directly
coordinated with LeRC. GSFC, JSC. and MSFC Preliminary
problem areas ivclude the impact of reliability, maintainability,
failure modes, and system integration on IPACS performance
and multimission usage capability, performance limits of composite
materials under cyclic stresses and extended-duration vacuum,
development of bearings, seals, and lubrication systems capable
of long-life at high speeds and under large cyclic loads,
development of high power, high-efficiency motor generator units
for operation at high speeds, development of high-power, long-life.
low-friction slipring assemblies for operation in a vacuum
Solutions to these problems will be verified through hardware
tests and simulations, which will determine power generation
113
PAGENO="0346"
OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
W76-70713 910-38-00
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala
MATERIALS
C E Cataldo 205-453-1280
The obiective of the effort represented by these tasks revolves
the development of materials and/or processes that coold provide
urgently needed advancements in matesals technology. Auvanced
space systems mill require materials that provide long bfe with
bttlo degradation Improved high efliciency. stable thermal control
coatings are needed for all tutore spacec raft. Longer life lubricants
are required. A better knowledge of the fracture charactecstics
of ceramic/glasses mill be very helpful in the design of large
mirrors and reflectors, as well as the design of viewing ports.
For structures such as Tug. fracture mechanics data for thin
gauge materials usill be required Better quality weldments are
needed for all programs. To accomplish these objectives, the
following tasks will becontinu ed: tI Task 51 porcelain enamel
thermal control coativg; (21 Task 52 fracture mechanics of ceramic
materials; and (31 Task 53 solid hIm lubricants Additionally.
four new tasks will be a part of this plan. as follows: (4) Task
54 fracture properties of thin gauge tankage alloys. (51 Task 61
puddle physics in pulsed arc welding, and (61 Task 62 ferro
fluid bearing lubrication
W76-70714 910-38-00
Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Ten
DEVELOPMENT OF IMPROVED NONMETALLIC MATERI-
ALS
F. S. Dawn 713-483-2059
This RTOP will result in the development of new spacecraft
interior nonmetallic materials capable cf meeting rigorous safety
and performance requirements Specifically durable nonmetalhc
materials are required which are eovburning and low smoking
and low offgassing in spacecraft interior environments while
exhibiting a good balance of engineeseg p~nperties. Programs
are specifically geared toward minimum weights through selection
of low density matesals. rmproved component design and high
performance requisng minimum-thicknessu sage. Programs reflect
W76-70716 910-40-00
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala
AEROELASTICITY
R. S. Ryan 205-453-2481
The obiective is to improve the accuracy and efhciency in
analyzing and testing the dynamic behavior of space vehicles
and payloads. There will be developed dependable analytical and
empescal methods that will further the development of low cost
structures for such as docking vehicles, payloads, and space-
crafts. To accomplish this obiective. the following tasks will be
performed It) recovery of spinning satellite. 121 development of
substructure program. (31 effects of damping on mode shapes
141 experimental study of transient liquid motion in orbiting
spacecraft (51 solid prupellant viscoelastic dynamic model, and
161 statistical energy analysis of complen structures lO/GLI.
W76-70717 910-42-01
Lyndon B Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex.
SIMULATION
Donald W. Lewis 713-483-4371
The purpose of this study is to cvntinu e the development/
modification of an interactive computer program to interface with
the shuttle procedures simulator and thereby provide a tool for
the procedures developer, crew training instructor, and the
engineering analyst The digital computer program resides in the
CDC 6400 computer and runs in conjunction with the shuttle
procedures mav-iv'the'locp simulator and is used in the definition.
yerification and modification of advanced manned systems flight
techniques and procedures The RTOP will improve the productivity
in the area of the development of flight crew procedures and
the display and recording of crew and systems performance
measurement data to support shuttle and subsequent advanced
manned systems. The program has the capability to record and
produce step by step detailed crew procedures from - simula-
ion runs, compare developed procedures with previously stored
reference runs, evaluate crew and system perform once and
produce flight crew checklist documentation for advanced manned
systems Programming concepts and the program organizational
structure previously developed and demonstrated on the part
task shuttle procedures simulator will be adapted for use on the
full mission simulator.
342
capability, control effectiveness, and spinup, spindown cycling high technology leverage for the most part in that they consist
ects on system performance. of combining untried but already developed materials in new
usage applications resulting in substanti I Id
W76-70711 910-36-00 product perfurmance
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Houston. Tex.
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS W76-70715 910-39-00
Richard F Smith 7t3.483-3491 Lyndon B. Johnsxn Space Center. Houston. Tee.
The objectives of this RTOP are: It) to gain additional AEROTHERMODYNAMICS
technology and experience in the application of an ultra low Robert W. Abel 713-483-3852
expansion material to the surface of spacecraft windows, as a The Engineering Design Integration IEDIN) Project is an
means of improving structural properties and decreasing activity sponsored by the Engineering Analysis Division lEAD)
spacecraft operational costs; and 121 determine the feasibility of aimed at developing a Computer Aided Design (CAD) capability
back driving a brushless dc motor to function as an attenuator for JSC. The long-range goal of this activity is to achieve the
and as a drive motor for use in future spacecraft docking systems capability to perform the design xf the next major funded NASA
project throughout the preliminary design process entirely on
W76-70712 910-37-00 the computer The BAD is committed to developing a CAD
Marshal) Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala capability which will span the broadest meaning of CAD by
CRYOGENICS develxping and acquiring the software, hardware and support
A. L Worlund 205-453-3864 from other JSC organizations esstential to this task The approach
The basic program oblective is to prxvide an integrated to developing the EDIN computer aided design system has
technology base to enable realistic trade studies involving cryogen been to make maximum usage of existing software and technology.
propellant management subsystem options for the full capability The EDIN system is outgrowth of the ODIN system develuped
tug Analytical studies. environmental parameters and oxmpx- at Langley Research Center. The strategy has been to develop
nent docelupmeet will be combined to establish design data on computer software which enables an engineering team Ix perform
performance and reusability. Operational constraints and interface design integration on the computer and make maximum utility
design criteria will be a principal output of the subsystem and of existing analysis programs. The development efforts utilizing
system testing. Subsystem concepts will be integrated and tested 909 funds are centered in three areas Ill development of CAD
to identify system interface problem areas and the mainteeance/ capabilities and software, (21 developing technical analysis
cost relationship. Advanced concepts dexeloped under prior programs and 131 developing of design integration techniques
technology programs which have not been applied Ix flight and demonstrating their applicability through design simulations.
vehicles. but already have a hardware development history will
be utilized. Specific propellant management areas to be assessed
in the breadboard include HPI reusability. zerx-g propellant
acquisition. and low or zero NPSH pumping. The effort will consist
of the following: It) Task 31 propellant management/main tank
breadboard; 121 Task 34 thermal acoustic oscillations; and 13)
Task 6t high performance insulation development
W76-70718 910-42-02
Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville. Ala.
SIMULATION (ADVANCED HYBRID COMPUTING
SYSTEM - AHCS)
114
PAGENO="0347"
343
OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT
R. L Lawr~nce 205-453-5935
The objectives are to co-sponsor the design and development
of an Advanced Hybrid Computing System (AHCS) with the
Army Material Command IAMCI and other government agencies
(Air Force. Navyl; jointly participate in defining and reviewing
the hardware and software requirements and system architecture
for the prototype development of the AHCS; and to evaluate
these prototypes. The co-sponsoring government agencies will
have representation on a technical committee which will contract
three studies/hardware and monitor the efforts on these contracts.
NASA will transfer funds to AMC for administering the contracts
through one central office. A written agreement will be drawn
up between the participating agencies committee members which
will delineate the committee functions and the proposed funding
transfer. Optional funding will allow NASA a hardware prototype
from this effort.l The tasks are tI to finalize and issue RFPs;
121 evaluation of approaches as to design of hardware and
software; 131 evaluation ol software operating system; 141
hnalize hardware design; (5) evaluate hybrid prototype operation;
and 161 selection of one vendor for final development.
W76-70719 910-49-01
John F. Kennedy Space Center. Cocoa Beach. Fla
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS
R. J. Wojtasinski 305-867-2780
The objective of this effort is the improvement of
meteorological forecasting and data gathering, transmission, and
analyses at the Kennedy Space Center IKSC). The actomation
of meteorological data gathering, processing, historical storage.
and access for operator usage will be investigated to enhance
operating efficiency of the KSC Meteorological Prediction Center.
115
PAGENO="0348"
344
SUBJECT INDEX
RTOP Summary FISCALYEAR 1976
Typical Subject Index Listing Rccc Ncse Receach AERODYNAMIC HEATING
AC US C 0 G V M M
513-50-51 W76-70185 50s-10-26 W76-70t33
I / La M 0
NUMBER f ACCESbON Dynanca 50Le02-22 .
A title is used to povide a mote eoact descsp- D~cclcyc1 a! SuSIe FI0ht ERpelel Dsp P1gb Leads M scent Technques ~6-70027
lion ot the subject mattel The RTOP accession p~~lt saG-louts B-t FIght Lead M steel Reseeeh
mb dt I 1 th bbl g ph 1 50 A
lions and technical summanes in the Summaty MactaO Ic L,bpatnn ~d Weat n echatna 505-06-16 676-70073
AER~n~:taccn Cia! SpaY Dec&ypnent Testug dully and ohs
A s ~ 04 cnn
A LHTION E W 6 0 M On ty cc
Collects Red An~lysis et Metect DEbts ten ItS Ccptatnal Aecdcaics ~ Ncse -
08 53 W cc
ABLATIVE MATERIALS 505-05-14 W76-70070 5056624 W76-70079
195-21-64 0076-70632 VeStS Dp~s - SIIl/Spn/PgS-a'pla Chaattnis- Rinds Dynacs w76-70t35
Cc Lc cc 56
w vu VS
Co 56 0 W / w
185-4766 W76-70522 SCAR - AecdyInV Pelcinape Teehclcgy(Systens MIsFIt Aendynancl
176-10-st W76-70460 SCAV-Aecdynane Petctnlnce Technclcgy (Thectyl 517-51-02 W76-7021R
196-41-74 W76-7c65t Aecdyn~nncs ad PeIfcnace (Thecy) 506-26-23 6576-70309
ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY 743-c4-21 W76-7c241 AERODYNAMIC STALLING
Planeta y Asvcncny and Suppctng Lahnatcny Re- Reign Synens Reseacty AIcah (RSVAI Vehyle DynanVs - SiaI/Spn/Hgh alpha Chanectels-
ACCELERATED LIFE TESTS W76 70647 ~ FIgS Espenent 6576-70401 VtyusiDcnanps - Sall/Sccn/ogS-Ilpha Thsnvecc-
W76-70355 A b0~~4,5 apha chances- Gip~lAeacn - Aec&pnanncs w76-70097
506-24-21 576-70369 VIg'~lg Ii aecea bIn Ahab! TeyhnclcggfWid Tel 505c422 W7670053
505-03-11 657670635 505-11-41 W76-70159 sos-cc-cl W76 70093
I-i
PAGENO="0349"
345
AEROELASTICITY SUBJECT INDEX
VRhVIR Dy~~RR SII/Sp~/H~gh &pho Hyd~ogRI-F~RIRd A!V041 SySIRTI TRoh~oIogy Hyp&RRTV A~o04I ARTdy~RTiy T~h~oIogy
ChVo~I~sI~ 516-54-01 W76-70214 50511-31 W76-70158
GR~R04 ATRI~ - A~Tdy~~yR I~RRIigRIV~ RI St04RsphR~ C~I~oos 743-03-31 W76-70235
505-10-1 W76-70123 176-10-62 W76-70462 SCAR E~gTR SI~dy
SR~0I A~Rt~oI AR~odyVR~~ PR# TTVR TR~h~RIIgy PS~o AITIR hR~ PTRR$RRRT)d M 00$ RTR$II 743-03-41 W76-70236
505-10-12 W76-70124 185-47-91 W76-70529 AIR CARGO
Io~ y$$V~VR~IT 0 1 RIOT YIRTV$ E$po~iToIIoi o~d Thoo$RI~oI SI~d,RR RI PIR$RIR$y 7914008 W76-70164
505-10-14 W76-70126 ITRIpOTR CViI A~o~oh AIII6IR 004 Molhodplpgy DRVRIRpTRVI
M / W6 6
S W 04
H~I~VptR~ Ao~~dy~o~po W76-70128 AEROSOLS AIR INTAKES -
505-1027 W76-70134 505-08-21 W76-701 10 516-51-02 W76-70210
VTOL ARTdy~TTV ~ DoI,~!I~pI of PhyI~hI0R d ChOTilVy Eop0AT0~Is AIR NAVIGATION
505-10-31 W76-70135 Spopo JO0I UI~oooyy Pog~RT o~ Ao T000POIIIOT
VIOL AR~odyooT!p PRthVTTV$ 750-01-54 W76-70410 SyIIITS
50510-31 W76-7013S CVTRIR Ro&oo~ph 5050712 W7670099
Po~o~~od-bft ART4yORTVR 175-40-10 W76-70448 Go~o& AoiRIo FI,ghI CpoVoj SyRIRT ood D~opIoyo
/ ) W 04 /l
d M ~
1-2
PAGENO="0350"
346
SUBJECT INDEX AIRCRAFT FUELS
MttFT Aidolft Vooi00d Thos1 Mooioo~~bil1y AIRCRAFT BRAKES lOFT ~od Sooofoo
505-11-23 W76-70155 Aooodi Sys1i~os OpI I~~il S04iiy~od El1ip~opy 505-04-11 W76-70050
AIR TO SURFACE MISSILES I4p00141'd O~so HypFTooo Ppo!ooo
M~LEI1 Aliodyoo400 5050931 W76-70121 505-05-41 W76-70063
505-11-22 176-70153 AoplOI Gooood Po~oo ~ S Coooi
Md~Iiiy Ai6,Ifi - VioloIld most MRoRoostsbOty 505-08-31 W76-70122 505-05-51 W76-70065
505-11-23 W76-70155 AIRCRAFT COMPARTMENTS A!thsots Wood
AIR AppodsflottodCotlttO ~td GoidFTl Th~ooy 0 Ih~ 504-09-21 W76-70004 ~ At&~ois o~d H~odbook Sooooofo
Aototttsto ood M~oo~I Coottol of Fotoo STOL ood VTOL 011sf Aootot
5 7 W 00 Co W 00
Not-Coopitotos Pilot Wottiog SystS0 SOS-OS-il W76-70068 505-06-42 W76-70085
FF0 do ~ do
do @0 Pd W7 003 W 3
513-53-01 W75-7OI9O H~~di0fg Qosl045 - T0t50Itt~@/FI1~b~T3y Eftoots LHffg-H50(A0H~5ft AOfHdytf50400500 Ptopo!o~ot SyotR0
S 0 Op ys p0 ttg Mod W ~ °~ w 0
sod doT CoO Mlitoty Miptoso~o~ Loodog SystRos (MLS) dosoood Cootsi App yst005
~ : : : ~: ~ I ~ : M
Lo 0 Ott to
Assosst,ott 505-08-30 W7S-70120 512-53-01 W7S-70182
S04-09-12 W7S-70002 Gst,o!Aototot - AOtOdYHst1OS W76-70123 51530 Aoptgft Fight Espotottoot W76-701O3
05 Wi ~ o Vt Co ~
CIA Ttoospottstoo Systoos 0110 CHIt000I 51005 FIg°t Ooyoss W7S-70129 V/SOOL A,otoft Dosgo dApphystHto
791-40-11 W76-7016S VTOL Aotodtos.'st Podotttooyo Hydogit-Foolod Atytoft Syttoss Tsthttotogy
hodo Wi 00 00 05 00
Loos /Sott 0d~ 0 0 ~ M I
Sys1o~s 50511-12 W76-7014S Fight Risigtyh Ptlgtsy
Co ~ 3W to W M /51
Ait Ttsospotstoo std Cotpopts Htgh-Spood Aotodytstttos Soppot
Tottytol Atos EtfoottoR0155 Ptogtottt - Optittiostiot of MilotyAttotoft Atodytstto5 W7S-701S2 SCAR- Aotodytsttttt Pottottttstoo Toyhtto(ogy iSystottts
(High Coysotty Dots Systiotsi Aytoo Cottof Atotsft Fight Espotttott Soot Shoy-HoI Assloph Ay~tgft (QSRA(
W 83 69
910-33-00 W7S-7070S ~g°tt R1$tItHh PIO4ISO1 057 -7 221 Hydogot Ettottot to Atoll Polo Egos
513-SOt spot1110to It 11011 W76-7Ot9O SCAR-ooopltstoo AOIH0Iot/SAS/P1004iItHt Cotttoi F-iS Fight HOIIOHh Pogot -
1-3
PAGENO="0351"
347
AIRCRAFT GUIDANCE SUBJECT INDEX
W 00
A1:FhghE~p~~:~U,, 505-10-22 W76-70129 505-1022 W76-70129
STOL Op1A00g Sy01~ ~ 0s~~g MAdIA 505-10-26 W76-70133 505-10-23 W76-70130
~d.Ih~ C~l M4~~y ~ 00~d~~g Sy111~s (MLS) P~1d-U11 (STOL/RT0LT A sdy SA Pf~~s~ VTOL AIsdyls P1311
513-53-03 W76-70192 505-10-41 W76-70141 505-10-31 W76-70136
VTOL OplAIg Sylos Esp~1s TRygi 0012 Ellpysyssss Pyg00y - Opt Ply st STOL/ATOL Fight Dygs
513-54-01 W76-70195 FIght Ptgppdtps tI Shyty HIT Tt~Ipy9 AistlIt 5051042 w767Ot42
Hpiygptpt - At T4ftp Cyst tttttg4ty Stsdy 513-53-06 W76-70194 Obiqyp Wg Fight T~o 00shsiygy
513 54-03 W76-70197 Ad~~~1~d tttspyy SysIMs 00yhtyiygy 5555 505-1 1-13 W76-70146
505-08-10 SIp PH 5515511 W76-70107 AMST Psgt00 PlEspItot V~-t~ Fhght Esp~sts -
A00tts SlOty 680 -FA O5hyisgy - - - 516-51-01 W76-70209
505-08-21 W76-70110 AMST E~pp Its P gt~ttt PIttypIss SF12 Dsspist~ty 0 1s1~Eh
AsytLE OppItos sd 531115 660 769-01-02 W7670250 516-51 02 W76-7021 1
505-08-22 W76-70113 AMST Esp Its Psgts Pt pIlot St2bhty otd CsEsi P dstot sf Fiotbip AssAIl
AAAIst SIfoy Rpsottsh sd T~yhsiygy - WIkIV3tp 769-01-04 W76-70252 743-05-01 W7670243
WR5Votlpp M 111110 Fight ESpItllI11tS - 0511 Shot-Hot Rpsotsh AtlAS (QSRA) TA Ass 8sot~h Assoft W76-70247
AIRCRAFT LANDING W76 70~2 ::~~t1~s2tt~T! AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES :::i::::
Cossssd L1Sdsg Is STOL Op~otos W76-70t16 H1tdhlg SAlts - T bittsl/FibsbSty 6111511 50~2~51i1sttd SIlssts& Dyotot
5051014 W76-70126 H9p1lA~tydyss W76-70t26 MsdA SSPPIISSS SysII~) W76-70028
W 00 S w /
513-54-02 W76-70196 Pyssppd-Lft A~sdyfIsp 505-06-92 W76-70094
00 M My ~ 82 W
9 W Cs
M s w iv
723-0101 PyglO W76-70221 Rdp CAlls Cotot VIlidlIot/Pist Ptosss SCAR MIT Appiyltss W76-7O224
W I w
W 00
505-11-41 W76-70159 505-08-22 W76-70114 SCAR-StAysphpy EllIs itt - TsobSL4sp
AIRCRAFT NOISE HotId Asydlyp D~tp Pt5155tgltd Fight SCAR - Stltgsphts Espy p1st
551 Rtspssp 15 Nss~ Stills Is Ay111 Ayydpyt Rtssdgs 743-02-22 W76-70232
504-09-11 W76-70001 505-08-23 W76-701 18 AIRFOIL PROFILES
SpIll Ally Nstt Rtdsytyt SIlly 55155 AppyIsh Id LIdsg SlOty 5050631 W76-70082
1-4
PAGENO="0352"
348
SUBJECT INDEX ASTROPHYSICS
505 w oo M M
0 W 00 MMD C~ M
M
G~R~& A~1~ A~dy~ P3~~ 0h~'~gy 506-20-24 W76-70319 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
505-10-12 0076-70124 ANALYZING AYS0I! 6~1Ig1001
505-11-12 006411 A100y~i4 ~ A1~sp46R-V1hi6IR DRsig~ ~ 00g~d RUS0I Sy00~s
505-1 1-21 W76-70151 ANGLE OF ATTACK ASCENT
w 5 000 D
CI~ P~i~ SIs-flIs Fl hI p ~ A~f~I A0dy~,6s 750-01-62 W76-70412
510-52-01 W76-70171 505-00-31 W76-70081 ASTEROIDS
510-56-01 W76-70175 505-06-93 W76-70095 188-41-51 W76-70571
F-iS FighI Ris~6h p494 V00~4 844$ - S&T/Sp/Hgh &ph4 CI44011- II1pii$I4y Di Rd C0114y Phy00$
YF-i2FlighI 6441401$ w76-70204 W76-70096 ASTRONOMICAL MODELS
516-51-01 W76-70209 WhioV Dyo~oi - S1PI/Spp/High Aph~ Qo461&- 80 Wd OpIoA AiIoooy
SCA dy U Wi 0
(Co
CA Coop / / SM
743-05-22 W76-70245 505-11-24 0076-70156 188-45-51 W76-70585
U SM M
554$ Of Al 41041 Sysiboo Spi~ ShopO cpyfgyiioyiid 188-41-51 Aito~y W76-70569
791-40-03 W76-70162 ANGULAR RESOLUTION 188-41-51 W76-70569
513-50-53 W76-70187 ANIONS Loo Eoogy G i Riy As oy
AIRPORTS No-MssVy Splofdolos 180-46-50 W76-70597
A,oift Good ~ - 188-46-57 Aslooy W76-70595 ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPES -
Co Sp SN
513-54-03 W76-70197 ANTENNA ARRAYS 188-46-57 W76-70596
STOL/RTOL FIght Dy 0$ W76-70142 ANTENNA DESIGN tot SpSySNSfi Aytss Stytyls ASTRONOMY T~ohV - SVtyo Tioho
M$IROOIOgOOI SIIIIYIRS 310-20-46 W76-70662 506-10-13 W76-7029O
Oils R1s~ioh Aoioios Atl14 Tsoholygy Psyloids
0 Co 0 w
1761011 W7670455 A Good AIlS 10 Wdsbid Diii Ttisssiy 188-41-51 W76-70569
Co W 06
ALGORITHMS Ni 700005 1 PoyVo Adoiopd Myty StOss 10 Espto~ Pogis
Atoytsd Pool S stills M ii 410lllt W76-70098 TR1Y~YiI Cofgpd Viol FogS 188-41-51 Asooly W76-70569
502335 w Ii W
: 3V000Co 0 M
1-5
PAGENO="0353"
~, ~ ~ 349
ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION SUBJECT INDEX
Th.~.ti~eI High E~.~gy Ast~ophysic. I~sstigat~~ ~f St~atosph~,l~ Co~st~w~t~ RaTe~o~sh~p ~f Ato~Ic St~t~es With MetvIaI
188.40.52 ~ W78*70591 176-1082 W7870462 P~ope~t~.s
Pa!tI~t~ Ast?ophysics ~ Afr PolI~tIo~ Mod&fr~; .~d flemot. S.~sI~ 5061610 W7670262
1884656 W7670593 E~uI~atio~ ATOMS
~ R.y AaI?~~,y 176201 ~ W7670463 Physics .~d O~e~i.oy ~f $oI!da
1884057 V~7O7O596 R.~, ~ Se~.l~ ~ ti f~ T,o . he,~c PoIIutIo,~ 506.1612 W7870257
L~ E~s~;y Gs~a Ray Ast~o~o,~y 1762042 W7O7045O ATTITUDE CONTROL
18846.58 W7R.70597 ~ OTOL/RTOL Flight Dy~a~Ic~
Ad~a~e A M!s$io~ St~dAi 0! E~pIo~o~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~O ~ ~ ~. ~a v~ece 5051042 W76.70142
10870.80 W7870009 ~ ttlfrg iOZtttG DOD Assisterce
Shttttto Latrnchsd Htgh Erergy Astrophysics Spacecraft * 505.11.41 W7870180
10878.00 W7O.700t2 Atttrrosp crc Effects ssttlttrg frorrr E lrtsrrts Prodttoed Eotetrded Life Attttrtde Cortrol Systsrra (ELACS) lot
Adrs,rced Irfrired Astroncrrry cr4 Liborstory Dtt~Irg NASA Urttttetttted Pocket LltrrChea Used Pl~etery Vehicles
Astrophysics 18O72~5O W7O7O51 0001914 W707O300
100.41.04 W7070648 Str~ct~re of Plartetary Atrrospheres Eoperlmert Polrrtlrrg Mcttrrt
ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION 185.47.87 W7O70523 5o~.to.to W7870310
Propegetiort Studies Usirg Eoterded Wsuelargth Rerge Atrrcspheric Eoperlrrert Deuelcpmert Megretlo Oearlrg Reactior Wheel for Urrrarred
of High Pourer Losers lPrcpuulsucr heir Hctlscrsl 1854771 W7E*70520 Plaretery Vehicles
5082142 W7O70334 Theoretical Studies . Plaretary Atrrospheres 180.08.70 W767054O
High Resolution Leser Atnrcspherio Ttarsrnleslott 85.47.72 W70.70527 Attitude Control Propulsion
Research High Pourer Lees, Oysterrrs Techrologyl Icniestlon ard Rite Ptccesses itt Planatar 0t0~0400 W7O~70O83
6002643 W7870384 At h Attitude Cortttol Propulsion
GtcuurdOassd Radio Astrorronry 18647.74 W78.70528 010.04.03 W7E.70884
1884152 W7O.70573 I I lrrstrAtrrent Polrrtlrg Oysterrr Techrology for Spice
Pleretery Astronomy cr4 Suppcrnlrg Labotslcry ~P Labotetory
Research p 9100804 W787089t
10841.87 W70.70847 lntegtated Pourer/Attitude Corrtrol Systerrt for Space
ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER LIV srtd Oproel Astrorcrry Vehicle Apphostlcrrs
Krrourledge of Atrtrcspharic Processes 188~4151 W78.70589 0103502 W7870710
505.08.10 W78.70107 Infrared Spectroscopy of Stirs AUGMENTATION
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 1884155 W7870578 PoureredLiIt ISTOL/RTOLI Aerodyrrsrrrlc Penfcrnnarcs
Planetary Arrrcspherss . Structure and ~omposlticr lrfrsrsd Astrcrrcrrry 505.10.41 W7870141
185.47.68 W7870524 188.41.85 W7670580 STOL . Cruise Augnrrertor Dsoelcprrrert Prcgrarrr
Icnlastior arid Rite Processes ru Plaretary Grcurdbased Infrared Astroriorrry 508.1043 W78~70143
Atrrroepherss 198.41.50 W7870843 AURORAS
185.47.74 W7870528 GrcurudXssed IrrItated Astrorcrnry Magretosphiric Physics . P5210155 and Psnicle/Fiald
ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION 198.41.72 W78.70049 lrtersctiors
t7~30 1W h R h W78 70447 ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE 38 56 h Ph P P W78 70552
175.40.40 W78.70400 192.55.88 W78.700 8 188.38.58 W78.70558
Clirrrsto Research ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS AUTOIONIZATION
175.40.70 W78.70453 Ouanturr Electrorlos Esslc Theoretlcsl R esssrch
Strstcspheric Research Program 5082532 W7870378 894852 W7870803
178.10.41 W78.70458 Atmosphsric Eoperirrrert Deuelcprrnsnt AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Plaretsry Atrrospheres . Structure srd Corirpositior 1854771 W7O70528 Autorrated Pourer Systems Msnagerrsrt
185.47.88 W78.70524 Ad~irced Missicr Studies for Eaplorer Progrerrs 5082335 W7U70353
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION 188.78.80 W7870800 Deualoprrrert of ar Aiitcrrrated Lorgursll Shaarer
Stratospheric Research Ptcgrarr ATMOSPHERIC SCATTERING 778.41.01 W7870433
1781051 W7870480 Clirrrate R esesrch Stetior Moritcr & Cortrol Systerr Tochrclogy
Rerrots Serslrg Corospts for Tropospheric Pollurior 75.40.10 W7870448 Deueloprrert
1782042 W78~704cc Clurrats Ressero h . Doors M easurerrarts 3103088 W78~70887
Absolute PressUre. Atorric Ocygar, erd Energetic Saerr 175.40.80 W7870452 Natirork Morutcm, Cortrol and Operetuors Technology
Calibration for Mass Spectrorrsters Ea r nrsrt I rd The r Ii I Studi f Pier t r 310.40.70 W78'70875
18S475f W78~705f5 Atnros hires Melaorolcgioel lrfomrreluor Systsrrs
Aduarcsd Eaperimort Dauelopmert for Panicle 185.47.94 W787063t 010.49.01 W78707tS
Composituor Measure mart ir Plaretery Atmospheres ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE AUTOMATIC PLIGHT CONTROL
1854754 W78705f8 Solertifuc Defirituor Study for Air Dersity Eeplorars . Rorororaft Flight Dyrarruos
Pleratery Atmospheres . Struotuure end Composition 1980 Iheuutral 0 ramlcs Ee lorersl S05'tO'23 W78.70l3t
1054758 W7870524 186.78.80 W78lD8tO STOL Operating Systems Esperimetta Using Models erd
A E D I W78 70525 ATMOSPHERIC TURSU~E~E ~ bI 8ff hCiMl ry M La d 92
185.47.71 W7O70525 508.08.92 e or At h W7870004 513.54.01 W78.70t8S
Sclertlfio Dafinitior Study for Air Sanity Eaplorems . 505.08.10 W7e7UIO8 AUTOMATIC PILOTS
1080 Ihoutral Dyremsos Eaplorarel Genital Atiatior Aircraft 0 cretin E earierces Flight Manaoemert in Pamore Piloted Systems
188.78.80 W7U70010 600.08.20 W7870fO8 5040934 W78-70000
ATMOSPHERIC DENSITY WideDodsed Jet Trans ott 0 eratir Eaperierces Application of Control and Guittarte Theory to the
Scientific Definition Study for Air Density Ecplorars . 5050826 w78'70f 19 Automatic cr4 Menial Control of Future STOL ard VIOL
1980 Iheutrel Dytamics Eoplomersl SCAR . Atmospheric Turbulerce Aircraft
1887880 W78-705t0 743.Off3 W7E.7022S 5060711 W7070098
ATMOSPHERIC ENTRY Platetemy Atmospharas . Structure erd Compositior Getetal Atiatsor Adoeroad Ausonice
Planetary Ertry Teohrology 185.47.80 W7870524 512.52.02 W7870t8t
50818.41 W7070272 ATMOSPHERICS AUXILIARY PROPULSION
000 28 DO A P61 W7E 70380 1 VLF W d A N 0 1 L 0 S H 503 22 mEl P I W78 703 0
000 28 22 P V Dy :10 P W73 70380 ATOMIC IEAMS C W70 70180 P TV I 70343
6002823 W7870300 t I y AVIONICS
Ertmylochrology Payloodo 70 0 7600.51 W7o'7O4oS ~ Ursoamsimy Program on Air Transportation
Ihuttlo Ertmy Taohrology Payload ord Eapemirrart ATOrICCOmLLISI~yNS Palo Pr000ecas in Plaretem 505.07.12 W78'70000
Defiritior Atmos hares General Ausatson Flight Control System arid Displays
750-01.02 W70704f0 ~ W78-70525 005.07-21 W7870t01
Planetary Atrroapheroc Srriin tiire and Coirrpoeition Ma natos horio Ph ace Partiolee and Particle/Photnn Arctics Atlanta Teohnology
t8S'47 05 WTU'70024 lnteraotiotc 5070722 W757OtO2
ATMOSPHERIC MODELS 85 30.58 W7o.70500 Automated VIOL Aoiutrios
Glottal Weather Ponooroh Saeic Thaoratioal Ifeoaomch 0060741 W70:7OfOS
170.30.00 W7U~7O447 185 48.52 W7070003 Geteral Ausalsor ` Aduorceul Atiorsos Xyeterm
Climato Rasearoh ATOMIC EXCITATIONS 0125201 W7E 70t80
754010 W70-70445 Furdamoirral Photonsue Gerersl Ausatiot Aduarrted Ausorce
Climate P osearo h 0082531 W77.70375 61255-02 W78.TOtSf
175.40-70 W7O 70463 lnrricetiot arid Iota Prooeecoe ir Plarelamy VLF Wide Amoe Nausgetsurt tom Loot Darsity ShartHaul
Global Study it Stratoopherso Cnreritunrre Atmoephemoe Trarsportatior
:;rO5Phario Roeeertrr Pro arm W70704SS ATOMIC PHYSICS W70.705DS Fbi dv A I C M W7070180
77 1031 W70 70 00 C M A P I P 0 A
Otratoepherit Peaooroli Prrgrommr ~ W7PlOstg 513-00 04 W70 70185
17010 41 W7P 70450 Corrals ond Irlcretallor Matter Teohrolo0y torAdoareed lrta~maredAuonioctuur Temmiral
Atrroe~hersm ModoIiir~ of Pollution Trorroiior 804501 W7o'70015 Area PIiOht Eeparirrmerte in UTOL Aircraft
170-1040 W7O 70450 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 613 53-01 W70-TDISO
Deleorsor, Char aotersconior ord Anrolyoso of Atnroeirhnsio Pnlotiotehsp ot Atomic Slrusoturee to Msremial Msorouraoe Latdiirp Oyoltrm ValIllatom tom STOL Aimorah
f7~ 10:01 W7P 70401 SVIOI.if W70 70011 5~r~i~;ti~s W7870t51
-6
`72-434 0 - `16 - 23
PAGENO="0354"
BORON COMPOUNDS
506-16-21 W76-7026S
BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL
STOL Coooss Aog 0100 Dso~opoo65t Poogo~oo
505-10-43 W76-70143
BOUNDARY LAYER TRANSITION
Oooods~y LXys~ Stlbilify sod Tssosif~oo
505-06-41 W76-70004
516-51-02 0176-70212
506-26-22 W76-703UU
BOUNDARY LAYERS
CUoopotstiooUf Adyfsooios
505-06-11 W76-7006U
Aidosi sod Coofigo~sf57 Adyosooios
505-06-31 W76-700U2
505-06-43 W76-70087
505-06-43 W76-7008U
P1sosfs~y P0155 D~s~go/0of1o Pfsosts
506-26-23 W76-703U9
BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS
BRAGG ANGLE
P571Is ~ X-Rsy D~Yot~sfst
105-50-40 W76-70532
506-23-40 W76-70364
Ditsot Cyoll Gss Totbits Etsogy Coososot
BREADBOARD MODELS -
Not-Coopsosbos Pilot Wottoog Systsot
Solid Ststs Dots R~ootdst
106-60-52 W76-7053U
1OG-6U-7U 6576-70548
108-41-64 0176-70504
A&osoosd D~g0sI 0015 Syststts IOO Dsop Spool
BUBBLES
Solid SLItS DOS Ryotd~t
COtttpObtS Spsos Sttoot~tss
506-17-26 W76-702U5
BUFFETING
Notstlsdy AdystlioS
505-06-21 W7G-70075
Militsty Systsoos Tsohoology
517-51-04 W76-70220
Spoo Shg0I~ Dytstoios sod AstosIsst~ty
C
~pos~tl Motsogis Applioshot 10 hI C-130 Csttst
CAUBRATING
105-47-51 W7G-705t5
Msgostosphstio Physios - Pottoiss sod Potfiots/Ft~Id
108-36-55 176-70551
M~tsotAsttototoy-0b$IoooIi0t1.SpIHft55tOdD5t5
108-45-52 W7G-7058U
Rodio Syststtts Dsoslopttsol
310-20-66 W7G-70664
CAU FOR NIA
Msftopolitst/RIgiottSI Appliostots Colitottos
105-50-73 W76-70537
CHARGED PARTICLES
506-10-13 W76-70208
186-68-52 W76-7053U
CAPE KENNEDY LAUNCH COMPLEX
Sot sty
910-09-00 W76-70692
910-13-00 W76-70096
910-49-01 W76-7071U
CARBON COMPOUNDS
AitotofI Syslsoos Opstslioool Sotsty otd Effioisttoy
505-08-31 W76-70121
CARBON DIOXIDE LASERS
Optiost Dots Ttotsfst Syststts
506-20-33 W76-70323
Ptopsgot,oo Stodios USOOg Eotstd~d Wsol!Ittgth RstgI
of High Posost Lsssts (Ptypoilliot Nsos Hotioots)
506-21-42 W76-70334
506-25-41 W7G-703U1
LItstoiyotoodlsotopio Stod~ of MstsyotDs OttdAblOli0t
195-21-04 W7G-70632
Loog-HsolloitotoflAodyoioSdPtopolSiooSystlt!t
791-40-08 W76-70164
506-23-24 W76-70357
CATIONS
Physios sod ~o:stty of Solids
S06-16-12 W76-70257
CELESTIAL MECHANICS
CERAMICS
ERSA/ NASA Aotottotios Gos Toobios Ptogoottt
CERENKOV COUNTERS
188-46-64 W76-70600
CESIUM PLASMA
506-25-42 W76-703U3
CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES
Adosto~d Ittsgiog Syttltto Tsohoology
506-10-11 W76-70296
106-68-54 W76-70S40
CHARGE EXCHANGE
188-48-52 W76-70G03
CHARGED PARTICLES
Msgtstosphsoo Physios - P00-OTIS Otd PsooT~/FttTd
109-36-55 6170-70552
1-7
350
SUBJECT INDEX
GTOL 0~st.Oog Sysfsttts EspstitttBofs Oslog ModOs
*od OPts OlAf MiiIsty Miotososos L~odiog Sysfltts (MLS)
513-53-03 W7O-70192
50503-12 0009 W7G-70039
AXISYMMETRIC BODIES
R~tsfioify & C~tssfisT M~ohstios
188-41-54 W76-70S7S
B
B STARS
foftstsd SpsoltoSoopy of 51015
180-41-55 8576-70578
B-7U AIRCRAFT
SCAR-Coopststtos AofopiTol/SAS/Ptopolsiot Cotttol
504-09-11 W76-70001
BALLOON FLIGHT
188-46-56 W76-70593
180-40-57 W76-70S94
Costttio Soy std Gsottts Roy Asttotootty ftolstig0tiyos
100-45-64 W76-70600
BALLOONS
180-41-56 w76-705U2
BATTERY CHARGERS
506-23-22 W76-703S5
ETIOITOHtTStttHOT Etoligy Coto~tsioo sod 510791
506-23-23 W76-70356
BEACON SATELUTES
310-10-43 W76-706SS
506-20-33 W7G-70323
100-68-53 0176-70539
505-04-41 W76-700S6
506-19-12 W76-70306
BIOCHEMISTRY
Ot ott of Lit
192-55-67 W76-706f9
BIOINSTRUMENTATION
170-56-12 W76-70S07
192-55-65 W76-706f7
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
192-55-67 W76-706f9
BLADES
Cootposits Fst Olods Sfooofotst Aspsots
505-02-43 W7G-70033
OSRA Ptopofsiot Soppott
BOATTAILS
514-54-21 0176-70204
BOLOMETERS
188-41-56 W7G-70SO2
BOMBER AIRCRAFT
BONDING
SoTso Attsy IsohooTogy lot Sofst Elsoftio Ptopotsiot sod
506-22-32 W7G-70346
18017-55 W76-7OS1I
BORON ALLOYS
SCAR - Tsohtology-Otiqoos Cotttpoosots
743-03-51 0176-70237
PAGENO="0355"
351
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
M1g~I~sph~~ Phys~s - P~Iid~s &~d Ptl~/Ph~t~
(Ay)
105-47-69 W76-70525
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
R~s~~h (Hjgh ~ ~ SysI~s T~h~00gy)
506-25-43 W76-70384
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL PROPULSION
506-21-53 W76-70339
Ad~~d Py~I~h~ /Epl0s~ Sy0~~s T~h~A~gy
108-38-52 W76-70562
G~~d S~~d Obs 41016 01 ho Sso
100-30-52 W76-70563
CHRONOLOGY
M0l0psh1/R~g~~& Appl~~1osos is Csh1oos~
791-40-03 W76-70162
791-40-10 W76-70167
791-40-22 W7S-7016U
CLASSIFICATIONS
EPA/JPL Isko Cl sdoOI~so PsojIsI
505-00-22 W76-701 15
175-40-10 W76-70448
179-40-30 W76-70449
1-8
188-41-57 W76-70583
CL000S
Ws1o~/L2sd PsilsIoss MosilsAsg Foss,bAty Stodos
COAL GASIFICATION
COASTAL CURRENTS
177-55-31 W76-70502
COASTAL PLAINS
108-38-53 W7S-70564
COLLISION AVOIDANCE
505-03-31 W76-70043
505-03-32 W76-70044
EVOA/NASA Astotototso Gos Toobsto Ptsgtstt,
505-04-Si W7S-70057
505-05-41 W7S-70063
SUBJECT INDEX
506-21-51 W76-70337
910-03-00 W76-70602
910-03-00 - W76-70682
160-45-51 W76-70586
Pistols ty 55644$
105-50-72 W76-7053S
106-68-73 W76-70544
188-45-51 W76-70585
188-45-51 W76-70506
188-45-52 W76-70587
506-05-21 W76-70060
Piodstsbito Lssg-L~is Cottop001Yt T~ohioiogy
506-10-33 W76-70304
506-20-26 W76-70320
Cosspss~t~ Motossis Appiost1os to ho C-130 C~ot~t
Ctposd~ P tttsty Stisototos Flight Ptogtsttt
510-52-01 W76-70171
506-16-14 W7S-70260
506-17-14 W7S-70278
N0tds$tt~pIt,5 Eosiost,os lot 0psio Sltootoos
506-17-24 W7S-70283
CottopoSd~ Spsos Sttoytot~s
St
910-01-00 W76-70677
PAGENO="0356"
SUBJECT INDEX
COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
Co~opo~i11 MISTiAs AppIolhoo 10 Aoo041 SIso1~o~s
505-02-42 W76-70032
505-02-43 W76-70033
SCAR - M41044I AppIo45000
COMPOSITION (PROPERTY)
188-46-56 W76-70593
COMPRESSED AIR
770-64-01 6576-70436
COMPRESSOR BLADES
510-55-01 W76-70174
505-04-21 W76-70052
H~gh)y RIlilbIl Co4 465,111 Coo~po00 T65h00)Ogy
504 65/Cl ,4~4 E04!OICCO
(oo~g1 P 1Iiog/Llod UOI/HCMM -
177-31-52 W76-70479
910-39-00 W76-70715
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
(o~g4 P~0 IIihg/140d Uso/HCMM
505-02-25 6576-70029
E~gio~~i~g ((CASE)
H~gh-Sp~d A~odyo~oos
512-51-02 W76-70179
512-53-01 6576-70102
512-53-02 W76-701U3
514-52-02 W76-70202
AdolobEd T,EoIpoo Sy4110'o TIChOCIO0y S1od~
St4bi(~1ylydCoo,oIP,~diC1iooo1FSOibSAioC,4f1
506-16-12 W76-702S7
Sp0ClSh~o500yoiCIldA1C1!4I1C1y
505-17-32 W76-70293
STOP (SCooC1I-Tho-0pCy4I-P~CgC65o)
506-17-33 W76-70294
400 Nl0,gllioC 1o~ S6504004d PI4o414~y
Splol Shollil CColigo,41400 65d A~,C1h4~o,CdyC65CiCI
5101510 dLpCl)W44!hICRIICICC11
100-17-54 6576-70510
186-00-74 657670545
MI3CICCICTTCC Php1A$ - P165011 lOd P1OEC)1/PSC100
(o041C1~Coo (A1'00065y)
100-36-56 W76-70SS8
3(0-10-26 W76-706S3
910-35-00 W76-70706
MJU79 O~0i1 Mo~~y 010 0500101
910-39-SO W76-70715
Eog~65oCog OCASE) --
505-06-73 6576-70092
310-40-25 W76-75669
310-40-41 6576-70674
SCftC~00 P16511165
~ A~&yyg. lCd Hl,Cd~p<' 0651 165
SCAR - pC1~-1id1d D1s~go
P0065 P~os~~iog loo 54Th 0000) 5)401 SCilOCI lId
App0065ICI SoCio~s
506-23-32 6576-70360
AE,0150,,00dyyl,oyl
COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
HlodI0~g 5o4h1i1I - CCIIAI lo, Highly Aoglo~ol1d
MOlCoolol (lodoog SyI165C V15d4h00 1o~ STOL Aoooll
513-53-02 W7O-70191
Ado~oC~d V/STSL 400,111 DEIIgC ~od App(iHllloC
514-50-01 W76-7S19U
514-52-02 W76-7S2S2
516-51-02 W76-7S210
SCAR (Tot SllbiIity 5611650
743-03-31 W76-7S235
AdolobId 554,0000 lCd ElpISoolol Coolto) Syo1booI
506-19-13 W76-7S307
CooopollIiColl lod EIpoIitooolT A06510100y106565
506-26-22 W76-70300
Siooi)IIioy S~,dos 10, Sp100iolhCo 0)65104CC .1 IpplI
177-20-41 6576-70470
P04~oIogy SloICoCph000gy lId SiollEl PCCCIIII$ 01
105-50-60 W76-70534
AC CS)
108-70-51 W76-70S04
CONFERENCES
CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
SpICI Sp65lltooo Tpph,lqotlI
Moo,),, ((5CM)
750-01-71 W76-7S413
CACllCyiolliCy COoRS to Hybod MCC044CIIOCiC
100-17-55 W76-70S1 1
193-58-62 W76-7S621
Adogoold (011000101l1io0 (CCollCoioltiCo)
910-13-SO W76-7S695
CONTiNUUM MECHANICS
505-06-70 W76-70089
NASA/Nloy MTCICiII!Cy V/STOL AiCotSl TIChCC)Cgy
MiIIi)1A1lCdyCloACl
505-11-13 W76-70146
Adol100d SplClCtSl lId ElpIOlVIl CoolCo) Sppto~
High RAilbility CooRo) Sys11o~1 lot 40110011
1-9
352
PAGENO="0357"
CONTROL THEORY
Ptajsat Opsastiats Caottal Csotst Catopotstiaasl Systoot
of the 19800: POCCNET
310-40-40 W76-70673
CONTROL THEORY
Dyo tip Oshsaiat sod (.aottal
505-05-11 W76-70058
Aptaotstip sod Msoaal OPottaI0f Fptats STOL sod VTOL
505-07-11 W76-70098
505-11-41 W76-70160
Atlasoted Osaslapoosot: Stabilisatipa sod Caottal
910-08-00 W78-70690
CONTROLLARILITY
Haodliog Qoalitiss - Ctitstjg tat Ai9hly Avgooeotsd
50506-91 W76-70093
505-00-30 W76-70120
505-10-11 W76-70123
Flight Dyosooips - Caottal sod Display
505-10-13 W76-70125
505-10-32 - W76-70t37
505-10-34 W76-70t38
STOL/OTOL Flight Oyosooots
505-10-42 W76-70t42
516-51-01 W76-70209
CONVECTION
195-21-02 W76-70630
CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
506-16-41 W76-70272
PlaostatyEottyAstpthsooslR&T
506-26-20 W76-70386
COOLANTS
505-04-22 W76-70053
CORE FLOW
188-45-53 W76-70590
188-36-55 W76-7055t
COSMIC RAYS
188-78-51 W76-70606
188-70-60 W76-706t2
sodOsottog Ray Spsottatt,staa
195-22-06 W76-70637
I-b
COSMOLOSY
108-36-57 W76-70560
100-41.51 W76-70570
UV sod Ophcsl Asttaoatoy (Caoopatstiaeal Physoel
108-41-51 W76-7057t
Ulttsaalst ISV) sod Optlas) Asttaoatoy
100-41-51 - W76-70572
180-4154 W76-70575
0- Rsy Asttaoatoy
108-46.59 W76-70598
COST ANALYSIS
Syststote Aeslysis Methodology sod SAppaY
790-40-11 W76-70397
SyoteYs Aoalys,s at Past EOS/SEOS Opststtaosl
790-40-45 W76-70399
Assess oeot at the Eoetgy Appliastiao of Adoatcod
777-4Q-Q1 W76-70420
Stattao Maoitat & Caottcl Systeto Techoalagy
310-30-68 W76-70667
COST EFFECTIVENESS
505-10-23 W76-70130
791-40-08 W76-70164
791-40-15 W76-70t66
Stady at Patsotis) Stilt8 at RPV's lVsooately Ptlatsd
Vehicles) fat Cotil Applicstiaos
791-45-tO W76-70167
606-17-31 W76-70269
STOP (Sttactctsl-ThstYsl-Opticsl-Ptagt500)
506-17-33 W76-70294
Adcsoasd Cacopaoeoto tat Ptsapiptt CapItal Systetos
506-19-12 W76-70306
790-40-04 W76-70394
Adpgop~d Teahoalagy Laba~staoy Especliosot Oefioitiao
750-01-12 W76-70406
750-02-01 W76-754t4
Scsoost/Cslosts Eaalaatiao
177-1 -51 W76-7O475
177-32-51 W75-75485
310-40-38 W76-75571
310-40-72 W70-70676
910-02-03 W76-75679
910-33-03 W76-75707
910-35-St - W76-75709
506-t8-23 W76-7030t
506-21-32 W76-7O330
Pactet Ptaasgsaog tat Esoth Obital Spaos Sasoas sod
506-23-32 W76-75365
Sf35554 W76-75t88
lotsastallat Catootgaitsbao Fss~bOty Stody
86-68-54 W76-75S40
510-55-01 W76-70t74
CRACK PROPAGATION
505-02-31 W76-75030
506-t7-23 W76-70282
SUBJECT INDEX
Fstigoe sod Ftsctpts at Catopasite Mstsosls
500-17-27 W76-70286
5soscslAaiat~aoCtsshacatttooess
SOS-02-t3 W76-7052t
CRATE RING
Thsatstiasl StaSes at the Maao sod Meteaote Psasot
Oodles
195-21-02 W76-7O635
loopsct Ctsteoog a Gealaga M steosls
195-21-03 W76-7563t
195-22-05 W76-75636
CRATERS
195-20-05 W76-70621
CREEP PROPERTIES
506-16-16 W76-7526
CREEP STRENGTH
Space Shottls Thecoos) Ptateatiao Systsots
506-16-43 W76-7527
CREWS
9tO-42-O1 W76-757t
CROP IDENTIFICATION
Siotolst,ao Stad!es tat Optaolastiao at Thsooata Mspps
sod Adcsotsd Ssosats
177-28-41 - W76-7047I
177-42-85 W76-70483
t77-St-42 W76-70490
CRUISE MISSILES
743-04-12 W76-75239
CRUISINS FLIGHT
STOL - Coass Apgooeota, Deaslapoosot Poag~sot
50S-tO-43 W76-70t43
743-0412 W76-75239
CRYOGENIC EQUIPMENT
Loot Sosoity Sopectlcid Aelipoo Adcsoaed Teahoalagy
88-70-St W76-70655
CRYOGENIC FLUIDS
Spsas Ssfety Resestah
506-21-54 W76-70345
CRYOGENIC MAGNETS
506-25-21 W76-70373
CRYOGENIC ROCKET PROPELLANTS
910-37-SO W70-707t2
CRYOGENICS
Aydtageo-Fceltd Aiaatsft Systetos Techoalagy
516-54-St W76-7S2t4
506-t6-3t W76-7526U
Thettos) Caottal oath Asat Pipes
SOS-t6-3t W76-75269
Veasable Ctyageoia Stooge sod Otsostet
506-21-12 W7G-70326
108-41-54 W76-70S76
Adasoas Teahoalagos) Deoslaptosot. Oaoetsl.
108-78-51 W76-75S56
TheaoslCaotoal
910-02-00 W76-7567U
Spsce Qpeostiaos Teahoiqoes
910-31-50 W76-75704
CR TOP UM PING
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
506-16-22 W76-75266
PgYialas sod Psttols/Phatao lotetsatiao
100-36-56 W76-70555
778-41-St W76-75433
CV-990 AIRCRAFT
CV-995Aocoeft Sappact atLeacs Vesestah CooteoSlabs)
A,t Ssoopliog Ptagtsoo ISASPI
505-03-42 W76-7554U
CYCLIC LOADS
CYCLOTRON RESONANCE
- S06-2S-3t W76-70374
353
PAGENO="0358"
354
SUBJECT INDEX DOPPLER EFFECT
L~bRIoyAsIoophysi0s DATA RECORDING DETECTORS
CYCLOTRONS CITbooloo I~ Moos Spooloooooos 505-0821 W76-70111
506-2531 W76-70375 DATA REDUCTION 7704101 W76-70433
605032 W 004 M MLE LE
D PhUIh~oo0y ~I P!oooooy ood 5061612 W76-70257
M G w
(SMCS MVIsI Soppossoo Sysooo) Sy0oo Eop 00001 C000pIs 00t8090 loslolIllot O11IT8ptoItI
010-40-00 W76-70716 SoOd 51011 D810 R~dot Adootlyld M 111141$ lot Spoo
0 55 MS W 0400 06 W
505-06-43 W76-70087 A&ooltyld D~gIlI Doll Sy 111,5 lot DUIP Spool 506-22-33 W76-70347
Dy 06 00 06 W OM UT
506-20-11 W76-70314 ~ I, old Asl~Ilotly lId Lobo,ololy Applyoliol of Coollol old Goid010l ThIoly 10 Ihl
Rodo Mohy 11518110101 DIollopIlIll 196-41-54 W76-70646 Ayt000liyood MooooI Coottol of Fold STOL lId VIOL
310-10-61 W76-70657 Dgilol S6SI00S DI000plIII 5050711 W76-70098
09 W7 W w 00
/ P0 10 01 M w w
Sysloto o,d Doll Ploy otg 69011000$ Solid SIlO DlIlCIoo 310-40-72 11115019 W76-70676
SDftoooo 11101881$ - 188-70-51 W76-70604 DIGITAL DATA
910-20-00 W76-70701 SyslIlls 506-20-11 W76-70314
DATA COMPRESSION 310-20-31 W76-70660 1111/04000 Esololol
0620 W 06
I DIGITAL SYSTEMS
911 01001001100 1176-70402 910-33-03 - W76-70707 Ads800ld SpooloOfo o,d Eopl 01,1 CollIol Syollos
DATA MANAGEMENT DECISION MAKING - - -
769-01-03 EopolooII8 1176-70251 504-0932 1 0 010101 00101 W76-70007 506-20-22 W76-70317
o 09 W
506-18-23 W76-70301 DEE~d~PA~ CooyopIs lot Spoyoytofl AtlIolo SI~yIylos 04111 lyololl/NoogoIUl/Tloll0
Syslols Atolysis ot Pool EOS/SEOS Opltoiolol DEEP SPACE NETWORK DIGITAL TECHNIQUES W76-707I7
M M W 06 Co / /
177-32-51 8010 AtoTyss 5101111 57670410 310-20-65 - W76-70663 18870056 Wooo,d Foolyl,otod 0111010$
100-17-54 W76-70510 310-30-68 W76-70667 505-01-Il W76-70011
MI:sllUlO 111400:00 ~ 1100 3103069 SysOos Toyhoology W76-70668 RIghI M010glootl Sysloos
Co 04
188-38-52 W76-70562 DEGRADATION 505-07-21 W76-70101
00 10 0 0 w 01 5/ /
DAT~P~~ddo lot Otbilot 0-Roy MogRldsphlly Phyoys 1176-70530 DOC~P~IEN~ATIO~1 lot CoIlpyIll 11091811
DATA-RECORDERS DEMODULATORS DOPPLER EFFECT
Sold 51811 lob RIpoldol WidI Ood 518100 lob HOIdIlg Eqiplllll AoolOl 501010 RIsIooh
I-i 1
PAGENO="0359"
355
DRAG SUBJECT INDEX
505-06-31 W76-70080 EARTH ORBITS 506-23-33 W76-70361
1887860 `A 6 W76-70610 To~sp04:'A. SysI Thyh04ygyR'A,,iH,ypytS O~by& 506-23-40 W76-70364
w W 3
M W
8 W w
F-15Sy&l/Sp~, RPV FOght T~I1g W76-70156 ~ ELEC~R~CKP~ITDECN~IALb SyIt1t,t T~yh,yykygy
DROP TESTS 176-30-51 W76-70472 506-23-34 W76-70362
Dglypt,,gyt tI Shyttig Fltghy Etp,tty~,tt Dtgp ItPSg~ Ptg st,,tg/Lg,td Us~/HCMM ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
750-03-01 W76-70415 cyp CI I,hygt,g,t USpyg Ty~R Dg,,~gt,y,gg CI LANDSAT 506-25-11 W7670372
W W M W 049 W
M GM
A,tp~It SyIt~tt,S 0p~tCtig~& S~f~ty otd EII,yio,py Syst~tttI A'AtyIg CI Pgtst EOS/SEOS 0p~tstHttA Tgght,glggy
ItttpCI Syootts 506-23-30 W76-70358
505-08-31 W76-70121 790-40-45 W76-70399 ELECTRIC PROPULSION
Cg,t~Isy MgIpyyAI Syltltttl At,&yS,I CI P~tI EOS/SEOS 0pCt,C~0 506-22-10 W76-70342
DYNAMIC LOADS - 790-40-45 W76-70399 506-22-11 W76-70343
H&pCpI~, A Cdyttt~t,y PI~g,,tp. Dy~ps o,d EARTH-MOON SYSTEM PypytR PtCpy,IC1CC IC~ Thttt&tRt T~h~gIggy
56CC Th~~ost0 Slttd,CC 506-22-30 W76-70345
505-10-21 W76-70127 195-22-02 W76-70633 SgUt Atop TWhttglggy ICt SLAt Elpylyip PtCpCII,gy otd
TO Ugly, Ayytgft ACtgdytoyy,y ~ DytCACS. ECOLOGY PtyIg~d AppI,p~5g~
sttd N~s~ EpCICgy& 5yjpyy~ 506-22-32 W7670346
505-10-22 W76-70129 170-56-12 W76-70507 Ad~~~6~d PIgSAgdylSt,y,y Lopt IICIUSICh
Psylgtdg DyICIty,CC ECONOMICS 506-22-41 W76-70349
506-17-31 W76-7C207 ~ Tottspgo Sygtsog Tsthttylggy SOdAS ELECTRICAL FAULTS
MM / / 02 W W
ChOCICCCI,CS I - W h U -TUtttpstltytC Thltttt,CSy CySt/COSt
5050695 W7670097 Etyogtty~ysl MCd1Iilg Pogtstst 506-24-22 W76-70370
M M 5 03 3 W 3
LAOM M
506-17-34 W76-70295 W76-70121 188-38-64 W76-70566
MOM M
5050831 W76-70121 Ni-Zy OtItoy/EIstIttC Co FssI,bdity 0 CystIltiCy ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT
778-36-01 W76-70431 Att~Iot-y PICPCTI,CIt Cs Thtylts, Tsthsglygy
E 50622 W
910-05-00 W76-70686 506-22-40 W76-70348
REGION ELECTRIC FIELDS ELECTRON DENSITY ICONCENTRATIONI
PItt,yI~g ssd P~OtyIs/PhCtgs IyIgtRyI,Cy hyItys - 1/SI ~Y//ts/ /5 Msgttstgsphstit Phystys - P01/pAl sod PSY/CI1/PSCICI/
M / M
W76-70047 ELECTRIC GENERATORS W76-70556 A,t,p/,I,~t Tsyhoglggy W76-70318
105-47-52 W76-70516 506-23-31 W76-70359 108-38-53 W76-70565
1-12
PAGENO="0360"
SUBJECT INDEX
ELECTRON GUNS
Miooo~a~s ~ Thoh~ology
000-20-23 W7E-70318
ELECTRON IMPACT
F~a~,eH1~l Photo~io~
000.25.31 W78-70374
ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
R~la1io~ship of Afo~io Oo~iof~,s to Mit~~l
505-0111 W7U-7001 I
ELECTRON RADIATION
~
100-30-53 W7E-70585
ELECTRON SCATTERING
EesioTho~1,lR~o~~oh
100-48-52 W76-70603
ELECTRON SPIN
Atot~,io ~d M.t~ll~o Hydto;~t
508-21-41 W70-70333
ELECTRON TUNNELING
Ptop~~1i~s of Ma1eh~ls fo~ El I~o~o Appl~o~hots
500-18-13 W70-70259
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
PtopeUes of Mat.~l~ o~ El,oooto App?o!to~
508-18-13 W70-70250
~ 0~oio~ e~d Oys1e~'s S~ppo1
508-18-22 W7S-70300
D!s~g?t. Ptoo~ itgatd T!~ttg of LSI A~ys
508-18-31 178-70302
Sot~i~ge~d R~hablify T~st~g of Mi~ooi!o~its ~d
508-18-32 W70-70303
Th~el Co~hol
810-02-00 W76-7087U
ELECTRONIC M000LES
0~d~o~ ~~7~l1~? T~oh~ology
180-17-54 W78-70510
ELECTRONS
188-48-58 W76-70593
ELECTROSTATICS
508-22-43 W78-70350
EMSRITTLEMENT
508-1611 W78-70255
~ I~b~to~os fo~ M~te~~els Res~~oh
508-18-14 W7U-70260
EMISSION
Ad~'~~ood TVpoY Syot~~ Tooh~ology Sf~d~
518-50-20 W76-70208
506-25-31 W76-70375
X-Ray Mt o~'o~y
188-48-59 W7U-70590
ENCAPSULATiNG
CoRtSR!t~St!o~ COhORt Hybhd Mioolaotooy
Mod~laa
180-17-55 W70-7051 1
ENERGY
Shytfla Lait~ohad High E~agy Asoophya-ys Sp oao~a it
186-78-60 W70-70812
ENERGY ASSORPTION
O&Aoiato~, C~ash*o~thiass
505-02-13 W7U-70021
ENERGY ASSORPTION FILMS
LaaaE~agyCoioaaohRaaaaoh
508-25-42 W70-70383
ENERGY S000ETG
Oafaof~ot. C)1f!aafAh a~d A~alys~s of Atooapha~~o
178-10-81 W70-7046f
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Cod A,o~afI A~alysiaa~d Mathodology 0aoalopoa~t
791-40-15 W70-70186
ENERGY CONVERSION
Thao-MaohlElgyCootfoh
508-23-40 W76-70304
506-25-31 W76-70377
LEha1gyCoi~oaoiohRasaa!th
508-25-42 W76-70383
Spaoa Oaaad P~a~ Co~oa~a 00 a~d P~a~ Ralay
776-10-01 W7U-7041U
~pa~atioaAsaaaa oahtofOtbdaldToaat)Cahoal
Poooat Sysfatfa
776-10-02 W76-70417
Solo odd tfoa Data to Eialgy Co~oao
776-40-01 W76-70419
Eha~gy C oa~Sioh Alfa~ toaa Sody
778-10-01 W76-70421
D~aot Cyola G~ T~b~,a E~a~gy C~a~a~o~
778-15-01 W76-70423
Eaith Oaoad Solo Poo~a? C ~oa~a o~ aId Daliooy
77820-01 W76-70424
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
)lflatfd Spayt~oaoopy of Sta~a
186-41-55 W76-70578
Shyffla Daf,~dfiol Soddia% fy~ High Ela~gy Aatlophyaios
188-46-64 W70-7060)
ENERGY POLICY
~pa1afoaASaaaa leitOf OlbltalahdTaoaatlla lCeioal
776-10~2 W70-70417
Octal Ioadaloa Data to' Elogy Co als~ol too
Mataolologoal Sataihtas
778-40-Of W76-70419
ENERGY REOSIREMENTS
Taohlolo;y A oait of Iita~oity Taispotfafiol
791-4023 W70-70f89
EgyColoaolAhat~aSSfAdy
778-10-Of W7S-70421
ENERGY SOURCES
Naoc HOhOSIa II Pop~l~oi
508-21-43 W78-70335
Coopa!afoaAaaaaltof0bifalahdTaaathal Ca~t~al
PRo-a! Syato's
770-10-02 W70-70417
Ad~a~o~d Coal Eotaofioi Sysfaoa Dacalopo.if
778-40-Of W76-70432
Radoa Ettagy Ufotaga Syafaif
778-51-Of W76-70435
Hydtogatt Ettatgy Syafaos Teohology Pogtatt
Dahot~ott Sfttdy
778-60-01 W78-70437
ENERGY SPECTRA
188-48-57 W70-70598
ENERGY STORAGE
OaoatottattdSfotagaofAo-t~oatedSpao-as
500-21-44 W78-70336
Pclaed MPG At: Jet ooith ltd:otoa Etatg-y Stotage
506-22-44 W76-70751
Eleyfotbaoiyal Soioea
500-23-24 W76-70357
W,td Otatgy Syatai-'s
778-24-01 W70-70427
Redo-a Etttetpy Stotage Syateo
778-51-01 W78-70435
EtteVy Stotage Syaeoe Tao-httology
778-54-Of W70-70436
Hydtogett Ettatgy Syafeoa Teo-httology Ptog~ao
Oahttioott Of:dy
778-00-01 W70-70437
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
777-40-01 W70-70420
Etetgy Stotaga Sy fete Teo-htology
778-54-Of W70-70430
ENERGY TRANSFER
0~iattt~t Eleyfottios
506-25-32 W78-70378
Raeato-.h )H;h Poooat Laoatt Sy taos Techttolo-gyl
506-25-43 W76-70304
ENGINE DESIGN
Fat ad Co'pecso Taohtolo-y
505-04-21 0070-70052
L~/Cciae Fat, Ptopi3e~yt S:p041
505-05-24 W76-70082
M atettals fo Adya~yed Totbitte Etgit,es (MATE)
510-53-Of W76-70172
AdOattIed Molf~afage Ao~al F)ooo Coop easot
511-51-01 W76-70170
Ooiaf. Cleai Oettetal Aoiaf,ott T:tbofatt (SCOAT)
511-53-01 W70-70177
Qoiaf Oaatt Shott-hatol Eopetioa~fa) Ettg~tte (OCSEE)
738-01-01 W76-70223
SCAR Ettgta Stoidy
743-03-41 W70-7O230
SCAR - Taohttology-Utqioa Coopottattfs
743-03-51 W70-70237
770-31-03 W70-7S429
Adoattoed H2-02 Eig~te Coopottattt Tao-htology
910-03-00 W76-7008t
ENGINE INLETS
YF-12 O~aoio-li~at-y Reaaaoh
510-51-02 W70-7O21t
ENGINE NOISE
505-03-12 W76-75030
ENGINE PARTS
AdoatoeR H2-S2 Ettgtta Coopotettt Teyhttology
910-03-SO W78-7000t
ENGINE TESTS
Matetiala ott Adtoat,oed Tootbitta Ettgttec (MATE)
510-53-01 W70-70t72
Sc~ef. C)eatt Oattaal Ao,atott Tottbofatt (SCOAT)
511-53-01 W76-70f77
100-31-52 W70-7O5t2
ENGINES
180-31-52 W70-7O5f2
ENTROPY
505-00-15 W70-7007t
ENVIRONMENT EFFECTS
0(1 Rotyt Reseaoh Adottaft Wy-gao
744-Of -01 W76-70247
356
EXCITATION
The Cheo~atty aid Atooaphetto )ttfeiaotiois of EahaAst
CloAde ftoii Rooket Vahiolas
506-21-30 W7S-70328
Soljd 8ooatett EahaAet
500-21-33 W76-7033t
ENVIRONMENT MODELS
Spaoe Oaods OtAdea
500-10-38 W70-7O27f
Laigay Raaeatoh Coat-Scot;. Waahitgtott Utticataty
Ettcitoioa~tal Modelii; Pttogtao
178-10-32 W70-7O4S7
Reoota M eaaAtta halt attd Modelttg of Ttopoaphetto
170-2031 W76-70464
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
DeoottattatotTaatttg of Topoaphato Satsots Oh Utbat
176-20-32 W70-70405
Cootdttattott attd Plattttilg Aotof,aa 01 ha
Ettoitoioeit.)0oaltyPtogtattt
176-90-31 W70-70474
Atttttoepha;o Effaota Res:ltttg too Eff:ettta Ptodooed
Dottttg NASA Uttoattied Rookat LaAiohee
180-72-50 W70-705f4
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Eohaoat Eoaeiot PollAfiol Redootiot,
505-03-32 W78-70044
91009-SO W70-75692
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
790-40-04 W78-7O394
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
EPA/NASA Otaat Lakes Oastt Ptogao
176-90-21 W78-70473
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Coy'dttatott attd Plattoittg Aototiea to ha
Ettoitofoaifal0,altyPtogtao
170-90-31 W70-70474
ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS
SCAR Sfool~tes attd Matetals Taohttology
743-Of -23 W70-70230
Sotaeh,fg attd Ralabilty TastIg of MoloPofoAfa ad
SOO-18-32 W76-703O3
Phofooollaio Tast. Stattdatdaatott *ttd Systaoe
778-21-02 W70-7O420
Solo-goal Adapfafoh to Eotteoa Ettotttoyoettfa
192-55-04 0076-70610
ENZYMES
Oologioal Adapfatiottt to Eottaoa Ettoitottoetfa
192-55-64 W7U-70816
EPHSMERIDES
Ephe oa idea attd R eoo-cety Attalya a f: Coo a a to- M iasiol
18668-73 W78-7O544
EQUATIONS OP STATE
Spaoe Spetafotta Teyhtiyes
910-31-SO W70-7O7O4
Oeologoal (toeslgafoha Uetg LANSSAT attd Related
177-53-41 W70-70490
EROS (SATELLITES)
Coast.) Ptoo-essae
177-55-31 W7S-7O502
ERROR ANALYSIS
VLF Wtde Atea Naotgahott tot Looo-Oettsyy ShoO-HeA)
513-SO-SI W76-7O180
ERRORS
Hyoatt Faofota it Apptoeoh ettd Lattdttg Safety
515-51-ft W70-702OS
Nefo-otk Mottitot. Co-tool ad Spetatiots Teohttology
310-40-70 W76-70075
ESTUARIES
Neatshote. Red Ode attd Esoetoe Wee
CA
170-30-41 W76-7S471
60 ES P6
Adoaho-ed Tachtto-logy Laboteloty Sysfeos Dehtttiott
750-01-11 W70-7O405
EUTECTICS
505-01-11 0070-70011
505-01-12 W76-70012
EUTROPHICATION
E:ttophoalto-hattdWafetSAa)tfy
176-30-11 0070-70400
t7O-3~-Sf 0070-70472
EXCITATION
S ettetatet attd Stotage of Aotcafed Spaces
506-21-44 W76-7O336
SO6-25-3t W76-7O374
506-25-31 W70-70376
1-13
PAGENO="0361"
357
EXHAUST GASES SUBJECT INDEX
Atmosphsrio Chemical Physics Research Studies of Biological Adaptation to Eotrsms Envinonrrnsnts FIBER OPTICS
Processes In Planetary Atrrrcspherss, Corrrsts and 1925564 W70.708f8 Fiber Optics for Oats Trensmlsslon and Processing
Interstellar Space Planetary Environnnsnts 5081023 W76.7030t
105.4706 W7~.70522 1925506 w78.7061O Automated Data HandlIng Techniques end omponerrts
Laboratory and Theoretical Solar Physics Olin of .1, (High Capacity Data Systems)
188.39.53 W78.70585 19255.07 W7870819 5042014 W78.70315
Basic Theorstoal Researo W78.70803 EXTRATERRESTRIAL MATTER Cosmic Dust M sasuremen $ W78*70589
EXHAUST GASES Oçoenc Geoc ems ry W78 7061 CommunIcation
General Aviation Internal Combustion Engine Pollution E~tra;srrsetrlal Matarlals 910.07.08 W78.70889
5050333 W7870048 195.20.04 W78.70827 Menu icturlng end nspeotlon W78.70897
Cy.G9oAlrcrah Oupportof Levcls Research CanterSiobal Gecchsnrlstry end Magnetism of Eotratsrrestrlal Information Management Systems
Air Sampling Prcgrarnr IGASPI Materials 9103303 W76.70707
505.03.42 W78.70048 1052204 W78.70835 FIBERS
Hydrogen Enrichment for Aircraft Piston Engines EXTREMELY HIGH FREQUENCIES Composites
505.05.51 W78.70088 SroundBased Redlo Astronomy 5050134 W78.70017
SCAR . Stratospheric Emission Impact 1884152 W7870574 Composite Pan Blade Structural Aspects
743.02.22 W78.70232 505.02.43 W78.70033
SCAR Pollution Reduction Technology Composite Tank Technology
743.03.21 W78.70234 F 504.17.12 W78.70277
The Chemistry and Atmospheric Intsractlcrs of Echaust Composite Materials Application to Structures
Clouds from Rocket Vehicles 508.17.14 W787027S
506.21.30 W7O70328 P REGION FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Safety Particles and Pantlcle/Phctcr Interaction DOD Assistance
9100000 W78.70892 180.35.56 W78*70555 5051141 W78.70160
ESHASST NOZZLES P.111 AIRCRAFT Military Systems Technology
Inlets and Nceales Dynamic Behavior and Control Technology 5175104 W76.7022O
505.04.11 W76700SO 5050511 W76.7005G Highly Mansuvereble Aircraft Technology/WInd Tunnel
Pcwered Lift Engine Technology P.15 AIRCRAFT Support
50505.22 W787005f P.15 Stell/Spin . RPV Plight Tests 7230103 W7870222
EXHAUST SYSTEMS 505.1124 W78.70156 FILAMENTS
Variable Cycle Engine Components Sysrems P.15 P11 hr Research Pro tam Composite Tank Technology
Technology 514.54.21 W7870204 508.17.12 w7870277
518.55.01 W76.702f5 ~ AIRCRAFT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
EXOSIOLOGY Dl Ital Fl b .~lre P11 ht Be erinnent ThreeDlmenslonel Sepersted Plorta
Slolnstrumantatlon 512.51.01 w7O.70l7O 5050814 W76.70070
182.55.85 W78.70817 FABRICATION SCARAercdynamc Performance Technology liheory)
EXOSPHERE Co I d Adh I 7430421 W7870240
Planstery Atmospheric Pr ocessss end Measurements 505.01.34 w78.70018 NASTRAN Iformerlyl General Purpose Analysis and
185.47.91 W787O5D9 Solar C II T hnol Design Methods
Scientific Definition Study for Air Density Eeplorers . 5062317 w78.70354 506.17.21 W787O280
1880 (Neutral Dynamics Eoplorarsl FAILURE ANALYSIS STOP lStructurel.Themmal'OpVoalPrograml
188.70.80 W767001O Pall Pra t 5 d LIe Pradi I n 506.17.33 W787O204
ESPANDASLE STRUCTURES 5050121 W78.70013 PIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Larga Erectable Specs Structures Pall ye Fracture & Lila Prediction Aviation Safety Research end Technology
506.17.11 W7O7O27G 505.01.21 W76700l4 5050921 W78.7Ol 11
EXPANSION SCAR . Com uteralded Desi n Space Safety Research
Mechanical Systems 7430111 W787O228 5082154 W787O34D
01038.00 W76'7O7l I Pradi bi L n LII Com onent T hnclo FIRE FIGHTING
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 5051833 W787O3O4 Aviation Safety Research and Technology
LDEF Eepsrlment Definition 0 s S ft I s I h S0S0821 W78.7Ol II
78001.31 W7G.704O7 5082154 W787O34O FIRE PREVENTION
Dellnillon of Ph ysics and Chemistry Eoperiments in Im act of Ihe Shuttle S aceleb 0 ontunit to Eetend Aircraft Operations and Safety ROT
Specs Vaseerch and Technoic Pro ems into S ace on 5050821 W787OIO9
75OOl~54 W7O~7O4lO S ececraft Failures and Anomelies Avietlon Salary RbT Fire Technology
Theoretical Studies . Planelery Atmospheres 7500102 W787O403 5050821 W78.7O1 10
185.47.72 W7570527 Ph I I 7 51 ndardi I n end S I me FireR esietanc Malarials Engineering
Development of Eeperiments and Hardvrvare for Solsr A i I 510.58.01 W7O7Ol7S
Physics Research 778.21.02 w787O428 Applicetlons Data System Support
EOP~IMENTATI0N W787O5G1 FAILURE MODES 5000110 II d N II M W76.7O3G2
Or genies lion and Management or ouon Space 50~E2P2O3E~uironmsnlal Impact W787O347 910.3800 W76.707f4
Technology Workshop ActIvities late rated Povcer 41111 de C I c t I PIRESEE 2 TARGET DRONE AIRCRAFT
79O'Ol~fO W7G'7O4O4 Vehicle A licarlons DAST IDrones for Aerodynamic and Structural Tastingi
Advanced Technology Laboratory Eeperimenl Definition 9103502 W75.7O71O 5050222 W7870025
75001.12 W757O400 FANS RPRV Capability Devalopmanl
DefinItion of Physics and Chemistry Eeperimenls in d C T h I 60Sf 1.28 W787O157
S~aoa 8050421 W7870052 PIREPROSFING
Long Duration Eoposure Facility Project W7X.7O408 FARINPRA~ED RADIATION Airc~aft Operations and Safety ROT W78*7O109
75002.01 W7S70414 18041.58 W75.705X2 Aviation Sefeny Research and Technology
Advanced TechnologIcal Develcpmenl General Signal FARADAY EFFECT 5060821 W7870f 11
end Date Processing Eleolronios~ Solid Stale Detectors Ma nelos herb Ph cbs . Redic Soienca FireRasistant Materials Engineering
188.79.51 W7870504 1S830S7 W78705SS SlOXSGf W787Ol75
EXPLORATION FARM CROPS Development of Improved Nonmetallic Materials
Geological Investigations Using LANDSAT and Related Joint Micrcvcave Soil Moislura A ricullural Be erimert Sf038.00 W7870714
Data 177.S1.4f W787O480 FISSIONABLE MATERIALS
177.53.41 W7X7O40G FATIGUE MATERIALSI Plasma Core Reactor Research
EXPLORER SATELLITES Pall P 1 re nd Life Predi lion SO8'24'11 W78.70385
Advanced Mission Studies for Eepiorar Programs SO5O1.D'f ` W75700I3 Fundamental Pholonlos
18G'78X0 W7S7O800 Com I M tar I A Ii eli a I SIr rur 5082531 W78.70378
Advanced Mission Studies 508.17.14 W7X7027O FLAME RETARDANTS
185.78.00 W7S~7O8l 1 Fatigue and Fraclure of Composite Maleriels FireR esislent, NonTocio Polymers
ESPLOSIONS 80817.27 W7S70288 50501.31 W7X.7001S
Space Xafety Research FATIGUE LIFE FLAMMABILITY
SOX2l.S4 W7X70340 Fatigue, Fracture, and Life Prediction Avialion Safety ROT Fire Technology
EXPLS8IVES 5050121 W78700l3 505.08.21 W7870l 10
Advanced Pyroteohnio/Eoploelve Systems Tochnelogy Fell cue end Fracture FLAPS (CONTROL SURFACES)
508.21.31 W7X.7O32G SOSO23l W7S7003O Wake Vortee Mlnimiaarlcn
ESTRATERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATION FATIGUE TESTS 5145201 W7S7Ol90
inlarsrellar Communication Feasibility Oludy SCAR . Atmospheric Turbulence AMST FliohI Eeperimenls
780.40.05 W7S7O355 74301.13 W7S702D8 750.0103 W76702S1
EXTRATERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS FEASISILITY ANALYSIS FLASHOVER
Chemical Evolution S ectronic Devioe and Syslsms Support Aviation Safety ROT Fire Technology
152.5581 W7S70613 5081822 W7870300 0450821 W78.70l 10
Planalery Xcii Microbiology 75~:~s~5er mmunIca ion eesibi I ludv~7570355 FLEXIBLE BODIES
lX2S583 W787OSI5 FEED SYSTEMS PlighI Research of a Structural Mode Control System
Siologloel Adaplelion to Eelreme Enuironmerrls Pro Is ISMCS Ic, Model Suppression Sysremi
1525584 W7S7OXf6 010.0300 W7S70582 SOS0224 W7570028
Pienelary Envirormonls FEEDBACK CONTROL Orability end Conrrol Prediction of Fleeible Aircraft
1028585 W757051S VTOL Flight Dynamics 7430501 W7570243
ESTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 5051032 W7S70137 FLIGHT CHARACTERISTICS
Planetary Soil Microbiology Ccnlrol of Environmental Effects Tunnel end Scele Effects in Trersonic P1cm
l92SS83 W757O81S S0518.3f W757O288 6040042 W7870085
-14
PAGENO="0362"
358
SUBJECT INDEX FLUTTER ANALYSIS
Sp~t~ Sh~ot5 Dtt&0p7,~tt S7pp09t CV-99OA91tSAOP~IL~~ R~s~thCgptttGk,bg( EY09II 1A~tttgft F(~tt F~tldg Et gtltit W~09
506-26-30 W76-70390 AU Sttp)tg Pt~~tt (GASP) Ppgggtigt
FUGHT CONTROL 505-03-42 W76-70048 505-06-17 6076-70074
504-09-22 - W76-70005 Dt~&p7'.ttt ~t A&~ti~t4 FIEXSTAU W76-70073 SCAR-A dyttg7tD P tgt00 T~h09l0çy (Th~ty)
(SCS MUd Syt DPI W
Ddy 00
512-53-03 7/7670184 505-08-10 W76-70106 505-06-43 w7U-7oo87
504 09 000 097 M
504-09-31 W76-7000S Ptty~ttft Fi~ght 0976-70130 505-08-22 W76-70114
SYIUIPS W76-7C)006 505-11-13 W76-70147 FLOWMETERS
Ab$C1711 Ptssstttt. Atytity Osygtt. sitd Etttgttiy ~ MUt~~y Atiytsh - Vsytytitd ThPISI MStDtsSthty 910-03-00 0976-70682
Cgiibt~tiyt tttt MUtt S7DCIIDtltDtS 505-11-23 W76-70155 FLUID DYNAMICS
185-47-51 W76-70515 D~g~tti Fiy-by-ts09 Fhght Esptttitttit C~titp~t~iytigi Attydyttttti,yg
5101/fOOL FIght Dytisyts F1SSlbtydVhidgtiytDtLCyStMpty~gPIL09dpg itgt~tytt hit pttlt Applygt,Dtis 1 5~tty~~tt
0 00 do 06 w
U I W 040
Hsostd Aidgttys - Dos Ptoyssoig ~tidFi,ght i09SStgSt0ttDtthsUssD1St4pdytsttI&ti5i5gp~yt FLUIDFLOW -
tot ~ toov
FUGHT SAFETY - 513-53-OS W76-70t93 ~hstoos) Pt~yiiittott Rtssoyh -
Is 0 Ott 06 w
ViOL Flight Dytgtitiyg 0976-70118 ~ Ayt~ft Tsohtoiggy(H,MAT)- FLUIDICS w7670368
505-10-42 W76-70142 AMST Fight EspDoitostttg FLUORESCENCE
WhICIS Dytigtti,ot Stsii/Spttt/I-hgh-~iphs FIght S,tt,yigt,yo TDPht&ogy - Sottoittiot TDyht9otg DUST (Dtytts tot Astodyt~tttiy sod Sttoytytgi 115179)
DUST (OtDtiDs hit Astodytsttoy gtid Styytoigi T~stiog) Coitipidgt-oosi Astldytgtoiys 606-17-32 W76-70292
505-02-22 W76-70025 505-06-11 607670067 Spsot Shottis Dyosottos sod Attysissttoty
DAST (DIDIIS hit AttDdyo~ttii~ sod StiAytiitsi Tistotg) CyooOotgtotogi Asdyosooys 506-17-32 W76-70293
505-02-22 W76-70026 505-06-11 0976-70068 FLUTTER ANALYSIS
1-15
PAGENO="0363"
359
FLUX DENSITY SUBJECT INDEX
O~8~y Q~I1y C~6dI ~d T~o~ 505-03-33 W76-70046 A6~dsph~o E3p~4 D~&dp~,~4
w 0
506-23-23 W7670356 Lg-HlAi3ftAddy~~!Ns ~d 1Ydp3Is~ Sys11~ D!~ol CydA G~ T~b~ E?~gy C0~3N0~
FLYING PLATFORMS 516-53-01 W76-70213 185-47-61 W76-70515
D~I0p~~1 dl Sh~110 POyAldI 1y~ th~ SWdy 7 SNI3~ ERDA/ NASA Adld~ld6 G~s T~boe P~ogoN GAS FLOW
FlA~ ~d FA~ RAltdd Ph~ 778-32-01 W76-70430 PIOP4IE8d dO IlIAd
FLYWHEELS W76-70566 Ad~o~y~d MdII!-Popysd Go Tobo~ TohIloYgy GAS GENERATORS W76-70054
778-54-01 W76-70436 FUEL INJECTION 506-16-31 W76-70269
I IllOIp dIll 1113333$ W76-70107 FUEL PUMPS GAS LASERS -
w w
GIlilgoS II 3I1!gdhlllN GIg LANDSAT od YllOld SysIos 506-25-41 III ySIdIll 19y W76-70300
FIlgo. Foyll. gd LA POd 516-56-01 W76-70216 GAS SPECTROSCOPY
505-01-21 W76-70013 Fol bk 501015 P3sI~y ASIIIIIIIIlY od SIpplIog LdbodIly
SCAR G0Illp111lidld DINg w76-70014 FULISSIcA~LETETST~I Ill SIlo EAlty PIOp7DIT od GAS TURBINE ENGINES w76-70647
743-01-11 W76-70226 PlyllId ApplygIllS Addlold PopIIll Mgtsslt
C 3 W 3 W
W76707 50 7 W w
505-01-21 W76-70014 Mhgy Agh - AofI Aydygos 505-04-31 W76-70055
Ad~od MIIOIIIS gd M fog P11335 G MIl-Poos G~s Tbos Tohylygy
506-16-21 W76-70265 GAS TURBINES
5 W
Fglgogd F 111 II ~IIPINI1 Mgtpgls 192-65-61 W76-70613 77~T~tg~8bA G~s P bo Estgy Clloo
(M R U) LA /
S M LA
w W W
AtIsphoy Chs,ygl Physys - Y~oh Stdps If Loss Etstgy Coosso Rosooh
0 POoto y Atosphpss. Clots 3d GALLIUM PHOSPHIDES - 506-25-32 W76-7037U
FREQUENCIES 108-36-57 If ThsIsIpgl pos hysos W76-70560 GooG Addly Ctgsholthsss
186-60-53 W76-70539 E:pPihltgl Dssloposot - Lobostoy ~d ThIosfIll ~ Aoghlo NIAS Oddly -
08 W W
FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION 188-38-64 35 8sI~tsd hSII53 W76-70566 505-03-33 W76-70046
NRtosIk Tittig lId SyIIhIIIiSgIiII TRyhollogy Ggtg Rgy AsfItly All 855. AISIyN5. 3d Hodb~k Ssoyss fl
310-20-27 W76-70659 188-46-57 W76-70594 5153) AIltI
FRES~NEI~R~EFLEdC~OIRSP CITASISO ~d D5lASIy 10846-57 W76-70595 5050632 Fl~hf 0111111 Syss
778-20-01 W76-70424 108-46-57 - W76-70596 No-CoopsotO Pill WIg SysIst
1-16
PAGENO="0364"
HELICOPTERS
505-01-12 W76-70012
Phyoos ~od O~o0~y of SoI~ds
So~oo SOoYIO Thoo,& POoo S0I00YO
1-17
SUBJECT iNDEX
360
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
GROUND STATIONS
GROUND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT
9)0-13-00 W76-70695
GROUND SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Do) Ai TRIPTYIIIO
791-40-11 W76-70165
505-06-93 W76-70095
Ado~ood V/STOL Aoo~f) O@I~9O.IYdApp?O4
SIMS E~oh OSs~oo~oos SOT
G~UIHUO0 )oo~ogl)~oYo UFY9 LANSSAT ~od V00VO
Do~
106-60-76 W76-70546
GEOMETRY
GEOMORPROLOSY
506- 20-3 3
GEOS SATELLITES (ESA)
310-10-43 W76-70655
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION
910-30 00 W76-70713
GRAND TOURS W76-7004U H
180-45-Si `76-70585
GRATINGS (SPECTRA)
750 0) 53 W76-70409
GREAT LAKES (NORTH AMERICA)
EPA/NASA S~Ni) L~k8o Uoo,o P~og~o~o
PAGENO="0365"
HELIPORTS
HELIPORTS
506-25-31 W76-70375
HERMETIC SEALS
Bo1ty0ldyC0ll10lo~1dThs16
HETER005NING
506-25-31 W76-70374
of H!gh P~ Loso~s (P~opolooo Noo~ H~oo~s)
186-46-64 W76-70600
HIGH TEMPERATURE GASES
505-11-25 W76-70157
-18
505-03-33 W76-70046
HYDROGEN EMRRITTLEMENT
505-01-21 W76-70014
770-f 1-02 W76-70422
505-03-32 W76-70045
505-05-51 W76-70066
SIddies of A1181eolioo Aile,A1 FoeS oed G~eoed
778-60-01 W76-70437
506-25-31 W76-70375
~ Llqo~d Oeekel Syolelles Teyheelegy
506-21-fl W76-70325
Ad~~~l~d I-hgh P~eo Eeg~ee Slody
910-03-00 W76-70680
Soboyfeoe Obopyobico
177-44-03 W76-70488
SUBJECT INDEX
IGNITION
910-04-03 W7S-70S84
ILLIAC COMPUTERS
Delepe~eet of Ooy,poICtiyeOl A oceofoel Codee foe
505-06-12 W7S-70069
506-16-41 W76-70272
506-16-12 W76-70257
177-42-51 W7S-70401
180-70-56 W76-70608
Oelopeeeeeet of ShellS Peyloode foe the Sfedy of Sole,
Flecot Old Floce Added Phoo
100-38-64 W76-705S6
l0~gh Copoo~fy Dole Sysle,,eol
506-20-14 W70-70315
177-32-51 W7S-70480
188-46-59 W76-70599
310-40-39 W76-70672
Coelposife M~teeeoIs Apphyol,oo to Syceofeces
506-17-14 W76-70270
leepeot CloldlIg 0 Geology M~1ee,olo
195-21-03 W76-70631
195-22-05 W76-70636
506-22-33 W76-70347
Mogeeloopheoo Phyo~o - Poe5yl~o ~,d Pgefolo/F~eld
506-91-10 W76-70392
Iefyoeeobyo Mologell1~lf Sytecees
910-33-03 W76-70707
361
185 47 55 W76-70519
PAGENO="0366"
362
SUBJECT INDEX ISOTOPES
INP~A~ED A1T~ONOMY D(TAKE SYST8MI CAp 09ssiCAti01 Us1~g Ti~ D i50A,s LANDSAT
Th.~tipsl AstAp6y~s P4~is. T~sh~JUgy D~t~
188-41-51 W78-70570 505-03-12 W76-70038 177-51-42 W76-70490
M4I06,t~1-Ws~ s~d F.~ I50.~.d ~o~y 090 ~d 50096 T809091061 i-c o
188-41-55 676-70579 090094 W76-70049 Cp~1o09& AlA W7O-70067
188-41-55 W76-70580 505-04-11 W76-70050
1091 T~h0109gp
505-04-11 W76-70051 505-06-11 W76-70068
Hyp~oo~o Pop09o~ R~~oth D09p~09 of C p09SooO A 0060914 CodIs to
Fo blood A. 0900ly 505-05-41 W76-70064 Ilido
188-41-58 W76705O2 MOloy Aooofl - 009091 Aodyoooos 505-06-12 W76-70069
Lo~ Gooity Sopoflod H&,oo A09090d Tohoobogy 505-11-21 W76-70151 ~ i-IAMB
Doo&opogol Moot. 0.000090 boo 0 A pbs 10 Roooooh
188-78-51 W76-70605 505-11-22 W76-70153 506-22-43 W76-70350
Cyogotos 516-51-01 0176-70209 100-45-53 Ms~o.o1o W76-70589
196-41-54 W76-70646 18t~1~~~ Toohotttogy W7670510 ION PROBES
196-41-72 W76-70649 sI:~h09o° POP 00000 - 188-45-53 w7670589
INFRARED DETECTORS 188-38-53 W76-70564 ION PROPULSION
5061821 Tooofo S9otooo W76-70299 514-54-21 Roo!oS P~09160 W76-70204 5062243 Apptogtooo Rpopgyh 5576-70350
bof09od Sppotoooo~y S~~09 Ioootoo ~od too Pooooooo Ptoootoy
-19
PAGENO="0367"
363
J-85 ENGINE SUBJECT INDEX
J L
506-19-11 W76-70305
5 ~ ~M / ~ I ~
A w LA M M /
B~s~ N~s~ R~h LAND USE 506-25-41 W76-70380
/ / w W 38
Sl~dd~ ~1 Al1~1~ A~~l1 F~&& ~d G~~d 177-61-42 W76-70503 LASER MATERIALS -
Sy0~V~ M~Jsp0 OpA L~d U~ Syo~ FAl-R1LAd~T ~d ~ Cl~V~ Ml1~&$
791-40-11 W76-70165 MCVp&d/RPg~4I AppIPAVPR ~ M~ht&y PVg~~&
Ad~~d T~sp~~ S4OPPV T~h~0~gy S1~dP$ 177-61-52 W76-70504 505-01-32 W76-70016
SCAR 5ppp Vpd~p1pp Th~~I~gy LANDING p1 (bgh Pp~~ LdsP~s (PVp~Is~~ N~ Hp~)
LA / Ld
ChdVp1i1~ P~Is~d PI~ Th~~&1P I~d~~d A~l~Ad VTOL A~RVp6 506-22-41 W76-70349
W 005 LA M
W w LA / w
LA w
P~As~d MPD A~ JPI ~1h Gd~1~D E~gy S1p~gp LANDING INSTRUMENTS W76-70122 506-20-31 W76-70321
JUPITER (PLANET) Sys~~ W76-70006 500-24-13 W76-70367
M!~ J~p~l/U~ 1979 S VPPP St~~g G~ppp C~I A,~P~l1 D~ IVp~PPt T~l~g - )~d~$Sy ~d 01h~ Fp~dd~~4I Ph~1~p~
M / LE w W
176-30-41 W76-70471 fOgh E~~gy ~ T~h~0Pgy
196-41-51 W76-70644 C~gp Cl~!h~1~ (J~g T~ 01PP~ 4 LANOSAT LAUNCH VEHICLES
K hG: I S9OAPA Us~g LANDSAT~dR&d1LE 505-11-31 PIA,~p~g S10d~ w76-701S8
w 0 w
X-R~y As1~g~A~y 5y~l~~ ~ ~ Tpph~gIHgy
N~pg~hg~ ~p5pp~ LANGUAGES LEVEL (QUANTITY)
513-53-OS W76-70193 ~ SphpdJs~g P~hpA Ao~gphy~A~
KINETIC ENERGY 910-25-00 W76-70699 188-46-56 W76-70593
(V LA w I
LA LA I 1(V)
1-20
PAGENO="0368"
364
SUBJECT INDEX MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Ssetstgetd Rsl~ab~tity Tssstg P1Dt!11117s et~ Usttttts Hey As1toto~tty LUNAR CRATERS
Elstttyt~: Petts 188.48.57 W76-70594 Theytetys St~des the Myyy atd Mataysta Petsyt
508-18-32 W78-70303 1y* Ea;y G~t~a Hey Ast thly Eod~s
Ptsddtabla Lo~g-Lit. Cshps,at Tayh.,ylygy 1884858 W76-70597 195-21-02 W76-70530
508-18-33 W76-70304 Miltista? Wets ad Fe?-Iyfa!Rd Oststttt; Itt~ayt Ctatad it Usy!y -t Metata
Athatad Ctt'ptatts Itt FIsts-tI Ctttttl Oystas 188-78-58 W7W70607 1952103 W7670831
505-19-12 W76-70306 LING-TEMCO-VOUGHT AIRCRAFT Thetayel Std~s
Satte-y Qelty Cttt) ad Tests 0!~a W'; ct Test ThtoIt;y 195-2202 W7S-70633
509-23-22 W76-70355 505 - 3 5.70149 LUNAR EFFECTS
ElsyllUth ItS? Ete;y Ctttstst-t ad O1ts;a ~ Tek T I-? 51 Th atta I St~sa
508-23-23 W75-70358 508-1712 W7U-70277 195-2302 W7U-70U39
1414-115. Hh-Fstlo,a,ya Pttt~t P14455511g U? LIQUID FILLED SHELLS LUNAR EVOLUTION
Flats -y App? Pta CyWats TatH Tahtt?pgy ThStltiy& Sttdds
509-2333 W78-703U1 905-17-12 W7U-70277 195-2002 W7U-70825
LIFE DETECTORS LIQUID HELIUM Thstatca? SIdes p1 Ihs Mypt etd Mststtits Petal
Pietataty 14? Mypby?pgy Ltht Utatty StpstYd Hsiy, A sItS Taphtp?pgy Bodas
192-55-63 W7U-70515 Daioptst 195-21-02 W7870U30
Pletsta ty Et~tstIs 188-78-51 W7U70U05 LUNAR GEOLOGY
192-55-EU W76-70615 Adtatoa Tsohttiogoal Ostslopt,stt, Oststa?: Path Eased Obsettatos
LIFE SUPFORT SYSTEMS Cyygsoa 195-20-01 W7U-70524
F) sets ~ Ettttsrna 189-78-51 W7U-70605 ThsttSI051 51055
192-55-65 W76-70619 LIQUID HYDROGEN 195-20-02 W7U-70525
MIIPbiaI Attelysis Stdts 14 AItsatta Aitoteft Fts?s ed U~ottd Leboato Si allot
193-58-62 W76-7062I Oy500~5 195-2003 W7U-7082S
LIFT - s U-7 Theotstloal Stdss of ha Moot ad Mstaptta Fatat
Thtaa-0ttatsptsl Sspatstad Floota 5 655-01 0 000ss
505-06-14 W76-70070 LIQUID PROPELLANT ROCKET ENGINES - 195-21-02 W7U-70U30
Fotpstsd-1ift ISTOL/RTOL) Asodytso F~dotaps AWstysd Lp-d Pypkst Ct-post Tatholoy Adtaoed Eap~ts-tt tpts
505-10-41 W76-70141 506-21-10 W7U-70324 195-23-08 W7U-70640
Mhtey AllotS - A~otaft Aydya-ts Ltd P pa-Pt 051000 LUNAR GRAVITATION
505-1 1-21 w76-70151 18031-52 W7U-70512 ElIcIt of Tayhqtsa fyt 155 DaIs slot Pt Ltat
TIasyty AloeS Thty!ty (TACT) LIQUID ROCKET PROPELLAP4TS ad Fiastey 0etIaIyta? FIelds
517-51-01 W76-70217 Lyg-Its At-os.osd PIUpittit Sates Itt Fiestaty 195-40-02 W7670842
LIFT AUGMENTATION 045I~y5 S LUNAR MARIA
H Sly estate bla Aoeh Taohtyio )HMAT) - 506-21-21 W75-70327 EatIh Eased ObssttetUts
Fight Psasath pto c AtIttds Colt? Pyp!syl 195-20-01 W7U-70624
723-01-01 W7U-70221 910-04-03 W76-70664 LUNAR ORBITER
LIFT DEVICES LITHIUM Let P01st 001st Syststt Dsf,SUt
CtttptIaIota? ARydyats Fiesta y Splat Pots V assaph sd TSI1lyltgy 195-35-01 W7U-70U4t
Af Asodyap NOes W7U-70057 LITHOLOGY w7U-70352 LUNA~toRS~rs 1 Cots a
505-06-23 W70-70077 Oats TsIhiqaa UI MI-sal Eaplystyt 195-20-06 W76-70029
50062 WE 09 06)0 5) U fOb Up
505 00 3 w 006 0502 2 W76 ~ 95 22 06 0 S W 63
505-06-31 ~° W76-70082 743-01-12 W76-70227 195-35-01 W76-7064t
Fight Oyteys - Cytto? ed Ospley LOGIC DESIGN LUNAR SATELLITES
505-10-13 W76*70f25 Adoa~sd Stfttoes Ostslypsy Let FOCI 0-b! Systs DOtty
ObIqIR WIg Fight Tsst Tthoitgy 910-27-01 W76-70700 195-35-01 070-70541
505-11-13 076-70140 LONG TERM EFFECTS LUNAR SURFACE
Cli AleS Oetsiyytst Tssttg - Idle? sd Os diets V sssetS EatS Bassd Oboe-tatts
Gotststt A5!ly55 175-40-10 WT6-7044U 195-20-Of 070-70624
505-11-14 076-70149 LOUVERS LebtattySiet-y
AMST Fight EapRt-eta Tie--el dUty? 195-2003 076-70626
769-01-03 W76-7025t 910-02-00 W76-7067U Aaiy4s SIdes
LIFT FANG LOW COST 195-20-05 070-70620
Itt/CIsc Fe Pop?ay SIppolt Lytt-Ctst 5.11 Solo Atey Ptp~syt Steps Eapst'sI ~ytyspts
505-05-24 W7U-70062 779-21-Ut W76-70425 195-2006 076-70629
VTOL Asodytatt Pafottaps Redos 6sp-y Soage Syss LUNAR TEMPERATURE
505-10-31 W7U-70t36 779-51-01 076-70435 Th eytstye? SlOes of Ihs M~~t ed Metsyts Pest
NASA/Ne-y M?Ittssyt V/ST0L AtlaS Tettygy Adtstysd TsyYt~it~y/U~bcysts is ByAss
Oets?Opttel 910-32-Cl W7670705 195-21-02 07670630
505-fO-3S 070-70139 Metfeyttg 1 Spays Ettytlst tat Theystpe? StARs
LIFTING ROTORS 910-35-UI 075-70709 195-23-02 076-70639
AMSI Pygtat Petftpsfyt Msthalya? Syatsa LUNAR TIDES
709-Ut-Ut 070-70249 910-30-00 076-70711 Thsystye? SIdes of Os Mott ad Meteytils Past
AMST EepeeI5 Ptygtet, Pettopatol LOW NOISE BIdes
769-01-02 W76-70250 Miitetet Wets tO Fat-Ahead Osteotys 195-21-02 W76-70030
AMST Eapstttetts Ptygtett PettopalUl 189-70-56 W7U-70607 ta Thetafys? SIdes
769-01-04 W76-)0252 LOW TEMPERATURE 195-23-02 W76-70639
SOYA Ptop?sot Sppott Lott-Tapsetts Thetyto Cottette LUNAR TOPOGRAPHY
769-02-Of W7U-70253 505-24-22 W76-70370 Path Based Obsetalyts
Stat Shot-Ha? P5555th Aptaft )55VA) LOW THRUST t95200t 070-70024
769-02-02 070-70204 Soist Elaott PtopI?sy - Netgatyt ed Ptssyt
LIGHT IVISI5LE RADIATION) Atelysa
Uittatyief ISV) ad SpIte? Asfytoy 106-60-74 W76-70545
188-41-51 070-70572 LOWER IONOSPHERE
05750 W 050 MC H
108-70-56 W76-70609 LUSRICANTS 516-51-02 076-70210
LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Ole Systeit Msyheiye? dy-poe-its Teyhyiygy MAGNETIC FIELDS
E?aylott Dstyes ed Cyposts 505-04-41 W76-70056 Nsto (-(papa It Ptop?syt
505-18-21 076-70299 Mets-es 101 Ltbtoetp sd WesI It Mayhayel 506-21-43 W7E-70335
LIGHT GAS GUNS Copoata Meg.sttaa A Cyophysys
Itilpeot Cetetttg II Usy?yUiy Matsais 505-16-22 076-70266 500-25-21 070-70373
19S2t-S3 W76-70631 Meletes Megtstosphato PhysIC - Peoples sd Peltole/Fs?d
LIGHT SCATTERING 9103800 W76-707t3 )tIesytyt
PatoIs MeesItsIsI ed Mods?tg of Ttoposphsty LU5RICATION 100-36-55 076-70551
OIls Systait Msyhetye? Cttpytstts Tayhtoiygy Msgtatospheto PhysIC - FollIes ed Petto?a/F5?d
I U- -31 W76-7U464 -04-41
LIGHZ Opetatols. ad Safsty RAT LUNAR COMPOSITION Matatydylattys Not Thate? Piastitsa 076-70552
505-08-22 W7U-7Ut 12 ~~~::tefIa? SIdes of Ihe Moo sd Msteptts Pest 093555 076-70553
NDLOGY Ic 95 2 02 076 70630 M /
Eytltpphiyelot etA WaIst SIcIly ThepIsIya? SIdes 109-36-56 W76-70556
170-30-fl W76-70408 195-22-02 070-70033 MAGNETIC INDUCTION
LINE SPECTRA Adletped Eaoeteltt Cttyspts P-?sed MPG Aty Jat otth dolts Etagy Stotage
Lebytalot-y ed Theplslta? Sy?et Physys 195-23-00 W76-70640 500-22-44 076-70351
185-38-53 W76-70565 Eos!tsIpt of Telhtp-es fyI Its Oetetttitalott of Lttet MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
)tfyetsd Syayttoaoopy of Stats ed Fiesta Cteofetye? Feds PhysIc? etd dlstiye? GlAss of She Syslet SOds
188-41-55 W76-70578 190-40-02 W76-70642 195-22-03 076-70634
1-21
PAGENO="0369"
365
MAGNETIC TAPES SUBJECT INDEX
~ *~d ~ ~f E ~uet.!?.st ~I MARINER PROGRAM NASA/N~y M~Iti~~ V/STOt. A~~c~eft Tath~oI~gy
M~t~IeI~ ~ Sy~t~~ T~~h~&~gy o~ PIa~etary Missions ~
1952204 W7670635 188-6852 W76.70538 505.1035 W7870139
MAGNETIC TAPES Diiidccsetd Coitttol Tschcology ct Platietaty Ccii Altoteft Acalysisatid Msthcdclogy Developtcent
Viecoelastio Ptopetlles of Polyctets Missiots 7914015 W7670166
5061917 W70-70263 1666654 W76-70540 T,acelet Accepteitos . Locc Detisity Shotit-HecI
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW Missict od S st 0551 it. MJU79 Systettis
Specs ShAttle Thettttal Ptoteotioti Systettis 1666977 W78-70547 5135050 W76-70185
506.1643 W78-70274 Tetittitiel Atsa Elf ticeitess Ptcgiattt . Optitttieetict of
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY 166 66 76 W76 70549 I S H 7 W76 7019
6062511 W76-70372 Megoetit Beetitig Reeotioti Wheel lot Uittttetiited Ad cettoe d V/STOL Aitoteft Desigt std Applitetiot
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS ettetaty ehio~ Wcdies
Pclssd MPD Ato Jet coith ltdcotice Eitetgy Stotege 166.66.79 W7670549 514-50-01 W78-70198
5062244 W76-70351 Metittet J~pitst/Utetcs 1979 Soietioe Steetitg Gtocp Payloads Dytetttics
Msgtstosphetic Physics ` Patticles atd Pattiole/Field 1886680 W7670550 5061731 W76-70290
MARINER SPACE PROSES STOP 151 oti,tsl.Thettttai.Optioal-Plogtetttl
168-38-55 W76-70551 Teohttology Reeditess 506.17.33 W76-70294
Magitetosphetic Physics Pettioles etd Paiticls/Phctct 7904003 W76-70393 Secete Stctitts etid cost Weethet H eseetoh
MARINER SPACECRAFT 1751030 W76-7044t
1683656 W7670556 Ad~etced littsgitg Syslettts Techticlogy SecetS Stotttts cud Local Weethet H eseetch
MAGNETOMETERS 506.18-11 W76-70296 1751040 W70-70442
Patlioles stud Petticle/Field Ittetectiotis Te ht I Reedituess StuudiesuttTheApplicstiotuofSetsllitsDetstc LotugRetuge
t8O-38-~5 W76-70554 7904003 W76-70393 Fotsoestiutg stud Clitutete Puediotict et Colctutbie. CONY.
Otoctid-Besed Obsetcatictu of the ~ MARKET RESEARCH NYU, etid MIT.
188.38.52 W767O502 Cicil Alt Ttetspottetict 175-30-40 W78-70446
lustucuittettatiotu lCctteuttiuietictil 791-40-08 Potettisl Utilit of RPV's IRettuctel Pi ct 354030 W7870449
MAGNETOSPHERE Yehitlssl ct Cicil Appliostucts t.atgiey Ressetch Cetutst-Osotge Wsshttgtcut Uuticetsity
Magtetcsphetic Physics 791.40.18 W7o-7Ot67 Eticitcttuteuufei Mcdeiitg Puogusutu
10547-92 W76-70530 MARS (PLANET) 176-1032 W76-7O457
Magtetosphetic Physics - Pattitiss std Petticie/Pisid Negetice lots it Pletetaty Attutcsphetss COsslA DOte luicestigeticit Rsiecsutt to Deceit Dcutupitg
88 38 55 W76 70552 p A ph Dy W76 70520 M76 30 3 W78 70 70
Patticies etid Petticis/ Field Ittetecticits 185-47.57 W767052i Hydtclcgit Modeiitig
188.38.55 W76.70554 Piatetsu'y X-Ray DiffuactcuttetRt 177.54.11 W707O497
It Megtuetosphstio Physics . Patticiss etd Petticie/Phctct 185.50.40 w70-7O532 Thutcteticei Stydies of Platetety Bcdiss W76.7O535
180-36-56 W78-7O558 PiouuMciygcGeotutctphoicgy etd Outface Piocesses of Uittsciclef IUVI etd Opticei Asttctctuty
Appliceticts of Thecueticei Space Physics 185-50-60 W76-7O534 100-41-51 w767O572
1003657 W7S70560 ThRcteticel Studies of Pietuetety Bodies CottV5
Rutthoetd Radeu Pietetety Studies w7S70644 105-50-01 ltstt itt tt I tutetut W70-70535 8~ue~eI Studies W76-70506
MAGNETOBTATICS 185-50-73 W76-70537 195-20-02 W76-70625
let Thtuustet Reeeatch MARS BSRFACE Ccuttpuuteticuuel RRquuiusttuetl - Defitiitict
506-22-40 W76-70348 G&C Techtciogy ct Mets Rccitg Vehicles 310-40-38 W767OS71
MAINTAINABILITY 86-60-55 W76-7O541 CoutupuutRt UsagR TRchtiquues
Lcuugccsii Mititg Systett RRlisbiiity etd Meititeitiebility MASERS 310-4O4t W78-7OS74
Study Fctdeutusttel Phototics MATRICES IMATHEMATICBI
770-41-03 W78-70434 506-25-31 W76-70374 DecRiopttustt cI Couttpuutetotel Teohtiquues
MAN MACHINE SYSTEMS 505-06-72 W76-70091
tlatittsliigetce let Ittegueted Rebel W76-703t3 108-41-54 Stetd d s t W76-70576 MAT~R ~t~sC~puopcisiou
MANAGEMENT 3101042 W76-70654 506-21.43 W76-7033b
Flight Metuagctutett Syststtts Rsdio Mettic ltsttuuttt ettatiot Decolo uttett MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
504-09-31 W7S70005 310-10-61 W76-70657 Hypeisctiic Vehicle Stuuiotuites Techtoiogy
~ MASS SPECTRSMETERS 50~2'l~t Itottuutttettstiot W76-700t9
177-31-52 W7S-70479 Sttutosphetiteseetoh PtcOtstit W76-70450 505-04-23 W7S-70054
MANAGEMENT PLANNING Abed te Ptsssu Atoutti Xc etu tdEti~u slit Beetit Fiocy M eescueuuuott Tsthiuiquuos
Sisotuotic 0 cede etud Systsutts Suuppotit Cal Suet t I I Me S It ta 5O5O643 W7670087
506-18-22 W76-7O300 185-47-51 W70-7O515 Ktcocledgo of Atuutospheuio Puotesses
Systetuts Atualysis Methodology etd Suuppctt E o N o C 505-08-10 W7S7O106
790-40-it W76-7O397 M CO ~ h let Mess Spectucittetet Tethitiqces tot Fl eutetety cud
Ptogtetttutuetio Sytuth esis atud AuuOttetttetict 185-47-52 W76-7O5 N Cotttetety Eopstittetts
175-50-40 W767O454 Attutos hetio Eo etittteut Deceic tttetut 105-47-53 W7S-7O517
Ettccctittteuttel0uu:lity Piutitiitg Acticities lot the 05-47-71 heti Ph its W7S-7052S M~gtietcdytatttits-Not Thettittal Piasuttes W76-7O553
176-90-31 W78-70474 105-47-92 W76-7O530 Sciette Eopetittstt Cotucepts
Hydtdiogit Modeiittg Ccsttt,c Oust M easuute tttetts 195-2006 W7S-7O629
177-54-11 W76-7O497 108-45-53 W76-7O589 MECHANICAL DRIVES
Specs Ooetetiots Techtuiquues Sciettitic Oelitiitict Study lot Ait Detusity Bopictets - Dticc Systeutt Meohaitital Cotttpottetts Tethtoicpy
910-31-00 W78-707O4 1900 lNeuuttei Dytstttios Eoplotetsl 505-04-41 W76-70058
MANESVERABILITY 108-70-60 W76-7061O MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
RPRV Capability Oecsicputteut Oicitsttuutttsttetioti Coutpctet-Aided Desigti Methods
SOS-i 1-25 W78.7O157 192-St-OS W76-708l7 SOS-O2-14 W76-70022
0 5 0 910 300 IC W S 70695 506 6 2 C W76 70256
SOS-i 1-41 W76-7O1SO MASS SPECTROSCSPY Reietictehip ct Atotttio Sttctluutes coith Metetiel
Highly M auteuuceta Sic Aiuctatl Techtcicgy/Witid Tcttiei at etttistty o Xci s W767O2SS W767O262
723-01-03 W7S-7O222 Ott ess pRottottetet ectiauuos ct etetsty at Viecoelastic Ptcpeuties ot Polyttuets
MANNED ORBITAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES 105-47-53 W787OSI7 508-16-17 W7S-7O2S3
Adoetted Teohttology Labotatotyi Systettts Dalituitiotu AdOettcRd Es etitutsut Oeceiopuiuetit tot Patfidle Adcetced Mststiels lot Space
7500111 W7S704OS Cotttpositiout Meesuutetuteutt it Plaitetsty Atutuosphetes 5061621 W767O26O
LOEF Espstitttetit Oslititicit iBS-47-54 W76-7OSIO Adcetced Metetiels atud Matuutaclctittg Ptccesses
750-01-31 W76-70407 MATERIALS 508-16-21 W7S-7026S
Lctug Duutatiotu Eopcscte Facility Ptdiecl M atetia is lot Adcetioed Tuutbiue Etugiutes IMATEI Helical Sotecc Espatdet Puoject
750-02-01 W76-704l4 510-53-01 W76-70t72 770-91-01 W76-70439
MANUAL CONTROL MATHEMATICAL LOGIC MECHANtCAL SHOCK
Rotcucteft Flight Dyttetttics Adoetced Sohccste Osceiopttueutt Shock atd Vibtctiou Itilcttttstiotu Cettot ISVICI
505-10-23 W76-7013i 910.27-01 W76-70700 506-17-34 W7S-7O29S
VIOL Flight Dytetutits MATHEMATICAL MODELS MERCSRY IMETALI
MAPI 03 W7 S 5 05 W7 006 6 W 6 3
Floco M eescte tttetut Tethtuiquues tucs opttteut c tttpcteliottasttiquues SOPS Etcitotttteuutal Itttpcct
SOS-06-43 W78-70087 Acist~ct Sataty Veseauch etd Techtuolo - Wak~ Votteo S062233 W76-7O347
Clitutete R esesuch Hscetd MERCURY (PLANET)
175-40-SO W76-7O4S1 505-08-22 w76-7Oi 17 Fiatuetology Ocotutotphoiogy atud Suuttuace Puocesses
stud Regictusi Scales lot Light Aitctah 1855080 W7B7OS30
178-20-32 W76-7O46S 505-10-14 W76-7O126 MESOMETEOROLOSY
X-Ray Asttoutottty Adcatuoed Tilt Rotot Aetodytuatutics Secete Stottuito stud Local Woethet Rsseetch
100-46-SO W78-7OS9S 505-10-27 W70-70i30 175-10-10 W76-7O440
1-22
72-434 Q - 76 - 24
PAGENO="0370"
366
SUBJECT INDEX MODELS
S~Y SW~ ~d LR~0 SV~h~ R~s~Hth P~1toy QW~t~ Ad~~d SUdW MIUTARY TECHNOLOGY
METAL FATIGUE 5061613 CI MRI~&s 1~ E0RVC~R Apph~5~~s RHIR SyV~ R~h A~VI (RSRA)
M M COMO w W
SCAR MIHAs AppI!I~s PRH P(RYR$Rg fR EUW 0510 SW SRiRRWd MILLIMETER WARES
743-01-22 W76-70229 APPORRIR SAIlOR MARl WI/I CR/PR/IA DIRRIRpARI
Rgyf A w
2 W a LI p
AdA/RId MI/RAIl P SpAR 177-44-03 W76-70488 MINES (EXCAVATIONS)
M M M( I A A
4bPS/Roy SooooolsIyoo MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES DR/RI/PAR/I RI ~o A//poyIIId LRogoss/ Shssos
M CR w 3 W
METEORITIC COMPOSITION TsshRlRgyfAdRlId(ooIRpoyIDdApoppsfTooyoo,sl MORAl AR/dy/RAPS
SR SR w W
M 5 M W
M U
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES 168-41-52 W76-70574 AdAd Mossipo, CA/Ips - Es~h 0/boll
M M OW M PR ORgy
0 04 5 04
50S-OX-10 W76-70106 MIUTARY AIRCRAFT 106-60-73 W76-70S44
NRA/RI (RI /0/ P11/ItS/p AI//RsphI/I5 MARy Aipsft - A//P/IS Al/pdy//l///ys Ado~~Id Missiy// Stood/Is IR/ Esp/R/s/ P0/Pg/A/s
MICHELSON INTERFEROMETERS sf/I/Soy Aoop~ft AloRdy/lAys Ad-/P/Ad Mosgoyo, SI/doll W76-7061 1
W 04 M WA M 00 W
DlfAbRRSto/dy /0/ 791-40-04 W76-70163 MODAL RESPONSE -
1-23
PAGENO="0371"
367
SUBJECT INDEX
505-03-12 W76-70039
Q~41. CI~ G~2 A~to~' Tb00~, {QCGAT)
Q~1 ShLA-Ho~l R~~h A!~~f1 laSTS)
504-09-13 W76-70003
W76-70016
A~~11 Op p~~d SlOly F1&T
505-08-21 W76-70109
910-03-00 W76-70680
MODERATORS
MOISTURE CONTENT N
192-55-66 W76-70618
D~fi1~ 1 Phypyso,d Ch~Ty E~p~~1s S~bsp~p/S~p ~pp~fy A~dy~~ ~
8 W W
M~g~14sphT~ Phys~y~ PT9TS~ ~d PU9?T)P/PhP1~ ~d thE Ctttl M6taty M Tt~UtT Lttdttg SytSttts )MLS)
506-16-11 W76-70255 NEBULAE
W76-70154 C~ F~sb51o DpttttPtt
At~t,t~td MOOSt Hydt~gtt W76-70333 P4ttttSs ~td ~ ttpt~P1ot 6-70555
w
19523-01 W76-70638 505-03-31 Rpdttato~ Tpyht00gy W76-70043
MOTION SIMULATORS 505-06-41 W76-70084
NASA/N~~y Mtlt,tt~ttptt V/STOL Aitpt~tt TBphttTlpgy NOISE (SOUND)
w
L~kB CSEsthp8hytt Ptp)BP1 W76-70472 ~4~p0t~ Sttd~s) W76-7023O
/c~ w
177-44-52 W76-704O6 504-09-13 W76-70003
-24
PAGENO="0372"
368
SUBJECT INDEX PARTICLES
186-68-74 W76-70545 506-20-32 W76-70322 505-01-1 W76-7001 1
6 I~ M
1:4 50
W 8
NUCLEI (NUCLEAR PHYSICS) OPTICAL RADAR 506-2233 W76-70347
co LA 0 9
8 w
Th~~I ~ W76-70553 31010-22 64~p41~g SY$1R~R B4dT~4h4Y4R$ p
0 ORBITAL ELEMENTS W76-70653 PACKAGING 1:0440) (44503 MDOO&T60046
~ A14011 AR~0dyoooo4 PR~fDOo,3o(T ORBITAL lAUNCHING Poy)o~d ~od E~pRDOOT41 506-16-33 g 4576-70270
w 04 50 w
w W 04 W 8
NRDOR5DOR. Rod T~do Rod ES1OROOR WR1RO ORBITER PROJECT 80 ood Opsool AssooHoy )cyoopoooyyo& P501:yo)
choRyRoys SyR1R Rd ORdyty EIfRyIs SIOdRO 10 Otb10 XR(4f 188-41-51 W76-70571
OM W76 0637 w
FIght M04RgotttRt SystRos ORBITS PARTICLE REAMS
504-09-31 W76-70006 Mst~ot Aol toy - OboRtys. Spools. ~td D~s Absylto Posso. AlTO Osygoo. sd ERgosy Dos
OFFSHORE PLATFORMS A50y5 Cgtibsy lot Moss SPROITRIOS
OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM ORsyot EsyIiy 188-46-56 W76-70593
Tosp600ly Ogoy Gooshosy M RgRlOsphRO P50sys PRYjOIRB sd Poloto/Phylo
00 06 /
AiylRos Pdo110S sod Aisy- SoIRly 108-36-56 W76-70555
5' M /
TRoT) CH5glRd VRSytR PHgs OSCILLATORS PARTICLE TRACKS
910-31-00 W76-70704 506-25-43 W76-70384 505-08-22 W76-701 16
-25
PAGENO="0373"
369
PARTICULATE SAMPLING SUBJECT INDEX
ShAtA 0~fit!AHt Stt~d~tt 04 Hjgh EIRt9Y AsTYphyoho Thttttto) Ctttlttd Ctttttgt ~td Phtst Ch~tgt M~ttt,&t DtlHptttttt 18 Shyttlo Fhght hop toott. Dtop
PARTICULATE SAMPLING PHASED ARRAYS 750-03-01 W76-70415
18845-53 W7670590 Mooo~oo Pootot Ttoo~yt tod R It 188-48-51 W76-70602
PASSENGER AIRCRAFT 776-15-01 W76-70418 Adtotyod M~oiyt Sttt4os
0 04
50~ W76-70003 5061813 )ltgh VOOVIttt,Vt SOtI001 W76-70298 Physyolod Chot041 StAts of SoOt SytotSyhds
504-09-21 W76-70004 PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIONS PIGMENTS
PASSIVITY 176-10-41 W76-7045O RAt Qo14oI CoO VtIdot /PI~t Plo sot
Cottishot CottA it Hybtd Mt Vol too l001ItGtt!Ot Hf Shstosphoo Coottoots Dtttg Lot Alt1odO Htgh SAd FIght
1801755 W7670511 SpootHoApy ttd Photoohootty of Plo sty 0 AAoos Pod sot std As tot SoOty
PATTERN RECOGNITION Cot 1 M I I 504-09-32 W76-70007
Otoloptot of Thoototos t Oigtsl CottA 185-47-55 W76-70519 Fight MotogotOlt 11 Votott Plotod Systos
505-07-13 W76-70100 Cototo sd Ittostolls Motto 504-09-34 W76-70000
Poyloodo Dytottool No-Motollo Sop odotots HgdItG Osolcos - TobIooo/FIosbity Eftoots
606-17-31 W76-70288 506-16-15 W76-7026t 505-06-92 W76-70094
506-17-31 W76-70290 506-23-31 W76-70359 tot Lght Atytoft
Psyloods DytOtOs PHOTODISSOCIATION 505-10-14 W76-70t26
70 W w
A 00 C
Coy Toyhology Poyloods lOGo Pt000IsO)G Foolty Pfotstoo EllIot sd POtty Attosphotos - St ott sd C p toIl
w W w
M~A Ad Syoot Dosgo - MJU79 177-43-51 W7670484 Voho sd 6104 PIttotty Shot
106-68-77 W76-70547 PHOTOIONIZATION 196-41-51 W76-70644
Dolopot of Shttlo PoyloAs to ho SIdy of Soft Mogtosphoty Physys - P tAos sd Pttiolt/Photo PIONEER 11 SPACE PROBE
01080181 SplAt Spot Alt Do Iopttttttt tot S~oo 8~y Thoottool R~ooh PIPES (TUBES) W76 70644
188-41-51 W76-70568 188-48-52 W76-70603 Ms Ott tog loptoto
9~o~hAtY W76-7071S Msoos Coo) TooholoGy to POotsy PISTON ENGINES
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION to Aootoft SI tots 186-6873 W76-70544 ~ to Popho W76-70335
w W 3 M
04ZOoYty/EloottO Co FtosbIty 000000ot 506-23-17 Toyhology W76-70354 ~ W76-70522
I d P I f Photosoltoy Toot. Stododosto od Syotolls 510110 of PIsotoy Atoophoos
5 I A i ~ 185-47-67 w76-70523
910-35-02 W76-70710 TVOLTAIC C NVERSION W76-70426 Plootoy Aloophoos Espoot Otoolopot
PETROLOGY PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT 1~~~bt1 StAts - Fl 010toly Atoophoos
195-22-04 W76-70635 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY Atoophoos
1-26
PAGENO="0374"
370
SUBJECT INDEX PREDICTION ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Msgfosphsss Phyoos - POIoIIS Old p /ps~, PLASMA LOSS 0 III TIll gof Too phloo SOlUobso
So Th Co So~
Soood-bgsod lofooood Aol oooooooy MlgIooph1oio Phybos P110115 lId P11/PholOl 1763031 W7670470
196-41-50 W76-70643 lobooyoyoo EPA/NASA 5031 13611 Blsio Pgogoo
PIoooIOly Asfloooooy Old Soppoofoog Lgbolgloly 188-36-56 W7670556 176-90-21 W7670473
8po~h ApphpAooo of ThIollIoll Spool Phyoyo Coold110oo ood Ploooooog AUfloibIs 101 106
196-41-67 W76-70647 1883657 W7670560 Esooooooosootol GoOdy Poogoooo
Gooooood-021ld Opopol ASIIOIOOIIO PLASMA RADIATION 176-90-31 W76-70474
W 8 MMD 1
PLANETARY COMPOSITION P101940 of PIlpofo PWSMA-ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTION POLYCARRONATES -
185-50-51 W76-70S33 5od-Oposd 505looofoo of hI ~ 505-01-31 - 011- po~ W76-70015
LA ys Id / So 111 Co
PLATARY~OL~JRIOr~ 80db PLASMAS PHYSICS) - ~ Polyooos
1005 So ys So S W
18
PLANETARY LANDING ~hofolIoI of P6)114 PIosoo~ ThoosfOl Ildoold 9io-cs-o~o°11111 10 10611000 W76-70685
LA M So M W 027
Rod,o old flodol P0111010 Sfodos P000 LIqod Rosk~1 Coo 06161 TIohoolo 505-01-34 W76-7001O
LA M 0 W w
193-58-62 W7E-70521 lTd~o 115111 Pos14-g SylIlo 10 SOoYO 14floIoOy 506-25-31 0 ~ 676-70376
193-58-63 Cooool 6576-70522 505-19-15 W7E-70309 POROUS MATERIALS RbslooS
PLANETARY ROTATION Adoosold D100001o'f S115Ioofiol ~d CoffloI 0-ROy A550101ly
PLANETARY SURFACES W76 706S0 POLARIZATION (WAVES) - POWER CONDITIONING W7E-70S93
PLASMA CONTROL Eoo S 01195 74303-41 S16dy 6187 P Hgh-Poof019310l P0011 P100100113 101
w W 3
PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS 11113101?ol 51doo) So~oo Ogosd P0011 C01U110 011 Old P0011 ROoy
PI~s~~ Dy139y Elblgo Sooloo 743-04-Of W7E-70238 SosfIs
LAM M S M
AdAlSold P12093dy113o L3011 Roooolyh 778-31-03 W7E-70429 Olggy GboohIllofly
0 M w
1-27
PAGENO="0375"
371
PREDICTIONS SUBJECT INDEX
ObhqooW~og FS0T T~~t Tooho4ogy W76-70084 NASA/Nooy MCII ooo V/STOL Aoo~o5 Toohoology 188-46-59 W76-70598
so~2~2~~ Elloolo Rosolhog hoo EfflytsPdyd 743-03-31 W76-70235 PYR~EcHN~IC~IRh/EI Sy0oo~o Toohoolygy
PRESSIJRE DISTRIBUTION W76-702U7 bsPoypolsoy, Toyhogiggy W76-70327 Q
PRESSURE VESSELS 77U-30-01 W76-70428 310-40-39 W76-70V72
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Oyo~y VOSBOVI ood Coolo1 TROhOOgY OPIO& 0010 Toslo VooRoo
w W 70059
510-51-01 W76-70170 Ego T~~h~l~gy 506-26-21 W7U-703U7
Hgh E11ooyy Solo CoIl Do lOpol od E11g 505-05-21 W7670060 QUASARS
505-06-73 W76-70092 505-05-51 W76-70065 160-41-52 WT6-70573
790-40-06 W7670395 QORI C4o ShgI-hoI EopootoI Ego IQCSEE) 769-01-01 W76-70249
7701001 W7670421 ~ 51dy W76-70223 769-02-01 W76-70253
C~gd go od Plog AyooIoo Ig hO lCoyoplo) QUIET ENGINE PROGRAM
EoooIol Golly ~ 743-04-12 W76-70239 Got. Cloo GoRol Ayoloo Tgbolo (QCGATI
LA W / / Co w
w W R
506-22-30 W76-70345 5062210 W7670342 4oCggpo~tg~ Pdgt Wog Syslo
/ W
506-22-40 W76-7034U 769-02-01 W76-70253 RADAR ASTRONOMY
w
PROPORTIONAL COUNTERS MIols go L0bIIOIIV od W~o to Moyhoygl 600 Dotoyto 001210 0 W7670533
V4yoblo Cyglo Ego Coopooto Sysloos 50d5~o~ootol P501015 W76-70375 ~ 0 D000lopotRtt Stool EgO
M W 0
1-28
PAGENO="0376"
372
SUBJECT~NDEX REMOTE SENSORS
A~e~ed Th~o?~~t ~ Ge~-~' S;~ RADIOACTIVE WASTES
s~d D.ta P~~ss:~; EI~:t~-~c~. S~d ~ D~eT~s E~y T~:~'~y Pay':.~s 9101300 `7570594
1857901 W7570534 7500~51 W76.70411 REFRACTIVIT'S
RADIATION RAO~OME~ERS ~,, ~ Si~d~s W75 70535
5062531 ` W7570375 1752030 W7670444 REFRACTORY METALS
~d P 1 El's-s SI Is- 0lsl UPs 0~P's1s P55558'S ` OZVPS F 555~?5 Ad~s~csd Mste~sls s~d Msls~'~; P~sssS5s
GPP'SS Psy S~syl's~-V;; - 17540E0 W7070452 5091621 W7670265
1952208 W7670037 Vs U's s'U IS Ss"ss~ S~bsys1sPPs Ths& CVPI!sl s~~Ih HesI Pjpes
RADIATION SHIELDING 17572241 - I D V ` Lsbs~s1s s~d Thes~e1~ssI 5061831 W7570269
The'ppyop,c Sys1s~s Te:hpcls;y pp. ` REFRIGERATORS
5052423 W7070371 1893853 W7670504 Ms o~et~s sd CPy87PyS~US
RADIATION SOURCES MII.~~ste' Ws~s a~,d Fs~t~l's~sd Dstosls~s 50S~25~21 W7070373
Lo* E~s~gy Us~~e Psy As1~s~o~iiy 1887856 W7670607 REGIONAL PLANNING
188~45~S8 W78~70S97 AdssPced I~l,s~sd Ae1~s~s~~y s~d Lsbo~s1o~y ~ TSSIHQ Vt T~spssphs~.s SSPSOIS OP
RADIATION TOLERANCE As1~ophysos s~d Peg'o~sI Sosiss
PIs~e1s~y Sole, Posos~ Reses~oh s~d Teoh~olo8y 1964154 W76.70040 1762032 W70704S5
5052312 W7670352 REACTION KINETICS Ps~~o~sI Appl,cet~o~s OssetoSHept
RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER EohsHst E~~~sss~ Potytop Resss'oh 1775242 W76.70494
Pls~eIs~y Ett~y Teoh~olo~y 5050331 W7S70043 M?IUSOVIPSIV Rs9oPeI Ap~IosIoPs s~ U Ls~d Use
508.1641 W7570272 SVCOIIOSOOSV CPU Photoohe~s',ty 01 P~ 5~~5t5~y CPU 1777061 W7670500
Pls~sts,y E~t'y As,oths,tpsI PSI COP'Vte?'y Motsoes REGRESSION ANALY8IS
5002020 W76703S5 1854755 W78705t8 ROtO'O,sY Ms~tssos Ccc's MsIhVdsToGy
Pt I F, D s ~/O~'s~ p~p~ REACTION TIME Decs!op~~is~t
5082023 - ` W7070369 Atss~°s~: Cocos! Physos Pssss'oh Stydes of 7914022 W7670168
M P REINFORCEMENT ISTRUCTURESI
1752040 W7070445 18547 8° W7070522 Co~~~os-te Mete,,e!s ApV?oel'o" to Its C130 CCV,?
75 0 0 V78 70 8 RE C'TION WHEELS w 0 W75 70 70
Cl~'sts P Esss'oh' 0:0', MESS.'s"ePIs Ptsosts~y V;P~!~5 REINFORCING FIBERS
1754060 W7070452 1850979 W7570549 Co~-oos'tes 7570017
~ REAS~~,E~S5~O. Pesesoy RELATIVISTIC PLASMAS
505 20 2 W70 70387 REACTOR DESIGN W76 70395 88 1 5 W76 70570
1854772 - W7070527 ~ CVOIE Os, TVUPB E~"GV COPSE?5OP RELATIVITY
7781901 W7870423 Ps!eIsty & CslestsI Msohs~os
AtIPoshIPol ~ ~" ~ REAL GASES 1884154 W7870575
1854704 W757053t dy~a~o: EsihO,bt.t T,stspoPstoP As,othss~o' 1884154 W7870578
185 50 51 W78 70533 506 26 10 Co d W7E 70385 W70 70577
184 A h W78 70970 506203 W7E 7039 ~
0,ospd-Oesed Ipt,e'od Ast'o~o'~y REAL TIME OPERATION 1887861 W75~70505
1054172 `W78-70549 A~toIPs1sd Potts, Sys's~e Ms'Ss;sIPsPt AU'SCPOB Tsohpolo8oel DOSSIOOIPSPI. 0e~s,sI,
RADICALS 5052335 W70'703E3 cyoge,os
N0P'MSIeV: S,ps,oo~dtoto's Ul1'sto!St Ms's S0sot'o~sIs~ 0s58oXIPsPt °` ~ 1887851 W7570G05
5001616 W767026t OPtic RELIABILITY
RADIO ASTRONOMY 864151 W7C 70658 H~h!Y 5,!~5', Cs! A~o'eh COIP5sls' TBOh,0!OOV
0,otPdOssSd Redo Ast,o'ioIPy Sp'st-o~ 5050731 w7E70I04
1884152 W7570573 X104201 W70 70717 ~ Mste,s!s AOV!oslo'SIo StVOtt'ss
Co RECEIVERS 5081714 W7570278
158 4151 ` - W7070544 Fee, 0-! ye-U Ve~UsI-o~ot 1,880 Cost Mo'otts:e LSPUPG OPOt-ysi MPPO SystsIP ReteS-Ity e~d Ms~ts~s0!ty
195-4173 W70-70650 01350-54 W7870188 7784103 W76-70434
RADIO COMMUNICATION U P / 505 20 2 W75 703 0 RELIABILITY ENGINEERING
I I Mc'ottece ~ `Sd ~5V~'S9E~ 5126102 W7670t79
¶883556 W70'70558 5082Co22 W7070317 L0PG'L'te. H!Xh'P,,follPtsPoe Pottsi Pi0oSSsPG toi
Redo Mstio Itst'sPtopteto~ Dets!o5IPsPt MiP'Pste' Wets Co,'~o~s~t 0Ete!03PPCPI P~s'Sels'S Ap~losto~s
3101081 W78-70657 5002020 W75'70320 50623-33 w70-7035t
Redo 0yste~'s Dste!o7,PsPt Less, P,op,t!so~ TochPooGy Cod stos e~d Co~t,oI TeohPoIo~y to, P!e~stoPy
3102055 W7S-70804 500-2140 W7570332 MSeops
RADIO FREOUENCIES Mo,OIPPets'e T,s~sso~de' Dsts!op"iEPt 1865854 W70 70540
M,lt,tpete,-Weosepd Fe, ttte,ed Astio~o~iy 188-08-53 W75-7053G IftoOtetOd POt-tol/Attttlts CVpt,oI SyetsIP to, Spsoe
1804155 W7070570 RF Tsoh~olo~y to' TORSO Use' Sssoeo'e ft Vehole Ap~Ioeto~s
M,!I,p,ete, Wetest, U Fe,'Ipt,s,od Detests's 310-20 45 W75-70882 910-35-02 W7670710
18878-58 W78-70607 , REMOTE CONTROL
RADIO GALAXIES U 3 0 30 2 W76 70805 504 00 3 W76 70008
1884152 W70-70573 RECLAMATION St~Uy of Pote~tol UtIty 01 RPVs IRstitoIsty P,!oted
RADIO NAVIGATION W U S U 70 0 C A W78 70 57
U I F~ C 0 7520 W75 70403 5 P
Net stoti Fs~oIstis RECORDERS 50819-32 W70703t3
513-53-05 W70-70t03 T,eot -~ MeI-o~ Sy5IO~5 T500PO!VOy 0&C Teol-tiolVOy to, Me,e Rct~~ Vob-:'ss
RADIO OBSERVATION 31033-50 w7570859 18658-55 W78-7054t
O~o~ttid 0,sed OUes-oel-s°e ot ohs Si RECTIFIERS REMOTE SENSORS
188-38-52 W75-70583 less' E'e'~y Cc'os'sc', Rssesob P0'S Rseot~t-o~ Se~so's
RADIO SOURCES IASTRONOMYI 508-2542 W70-70383 508-IS 12 W7670297
Ap~!oet-otis of The~'st-oe! Cocos Phye-:s RED TIDE M!lIPsts? Wets CCIP7oPCPt DotB!85!?EPI
1583557 W7070560 ~ Pod Ide s-U Eette''s Wete' 50020-20 W7570320
Eteltetop ot T,oh'S-VOes to' Ihs Dste!IP°etOP of Lt-e' CP5'eotE'ot-os SyotsIPs Atotyss of Poso E0S/ 5800 0peiet'o~eI
e~d Fletisto'S Oie:tet VP5I Fs!ds 170-30-41 W70-70471 Systerns
105-40-02 W78-70642 REDUCED GRAVITY 700-40 45 W70-70390
RADIO TELEMETRY o t C 75 10 L W70 70 42
178-5012 W75-70507 7~To~T~s3 W76-70409 DsIy WEsIhsl P seeeto
RA%O7E~LES8COdP~S of Iho ~ Lo* O'stty 5~5e?ttsd P5!tP, AUtePoe d TEohPoto5y ~ MetsaYloMoel P ssee,ot, W70-70
180 38 52 U P d A W70 7059 0 78 5 W76 70005 78 20 40 P F W75 70445
1604152 W70-70573 REENTRY 17010-3t W7570455
MII~,tsi-Wete,p 0 Psi ItheicU Astotioly Adte~osU 55th-OtIs! ItePsoOitstOP LsP5!Ey Rosces h Cs~ts'0so~s WesP~IoP UP,tsisty
88-4 -55 W70-7057G Ac~t! e1~~9dyte't5 Epsotipietite! Mods!~i~ Po~e~
Redo etd Reds, Pt e~stsy SIsdes 50M2M10 W7M703X5 t70.tO32 W7070457
198-4173 W70-70850 REENTRY PHYSICS Atti-oe~hso Mods!P~ of Fo!tstot Tle'S578t
RADIO TRACKING E°t'y Teoho!o~y F~t!oed cPU Esse~et ~ Pos h Fe `SIP W7870450
Plet,ts~y Atos~Noo sos 55 780-0182 W7070412 17510-Co - - W75-70080
RADIO WAVES REFLECTANCE DsIstt-oP. Che,:Is'osl o~ ed Atie!yos et Attoe~'Sso
8~e38;e5~s~he,o Phts-:o - Pod o Os's-os W70-70500 774452 V's W70-70456 175-10-81 W78704E1
-29
PAGENO="0377"
373
REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES SUBJECT INDEX
T,oposphu. AI~ PoIl~tio~ Mbd&i~g .~d Re~te Se~sfr~g RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ROCKET EXHAUST
Eoel~etlot CMI Altotelt Deoelopmeot Teetlog lod~stty cod Othet Missile Aerodytemios
1782011 W7O*70403 Sooertmerrt Agetoles 505.1 1.22 W7O-70154
Remote Mees emerrt sod Modelitg of Ttopospherio 5051114 W7O70t4O Spaoe Shottle Dyrremlos sod Aeroelestloty
Polloterrte Toohoology poodles of Aeoooaotloel Systems 5061732 W78-70293
178.20.31 W70-70484 518.5011 W7O-70207 The Chemtstoy eodAtmospherro lotereotloos of Eoheoet
IT ph 5 U b RESEARCH FACILITIES A h I Cdfm R V h W7E 70328
1782032 W7O-70465 108.40.52 W7U-70591 Solid 000eter Eehaoet
176.2042 Soosiog Coooepts tot TropospheodPoiotmo RESEARCH MANAGEMENT Spacecraft Llq~id Propoleioo Research
Ttopospherlo Pollotloo Saoeltg ~ W 0300 5062151 W7O-70337
1782051 W78-70487 ROCKET NOZZLES
I I ak Pt loolodio Systems Atelyos Methodology sod Soppoot Ad~~toed Liqoid Rooket Compooeot Teohoology
Ectoophloetloo etd Wsteo Qoelity 790401t W78.70397 5062110 W7O-70324
1703011 W76.70400 RESEARCH PROJECTS Solid Rocket Ptopolsloo Systems
Watet/Latd Pollotioo Monitorlog Peesibility Stodiee Itterdisoipliosry Speoe Soleooe Reseetoh 1003251 w7O-70513
1783021 W70-70469 1884051 W7O-70002 ROCKET-BORNE INSTRUMENTS
Coestel Zote Inoestigetion Releosot to Ooeat Domplog RESIDUAL STRESS UV etd Optioel Astronomy
Monitoring Composite Materials Applioetion to Xtoootooes 180.4151 W7O-70509
170.30-31 W7870470 500-07-14 W70-7027S ROTARY WING AIRCRAFT
EPA/JPL Lake Classifiostion Projeot RESIN BONDING Heltooptet Asrodynemio Performenos, Dyoamlos sod
1703051 W7O-70472 Com osites Notse
EPA/NASA Steel Lakes Eesin Program 505-01-34 W70-70017 5051021 W78-70t27
170-90-21 W78-70473 RES S Hs000ptso Aerodyosmios
CooodloetloA sod Platting Aotioitles lot the Com osites sod Adhesices S05f0'21 W70-70t28
170 SO 31 I 0 I P °g W7O 70474 SCRM I A I W7O 70010 505 10 23 W7O 70130
Visible arId fl Seosoo Sobsystems W78 70470 7430122 w78.70229 50f0 PINt Dynamos W70-70t3t
Remote Seosio 01 See Tem eratore sod Torbidlty RESOLUTION Rotororah CMI Heliocpter Technology
177.22.91 w7O-70477 Megostodynem~os-Non Thermal Plasmes 5050024 w7o-7O132
Slmoletion Stodies lot Optimioatioo of Thsmatio Mappor 1883855 W78-70S53 ROTATING EDDIES
cod Adoetoed Sensors Shottle Defiolbon Slodies lot High Eoergy Astrophysios Thres-Dimerrsiorral Sepereted Flotos
177-20-41 W76-70478 100-46-04 W70-7060t 505-06-14 W76-70070
Image Ptcoessing/Lend Use/HCMM RESONANCE SCATTERING ROTDR AERODYNAMICS
177-31-52 W7O-7047S Atlitoda Cootool Propolsion TtIt Rotor Research Alrorah Program
Largs-Anea Crop Prcdoclioo looeolory by Remote 910-04-03 W76-706S4 744-01-01 W7O-70247
Seosiog RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Rotor Systems Raeaaroh Airorah IRSRAI
177-42-85 W7070453 Assess meot of the Eosrgy Applioatioo 00 Adoaooed 745-01-01 W70702 8
Seosor Eoaloaliooe Teohoologias ROTOR BLADES ITORBOMACHINERY)
177.44.31 W76-7040S 777-40-01 W7O-70420 HeI~oopter Aerodyosmics
Joint Miorcooeoe Soil Moistote Agricultotal Eaperimeol 50010 ioel Soieooas SOS-1021 W70.70t20
177-51-41 W76-70489 070-56-12 W76-70507 ROTOSCRAFT AIRCRAFT S stems Reseeroh Airoosh
77 51 0 W76 70491 RETARDANTS L Co M 514 53 01 W70 70203
The Applios500 of Remote Sensing to Eoalusting Sunfeoe Ml' P r m ROTORS
Temparaturs During Freesing Conditiooe 5O5I~32~ w7U-70010 ArnfollAerodynomlos
177-51-91 W7O-70492 REUSABLE HEAT SHIELDING 505-06-31 , W7U-70051
177 52 2 W76 70494 dT P M E Orb 505 02 W70 70 28
Ragicoel Applloetions Eoploretcny Study Ptcjeot 0 - 2 w76-70273 Rotor Aooustos sod Aetoelaehotty
177-52-02 W7U-7O495 Speoe Shuttle Thermal Proteotion Systems 505-1020 W70-70t33
Hydrologic Modeltog 506-10-43 w7U-70274 Rotor Systams for Rotor Systems eseerc roraft
177-54-11 W76-70497 REUSABLE ROCKET ENGINEE S14-53-01 W76-70203
Remote Seosiog for Sooto sod be Mapping aod Adosooad Liquid Rocket Systems Taohnology ROVING VEHICLES
MooIorio 2 w76-70325 G&C Teohoology for Mare Roong Veholee
077-54-12 W7U.7O498 Ad d 82-02 En inc Coot tent Teohnolo 1800655 W76-7O54f
Mooilorng end Modeling of Hydrologic Systems 910-03-SO w70-7O66t RUNWAY CONDITISNS
77 5 W75 70500 REYNOLDS NUMBER 505 06 3 W76 70 22
W 5 70502 505 06 3 W76 70000 RUNWAYS
77 70 W 7 d W70 7008 505 08 22 W7U 70 3
Mult,dsoiplinary Regional Apploetone end Land Use Tunnel and Scala Effects in Traneono Floro Airotaft Systems Operational Safety and Eftoanoy
177-70-Of W76-7O5O6 505-06-42 W76-70060 Improrrement
Ecologoel Soencee CoIl Alroreh Dauelopmant TeeIng - Indoalny and Other 505-00-31 w76.70020
176-56-12 W7U7O5O7 Oooernment Agcoo~es
Eopariment Daoalopmeot for Neutral Gas Composition 505-11-14 W75-7OI4U
Macsore ment in Planetary end Comentary Atmoepheras Hypersooio Airorah Aerodynamic Technology
165-47-52 W7U-7OSOU 605-11-31 W76-70050
Atmospheric Eoperiment Daoslopmeot RHEOLOGY SAFETY
105-47-71 W767O52O Voooalasco Propeniee of Polymers Safety
Ecparimental end Theoretical Studies 00 Planetary 506-16-17 W76-7O263 910-09-00 W76-706S2
Atmospheres Sold propallant Research SAFETY MANAGEMENT
85-47-94 W76-7OS31 500-21-52 W7U-70338 Speoe Safety Reoeeroh
System and Radiation Effeots StudIes for Orbital X-Ray RING LASERS 508-21-54 W75-7O34O
and Gamma Ray Spectrometer Inoesclgaton of the Use of Strepdoron Inertial Saneor SAMPLES
195-22-06 W7670837 Units for the lotegraton of FlIght Control. Ooidanoa and Ysnare ry Sol Motobiology
REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLES Neogaton FunctIons 192-5S-63 W76-706f5
I Atmoepherio Emission loteraoton Teohnology 513-53-05 w76-7otS3 SATELLITE ATTITUDE CONTROL
6050341 W7670047 Arttoiel lntalliganoe Adycoc~d Components for PrecIsIon Control Syst.nrrt
50 3 W76 70 47 506 R b W76 703 2 SATELLITE NA IGATION S STEMS
RPRV Capability Deoebopmanc 606-19-32 w76-7O3t3 Oud ance and Naolgaton for Unm anne aneta oy
505 25 A T MT) ROC ET K SINE D S ON E 606 9 2 W76 7031
Flight Research Program 790-40-12 w75-7O398 Naogatcn Accuracy Analyso
723-01-Of W76-7O221 ROCKET ENGINES 310-00-60 W76-70655
RESEARCH AIRCRAFT Hypareonic Airoreft Systems Technology SATELLITE OBSERVATION
Tilt Rotor Rasearoh Aircraft Program Sf0-SO-Of W76-70216 Seoere Storms and Local Weather Raaaarch
744-01-Of W76-70247 The Chemistry and Atmoepheric InteractIons of Eohauet 175-10-10 W75-7O44O
Rotor S stems Raeeetoh Aroreft )RSROI Clouds from Rocket Vehicles Saoare Storme and Local Weather V eeearoh
745-01-01 W7U-7O240 600-21-30 W78-70320 175-00-30 W76-7O44f
AMST p am p nc ` `on Auclany PropulsIon Ion Thruster Technology Scoere Storms and Local Weather Research
769-Of -Of W76-7O249 500-22-If , W76-70343 075-10-40 W76-70442
ASTE m Sc S L W
769 0 02 W7U 70 500 2 W76 703 0 OR W76 70 3
69 0 04 W7 70252 606 22 P I V W78 703 5 5 OR W76 70 50
769-0201 Support W76-7O2S3 Ion Thruster Reeealoh W76-7O340 175-40-SO W7U-7O45t
Suet Short-Haul Rasaaroh Aircraft IOSRAI AttItude Control Propuloon Soa Ice Montolng
769-02-02 W75-7O254 Sf004-OX W70-70003 177-54-42 W7U-70S01
1-30
PAGENO="0378"
374
SUBJECT INDEX SIMULATORS
FI~fdAoooloo~,y SEAtERS cioo Ao To~op~ofo~~ Sysfo~s o~d Coloopt S~od~os
SATELUTE ORBITS 7430102 W76-70225 Apfoo Co~poI Ap~tf~ FI,ghl Eop~~1~I
MIopop Soppo~ Co~opofiog SpoUt o,d TRphU5~p$ UUO&UfP PlPpt0~p1 of PolypRo 512-53-02 W76-701U3
lb (
310-10-26 W76-70653 Dot Spot Mtohtoiptl Copoto Ttpholpgp 513-50-50 W76-70185
TE TE G 04 W 00
3 Copo 00
W76-70558 SEDIMENT TRANSPORT W76-70682 52$ 0 Ut 05Sf OP of Fligh! Copol. Gdpttpd
Ugh REIobhfy Cool Syolts 101 Altos C015fO Plpopoots 513-53-05 W76-70193
310-20-32 W76-70661 177-55-31 W76-70502 TtpptI Alt Eff fiol005 Plogloll - Opfioto of
M dO 00/ ~° / ~
SATURN (PLANET) P004105 of M tIlls b Eloppop ApplotfIos STOL/OTOL FIgS Dpptps
OV od OpfooI Atop0 (CPpoftfloptI Phyops) DgdtI Fly-By-Woo FIgU EIPOIIPRIII F015blfytPdVtIdtpPpfLpoo Cool Miyl000001 Ltdg
Tot) Old SooS Efftps I TItloyp Floos SOptOf td Fipoos W76-70070 AIR hI E$ptoltllso 000 dAoyllipsfplTtlllhltl
Co ody
505-06-17 5576-70074 505-06-31 W76-70082 513-53-02 W76-70191
Tot) ~d Spolt Efftpfo Tospip Flpoo SEPARATORS STOL 0211059 Spsftoos Esptitpo yog 000115
VT ody W
Co W 00 w
910-35-00 (576-70709 SHELLS (STRUCTURAL FORMS) 506-23-12 P17670352
W76-70699 506-17-26 SPOOR Sflpplyto P170-70285 770-21-01 SOp Spit Plop PlojOp 0/76-70425
LA U LA o W
18846-56 W76-70592 SHO~~SE~~ Doog/ObtI P1010 S)LV~~R ZINC BATTERIES Cyl0110oP Old 5101090
165-47-92 W7670530 Tolboltof Oodoop Lopos Slop Mob Mpdtlo of Adyoppd Tolopolfo
~ / 00 So
1-31
PAGENO="0379"
375
SINGLE CRYSTALS SUBJECT INDEX
SINGLE CRYSTALS S&~ I,dT~ DIII I~ ET~gy CTITT~$ ~ MIg ITIphITT PhyT~ - P~IAl1s &~d PI~TI1/PhTITl
SIZE (DIMENSIONS) EAIh BITId STIO PTOO CT~o1~ AT o~d TTlooy 600TdBTTTd ObllTTII,TT TI hI SAT
2 ~ w
w W 0 LA
SNOW 00 ATd OpI~T4I AITTTTTTY ICTOpTIII!TATI Phy~oI) 506-21-32 W76-70330
MTT~ITTTg ATd MTdB6Tg TI HTdTTITg1T SyBIBo~ SOLAR GENERATORS 506-2152 W76-70338
So). VT5IIBIT ATd WAIT IApTTTdoBA SITdTT TI DITIITpITI TI Elp ITTIT BId H dIA lo STAT 5062024 W76 70319
177-52-21 I W76-70493 188-39-51 W76-70561 506-23-34 W76-70362
5O23~,1~I S4oTT SHOT AATy PITIBTI W76-70352 ITOOTI Phyllyl - PIHITITI BId POlITIC/FOld STTHB1ATT W76-70242
LA w / MM
S~Io PTTTIT RIIIBHh BId TIThTTIH9V 188-45-52 W76-70587 SPACE ERECTABLE STRUCTURES
LTO-CTII S7HTT STIlT Ally PITITTI ThITOITBI SITIdIB TI Fl WIlly BTdTB MIATo lpIIBT/UIBTTT 1979 STITTI SIIITT0 GITTP
P5TITTTIIBT 0111 SIlTdAdTBSTT Old SyIIIHI 00 lTd OphTll ATIITTTTT (CTTTpITIBITTBI P5YIHY) UT $IITITITIBIT1
SOLAR CORONA 195-20-04 W76-70627 AdHITTId PTITIBT5TH/EIPITITI SyIIBIT1 TIT5TTIT9Y
GITITId SOlId ObSIHBOTTS TI hI OTT GITATd-BlIld OpITBI Sydo SVYIIA ASIITTTIITH 506-21-31 5576-70329
1883852 W76.70563 196-41-52 W76-70645 HIgh EYHIITTy STAT CIII DITIITPTTITI lId ETBITBOTT
LB w W 3
LA o LAW CT M M
186-68-74 W76-7T545 MIgIBITIPhITH PhYTTY - P101011 ~,d PB9HII/FIIId 760-01-54 W76-70410
SOLAR ENERGY 188-36-55 W76-70551 SPACE MANUFACTURING
SPITI BISId PTTTII CHITITS TI lId PlAIT BIlly MIglIlySphIlT Phylyl - POlITICS BId PITAII/FIld OlgIlITTITI BId MBIBgIHIII TI OAST SpITI
1-32
PAGENO="0380"
376
SUBJECT INDEX SPACECRAFT STERILIZATION
Soohoology Lobo~00y E8poD~foooo 5I Jo 02100000 Slod!25 So HIgh E00gy Asoophysys SPACECRAFT CONTAMINATIO5 06001181 Iodoysd
Dy~os MOdOIR 1887856 W7670607 5067217 W7670344
750-0301 W76-70415 188-7- Mo~oo SlodIss So E8p1000 0900115 05 lop II of lodly8d 60 0001201 Collssoostoo
9103501 10 1312101 W76-70709 ShoIlS Loooohsd HIgh Eos~gy Asoophyslys Spysy07l ~~I~CMI W76-70413
SPACE NAVIOATION 188-78-60 W76-70612 MIyIob!sl AosIyss
Co Hg W
186-58-54 7976-70540 910-01-00 7976-70677 ~ ° W76-70622
188-41-54 W76-70576 910-04-03 S976-70684 193-58-64 W76-70623
SPACE PROBES 011 ORo1 Pootiog Syslso, Tsohoology loo Sp312 SPACECRAFT CONTROL
69 ~So w 06 W
SPACE SHUTTLE BOOSTERS Adoslp2d I0s1'00I31,00 (Clossool E3100d2d 171 AIlilods Coool S 510 (ELACS 1
Sold Bo9Bo~ Eshsosl 910-13-00 W76-70695 00103100d P131213 V2h112$
606-21-33 6976-70331 5003101 506-19-14 W76-70308
SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS 910-42-01 W7670717 051000201 P0010 S 51801 T2ohoolo 101
A11l14d2 CoolloT P1oplTE9o SPACE SIMULATORS 40413109
910-04-00 W76-70583 I11I1o111211l3I01 910-08-04 W76-70691
SPACE SHUTTLES 910-13-00 W76-70694 1012 1 d P A
DigilBi FIy-by-ssO8 FIghI E8p2010211 SPACE STATIONS V2h112 A 113100 ~ p312
5125101 W76-7017U Co01p3131op A11255012IolOlbI31304T2020,31 C20113T 910-35-02 W76-70710
SpBoB D8b1s 01072$ ~ Syo~os
506-16-36 W76-70271 776-10-02 W76-70417
A LA I I
50662 50 W 04 w
506-16-43 - W76-70274 Th21013!/Sl101lo3T Coo2pTs Ill 50318 013ospoT3000 5061636 W7670271
SpBCT 5041112 702003! PloIpplol Spsl2los 59118$ C0111p0112 Sp312 S110110125
506-16-43 W76-70275 506-17-22 W76-70201 506-17-26 W76-702U5
Th81o11&/S11o15p31 0011201$ lol $p312 T131spo1lBfo1 00030027 055011 C012p15 - 1315 0113! P3yIo3ds Dy1311os
506-1722 7976-70281 790-40-07 W7670396 P3oloOds 0103011$
500-17-25 7976-70284 790-40-12 W76-7039U 79 0300 0 1131015 -
PByloBds DyoBools 101p311 of 1111 Sh01114/Sp3o2!3b OppoTooly 10 ESI2d 5061731 W76-70291
506-17-31 W76-702UU R2s13ph 3od T2ohCogy Plog3os 110 50312 011 5101112 0 031015 31d A21031351y1
PByToSds DyIBlos SpB101lLE 13(0121 307 401814$ 506-17-32 W76-70292
506-17-31 W76-702U9 750-01-02 W76-70403 10915 - C0111p05125 101 AdoB12d TI311SpOIIBIHI1
S 3~ W °~ M M W6
506-17-32 W7U-70292 0021103! Cooflol 186-68-77 W76-70S47
SpBo2 Sho1112 DyIBops pod A2p2T3$liy1y 910-02-00 W76-7067U Ad d M
506-17-32 W76-70293 SPACE TUGS 188-78-60 W76-7061 I
S S Co
5895 W w
5 9 W 00
50312 UhoIt6 02000polPll Soppoo 021hlology WoOshyp AlTO M01h3l131 s 5121115
S 2 w 400 w ~-U w
/Sp p0 04 06 w
000 00 00 011
75 00 06 w
0 2 w
750-0131 W76-70407 79yIo07s 0111311111$ SPACECRAFT PERFORMANCE W76-70391
750-01-61 00001 3y 03 W76-7041 I SPACECRAFT W76-70291 PysIypth 0y03oys W76-702U9
07 Co So
750-03-01 W76-7041S 506-20-22 W76-70317 7161001 1176-70416
`-33
PAGENO="0381"
377
SPACECRAFT STRUCTURES SUBJECT INDEX
Ctk4tiptt Cgttttgl thttot~d Asttgttgttty STAR TRACKERS
193-5863 W76-70522 188-41-55 W76-70580 Gg~d~~ttd Cgttttpl T~phttgl~gy t~t PIptt04ty
PIgtt~t~ty 8~tik Cdttt6mttptot L4b~t~Aty AIhpphysiPs MlPhPttP
193-58-64 W76-70623 188-41-57 W76-70583 186-68-54 W76-70540
SPACECRAFT STRUCTURES p~g~ I A h Ultt04~I~t StpIAt Sp~ptt~ttt~t~t OlPPIPptttRht tot SploP
50617-23 W75-70282 ~ Apttgpottt W76-70592 188-41-51 W76-705S8
P~yIo~th 85630166 188-46-57 W76-70594 STARS~ ~,*
Co Ad dO Oh 0 S A
SYI1OItIO p 188-46-64 W76-7060t 506-19-15 W76-70309
824-71-01 W76-70402 Sygtottt ottd flodotiop £tftoto Stpdipl tot Otbitol X-floy Ittttot~d Asttottpttty
SPACECRAFT TRACKING ottd Cottttttto Roy Spltttotttetet 188-41-55 W76-70580
No~gotiott Apyotopy Attolysis 195-22-06 W7670637 STATIC LSADS
310-10-60 W76-70656 SPECTROPHOTOMETEKS Spoto Shyttlo 0yttooi~s otttd Aot~~Io~ticity
S~stttytk Mptytyt. Cottttol otyd Opototlotto Toyhttglpgy Pot1td~s ottd Po yt~/Photott Iytotopttgtt 506-17-32 W76-70293
310-40-70 W76-70675 168-36-56 W76-70555 STATIC PRESSURE
Cotopipotioto SPECTROSCOPY Abool~t~ Pt066tlIR. Atpytyiy Ooygott. ottd Et'ttg~tio RooT
910-07-00 W76-70687 Optipol Solo Ttottotot Roooyh C~Iibtotiott tot Moto Spoyttotttototo
SPACELAB 506-20-31 W70-70321 185-47-51 W76-705t5
Eopotttttottt Poothttg Mootttt Fotd Itt I Phototti STATIC STABILITY
506-19-16 W76-70310 505-25-31 W76-70374 HIgh-Spood Aotodyttotttiys
lopopt of ho ShottIo/Spo~oIob Oppottotttty to Eotottd Htgh Ropylytiop Lotot Attttogph~tIo Tto~isotott 505-11-15 W76-70149
IN S I ~ TCTESS
750-01-02 W76-70403 - - - 505-02-25 W7O-70029
Adoottyod ToyhTology Lobotototy Systottto Dotttitioy I066ttgotiotto of Sttotosphotty Cottottttt~ttto NASA/SOY Myltityispoy V/STOL Aitpyoft Toohttology
750-01-11 W76-70405 176-10-62 76-704 2 D000loptttoTt
Adoot~~od Toyhyplogy Lobotatoty Pop itttott Dohtitiop Spoytto0~opy otyd Phgtophotttiotty of Plottototy 004 505-10-35 W76-70t39
750-01-12 W76-70406 Co~otoy Molopolos STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Oottitolt of Plod Phyopsotttd Cottybostioty Spopolob 1854755 W76705t9 Fhght Stttolotlott Tophttology SVoIotott Toohttqoo
Eopoti~ottts Thoytotiyol Stidop - Plotototy Atoosphotos 504-09-41 W76-70009
750-01-53 W76-70409 185-47-72 W76-70527 Ttooolot ApyoptoTyo - boo Dottotty Shoy-Hool
Dooolopttottt of Shottlo Flight topotttttottt. Stop Igootiot ottd Roto Ptoyoloeo it Ploototy Syotottto
Oyttatttiyo MottO Attttoophotos 513-50-50 W7S-701S5
750-03-St W7O-70415 185-47-74 W76-70528 Sotoho Shittlo Thottttol PtotottoT Syototto
RolotAty od Colootiol Moyhotys E 5 d ad V p AttO iototCottt to Mggiyt 506-16-43 W76-70275
~. :. 8 8 73 W75 S : E W7O 7 80
Lo 8 W76 58 ~ s W76 86
910-08-04 W76-7069t Cotyoto otd Ittootollot Motto Atolyso
Adoot~od IttottT0ltOtiCI (CotttotttatoyI 188-45-St W76-70SR5 188-45-52 W76-70SU8
910-13-00 W76-70695 Motoyt AstlyttoTty - Obootoototto. Spoytto. pd Doto STEADY FLOW
SPARK CHAMBERS Attolyso Oooolopott Ct Cotpotototol Aptoytoototol Codoo tot
Gotto Roy Aottpttyttty 084552 W7670S88 IIIott
88-46-57 W76-70596 Eotth Boood Obootootoys 505-06-12 W76-70069
SPECTRAL BANDS 95-20-St W76-70624 STEELS
t77-44-3t W76-70485 95-23-06 W76-70540 778-1 -02 W7O-70422
Attoophotos Eopotttyottt Doooloptttottt t96-4t-52 W76-70645 ~ W7O-70680
Eoyth Rosod Loot Obootoototto tot 000 phyo ottottoty STELLAR ATMOSPHERES
95-23-St W76-70638 - - - UV otd Optyol Aottottottty
W 4 II W6 69
t88-4t-64 W76-70S04 SPECTRUM ANALYSIS tOO-4t-5t W76-70572
80-70-56 w75-7o608 77-43-St W76-70484 STELLAR EVOLUTION
M W 8
17743-St W76 70484 Whttlo Dytotttyg Stoll/Sptt/Ngh oI~ho Chotootot- STEL~RS PT~MEO~RYDIO~ tyt Spoyo
Coootol P~tooooo SPUTTERING Applyotyg RO000th STELLAR WINDS
U WI ~0W I
-34
PAGENO="0382"
378
SUBJECT INDEX SYNCHRONOUS SATELLITES
STRAIN GAGES 505041 W7670051 Allill C~4AI If ARIRIIIIA RRIp~IR -
W7 00 0
00 00 M M
5061911 007670305 SUB~T~RA~~21 MAR45 100 El IRil AppI!IRSCI 5165601 W76-70216
910-10-00 W7670693 SUN SCAR ARlRdyRIl~ P1001001 TlIhl00gy
STRATIGRAPHY Gs00d-BlIId 1152 AI1s~y (7331311)
(3 II 17 74 733 II RI
dy CI WGS
SYI1CI3SIIiI RIII1ICS PRg~R DAST )Ds#~s IA Alsdy S1R313~) TRAIg) 505-1 1-21 W76-70151
6 557 34 00 14 4
W /1.4 w W
w w 8
/73
14 05 w
dy
505-02-42 - 5575-70032 723-01-01 5576-70221 MII(1 AllIdyogAll
CC CA Cy RI
506-17-25 1576-70284 SCAR - C plIldld 01141 N-Z Bl11y/El14I4 73 73~bhy DRyCI6I
W
1-35
PAGENO="0383"
379
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS SUBJECT INDEX
Sysl~s A~&ysA A P~l EOS/SEOS Op1I~A ~ SAYl ~ 6 6s~Th ~d T~h~Agy 910-02-03 W76-70679
T6lh~A0g~s ~ Lo~ CAst POAOI Ptoo~ss~g s~d Dst~b~tls~t Mtgtssphs~t Phys~s Pt9olts std PsTltls/FlsId
195-35-01 Olb!ts~ Syst&s Dst~tt!s~t W76-70641 ~ M4s~ cAltttptl - E49h OlbItA 501 Cstflg~sd Vsh!dY ~ w76-70144
w
506-24-23 W76-70371 TECTONICS SttTss Thl/S5~o~sl Cstt~pts At Spots Tl2Y$p~9ltltt
5062335 ~ W7670363 Sy~s Attsttto pt W;dtbotd D~t~ Tt~tsttttttpt TESTS -
T 3104035 D~t~ Rotdlttg W76-70670 506-17-31 Dytotttps w76-70288
8 w Th
TANKS (CONTAINERS) 310-10-26 W76-70653 THEORETICAL PHYSICS W76-70478
516-54-01 Attttoft ysIstlO Tsyhtolpgy 310-20-67 W76-70665 Pt Phystysotd Chsttttstty Espstttttsttts P
TAP~F~C5ORD~RS ~ TELE~~IE~SY T~ptt, Syststts 750-0151 w76-70408
w / / w w
-36
PAGENO="0384"
W7~7O1 10
380
SUBJECT INDEX
TURBULENCE
Space Sh~t1I. The~~! P1~1e11~o~ Syi1~~s
5051643 W7670275
P~1~1~ii F~;~t Dy1~1c~
5051023 W7670130
TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
C~~p~$!i~ M ~ s Ap0I~1~t~l l~ Ai1:~all ~
Th.?~&/0T~11~?aI C~ ~1~01~ 1~! S0aI~ T,a1s0~1~1c~
Sys1~~'s
5081722 W7R70281
A~ ~a~e d Tdl R~t~ A~~y~~!1$
5051027 W7670134
TILTING ROTORS
5050241 W7570031
~ Ady~~1s
0050531 W7070081
THERMAL STRESSES
CcF'p~1e!A!ded ~ M~1hcd%
50502.14 W7670022
THERMIONIC CONVERTERS ~1$~U~
5062421 W7570389
~ Tho,~o~c Xl~eYs~
5082422 W7670370
The1~iFl~: Sys1e~s TeXh~lF;y
5092423 W7670371
THERMIONIC POWER GENERATION
H~Gh.EYF~elXy The~o,~1 CFI~I?~XI
506.2421 W7670389
Ad 1~II~ d T~I1 R~1~ A~dy~aT?cs
05 0'27 W767013
RA~1?ef1 M~!l1~el1~ C~1s M.1h~d&~gy
79i40~2 W76.70IO8
s AU d V/500L A~~c~lI 0e~gF a~d Ap5I~~t!~
5145001 W7670198
T~tl R~rn~ F .s~ch A,?Flaft ~
7440101 W7670247
TIME
F1e7~eIXy Sle~dl1d S~?:ee
3101042 W7O708S4
TIME CONSTANT
w0~.E~d~d J~l T?al~p~l 0p~!~I~g ~
5050825 W76701 19
VTOL A~dy~,~1 ~
505.10~1 W76Y0136
llIegal~
505.1116 W7570150
C~l A~ T,~l~pF1~1~ Sy1~s eld C01ce71 Sl~Aes
7914003 W7670162
C~pos~1e P~e~y S1~Fs~ee Fhg~1 P~og~e~
5105201 W7670171
ToIlet Colh9~ed Veh~~te P1591111
513.5201 W7E701S9
The?~Xl?5 Syele11e T.:ltlo!19y
5062423 W7670371
THERMOCHEMISTRY
AselsI Solely 650 FIle Tesh~s!oUy
5050821 W76701 10
HYUIX9eI, ElOY Syses ThItogy 9l~
W7670437
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
7430102 W7670225
FtyodaI,eIla) PIIXIXItSI
8062531 W7O.70378
Hellcat UXIBA 05 Id p t
THERMODYNAMICS W7570439
Asaltol Solely ANT PIe TeshoiWy
SOS0821
Physics old Che~isl1y 5~5~
508.18.12 W7670256
P~OllIy At11oephelc Dy~e1l?1s
1854757 W7870521
TIME SIGNALS
PeU~ Mel: III 10101 De~e.o7el
0 06 767085
SOLIDS TI; ad Sys I'.:llsi Techst;;y
TIP SPEED
08 220 W76 701
TITANIUM
SCAR Malee!o APU!XOlXtO
7430122 W7670229
SCAR SI 011151 ad MeleUs TeXhl1X!X;y
TITANIUM ALLOYS W7670230
Fight Loads M Ill TeXhq~es
505.02.23 W7870027
TOOLS
Adsoce LosS Cssl Pss~v P oeeei;a 5 0 110111011
WIHI VOIC* M~l~l 51151
5145201 W7670199
Wake VX1~eo M Ildelill FighI 557110111
5145201 W7670200
0b!qt~e WIgod A~coft Syole OlI.~es
5185010 W7670206
U SlItd~0 :1 A~oLIsot SylleIl
5 6 5301 A 5 W76 0 3
Ot~eI ShOYH~~t F cOOllY A1s~o1l (OSRA)
7690202 W7670254
TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
Cello) Plo 1)0011 Resoa:h
~ Feow: h W7O70339
S0O2621 W7670387
TROPOSPHERE
SOPS EsIo~eYe) 117051
808.22.33 W7670347
S ; C W76 70275
5082340 W7670354
Bess StudIes 11 Hell T,oslo~ od Flu'S Me: y~
5062416 W7870358
THERMONUCLEAR REACTIONS
Plose Dyo~s Elegy Syoles
5002511 W7O70372
THERMOREGULATION
Melee!:
9103800 W78707l3
THERMOSPHERE
Plelelriy Al11IsphohC PlO: ees a U Meee~e etc
Ma;~eioephei: Physcs w7S70S29
55 47 92 o d 1 o `V~ 70533
1880 )NeyItet DyleIss Eepi:lelll
THETA PINCH W7670810
Lebstelsy ed Theclelce) 5:!:' PhysIC
THIN FILMS W7S70S0S
N:'M:lallsD SilyCIXodlolcIs
SprioVehs:)e ThaI:) CDIX), Hell p,peswlS7026l
5051831 W7870257
THOMSON SCATTERING
LabolaIXy ad ThoXelyli Solo Physos
1883853 W7070555
TOTNADOES W76 70359
~ ~ Old LODE! WEIIYE1 Re560XY
17510~30 W7O~70441
TOXICITY
AlXs5~h0 Plleols Rsulll; N: EYluuels P~sOiuced
SIlO NASA U ~oIIe5 FIdel ~
1807250 W76705l4
TRACKING POSITION)
0:1:1! Dell TIlls I' Oye,II5
~082032 W7670322
TRACTION
XLII G~ouiY Pelcese
TRAJECTORIES W76-70l22
d MC Cc P STOL A YTOL
AHXllll
TRANSDUCERS W7670058
ScuUa1y Layel Slobily ed TIolelel
TRANSMISSION LINES W787~X4
C011111151e1XI
TRANSMITTERS W7O 70689
M:lXIsll1e Tloe5:de Deseiop~et
5082021 W76703l8
H;hPXcCl Lesol Syllells TechIo':OY
5382S41 W76703S3
78 20 2 C F El W76 70 88
0~; NASA Ul~ed RXXkY LeyIhee
~ W7670S14
TURSIDITY
Recta Sos; LI Sco Ts11 551110015 TuutbUly
1772291 W7670477
TURSINE BLADES
P105uu15'XI tell 0111151
5050423 W7670054
TURBINE ENGINES
M lleIlH5 101 AUsoiced T~b~e (905 MATE)
S105301 W7670172
~ P4ceuu~: EI;Ie Sluudy
Ad 0 2 ~ 02 0 W76 70308
5100300 W7670581
TURBINES Te:hlXto;y
5050422 w7670053
Thi Cyst: (Use CX11POXIII Uysle11e
Sl6SSOI W74702I5
TUR~~ YM As~) Fl~y CX117lessM
5118101 W7670l76
ERDA/NASA AIIXIIIXIXe Ues TulSa P1091011
778.32.01 W7670430
TURBOFAN ENGINES
THREE DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYER
TIlbuiel Sciudey Layele
M'ocsoluue Tls~s5:de Da:e:7'ril
1856853 W7670S35
CXIilUXs,la P011 GieYe Slluu:luue) Ae~e:ls
5050243 W7670033
E050815 W7570072
THRUST
NAS /N ty M /DTDL 11
8051035 W7870l3S
Aiesiay Pl:piu!s': IX Th 111111 TSXhXSX;y
8052211 W7870343
PISIe PIXTiS,U) ID ThIele TSXhX!:;y
8002230 W7670345
THRUST AUGMENTATION
Cobuislol ed Ai;,elelso SysleIs TaohoI:Uy
8050431 W7870055
THRUST CHAMBERS
Ad:a:ed Liquid Rood CcpceI Teoh:lo;y
5002110 W7870324
PP Tech-c's;y 10 TDRSS Use S7e:eca ft
31020-48 W78-70562
TRAP4BONIC PLOW E T P
0050042 ~
1015e ~l c's ye 55 1151110 eel;
~
Cyl Asloleft De:e!c7el Teds; liduslly ad DiNe'
Coselbel A~e:es
0051114 W757Ol48
MIsIry Aslololt 411:111 Aelcdyhe11s:c
5051 121 W7070151
003 AelssIe:s . Sprisli: Misley De:ei:pel
Noel Tech:lc~y
5050312 W7670038
5050 A q W75 70055
D~s:e Dysle11 M::he:al Cc115:els TeohILI57y
50504-41 W7670058
Oust, Ceo Ocelot Assolsol Tubolel )000AT)
Sit S3 01 W7570l77
SCAR Nose ReUSuXIsXI TechicIc~y
7430311 W767D233
TUREOFANS
Vat,able Cycle (55. CoIpriells Sysles
Techcio;y
SIOSSOl W7670215
TURBOMACHINERY
L:i;)le Adolce d Plopuiesol Sysleis lot Plalelay
Sp000sIalt
8002121 W7O70327
LIllY Vehscle Plopuuieo
5082155 W7O70341
THRUST VECTOR CONTROL
VTOL Aelodyablo Pollclt,e:e
EOS-lO31 W78-7D13S
TIDEI T 5 d
ISS2302 W787053S
TILT ROTOR RESEARCH AIRCRAFT PROGRAM
App!s:eIsoI ol Cell:! ad GulUaca ThecI 1: t~e
AbbOts: old Moe! CIlIA 01 Pile STOL lId VTOL
Ailolaft
PIX5Iei
8051141 W707OISS
Ob!sqiue Wi~ed AssIlt Syele11 Slides
5165010 W70-70205
TRANBONIC WIND TUNNELS
Tulle! ed Sce!, (llsote 11 Tle;oIso P!ooy
5053842 W7070055
-
SOS 05 2 W75 7W90
TRANSPARENCE
P'eRste~drit aS LIed Csule'e:su'e Melc'e!s to'
Mt,:y P1o5'eId
$3S-0132 W75700IS
TRANSPONDERS
Bee: Nose Peesalc
5050311 W7670037
Disc SyeIe11 Meohosool CD11prirls Teohoi:qy
S05-0441 W7870058
Adso:ed Nqiusd Root Oyele11s Teohsoio;y
5002111 W767032S
ORDA/NASA AuuIXolsse Ge: Tu,be PlX;:11
7783201 W7870430
TURBOPROP AIRCRAFT
S12S3-02 W76 70183
TURBULENCE
AlIce hell (11:0101 )ll:1a1ol TeohlC!riy
)MlsSiil!ell
508-0341 W7S-70047
8050711 W78-70055
Till RAil 451:-Itt AeloUyeX P511o1eoe, Dyace
Mo's' I'll's T,aeTolUe1 De:aic7IeiI
5002021 W7070316
list TechlAsy
SOS04I1 W7670051
ad Nose
SOS1022 W757012S
MslcI-,:lue TIIISpOIS' De:s'spelb
1806853 W7570539
Tu~buuiet O:uuId;ly Lsyeld
5050815 W7670072
1-37
PAGENO="0385"
381
TURBULENCE EFFECTS SUBJECT INDEX
MAVI\~ C p p,As1~,d T~h~q~s SysV~ ~ T~hVIIAgy ~ VELOCITY
506-26-22 W7670388 L~qAd P~pplI~oI TIOhIHIH9Y VELOCITY MEASUREMENT*
D Rld~ QPIIAAI CIAVII V1I~d11A11/PdAt Po1fo(V)VAI Mlg~00A B~VIg ORIAIiVI WhoA I~ U~~d 505-0643 - W76-70007
LI M W 009 w
W76 700 4303 21 W 3 W
505-06-31 W76-70000 MIgIPIphIVI PhYIAI P19,oks o~d P1d~dR/PhHt00 105-47-57 W76-70521
Fk~ M III IA TIChI!qAI lIlt 1111011 MIgAIAIphRIO PhyltOl - P190101 a~d P1911/PhAIPI
505-06-43 W76-70007 100-36-66 W7670557 IAtlo~toA (ARtHttolIy)
FApt M IlItlIt TlyhliqAol URANIUM 100-36-56 W76-7055U
505-06-43 W76-70000 PIIIAA CVII 0010101 RIIIIIIh G1tt~ld-b1IId lIhItId AIttoVItVy
506-26-22 W76-703UU FpIdlVItttlI Ph~t~ttAI - VERTICAL TAKEOFF AIRCRAFT
TURRULENT FLOW 506-25-31 W76-70376 ApItAttItId VTOL AAAIAI
0111 SpIll 611111111 URANIUM FLUORIDES 505-07-41 W76-70105
TAIbAlIttI Oppldlty 119111 506-24-11 W76-70366 505-10-23 W76-70131
TURRULENT WAKES 177-61-52 W76-70504 505-02-21 W76-70024
DIAl A PhyVII&d Ch1t~Itty ElpItItAIttI II v 50175 DYPIAAI w76702U4
U / 00 w U
ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCIES 505-0522 W76-70061 ShAk ltd VIbII1AI ItfoIttIttAl CIltIt (SVIC) -
CAIV1VAIt!AII1AII LtY/Ct~tt~ FIt PIApPIIIAI Spppptl 5061734 W7670295
Mlflytiitlgltd IlIpIttlAl AptollAy lId MItIll CAIIIAI At FitiltU STOL ltd VIOL 506-17-32 W76-70292
910-21-00 W76-70697 AitytCY VIDEO EQUIPMENT
ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMETRY 505-07-11 W76-7009U Vd~~ 1111111 PA~ditg SystItA tAt ShAttlI A160totty
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION W76-70695 SO~T~I~tLIYIIA PlttytttlIAI W76-70t36 ~HtA1IIIAItVA/N1ASItIAI/TIIYA
M M
0~0PtAt tttA0TY W76-70569 MtItttt~~~t V/STOL At&tlh TIyhtAlAgy VIKING LANDER SPACECRAFT W76-7056U
UIVEIAII1 StIlilt Sp1AtlAtl1tIt DlAIIAptlIIt tAt SpIll 5~~ttyt1LI AllAllIltAty W76-70133 505-06-11 W76-70067
UNIVAC COMPUTERS Ad~1lA1d MItIllil pt SpIll 505-06-11 W76-7006V
1-38
72-434 0 - 76 - 25
PAGENO="0386"
382
SUBJECT INDEX WIND TUNNELS
VORTICES WATERSHEDS Th~o,& Cooool nh H~o P~p60
Thlo-Dio*oigosI S.yo~t$d P5060 Vlhoilioo 20 Woo 8200120$ 069001 20d 1001101 506-16-31 W76-70269
505-06-14 W76-70070 ASVT WILDUFE
W4ooo A91 y0006 509$ 1776142 W7670503 MoIIid:$oipho$1y R2giyo$I App! o$P0d 100d So
505-06-23 W76-70078 WAVE FUNCTIONS 177-70-61 W76-70506
Hood Aooid ~sod EtioAosIoo Phypp6 9001 Cloossoy 6155101$ EsSlogiol 55120060
5050822 ~ W II MI. ~T0~ 62 0 T~ W 8 ~ W 6 0
0822 on 0 ~ ~ ogyG ggy
89903 As$id9066 go AioofI 0 fligI~I Pop 1509 5* 2 $50 25115095952 185-50-60 W76-70534
505-08-22 W76-701 16 505-06-17 117670674 WIND SHEAR
Aoi9IiOo S9f2ty RloosS $03 T~thogl~gy - W9k9 0092$ Mosogooog AlopliflIl TIshoology 605*50391 01 A505$phlop P5520620
899913 506-20-23 W76-7031O 505-08-10 W76-70106
505-08-22 0076-70117 L~ooPoopoo0osoT~shos1sg-y WINDTUNNELMODELS
W$k$ 00999 Mooiooog9l590 506-21-40 W76-70332 Ado9152d Toll R~1~o AloSdyoolooiys
514-52-01 W76-70199 Mlgollosphos Phy$Is$ - 820~ SsiRooS2 505-10-27 W76-70134
01969 VgO169 Mioiooig9li8o 55951 E9p.10111001$ 110-35-57 W76-70559 Sosbossis/Sosos Ai101lfl Aoodyooois P205009552
514-52-01 W76-70200 WAVE SCATTERING 505-11-12 W76-70145
WA~ 0100169 Mosiooio9loso FlighI 82529155 09g021*p5605 y$06 - 8300 5502050 A51os2 C50051$ A0151lfI Fhghl E9p21i0201
514-52-01 W76-70201 188-36-57 W76-70559 512-53-03 0176-70164
Nsoo~is*l 5sosI~t01o 51 Vsoto W9k2$ WIND TUNNEL TESTS
514-52-02 W76-70202 $1190509 05 315 C510poollIigOll A#osdyoooois$
dooos.dE Oobo gp~y~ op W 00
26 0 W 30 06 W 382 w 00
VO TIC TO 011 00 50 ys so 10 °~o~ 0 0 06 W 00
Noooois9I SiooooI3liss 610096$ W9k25 506-25-43 W76-70384 V A F! I El 5 I W252
514-52-02 017670202 I0019Od Sp251o5055py P 9105
196-41-74 W76-70651 505-06-17 W76-70074
w WEAPON SYSTEMS 3y A005dy091056 W76-70075
505-11-41 W76-70160 AiohO02Aosdy090is 55012
WAKES WEATHER 8252905 505-06-23 W76-7007O
Aidooo2 Aoodyoooois 85012 175-20-30 W76-70444 Alohloo2 Nso
505-08-23 W76-70078 Clso9I2 R2$2005h 5 5-06-24 -
H9odloog QA9IoIA6 - Coot2oo3 so Highly Aoogoo01oITd 175-40-50 0176-70451 ~ 2 8001 00 09005005
5009 Wi 009 ~ 0 60 00 067 04 008
WARNING SYSTEMS WEATHER FORECASTING 0201512 050901056 - 509!! Spis Ho 0-9! hl
Nsoo-CsoIp2o9Ios6 FoIst W~siog Syl0200 560218 505001 9104 1.5541 W230520 8220055 CS 50 II
505-07-24 W76-70103 175-10-10 W76-70440 505-06-95 W76-70097
WASTE DISPOSAL 569206 51000$ 8003 Lss01 W291h00 8203155 CIII! Aiopo900 020010pol$II TIlliog - 05410110 9ld Othlo
75000 POW~ ~ 017 o~ 750 ~ ooo Los W W 04 55 10 21 w 8
W TER 01 041.50 W 55 SI~~ 04 25 M ~
15 Eoosoossooooos W76-70628 175-10-70 W76-70443 505-11-41 W76-70159
WATER CIRCULATION I 20011 8 P01091000 9081012 80900 00- 9092 OF-12 Oi6sop!i0015 62629106
00082 Ro29osh 5125961009 9 000912 1605150 80 sos 9. - 516-51-02 W76-70211
175-40-70 W76-70453 011. 903 IT 0F-12 0o$sip!oO9oy R2$2910h
W TSR COLON a $2 0 20 00 6 1 C) w 6
los 23 £ W Mo 01100 W604 w
30 W 04 w ~
WATER MANAGEMENT WEIGHT IMASSI To 0 01 As ft T ho I (TACT!
Hydoslogos Msdlloog Lsog-Li12. Hogh-Pl010009008 P0*0 Poss~oog too -
177-54-11 W76-70497 PI3o2t9gApplolOIooo Hi lo! M901ooologbl2 A0o5o800 T25500! Wood Too0021
D8S0iOIOOUIW3OIOR21050H29M80852102019103C500051 506-23-33 W76-70361 ~ 0
ASVT WEIGHT ANALYSIS 723-01-03 W76-70222
177-61-42 0676-70503 Cool Aloso9ft A09!y$i$ 903 02055401095 06000p!0211 Ado8102d £90500509! 1190 990100
WATER POLLUTION 791-40-15 6076-70166 A2150h2oooodyoo801is$
HogS E901o.o1000 Sosolooo WEIGHT REDUCTION 506-26-10 6076-70380
506-18-12 0176-70297 SCAR - 1594$ 804 A2oo2!900i500y lIIshoooolsgy Sp852 ShooOO!2 C505gso3ooo$9odA2051h2oooo-
8200512 Soosiog 1552 Pogposso. Isoloodisog 743-01-12 0676-70227 - 3y091060
E00000ploio9loto 903 Woo 0003lity SCAR - A11050pOO2105 0110bs!25H2 506-26-31 0676-70391
011 000 055 09 0 WE HTLES E 101 w
176-30-21 607670469 EIIs110sh210S3!Es2ogyC015215oooo9SdS0003g2 W1NDTUNNELWALLS
£58981 0502 1002110991120 8216090115 00290 Dooooopiog 5062323 W7670356 150520 ~03 SogII 50251$ 0 To90050005 Fkoso
Mosotosog 50 5 p 5050642 W76-7008S
176-30-31 W7E-70470 ~ Toosoo2! 91d S042 £102000 os 019105110 Floss
529055002. R~t 1.06 904 £601180102 Woo 750-01-54 W76-70410 505-06-42 W76-70086
Oo.ossI2oi$Iios 02s.loplo201 00 3 Shoolo!. FloghO £5520001200 005p Floss M60000000950 T2shooqoot$
176-30-41 0676-70471 00080009 MgdO!2 505-06-43 W76-70088
WATER QUAUTY 750-03-01 - W76-70415 P0102o2d-L000 (STOL/RTOL) A215dysglois P840o,o91o2
W8020/L900d Psl!oooo~o Msooilsoiog F2800b050y S000do2$ R60ooty 903 £2061090 00053009 505-10-41 W76-70141
176-30-21 6076-70469 1 8-41-54 W76-70S77 WIND TUNNELS
Msoitsoioog 02s2!0po0210 50S-02-2S W76-70029
178-30-31 W7U-70470 1087851 W7670605 Aiolo9ooo2 Aloody1900is Noist
NoosIoso~. 884 1042 303 E$10090i02 019121 AOOi100d2 Cosoosl Pospool$i000 505-06-23 W76-70076
CA3o9002oi$006 910-04-00 6076-70683 Ososodgoy Uyo Sogb11ooy 904 To90$ioogl
176-30-41 W7U-70471 09109501109 I~ Sp~o~ E100101loo200 5050641 W76-70084
WATER RESOURCES 910-35-01 w76-70709 02ho512 Dyo8osiS$ - Sogl!/Spos/Sogh 91509
HydosOogip 00320119 WELDED JOINTS CS9ogsI210$oos$
177-54-11 6076-70497 0915035005161 Is 01000 505-06-9S W76-70096
8800008 Ssosiog Iso Soostot *od 052 M8ppioog good 9102109 6176-70698 H2!050pO2o Al154yogosos P201000119os2. 05090105$ 30d
177-54-22 0176-70498 WELDED STRUCTURES 506-10-21 6076-70127
401ST 60009020 R20000S2$ 0909201801304 Cooooool 505-02-23 3290110210200 10Q52$ W76-70027 OSlO Rgtso Aiosogh A2osdyog0105 P2401019052. Oysgoooss.
177-61-42 W76-70503 WHEAT 505-10-22 W76-70129
WATER RUNOFF L9og2-A028 Coop P0041151011 100loo051y by 6501002 VIOL A2osdyo8010is P2000oOgoy2
W812o/L3!od Pol!o~toso Moooilsoiog F23$iblVoy S05d060 58010019 505-10-31 W76-70135
276-30-21 0176-70469 177-42-05 w 6- 0403 NASA/Soy Moo!liosostiooo V/STOL Aooso9ft Totshos!ogy
02501012051069120821501560 M2oo2g210211 304 Csoooool Coop Ogstoflsoooo 0159 01112 02190152$ sO LANDSAT PIot!sp0112o!
ASVT 0903 505-10-35 W76-70139
177-61-42 0176-70503 177-51-42 W76-70400 STOL - Cosi$2 Aoogooo21050 0202!opootlo Poogo8so
WATER TEMPERATURE WICKS 505-10-43 W76-70043
R9oo0518 Soo$oog 00563 T8oop2o800012 903 To.oobodoty Sp3s2 0250s12 Th201019! Csooss!. 5290 Poptot ObIq52 Woog F!oght Itso T2shls!ogy
177-22-91 0676-70477 506-16-31 W76-70267 505-11-13 W76-70147
~-39
PAGENO="0387"
RAY ASTRONOMY
100-41-64
188-46-57
100-46-57
188-46-SO
188-46-59 W76-7059O
ShollA 015 ooo Slodils 1o~ Hjgh Eo1~gy Asuophyoos
180-46-64 W76-70601
RAY DIFFRACTION
505-01-11 W76-70011
185-50-40 W76-70532
185-50-73 W76-70537
RAY SOURCES
100-46-59 W76-7059O
X RAY SPECTROSCOPY
185-50-73 W76-70537
506-25-32 W76-70370
108-41-51 W76-70567
100-70-60 W76-70612
X-14 AIRCRAFT
505-10-32 W76-70137
X-24 AIRCRAFT
505-11-31 W76-70150
516-56-01 W76-70216
521-71-01 W76-70401
1-40
SUBJECT INDEX
383
WINDMILLS (WINDPOWERED MACHINES)
SAgh-Spood As~9dyosYi06 - V
505-11-15 W76-70149
M!tsY Aio~stt - Ai~p~gf1 Aodyosohos YC-14 AIRCRAFT
505-1 1-21 W7670151 AMST Esp~~o~soIs P~og~s~o PsY,opst~0o
M~sd1 Aodyo4~oos 769-01-02 W76-70250
505-11-22 W76-70154 AMST Lop o~1oIs Pog~oo PoYo~p01!00
769-01-04 W76-70252
505-1 1-41 W76-70160 YF-12 AIRCRAFT
A F w o 5860 W6 9
Woks VoWo Moi~o1ot,00 516Sl02 P 0 W76-70211
514-52-01 W76-70199 YF-12 DOOPSOOT 8osoo~oh
PIOYOIOIOgY 010YgYphoIogy god Si~fgps Poogosoos 01 516-51-02 W76-702I2
Pis001soY BoAos SCAR-Coopo~ohos Aotopilol/SAS/PoOpolPOo Cooftol
185-50-60 W76-70S34 SySISY
WINDMILLS (WINDFOWERED MACHINES) 743-05-22 W76-70245
770-24-01 W78-70427
WINDOWS IAPERTURES)
Msyhgop&Syslsooo
910-36-00 W76-7071 1 ZEEMAN EFFECT
WINDPOWER UTILIZATION Poodgoooytol Phytyy,ys
Wiod Eysogy Syslooos 606-25-31 W76-70374
778-24-01 W76-70427 ZINC OXIDES
G S LgyEolOgyC00050008050000h
Doso y Toyhoology Igo Cooopoklo Stooptooss 506-25-42 W78-70303
505-02-42 W76-70032 ZINC SELENIDES
Coot OPts Motsoosts Appho~tioo 10 ho C-130 CoWot Lpsst Ettoogy CyotosysoyY 80504tOh
Wottg Stytoos 506-2542 W76-70383
510-51-01 W76-70170
WING TIPS
505-00-22 W76-701 15
180-17-55 W76-7051 1
WORK CAPACITY
504-09-34 W76-70000
100-36-56 W76-70555
x
W76-70504
W76-70594
W76-7059S
W76-70597
PAGENO="0388"
384
MONITOR INDEX
RTOP Summary FISCALYEAR 1976
Typical Monitor Index Listing BEREMAND
Li~iii
_ _ w
A tale s used to pwv~de a eeose ecact descop- ~ Phc~e'.'e~ W76 70375 513-50-50 W76-70t85
fth bj re Th RTOP W
number s used to locate the blbllograph?c clta rep-ar-sr 6576-70569 ReIn S~~rrere (dl ReIn SoIree RerR~oS OCCI!
d h I mm hSmr-r9 W
A Ocr Id Nrurle TeoSe!rge w76-oooan 5165501 Oral SyrOne Tlyhrnlngy ~ 70216
SOS1113 W7670ra6 Cryrsard Lad 0 11 SCOL O0R'tcre P1~rer~ry Snia Py~ Research red Teyheclygy
ARDEMA. M. D 505-00-30 6576-70120 506-23-12 676-70352
B LII Aerdyrarrrna w76-701a0 175-30-50 RRsea'ch w76-70aa7
1-41
PAGENO="0389"
BUTLER, P.
Ssidy
177-43-51 W76-70484
SIMS Eo~h Ob 01101$ SRT
177-44-53 W76-70487
Atooophooo Eop 6101 DooolOpOolt
PotIoloo od PolIolo/Fold 11001
188-36-55 W76-705S4
188-41-55 W76-70580
188-41-57 W76-70583
188-45-51 W76-70S8S
188-45-53 W76-70589
188-46-57 W76-70S94
195-23-01 W76-70638
195-23-02 W76-70639
19S-23-06 W76-70640
196-41-71 W76-70648
C
CALLENS. R. A.
CATALDO. C. E.
505-01-31 W76-70015
Ad S pilIg P69116 (GASP)
506-03-42 W76-70048
505-06-72 W76-70091
AlloMfI 5901011$ OpoIltIOlli Sofoty Old EfIoiOloy
505-08-31 W76-70121
-42
385
MON/TO!? INDEX
Pod Tok Sodoots COOK. W. L
743-01-02 W76-7022S ~ Tilt 00101 AoIodyloolo$
SCAR - St~~toophooo Eooo~oo lopoot 5051027 W7670134
743-02-22 W76-70232 NASA/N~y Molt! $000 V/STOL Aootoft Toohlology
5061641 Et6ty Tooh01logy W76-70272 AdOlOod v/STOL AllotIft 0oog~ Old Apph010oIl
Adooyood Tholyol PlotootlOl Motoyolso~d E~tth 01610 514-50-01 W76-70198
Spool Shottlo Tholool Ptotootoo Systo01 Soot Sholt-Hoo( Rosoooh Aoo6ft (QSRA)
506-16-43 W76-70274 769-02-02 W76-702S4
506-25-32 W76-7037O IltOIpl006 y Soot ~d Coootoy Phybos
HIgh-Pool L1001$ 188-45-52 W7670SO7
506-25-41 W76-70301 CRA000CK. W. L
506-26-21 W76-70387 910-13-00 W76-70694
w 5
Spoo Shottlo Co~thgo1otlS od A&othol6o- 1935061 w7670520
506-26-31 W76-70391 193-58-62 W76-70621
HIgh-Toopolololo Hydlogo6 Att~ok of Stool 19358-64 °° ltlIIllllltlOl W76-70623
175-40-10 W76-7044O CROW. R. R.
Tloposphoto All P01101101 Modolittg od Roooto Soolog 310-30-68 W7670667
Roooto 501101119 of Loko Ptop~s~. IltplOdlllg D
Atoosphollo Chooyol Phylios - Rooooloh Stoth~ of DARRS. J. R. -
Ptoooosos 6 P111611 p Atoos hotoo Cooots ~d ShottlO LIOllOhOd HIgh Eootgy Astlophyllol 5010001111
111115001111 SPOOl - 188-70-60 W76-70612
105-47-66 W76-70S22 DAMON. E. P.
511001010 of Plolotafy AtTotpholoo Aotooatlo SyStoo lot, Colopotol P~og~a~o
105-47-67 W76-70523 000oooltalol
Fl oota~y Atoospho~o~ Eopodoo~t Doooloptltoot 310-40-25 W7670569
0 w
111111 Phys~os - P0610100 aod P01010/Fold ~ AppIlooti010 D0oolopooo~t
188-36-55 W76-7OSS1 177-70-11 W76-7OSOS
MlglotolphOllO Phyo~oo - P~tioIoo aod PayyIo/Photoo DEETS.D. A.
loto~Iotioy$ (Ao~oooo~y( Aohoo 001110(0 AloolIft FlIght Eap0111111t
1084151 W76-70S70 tlllplOt of ho Shottlo/Spaoolob Oppolloolty to Eotoyd
195-21-02 W76-70630 of ho 1900s POCCNET
W 00
P000106 Lift EtogllO Tooh~ology DURHAM. A. F.
Qoiot Cloao Shoy-hool Eopolitlloltll E~gi~o (QCSEE) Syotoos
038-01-01 W76-70223 310-20-31 W76-70000
CLARK. 0. Q. DUSTIN. M. 0.
CLIFF. W. C. 743-03-31 W70-7023S
CUNE.TL W76-704t0 E
108-46-SO W76-70S97 EHERNRERGER. L J. -
PAGENO="0390"
386
MONITOR INDEX KEMP. R. H.
EVANS. H. I. A&~o~od Hçh P~s~o~ Eogio. StTdy AdTOd MIthods 1~ Shod Ao&yso
Ads-ssc,d C p500015 Is. Ps.sisios CTO1s.1 Systso.s 7904012 W76-70398 506-17-25 W76-70284
506-1912 W70-70300 A&sss.d 62-02 Eoço.. C~op ol TROhOTIUGY Cs.~n~ Spso. ~
910-03-00 W78-70681 506-17-26 W76-70285
F11ig~.TTd FIRTho. TI C posts Mststisls
r H 506-17-27 W76-70286
P~yIosds Dyostttios
FANOUHAN, #. w. 506-17-31 W76-70288
EpTvIRII4.saTdRv,YATSISICTtet5TMOSIIIIT 4 ST . . - 60-Ittil D~T1IthT5 SlId AllTOIlsIldty
- 1151)00 I IT 506-17-32 W76-70292
W76-70544 9ALDEMAN.w.F. A 151100 -70 sy~s - C 5)1.5 ITt Ad o.d TISOSPTIISIITT
Mohi-EW DC DislIbTIloll SyilsIt TSTIIIITIT5y 910-35-00 W76-70709 524-71-01 W76-70402
506-23-34 W76-70360 4~.EM M HELLOS. J. A.
FICHTIL C. E. StpsiIRAppIISst&tts DS SIT TIg.RSY9R ERDA/NASA AIIIToTtos G~ TAbI1I PITglSltt
Calls Ray Aslotoloy FTRTRst~~ sod alIJa P~dITts.~ St C&Tb~. CUNY. 778-32-01 017670430
188-46-67 W7670595 NYU Rod MIT. HENDRIX. M. K.
FICHIL 8. H. 179-30-40 W76-70446 Adoaopsd TsThITgy/Sobsystslos
KTTDISI9R RI AIttospbstio PET.SSR$ HAMITER. I- C. 910-32-01 W7670705
505-08-10 W76-70107 500115 ~od RsIsbI!ty T.stiog TI MIUTOiCTIs sod HENNIGAN. T. J.
FIELDS, 6 ~ 5ISTIITIT Pays Batts~ Dosliry CoITI sod Toss
H000RTP1S Vohid, 91oToss TsohoIo~y 5061832 W76-703T3 506-23-22 W7T-7035S
505-02-12 0175-70019 HANTMANN. M.J. HEPPNER.J. P.
FISKE N C TO ITO Itos ~ ost 505 042 W 6 70052 M hys /PhT
506-22.11 0179-70343 40-loAd MTls109 Ass Floss CTITIIssTI 158-36-56 W7T-70556
Polls PT50I5IOt IT ThIdts. TSThTIT9T 51 - -- W76-70176 HERMAN. M.
506-22-3D 5178-70345 - 5Th. VIgISOTO ad Wstot IopooodoosI SIdils TI
ITO 111115111 RROSIITh ~ $ TOTI~ Mi&..sI SIp Mood AIls
TIE 1 App 0175 70348 HEA~H01P F SC 6 94
906-22-43 0176-70350 175-40-40 W76-70450 FaIlgos. Fsotol. sod LIII P.thoI~o
FITOMARNICE, 94. W. S1$IT5PhRT 5.555Th P1st . V/ - 0013
Goophysioal MSssUIIIRII TeohoTIT9y 178-10-41 W76-70458 HODGES. 8.
506-20-33 W76-70303 HELDENFELS. 0. N. ~ PITTOSSIs
p065005. J HIS RRSPTO$5 IT STIlE 1 -28-02 W76-70702
EPA/NASA 6.51 Saks. Bssi PT9RIO 504.0911 W76-70001 HOLLAND. A. 0.
170-90-21 W76-70473 AlTsft I1,oo Noso ROdoTICo aIslE 5.511Th - CATS MIS5TIolls
POSSES. 6.0. 504-09-13 W76-70003 175-40-60 W76-70452
Loss-CUsS OIIiTOt ST1 I 45 P 0-0- OTSIdy 01100101. ChSSTII1IT,IT0 ~od Aslysis TIAIoTsphsoh
778-21-OS W7S-70425 504-09-21 W76-70004 AsTITIS
FOSTER y pos Is 55 7 0 W7 046
506163 6 FT. po 0176 ~to 6 ~ Wi Is Wi 700 o w
506-19-15 W76-70309 505-02-13 - W76-7002I H000.B.H. Msosglsot Syssos
FRANKS. H. J. 505-02-14 Wi -7 2 910-33-03 W76-70707
WIdE Osod 6t,too Dsts HsodlItg 605pos.I LTS4S A1TsIssto sod SI I SI Dy 1 HORNRY. H.
FROSTKJ 0176-70666 505-02-21 - 076-70024 ~ A0$1$stOSOt TI loIsTly Os$pTISIITI
DROSITSOIT TI TI ~ 0 SlID ToES 00-0 11 TI W 6 09 W
180-38-64 W76-70S6S 50g~~~od F5TIII$ W76-70030 N~sst01. Rod lids sod Estoslos Wsts
CTOIPTS 10 PT1 TO w 7~ W 04
Dosigo T.ThoTITgy ITT Cs.pTsit. Shooss HYDRITK. 5. 0.
505-02-42 W76-70032 STIid PTIyos EI,TIITIYI, FosI CoIl TIThITIT9y
GALLOWAY. T. L 5ssio NTis. 6.5111Th 910-05-00 W7T-70685
Atslysis TI ISo OposloosI CTopstlbility TI Fobs CivIl 505-03-Il W76-7003S
Al TsospolIsIiTo sd CTTTIpIS QITsISI ATI5IITO 50151 RIdTTITl
513-50-53 0176-70187 605-03-13 W76-70040 J
GARCIA. F. F. Noiso FoTpilt PsdiTtio
AItiITds CTItTl PTpAIsiT 505-03-01 W7670042
910-04-00 W76-70683 AiTsIl 0TT0I P,TTIosoT1 JARVSS. C. N.
GEE. $ W. 505-08-31 W76-70122 SITS FIy-by-oos FI,ght E.pElIO0I1
610151 ATIstiTo FlighI CootTi Sysboot ~od Dlsplsys CTopTsIts MsllIisIs Applyshoo IT ho C-130 Clv, 512-51-01 w767T178
505-07-21 W7S-70101 Wig Sodlos JASTROW. 8.
FlighI Dyosoios- CT0TI ~od Daplsy 510-51-01 W7T-7TI70 SIOIIISI)T0 Slod.15 IT 0p)0)TS100 TITh1015IT Msppl
505-10-13 w76-7U1DS CToopOsitI Poosot 6101111101 Flight P0gb sod Adosoood 5111015
GEVANTEN. W. 610-52-01 0176-70171 177-28-41 0176-70478
506-19-31 10176-70312 IIPADI Tss
GLOENSEN. P. 510-54-01 W76-70173 177-51-42 w76-7T490
555 ITs MTO)ITIOg SCAR- Sl11010sI CToTspts JENKINS. J. 94.
17754.42 017600501 743-01-01 W7T-70224 Sigh Losds Msssooo,oI TIthTIQIII5
0000$ON. A. SCAR- CTopolo-sidld D~sigT 505-02-23 W76-70027
30438 01709 Wi .5 5
0000WINMA D.os Tp 3 ~ TI Wi 0 W 6 00
910 27-01 0176-70700 SCAR - AoTsphlIT ToIholsoOs Fools CT0OTI TIThOTITgY
GOULD. u 743-01-13 W76-7022S -1 - W767T262
DosIg. Pooossig sod TOslIog TI LSI Asys SCAR- MsIoIsIs Ap0IITSITOS JOHNSON. 8. L
506-15-31 W76-70302 743-01-22 W76-70229 MsIOlIbIs IT LlIbtiysIiTo sod Wos I MIThIoTsI
GREEN. N. 1. 11001 CoIITI TI ASTlISsiT RospTos. CTIpTI5Is
EPA/JPL Lsk. CisssIqITslTo PITiET 743-05-04 W76-70244 506-16-22 W7S-7026S
176-30-51 W76-7U472 ATIOR FLITS SoppossITo TI S $T0T Cools, JOHNSON. 1. 5.
losgO PtTTeSsitg/IJod LIsa/HCMM AlIsh AdO5OTRd 1.5101 Raglog Syssos DIT1ITpoElI
177-31-52 W7S-70479 743-05-31 W76-7U246 310-10-43 W76-70655
MollipIs opAl sod Tss 551.0 b Ado~o~sd MsoiSIs IT Sys
MIITPOII15t/Rlgloosl ApylITEloos 10 C5IIIOIO15 506-15-21 W76-70264
177-61-52 W7S-70504
GREEN. N SpTlShlttIl ThooosI PT110Oo 5ysl05
310-3069 lOT Dyssos ST TOO W76-70660 LISTS 6oytsO, SysTs S1100Rs KEM~R.H
6115016 MRO1IT. CTtTI sd Opsost.oos ToohoTlTgo 606-17-Il W76-70276 5050174 W7670010
310-40-70 W7R-7057S NASTRAN 110000101 610551 POIpTSE AOaIybs sd AOITOISSIiTiIy TI Tobios Eogioss
GREGORY. J. w. Dssigo M,lhods 510-55-01 W76-7T174
AWisoTod Liqoid RTT6II Sysloos T.ohoology 500-17-21 W76-70280 Cooposill Osok TOyhoTIWi
506-21-Il W7S-7032S Th1osI/SolotosI Cooospls to Spoos OsospTOStITo 505-17-12 W76-70277
R.os.abl. Cot551o DITIsgI sod Tpsll Systss Cooposos MsIlISIS ApplIoslITo to Slootoos
506-21-12 W76-70326 506-17-22 W76-70261 506-17-14 W76-70279
`-43
PAGENO="0391"
387
KEMPKE. E. E. MONITOR INDEX
G~~I A~s~ Io~~I CR~b~SIR~ E~g4~ P&I~t~ SiIo~~ 1883853 W76-70565
R1d~u~ 910.42-01 W76-70717 UV ~d OpliCA Asl~w (CC~p~1oA~A Physios)
505-03-33 W76-70046 LINLOR. ~. I. 188-41-51 W76-70571
188-78-56 W76-70607 77-54-12 W76-70498 188-45-52 W76-70588
KING. J L So,~~mho D~IooI,oo Slody lo~ Ao Oyosdy Esp)C~BOs -
MdIoo~t~ Wsoo Co~po~A 0oIop~soI LOGAN. F. J. 1980 )NsousI Dysos Esp)o~s)
5 6 w 0 M W ~ 88 G W6 060
~ of Ash Opsohos - T~oho)Cgy RF Tsthy)ogy 1 TORSS )J~ Spso~sf1 ~ P155159 GI5I~5) FAds
A1~~81~1~t 310-20-46 W76-70662 195-40-02 W76-70642
Roil QISSRS CR5 V4IdSIO/ Pd ~ LOMAX. H. LOW RySICRI
Dy Lp~ AIdS Hgh SpRId FIght W76-70005 5152 SASs of VRIIR* Wskss W76-70202 LOV.C W76-70688
Asyll0 Pfsoos sod Ass, Solsy LOVE. E. S. SOChIRO
504-09-32 W76-70007 Eshsosl E,ssioy Polo Rssssoh 910-01-00 W76-70677
S,oIsI,o,y TRohology Is ACI,os 505-03-31 W76.70043 LUNOHOLM. J. 6.
504-09-42 W76-70010 SCAR - SIsloophlo Coops, plot - Toosb)~ Lgos Hgh Poos& ISSlI Sysoos THC5RC)Rgy
Hsodlog 000,15 - T bolRol/FIosbihty OffICIO MI solos 506-25-41 W7670379
505-06-92 W76-70094 743-02-22 W76-70231
S~r.~CIRIs Apposh sd t.ood~g W76 70205 506113 of M~wh&s to EIsofooo Apphosho M
EOCICg~CSI 501015 Sp~os ORbs Stodi~s
S W ~ 5 6 W7 MNS
92 w 9080 W 00
0g~o GloyhIolofly 506-21-30 W76-70328 MALONEY. P. B.
1 2-55-62 W 6-70 14 MsooIsotoiyg it SpoCs EIO,ICRRIII
PIsostsy So,) Miotobtology OSROR toRO yspOlyRlt115 ~ 910-35-01 W76-70709
953 w 6 M LG
25 W 66 0 33 W 033 0 S W 2
192-55-65 W76-70617 RI H,gh P005011 L55I15 IPOplIsOR 910 RoISORS) MAR ~ OPICII SoS Sysoso ASIIHIIHR19
P15111109 Eoo,ootss 506-21-42 W76-70334 196-41-52 W76-70645
192-5566 W7670618 PIsso~ Coo RROCIOI Rpssstoh
0,got of LiIs 506-24-11 W76-70366 MARK. H. J.
W 6 9 W7 703 30 M W 6 70469
7 2 W760499
KNADLER M W76-70262 506-25-43 W76-70384 MASON. C. C.
910-21-Pd W76-70697 5062610 W76-703O5 177-44-83 W76-70480
KOCK. B M PIsysIsy Ely AsoIhItod R&T MATRANGA. 9. 0.
DAST (0 1115 I A~od too 5 5 1 sI I y ) 505025020 W76-703G6 YF-12 Figh EspI solo
505-02 22 W76-70025 SPSCH ShIlls DRo&opoolyl hIppO 516-51-01 W76-70209
RPRV Copsbd'Iy DIoRIOpIlIllI Ad.oylHyd M,s o COOS Is - EsohOhils) SCAR-Coo~s1os AoI000lot/SAS/PIHPOISCR CHIC)
505-11-25 W76-70157 TIsyspolIsIloR Sysls Tsohtology Ryqoy~os1s 743-05-22 W76-70245
KOLF. J. L. 790-40-07 W76-70396 MBARDO. J. A.
521-71-01 W76-70401 T~ohtCIogy Wokohop ACIoilils 506-21-55 W16-70341
KONOO. V. 750-01-10 W76-70404 MCDONALD. F. B.
88.41-51 w7670568 ~ TlChoCIogy Lsbostoy EopsAosyID&0OIICR 1G~6~,So~ Slodos HI 095 ERHIGO AIhysos
KORB. C. L 750-01-12 W76-70406 180-46-64 W76-70601
stool log 000spls 0 oposphso Pollolto LOEF EsplIRI DsI,yil,oo MCDONALD. B. B.
- 750-01-31 W7670407 Osho Solos RHslSloh
OllylCyd Coo 1015,1 Eysyy Coyoss,oy Dsloilioy RI Phys,os~yd Chsllostly Espll,lIIlls I 505-03-11 W76-70834
078-15-01. W76-70423 750-01-51 W7670408 50S-03-32 IRS 9015 011011500 HG
E 09 to A ft E 11
196-41-50 W76-70643 5,1,00 04 505-05-51 W76-70066
- D I - Ao,sttoR SAsIy 651 -Fi1H TICSRHIO9y
L W6 04 02 W787011
175-10-30 W76-70441 505-00-22 W76-7d116
LAD. B A CI,oosls Rssssoh Adososd Coyospls 101 SpoososIl AIstos StlooloiOs
Physos sod C5Rolohy CI SoI,ds 175-40-30 W76-70449 506-1715 W76-10219
506-16-12 W76-702S6 Lsglsy RssIsCh Csoos-Gsogs Woshoglo Ooioso,fy Poyloods Dyosoo,os
Iolsdiso~pI~o1ty Llbosfo,Is lot Msfs,sls R~ssstoh ERolCollylsI ModIllyg Pogoto 506-17-31 WOo-blAt
50616.14 W76-70260 176-10-32 W76-70457 Plolsy Plobs Dss,gh/Ool~l PIsi,sfs
LAM. B. C. RIlloll Mssooll,osol sod Mod~Iiog of 110posphsliC 5062623 W10.103H9
Lsoooh Vsh,oII PIs,,otog Sod,ys PoIlo,tsots I - 54
180-06-60 W76-70508 176-20-31 W76-70464 1o6-6~-6~2 ySlOl IC 110090 0
10100015100 1011090 lOposp 510 501500 MiylooiT,5101y Ttsospoods bssolopooelol
505-06-23 p050110 019 W76-70077 176-20-32 W76-70465 166-60-53 Wi0-10009
LAWRENCE. B I.. ~osstsI Zoos toololigolIOT RsIlosol to Doss D,ooop,og Go,d5000 sod Cootol TOohoologA dl II5hOtsly
10 1 0 M 6 303 W 6 04 0 Moo W76 10540
910 42-02 W76-70718 Cood,ostiOT sod PIsooiyg Aol,o,hls to Ohs G&C TOohoology 10 54415 Roo~og Vsh,oIHs
LAYLAND J W Eoo,ooostoI Q,osl~ty Pogsot 186-60-55 W35.1G541
Nsloook Cool sod Oslo Poolssolg D~osIoposo1 176-90-31 W76-70474 PooplIlool CooopstbdtyoS~Ih Mst~AoIsIo0 Loog botiboy
310-40-72 W76-70676 177-44-31 W76-7040S 6668-63 W3610543
LAYTON. ~ ,~. RPP F), hI I Os Cosolsl Ptoo~soss Soist Etsollo PyptilSIoR - Nss)gsloo pool Mosoo
505-11-24 W76-701S6 Sol,d Rooksl Popols~oo SysIloto - 85.0074 w1H.1o~45
Highly Mssoostsbls A,loloh Tsohoology IOtMATI - 160-32-51 W7R-70S13 M,ss,oo sod Syslsoo 010191 - M.JU19
01 E 110 8 68 WiG 10547
50 00 M ~ M to y Do IT I WiG 76040
STOP IStoohosl.Ih~oosl-Op1iCA-POg5o1I 185-47-91 W76-70529 MOgoslo 8551109 Rssoltoo Whsst lot tIoOo100Hd
LEFFERTS. K. J. 185-47-92 W76-70530 186-66-79 W16-10549
AItilods-Olh,l AosIys,s Rsoools 011101,00 ol Solsos Plopsllso ol Pisosls Ms,os, JlIpIl5l/UISROI 1979 Sotsoos SIsslog dtogp
310-10-26 W76-70R53 185-50-51 W76-70533 186-68-80 W76-70550
`-44
PAGENO="0392"
388
MONITOR INDEX PROBST. H. B.
MCELROY. J. H. 0 . M117y ATiy~i~~y~
(SMCS ~. MTATI SApp~iyA SyTWA) OPP. A. G. F-ill TACT RITTATAS A~y~My
w P w
M L W
MILL~EdRT) A$CyAT~y PARNELLT. A. w76-70l26 POFERL T S
W 00 W 04 8
MUMMA.M 1. Sc My~g yTll!A i)2b. -ly ~d .1Sl4~SCly POWELL R V.
Asoyphysy& PETERSEN. H. H. 50018h1 W76-70296
AT Dy 06
N 00
L W 06 w
E~piyyyiyl DEAT?TpT~TAI fyy Niyl06 T3is CAA,pyly)yy 505-06-43 W76-700TT 790-40-04 W76-70394
Cyy,pysoyy M iyHyl P)iyyli 9 A6~~~phH~ STOL - Cscii Aygiyy DHATyyHy~ PTg2, 91008) W76-70691
CT WE TO
778-54-Ti W76-7T436 GTATAAATAI Agl-~yi~ PRORST. H 8
NORTHROP. 0.8. 50511.14 W767T148 Ri)Tl!yA$5!p CT AITAAA SlyyTlA~i~
ApplyTsyTs CT ThHT~HIA4) Sp~ys Physys MOl4~y AAy~sfi - A~!y~4Y Ay~ydyy~yyys Pyp~y~ss
-45
PAGENO="0393"
389
RAMATY. R. MONITOR INDEX
505-01-12 W76-70012 M~gtosphooo Phyoos - P040100 ood P~~oI~/F~old A~oo PI,ght Eop 1100010 STOL A~ooof1
513-53-01 W76-70190
R M W M L~
RAMATY. R. 1883656 W76-70557 STOLOpo04log Systoos Eop 100010 0w76-~~1
168-46-52 W76-70591 188-36-57 W76-70559 5135303 W76-70192
Thoologioo 1775141 W76-70489 Nog01~04 F~t~ooo
RANGO. A C010p0110 Usogo Tooh10g04s T041 A,ss Elf 1 Os Pg~oo, 0pl,10if~oo of
M~t10g sod Modoloog of Hydlologs Sysloo~s 310-40-41 W76-70674 Fl!gfd Pooosdooo~ of Shool Hood T~sospo9 Ai,oosft
RAUMANN N A W76-70500 SCHWARTZ. H. j 513-53-06 0 S 1 E 10 0 W76-70194
Hjgh RollObAfy Coo~of Syolsoos 101 AofsooOs 506-23-24 W76-70357 513-54-01 W76-70195
W I ~ W M
310-20-66 W76-70664 SEIKEL G. R. SEPS Eoo~ooooootsl boopoof
Fqooooy SloodgId So~os 506-22-41 W76-70349 STEWART. R. W.
310-10-42 W76-70654 PI~~os Oyoooooo Eooogy Syofools Aboooophooo Modoloog of PoIbo04o Tooospo9
ROBERSON, ~ - 506-25-11 W76-70372 176-10-42 W76-70459
195-20-01 W76-70624 o~~~od 0008bopTTTf SfobAoshoo sod CoPIloT Spsooosoopy sod Phofoohoo050y of ~
Thoo,sfosl Sfo04s 910-08-00 W76-70690 Coooofooy Mobsoobos
195-20-02 W76-70625 SHAROANAND. T. 185-47-55 W76-70519
Co W 0 W 04
W 0 I 1 W
L M W
188-41-51 so p oo 5 00 10y W76-70572 513-52-Of Coof!go10d Vohobo PIOgISO W76-70f89
505-03-32 W7670044 Ap1 Oslo Old Mopogl Coofool of 50101: STOL sod VIOL HoIoopfsl - Ao To~ffo Coofol VfoglOfoo Sfody
S 505-10-22 Fhghf Oyoooooo w76-70f29 boLog~siod P001IIAfflfodo Coofool Syofoo f~ Spsos
W I I I w
I I
1-46
PAGENO="0394"
390
MONITOR INDEX YOUNG. L E.
I w
TAYLOR. H. A.. JR. WALLS. R.F. I
C1yE~p~11 T~hI,q~s I$I11$Iy $1 506.19.11 W76-70305
TEMNIN. A. WEAVEREA W76-70693
8 W7
MIII $05.11! S4IAIIRI 195.3501 W76-70641
77640.01 W76.70419 WENGER N. C
IlIhIlilgy 7761001 W7670416
5062531 W76.70377 C~1:~gs ~d ~
778.24.01 51 W76-70427 so~1~T11 gh III l1~RI W76-70298
TIEDEMANN. H. WILUAMS. L J.
TOFT. P. D. V~hI5R CyhA E1g111 CII17CIIIIS SyllIlIls
177.51.91 W76.70492 SCAR E~g~ SlIdy
TRASK 0. W WILSON. 5. 0.
SyR~1 lId RIddliCy 611111$ 01101$ CA 0101$! X-CAy 310-20-67 DIC&Cp~I1 W76-70665
504.09.34 W76-70008
V WIUENSTEII&G TICIlylygy A$s~ss~I1 CI
76902-01 W76.70253 WO6~D;D BA, Mlthydylygy ~d S$yyRT
Sys11,~ AIllyliR PIll EOS/SEOS Op11111y.,A WOOLSTON ~ S
175-10-70 lId LIlA WIlIhIl RR$IIC6 V
175.40.70 W76.70453 YODZIS C W
VON GLAHN. U. H. PICPJARI
SCAR NC!$I 61711111 TRCSICIRQy 6.7 910-03.00 W76-706U2
505.06.24 W76.70079 YOUNG L K. -
506-16-13 C 11114$ Cl 1111111$ pp Cl1;R11 506-22-32 W76-70346
ThI1~yIiy Sy~I~o TIChIClygy
506-25-41 W76-703R2
-47
PAGENO="0395"
391
RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX
RTOP Summary
Typical Responsible NASA -Tbuisncs/FisivbiiitnEtt;cts
Organization Index Listing Vthcit Dgrrvs - Sisli/Spir/High &phl Chcttr-
000AMZATiON ~i:~~:~-i ~ ~
Ariisriori Sstoy Assssrch sod Tochnology
I 505-0821 W76-7Otlt
od.td Sposo C. 5. 6. N 01
5061631 W76 70267 ;:ftAnr;:70
_______________ 505-08-31 W76-70t21
505-10-12 W76-70t24
Listings in this index are arranged alphabetically 5~:ucoPb5 Aorodnroinic Portornr,ncs. Der.rrrics ,nd
by Responsible NASA Organization The title 5051021 W76-70t27
of the RTOP provides the user with a brief de- sndNoss irorg oro urorncsorreorctyrorrlies.
scription of the subject matter The accession S05-tO-22 W76-70t29
number denotes the number by which the cita- ~ W76-70t30
ion and the technical summary can be located Adx,rcod Tilt ReIn Asrodnn.mcs
within the Summary Section The titles are 50~r~2A~rolyrorrric Ptrtormznco W76-70t34
arranged under each Responsible NASA Organ - 505-10-31 W76-70t35
izati on in ascen ding accession number order. S0S-rO-32 n i I w76-70r37
A 06/N Muitirniosion V/5TOL Aircr.ftTschmiogy
Aexoprones of Alrxrott Oporshons - Tschnoiogn Pcsssrsd-Lift (STOL/RTOLI Asrodyr,nric Psrtorm,rct
504-09-12 W76-70002 STOL/RT0L Flight Drr,rnics
Rids Quglitiss Critsri, V.lid.tior/Piiot Psrtorm.ncs 505-10-42 W76-70t42
504-09-22 W76-7000S 505-10-43 w76-70143
Airorsos Psrtoreronns mod Auiotion S.tsty Subsonic/Sonic Aircr,tt Asroclyrornic Psrtorm,ncs
504-09-32 W76-70007 505-11-12 W76-7014S
Sirnuistion Ttnhnoiogy for Asronsalies Obiiqas Wing Flight Toot Tschrology
504-09-42 W76-700t0 505-1 1-13 W76-70t47
505-01-21 W76-70014 0005lnnrsrt Aglnci~~
505-01-31 W76-700t5 Mii!tsry Aircrstt - Aircrgfr Asrodyrornico
Miiitmy Progrsrns Misoils Asrodynomics
505-01-32 W76-700t6 505-11-22 W76-70t54
Loods. Asrosiostinien. .nd Structar,i Den,nins DOD Assisrgncs
50S-02-2t W76-70023 505-1 1-41 W76-70t60
505-03-11 W76-70036 791-40-03 W76-70t62
50S-03-t2 W76-70039 Dsusiopmsnt
Air S.rrrpiing Progrsm IGASPI Cioii Aircr.tt An.iysiosnd Mgrhoduiogy Dsotiopmsnr
50S-03-42 0976-70048 791-40-15 W76-70166
rio Tochtology Study 01 Potortisi vram 01 RPVs lRsmotsin Piiotsd
505-04-It W76-7005t Vshiciss) br Clxii Applicstiors
505-05-41 W76-70064 R010rcrstt Mgirttrones Costs Msthodoiogn
Corrput.ron,l Asrodyn.rrrics Ososioerrrsrt
505-06-11 W76-70067 791-40-22 W76-70t68
Dsoslopmset 01 Compat.tion.i Asror,aticsi Codss to. Tschroiogy Asssssmsrt ot lntsrcity Tr,nsport.tior
505-06-12 W76-70069 791-40-23 W76-70t69
505-06-15 0976-70071 510-56-01 W76-70t7S
Dsoslopmsnt of Adsoneed FLEXSTA6 Progr.rrr Osesrol Aui,tier - Adosncsul Axionics Systsm
505-06-16 W76-70073 512-52-01 W76-70t80
Ettsots 01 Aitorstt Ross Fisids on Eisnrrem.gnstic Woos Adios Control Airnrott Fiight Espsrirnsnt
Prepsg.tior 512-53-02 W76-70t83
505-06-17 W76-70074 Argiesis 01 ho Ogrsrcoionsi Coerp,ribiiry 01 Futurs Cioi
Notrsts,dy Asrndengmics Air Tr,rsport.tion sod Corcspts -
505-06-21 0976-70075 5t3-S0-53 0976-7018.
Airtr.ers Asnotyrorrrie Noiss Fs,sibility ,nd V,iidotionott.oosCost Microoo,os Lgrrdirp
50506-23 W76-70078 W76-70t88
Airfoil ond Contigurstion Asrodynorrroes Tsnhnol torAdo.rcsdlrts rgtsdAoorcstorTsrmiro
50506.31 W7670082 Atss Flight Espsnrnsnts in STOL Airnrstt
505-86-42 W76-7008R Mieroossos L.nding Sestsrrr Vgiid.tror br STOL Ainrstt
FOes Ms.sutsnstrs Tsohniquss Applicstoes
505-06-43 W76-70088 513-53-02 W76-70t9t
FISCAL YEAR 1976
ho Cxii Miidory Microooous Larding Snsrsrn (MLS1
513-53-03 W76-70t92
lnossligsriOr 01150 Uss of Srrgpdoror lrsrli,l Ssrsor
513-53-05 W76-70193
Tsrminsl Arsg Etlsntiosrtso Progrgm - Oplinrioorior xl
513-53-06 0976-70194
VIOL Opsr,rirg Syslsrirs Esptrinitnro
Ado.rcsd V/STOL Airoroll Dssigr ord Appivorion
Woks Vorrts Minirrisslior
514-52-02 W76-70202
Hunror Fgclorg in Approgch ord Larding Sgrsty
515-St-ft W76-70205
Obiiqus Wirgsd Aircroft Sesrsm Studios
516-50-10 W76-7020R
SCAR - Srrgroophtric Enriooior lrnp,ct
Asrodyrgnics sod Psdorm~nvs lmtoryl -
743-04-21 W76-70241
743-05-01 W76-70243
769-02-02 W76-702S4
506-16-12 W76-70257
506-16-41 W76-70272
Ado~ncsd Thsrrrgl Froftclor Mgtsrigis ond Eons Orbitol
Spocs Shuois Thsrmoi Protscoior Sysrsrrrs
(06-17-31 W76-70287
Seocs Shunis Dyr,mics ord Asroolgoricily
Fgyloods
506-25-32 W76-70378
Conputofiorsi srd Espsrimsnloi Asrorhsrmontyrsrrrics
lrtsrsrsilor Comrrrunicslior Fsssibolity Sfudy
790-40-06 W76-70395
Sysrsrrs Arolysis of Pool EOS/SEOS Opsrofiotol
Sestsnrs
lrrrpocf of Ohs Shunis/Spscsigb Oppcrfcnify to Eslsnd
Rssosrch grd Tschroi000 Progrsnrs info Spocs or
750-01-02 W76-70403
778-1 1-02 W7670422
Ssosrs Srorms srd Lopol Wsslhsr Rsssorch
510501 Sfiioly et Sflotosphsric Corstifusnfs
176-20-ft W7R-70463
`-49
PAGENO="0396"
392
Flight Research Center, Edwards, Calif. RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX
Rcnclr Serr~~g yr Sri,', aid Ire Mepprrg aid 50~R~2~'A orieiprrrrrr W76-701S6 Grip Gra,,fyarW Usrrrg Tire Orryiarr,rs if LANDSAT
17 ~ W
Irrrerefellar Spare 614-54-21 W76-70204 177-54-41 W76-70500
Fl A 1 6 `11 0 rirr7 517-51-04 W76-70220 AS Pr Al ri Oe rrrrdErrrrefr Bear
185-47-69 W76.70525 Hrghly `A arrrrrAeia'Ai Arrirafr Terhyiligy CHMAT) - Calbraypr fir Mass Speyfrirrrefrrs
99 S
`A B id GA Cii /SA / ii pe i
"5 W6
igy 9 WA
186-68-76 W76-70546 Arrrrisyherri FIgif Eeperrrrrrr's 185-47-54 W76-70518
Pa9Alr', aid Par~yT/Phyrirr G 18~47;55 Ic~s yr Picrerary As irisphrrrs P176-70519
152-55-62 W76-70514 188-41-55 W76-70579 Irrrraifis,
sdSpse be M yr
Oare?aryErrirrirrrr'erfs P176-70518 53y'52~~0yi1"i5 5576-70289 EaeyrrrTrfADp,reli yell- Labirari
192-55-67 P176-70619 5061733 - - - W76-70294 188-38-53 W76-70564
Thrirelyal Srrrdrrs if the Mwrr aid Mesrir,re Parerrr A,fr,rrirrr'yal P1gb #esylf,yrr Sesser, De,eleprrrerrf if Sh,rtele Payriad, fir he Sfrrdy if Silas
195-21.02 W76-70630 Adyyrrrrd Cirrrpi're'rs, fir Preyreiirr w76-7o298 Fpe;ardFlare Belafed Fhcsrirrrei,' W76-70566
F 50~e2i~f~y~rraI `A rasr,rerrrerrf Tryhrriligy W76-70322 188-45-51 8gb Errergy A,friphy,rys P176-70585
DAST lOrerre fir Aeridyrrerrriy aid Srrr,rfrral 1rstrgl 506-23-22 - - W76-70355 188-46-58 W76-70597
I iS S idigy pi~
-50
PAGENO="0397"
393
RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX Langley Research Center. Langley Station Va.
Gn~d-Bs~cd Ops~sI Sc04 Sysler, Asuy~ony 506-22-12 W76-70344 186-68-74 W7670545
Ad~s04sd ly&s~cd Aslyyyryy s04 P~3sedMPD A6 Jss s~1h y~yy~y~ Er1gySt104g~ 186 68 77 W76-70547
W 0 0 W W
310-10-22 W76-70652 5~1045(~60 c~gy yys~cyy ts~sgr P104ecy/ vshy!es
Att,tyde-0~by A~sIysy 506- -23 - 186-68-79 W76-70549
310-10-26 W76-70653 Lyyg-L1s. H!gh-Pc7ysncrye Isses ~ 0 Mcye Jopos~/U~coys 1979 Syooye SIrroog Goop
F~eqoeoyy Stoods~d ~ Plcoelc-y App socos 186-68-80 W76-70550
310-10-42 W76-70654 506-23-33 W7670361 Psg,yles cod P~otiyIc/4gld Iotc~1yyos
310-10-43 W76-70655 506-23-35 W76-70363 G~yod-8ssd R~do~ Aslyyoyoyy
Tscyk~og cod 0515 fl&~y SolcihIs Tsyhoolygy NoyIcs~ Poooprd Lssc~s 108-41-52 W7670574
w W 8
Ahloohcoy Systsoo 1o~ Cpylc~ Psggbcoo 506-26-23 W76-70389 193-58-61 W76-70620
310-40-25 W76-70669 790-40-03 W76-70393 193-~~6~ AAyss W76-70621
310-40-36 W7670670 Eblcooeos Aoslyso W76-70394 Coot 05500 Cooogl W76-70622
W M 8 W
J Co W 04
3 W 8 W w
506-16-13 pp W76-70259 176-30-51 55 05600501 W76-70472 S1~~oo Myody~ & CooooI Syslroo T~~hootygy
W / w W6
Vyyo~I~o1y 00p501!5s of PoIyohOS loosge Pooyssoog/Lood Uso/HCMM Sf~foo Sysf5oos Tsohoology W76 70668
506-17-15 W76-70279 177-32-51 W76-70480 310-40-70 W76-70675
5062121 Sold P~ Iyoo od P I hoC o.r~ 186-6852 Syofcoo T~~hooIogy fyo Pl005fooyMooyoo L
506-21-52 W76 70338 186-68 62 W76 70542 504-0931 W76-70006
1-51
PAGENO="0398"
394
Langley Research Center. Langley Station. Va. RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX
FIi9hf Si (*fino Te~ho~)~~y - S *fiOo Teohoi17e* Mobl* Aody*roi17 Thn*)/SfroClora) Concepts lot Sp*o~ Tctsponl*ton
504-09-41 W76-70009 505-11-22 W76-70153 Syst*nnns
ConnpCsitss and Adhesoces M6t~fy Aoor*ft - Vsofonsd moot Maneoostsb6ty 506-17-22 W76-70281
505-01-34 W76-70018 505-11-23 W76-70155 Ados,Ced Msthods for She)) Arna)y~s
Hypersonic VehiC(s St fc*s Hypersonic Arrot*ft Asrodynantro Technology 506-17-25 W76-70284
505-02-12 W76-70020 5051131 W76-70150 Corrrposite SPICe StroCtores
Gerrsrsl Aoi*tr8T Cohosorthitress DOD ~ - Spnorfio Milrt*ry Deorloprrrorrt 5061726 w76-7020S
505-02-13 W76-70021 605-11-41 W76-70159 Fatrgoe*rd Ft tIltS of Colrpositl Msteri*ls -
02 W w
505-02-21 W7670024 Sysors Slrcttle Dytr*trros ~d Alroel*stioity
DAST (Dolls for A*rodyrr*rrro sod Strootor*l Testrgl 791-40-11 W76-70t65 5061732 177670292
Fstgsstd Frsofore Wig Strcytor~ 506-10-12 W76-70297
506-02-41 W76-7003t 510-52-01 W7670171 Adc*ryed Spsorcrsft ad Esperyrrlrt Cotrol SysterTs
Dssgr Techlrology for Corrrposit~ Stroytres ()~~0~t07 Progrsrrs for Aerosp*cr-V*hols Desgr 506-19-13 W76-70307
ed 17 _~O do Id 06 W7 ~
17 CC So
E,hsst Errissiort Polirior Ols**roh 512-53-01 W76-70182 506-21-33 W76-70331
((*1* ad Noo*les SysteO5 of High Pyo*r Losers (PopIsor Ness Hyrigors)
0504 W7 00 W 177
Aecodyrr*rrros 1776-70063 *0 W7670106 Forrdsrrrerf*l Photorios w76-70366
505-05-11 W76-70068 Serryrol Corfigr*d V*hcl* Prygr*rrr W76-7 1 506-25-31 W76-70376
L~ W TO 007 06 Lo ~
Arolysisard H*rdhyCk Sortoeg yr ~ Tr*rsport Syst*rrs IelhOlH5y 007670207 Dloprrort S~porr 176-70390
505-06-42 W76-70085 516-53-01 1776-70213 520-71-01 W76-70400
Ergcoecg ((CASE) W76-70090 Aryroft TechrolCgy (TACT) *17670216 TethrologyWork:hop ATb*1y$ of OAST Spsoe
3 W W 0 ch W 04
/ I Cc CA 717 2 W
w Co W 04
505-07-12 W76-70099 743-01-12 W76-70227 750-01-51 W76-70408
Des;loprrert of Th*or*tys r Dgtsl Control 743-01-13 9176-70226 015*10. Entry TeChnology Psylo*d ayd E.perrrtsrrt
505-07-31 W76-70104 Mtsoo-rrts W76-7023t Soolre Storms ad LoysI WIsthIr 0*5**mch
Grr*ral Aafiyy Airorab Oper*firg E.p*risryes lrrt*grafon SrId-.sl W76-70238 175-20-30 W76-7044-0
505-08-25 1776-70119 SCAR-Asrodyrarrro P*rtorrrsrrys Techrorogy (Theory) 1amg!oy Rtst*ryh Cectsm-Geomg* Waghmgtom Uyrclrsry
Rotororaft Coil HIlooptlm T*chrology 745-01 01 9*176-70248 1763031 w7670470
505-10-26 W76-70t33 Pryportes of If *1&1T* for Electronic Applicatior 1769031 W7670474
TOOL Aerodyrrarrriy P*rtomrrrarrye 605-16-13 W76-7T256 Sesor Eoalatiyrrs
07 W 3 doId So Co
505-11-21 W76-70tS2 506-17-21 *176-70280 186-47-92 W76-70530
1-52
PAGENO="0399"
395
RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
Rcvctc Dclc~lvvv cI Svdppc P~cpc~ucs ci P4vct~ Advcvpcd Mptcvvlc ~vd Mpvclvptv~pg P~ccccccs Advcvccd P2-02 Evg,vp Cc~vpcvcvt Tevhvc!cgy
188-38-53 W76-70565 Avc~tt 0pc~ccvc v,d S~1cty R&T
Ivlcgtplrd Pcvv~/Avvvdr Ccvpcl Systvv lc~ Spcpc 506-17-24 p W76-70283 UIpvc~cIct SlclI~~ Spccpcvctv Occclcpvvit lc~ Spvcc
910-35-02 W76-70710 506-20-23 W76-70318 188-41-51 W76-70568
LanA, R.,narch C~vt~~ CI,u~Invd. Oh,c. Ad d L d v k Cc I h p lv5vcd Spcppctpppy ci Stan
RcIattcv~h~p ci Atcvttp St,vptptr, iv M~1ctt~t 606-21-10 W76-70324 188-41-55 W76-70578
W 00 W 0 0 W
505-01-12 p W76-70012 8~ppp5Ic Ctcvgcvv 5tct~gv attd Itattstct 910-03-00 W76-70682
Fattgvr. Ftpptpt,. attd Litp Ptcdtpttctt 6062112 W76-70326 500 Pclytvct Elrpttclylp Fvc~ Ccli Tephvclpgy
505-01-34 W76-70017 Alcvt,c vvd Mptplhp Hydtcgcv 910-07-00 W76-70687
w Cc / /
505-03-32 W76-70044 ivy Thtpvtpt Pcvcatph 910-29-01 W76-70703
505-03-33 W76-70046 Adottpyd Plpptttpdyv~yyp Lc,ct Pcpvatph W76-70349 Advaypvd Trvhvvlvgy/Scbvyvtvtttv -
Cc W w
Cc w W 0
Evg!ttclcchvvlcgy W76-70060 P0stttaOyttavip Ettctgy Syvictttv W76-70369
Lil/Cvp, Fav Ptcpvkc~ Scppcti - 5O62~521 ~ W76-70373 ~ A',
0 w
3 W w w
SF12 PtcpvIv~cy Rcsrvtch 778-10-01 W76-70421 506-21-55 p W76-70341
Sc
516-55-i W7670215 Apphyasctt Icc. Stavd,td!vaitpv ~td Spvtrvtv ~ cct~cvv W76-70346
8 w w w
8 w 0-v M W
743-03-31 W76-70235 i-A-Ott 8aiicty/Elcpittp Cv Fcavbiy Dctttcvcita~cv Dcc,lvpvtcyi ci lttdvpcd Ettcvctttttcyi Ccttiattnttaicv
ittictd~sc~ptccty Labctaivttr, vt Mairyats Pcvc,tph SpA. Vcgvicncv avd Wvtc~ tttttpvvttdvcvi Sipdvv ci Dccclcptttcttt ci Apictttptcd Lcttg~vvll Shc1tc~
`-53
PAGENO="0400"
Sn~cSIdLcccIWr~thr~Rsr~h
180-17-50 W76-70509
185-50-40 W76-70532
Pc9iclcs c~d P~.'1i01!Ph4t4!,
Gc~,d-8c~cd 0bs1~a10~ 01 he S~-~
188-38-52 W76-70562
188-45-52 W76-70587
188-46-64 W76-70600
188-48-51 W76-70602
910-08-00 W76-70690
910-10-00 W76-70693
Ad Ird IsI lOldo (Ct~c1o)
910-37-00 W76-70712
Sootcic (Ad-o~ocd HyOd Cyplig SysIr -
AHCS)
N
Shook gd Vbgho, logIc Cr111 (SVIC)
180-06-60 W76-70508
Mlgrlysphcy Phygyg - Pgliylyg rd P1liy!1/F&d
188-36-55 W76-70552
MagcIHsphciy Physos - Pg1d~g rd PaSir/Pholy
Mcgllosphcy Phycs - Rrdc Syroyn
UhaHiolIl (UV) ad OpliHal Agtyooy
188-41-51 W76-70572
188-41-54 W76-70576
188-41-55 W76-70581
188-45-56 W76-70592
Adoaoed Miggy 010cc
188-78-60 W76-7061 1
w
396
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington,
RESPONSIBLE NASA ORGANIZATION INDEX
1-54
PAGENO="0401"
397
RTOP NUMBER INDEX
RTOP Summary
FISCAL YEAR 1976
Typical RTOP Number
Index Listing
[ NUMBER
This section may be used tu identify the
RTOP accession number of reports couered
in this journal Thus his section of this indeu
may be used to locate the bibliographic cita-
ions and technical summaries in the Sum.
mary Section The RTOP numbers are fisted
in ascending number order
175 to 30 W76 7044t
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77-54-41 W76 70s00
177-61 42 W76-70503
177-6i-52 W76 70504
80-06-60 W76-70508
85 5060 W76 70534
85 50 72 W76-70536
186 68 76 W76 70546
W76 70571
88 46-58 W76-70597
88-46 50 W76-70598
W76-70599
88 48 51 W76 70602
95 2003 W76-70626
195 2t-04 W76 70632
ins 22 05 W76 70636
310 30 60 W76 70667
-55
72-434 0 - 76 - 26
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NHB 5100.1B
July 1975
selling
to
NASA
Back cover photo of Lagoon Nebula
In Sagitterlus Is by courtesy of
CalifornIa Institute of Technology and National Aeronautics and
Carnegie Institute of Washington. Space Administration
PAGENO="0407"
403
This handbook has been prepared with but a single purpose in mind-to assist you,
the prospective contractor, in the process of doing business with NASA. We intend
that it tell you in a straightforward way, who we are, where we are and what we
buy. And perhaps most importantly, we wish to assist you in marketing your
product with NASA, whether it be an abstract idea, a manufacturing capability,
a fabricated component, construction, basic materials or a specialized service. NASA
buys all of these, and more.
Your capability, your potential and your willingness to participate is essential to
the accomplishment of NASA's mission. We wish to know who you are, and to learn
what you can do. We sincerely hope that you will take the time to read this brochure
and understand our basic theme of providing an opportunity for all to participate
equitably in the nation's aeronautics and space programs.
We urge that you pursue this brief introduction. We would sincerely welcome your
personal or written inquiry and trust that your marketing endeavors with NASA
will be a mutually profitable and fruitful experience.
Assi~tant Administrator
for Procurement
PAGENO="0408"
404
contents chapter page
This is NASA
Doing Business With NASA 5
NASA's Procurement Process 11
Small Business, Minority Business Enterprise
Scientific and Technical Information 17
NASA Installations 20
List of Sosati Basisoss-todasty Assistace Peal 46
* ova's Mailing List Applicatise (Standad Fee 129) 47
* NASA Oaaeaation coat inside back cover
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406
NASA Headquarters of-
fices which provide over-
all management of its
technical programs are
as follows:
The Office of Aeronautics and
Space Technology is responsible
for the planning, direction, ex-
ecution, evaluation, documents-
tion, and dissemination of the
results of all NASA research and
technology programs that are
conducted primarily to demon-
strate the feasibility of a concept,
structure, component, or system
and which may have general ap-
plication to the nation's aeronau-
tical and space objectives. This
office is also responsible for co-
ordinating the agency's total
program of supporting research
and technology related to carry-
ing out specific flight missions in
order to avoid unnecessary du-
plication and to insure an inte-
grated and balanced agency
research program.
L.
The Office of Applications is
responsible for all research and
development activities that dem-
onstrate the application of space
relaled technology, systems and
other capabilities which can be
effectively applied and used in
the civil sector for practical
benefits to mankind. The R&D
activities are grouped in the fol-
lowing areas: Weather and Cli-
mate, Pollution Monitoring, Earth
Resources Survey, Earth and
Ocean Physics Applications,
Space Processing, Communica-
tions, Data Management and
Applications Experiments and
Studies.
The Office of Manned Space
Flight is responsible for all
NASA activities directly involv-
ing manned space flight mis-
sions. This projects a program
building on the success of the
Apollo and Skylab missions to
demonstrate an international co-
operative space docking mission
and to develop a new space
transportation system signifi-
cantly improving the access of
man and instruments to space.
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407
The Office of Space Science is The Office of Tracking and Data NASA has also established an
responsible for all NASA activi- Acquisition is responsible br brie Office of Energy Programs to
ties involving the conduct of development and operation of provide direction to its research,
scientific investigations in space. communications, tracking, data technology and development
These activities include the plan- acquisition, and data processina programs which apply aero-
ning, development and conduct facilities, systems, and services space technology and manage-
of space missions in physics required for support of NASA mont techniques to critical na-
and astronomy, lunar and plane- flight programs. OTDA is also tional energy needs, including
tary exploration as well as the assigned NASA-wide responsi- support of other Federal agen-
management of the launch ye- bility for administrative cam- des.
hide program essential to the munications management and
support of automated missions, frequency management.
PAGENO="0412"
4
408 -
Research and Development Activities
Research and development (R&D) is the most important phase of NASA operations, account-
ing for more than two out of every three dollars in current budget allocations. Today and in
the years ahead, NASA will be concentrating upon programs such as-
o Expanding the practical applica-
tions of aerospace technology with
special emphasis in such fields as
energy, atmospheric pollutants and
the marine environment.
o Providing technology for future
general aviation aircraft that will be
safer, more productive and generally
superior to foreign competition.
o Reducing aircraft noise and air
traffic congestion in the vicinity of
airline terminals.
* Advancing the technologies
required for more energy-efficient
flight by jet transports and exploring
the use of alternate fuels for
petroleum.
* Operating high-flying aircraft,
balloons and sounding rockets for
studies of near-Earth space
phenomena, stellar and solar
observations and for flight testing of
advanced instruments and systems.
* Conducting solar system
exploration with automated
spacecraft such as the Viking,
Mariner and Pioneer.
* Operating Earth-orbiting ann Lunar-
orbiting automated spacecraft to map
such phenomena as the solar wind,
Earth's magnetosphere, and the effect
of solar radiation on the ionosphere
and atmosphere.
RTOP SUMMARY
* Operating Earth-orbiting spacecraft
to return imagery used in studies of
such Earth resources areas as
agriculture, forestry, geology, mining,
land use and water supply analysis.
o Operating Earth-orbiting spacecraft
to look far into space, from outside
the Earth's obscuring atmosphere, for
astronomical purposes and to study
solar and galactic radiations.
o Exploiting the capabilities of the
Space Shuttle, with its associated
Spacelab, for the conduct of
beneficial activities, manned and
unmanned, in Earth orbit.
* Developing experiments, concepts
and technologies for future space
flight missions.
* Improving the reliability, simplicity,
payload capability and reusability of
propulsion systems and launch
vehicles. Viork for similar advances in
communications and guidance
systems and techniques.
* Development of advanced tracking
and data acquisition systems and
techniques.
o Utilizing solar energy, including
heating and cooling systems, and
wind energy systems; end-use
conservation systems; conversion
systems; and developing alternate
modes and fuels for ground
transportation.
NASA publishes an annual compilation of its funded research and technology programs in
abstract form as the Research and Technology Operating Plan Summary (RTOP) The RTOP
Summary is designed to tacilitate communicatlons and coordination among concerned tech-
nical personnel in government, industry, and universities. The publication briefly describes
;:NA5A's R&D objectives, identifies the installation of primary interest and provides a point
* . of contact for technical information. The Summary should be especially helpful to small
* * research firms in ascertaining NASA technical requirements. It may be purchased from the
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
Additionally, each NASA installation purchases a wide variety Of components, materials, serv-
ices and construction in support of its research and development and operational activities.
PAGENO="0413"
409
chapter
DOING BUSINESS WITH NASA
Each year approximately 85 percent ol NASA's budget appropriation is ex-
pended in the form of procurement awards to business firms, educational and
nonorofit institutions and with other Government Agencies. In Fiscal Year 7g74,
NASA's procurement awards totalled $2.71 billion, of which $2.42 billion went to
business firms either directly from NASA, through other Government Agencies
in NASA's behalf, or in subcontract awards from NASA's contractor-operated Jet
Propulsion Laboratory. Similar procurement expenditures are projected for the
next two years.
NASA intends to continue to utilize and support private industry and the educa-
tional and research institutions which can contribute to the accomplishment of
ifs assigned mission. An understanding of the process of doing business with
NASA is essential to these relationships.
PAGENO="0414"
Field Contracting
NASA's procurement system is
decentralized. This is to say, that
the preponderance of NASA
procurements are planned and
accomplished by each of the
NASA field installations rather
than by the central Headquarters
in Washington, D.C. Each instal-
lation is a procuring activity,
appropriately staffed to provide
full procurement support for its
assigned mission, projects and
tasks, as discussed in Chapter
VI.
Bidder's Mailing List
Accordingly, an important step
in the process is the proper iden-
tification of the company and its
capabilities to each of the NASA
activities with which a firm may
wish to do business. A Bidder's
Mailing List Application, Stand-
ard Form 129, reproduced in
this brochure, or a special Archi-
tectural and Engineering Ques-
tionnaire, Standard Form 251, is
available for this purpose. In
submitting the form, sufficient
supplemental information should
be provided to ensure that the
firm's products and capabilities
are fully understood. This then
will place the firm in the bidder's
source files at the Center(s), but
does not necessarily qualify it
for specific procurement re-
quirements which may arise.
Firms will be specifically invited
to bid or submit proposals on
those procurement requirements
for which they are deemed quali-
fied,
Procurement Information
While most NASA procurement
opportunities are advertised in
the Commerce Business Daily,
immediately prior to solicitation,
prospective contractors are en-
couraged to develop a general
awareness of NASA's program
and potential procurement re-
quirements. This is especially
important in research and de-
velopment where long-range
planning and the allocation of a
company's resources is essen-
tial. NASA's technical and pro-
curement personnel welcome
inquiries and discussions with
appropriate company represen-
tatives. The Small Business/In-
dustry Assistance Office at each
Center will be pleased to ar-
range such visitations or re-
spond to written inquiry. Inquir-
ies of a general nature or with
NASA-wide implications should
be addressed to the Small Busi-
ness Advisor-Industry Assist-
ance Office, Washington, D.C.
20546.
In doing business with NASA, as
with other Government agencies,
there are certain additional re-
quirements and other factors
with which the prospective con-
tractor should be aware. Several
of the more important are briefly
discussed.
Reliability and Quality Assurance
NASA invokes reliability and
quality assurance requirements
in each contract in order to ef-
fectively achieve the reliability
and quality commensurate with
mission objectives. For complete
space systems and their major
elements, contractors are re-
quired to operate reliability and
quality programs in accordance
with NASA publications NHB
5300.4(1A) "Reliability Program
Provisions for Aeronautical and
Spece System Contractors" and
NHB 5300.4(1B) "Quality Pro-
gram Provisions for Aeronautical
and Space System Contractors."
Major subcontracts will invoke
these publications. Direct NASA
contracts and lesser subcon-
tracts will invoke selected pro-
visions or NHB 5300.4(1C) "In-
spection System Provisions for
Suppliers of Space Materials,
Parts, Components and Serv-
ices." Other NASA, military or
Federal specifications will be in-
voked as appropriate to the
hardware involved. If soldering
is required, NHB 5300.4(3A) "Re-
quirements for Soldered Elec-
trical Connections" will be in-
voked. Copies of these publica-
tions may be obtained from the
NASA installation inviting bids/
proposals or purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.
6
410
PAGENO="0415"
411
Safety Program
It ia NASA's policy to take alt
practical atepa to avoid baa of
bite, injury of personnel and
property loss. In order to carry
out thia policy, requirements are
invoked in each contract cover-
ing the management of a safety
program which ia aimed at iden-
titication and control of and,
where possible, elimination of
aafety hazards.
In all contracta the applicable
Occupational Safety and Health
Act requirements are invoked.
Additional requirementa are ape-
citied aa neceaaary to the extent
that apecial requirementa are de-
pendent on the complexity of the
product or aervicea rendered
and the attendant aafety prob-
tema aaaociated with each in-
dividual contract. Accordingly,
the aatety requirementa for thoae
contracta which involve aero-
nautical and apace ayatem hard-
ware are normally the moat
stringent and extenaive. White
the satety requirementa for each
contract are different, the NASA
Procurement Regulation (NHB
5100.2j Part I, aubpart 52,
"Safety and Health" and subpart
53 "Integration of Syatem Safety
Requirementa into NASA Pro-
curementa" aet forth the policy
and reaponaibilities for develop-
ing the applicable requirements
for all contracts.
PAGENO="0416"
Equal Employment Opportunities
Executive Order 11141 dated
February 12, 1964, the Civil
Rights Act of 1964, Public Law
92-261 (Equal Employment Act
of 1972), Executive Order 11246
dated September 24, 1965 and
Executive Order 11375, dated
October 13, 1967, cover non-dis-
crimination standards in employ-
ment made applicable to con-
tractors or grantees under direct
Federal contracts or grants, or
Federally assisted or financed
contracts or programs.
A standard `Equal Opportunity
Clause' is prescribed for incor-
poration in all Federal contracts
and subcontracts exceeding
$10,000 unless exempted by the
Secretary of Labor. Under this
clause, the contractor or sub-
contractor is obligated not to
discriminate against any em-
ployee or applicant for employ-
ment because of race, religion,
color, sex, national origin or age,
and is required to take affirma-
tive action to ensure equal em-
ployment opportunity. A bidder
or offeror may be required to in-
clude a representation concern-
ing the filing of compliance re-
ports in accordance with the
Equal Opportunity clause in his
bid or proposal.
Industrial Relations
Labor relations is one of the im-
portant factors involved in con-
tract performance. NASA has a
labor policy of neutrality, and the
union or non-union status of a
bidder is not a factor in the
award of contracts. The bidder's
assessment of labor costs may
be affected by the local labor
relations environment and appli-
cable labor agreements; there-
fore, bidders should be particu-
larly aware of potential obliga-
tions resulting from legal prece-
dents applicable to successor
contractors.
Security Clearance
Should a NASA contract require
access to security classified in-
formation in performance of the
work, an industrial security
clearance will be required. The
procurement solicitation will cite
this requirement when neces-
sary. As a participant in the
Department of Defense's (DoD)
Industrial Security Program,
NASA, on request, will sponsor
a company's application to the
DoD for an appropriate security
clearance. Applications are to be
made by the firm directly to the
nearest Defense Contract Ad-
ministration Services (DCAS) of-
fice. Further procedures and
requirements are set forth in the
"Industrial Security Manual for
Safeguarding Classified Informa-
tion (DoD 5220.22-M). This docu-
ment may be purchased from the
superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.
Bonding
Under the provisions of the
Miller Act, NASA construction
contractors will be required to
post performance and payment
bonds to protect the Govern-
ment's interest in the proper and
timely completion of the work,
and to secure payment for labor
and material furnished under the
contract Small construction
firms which may experience dif-
ficulty in obtaining a bond
should inquire into the surety
bond program administered by
the Small Business Administra-
tion,
Patents
The act which established NASA
contains special patient provi-
sions concerning inventions
made by NASA contractors. Sec-
lion 305 of the National Aero-
nautics and Space Act of 1958
establishes:
(1) standards which shall be
used in determining the cir-
cumstances under which in-
ventions shall be deemed Gov-
ernment sponsored and thus
Government owned;
(2) requirements for acquiring
the full disclosure of inven-
tions;
(3) procedures for enforce-
ment of the Government's
rights, as well as for adminis-
trative appeal; and
(4) authority in the Adminis-
trator to waive the rights of
the United States respecting
any invention made in the per-
formance of work under a
NASA contract whenever the
interests of the United Slates
will be served thereby, and to
8
412
PAGENO="0417"
413
grant licenses for the practice
of any invention on which
NASA holds a patent on behalf
of the United States Govern-
ment.
This section of the act has been
implemented through the issu-
ance of regulations governing
the licensing and the waiver of
rights of the United States to in-
ventions, as well as regulations
which set forth 5olicies, instruc-
tions, and contract clauses pre-
scribed for use in NASA con-
tracts. Forms for petitioning for
waiver of rights to inventions are
available and contractors appli-
cations for license are also avail-
able to organizations which are
interested in obtaining a license.
To obtain full details concerning
current policies and procedures,
write to:
Office of General Counsel
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Washington, D.C. 20546
It is NASA's policy, with respect
to a procurement likely to in-
fringe on a valid patent, to enter
into a precontract license agree-
ment with the patent holder. This
encourages privately financed
research and lowers the overall
costs to the Government. The
amount of the license rate is
added to the prices quoted by
unlicensed offerors, for evalua-
tion purposes. The cost of patent
litigation and settlement of
claims are eliminated, and a rea-
sonable compensation to the
patent holder is assured in
advance.
The procedure to be followed
with respect to entering on a pre-
contract license agreement is
set forth in Part 9, Subpart 1, of
the NASA Procurement Regula-
tion.
The same NASA Act authorizes
the Administrator to make awards
for scientific or technical contri-
butions having significant value
in the conduct of aeronautical or
space activities. Such contribu-
tions would include innovations
or inventions which have been
used with proven value, many of
which come into being during the
performance of NASA contracts.
Information concerning applica-
tion for such awards may be
addressed to:
Director of the Staff
Inventions and Contributions Board
National Aeronaotios and
Space Administration
Washington, D.C. 20546
Unsolicited Proposals
An important method of doing
business with NASA is through
the submission of relevant new
ideas and concepts in the form
of unsolicited proposals. In gen-
eral, most appropriate for the
unsolicited approach is research
of a fundamental nature-that
which bears potential for advanc-
ing the state of the art in a par-
ticular area, contributes to
knowledge of a specific phe-
nomenon, or provides fundamen-
tal advances in engineering or
the sciences. In addition, pro-
posals may define problems and
present possible solutions to the
problems, developmental or oth-
erwise, which are within NASA's
areas of concern.
Familiarity with NASA programs
and projects through contacts
with NASA's technical personnel
may reveal the existence of a
community of interest. If such
mutual interest exists, submitting
an unsolicited proposal may be
appropriate. However, the exist-
ence of such mutual interest
does not, in itself, commit NASA
to the support of any resulting
unsolicited proposal. NASA will
consider such additional factors
as the technical merits of the pro-
posal, the availability of funds,
and the relative priority of the
project as compared with other
alternatives under consideration.
NASA policy and procedural
guidance with regard to unsolic-
ited proposals is set forth in
NASA Procurement Regulation
Part 4, Subpart 4, "Unsolicited
Proposals." Additionally, the
NASA brochure "A Guide to Poli-
cies and Procedures for Spon-
sored Research" NHB 5100.3
provides further information on
the preparation and submission
of unsolicited proposals. Though
oriented more toward NASA rela-
tionships with the university com-
munity, it is also applicable to
industrial, commercial and other
non-academic organizations. Un-
solicited proposals should be
sent to the NASA installation
known to have an interest in the
subject. However, all unsolicited
proposals from educational insti-
tutions should be sent to the Pro-
9
72-434 0 - 76 - 27
PAGENO="0418"
414
10
posal Control Officer (Code P),
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Washington, D.C.
20546.
Cost Sharing
Basic and applied research per-
formed under a grant or contract
award as the result of an unsolic-
ited proposal is often subject, by
statute, to cost-sharing. There-
fore, prior to submission, pro-
posers should ascertain the ex-
tent that cost-sharing may be
required, and to incorporate such
provisions in their submissions.
NASA policy on cost-sharing is
set forth in NASA Procurement
Regulation 1.362.
Grants
tn order to provide the degree of
flexibility which is essential to
the effective performance of
basic research, most Govern-
ment agencies, NASA included,
use the grant as the preferred
procurement instrument for such
work. NASA's authority to award
grants is limited by statute (P.L.
85-g34) to nonprofit institutions
of higher education and nonprofit
organizations whose primary
purpose is the conduct of scien-
tific research.
Foreign Procurement
Proposals for grants and re-
search contracts from abroad
are not encouraged for practical
reasons. NASA's normal interna-
tional programs are accom-
plished through jointly funded
cooperative projects with foreign
agencies. However, in certain in-
stances, foreign proposals may
be considered if the project is
urgent in the national interest,
the work cannot be performed in
this country, and foreign sources
will not fund the research, though
encouraged to do so.
Similarly, the Buy American Act
generally precludes the pur-
chase of foreign materials (sup-
plies and articles) for use in this
country when such items are
readily available in the domestic
market at reasonable prices. The
provisions of the Act have been
waived by the NASA Adminis-
trator for Canadian products and
services.
PAGENO="0419"
415
The rrocuremeot Process
11
NASA, by provisions of the National Aeronautics and Space Act, is subject to
the same basic procurement statute which governs the Department of Defense
(DoD). For this reason, and because both NASA and the DoD most often deal with
the same segments of industry, NASA's procurement policies and procedures
are intentionally similar to those in the Armed Services Procurement Regulation
(ASPR). The NASA Procurement Regulation (NHB 5100.2) may be purchased from
the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.
Bidders List mont will be placed in the Corn- are available from a Federal Sup-
As discussed in Chapter It the rnerce Business Daily (CBD) at ply Schedule established by the
least ten days prior to issuance General Services Administration
majority of NASA s contracting is
of the solicitation. A subscription (GSA) or as a common stock
accomplished by its various field -
to this publication may be ob- item at a GSA supply depot.
installations. Typically the pro- .
tamed from the Superintendent Firms interested in doing busi-
curement process is initiated
of Documents, Government Print- ness as a Federal Supply Serv-
when a paiticular program or .
ing Office, Washington, D.C. ices contractor should contact a
project office determines a re-
20402. Business Service Center of the
quirement and submits a pro- GSA
curement request to the procure- . .
mont office. The assigned con- Normally, solicitations are issued
tracting officer will then develop with a minimum of iS days be- Advertised Procurement
a bidder's list from the installa- fore closing for standard com- Each Invitation for Bid includes
liens source files and prepare an mercial articles and services and technical specifications, delivery
appropriate solicitation in the no less than 30 days for other or completion dates, place and
form of an Invitation for Bid, Re- procurements. method of delivery, nature and
quest for Proposal, or Request number of reports or manuals
for Quotation. Federal Supply Schedule which may be required, opera-
tional tests and instructions, and
Commerce Business Daily Prior to initiating procurements other items which should be con-
from commercial sources, NASA sidered in submitting a bid. The
In most instances, an advance must determine whether or not contract clauses, terms, and con-
notice of the pending procure- the required supplies or services ditions are set forth in detail as
PAGENO="0420"
are the date, hour, and place
where bids will be publicly
opened and recorded. Late bids
wilt not be considered unless
they haee been delayed for rea-
sons over which the bidder has
no control. Unless specifically
authorized, a telegraphic or
alternative bid will not be con-
sidered.
Negotiated Procurement
While formal advertising is the
historic and theoretically pre-
ferred method of awarding con-
tracts, most NASA procurement
dollars are spent under nego-
tiated procedures. Negotiated
procurement has particular ap-
plication in research and devel-
opmenl where adequate specifi-
cations are not available. Flexi-
bility is its key advantage over
the more precise formal adver-
tising procedure. Negotiation
permits the comparative evalua-
tion of any number of desired
factors in selecting a contractor,
whereas formal advertising limits
comparison almost entirely to
price.
When NASA employs negotiated
procurement, the procurement
office may find it more appropri-
ate to limit the requests for pro-
posals or quotations to Ihose or-
ganizations believed to be most
qualified and likely to respond.
In this way, firms are not encour-
aged to incur substantial costs
and distractions in preparing pro-
posals for which they are not
likely to qualify. Nevertheless,
copies of solicitations are usu-
ally available on request and
timely responses must be consid-
ered. Effective competition is as
important a goal in negotiated
procuremenls as it is in format
advertising, therefore, the oppor-
tunity to compete will not be un-
necessarily limited.
The appropriate NASA official(s)
or Source Evaluation Board re-
view the proposals received, and
further negotiations or discus-
sions may be conducted with
firms submitting the most accep-
table plans. A contract is gen-
erally awarded by administrative
deciuion of a designated NASA
official based on a thorough
analysis of all the facts obtain-
able, and on the conduct of final
negotiations with the firm or
firms selected. The level of pro-
posal review and the source ue-
12
416
PAGENO="0421"
417
13
lection official is determined by
the size of the award. The large
procurement award determina-
lions are made by the Director of
the field installation or by the
Administrator of NASA.
It's NASA policy that on written
request, unsuccessful oflerora
will be debriefed after contractor
selection has been announced,
but prior to contract award.
The details of formal source
evaluation-selection process for
negotiated procurements are set
forth in the NASA Source Evalua-
tion Board Manual (NHB 5103.6).
This publication may be pur-
chased from the Superintendent
of Documents, Government Print-
ing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.
PAGENO="0422"
Architect-Engineer Contracting
An Architect-Engineer Selection
Board has been established at
each NASA field installation in
support of a full range of facili-
ties and construction managment
activities. The Board reviews the
qualifications of firms interested
in performing architectural or en-
gineering work in connection
with NASA construction projects;
and in the case of procurements
estimated to cost more than
$10,000, the Board conducts oral
or written discussions with a
minimum of three firms. The
Board submits a report to the in-
stallation Director recommend-
ing, in order of preference, those
firms considered best qualified
to perform the services required.
Upon approval by the installation
Director of the list of qualified
architect-engineer firms, contract
negotiations are conducted with
the firm given first preference. If
a mutually satisfactory contract
cannot be agreed to, negotia-
tions are then initiated with the
firm given second preference on
the list. Generally, this proce-
dure continues until a contract
has been negotiated.
Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. 2306(d),
the amount of the fee that may
be paid to an architect-engineer
under a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee
contract for the production and
delivery of the designs, plans,
drawings, and specifications may
not exceed six (6) per cent of
the estimated cost of the related
construction project, exclusive
of the amount of such fee. In
addition, it is NASA's policy to
apply this statutory limitation to
the fee paid to an architect-
engineer for the p3riormance of
such services under a fixed-price
contract.
Since each Architect-Engineer
Selection Board maintains a list
of qualified firms for various
types of projects, architectural
and engineering firms should file
Standard Form 251 (U.S. Govern-
ment Architect-Engineer Ques-
tionnaire) with the various NASA
field installations and with the
Headquarters, Office of Facilities.
Firms are encouraged to keep
their A&E qualification informa-
tion current, preferably on an
annual basis.
Procurement of A&E services
estimated to be $10,000 or more
are synopsized in the Commerce
Business Daily.
Bid Room
Central `bid rooms" are main-
tained in the Office of Procure-
ment, NASA Headquarters, Wash-
ington, D.C., and at the Defense
Contract Administration Services
Region (DCASR), Los Angeles,
CA. At these two locations
copies of all open NASA solicita-
tions are available for review by
interested firms. Bid/proposal
sets may be ordered from the
issuing NASA installation. Ad-
ditionally, each NASA installation
provides "bid room" services for
its own procurements.
Contract Administration
In order to avoid duplication of
effort and to achieve the most
effective and economical utiliza-
tion of Department of Defense
and NASA resources in the ac-
complishment of the purposes of
the National Aeronautics and
Space Act, agreements have
been made between NASA and
the various agencies and depart-
ments of the Department of De-
fense. These agreements, among
other things, provide for delega-
tion of certain contract adminis-
tration functions and responsi-
bilities by NASA to the Depart-
ment of Defense agencies.
The delegation of contract ad-
ministration functions by NASA
is made on an individual basis
by the contracting officer after
he has reviewed the contract re-
quirements and determined the
nature and extent of contract ad-
ministration functions to be per-
formed. Copies of the letter of
delegation and amendments
thereto, which will be explicit
and unambiguous in detailing the
contract administration functions
to be performed, will be fur-
nished by the NASA contracting
officer to the contractor. Detailed
procedures covering delegation
and redelegation of contract ad-
ministration functions are set
forth in Part 51, Subpart 3, of the
NASA Procurement Regulation.
418
PAGENO="0423"
419
Small Business --
Minority Business Enterprise
NASA's Small Business Program is designed to ensure that all small businesses,
including small minority firms have an equitable opportunity to participate in
NASA's procurement programs, and that they do in fact receive a fair share
of the resulting contract awards. The status of a business entity as "small" is
determined by the criteria established for each industry by the Small Business
Administration (SBA). Size standards are published in the Regulation of the Small
Business Administration (Title 13, CFR Part 121).
15
Small Business
The poficies and procedures of
NASA's Small Business Program
are published in Part 1, Subpart
7 of the NASA Procurement Reg-
ufation. NASA has a Small Busi-
ness Advisor at its Headquarters
to represent the interests of small
business before the Agency and
a Small Business Specialist at
each installation with a primary
responsibility for fostering small
business procurement opportu-
nities. All proposed procure-
ments are reviewed for the par-
ticipation of small business, in-
cluding minority business firms.
When possible, specific procure-
ments are set aside exclusively
for small business competition.
Small firms are also included in
each competitive solicitation
when their capabilities so indi-
cate. All small firms interested in
doing business with NASA are
encouraged to utilize `the assist-
ance and services offered by
these Small Business/Minority
Business Specialists identified in
this handbook.
Minority Business Enterprise
In keeping with national policy,
NASA works closely with the
Office of Minority Business En-
terprise (OMBE) on minority busi-
ness matters and with the Small
Business Administration (SBA) in
assisting small firms owned and
controlled by socially or econom-
ically disadvantaged individuals
or groups. Such disadvantage
may arise from cultural, social,
chronic economic circumstances
or background. Such persons in-
clude, but are not limited to,
Black Americans, American Indi-
ans, Spanish Americans, Oriental
Americans, Eskimos and Aleuts.
Under the provisions of Section
8(a) of the Small Business Act,
the SBA may enter into contracts
with NASA and other Govern-
ment Agencies for supplies and
services, and then subcontract
noncompetitively for these re-
quirements with SBA approved
small disadvantaged firms. NASA
gives special emphasis to identi-
fying procurement requirements
for referral to the SBA for match-
ing with the capabilities and po-
tentials of approved Section 8(a)
firms. Qualifying firms interested
in participating in this program
should contact the nearest SBA
office.
The essence of NASA's Minor/f y
Business Enterprise Program is
set forth in 1.332 of the NASA
Procurement Regulation and is
PAGENO="0424"
directed toward ensuring the
equitable participation ot minor-
ity firms in NASA prime and sub-
contract opportunities. Minority
firms are encouraged to contact
the Small Business Specialist or
Minority Business Specialist at
each of the NASA installations of
interest. Inquiries of NASA-wide
or general interest should be di-
rected to the Minority Business
Officer, NASA Headquarters,
Washington, D.C. 20546.
Subcontracting Opportunities
Recognizing that small firms
often do not have the capability
to pertorm as a prime contractor
on the larger procurements.
NASA actively promotes the in-
volvement of small business at
the subcontract levels. Special
contract clauses are included in
most NASA prime contracts
which require the prime to maxi-
mize small business and minor-
ity business subcontracting op-
portunities. Small business firms
are, therefore, encouraged to
identify their capabilities to
NASA's major prime contractors.
When a proponed procurement
offers substantial subcontracting
opportunities, the NASA Procure-
ment Regulation requires that it
be publicized in the Commerce
Business Daily, identifying the
firms to which the solicitation has
been sent. tnleresled firms are
thereby encouraged to contadi
these potential primes, as may
be appropriate.
Small Business Administration
Small business firms, especially
newly formed organizations, are
encouraged to contact their
nearest Small Business Adminis-
tration office for assistance and
to learn of the many excellent
programs and opportunities that
are available to them. These in-
clude procurement and technical
assislance as well as financial
and management assistance. In-
quiries may also be addressed to
the Small Business Administra-
tion, Washington, D.C. 20416.
The U.S. Government Purchasing
and Sales Directory, published
by the SBA lists major Federal
purchasing offices, including the
military services, what they buy
and provides useful information
on selling 10 the Government.
This publication may be pur-
chased from the Superintendent
of Documents, Government Print-
ing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402.
420
16
I 11h1
PAGENO="0425"
421
Scientitic
and
Technical
Intormation
17
kdt~~t.sq
NASA shares its research with
others interested in advancing
the state ot the art. Pabiication
in NASA's technical series or in
technical joarnala is encoaraged.
Betore aabwitting an accoant ot
NASA-sponsored research to any
journai, the investigator ahoatd
tarnish a copy to NASA. After
pabtication, reprints shoald be
provided to NASA for diatribation
to the interested scientific cow-
wanity. Ot coarse, special ar-
rangewents want be wade in the
case ot classified intorwntion.
The Scientitic and Technical tn-
torwation Office, NASA Nead-
qnartern, in addition to its other
activities in the intorwntion field,
is responsible tar collecting,
abstracting, annoencing, and
dissewinating the reports resett-
ing trow the work pertorwed by
NASA and its contractors, sob-
contractors, and grantees. tt is
also responsible tsr locating,
acqoiring, and dissewinating to
the NASA cowwonity scientific
and technical intorwation origi-
nating ootnide the NASA cow-
plex.
PAGENO="0426"
Distribution
NASA makes available certain
products at no charge on initial
distribution to organizations reg-
istered with NASA. Included
among those are STAR, SCAN,
and continuing bibliographies.
Printed NASA Formal Series
Documents and microfiche cop-
ies of NASA and NASA-Spon-
sored documents announced in
STAR, are available on initial
distribution from NASA upon
payment of a service charge.
Public libraries and Government
agencies are exempt from this
charge.
NASA, like other information
producing agencies, also pro-
vides its unclassified scientific
and technical publications to
the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, VA
22151, for sale to the general
public.
Selected NASA publications are
also sold by the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
20402. Further information on
NASA distribution and the forms
necessary for establishing dis-
tribution may be obtained by
writing to:
NASA Scientific & Technical
Information Facility
Post Office Box 8758
Baltimore/Washington International
Airport
Maryland 2t240
Technology Utilization
The Technology Utilization Pro-
gram makes available to indus-
trial firms and other interested
groups, the results of NASA-
sponsored research and devel-
opment in several ways:
NASA Tech Briefs are single-
page announcements of inno-
vations, improvements and
other types of discrete ad-
vances in the state-of-the-art
in any one of nine technical
categories. They are available
on a subscription basis from
the National Technical Infor-
mation Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
Technology Utilization Reports
describe innovations of special
significance or complexity.
Technology Utilization Surveys
consolidate the results of
NASA-sponsored research and
development which advanced
whole areas of technology.
These publications and com-
pilations, groups of related
incremental technical ad-
vances, are also available
from the National Technical
Information Service.
Six Industrial Applications
Centers (IAC) have been
established by NASA to assist
small business and the non-
aerospace industrial sector in
making profitable use of new
knowledge resulting from aero-
space research and develop-
ment. Each IAC based at a
university or a not-for-profit
research institute, is staffed
with specialists skilled in the
use of computer search and
retrieval techniques, and
serves its clients in a variety of
ways. A nominal fee is
charged for these services.
The Computer Software Man-
agement and Information Cen-
ter (COSMIC) is located at the
University of Georgia. COSMIC
collects all of the computer
programs NASA has devel-
oped (and also some of the
best programs developed by
other government agencies),
verifies that they operate
properly, and makes them
available to all at a nominal
fee. Program documentation
is also available for evaluation
prior to purchase. A catalog
of over 1400 available compu-
ter programs is published in
the Computer Program Ab-
stracts Journal.
Complete information on the
services and elements of NASA's
Technology Utilization Program
may be obtained by writing to:
Oirector, Technology utilization Office
Office of Industry Affairs and
Technology utilization
NASA Headquarters
V/ashington, o.c. 20546
422
PAGENO="0427"
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PAGENO="0429"
Headquarters Contracts
Division
Washington, D.C. 20546
Herbert S. Snyder, Procurement
Officer
As the procuring organization for
Headquarters Program and Staff
Offices which encompass the en-
tire spectrum of NASA's pro-
grams, the Contracts Division
handles a wide variety of re-
search, study and support con-
tracts. In addition, it negotiates
and awards grants for basic sci-
entific research to qualified insti-
tutions. An Architect-Engineer
Selection Board functions at
Headquarters for specialized
studies and projects of the Office
of ~acilities.
The following are typical pro-
curement requirements: for the
Public Affairs Office-services
relating to radio, TV., motion
pictures, exhibits and publica-
tions; general services-moving
and trucking, operation of dupli-
cating machines, graphics, train-
ing courses and seminars and
occupational medicine; ADP
hardware, software and services;
patent services; economic stud-
ies, technical information serv-
ices including editorial writing
and foreign language transla-
tions; various requirements under
the Technology Utilization Pro-
gram; special studies and serv-
ices under the Applications,
Manned Space Flight, Life Sci-
ences, Aeronautics and Technol-
ogy Programs. Finally, the Divi-
sion has agency-wide responsi-
bility for procurements involving
foreign governments and foreign
commercial sources.
Headquarters Logistics
Branch
Headquarters Budget &
Support Division
1411 S. Fern Street
Arlington, Virginia 22202
David M. King, Procurement
Officer
The Logistics Branch of the
Headquarters Budget & Support
Division, Headquarters Adminis-
tration Office, is responsible for
negotiation and procurement of
office supplies, furniture and
equipment, and other logistical
support items and/or related
services.
425
21
PAGENO="0430"
426
22
Moffett Field, CA 94035
Lloyd J. Walsh, Procurement Officer
Building on 34 years of major accomplish- The Center is continuing its work toward the
ments, the Ames Research Center currently is detection of life on other planets. Ames heads
pursuing national goals in aeronautics and the life detection team for the Viking mission
space. These efforts include work on devel- to land an unmanned vehicle on Mars, now
opment of vertical or short take-off and land- scheduled for launch in 1975. Center scien-
ing (V/STOL) aircraft for urban-region trans- lists are investigating chemical evolution of
porlation systems, conducting the first flights life on planets, including the Earth. This work
to the planet Jupiter, supporting research for already appears to have traced important
NASA's orbiting space station-laboratory fa- steps in the chemical processes which are
duty, and for the space shuttle to man and believed to have led to the beginning of life
supply the space station, on Earth.
As the NASA denier with primary responsibil-
ity for research in the life sciences, Ames is Ames is continuing its long-time support of
conducting research into the medical prob- the Department of Defense by assisting with
lems of manned flight both within the almos- the research and development of military air-
phere and in space. craft.
PAGENO="0431"
The Center is conducting basic research
toward development of new civilian aircraft
as well as providing research support to other
agencies and aerospace industry working in
this area.
Ames draws on its aeronautical, space, and
life science skills to seek solutions to various
other national problems, such as air and
water pollution, basic medical research, and
work in medical instrumentation, where pre-
cise, miniaturized space research devices al-
ready have proved their value in medical ap-
plications for human welfare.
Aeronautics Ames researchers approach
flight within the atmosphere from several
points: they do theoretical analyses and re-
search in fluid mechanics. This work is then
verified in wind tunnels, including the mas-
sive 21,000 hp Mach .5 to 3.5 unitary plan
tunnels. Flight concepts and characteristics
of proposed aircraft are checked in actual
flight with research aircraft, which can simu-
late the flight of a range of types of aero-
planes. Research pilots perform flight maneu-
vers on the ground in flight-motion simulators,
which duplicate performance of planned new
aircraft. Analytical and experimental work on
guidance and control is done by other re-
searchers.
Currently, the areas of greatest interest in
aeronautics are in development of vertical or
short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft
for urban region tiansportation systems, and
for military aircraft applications.
Astronautics Work in astronautics encom-
passes research in the space sciences and
space flight development and operations.
Space sciences include astrophysics, astron-
omy, and studies of sun and interplanetary
environments. Data for these studies is pro-
vided by aircraft, sounding rocket, balloon,
and spacecraft.
The characteristics of the lunar surface and
lunar interior also are studied, determined
from samples returned by the Apollo astro-
nauts, and by Ames-Apollo lunar surface
magnetometer experiments. Planets in gen-
eral, and Jupiter and Venus in particular at
present are studied and/or explored.
Space flight development and operations in-
cludes the conception, development and op-
eration of probes, orbiters, and interplanetary
space systems.
The conceptual part contains research in
such things as materials, radiation, and me-
teoroid protection. Re-entry of the shuttle
vehicle into the Earth's atmosphere also is a
major part of Ames space flight work.
Life Sciences Ames broad program of life
science research has an established reputa-
tion for excellence. Typical areas are in de-
velopment of flight suits, spacecraft life sup-
port systems, and studies of pilot physiologi-
cal and mental reactions to flight conditions.
Other recent work includes the finding of a
way to determine the precise structure of the
body's vital protein molecules, relation of en-
docrine gland secretions to stress tolerance,
and effects of a year or more of simulated
high gravity of life processes.
Exobiology research is concerned with origin
of life, life detection, fossils from primitive
organisms in three billion-year-old Earth
rocks, and' the ability of organisms to adjust
to such extreme environments as boiling
water or saturated salt solutions.
427
23
PAGENO="0432"
C))
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rn-u
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PAGENO="0433"
The Procurement Office is responsible for
planning, negotiating, awarding and adminis-
tering contracts for data and aeronautical sys-
tems plus related research hardware, admin-
istrative supplies and miscellaneous support
services to satisfy the Center's mission re~
quirements.
This Office has compiled a listing of approxi-
mately three hundred "fields of interest" in-
dicating the areas of potential procurements
which is available upon request,
429
25,
`72-434 0 - 76 - 28
PAGENO="0434"
26
430
Greenbelt, Maryland 20771
Clifford Shorter, Procurement Officer
Much of Goddards theoretical research is
conducted at the Goddard institute for Space
Studies located in New York City. Operated
in close association with universities in that
area, the institute provides supporting re-
search in geophysics, astrophysics, astron-
omy and meteorology to NASA and Goddard.
p
The Goddard Space Flight Center established
by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad-
ministration on May 1, 195~ is named after
the father of American Rocketry, Robert H.
Goddard. The Center is located in Greenbett,
Maryland, about ten miles northeast of Wash-
ington. D.C. it is the first major United States
laboratory devoted entirely to the investiga-
lion and exploration of space. II is responsi-
ble for: developing unmanned orbiting satel-
lites in the interest of basic and applied sci-
ence; creating sounding rocket experiments;
and operating NASA's world-wide network of
tracking stations which support manned and
unmanned scientific space missions.
more than 80 scientific satellites and approxi-
mately 1,800 sounding rockets to study the
mysteries of earth-sun relationships, the, na-
ture of near-earth space and the universe.
The Center's scientific staff is concerned pri-
marily with research into magnetic fields,
energetic particles, ionospheres and radio
physics, planetary atmospheres, meteorology,
interplanetary matter, solar physics, and as-
tronomy.
Goddard, working closely with the scientific
community here and abroad, has launched
PAGENO="0435"
Special emphasis in the meteorological area
is now being placed on participation in the
multination global atmospheric research pro-
gram.
An important area of interest to NASA is God-
dard's applications satellite program. From
this program arose the LANDSAT, formerly
Earth Resources Technology Satellite, a modi-
fied version of its forerunners the NIMBUS
experimental weather satellite and the TIROS
Operational (weather)/System (TOS). LAND-
SAT scans the earth's surface every 18
days gathering a wide range of earth re-
source survey information. Another applica-
tions satellite is the Synchronous Meterologi-
cal Satellite (SMS-1). This satellite takes day
and night pictures of the Western Hemisphere
every thirty minutes, receives and transmits
environmental information from data collec-
tion platforms, transmits and relays weather
data and pictures to receiving stations, and
monitors solar flare activity for future space-
craft and supersonic aircraft flights.
In the area of communications satellites, God-
dard helped develop Echo, the passive com-
munications balloon, and Relay and Syncom,
which amplify and rebroadcast radio signals
back to earth, The Syncom concept has been
employed in the "Early Bird" communications
satellite. "Early Bird" transmitted the first
U.S-to-Europe television picture on May 2,
1965. Since this beginning a succession of
spacecraft, based on Goddard developed
technology, have been placed into geosyn-
chronous orbit making global satellite com-
munications an everyday reality. Four Intelsat
lV's geostationary over the Atlantic, Pacific
and Indian Oceans, serve more than 50 na-
tions around the world. Canada's ANIK I and
II plus Western Union's WESTAR A and B are
examples of technology utilization having its
developmental roots at Goddard. GSFC's
more recently launched Applications Tech-
nology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) is the culmination
of state-of-the-art communications satellite
techniques reaching back to SCORE, the first
true communications satellite, which rebroad-
cast to earth an on-board tape recording of
President Eisenhower's Christmas message in
1958. ATS-6 is currently transmitting educa-
tional, medical, and experimental programs
throughout remote regions of the United
States. Future plans call for similar transmis-
sions through the spacecraft to assist India
in its developmental programs.
Goddard is responsible for management and
operation of the NASA Spaceflight Tracking
and Data Acquisition Network (STDN), sup-
porting both manned and unmanned missions
primarily in near earth orbit and at lunar dis-
tances. The STDN stations are located in the
U.S. and in several foreign jurisdictions. The
Mission Control Centers for the network and
for individual projects are located at God-
dard. Goddard also conducts research and
development on tracking and data acquisi-
tion systems and techniques.
During manned flights the STDN supports the
astronauts by linking them with the Mission
Control Center in Houston and the recovery
fleet deployed on three oceans.
The NASA Communications Network (NAS-
COM), also managed by Goddard, is the com-
munications system between the network sta-
tions, the mission control centers; and both
manned and unmanned spacecraft.
Goddard is also the home of the National
Space Science Data Center. This facility,
housing banks of high speed computers, is
the central repository for the data collected
from space science flight experiments. The
data provides the basis for studies to increase
our understanding of basic phenomena and
to illuminate the need for new investigative
approaches to achieve further progress.
431
27
31
PAGENO="0436"
28
432
Houston, Texas 77058
James L. Neal, Procurement Officer
_-i~: ~J~----
The Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center is a
focal point of the nation's manned spacef light
activities, including spacecraft development,
program management, crew training, space
tlight operations, and related medical re-
search and life sciences. The Center is also
responsible for conducting investigations of
lunar science, space science and earth re-
sources technology and application. The
major programs which have been assigned
to the JSC include Mercury, Gemini, Apollo,
Skylab, Apollo/Soyuz Space Shuttle, and
Earth Res2urces. All programs involve tre-
mendous amounts of materials and services
which must be obtained from outside the
Government. Equal opportunities exist for
small or large business enterprises and non-
profit institutions to participate in the furnish-
pg of these requirements. Material needs
range from raw materials and commercial
items to sophisticated spacecraft; while serv-
ices range from housekeeping to engineer-
ing, medical and scientific capabilities.
PAGENO="0437"
Even though some of these programs have
been completed, continuing like requirements
will exist in support of the following future
programs:
~ THE SPACE SHUTTLE is a reusable
space airplane that will carry satellites
and scientific payloads into orbit and
which can serve as a service platform
for repairing satellites in orbit or it can
bring them home for repair. One of the
many payloads foreseen for Space Shut-
tle will be Spacelab-a manned scien-
tific space station that is being devel-
oped by a consortium of 10 European
countries who are members of the Euro-
pean Space Research Organization
(ESRO).
433
n THE APOLLO/SQYUZ TEST PROJECT
will utilize Apollo hardware to rendez-
vous and dock with a Soyuz spacecraft
launched from the Soviet Union for joint
space experiments and crew exchange.
~ NASA's EARTH RESOURCES PROGRAM
is a part of the experimental Federal
Earth Resources Survey Program. Appli-
cations include techniques for improved
identification and use of mineral and land
resources, marine and water resources,
mapping and charting, urban land use,
and agricultural and forestry resources.
29
PAGENO="0438"
30
434
Kennedy Space Center, Fta. 32899
William M. Lohae, Procurement Officer
PAGENO="0439"
The John F. Kennedy Space Center is the
major NASA launch organization for manned
and unmanned space missions.
As NASA's lead launch center, KSC launched
the Apollo and Skylab space vehicles and has
responsibility for the Saturn lB/Apollo con-
nected with the Apollo Soyuz Test Project,
the joint United States-Soviet Union manned
mission of mid-1975. In addition, it launches
a wide variety of unmanned scientific, com-
munications and weather satellites and space-
craft, including space probes conducting un-
manned explorations of the planets. The Cen-
ter has been designated the prime launch and
recovery site for the reusable Space Shuttle,
scheduled for its first launch into orbit in
1979.
Supporting this primary mission are a host of
technical and administrative activities. These
include design engineering; testing, assem-
bly, and checkout of launch vehicles and
spacecraft; launch operations; and purchas-
ing and contracting.
435
The Center also has jurisdiction over NASA
launches conducted from the Western Test
Range in California.
The Center, in addition, provides technical
and administrative support in the following
areas:
(1) Programming, integrating, and fulfill-
ing user requirements for general-pur-
pose facilities such as offices, ware-
houses, maintenance buildings, utilities,
and roads.
(2) Designing and constructing all NASA
facilities at the Space Center to meet
users' functional requirements.
(3) Integrating NASA ground support
equipment at the launch sites for various
space systems.
(4) Representing NASA in coordinating
with the U.S. Air Force in matters pertain-
ing to tracking and data acquisition, and
in making arrangements for tracking and
data services and support required for
operation of all NASA activities at KSC.
PAGENO="0440"
32
436
Aeronautics has been a Langley specialty for
almost 60 years. Now receiving increased em-
phasis in NASA, aeronautical research in all
speed ranges accounts for about 55 percent
of Langley's work, Specific programs concern
Hampton, Virginia 23665
Sherwood L. Butler, Procurement Officer
The Langley Research Center conducts ex-
tensive investigations in aeronautics, space
technology, electronics, structures, and man-
ages for NASA the Viking Project that will
send two spacecraft to land on the surface of
Mars in 1976.
vertical and short take-off and tanding (V/
STOL) transport aircraft, transonic transports,
transonic and supersonic fighters and bomb-
ers, and advanced technology transports. The
Center is active in research of hypersonic
power plants and aircraft designs for hyper-
sonic aircraft of the future. One of the Cen-
ter's newest programs involves a Rotor Sys-
tems Research Aircraft (RSRA), in which
advanced helicopter systems are being jointly
studied by Langley and the U.S. Army.
PAGENO="0441"
Langley's expertise in electronics may be
NASA's strongest in-house resource of elec-
tronics technology. Instrument research sup-
ports automated data reduction for wind tun-
nels and other facilities, Increased emphasis
on avionics is exemplified by the Terminal
Configured Vehicle (TCV) Program, which
uses a modified 737 aircraft as a flying ex-
perimental research laboratory for advanced
air traffic control techniques. There is in-
creased activity in the development of appli-
cation sensors, and Langley maintains a
strong computer capacity for advanced simu-
lation support, analytical studies and data
handling. A new STAR computer system, de-
signed to greatly increase Center capabilities,
is being installed at Langley's computer com-
plex.
Langley's work in structures is directed to re-
search in materials, structures and loads.
Composites for weight reduction in aircraft
and Space Shuttle structures are of particu-
lar interest, as are thermal protection mate-
rials. Considerable effort is given to research
on high-temperature structures for Shuttle
and other hypersonic vehicles, and to devel-
oping advanced automated design methods
for large structural systems. Flight and land-
ing loads, aeroelasficity and noise reduction
work are of considerable interest. A new Air-
craft Noise Reduction Laboratory (ANRL)
gives Langley a unique facility in which to
study many facets of aircraft noise and how
to reduce it.
Space technology is a fourth area of major
research at Langley, with strong emphasis on
support of NASA efforts in development of
the Space Shuttle and Shuttle payloads. Ex-
tensive Shuttle configuration work has been
complemented by research in life support
systems. New Langley work includes research
in environmental, energy and space sciences
fields, Langley also manages for NASA the
solid-fueled Scout launch vehicles, able to
put small payloads into Earth orbit or into
deep apace.
The Viking Project is the largest single pro-
gram under Langley management. Two un-
manned spacecraft, each consisting of an
Orbiter and a Lander, will reach Mars orbit
in the summer of 1976. The two Landers will
touch down on the Martian surface to conduct
several kinds of scientific experiments, in-
cluding one that will seek some form of life
on the planet.
437
33
35
PAGENO="0442"
34
438
Work in aeronautics and space propulsion,
electric power generating systems materials,
basic research, and management of two key
launch vehicles, the Atlas-Centaur and the
Titan-Centaur, falls viithin the purview of
NASA's Lewis Research Center.
Aeronautics activities at Lewis are aimed
principally at development of engines which
will operate as quietly, cleanly, and efficiently
as possible. Higher by-pass ratio engines and
acoustic treatment are contributing to noise
reductions. Cleaner combustors are reducing
much of the harmful pollutants from jet en-
gines. In a Global Air Sampling Program, pol-
lutants in international airways are being
measured. Propulsive lift concepts are being
explored for aircraft which will take-off and
21000 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44135
F. Hamilton Stickney, Procurement Officer
Research on propulsion for spacecraft em-
phasizes electric rocket engine technology,
hydrogen-oxygen systems for the Space Shut-
tle, and other high energy propellants; Man-
agement of NASA's Atlas-Centaur and Titan-
Centaur rockets is a major activity. Centaur,
which can orbit about five tons, serves as a
workhorse to carry many scientific, planetary
and application payloads, including commer-
cial satellites, into space. The Titan-Centaur
with its greater payload capability is being
readied for the Mars-landing Viking mission
and other high energy missions.
land in short distances and will meet a need
for short haul transportation. Advancements
in general aviation and supersonic propulsion
also are being made.
PAGENO="0443"
Lewis' experience in developing large sys-
tems for generating electric power in space
is being turned to practical applications on
Earth as well. In support of the Solar Energy
Program, scientists are working on wind
energy systems which will be competitive
with conventional power plants, and reliable.
An experimental windmill capable of produc-
ing 100 kilowatts of electricity is to begin
operating in mid-1975 at NASA's Plum Brook
Station. Solar collectors, devices which trap
sunlight and heat water which could be used
to air condition homes or buildings, are being
tested at Lewis. The most efficient collectors
will be installed on a one-story office building
at Langley Research Center for heating and
cooling. Engineers also are studying alterna-
tive fuels for jet aircraft, specifically those
derived from oil shale and coal, and are evalu-
ating advanced energy conversion systems
which use coal as fuel. Solar cells are being
used in new ways to power weather stations
and instruments in remote locations. A high
performance mail truck powered by NASA-
439
improved batteries is being developed in
cooperation with the Post Office.
In addition, basic and applied research is
conducted on materials and metallurgy; cryo-
genic and liquid-metal heat-transfer fluids;
pumps and turbines; combustion processes,
propellants, tankage, injectors, chambers and
nozzles; system control dynamics; plasmas
and magnetohydrodynamics.
Major research tools and facilities at Lewis
are designed to simulate various flight con-
ditions, and include atmospheric wind tunnels
and space environment facilities. Specialized
experimental facilities include vacuum elec-
tron-beam furnaces for refinement of tungsten,
a zero-gravity drop tower, chemical-rocket
static thrust stands and chambers for testing
jet engines efficiency and noise. Facilities at
Lewis' Plum Brook Station include large
space chambers, a nuclear reactor, and test
stands, placed in standby condition. Plum
Brook facilities are available for use by other
agencies and industry.
PAGENO="0444"
36
440
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812
Garland G. Buckner, Procurement Officer
Management responsibility for the Skylab
Program and moat of the experiments was
assigned to the Marshall Center. Skylab was
the first manned space flight program devel-
oped specifically to carry activities and equip-
ment aimed at improving man's life on earth.
Over 100 experiments were operated in space
involving around five general areas of experi-
mentation: earth observations and enyiron-
The Marshall Center is presently active in the
following programs:
~SPACE SHUTTLE. The primary design
and operations goal for the Space Shut-
tle Program is to provide low-cost trans-
portation to and from earth orbit. The
Center is responsible for the design, de-
velopment, test, and evaluation of: (1)
Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME); (2)
Solid Rocket Booster (SRB); (3) Solid
Rocket Motor (SRM); and (4) External
Following its formation on July 1, 1960, the mental studies around the spaceship; solar
major task of the Marshall Space Flight Cen- physics; space processing; stellar, comet and
ter was the development of Saturn boosters. airglow (around the earth) observations; and
Successful performance of the Saturn V and student experiments.
Saturn lB continued for the duration of the
Apollo Program, which included the first
lunar landing by man on July 20, 1969.
PAGENO="0445"
S Tank (ET). Spacelabs will be carried aloft
by the Shuttle in support of manned orbi-
tal operations. Free-flying or automated
satellites will be deployed and recovered
from many types of orbits. Automated
satellites with propulsive stages will be
deployed from the Space Shuttle and
placed in high-energy trajectories.
S APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT. The
Apollo-Soyuz Test Project was provided
for by the U.S-U.S.S.R. Agreement Con-
cerning Cooperation in the Exploration
and Use of Outer Space signed in Mos-
cow May 24, 1972. The Marshall Center
is responsible for the Saturn lB launch
vehicle and various experiments to be
performed during this mission.
S HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY OBSERVA-
TORY (HEAO). The HEAO Project will
search for and obtain high resolution
data concerning high energy radiation
from space (i.e., celestial X-rays, gamma
rays, and cosmic ray flux) by means of
large unmanned earth orbiting observa-
tories which will be built, launched, and
operated as independent missions with
complementary mission objectives and
scientific experiments. The HEAO Project
as presently contemplated is divided into
groups of missions called "blocks."
Blocks observatories will use the Atlas!
Centaur as the launch vehicle whereas
Block II will utilize the Space Shuttle.
* LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE. NASA's
Large Space Telescope (LST) is a large
multi-purpose optical telescope, when
placed in earth orbit will enable scien-
tists to gaze deep into space, possibly to
the outer edges of the universe, and to
detect objects 50 times fainter than the
best earth based telescopes. The LST
will be launched by the Space Shuttle
which will also serve as a base from
which astronauts may make repairs and
possibly replace instrument packages for
new experiments. The Shuttle can also
bring the LST back to earth, if neces-
sary, for extensive maintenance or over-
haul. Project management of LST has
been assigned this Center, with partici-
pation by the Goddard Space Flight Cen-
ter and other NASA Centers. Scientific
guidance will be provided by participat-
ing astronomers and scientists from uni-
versities and observatories.
*SPACELAB. Spacelab is a spaceborne
laboratory being built by the European
Space Research Organization (ESRO)
and will be a major element of the Space
Shuttle system being developed to trans-
port people and material more economi-
cally and routinely between the ground
and earth orbit. The Spacelab Program
lays a basis for greatly expanded interna-
tional space participation. MSFC has
been assigned the lead Center role within
NASA for this international program.
S SPACE TUG. The Space Tug will be a
reusable vehicle designed to augment
the performance of the basic Shuttle
capability. It will have payload retrieval
and in-orbit servicing capability to the
extent deemed economically effective.
Marshall is the lead Center for manage-
ment and coordination of the NASA In-
termediate Upper Stage!Space Tug.
S LAGEOS. Marshall is responsible for the
development of the LAGEOS satellite to
be used as a "standard" in acquiring
accurate data on earth phenomena.
LAGEOS is part of a study known as
Earth and Ocean Physics Applications
Program.
SREDSHIFT. The Center has the project
management assignment for the Gravita-
tional Redshift Space Probe which pro-
vides the experiment payload to test the
principle of equivalence, an assumption
that Albert Einstein took as the corner-
stone of his general theory of relativity.
S SOLAR HEATING ANO COOLING SYS-
TEMS. The Marshall Center has responsi-
bility to manage the design, develop-
ment, and testing leading to the demon-
stration of solar heating and cooling sys-
tems and subsystems for single!multiple
dwellings and commercial applications.
The Marshall Center also directs the opera-
tion of the Michoud Assembly Facility located
in New Orleans, Louisiana, which provides
plant facilities for the production, mainte-
nance and logistics for the External Tank and
components as an integral part of the Shuttle
Program, and plant facilities for the mainte-
nance and storage of Saturn launch vehicle
stages.
441
37
PAGENO="0446"
38
442
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39520
William L. Goodrich, Procurement Officer
NASA's newest Field Installation, the National
Space Technology Laboratories (NSTL),
evolved from the former Mississippi Test Fa-
cility (MTF) which had been constructed, ac-
tivated, and operated during the sixties for
acceptance testing of the booster stages of
the Saturn V rocket system. The redesigns-
tion by NASA of MTF to the new NSTL in
June 1974, recognized the expanded role the
installation was playing in the nation's space
and environmental technology efforts in addi-
tion to remaining the prime static test facility
for large liquid propellant rocket engine sys-
tems. The redesignation further recognized
Today there is in residence at the NSTL a
rude variety of organizational elements of
Federal, State, and University agencies and
departments, who, together with elements of
NASA, form a scientific and technical commu-
nity, each pursuing their own programmatic
objectives but who, collectively, produce a
space and environmental data base for tech-
nology interchange.
the increasing numbers of NASA and non-
NASA programs being accomplished by resi-
dent elements at the facility.
PAGENO="0447"
Agencies presently co-located at the NSTL
include the following:
~ Department of Interior
National Science Center, National
Park Service
EROS User Assistance Center, U.S.
Geological Survey
Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center,
U.S. Geological Survey
Atchafalaya Basin Project Office,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
U Department of Commerce, National Oce-
anic and Atmospheric Administration
NOAA Data Buoy Office, National
Ocean Survey
National Oceanographic Instrumen-
tation Center, National Ocean
Survey
Fisheries Engineering Laboratory,
National Marine Fisheries Service
Lower Mississippi River Forecast
Center, National Weather Service
U Environmental Protection Agency
National Pesticide Monitoring Labo-
ratory
Pesticide Regulation Chemistry Lab-
oratory
Lower Mississippi River Field Facil-
ity, Region VI
U Department of Transportation
Atlantic Fleet-Gulf Coast Strike
Team, U.S. Coast Guard
Department of Defense
Edgewood Arsenal Resident Labora-
tory, Department of the Army
U State of Mississippi
Office of Science Advisor, Office of
Governor
NSTL Research Station, Mississippi
State University
NASA/NSTL is charged with management of
the real and installed property and the equip-
ment comprising the NSTL included within its
139,000 acres of fee-owned or leased land;
more than 50 permanent buildings; 35 miles
of highways and roads, 71/2 miles of canals,
and its state-of-the-art laboratories, shops,
technical systems, and facilities. In addition,
NASA/NSTL performs as the "host" agency
to all resident agencies in accordance with
terms of NASA program assignments and of
interagency agreements in support of mission
accomplishment by providing:
* assigned office, laboratory, and shop
space, equipment and facilities;
* operation of dedicated test ranges or
facilities;
* management and performance of se-
lected project tasks;
* wide range of centralized craft, tech-
nical and scientific services.
Included in the services administered by
NSTL are property management, engineering
control, inventory supply operations, medical
and sanitation, food, site transportation, mail
and messenger, library, roads and grounds
maintenance, utilities, security, fire protec-
tion, facility and equipment repair, equipment
fabrication, design engineering, systems en-
gineering, data systems applications, applied
sciences, data processing and validation,
photographic acquisition and processing,
radiographic processing and interpretation,
biological and chemical testing, metallurgi-
cal testing, instrument and equipment calibra-
tion, communications, technical writing, edit-
ing, graphic arts, reproduction, ecological
test operations, hydrological test operations,
rocket support range operations, hazards
range operations and others.
443
39
U State of Louisiana
Louisiana State Science Foundation
PAGENO="0448"
40
444
Wallops Island, Virginia 23337
Louis T. Birch, Procurement Officer
!1I'~
-- / `1 \
i/
/ /
One of the oldest and busiest ranges in the
world, Wallops has been conducting rocket
borne experiments since its establishment by
NACA in 1945. The Island obtained its name
almost three hundred years ago from a John
Wallop who was appointed Deputy Surveyor
of Virginia by Colonel Edmund Scarburgh in
the 17th Century.
Wallops Flight Center is responsible for plan-
ning and conducting applied research and
development viith emphasis on scientific pay.
toad development, instrumentation, facilities
and techniques utilized in rocket borne ex-
periments, aeronautical and terminal area re-
search projects and ecological studies.
Wallops prepares, assembles, launches, tracks
and acquires scientific information from
space vehicles. Its facilities are utilized by
the scientists and engineers from the labora-
tories and research centers of NASA, other
governmental agencies, colleges and univer-
sities, and the worldwide scientific commu-
nity. Wallops Flight Center personnel assist
these scientific research teams with their
projects; develop, as necessary, special types
of instrumentation and equipment to com-
plete the mission and manage NASA research
projects.
Research at Wallops is directed toward gath-
ering information about the earth's atmos-
PAGENO="0449"
phere and its near space environment. The
Center utilizes launch vehicles ranging in
size tram the small 6-feat Boosted Dart me-
teorological rackets to the 72-feat Scout
racket with orbital capability in obtaining sci-
entific data about the atmosphere and the
near space environment. Seventeen satellites
have been launched. Wallops Flight Center
has launched over 8,000 research vehicles
consisting of from one to seven stages in the
quest for scientific knowledge. The Center
continues to be quite active with on-going
small rocket projects and other important re-
search activities. The range schedule denotes
changes of emphasis such as decreases in
utilizing the large expensive rocket types for
space research efforts to a respectful in-
crease in test and analysis projects related
to aeronautical research and, also earth re-
sources, earth physics, and ecologically-
oriented programs.
The Wallops Flight Center Research Airport
is utilized as a laboratory in which experi-
ments involving the aircraft/airport interface
from descent into the terminal area, approach,
and landing, are conducted.
These experiments include control and guid-
ance, aerodynamics, noise, propulsion, han-
dling qualities, airport approach and landing
systems, and runway/aircraft interactions.
The airport is also utilized for projects involv-
ing surface vehicle braking systems, tire and
vehicle noise, and facility studies involving
pavement grooving and surface texturing and
coating to alleviate hydroplaning of both air-
craft and surface vehicles.
In addition to aeronautical research activities,
the Center operates several transport type
aircraft and a helicopter to provide program
support to range launch activities and to the
Center's Applications program of remote
sensing of resources and physical character-
istics of the earth.
Wallops exercises project management re-
sponsibility for several NASA sponsored proj-
ects such as GEOS-C project, the Experimen-
tal Inter-American Meteorological Rocket
Network (EXAMETNET), selected portions of
the SESAT-A Project, such as, development
of a precision radar altimeter to map the
global ocean geotd and global monitoring of
wave height and the development of the
SESAT-A Sensor Module Systems, operation
of remote site launching and tracking facili-
ties, and operation of NASA's portable range
facilities for sounding rockets.
The Center is also responsible for a portion
of the National Sounding Rocket Program.
This requires interface with the scientific, uni-
versity and international community; engi-
neering support including analytical, feasibil-
ity, and design studies, payload, vehicles and
recovery system engineering, test and evalua-
tion; and data analysis and reporting.
A portion of the Center's effort is devoted to
NASA's program of international cooperation
in space research. Foreign countries are pro-
vided with training programs for their person-
nel, assistance in activation of launch sites,
and with technical assistance and advice in
launching experiments and in operation of
their ranges. Representatives of foreign coun-
tries have visited Wallops Flight Center to ob-
serve operations or seek assistance in estab-
lishing sounding rocket facilities of their own.
Wallops is also involved in the applications of
remote sensing from aircraft and space plat-
forms in the Chesapeake Bay Area. As part
of the program, the Center is working closely
with user groups to develop remote sensing
analysts and monitoring techniques for study-
ing the ecology of the area,
Also, in conjunction with the Earth Resources
Program, Wallops Flight Center is developing
a tong range plan for promoting the Chesa-
peake Bay region as an area of potential ap-
plications of multi-spectral remote sensing
from aircraft and spacecraft.
445
72-434 0 - `76 - 29
PAGENO="0450"
42
446
Pasadena, California 91103
Allen T. Burke, Procurement Officer
The NASA Pasadena Oflice represents NASA
in the Southern California area. This office re-
ports directly to the Associate Administrator
for Center Operations (AC), NASA Headquar-
ters. The Office's responsibilities are to:
(1) Negotiate and administer the prime
contract with the California Institute of
Technology for the operation of the Gov-
ernment owned facility, the Jet Propul-
sion Laboratory (JPL).
PAGENO="0451"
(2) Negotiate and administer Delta Space
Vehicle, Launch Service and Facility
contracts; and to negotiate and adminis-
ter other contracts in support of the Delta
Launch Vehicle Program.
(3) Negotiate and administer contracts
for the supply of liquid hydrogen in sup-
port of NASA and other Government
agency projects; and for the supply of
other pressurants and propellants as as-
signed, and other support type contracts.
(4) Provide legal advice and assistance
to contracting officers on all patent, new
technology, copyright, trademarks, and
rights in technical matters, and to admin-
ister patent and new technology clauses
in contracts; and to conduct the technol-
ogy utilization program. Provide Patent
Counsel service to NASA Flight Research
Center.
(5) Provide technical support to the
NASA Pasadena Office and the Jet Pro-
pulsion Laboratory in reliability and qual-
ity assurance matters.
(6) Monitor JPL facilities planning, de-
sign, construction, utilization, operation
and maintenance; and to manage the
Government-furnished property program.
(7) Provide system safety engineering
support for JPL flight and tracking proj-
ects; and to provide security require-
ments for NASA contracts.
(8) Negotiates and administers grants for
basic research with educational institu-
tions.
(9) Provide the NASA interface with the
Southern California industrial, profes-
sional and educational communities.
447
43
PAGENO="0452"
448
44
California Institute of Technology
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, California 91103
Darya T. Gant, Procurement Officer
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a Gov-
ernment-ovined research and development f a-
cility operated for NASA by lhe California In-
stitute of Technology. The Laboratory carries
out research programs and flight projects for
NASA, and conceives and executes advanced
developmenl and experimental engineering
investigations to further the technology re-
quired for the Nations space program. Al-
though a contractor, JPL works under close
direction of NASA Headquarters and receives
support from NASA's Pasadena Office in exe-
cuting specific tasks and projects.
Primary emphasis of the Laboratory's efforts
is on lunar, planetary, and deep-space auto-
mated scientific missions. fn pursuit of this
endeavor the following programs are of his-
torical significance to JPL: Ranger obtained
close-up photographs of the moon; Mariner
obtained photographs of Mars and gathered
scientific data of Venus atmosphere; and Sur-
veyor soft landed on the moon. Projects dur-
ing the early 1970's included exploration of
Mars with the Mariner 1971 and responsibil-
ity for the Orbiter spacecraft with the project
Viking in 1975. JPL was also responsible for
the Venus/Mercury 1973 mission. JPL is also
responsible for the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn
1977 mission.
PAGENO="0453"
JPL coordinates efforts in the application of
space technology to problems of critical na-
tional interest such as biomedical engineer-
ing, public safety, environmental systems,
transportation, law enforcement, city and
school management.
JPL is responsible for management and
operation of the NASA Deep Space Network
(DSN). The DSN provides Earth-based sup-
port to all unmanned missions at lunar and
planetary distances. DSN stations are located
at Goldstone in the Southern California
desert, Canberra, Australia, and Madrid,
Spain. The stations and the JPL Mission
Computing and Control Center are linked
together by the NASA Communications Net-
work (NASCOM). JPL also conducts research
and development on tracking and data acqui-
sition systems and techniques.
Most missions are conducted from the mis-
sion computing and control center, where the
tracking and performance information is proc-
essed, analyzed, and studied, the motion and
condition of the spacecraft are determined,
decisions are made, and commands are gen-
erated for transmission to the spacecraft.
Supporting research and advanced develop-
ment are conducted in electric propulsion,
nuclear power, chemical propulsion, aero-
thermodynamics, fluid physics and electro-
physics, applied mathematics, space power
generation, opticat and radio astronomy,
planetary atmospheres, fields and particles,
long-range communications, guidance and
control, and systems simulation and analysis
techniques. These programs make substantial
contributions to NASA programs in propul-
sion, tracking and data acquisition, and lunar
and planetary exploration.
Geophysical instruments, resulting from ad-
vanced studies conducted at the Laboratory,
have been landed on the moon. Theoretical
studies of planetary atmospheres and analy-
sis of particles and fields in deep space from
telemetered data are examples of the re-
search and development in process.
449
45
PAGENO="0454"
450
46
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
SMALL BUSINESS- INDUSTRY ASSISTANCE PERSONNEL
NASA HEADQUARTERS - WASHINGTON, DC 20546
Small Business Advisor (Industry Assistance) K. J. Kier (202) 755-2288
Minority Business Officer E. D. Rosen 755-2288
HEADQUARTERS CONTRACTS Dl VISION J. T. Davis (202) 755-3382
AMES RESEARCH CENTER R. H. Wilson (514) 965-5800
Moffett Field, CA 94035
FLIGHT RESEARCH CENTER C. I. Dishman (805) 258-3311
Edwards, CA 93523 Ext. 796
GODDARD,SPACE FL1GHT CENTER R. C. Smaldore (301) 982.5416
Greenbelt, MD 20771 A. Wolter * (301) 982-6871
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER B. J. Dryer (305) 867-7353
Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER J. F. Braig (804) 827-39~9
Hampton, VA 23365
LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER L. P. Kelley (216) 433-4000
Cleveland, OH 44135 Ext. 543
JOHNSON SPACE CENTER H. T. Christman (713) 483-4511
Houston, TX 77058 . J. R. Perez (713) 483-5473
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER G. D. Ridgeway (205) 453-2675
Huntsville, AL 35812 C. Walker * (205) 453-4200
NATIONAL SPACE TECHNOLOGY J. E. Davis (601) 688-3680
LABORATORI ES
Bay St. Louis, MS 39520
WALLOPS FLiGHT CENTER E. R. Scott (804) 824-3411
Wallops Island, VA 23337 Ext. 542
NASA PASADENA OFFICE D. E. Biggs (213) 354-6051
Pasadena,CA 91103
JET PROPULSlON LABORATORY W. H. Anderson (213) 354-6941
Pasadena, CA 91103 J. C. Calhoun (213) 354-3130
*Minority Business Specialist: Unless specifically indicated, the Minority
Business function is performed by the Small Business Specialist-Industry
Assistance Officer at each location.
PAGENO="0455"
451
47
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11. FLOOR SPACE (S1IIAAJPYI) 12. NET IIYRTA
13. SECURITY CLEARANCE (If opplilIIAIP, IEEE! AIfIA(IT EIEUAUIIIE
THIS SPACE FOR USE BY THE GOVERNMENT CERTIFICATION
PAGENO="0456"
48
452
[Reverse of SF 129]
INFORMATION AND INSTRUCTIONS
Persons or concerns wishing to be added to a particular agency's bidder's mailing list for supplies or services shall file this
properly completed and certified Bidder's Mailing List Application, together with such other lists as may be attached to the applica-
two form, with each procurement office of the Federal agency with which they desire to do business. If a Federal agency has at-
tached a supplemental Commodity List with instructions, complete the application as instructed. Otherwise, identify in Item 8
the equipment, suppbes, and/or services on which you desire to bid. The ayp!ication shall be submitted and signed by the prin-
cipal as distinguished from an agent, however constituted.
After placement on the bidder's mailing bst of an agency, a supplier's failure to respond (submission of bid, or notice in writ-
ing, that you are onable to bid on that particular transaction but wish to remain on the active bidder's mailing list for that particu-
lar tem) to Invitahons for Bids wdl be understood by the agency to indicate lath of interest and concurrenoe in rho removal of the
supplier's name from the purchasing activity's bidder's mailing list for the item sconcerne d.
TYPE OF BUSINESS DEFINITIONS
ISee Item No. 91
A. MANUFACTURER OR PRODUCER means a person (or con-
cern) owning, operating, or maintaining a factory or estab-
lishment that produces, on the premises, the materials,
supplies, articles, or equipment of the general character of
those listed in Item No. 8, or in the Federal Agency's supple-
mental Commodity List, if attached.
B. REGULAR DEALER (Type I) means a person (or concern)
who owns, operates, or maintains a store, warehouse, or
other establishment in which the materials, supplies,
articles, or equipment of the general character fisted in Item
No. 8 or in the Federal Agency's supplemental Commodity
List, if attached, are bought, hept in stock, and sold to Ihe
public in the usual course of business.
C. REGULAR DEALER (Type 2) in the case of supplies of par-
ticular kinds (at present, petroleum, lumber and timber
products, machine tools, raw cotton, green coffee, hay, grain,
toed, or straw, agricultural liming materials, tea, raw or
unmanufactured cotton linters). "REGULAR DEALER"
means a person (or concern) satisfying the requirements of
the regulations (Code of Federal Regulations, Title 41, 50-
201.101(b)) as amended from time to time, prescribed by
the Secretary of Labor under the Walsh-Healey Public Con-
tracts Act (Title 41 U.S. Code 35-45). For coal dealers,
see Code of Federal Regulations, Title 41, 50-201.604(a).
D. SERVICE ESTABLISHMENT means a concern (or person)
which owns, operates, or maintains any type of business
which is principallyengaged in the furnishing of tonpersonal
services, such as (but not limited to) repairing, cleaning, re-
decorating, or rental of personal property, including the
furnishing of necessary repair parts or other supplies as part
of the services performed.
E. CONSTRUCTION CONCERN means a concert (or person)
engaged in construction, alteralion or repair (including
dredging, eocavating, and painting) of buildings, structures
or other real property.
DEFINITIONS RELATING TO SIZE
OF BUSINESS
A. SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN. A small business concern
for the purpose of Government procurement is a concert,
including its affiliates, which 5 independently owned and
operated, is not dominant in the field of operation in which
it is bidding on Government contracts and can further
quahfy under the criteria concerning number of employees,
average annual receipts, or other criteria, as prescribed by
the Small Business Administration. (See Code of Federal
Regulations, Title 13, Part 121, as amended, which contains
detailed industry dehnitions and related procedures.)
B. AFFILIATES. Business concerns are affiliates of each other
when either directly or indirectly (i) one concern controls or
has the power to control the other, or (ii) a third party con-
trols or has the power to control both. In determining
whether concerns are independently owned and operated
and whether or not affiliation eoists, consideration is given
to all appropriate factors including common ownership, com-
mon management, and confraclual relafonship. (See Items
Nos. 6 and 10.)
C. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES. In connection with the deter-
mination of small business status, "number of employees"
means the average employment of any concern, including
the employees of its domestic and ftreign affiliates, based
on the number of persons employed on a full-time, part-time,
temporary, or any other basis during the pay period ending
nearest the last day of the third month in each calendar
quarter for the preceding four qourters. If a concern has
not been ceo istence for four lull calendar quarters, "num-
ber of employees" means the average employment of SuCh
concern and its affiliates during the period such concern has
been in eoistence based on the number of persons employed
during the pay period ending nearest the last day of each
month. (See Item No. 10.)
COMMERCE BUSINESS DAILY
The Commerce Business Daily, published by the Department
of Commerce, contains information concerning proposed pro-
curements. sales, and contract awards. For further informa-
tion concerning this publication, contact your local Commerce
Field Office.
PAGENO="0457"
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
DMINISTRAfÔ~
DEPUTY
ADMINISTRATOR
ASSOCIATE
~DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR
___ H AOV~ORY MANAG~ENT~ ___
__ __ ~:~:J D~i~ ~ I
ASSOCIATE
ADMINISTRATOR
L~(©~L:~J~J
L:á:I~ L~!~:i HT?:Ek~E1 ~L~!EJ
A~OCtA1
ADMINISTRATOR
HPPLICA~ONS 1
______ L~i~
AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE
L~INOLOGY
L~4!!~rJ ~~G4~J
____ L!~F
SPACE FLIG~ ~
L~i~:i :~:~:H SPAC?~T
~~_1~__ __ 1
PAGENO="0458"
454
PAGENO="0459"
455
Senator HATHAWAY. Let me ask you a question. On page 2 of your
testimony, you indicated that you are unable to accurately trace the
subcontractor awards.
Admiral WOODFIN. Yes, in the research area. We have overall sub-
contracting statistics, but we just do not have good statistical data on
subcontracting with small business for R. & D.
I can give you one type of general statistic. As you may know
NASA dollars are mostly R. & D. dollars; most of our appropriation
is in that area. We do have overall small business subcontract data
which shows that the small business subcontracting trend has moved
from 5 to 7 to 9 percent of the prime contract dollars over the last
3 years.
Since most of these procurements are funded from NASA's B. & D.
appropriation, these subcontract percentages provide a fair measure
of small business B. & D. in our business. I think we are following
about as aggressive an approach as we know how. Dealing with our
prime contractors in this area, we are not comfortable with the state-
ment that they have a program. I might add, that is not terribly
meaningful sometimes. That can mean one representative on a pro-
curement staff.
are looking very hard at their actual program, we ask, "What
are your planned procurements? Show us the subcontractors in-
volved." We are looking at this, both in the proposal and perform-
ance stages of our contracts.
Senator HATHAWAY. You are getting data?
Admiral W00DFIN. Yes, sir, but we do have a little trouble tying it
down to the magic word "research." That is a complex thing in our
business, since nearly all of our procurements from the B. & D. ap-
propriation is for some kind of research.
Senator HATHAWAY. How much staff do you have working on small
business contracts?
Admiral W00DF1N. We are very decentralized, Senator. We only
have a small staff of three people at headquarters. Each of our cen-
ters, where all of our real buying goes on, has a fairly good-sized
staff, usually four people in the area. Of course, these staffs usually
share a minority responsibility along with the small business, usually
two functions in those offices.
Senator HATHAWAY. Has NASA set up any goals or is it thinking
about setting up any goals for small business?
Admiral WOODFIN. In B. & D.?
Senator HATHAWAY. Contracting and B. & D.
Admiral W00DFIN. No, sir, not specifically. I do not think we see
exactly the same type problem that Defense does, since Defense has
so much in the way of production business. Most of our business is
R. & D. We have been able to set overall NASA goals, and those
tend to coalesce nicely with the total R. & D. picture. We are looking
at both, an improving percent and dollar amount each year. We have
not set specific numbers for small business, but we expect positive
trends, and we are seeing a steady increase in recent years. Our major
payoff in achieving these positive results is a combination of greater
enforcement of our direct small business contracting program, and
in the case of our large prime contractors, we are looking at a very
aggressive small business subcontracting program.
PAGENO="0460"
456
I am encouraged with the progress of the aerospace industry in that
regard. Companies like Rockwell have come a long way and then, of
course, they receive a lot of our money. We are watching Rockwell
very carefully. They are turning out a very good product in the small
business and minority business areas. We are equally pleased with
some of the other companies, Grumman and McDonnell-Douglas. The
aerospace industry in general is putting a lot of emphasis on this
right now. They are our major suppliers, and we are watching them
carefully and working with them in new source selection and execu-
tion of their existing business.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you coordinate their activities at all with
the Department of Defense?
Admiral WO0DFIx. Yes, sir. We are involved with them to a great
extent because we share the contract administration service, as you
probably know, of the Defense Contract Administration serving us,
and they have their small business consultants.
We try to coordinate with them overall matters of dealing with the
industries where we have major interest. In things like I.R. & D., we
are closely coupled; we are part of their I.R. & D. review group. Our
I.R. & D. is a very small percentage of the total I.R. & D. We are
about, say, 10 percent of Defense's overall I.R. & D. program.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you share bidder's lists?
Admiral WooDrIx. We share bidder's list with them, but we are not
content to do just that. We try to develop our own suppliers. We are
often working in somewhat higher areas of technology than they.
One of your earlier questions had to do with whether you were
comfortable with these bid list as existing sources. We have a diffi-
cult time reaching the entire community that could supply to us; any-
one who thinks ou can get it from the Commerce Business Daily or
selling to NASA or anything like that is somewhat naive. It seems
to me, we have to beat the bushes, as it were, to get people interested
in doing business with us, that have the technology, because I think
many of the companies have sort of a built-in hangup about the diffi-
culties of doing business with the Government. They have an abhor-
rence of our redtape, with justification. Very recently, at the Marshall
Space Flight Center, we initiated several procurements for ERDA.
In that particular area, we had to go on the road, even to talk to
these companies that have shown an interest, to get them to actually
bid. They will show an interest and still will not bid. We have sent
teams out to sit with them and talk to them about technical proposals,
how to go about it, that sort of thing. It is this direct approach that
we are going to have to do ourselves. It is our job to get the word out
as to what we want, and it is our job to encourage the interest. We
are going to have to go another mile-"now that you are interested,
let us talk about how to do business with the Government." We are
going to have to work at that.
Senator HATHAWAY. How do you plan to do that?
Admiral WooDFIx. We will have to do that with a form of techni-
cal assistance out of our various buying centers to contractors who
would be interested in doing business with us, not preparing the bid
for them, but explaining the rudiments on how to pull together a
technical proposal. Also how not to be afraid of all of the redtape in
PAGENO="0461"
457
the Government procurement contract, that they can be counseled on
and made more comfortable with.
We scare contractors by giving them a stack of papers that high
[indicating] and in many cases, that high stack is no more than a
model contract and the standard boilerplate that they do not under-
stand because of a lack of experience with this type of procurement.
We may be our own worst enemies when we give them too much,
sometimes.
I think we can improve upon that by the way we go about this.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you participate in the Government pro-
curement seminars that are held throughout the country?
Admiral WO0DFIN. Yes, sir, we have been quite active.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think they have been successful?
Admiral W00DFIN. Marginally so, in the very complex II. & D. area.
They would probably be better in the more common variety of supply
to the 11.5. Government, than the very complex IR. & D. area. It
up to each high-technology agency to do an awful lot for itself in
terms of communicating with the proper supply points in industry.
I think Defense has the same interests and is doing it. I am sure
ERDA will be doing it too because of their high technology require-
ments. I think each one of us is going to have to deal directly with
the segments of the industry that is attuned to our type of supply.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think you have a complete list of all
the potential R. & D. bidders in your field?
Admiral WOODFIN No, sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. How do you think you can get that?
Admiral WOODFIN. Well, I think programs like NASA's technology
utilization program with its industrial applications centers, help
spread the message by providing technology information. There is
then an increased NASA awareness of the companies which are in-
terested in that type of technology. In finding the companies inter-
ested in that information we often identify potential suppliers to us
in those technological fields. That is a left-handed way, but a very
effective way, of providing technological flow of data between us.
There is a lot of interplay between the various activities on a per-
sonal basis with companies capable in certain areas. Our scientists
and engineers are well aware of certain highly capable companies. We
find those gentlemen do as good a job as anyone picking up a tele-
phone and encouraging people to get involved in certain types of
technology work. It is just going to be a plugging away sort of thing,
Senator, no magic panacea to it, no publication you could print or
anything like that. I would however agree with Defense's comment
about national dissemination. We try to do that. That area of dissemi-
nation is deceptive. These companies do need to be solicited for all
of our requirements, not just those that happen to be located nearby.
~Te have found that most of our small business companies do tend
to do business with the center near them, for the most part.
Senator HATHAWAY. What percentage do you think you are reach-
ing?
Admiral W00DFIN. I think in our technology area, up to 50 percent,
probably, that can do business in our technology area. We can do
better and will continue to work at it.
PAGENO="0462"
458
Senator HATHAWAY. It seems to me that with all the district offices
we have, for one purpose or other, we could do a better job of reach-
ing potential bidders, particularly in the small business area, not just
with your agency.
Admiral W00DFIN. They have some hangups in doing business with
us. It is just as important as our getting to them. Many companies
feel that doing business with Government is not worth it. I have asso-
ciates in industry that tell me this regularly-the redtape, the prob-
lems, the boilerplate, the type of inspection service we run, the quality
assurance programs are a little bit more complicated, the difficulties
getting paid in an orderly fashion, all of these things are really a
bugaboo because most of these things can be worked out quite easily.
The small companies do not think so, and their perception is impor-
tant. We have to change their perception.
Senator HATHAWAY. What help do you think Congress would be in
that regard, or in regard to any of these problems?
Admiral WOODFIX. I cannot think of any specific recommendations.
There is a considerable amount of effort going on with the Office of
Federal Procurement Policy with simplification of some of our pro-
curement policies. Many of our small business things could be im-
proved by expanding use of purchase forms instead of our complex
contracts. There must be some simpler way to do business than we do
in our very complex type of contracting.
Many of our companies, because they are small, inherently are
going to have this trouble doing cost-type business with us because
of the lack of approved accounting systems, things like that. We have
so many administrative things we have to work around, and have
better ways of doing business with small companies, and making it
easy for them. Some of these need to be worked out governmentwide.
No one agency can do it. The Office of Federal Procurement Policy,
working with small business and the agencies, should be able to do
the work.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you work with State offices? Many States
have offices of economic development; some States have personnel
just assigned to small business problems.
Admiral WOODFIX. I have done none. Some of our centers may have
some relationship with the State offices. I might ask Mr. Farley.
Mr. FARLEY. Yes, Mr. Chairman. We have contacted State eco-
nomic development agencies. I personally have been involved with
some of them.
We also hope to do more of that as we expand some of our activities.
Senator HATHAWAY. Has it been helpful?
Mr. FARLEY. It has been, by involving them more directly in the
contact with the small business communities and industry in general
in their States. They represent a really interested party to help make
technology transfer happen.
Senator HATHAWAY. This is not being done on a national basis?
You do not mail something to every Governor's office, every office of
economic development, indicating what NASA has to offer in the
IR. & D. field? I assume every office of economic development would
know every firm in that State and what they do.
It seems to me that would be a valuable resource for your agency
as well as other agencies to utilize.
PAGENO="0463"
459
Mr. FARLEY. We do have mailings that go out widely to all the
States. They are not purely NASA mailings but describe all Federal
technology transfer programs. V~Te have given that a wide distribu-
tion.
In the program I was talking about, we plan to expand our work-
ing with individual State development agencies and similar organiza-
tions within the States to try to arrange the 1-on-i type of con-
tact that is most effective in transferring technology from use in one
place to use in another place.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you find that the State agencies on the
whole are responsive?
Mr. FARLEY. They have been. One effective example was in New
Mexico. We also had a program in Illinois where we ran an experi-
ment that was useful. When we start to do it on a larger scale such
as we are planning, we are going to have to try to structure it so it
will be more effective.
I am not prepared to say how it will be done as yet.
Certainly, the vested interests are there that should make it work.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think the Federal Government could
be helpful in maybe providing matching funds for setting up special
State procurement offices, on a 50-50 basis, for example?
Admiral WOODFIN. For example, I know of the program the Bureau
of Standards is working on that has State relevance. I have been
communicating with an associate of mine who is trying to develop a
procurement program for the State of Washington along the lines
that we are working here in some of our programs.
I guess I would say, as one who has been in technical procurement
a long time, procurement offices per se do not react all that well to
technical requirements. In other words, there would have to be a tech-
nical understanding of the business base in those States. That is prob-
ably more important than the procurement office participation in that
business base.
Procurement at the State level tends to be public works and office
support, transportation, equipment, things of that sort. With some
exceptions, it is of course more complicated in States that are in-
volved in big university research programs. On the whole, I think it
is the economic development side of the State government that we
are interested in. I think maybe if you can provide assistance to the
States, it would be best to get the economic development machinery
working well in all of the States. Probably some of the States would
need none, and some would need a lot. It is my impression, there is a
great range between the effectiveness of some of the States to dis-
seminate information in the technical area. The high technology in-
formation is the hardest type to disseminate. I do not believe that
the procurement part of the State offices would be the place to look.
It would be the economic development part of the States that could
use the information and the money to support it.
Senator HATHAWAY. Fine. Thank you very much; I hate to cut you
short. We have to be out of here by 12:30 and we have two more wit-
nesses. We may have some questions in writing for you to answer.
I appreciate it. Thank you.
Our next witness is Dr. Alfred J. Eggers from the National Science
Foundation.
PAGENO="0464"
460
Dr. Eggers, it is nice to have you with us. Your entire statement,
Doctor, will be put into the record. If you would like to summarize
it, it would be helpful.
Dr. EGGERS. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. It is a fairly short state-
ment; I will shorten it further.
Before I start, Mr. Chairman, I would like to introduce the two
gentlemen I have with me, Mr. William Wetmore on my right, Di-
rector of our Division of Intergovernmental Science and Public Tech-
nology that has overall responsibility for coordinating our industry
program, especially small industry.
Also, from earlier questioning, I note you are concerned about the
couplings of Federal programs with State progra1ns. Those two func-
tions are incorporated in Mr. Wetmore's office.
We devote a lot, of attention to these coupling issues.
On my left, I have Mr. Roland Tibbets, Special Assistant to Mr.
Wetmore for Small Business Affairs, which are receiving increasing
attention in the foundation's programs supporting applied research.
STATEMENT OF DR. ALFRED J. EGGERS, JR., ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDA-
TION, WASHINGTON, D.C., ACCOMPANIED BY WILLIAM WET-
MORE, DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; AND ROLAND TIBBETS, SPECIAL
ASSISTANT FOR SMALL BUSINESS AFFAIRS
Dr. EGGERS. I would like, Mr. Chairman, to emphasize again how
much I appreciate the opportunity to testify before you. I will con-
fine my remarks specifically to respond to the matters you raised in
your letter to us of March 9.
I am particularly concerned with the questions in your letter con-
cerning NSF efforts to increase the number of awards to small firms
for research and development and to make new knowledge resulting
from Government financed research and development available to
small R. & D. and manufacturing firms.
Since small firm research capacities are more in the area of applied
than basic research, the research applied to national needs program of
the research applications directorate is the primary source of NSF
awards to small business. A rough rule of thumb is that 80 percent of
the Foundation's money, at least up to recently, has gone to small
business through the R.ANN program.
The RANN program has made awards to small business since its
inception in 1971 and we are building on this experience. At this
point, I would like to submit a summary of awards to small business
by the directorate for research applications for fiscal year 1971
through fiscal year 1975.
That summary shows, Mr. Chairman, in fiscal year 1971 a little
under half a million dollars. I will provide that right now, Mr. Chair-
man, if you would care to look at it.. In fiscal year 1971, a little under
half a million dollars was expended in the RANN program to small
business; in fiscal year 1975 something over $4 million was expended
and the number is growing.
PAGENO="0465"
461
We recognize the problems facing small business and we have taken
added steps this past year to increase our interactions with the small
business community.
The fiscal year 1976 authorization bill for the National Science
Foundation contains a provision that at least 7.5 percent of the
awards under the RANN program be made to small businesses. We
are meeting this requirement.
Last fall, I appointed a RANN small business task force composed
of a member of each division of the research application's directorate
in order to explore more thoroughly how RAN N can use the capaci-
ties of small business. The task force has reviewed and monitored
plans and programs of all small business proposals and has reviewed
many small business-related RANN activities.
In the fall, with the cooperation of the Small Business Administra-
tion, we initiated plans for a small business conference to bring the
RANN program and its proposal process to the attention of small
firms, to the leadership of small business associations, and to associa-
tions with a large number of small business members. A meeting was
held with the leaders of these organizations on December 17, followed
by the small business conference itself on January 21-22.
Key speakers included: Dr. H. Guyford Stever, Director, NSF;
Senator Edward Kennedy; Mr. Harold K. Fletcher, Associate Ad-
ministrator of the Small Business Administration; and Mr. Milton D.
Stewart, chairman of the Research Council for Small Business and
the Professions.
The conference brought together representatives of small B. & D.
companies, RANN program staff, and representatives of R. & D.
procurement programs in 15 other major Federal departments and
agencies. The conference was designed to give small B. & D. com-
panies the opportunity to learn more about the research priorities of
RANN and other Federal programs, and to learn more about how
to deal with these Federal agencies.
Representatives of the top Federal research and development agen-
cies and all of the RANN staff were available for discussions with
the members of the small business R. & D. community who attended
the conference. All of the agencies who testified before you today
were in attendance at that conference, and are familiar with what
we are undertaking to do.
I have heard reports from representatives of the small business
community that this was one of the most effective such conferences
ever held.
I think what was useful to small business representatives was the
second day where they had the opportunity to go to every one of our
program managers. The whole day was set aside for individual reac-
tions so they could get an in-depth understanding of how their inter-
ests could relate to programmatic thrusts and interrelate that to
dialogue.
Senator HATHAWAY. That was in Washington? Do you have re-
gional conferences as well?
Dr. EGGERS. I will get to that in a moment.
72-434 0 - 76 - 30
PAGENO="0466"
462
I would like to submit, for the committee's information, a sample
of the documents that were provided to the representatives of that
conference. I will not go through and name them individually.'
In another development, the Director of our Division of Inter-
governmental Science and Public Tecimology has recently become
a member of an ad hoc interagency panel on small business research
and development. This panel, sponsored by the Office of Federal
Procurement Policy, Office of Management and Budget, is identifying
ways to insure optimum use of small business concerns in the Federal
Government's research and development efforts.
In the BANN division of intergovernmental science and public
technology, I have recently appointed a special assistant for small
business to coordinate and stimulate small business B. & D. activities
of the research applications directorate and to facilitate relations
with the small business R. & D. community. This special assistant
has had extensive experience with small business as vice president
of two small business firms, one in B. & D. and the other a product-
oriented technology company. He was also treasurer and director of
one of the Nation's first small business investment companies and is
therefore familiar with venture capital as well as small business
management problems.
In addition, we are developing a new publication on the 1977
RANN program for the small business audience. We plan to hold
conferences for small business in the Western United States to com-
plement the January small business conference. V~Te are also planning
to issue a program solicitation directed at small business.
We will be having additional conferences in other regions. That
one in the far west we thought was the key one. As you would expect,
while we had invitees from all over the country, primarily attendees
at our conference in WTashington were people from the east coast.
I want to stress, Mr. Chairman, as a part of our normal operations
RANN research divisions and programs already make use of small
business capacities in a number of ways, ranging from specific prob-
lems of research to instrument development and testing. Small busi-
ness R. & D. firms have frequently been successful competitors under
RANN research solicitations and requests for proposals.
Examples of specific research areas which use small business re-
search capacities include: Earthquake engineering, technology assess-
ment, solar cell research, natural hazards, and environmental quality
monitoring.
In the field of solar energy, for example, BANN has supported a
number of research projects with small business. In one project, a
small business, with university collaboration, developed a successful
process for the continuous growth of silicon ribbon for automatic
production of solar cells.
I might spend a second on that, Mr. Chairman. That is an im-
portant indicator of the possibilities of enlarging the role of small
business, especially in partnership with university representatives in
carrying forward important B. & D. in the country.
Initially, that particular project, when it got underway had univer-
sities in the prime roles and small business in subcontractor roles
1 Documents retained in committee files.
PAGENO="0467"
463
As it moved more toward the hard technology and hardware, small
business took over the lead. That project has grown in a very major
way and was transferred with other maj or solar energy projects in
the Foundation into EIRDA when it came into existence last year.
In another project, a small business was a prime contractor for
one of the four experiments with solar-heated schools. That is sigmfi-
cant, too, Mr. Chairman. That was probably one of the four largest
solar energy experiments in this country, initiated some 3 years ago.
They had as the lead, in one instance, for example, one of the
largest firms in the country with employment of more than 100,000
people. They ran a half million dollar project. The small business I
am referring to had a slightly smaller project totaling about $360,-
000. The size of that firm was 20 people. It shows that small com-
panies can compete effectively with the big people in this exploratory
type of effort.
I might add, that small company is continuing to compete very
effectively in programs sponsored by ERDA.
In the field of earthquake engineering research, a small business
architectural firm and an engineering firm in California have been
studying the interaction of nonstructural building components during
earthquakes. They are providing data which will lead to a handbook
to help design firms, architects, engineers, and contractors to increase
protection against earthquakes in new as well as in existing buildings.
This is a case of research being performed by small business which
will also be of great use to small business.
As you know, architect-engineering firms are largely small business
firms.
One of the most important RANN activities relevant to small
business is the industrial program. The objective of the industrial
program is to test and evaluate selected incentives that the Federal
Government may properly and effectively use to increase R. & D.
investment in the private sector where new technology is needed in
the national interest. The emphasis of the industrial program is on
the testing of new processes, new incentives, and new partnerships to
stimulate industrial R. & D. in the national interest.
In fiscal year 1977, the industrial program will place special empha-
sis on small business opportunities, and expand its efforts to accelerate
the introduction of new technologies and systems in the mining and
construction industries. Program plans for research on innovation
will emphasize the role of small business.
With regard to your second question about making new knowledge
available to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms, RANN has made
extensive efforts to assure that the knowledge produced by projects
which it supports is communicated to relevant user groups, including
small business.
The RANN award review process requires that all projects recom-
mended for funding contain a utilization plan. Such utilization plans
may, depending on the nature of the research performed, provide for
dissemination of research to relevant sectors of the small business
community, via, for example, dissemination of reports, publication of
results in trade journals, and, most important, contact between the
research performer and small business user.
PAGENO="0468"
464
The RANN communications program operates the RANN docu-
ment center and monitors contracts to collect, store, abstract, index,
and disseminate RANN reports to a wide range of audiences, includ-
ing small business. RANN-supported research results are deposited
in the National Technical Information Service.
In 1973, we sponsored a symposium on RANN results to date, and
in 1975, we supported 12 RANN regional seminars in all parts of the
country, with some 4,000 attendees. These meetings were attended
by many small business firms.
WTe are preparing a brochure for small business to aid them in
dealiiig with the research applied to national iieeds program. The
document will clearly indicate the availability of RANN results
through our document center and NTIS.
Although not limited to small business, the industrial program,
mentioned above, also involves the communication of new knowledge
to small R. & D. and manufacturing firms, for example, through the
innovation centers and the cooperative research centers.
The experiment on innovation centers is now 21/2 years old. It is
concerned with evaluating a Federal role in assisting entrepreneurs
and innovators at innovation ceiiters through classroom training and
laboratory experience with products and services having commercial
potential. The experiment is primarily educationally oriented but,
due to its unique training techniques, new products can be developed
and new businesses initiated during the training sequence.
Currently, over 600 students, 50 faculty members, and 50 com-
munity associates are participatiiig in the activities of the three
centers-MIT, Carnegie-Mellon University, and University of
Oregon. In the course of the last 21/2 years, 25 courses in entrepre-
neurship and innovation have been initiated, over 1,000 ideas and
inventions have been evaluated, 19 new products have been developed,
13 new ventures have been initiated, $1,750,000 of private venture
capital has been attracted to the new businesses involving $2,700,000
in sales, and approximately 200 new employees have been hired by
the new businesses.
It should be recognized that all this is being achieved under the
auspices of au educational and training program whose primary
objective is to prepare entrepreneurs to enter the world of work and
not, necessarily, to initiate iiew ventures during the training period.
The SBA is currently considering the adoption of several strategies
being evaluated at the training centers.
In general, Mr. Chairman, these centers we are supporting have
the emphasis on new teclmology. In a development and application
sense, the activities that were described by the administrator of SBA
in many universities are concerned with the development of manage-
ment strengths of the students through complementary activities.
Let me turn now to the cooperative research centers. They involve
limited-term, Federal cost-sharing as a means to establish a long-term
cooperative, research relationship between disaggregated low fi. & D.
investment industries and research institutions.
The experiment is currently concluding its third year of operation
andi involves the polymer processing, furniture, and electric utilities
ifldlustries. At the present time. there are 19 indlustrial participants i1i
PAGENO="0469"
465
these three industries who are cost-sharing research coordinated by
MIT-polymer processing; North Carolina State University-
furniture; and Mitre Corp.-electric utilities.
In summary, Mr. Chairman, we view the small business community
as an important resource of which we intend to make full use since
it is not only a creative performer of research and a valuable source
of innovation in helping to solve national problems, but also, since
it is a consumer of the research results that we help to produce.
I assure you that we will continue to work as partners with the
Small Business Administration and the small business community
to find more effective ways to use fully the creative potential of small
R. & D. and manufacturing firms to help implement RANN programs
and meet national needs.
This concludes my testimony, and I will be happy to answer any
questions the committee may wish to ask.
[The prepared statement of Dr. Eggers follows:]
PAGENO="0470"
466
STATEMENT BY
DR. ALFRED J. EGGERS, JR.
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
NATIONAL SCIRNCE FOUNDATION
BEFORE
THE SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
UNITED STATES SENATE
APRIL 7, 1976
MR. CHAIRMAN, AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE.
I APPRECIATE HAVING THIS OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY ll~
RESPONSE TO YOUR MARCH 9 LETTER TO THE NATIONAL SCIRNCE
FOUNDATION.
IN MY TESTIMONY TODAY, I WILL ADDRESS THE QUESTIONS
RAISED IN YOUR LETTER CONCERNING NSF EFFORTS TO INCREASE
THE NUMBER OF AWARDS TO SMALL FIRMS FOR RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT, AND TO MAKE NEW KNOWLEDGE RESULTING
FROM GOVERNMENT FINANCED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
AVAILABLE TO SMALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS.
SINCE SMALL FIRM RESEARCH CAPACITIRS ARE MORE IN
THE AREA OF APPLIED THAN BASIC RESEARCH. THE
RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS (RANN) PROGRAM OF
THE RESEARCH APPLICATIONS DIRECTORATE IS THE PRIMARY
SOURCE OF NSF AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS.
PAGENO="0471"
467
THE RESEARCH APPLIED TO NATIONAL NEEDS (RANN) PROGRAM
HAS MADE AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS SINCE ITS INCEPTION IN 1971
AND WE ARE BUILDING ON THIS EXPERIENCE. AT THIS POINT, I
WOULD LIKE TO SUBMIT A SUMMARY OF AWARDS TO SMALL BUSINESS
BY THE DIRECTORATE FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS FOR FY 1971
THROUGH FY 1975.
WE RECOGNIZE THE PROBLEMS FACING SMALL BUSINESS AND
WE HAVE TAKEN ADDED STEPS THIS PAST YEAR TO INCREASE OUR
INTERACTIONS WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY.
ThE FISCAL YEAR 1976 AUTHORIZATION BILL FOR THE NATIONAL
SCIENCE FOUNDATION CONTAINS A PROVISION THAT AT LEAST 7.5%
OF THE AWARDS UNDER THE RANN PROGRAM BE MADE TO SMALL
BUSINESSES. WE ARE MEETING THIS REQUIREMENT.
LAST FALL, I APPOINTED A RANN SMALL BUSINESS TASK FORCE
COMPOSED OF A MEMBER OF EACH DIVISION OF THE DIRECTORATE
FOR RESEARCH APPLICATIONS IN ORDER TO EXPLORE MORE
THOROUGHLY HOW BANN CAN USE THE CAPACITIES OF SMALL
BUSINESS. THE TASK FORCE HAS REVIEWED AND MONITORED PLANS
AND PROGRESS OF ALL SMALL BUSINESS PROPOSALS AND HAS
REVIEWED MANY SMALL BUSINESS RELATED RANN ACTIVITIES.
-2 -
PAGENO="0472"
468
IN THE FALL, WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE SMALL BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION, WE INITIATED PLANS FOR A SMALL BUSINESS
CONFERENCE TO BRING THE RANN PROGRAIvI AND ITS PRO~SAL
PROCESS TO THE ATTENTION OF SMALL FIRMS, TO THE LEADERSHIP
OF SMALL BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS, AND TO ASSOCIATIONS WITH A
LARGE NUIvIBER OF SMALL BUSINESS MEMBERS. A MEETING WAS
HELD WITH THE LEADERS OF THESE ORGANIZATIONS ON
DEC~\IBER 17, FOLLOWED BY THE SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE
ITSELF ON JANUARY 21-22. KEY SPEAKERS INCLUDED:
DR. STEVER, DIRECTOR, NSF; SENATOR EDWARD KENNEDY;
MR. HAROLD K. FLETCHER, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR OF THE
SMALL BUSINESS ADAIINISTRATION; AND MR. MILTON D. STEWART,
CHAIRMAN OF THE RESEARCH COUNCIL FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND
THE PROFESSIONS.
THE CONFERENCE BROU GHT TOGETHER REPRESENTATIVES
OF SMALL R&D COMPANIES, RANN PROGRAM STAFF, AND
REPRESENTATIVES OF R&D PROCURRMENT PROGRAMS IN FIFTEEN
OTHER MAJOR FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES. THE
CONFERENCE WAS DESIGNED TO GIVE SMALL R&D COMPANIES THE
OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THE RESEARCH PRIORITIES
OF RANN AND OTHER FEDERAL PROGRAMS, AND TO LEARN MORE
ABOUT HOW TO DEAL WITH THESE FEDERAL AGENCIES.
-3-
PAGENO="0473"
469
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE TOP FEDERAL RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES AND ALL OF THE RANN STAFF WERE
AVAILABLE FOR DISCUSSIONS WITH THE IvIEMBERS OF THE SMALL
BUSINESS R&D COMMUNITY WHO ATTENDED THE CONFERENCE.
I HAVE HEARD REPORTS FROM REPRESENTATIVES OF THE SMALL
BUSINESS COMMUNITY THAT THIS WAS ONE OF THE MOST
EFFECTIVE SUCH CONFERENCES EVER HELD.
I AM SUBMITTING FOR THE COMMITTEES USE THE FOLLOWING
DOCUMENTS: 1. "PROGRAM FOR THE RANN SMALL BUSINESS
CONFERENCE", JANUARY 21-22, 1976; 2. "OTHER AGENCY
INFORMATION" COMPILED FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE;
3. LIST OF "TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF AVAILABLE RANN DOCUMENTS"
DISTRIBUTED AT THE SMALL BUSINESS CONFERENCE.
IN ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT, THE DIRECTOR OF OUR DIVISION
OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC TECHNOLOGY HAS
RECENTLY BECOME A MEMBER OF AN AD HOC INTERAGENCY
PANEL ON SMALL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. THIS
PANEL, SPONSORED BY THE OFFICE OF FEDERAL PROCUREMENT
POLICY, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET, IS IDENTIFYING
WAYS TO INSURE OPTIMUM USE OF SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS IN
THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
EFFORTS.
-4-
PAGENO="0474"
470
IN THE RANN DIVISION OF INTERGOVENMENTAL SCIENCE AND
PUBLIC TECHNOLOGY, I HAVE RECENTLY APPOINTED A SPECIAL
ASSISTANT FOR SMALL BUSINESS TO COORDINATE AND ST~IULATE
SMALL BUSINESS R&D ACTIVITIES OF THE RESEARCH APPLICATIONS
DIRECTORATE AND TO FACILITATE RELATIONS WITH THE SMALL
BUSINESS R&D COMMUNITY. THIS SPECIAL ASSISTANT HAS HAD
EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE WITH SMALL BUSINESS AS VICE PRESEDENT
OF TWO SMALL BUSINESS FIRMS, ONE IN R&D AND THE OTHER A
PRODUCT ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY COMPANY. HE WAS ALSO
TREASURER AND DIRECTOR OF ONE OF THE NATION'S FIRST SMALL
BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES AND IS THEREFORE FAMILIAR
WITH VENTURE CAPITAL AS WELL AS SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEAIENT
PROBLEMS.
IN ADDITION, WE ARE DEVELOPING A NEW PUBLICATION ON THE
FY 1977 RANN PROGRAM FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS AUDIENCE. WE
PLAN TO HOLD CONFERENCES FOR SMALL BUSINESS IN THE WESTERN
UNITED STATES TO COM PL~SENT THE JANEARY SMALL BUSINESS
CONFERENCE. WE ARE ALSO PLANNING TO ISSUE A PROGRAM
SOLICITATION DIRECTED AT SMALL BUSINESS.
-5-
PAGENO="0475"
471
MR. CHAIRMAN, I SHOULD ALSO MENTION THAT AS PART OF
THEIR NORMAL OPERATIONS, RANN RESEARCH DIVISIONS AND
PROGRAMS MAKE USE OF SMALL BUSINESS CAPACITIES IN A
RANGE OF WAYS: FOR RESEARCH; INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT;
TESTING, SURVEYS OF ATTITUDES AND MARKETS; AS WELL AS FOR
SERVICES. SMALL BUSINESS R&D FIRMS HAVE FREQUENTLY BEEN
SUCCESSFUL COMPETITORS UNDER RANN RESEARCH SOLITICATIONS
AND REQUESTS FOR PROPOSALS.
EXAMPLES OF SPECIFIC RESEARCH AREAS WHICH USE SMALL
BUSINESS RESEARCH CAPACITIES INCLUDE: EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT; SOLAR CELL RESEARCH;
NATURAL HAZARDS; AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY MONITORING.
IN THE FIELD OF SOLAR ENERGY, FOR EXAMPLE, RANN HAS
SUPPORTED A NUMBER OF RESEARCH PROJECTS WITH SMALL
BUSINESS. IN ONE PROJECT, A SMALL BUSINESS, WITH UNIVERSITY
COLLABORATION, DEVELOPED A SUCCESSFUL PROCESS FOR THE
CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF SILICON RIBBON FOR AUTOMATIC
PRODUCTION OF SOLAR CELLS. IN ANOTHER PROJECT, A SMALL
BUSINESS WAS A PRIME CONTRACTOR FOR ONE OF THE 1~OUR
EXPERIMENTS WITH SOLAR HEATED SHCOOLS.
-6-
PAGENO="0476"
472
IN THE FIELD OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING RESEARCH, A
SMALL BUSINESS ARCHITECTURAL Fffii\1 AND AN ENGINEERING
FIRM IN CALIFORNLA HAVE BEEN STUDING THE INTERACTION OF
NON-STRUCTURAL BUILDING COMPONENTS DURING EARTHQUAKES.
THEY ARE PROVIDING DATA WHICI-J WILL LEAD TO A HANDBOOK TO
HELP DESIGN-FIRMS, ARCHITECTS, ENGLNEERS AND CONTRACTORS
TO INCREASE PROTECTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES IN NEW AS WELL
AS AS EXISTING BUILDINGS. THIS IS A CASE OF RESEARCH BEING
PERFORMED BY SMALL BUSINESS WHICH WILL ALSO BE OF GREAT
USE TO SMALL BUSINESS.
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RANN ACTIVITIES RELEVANT
TO SMALL BUSINESS IS THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM. THE OBJECTIVE
OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM IS TO TEST AND EVALUATE SELECTED
INCENTIVES THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MAY PROPERLY AND
EFFECTIVELY USE TO INCREASE R&D INVESTMENT IN THE PRIVATE
SECTOR WHERE NEW TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED IN THE NATIONAL
ThITEREST. THE EMPHASIS OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM IS ON THE
TESTING OF NEW PROCESSES, NEW INCENTIVES, AND NEW
PARTNERSHIPS TO STIMULATE INDUSTRIAL R&D IN THE NATIONAL
INTEREST.
-7-
PAGENO="0477"
473
IN FY 1977, TIlE INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM WiLL PLACE SPECIAL
EMPHASIS ON SMALL BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES, AND EXPAND ITS
EFFORTS TO ACCELERATE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW
TECHNOLOGIES AND SYSTEMS IN THE MINING AND CONSTRUCTION
(PUBLIC WORKS) INDUSTRIES. PROGRAM PLANS FOR RESEARCH
ON INNOVATION WILL EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF SMALL BUSINESS.
* WITH REGARD TO YOUR SECOND QUESTION ABOUT MAKING
NEW KNOWLEDGE AVAILABLE TO SMALL R&D AND MANIJFAC TURING
FIRMS, RANN HAS MADE EXTENSIVE EFFORTS TO ASSURE THAT THE
KNOWLEDGE PRODUCED BY PROJECTS WHICH IT SUPPORTS IS
COMMUNICATED TO RELEVANT USER GROUPS, INCLUDING SMALL
BUSINESS.
THE RANN AWARD REVIEW PROCESS REQUIRES ThAT ALL
PROJECTS RECOMMENDED FOR FUNDING CONTAIN A UTILIZATION
PLAN. SUCH UTILIZATION PLANS MAY, DEPENDING ON THE
NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PERFORMED, PROVIDE FOR
DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH TO RELEVANT SECTORS OF THE
SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, VIA, FOR EXAMPLE, DISSEMINATION
OF REPORTS, PUBLICATION OF RESULTS IN TRADE JOURNALS, AND,
MOST IIVIPORTANT, CONTACT I3ETWEEN THE RESEARCI-I PERFORMER
AND SMALL BUSINESS USER.
-8-
PAGENO="0478"
474
THE RANN COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM OPERATES THE RANN
DOCUIVIENT CENTER AND MONITORS CONTRACTS TO COLLECT,
STORE, ABSTRACT, INDEX AND DISSEMINATE RANN REPORTS, TO
A WIDE RANGE OF AUDIENCES, INCLUDING SMALL BUSINESS. RANN -
SUPPORTED RESEARCH RESULTS ARE DEPOSITED IN THE NATIONAL
TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS).
IN 1973, WE SPONSORED A SYMPOSIUM ON RANN RESULTS TO
DATE, AND IN 1975, WE SUPPORTED 12 RANN REGIONAL SEMINARS
IN ALL PARTS OF THE COUNTRY, WITH SOME 4,000 ATTENDEES.
THESE SYMPOSIA WERE ATTENDED BY MANY SMALL BUSINESS
FIRM S.
WE ARE PREPARING A BROCHURE FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
TO AID THEM IN DEALING WITH THE RESEARCH APPLIED TO
NATIONAL NEEDS PROGRAM. THE DOCUMENT WILL CLEARLY
INDICATE THE AVAILABILITY OF RANN RESULTS THROUGH OUR
DOCUMENT CENTER AND NTIS.
ALTHOUGH NOT LIIVIITED TO SMALL BUSINESS, THE
INDUSTRIAL PROGRAM, MENTIONED ABOVE, ALSO INVOLVES
THE COMMUNICATION OF NEW KNOWLEDGE TO SMALL R&D
AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS, FOR EXAMPLE, THROUGH THE
INNOVATION CENTERS AND THE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH
CENTERS.
-9-
PAGENO="0479"
475
THE EXPERIMENT ON INNOVATION CENTERS IS NOW 2-1/2
YEARS OLD. IT IS CONCERNED WITH EVALUATING A FEDERAL
ROLE IN ASSISTING ENTREPRENEURS AND INNOVATORS AT
INNOVATION CENTERS THROUGH CLASSROOM TRAINING AND
LABORATORY EXPERIENCE WITH PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
HAVING COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL. THE EXPERIMENT IS
PRIMARILY EDUCATIONALLY ORIENTED, BUT, DUE TO ITS
UNIQUE TRAINING TECHNIQUES, NEW PRODUCTS CAN BE
DEVELOPED AND NEW BUSINESSES INITIATED DURING THE
TRAINING SEQUENCE.
CURRENTLY, OVER 600 STUDENTS, 50 FACULTY MEMBERS,
AND 50 COMMUNITY ASSOCIATES ARE PARTICIPATING IN THE
ACTIVITIES OF THE THREE CENTERS (MIT, CARNEGIE-MELLON
UNIVERSITY, AND UNIVERSITY OF OREGON). IN THE COURSE
OF THE LAST 2-1/2 YEARS, 25 COURSES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
AND INNOVATION HAVE BEEN INITIATED, OVER 1000 IDEAS AND
INVENTIONS HAVE BEEN EVALUATED, 19 NEW PRODUCTS HAVE
BEEN DEVELOPED, 13 NEW VENTURES HAVE BEEN INITIATED,
$1, 750, 000 OF PRIVATE VENTURE CAPITAL HAS BEEN
ATTRACTED TO THE NEW BUSINESSES INVOLVING $2, 700, 000 IN
SALES, AND APPROXIMATELY 200 NEW EMPLOYEES HAVE BEEN
HIRED BY THE NEW BUSINESSES. IT SHOULD BE RECOGNIZED
THAT ALL THIS IS BEING ACHIEVED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF
-10-
PAGENO="0480"
476
AN EDUCATIONAL AND TRAINING PROGRAM, WHOSE PREvIARY
OBJECTIVE IS TO PREPARE ENTREPRENEURS TO ENTER THE
WORLD OF WORK AND NOT, NECESSARILY, TO INITIATE NEW
VENTURES DURING THE TRAINING PERIOD. THE SBA IS
CURRENTLY CONSIDERING THE ADOPTION OF SEVERAL
STRATEGIES BEING EVALUATED AT THE TRAINING CENTERS.
THE COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTERS INVOLVE LEIITED
TERM FEDERAL COST SI-LARING AS A MEANS TO ESTABLISH A
LONG TERM COOPERATIVE RESEARCH RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DISAGGREGATED LOW R&D INVESTMENT INDUSTRIES AND
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS.
THE EXPERT\IENT IS CURRENTLY CONCLUDING ITS THIRD
YEAR OF OPERATION AND INVOLVES THE POLYMER PROCESSING,
FURNITURE, AND ELECTRIC UTILITIES INDUSTRIES. AT THE
PRESENT TIME, THERE ARE 19 INDUSTRIAL PARTICIPANTS IN
THESE THREE INDUSTRIES WHO ARE COST SHARING RESEARCH
COORDINATED BY MIT (POLYMER PROCESSING),
NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY (FURNITURE), AND MITRE
CORPORATION (ELECTRIC UTILITIES).
-11-
PAGENO="0481"
477
IN SUMMARY, MR. CHAIRMAN, WE V~W THE SALALL BUSINESS
COMMUNITY AS A IMPORTANT RESOURCE OF WI-ITCH WE INTEND TO
MAKE FULL USE SINCE IT IS NOT ONLY A CREATIVE PERFORMER
OF RESEARCH AND A VALUABLE SOURCE OF INNOVATION IN
HELPING TO SOLVE NATIONAL PROBLEMS, BUT ALSO, SINCE IT IS
A CONSUMER OF THE RESEARCIl RESULTS TI-TAT WE HELP TO
PRODUCE.
I ASSURE YOU THAT WE WILL CONTINUE TO WORK AS
PARTNERS WITI-I THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND
THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY TO FIND MORE EFFECTIVE
WAYS TO USE FULLY THE CREATIVE POTENTLAL OF SMALL R&D
AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS TO HELP IMPLEMENT RANN
PROGRAMS AND MEET NATIONAL NEEDS.
THIS CONCLUDES MY TESTIMONY, AND I WILL BE HAPPY TO
ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS THE COMMITTEE MAY WISH TO ASK.
-12-
72-434 0- 76 - 31
PAGENO="0482"
478
Senator HATHAWAY. Dr. Eggers, the chart you gave me indicates
you have increased the small business share from a low of .7 percent
up to 5.2 percent in 1975. That is still pretty low.
Do you have any goals in mind as to what the percentage ought
to be?
Dr. EGGERS. We are learning by doing, Mr. Chairman. By law, we
must spend 7.5 percent of our funds with small business in fiscal year
1976. As I indicated in my testimony, we are meeting that require-
ment. We expect that to increase to upward of 10 percent in fiscal
year 1977.
I would like to see the number go as high as it should properly go
within the framework of research that we are responsible for sup-
porting and the proper teaming of capabilities between small busi-
ness, large business, and universities.
We find, Mr. Chairman, that there are immensely attractive oppor-
~unities to putting together these teams.
Let me give you a specific example to show what these advantages
are. We have supported major research in the area of tunneling. The
key thrust is what can we do bringing in new technology to bear to
increase the rate of boring through hard rock. The biggest single
problem is the cost of such tunneling. At the present time, we have
a magnificent example in Washington called Metro.
We teamed the Colorado School of Mines and the university re-
searchers there with the Robbins Co., the largest manufacturing com-
pany in the United States for large boring machines-although by
standards of large companies, I do not think you would call it a large
company-and added a small business called Flow Research located
in Seattle, Wash
The basic research on the effects of these water jets, crucial to
combined mechanical cutters to get increased boring rates, came out
of the Colorado School of Mines and other research at UCLA and
other places. The development of new technologies to couple those
high pressure water jets with the big mechanical cutters came out of
Flow Research, the small company in Seattle, Wash. The large boring
machine-7 feet in diameter-was provided by the Robbins Co. to
carry out what we call proof-of-concept experiments. It was a pooling
of all of these resources that allowed us to carry out these large
experiments.
We see many examples where that kind of pooling capability is
tremendously attractive. We encourage all of the performers in our
program-the big industries, universities, small industries-to look
for opportunities to team up with somebody else who has additional
capabilities so all can move ahead most effectively.
That does not mean we do not fund any one of these institutions
solely for research, including, of course, small business. The teaming
is a very important part of our policy, Mr. Chairman.
Senator HATHAWAY. Mr. Wetmore?
Mr. WETM0RE. May I add a comment?
It is important to the percent number you heard. We are talking
research. The numbers you heard up to this point are research and
development. One of the things we will be doing in working with the
Office of Federal Procurement Policy will be with all of the other
PAGENO="0483"
479
agencies like DOD, ERDA and so on, to see how the research number
compares with the development number. We do not do development.
Our numbers are not really comparative in the sense you heard
earlier this morning. We are a research organization, so we are talk-
ing research compared to development. That concept is important;
those numbers will come up very shortly.
Senator HATHAWAY. Fine.
Let me ask you one last question.
Dr. Cardin, the president of the American Association of Small
Research Companies told the committee last week that the entire
field of making Government-generated technology available to small
firms is a hodgepodge, inadequate in depth and total coverage, and
Dr. Cardin suggested that a new organization be created for B. & D.
information to be disseminated in a most useful form to all potential
users.
Do you agree with that
Dr. EGGERS. I am not sure, Mr. Chairman. I think that that is only
a part of the problem.
The witness before myself, Admiral Woodfin, from NASA, made
a very fundamental and important observation in terms of the chal-
lenge facing us to provide information effectively to small business.
He pointed out one of the problems, that they would hand out these
big stacks of things and scare small business off.
Senator HATHAWAY. I am not talking about the bidding procedure.
I am talking about the data you get, this new method of drilling
through hard rock. How is that disseminated to businesses through-
out the country so they can use that information?
Dr. EGGERS. Mr. Chairman, the answer is to have a communication
capability that can identify on the one hand, because it has the
specific information on interests of various users of that information.
This, by the way, is exactly the way we are proceeding. What are the
interests of the users? Pin that down specifically, as it matches up
to the information coming out of research, get that information out
on a selective basis to those users. If we do not have that key element
of selectivity in it, I fear that we will err on the side that we have
so often erred on. We send out masses of information, and the key
information that a given user can use is buried in such masses. He
never finds the key information.
We have to get this selectivity. In my opinion, this requires a much
better understanding of the key interest of specific individuals, small
companies, and get a matchup between their interests and the outputs
of the research.
One of the ways of obtaining that matchup is to involve the users
in the most effective possible way in the research activities as they are
developed, really up to and including the point of their having a
voice, at least from an advisory point of view, in terms of how the
research is going to proceed.
We have adopted that in the RANN program. We have project
advisory groups that include the user community in a very maj or
way, and these groups are participants in the research effort in terms
of exercising regular oversight review of it throughout the course
of the activity.
PAGENO="0484"
480
I must say this is to some significant degree a new bailgame in
this country. In earlier clays, as you well know, there was a tendency
for the research efforts to go forward guided largely, or at least pri-
marily, by the views of the researcher as to how they ought to pro-
ceecl. When the results came out s-ou looked for the matchup of the
u~er~ community. Providing these t.ieups of the research and user
community from the outside, puts stress on both communities. But
we feel this is essential, and this is how we achieve that perception
of output of research results and the specific needs, of user needs.
Senator HATHAWAY. Is this information made available to SBA?
You said if a business is not doing well, it goes to SBA. Maybe
one of the reasons they are not doing well is they are not usmg the
latest teclmology.
Would SBA be in a position where they would know what the
latest teclmology was?
Dr. EGGERS. We are working very closely with SBA and have been
for au extended period of time reviewing our entire program with
them and tying them in with our document center, the element of
our program which is the focal point of dissemination, of specific
information to specific users.
We are getting much better visibility oii the small business coin-
munity now as a result of that.
Senator HA'rHAwxr. How do you do it? Does the District office
know just what is available if somebody comes in?
Dr. EGGERS. That is the direction we are moving in. Our principal
efforts at the present time are with the SBA Washington headquar-
ters. and we have had some participation from regional headquarters,
regional offices of SBA. We. are strengthening that activity in the
Westermi part of the United States, region 9 and region 10. 1 think
we have a good way to go there yet to get the specific coupling be-
tween output of research and user requirement in a one or another
specific small business.
Senator HATHAWAY. Thank you very much.
Dr. EGGERS. Yes. sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. Our final witness this morning is Mr. Farwell
Smith. Director of the Office of Industry, State and Local Relations,
Energy Research and Development Administration.
STATEMENT OF FARWELL SMITH, DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF INDUS-
TRY, STATE AND LOCAL RELATIONS, U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY
ROBERT OLDER, ACTING DIRECTOR OF PROCUREMENT, U.S.
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
Mr. SMITH. I would like to summarize briefly Dr. Seaman's state-
ment of last fall when lie said, "It is important that we. give serious,
needed atteiitioii to an effective small business program. To neglect
our small business community is to deny our agency the use of a
valuable resource for accomplishment *of this mission."
To specifically answer the questions we. were asked by your com-
mittee, ER.DA has two work projects with the OFPP. We have two
representatives on a panel charged with developing ways to insure
PAGENO="0485"
481
optimum utilization of the Nation's small business high technology
ZR. & D. capability. We also have agreed to participate with other
Federal agencies in a test to determine the feasibility of requiring
a minimum percentage of small busmess subcontractors.
We have cooperative efforts with the SBA. We are working closely
with them to involve small business, particularly small ZR. & ID. con-
cerns. We worked out a memorandum of understandmg that was
previously mentioned which will be signed shortly. We also have
joint efforts with the SBA to provide a directory of small ZR. & ID.
companies showing the areas of special competence of each. This is
critical for us in order to get at the small business companies to
better understand their specific capabilities and involve them in our
own efforts.
We plan to jointly sponsor conferences in the future, particularly
to enhance technology transfer. ERDA and SBA are considering
ways to help the new American Associatioii of Small Research Corn-
paiiies become an effective spokesman for the small, technical R. & D.
business community.
EIRDA has done a number of things on its own to increase the
number of contracts awarded to small firms for ZR. & D. develop-
ment. We have small busiiiess coordinators whose job it is to promote
small business interests established in each EIRDA field office. We
have contacted small business trade associations and offered assistance
to introduce them to appropriate ERDA personnel.
Last fall, we began planning a conference that subsequently was
held in Washington last March. This conference was entitled "Oppor-
tunities at ERDA for Small ZR. & D. Companies." It was attended
by over 600 ZR. & D. companies from all over the United States.
At the conclusion of that conference, we solicited documented case
histories of difficulties any of the companies had in dealing with
ERDA. These are being put together for us to act on.
In fulfillment of section 14 of the Non-Nuclear Energy Research
and Development Act of 1974 relating to energy-related inventions,
last June we started an inventor's program, to handle the commer-
cialization of iiiventions presented to ERDA by the National Bureau
of Standards as being technically feasible and worthy of further
support.
In technology transfer, EZRDA employs a variety of mechanisms
to assure the new knowledge from its ZR. & ID. programs reaches
potential users and implementers of this technology. Notice of the
availability of technical information and assistance flows through
trade journals, technical journals, newsletters, factual sheets, et cetera.
Special technology utilization and information dissemination pro-
grams have been established in the conservation and solar energy
program areas of ERDA. A major emphasis has been placed on
building active person-to-person relationships with trade associations.
We have an active program to promote the spinoff of EZRDA
developed technologies, and a major beneficiary of this program has
been the small business community. We have established technology
utilization agents at the major ERDA multiprogram laboratories to
implement this program.
PAGENO="0486"
482
Other ERDA actions of particular interest, in order to respond
and really put focus on the variety of subjects that I mentioned, we
are in the process of creating a new office to concentrate on the needs
of small business concerns. This office will serve as a focal point and
a general link to small business. This will be a staff office, compli-
menting the ongoing operational responsibilities of ERDA's procure-
ment office and offices outside of the procurement area, with special
drive and muscle toward putting together the total small business
efforts.
Senator HATHAWAY. How long will it take to set this up?
Mr. SMITH. There is a memorandum before the Administrator
now. We would hope that the procedure for setting it up would be
set up right now. We are trying to hire somebody from the outside
flow in the small business community to head up this office.
It is underway, presumably once it is cleared, we will be looking
for somebody.
Our patent policy, which we have reviewed and changed since
the formation of ERDA, we think is the most beneficial patent policy
in terms of small business of any agency.
It is aimed, for example, in helping small inventors through the
waiver of patent rights. Part of the problem small inventors have
had, and small businesses feel when they come to an agency such as
ours, is their loss of patent rights. ERDA has a system to let them
keep their patent rights, with specific preference for small business.
We are trying to get the word around that any small business can
talk to our counsel and work out arrangements to keep, under certain
circumstances, his patent rights.
In conclusion, ERDA is looking to small businesses for help in
solving the country's energy problems. We think they are critical to
the performance of our function. WTe are convinced that the small
business programs need to be augmented and we are making maxi-
mum use of innovative talents residing in the small business com-
munity and with individual inventors.
This is our objective.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Smith follows:]
PAGENO="0487"
483
STATEMENT BY MR. FARWELL SMITH
DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF INDUSTRY, STATE AND LOCAL RELATIONS
U.S. ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
BEFORE THE
SENATE SUBCOMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT
SELECT COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS
APRIL 7, 1976
MR. CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE:
I WISH TO THANK THE COMMITTEE FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO TESTIFY ON
THE EFFORTS THAT ERDA IS MAKING, IN COOPERATION WITH THE OFFICE OF
FEDERAL PROCUREMENT POLICY AND THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, TO:
1. INCREASE THE NUMBER OF CONTRACTS AWARDED TO SMALL FIRMS FOR
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; AND
2. MAKE NEW KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT-FINANCED
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AVAILABLE TO ~4ALL R&D AND
MANUFACTURING FIRMS.
FIRST, WE ATTACH GREAT IMPORTANCE TO SMALL BUSINESS PARTICIPATION
IN ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. EBDA' S ADMINISTRATOR, DR. ROBERT C.
SEAMANS, JR., USED THE FOLLOWING WORDS TO TELL ERDA MANAGEMENT OF HIS
PERSONAL COMMITMENT: "... DURING THE FORMATIVE PERIOD OF OUR AGENCY
IT IS IMPORTANT THAT WE GIVE SERIOUS AND CONTINUED ATTENTION TO AN
EFFECTIVE SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM. I AM CONVINCED THAT TO NEGLECT OUR
BUSINESS COMMUNITY IS TO DENT OUR AGENCY THE USE OF A VALUABLE RESOURCE
FOR ACCOMPLISHMENT OF ITS MISSION. .
SECOND, IN RESPONSE TO THE SPECIFIC TOPICS IN SENATOR HATHAWAY'S
LETTER, I WILL DESCRIBE OUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OFPP AND SBA.
PAGENO="0488"
484
ERDA, ALONG WITH OTHER AGENCIES, IS ENTERING INTO TWO WORK PROJECTS
WITH OFFP. WE HAVE NAMED TWO REPRESENTATIVES TO A PANEL CHARGED WITH
DEVELOPING WAYS TO INSURE OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE NATIONS SMALL BUSINESS
HIGH TECHNOLOGY R&D CAPABILITY. TWO NEETINGS HAVE BEEN HELD THUS FAR.
WE ALSO HAVE AGREED TO PARTICIPATE WITH OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES IN
A TEST TO DETERMINE THE FEASIBILITY OF REQUIRING, IN SELECTED PRIME
CONTRACTS, A MINIMUM PERCENTAGE OF SMALL BUSINESS SUBCONTRACTING.
ERDA REPRESENTATIVES NET LAST WEEK WITH PERSONNEL FROM OFPP AND SBA TO
ETELORE TEE RAMIFICATIONS OF THE TEST WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THE ERDA
PROGRAMS. WE HAVE AGREED TO PRESENT A SPECIFIC TEST PLAN TO OFPP BY
NAY OF THIS YEAR AND THE RESULTS OF THE TEST BY MARCH 1977.
AS FOR COOPERATIVE EFFORTS WITH SBA, WE ABE WORKING CLOSELY WITH
SBA TO INVOLVE SMALL BUSINESS, PARTICULARLY SMALL TECHNICAL/R&D CONCERNS,
IN ERDA PROGRAMS. WE HAVE WORKED OUT A MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
WHICH IS HEADY FOR SIGNATURE BY THE ADMINISTRATORS OF BOTH AGENCIES.
AMONG OTHER THINGS, THE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING PROVIDES FOR
FORMATION OF A TASK FORCE WHICH TILL IDENTIFY AND COORDINATE JOINT
EFFORTS ON SPECIFIC PROJECTS.
JOINT EFFORTS AlSO HAVE BEEN INITIATED TO DEVELOP A DIRECTORY OF
SMALL R&D COMPANIES AND THE AREAS OF SPECIAL COMPETENCE OF EACH~ WE
HAVE GREAT HOPES FOR THIS PROJECT.
WE PLAN TO JOINTLY SPONSOR CONFERENCES IN THE FUTURE, PARTICULARLY
TO ENHANCE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. IN ADDITION, ERDA AND SBA ARE CONSIDERING
WAYS TO HELP THE NEW AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES
BECOME AN EFFECTIVE SPOKESMAN FOR TEE SMALL TECHNICAL/R&D BUSINESS
CCYMUNITY.
-2--
PAGENO="0489"
485
ANOTHER SPECIFIC RESULT OF JOINT ERDA/SBA EFFORTS RELATES TO
OUR GEOTHERMAL LOAN GUARANTEE PROGRAM. WE PUBLISHED PROPOSED
REGULATIONS TO GOVERN THIS NEW PROGRAM LAST FALL. AFTER CONSIDERABLE
DISCUSSION WITH SBA, WE ABE CONSIDERING AMENDING THE REGULATIONS AS
THEY ABE ISSUED IN FINAL FORM TO INCLUDE IN EFFECT A 10% SET-ASIDE
FOR SMALL BUSINESS. WE ABE WORKING WITH SBA TO DETERMINE APPROPRIATE
SIZE STANDARDS FOR THIS INDUSTRY.
ERDA ACTIONS
EBDA HAS DONE SEVERAL OTHER THINGS TO INCREASE ThE NUMBER OF*
CONTRACTS AWARDED TO SMALL FIRMS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND TO
MAKE NEW KNOWLEDGE RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT-FINANCED RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT AVAILABLE TO SMALL R&D AND MANUFACTURING FIRMS.
SMALL BUSINESS COORDINATORS, WHOSE JOB IS TO PROMOTE SMALL
BUSINESS INTERESTS, HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN EVERY ERDA FIELD OFFICE.
PROGRAM AND PROCUREMENT PERSONNEL HAVE BEEN TOLD TO USE SET-ASIDES
FOR SMALL BUSINESS WHERE PRACTICABLE AND POSSIBLE, AND WE MONITOR
THIS CLOSELY. ERDA SMALL BUSINESS COORDINATORS HAVE BEEN TOLD TO
BECOME HIGHLY VISIBLE TO SMALL BUSINESS IN THEIR AREAS AND TO ASSIST
IN THEIR MARKETING EFFORT. WE HAVE CONTACTED SMALL BUSINESS TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS AND OFFERED ASSISTANCE IN INTEODUCING THEM TO THE
APPROPRIATE ERDA PROGRAM PERSONNEL. FINALLY, WE CONSTANTLY ABE
SEEKING OPPORTUNITIES TO MEET WITH AND COUNSEL SMALL BUSINESSMEN
THROUGH SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES.
-3--
PAGENO="0490"
486
IN OCTOBER 1975, WE NAMED A SMALL BUSINESS ADVISORY TASK FORCE
TO ASSIST IN ESTABLISHING, AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, IN MAINTAINING AN
EFFECTIVE AND AGGRESSIVE SMALL AND MINORITY BUSINESS PROGRAM.
IN EARLY OCTOBER 1975, WE BEGAN PLANNING FOR A CONFERENCE THAT
SUBSEQUENTLY WAS HELD IN WASHINGTON ON MARCH 24 AND 25, 1976. THIS
CONFERENCE WAS ENTITLED OPPORTUNITIES AT ERDA FOR SMALL R&D COMPANIES."
AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONFERENCE, WE SOLICITED DOCUMENTED
CASE HISTORIES OF DIFFICULTIES THAT ANY OF THE COMPANIES HAD IN
DEALING WITH ERDA. THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH
COMPANIES, WHICH HELPED US RUN THE CONFERENCE, IS COLLECTING THESE
CASES AND WILL DISCUSS THEM WITH ERDA PERSONNEL BEFORE FORMULATING
RECO~4ENDATIONS AS TO ERDA CONTRACTING PROCEDURES. WE WILL TRY TO
RESPOND TO THESE RECO~'2~iENDATIONS WITHIN 180 DAYS.
IN FULFILLMENT OF SECTION 14 OF THE NONNUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH
AND DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1974 RELATING TO ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS,
ERDA IN JUNE 1975 ESTABLISHED AN INVENTIONS PROGRAM, AS DESCRIBED
IN THE ATTACHED FLOW CHART, TO HANDLE THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF
INVENTIONS THAT WOULD BE RECOMMENDED/ENDORSED TO ERDA BY THE NATIONAL
BUREAU OF STANDARDS AS BEING TECHNICALLY FEASIBLE AND WORTHY OF
CONSIDERATION FOR FURTHER SUPPORT.
IN THE AREA OF UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS, A TOPIC OF CRITICAL
INTEREST TO THE SMALL R&D FIRM, WE HAVE DEVELOPED AN AUTOMATED SYSTEM
FOR TRACKING AND CONTROLLING ALL UNSOLICITED PROPOSALS SENT TO ERDA.
THROUGH THIS SYSTEM, WE WILL BE ABLE TO PROVIDE OBJECTIVE AND TIMELY
RESPONSE TO THE SUBMITTER.
-4-
PAGENO="0491"
487
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
ERDA EMPLOYS A VARIETY OF MECHANISMS TO ASSURE THAT NEW KNOWLEDGE
FROM ITS RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS REACHES
POTENTIAL USERS AND IMPLEMENTERS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY. TYPICALLY,
NOTICE OF THE AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE
FLOWS THROUGH TRADE JOURNALS, TECHNICAL JOURNALS, NEWSLETTERS,
FACTSHEETS, RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS, ABSTRACT SERVICES, BUSINESS
MAGAZINES AND FEDERAL PUBLICATIONS.
TO INSURE THAT SMALL R&D COMPANIES RECEIVE SUCH INFORMATION,
WE ARE WORKING WITH SBA TO PROVIDE MONETARY SUPPORT TO THE NEWSLETTER
OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SMALL RESEARCH COMPANIES (AASRC).
THE MONEY WOULD BE USED TO INCLUDE A SECTION ON ERDA-DEVELOPED
TECHNOLOGY IN THAT PUBLICATION.
ERDA IS ALSO WORKING WITH THE OFFICE OF MINORITY BUSINESS
ENTERPRISES (0MPH) TO FOSTER INTERACTION WITH MINORITY-OWNED COMPANIES.
WE HAVE GIVEN SPECIAL ATTENTION TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND COMMERCIALIZATION.
PRESENTLY, WE (AND OMBE AND SBA) ABE ALL ADVISING MINORITY PARTICIPANTS
ON PROCEDURES, TECHNIQUES AND AVAILABLE FEDERAL AND PRIVATE AID
AVAILABLE TO PURCHASE CONTROL OF ONGOING SMALL TECHNICAL R&D FIRMS.
RESEARCH REPORTS, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION
ARE GENERALLY AVAILABLE THROUGH ERDA' S TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER
AT OAK RIDGE, TERNESSEE, AND THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE.
IN COOPERATION WITH TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL GROUPS,
-5-
PAGENO="0492"
488
WE SPONSOR NATIONWIDE TOPICAL CONFERENCES, SYMEOSIA, WORKSHOPS,
AND EXHIBITS BELATED TO ERDA'S BAD PROGRAMS, GIVING SMALL BUSINESS
THE OPPORTUNITY TO LEARN OF AND INTERACT WITH THE SOURCE OF TEE NEW
TECHNOLOGY AT MINIMAL EXPENSE.
SPECIAL TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION AND INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED IN THE CONSERVATION AND SOLAR ENERGY
PROGRAM AREAS. A MAJOR EMPHASIS HAS BEEN PLACED ON BUILDING ACTIVE
PERSON-TO-PERSON RELATIONSHIPS. IN THE AREA OF SOLAR HEATING AND
COOLING, FOR EXAMPLE, WE ABE ESTABLISHING CLOSE WORKING RELATIONSHIPS
WITH VARIOUS TRADE ASSOCIATIONS SUCH AS THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
ARCHITECTS, THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND
AIRCONDITIONING ENGINEERS, THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS,
AND THE SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION. ALL THESE ORGANIZATIONS
ARE PREDOMINANTLY SMALL BUSINESS ORIENTED.
IN CONSERVATION, SERIOUS STUDY IS BEING GIVEN TO THE FEASIBILITY
OF ESTABLISHING ENERGY CONSERVATION INFORMATION CENTERS WHICH COULD
READILY INTERACT WITH LOCAL SMALL BUSINESSES.
FURTHERMORE, ERDA IS CURRENTLY INVESTIGATING THE DESIRABILITY OF
ESTABLISHING REGIONAL ENERGY CENTERS, IN COOPERATION WITH OTHER
EXISTING REGIONAL FEDERAL OFFICES. SUCH CENTERS, WREN COUPLED TO
THE TECHNOLOGY BASE OF ERDA' S LABORATORIES AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE
STRUCTURE OF ERDA' S FIELD OFFICES THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, COULD
FURTHER SERVE TO EXPEDITE THE FLOW OF TECHNOLOGICAL DATA TO INDUSTRY,
BOTH LARGE AND SMALL.
-6--
PAGENO="0493"
489
IN THIS SANE VEIN, ERDA'S OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS IS CONDUCTING
AN ACTIVE PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAM THROUGH PRESS RELEASES, EXHIBITS,
WORKSHOPS, AND THE PUBLICATION OF TOPICAL BOOKLETS AND BROCHURES.
THESE LATTER PUBLICATIONS RECEIVE WIDE DISTRIBUTION AND ARE BROADLY
AVAILABLE TO REACH BELOW THE INDUSTRY LEVEL TO THE PUBLIC AT LARGE.
WE HAVE AN ACTIVE PROGRAM TO PROMOTE TIlE SPINOFF OF ERDA-DEVELOPED
TECHNOLOGIES AND A MAJOR BENEFICIARY OF THIS PROGRAM HAS BEEN THE SMALL
BUSINESS COMMUNITY. WE HAVE ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION
AGENTS AT THE MAJOR ERDA MTJLTIPROGRAM LABORATORIES. THIS STAFFING
HAS ENABLED POTENTIAL USERS TO CONTACT KNOWLEDGEABLE INDIVIDUALS
FAMILIAR WITH THE ACTIVITIES OF THE LABORATORIES. IN PARTICULAR,
THESE AGENTS ACTIVELY COOPERATE WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION'S
TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION OFFICERS IN THE FIELD IN ORDER TO MAKE THE
RESOURCES OF THE ERDA LABORATORIES MORE READILY AVAILABLE TO THEIR
SMALL BUSINESS CONSTITUENCY.
THESE ACTIVITIES ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ACTIONS THAT ERDA
HAS TAKEN, IS TAKING, AND IS EXAMINING FOR FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION,
IN RESPONSE TO THE NEED TO INSURE THAT THE OUTPUT OF ITS R&D PROGRAMS
IS IMPLEMENTED. SIMILAR INITIATIVES ARE BEING PURSUED ACROSS MOST
OF ERDA' S PROGRAM AREAS AND WE WILL CONTINUE TO INVESTIGATE NEW CHANNELS
OF COMMUNICATION.
IN OUR PROGRAM ACTIVITIES, SOLAR AND CONSERVATION REPRESENT THE
MAJOR SOURCE OF CONTACT WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS COMMUNITY.
-7-
PAGENO="0494"
4gn
SOLAR PROGRAMS
IN NOVEMBER 1975, ERDA ISSUED PROGRAM OPPORTUNITY NOTICE DSE-75-2
(poN) AS PART OF THE ERDA NONRESIDENTIAL SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING
DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM. THIS PON PROMISED THAT, TO THE EXTENT FEASIBLE,
AWARDS WOULD BE MADE CONSISTENT WITH THE FOLLOWING ORDER OF PRIORITY:
(i) AT LEAST 50% OF THE AWARDS SHALL BE MADE TO TEAMS
OFFERING A) SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM SUPPLIED BY SMALL
BUSINESS CONCERNS, AND B) OTHER SUBSTANTIAL SMALL
BUSINESS PARTICIPATION;
(2) IF PRIORITY (1) AWARDS CANNOT BE COMPLETELY ACHIEVED,
THE REMAINING PORTION OF THE `AT LEAST 50%' OBJECTIVE
SHALL BE ACCOMPLISHED BY AWARDS TO TEAMS OFFERING SOLAR
ENERGY SYSTEMS SUPPLIED BY SMALL BUSINESS CONCERNS:
(3) IF PRIORITY (2) AWARDS CANNOT BE COMPLETELY ACHIEVED, THE
REMAINING PORTION OF THE `AT LEAST 50% OBJECTIVE SHALL
BE ACCOMPLISHED BY AWARDS TO ~TEAMS OTHERWISE PROPOSING
SUBSTANTIAL SMALL BUSINESS PARTICIPATION.
THE PROPOSALS SUBMITTED PURSUANT TO THIS PON HAVE BERN EVALUATED.
WHEN THE RESULTS OF THESE EVALUATIONS ARE AVAILABLE, INCLUDING THE
EXTENT TO WHICH THE SMALL BUSINESS PRIORITIES SET FORTH ABOVE HAVE
BEEN ACHIEVED, I WILL PROVIDE YOU WITH THE DETAILS.
CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
WITHIN A MONTH , A PON RELATING TO HEAT RECUPERATORS WILL GO OUT
COVERING THE INDUSTRIAL FIELDS OF GLASS, CERENT MANUFACTURE, ALUMINUM
REMELT, STEEL B.EMELT, SOAKING PITS AND PAINT FINISHING.
BECAUSE A SINGLE SMALL BUSINESS MAY NOT POSSESS THE TOTAL
ANALYTICAL DESIGN AND FABRICATION CAPABILITY AND THE NECESSARY
FACILITIES FOR CONDUCTING SUCH COMMERCIAL DEMONSTRATIONS, BUSINESSES
-8-
PAGENO="0495"
491
ARE ENCOURAGED TO FORM JOINT VENTURES WITH CTHER SMALL BUSINESSES
OR WITH LARGER BUSINESSES, TO CREATE THE CORPORATE ENTITY THAT CAN
GET THE JOB DONE.
AS AN EXAMPLE, THE $75,000 LIGHTING SURGE TEST PROGRAM HAS BEEN
SET TOTALLY ASIDE FOR SMALL BUSINESS PROCUREMENT. IT IS IMPORTANT
TO NOTE THAT IN THE CONSERVATION AREA, THE AVERAGE CONTRACT IS $150,000,
WELL WITHIN THE REACH OF SMALL BUSINESS.
AS AN ADDITIONAL HELP TO SMALL R&D BUSINESS, THE CONSERVATION
PROGRAM OFFICE HAS HELD WORESHOPS AND CONFERENCES ON TRANSPORTATION,
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE, UNDERGROUND COMPRESSED AIR STORAGE AND
HYDROGEN.
OTHER EBDA ACTIONS
IN ORDER TO RESPOND TO THE NEEDS OF ERDA AND THE SMALL BUSINESS
COMMUNITY, WE ARE IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING A NEW OFFICE TO CONCENTRATE
ON THE NEEDS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN AND THE INDIVIDUAL INVENTOR.
THIS OFFICE WOULD SERVE AS A FOCAL POINT AND A GENERAL LINE WITH SMALL
BUSINESS AND THE INDIVIDUAL INVENTOR. THIS WOULD BE A STAFF OFFICE,
COMPLEMENTING THE ONGOING OPERATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF ERDAS
PROCUREMENT OFFICES.
ULTIMATE SUCCESS OF THE SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAM, ONCE WE HAVE MADE
OUR PROCUR~~NT NEEDS KNOWN TO SMALL BUSt NESSES, WILL EPEND ON OUR
ABILITY TO KEEP THE PROCUREMENT PROCESS AS SIMPLE AND SHORT AS POSSIBLE.
-9-
PAGENO="0496"
492
WHEN ERDA WAS ESTABLISHED, WE REALIZED THAT SMALL BUSINESS HAD A
VERY PEAL ROLE TO PLAY IN TEE RATION S ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPRENT
AND DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS. OBVIOUSLY, SORE PARTS OF SORE OF OUR
PROGRAMS ARE CF SUCH MAGNITUDE THAT ONLY RELATIVELY SIZEABLE CONEANIES
CAN PARTICIPATE AT TEE BREVE CONTRACT LEVEL. HOWEVER, THROUGH
INNOVATIVE VECHANISMS LIKE PROGRAM OPPORTUNITY NOTICES (P0N' s) A~m
PROGRAM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPRENT ANNOUNC~ENTS (PRDA s), WE APE
SEEKING TO DEFINE AREAS OF ERDA INTEREST, RATHER THAN PRECONCEIVED
CONCLUSIONS, SO AS TO ENCOUB~GE FIFES OF ALL SIZES TO PROPOSE TO
US HOW REST TO PROCEED.
WE ARE STUDYING OUR EXPERIENCES WITH PON' S AND PRDA' S TO MAKE
SURE THESE NEW TECHNIQUES PROVIDE POSITIVE INCENTIVES TO SMALL
BUSINESS PARTICIPATION.
PATENT POLICY
THE PATENTS AND DATA RESULTING FROM GOVERNMENT-FINANCED R&D
ARE GENERALLY AVAILABLE TO ALL MANUFACTURING FIFES -- LARGE AND SMALL
ON A NONDISCRIMINATORY BASIS. OUR PATENT POLICY IS ONE MECHANISM
WHICH ACTS AS AN INCENTIVE TO PROMOTE AXIMUE PARTICIPATION BY THE
ENTIRE PRIVATE. SECTOR. THIS POLICE IS THE MOST DETAILED, COMEPENECSIVE
POLICY EVER LEGISLATED BY CONGRESS FFQTIRNS TITLF TO INI NTION S
RIGHTS TO BE TESTED IN ERDA WHILE FTTFN~"G THE ATTTHOL TX TO WAITE
THIS REQUIREMENT. CONSISTENT TETH STAELPSFTL GCTEF:NL~ ET-WITE RENEGE,
ERDAOWNFD INVENTIONS APE INITIALLY ~VIJii_PEJ YE ALL TEIPEETTS__EFkLL
AND LARGE -- ON A NONEXCLNSTTE RDT~i T~ FREE BASIS. N
-10-
PAGENO="0497"
493
PATENT LICENSING REGULATIONS DO PROVIDE THAT, IN THE EVENT AN
EXCLUSIVE LICENSE IS DEEMED NECESSARY TO SECURE UTILIZATION OR
CONNERCIALIZATION OF AN INVENTION, SMALL BUSINESS IS GIVEN
PREFERENTIAL CONSIDERATION.
IN REGARD TO THE WAIVER OF INVENTION RIGHTS, THE FEDERAL
NONNUCLEAR ACT DIRECTS THAT SPECIAL CONSIDERATION BE GIVEN TO SMALL
BUSINESS IN THE EVERCISE OF THIS WAIVER AUTHORITY. THUS, SMALL
BUSINESSES MAY BE GIVEN PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT OVER LARGE ONES WHEN
IT IS DETERMINED TO GRANT A CONTRACTOR PRINCIPLE INVENTION RIGHTS.
THIS CONSIDERATION HAS BEEN ALSO INCORPORATED IN EBDA PATENT REGULATIONS
AND APPLIES TO ALL ERDA CONTRACTS -- NUCLEAR AND NONNUCLEAR. AS A
SPECIFIC EXAMPLE, I REFER TO OUR RECENT REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND
CONGRESS, ERDA 76-16, WHICH ILLUSTRATES ONE CASE WHERE A WAIVER
WAS GRANTED TO A CONTRACTOR IN PART BECAUSE OF HIS SMALL BUSINESS
STATUS. DATA DELIVERED UNDER ALL ERDA CONTRACTS IS AVAILABLE TO ALL
BUSINESS ON A NONDISCRIMINATORY BASIS.
IN CONCLUSION, WE LOOK TO SMALL BUSINESS FOR HELP IN SOLVING THIS
COUNTRY.' S ENERGY PROBLEMS. WE ARE CONVINCE~) THAT TRADITIONAL SMALL
BUSINESS PROGRAMS NEED TO BE AUGMENTED IF WE ARE TO MAKE MAXIMUM USE
OF THE INNOVATIVE TALENTS RESIDING IN SMALL BUSINESSES AND WTTH
INDIVIDUAL INVENTORS.
MR. CHAIRMAN, THIS COMPLETES N~ PRKT APED STATEMEN~ I WOULD PD
PLEASED TO RESPOND TO ANY QUESTION ~iDE CCMPITTEK NAY RULE.
-11-
72-434 0 - 76 - 32
PAGENO="0498"
ENERGY RESEARCH E~ DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATiON (ERDA)
&THE
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS (NBS)
ENERGY~RELATED INDEPENDENT INVENTOR ft SMALL REiD BUSINESS PROGRAM
NBS ACTIVITY
;NDEPJOOR: t1~ E;Tw IOID~i~t:IRRIJ OJ
- SOCIAL NEED I
ERDA ACTIVITY
~ ~ ~~J~JP~1NTACTS HLPRWATECONTSI3IJ~
ERDA INVENTION I -AVAILABLE TO -CAPITAL SOURCES
PROGRAM I ALL NOS -COMPATIBLE DEVELOPMENT __________________
OBJECTIVES I ENDORSED IDEAS
141 PRIVATE SECTOR
COMMERCIAliZATION I SUPPORT
OPTIONAL
OF INVENTOR RIGHTS PATH INVENTIONSNOT
(Rh SUPPORTABLE IN 4
II REFERREDYO ERDA AS TECIINICALLY VALID AND WORTHY OF I I PRIVATE SECTOR
CONSIDERATION FOR SUPPORT. I - DUE TO TECHNICAL SECOND ITERATION
21 ADMINISTERED BY ISL. I I UNCERTAINTIES PHASE
31 TORE INSTITUTED BY ADMINISTRATOR WHEN HE DETERMINES
THAT ADVERSE MARKET CONDITIONS REOUIRE IT.
LI EXCEPT CONOITIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS FROM NRS. ___________ _______________
5) FUNDED AND ADMINISTERED BY APPROPRIATE ERDA ACTIVITY. ~ F PHASE `B L NORMAL ERDA _______________
I) DOTTED LINE INDICATES OPTIONAL COURSE OF ACTION. `l INII DRVEL. PROGRAM
- R&OD SUPPORT
RICHARD K. SUTO - COMPETITIVE EVALUATION
REDA ENEBOYRELATED INVENTION PROGRAM WITH OTHER PROGRAM
ISL.NIII FLOOR OPPORTUNITIES
WASHINGTON. D.C. 2R545
12021 37B~411R
PAGENO="0499"
495
Senator HATHAWAY. In protecting patent rights, do you give ex-
clusive licenses?
Mr. SMITH. Rather than surrender patent rights which he would
normally have to do if we, in effect, finance his invention, we can
let him obtain his own rights.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you not give him exclusive rights?
Mr. SMITH. Exclusive rights.
Senator HATHAWAY. Have you given any?
Mr. SMITH. We have given one just recently. It is mentioned in
our testimony.
Senator HATHAWAY. To a small business?
Mr. SMITH. Yes.
Senator HATHAWAY. The only one?
Mr. SMITH. The only one that I know of. On the other hand, our
patent policy has been just newly completed and revised.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any idea what percentage of
dollars is being given to small business by ERDA in this field?
Mr. SMITH. On a prime contract basis, the first 6 months of fiscal
1976, the best yardstick we can go by, 13 percent of our $1.5 billion
of total procurement went either directly to small business on a prime
contract basis or through our laboratories on a contract basis.
Senator HATHAWAY. What about subcontracts?
Mr. ALLNTJTT. As Mr. Smith indicated, that does include, first, your
contracts under the ERDA laboratories. We do not have data all the
way down through the tiers. That is prime contract, first tier, under
the large contractors.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you mean that the percentage would be
greater if you knew how many subcontractors were involved?
Mr. OLDER. If you could go through the subtiers, that percentage
would get larger.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you feel that your outreach program is
sufficient to get all the small businesses involved that should be in-
volved?
Mr. SMITH. We are not sure it can ever be. The purpose of the
office that we are discussing to see if we can pull together the focus
to expand our knowledge of where the companies are. We are talking
obviously about thousands of companies. You cannot put up a sign.
You have to define where they are and really go out.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you coordinate your activities with other
agencies of the Government besides SBA?
Mr. SMITH. So far, it primarily has been SBA. We would like to
coordinate with the three other agencies that were here today that
have some relationship to what we are doing, particularly at NASA
and the Foundation.
Senator HATHAWAY. How many people in ERDA are devoting
their full time to small business procurement?
Mr. SMITH. Small business procurement must have three full-
time-
Mr. OLDER. That is in headquarters, and then there are agents
around in all the laboratories and other facilities around the country.
If you look at people who are dedicated, full-timers to procure-
ment, that would be one at each installation and one in headquarters.
I cannot count that up for you. We could submit that for the record.
PAGENO="0500"
496
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you think that is sufficient to do a good
job for small business
Mr. ALLXUTT. Let me give you a two-part answer.
Part 1, just looking at the procurement, I think that is a good
dedication of personnel. Those people who are dedicated in that way
are not the only people in the procuremeiit process workmg on small
business. Many of the responsibilities of the procurement officers and
what we call ERDA program support people, procurement people
who work with programs to identify their needs and bring them
into the procurement process, the major charge those people have
is to be alert. to greater small business participation in addition to
the job that the people dedicated full-time has.
That is not the only measure. The other part that Mr. Smith is
saying, to a great extent, unlike the Department of Defense or
NASA, for example, procurement is only one part when you deal
with small business. That. is in recognition that this office is being
set up-an agency charged, as we are, with ultimately commerciahz-
ing rather than simply buying has to look at its total relations with
the small business community: Not simply how much it is buying
from them, but what it is doing to gct them aware of the commer-
cial businesses.
Mr. SMITH. As an aside, in the implementation of our solar pro-
gram, the small businesses are critical to us. It is critical for us, if
we want to implement our program properly to utilize small busi-
nesses.
Senator HATHAWAY. In the solar program, what percentage of
dollars are awarded to small businesses?
Mr. SMITH. I do not know if we have total figures on that..
Mr. OLDER. I do not. think we have it here today. I can get it for
you. I can update Admiral Woodfin's update.
Those awards were announced earlier this week. The goal was 50
percent. WTe achieved more than 50 percent. There is quibbling going
on whether it is 75 percent or 78 percent, but it is three-quarters in
that one program.
Senator HATHAWAY. In the solar field?
Mr. OLDER. Solar heating and commercial buildings.
Senator HATHAWAY. Over 50 percent is going to small business?
Mr. OLDER. The goal is 50 percent.. We achieved considerably more
than 50 percent in 34 awards that were announced earlier this week.
That is not. the total.
Senator HATHAWAY. That seems to be an improvement over the
last time that we held hearings on this matter. Senator McIntyre
held hearings last fall.
Mr. SMITH. It is dependent. a little bit on the nature of the pro-
gram. As the solar program evolves and the demonstration aspect of
it gets more critical, small business becomes a very critical part of
the implementation of the program.
Senator HATHAWAY. Do you have any followup to these ideas that
w-e sendi to you all the time? They are funneled through my office, audI
other members of the House amid Senate get them also. There are
many people all over the country who have some goodi, andl I suppose
PAGENO="0501"
497
bad ideas, as to solar power, wind power, and a few other sources of
energy.
Are these followed up?
Mr. SMITH. Our inventor's program starts off in our office-if an
invention comes into us through our arrangement with the National
Bureau of Standards, we immediately send his inquiry over to them.
They do a detailed screening process. Ideas get through them and
come back to us for either implementation by our various program
areas or to be picked up by our own department and have a market
test given to them.
Other ideas might flow directly into the program areas if they are
in the nature of unsolicited proposals. They are in the various pro-
gram areas for action.
Senator HATHAWAY. Individuals are informed, aren't they? I have
had some complaints, 1 have never heard again from ERDA after
they send in an idea.
Mr. SMITH. The whole process takes quite a bit of time to go
through the whole testing period through the National Bureau of
Standards. ERDA is not as fast in responding as it would like to be.
It is difficult, often, when you get a letter, to properly analyze what
is in it, the invention. Some of the inventions are pretty easy to
analyze because they are perpetual motion machines. We can answer
those immediately.
When there is a fair amount of merit to an idea, it is difficult to
give any other answer than to say we are looking at it. At some point,
we ask for more information.
The program is not proceeding as fast as we would like to have it.
Senator HATHAWAY. We have run over our time.
I would appreciate it if you could answer some of the other ques-
tions that I have here in writing.
I thank you for coming here this morning.
Mr. SMITH. Thank you, sir.
Senator HATHAWAY. The. hearings will adjourn, subject to the call
of the Chair.
[Whereupon, at 12 :35 p.m. the hearings in the above-entitled matter
adjourned, to reconvene subject to the call of the Chair.]
PAGENO="0502"
APPENDIX
UNITED STATES
ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20545
Honorable William D. Hathaway
United States Senate
Dear Senator Hathaway:
~Vui~Y 1 2 1976
Enclosed are my responses to the questions submitted by you and
Senator McIntyre in relation to my testimony before the Senate
Select Committee on Small Business on April 7, 1976.
If you would care for further elaboration on any of my answers,
please let me know.
Enclosure:
As stated
Sincerely,
Farwell Smith, Director
Office of Industry, State
and Local Relations
(498)
PAGENO="0503"
499
QUESTIONS ST SENATOR HATHAWAY
1. On Page 10 of your statement you say that, through your Program
Opportunity Notices and Program Research and Development Announce-
inents, ERDA is seeking to define areas of interest, rather than
preconceived conclusions. In what way do firms respond to these
notices and announcements?
ERDA's Response:
ERDA'S purpose in issuing PRDAS and PONs is to focus proposer
attention on areas of programmatic intereNt without dictating a
specific statement of work or specification. A secondary objec-
tive is to save industry the expense of proposal preparation for
projects that do not contribute significantly toward ERDA's program
objectivesT. F1~rther these new solicitation devices encourage the
submission of a large number of valuable, innovative proposals from
which an optimum mix of projects can be selected in light of the
program goals.
Proposers should submit their proposals pursuant to each PRDA or PON
solicitation document's instructions since each solicitation has a
different purpose and emphasis.
All PRDAs and PONs are publicized prior to release to the mailing
list of the appropriate program office. Any party desiring to receive
a copy of a program office's PRDAs or PONs should routinely review
the Commerce Business Daily for synopses or request the program office
to add his name to the PRDA/PON mailing list.
PAGENO="0504"
500
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY
2. On Page 11, where you discuss ERDA's patent policy, you say that, in
the event an exclusive license is deemed necessary to secure utiliza-
tion or commercialization of an invention, small business is given
preferential, treatment.
(a) What are the specific criteria for granting an exclusive license?
(b) Has ERDA granted any exclusive licenses?
ERDA's Response:
2(a) The general ERDA policy on patent license is to grant non-exclusive
licenses. The ~criteria used to enter into an exclusive license
arrangement is that the following finding must be made:
Commercialization of the invention has not been
and is not likely to be achieved expeditiously
in the public interest under any non-exclusive
license.
ERDA bases its criteria on the ERDA Nonnuclear Ener~ Act, Public
Law 93-577 and on 10 CFR 781.30, and as refers to small business
10 CUE 781.31(e).
2(b) ERDA has granted one exclusive license (to Hercules, Inc.). There
are two exclusive licenses under negotiation (each of these, if the
negotiation is successful, will be granted to small businesses).
PAGENO="0505"
501
9UESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY
3. Do you require cost-sharing on grants and research contracts
resulting from unsolicited proposals? (If so, please cite
applicable regulations.)
ERDA's Response:
ERDA policy on cost sharing is set forth in ERDA Procurement
Regulation 9-4.5601 and reads as follows:
It is the policy of the ERDA to encourage, when
appropriate, participation by the performing
organization in the cost of research effort.
while not required of the ERDA by statute,
cost sharing is encouraged to obtain a larger
national effort in the nuclear energy field
and to recognize that the research is also
normally of benefit to the performing organi-
zation.
However, in general, cost sharing is not a requirement for ERDA
funding of unsolicited proposals for research.
PAGENO="0506"
502
~t)ESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY
4. Please furnish the Committee data on:
(a) the number of inventions that have been forwarded by ERDA
to the National Bureau of Standards;
(b) the number of those inventions on which the Bureau has
completed its evaluation;
(C) the average length of time spent by the Bureau in evaluating
an invention; and
(d) the number of inventions which the Bureau has determined to
have merit.
ERPA's Resronse:
The attached Summary of NBS Invention Reviews (Appendix I) provides
the information you requested regarding various statistics concerned
with the NBS evaluation process. Evaluations are ccnducted through
a series of progressively more intensive steps as indicated on the
attachment. Each invention is handled in the order received. The
status of the program as of March 31, 1976 is briefly stated as
follows:
Inquiries forwarded by ERDA to NBS Approx. 600
Total inquiries received by NBS 4,000
Evaluations completed by NBS 1,035
Inventions rejected to date 1,033
Inventions recommended to EBDA 2
PAGENO="0507"
503
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR HATHAWAY
ERDA's Response
4. (Continued)
You should note that the attached sunimary shows that 38 inventions
have been selected for second stage evaluation. This indicates
that they are promising inventions and possible candidates for
recommendation to ERDA. Since the chart was prepared, an addition-
al 13 inventions have been selected to receive second stage evalu-
ation.
Regarding the average length of time spent by NBS in evaluating
an invention, we have been advised by the Office of Ener~r_Related
Inventions (OERI) that as of March 30, 1976, the average time to
complete such an evaluation was twenty-mine weeks. However, OERI
projects that this response time should be reduced to sixteen weeks
by mid-May and to six and one-half weeks by September 30, 1976.
Further comment on this question is given in the attachment to the
answer to Senator McIntyre's Question 6 (See Appendix II).
PAGENO="0508"
504
QUESTIOITS BY SENATOR NC INTYRE
1. Hr. Smith, on Page two of your testimony you say that ERDA is enter-
ing into two work projects which will help to insure optimum utili-
zation of the Nation's small business high technology R&D capability.
gould you tell the Corrinittee who the two representatives from your
office are, and provide their telephone numbers and addresses for the
record?
ERDA's ResDonse:
ERDA representatives are:
(a) Hr. Norman Vinson
Small Business Advisor
Washington, D.C. 20545
Telephone No. 202-376-9057
(b) Hr. Richard K. Sutz, Chief
Office of Energy Related Inventions Program
Office of Industry, State and Local Relations
Washington, D.C. 20545
Telephone No. 202-376-4119
PAGENO="0509"
505
~STIONS BYSENATORYC INTYRE
2. On the same page, you note that ERDA has agreed to participate with
other Federal agencies in a test to determine the feasibility of re-
quiring a minimum percentage of small hisiness contracting. As you
know, S. 2845, which I introduced together with Chairman Nelsoiof
this Committee and Senator Hathaway, sets a minimum across-the-hoard
percentage of 20 percent for small business involvement. What is the
minimum percentage that ERDA is testing? Would this amount be similar
to the 20 percent across-the-board setaside that our bill specifies?
ERDA's Respqp~q:
ERDA has agreed to participate in a test under the aegis of the
Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFF?) to determine the feasibility
of including mandatory small business subcontracting requirements in
ERDA prime contracts. Whether this requirement will result in posi-
tive benefits without hindering the program or diluting the responsi-
bility of the contractor will not be known until after the test. The
number of diverse programs will make it impracticable to set a uniform
percentage for all of ERDA's participating contractors. For the test,
subcontracting for inclusion in selected prime contracts will be deter-
mined by the SB representative and program office personnel based upon
the technology involved and the susceptibility of the requirement to
small business subcontracting. We anticipated that such percentages
will differ in each case.
PAGENO="0510"
506
~JESTIONS BY SENATOR NC INTIRE
3. Continuing on Page two, you discuss the memorandum of understanding
which ERDA has developed with SBA. This memorandum of understanding
was mentioned in hearings before the Select Committee on Small
Business last October. Why has it not yet been signed?
ERDA's Resnonse:
The cooperation envisioned by the memorandum of understanding is
currently being practiced. The actual signing of the MOU will
represent the formalization of existing relationships. Given thc
many factors and problems associated with the formative period of
this agency, we determined that a working relationship for probler
solving was more important than the document formalizing such a
relationship. Thus, more effort was given to establishing the
relationship than in processing the document. However, the MOU
has been fully coordinated through both SBA and ERDA and is ready
for signature by both Administrators. Hopefully, by the time you
receive this document, the MOU wifl have been signed.
PAGENO="0511"
507
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE
4. On Page three, you note that there will be a 10 percent setaside
for small businesses in the geothermal program. Does this mean
that small business will be limited to 10 percent participation, or
that small business will receive at least 10 percent of the total
amount of the program?
ERDA' s Resj~i~:
ERDA's intent is that small business receive at least 10 percent
of the loan guarantees under this program. If we find small busi-
ness demands, interest and capabilities will support a higher
figure we are prepared to respond accordingly.
5. Further on Page three, you discuss the establishment of program
and procurement personnel for ERDA in the agency's field offices.
When will an office be established in New England and where?
ERDA's Response:
ERDA is strongly committed to a program of increased regionalization.
It has a regionalization program under intensive study at the moment.
If this program materializes, ERDA would open an Office in New England --
presumably in Boston.
PAGENO="0512"
508
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC IN~E
6. The Connittee has received information concerning the National
Bureau of Standards' Office of Ener~-Related Inventions, which
has shown that this agency has received many inventions for
evaluation, but has not yet released many for funding by ERDA.
Would you please describe the operation of the Office of Ener~--
Related Inventions, its staffing, end the problems that the
Office has encountered which has slowed up its reports of inventions
to ERDA?
ERDA's Response:
The NBS Office of Ener~r-Related Inventions (OERI) was established
pursuant to Public Law 933-577 (The Federal Nonnuclear Ener~ Research
Act of 1974) to provide ERDA with an independent and objective evalu-
ation of nonnuclear ener~-related concepts and inventions emerging
from the individual inventor end small business. OERI has a full-time
staff of 14; seven clerical and seven professional. In FT 1976, ERDA
transferred ~l.25 million to BBS to operate the evaluation program.
The evaluations conducted by OERI consist of two phases. The first
phase involves an evaluation of technical feasibility. The technical
expertise available at BBS; in addition to the OERI professional staff,
is used to the maximum extent possible during this phase.
PAGENO="0513"
509
~ESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYBE
ERDA's Response:
6. (Continued)
The second phase involves a determination of practicability and/or
commercial feasibility. For the most part, this phase is conducted
by qualified firms or individuals in the private sector under
contract to NBS.
A report on the status of the OERI program is appended herewith
(Appendix II). This report discusses the experience and activities
of OERI in the period March 31, 1975 to March 31, 1976, details
their whole evaluation process, and discusses the problems of de-
lay in completing evaluations along with their plans to alleviate
the current situation.
7. On Page 5 of your statement, you note that ERDA is funding part of
the operation of the American Association of Small Research Companies.
How much money is ERDA providing AASRC for its newsletter this year?
~TIU this money continue in the future?
RDj~A's Response:
ERDA and the SEA are working on a joint funding of a contract with the
AASRC for an amount of approximately $15,000 to purchase space in the
AABRC newsletter in which to publish abstracts of available EBDA
technology. It is also envisioned that such a contract would bring
about more frequent publication of the now quarterly newsletter and have a
longer range goal of increasing AASRC membership and therefore both
ERDA's and SBA's ability to deal more effectively with the community of
small R&D and technology-oriented firms.
72-434 0 - 76 - 33
PAGENO="0514"
510
QIJESTIONS BY SENATOR NC IN~LRE
ERDA's Response:
7. (Continued)
Because this project is still under consideration, there are no
plans as yet under discussion towards future funding.
PAGENO="0515"
511
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE
8. Continuing on Page 5, you note that ERDA is working with the
Operation of Minority Business Enterprise at Commerce arid
helping advise minority companies with SBA and OMBE. At the
hearing last year, it was suggested that ERDA may want to sub-
contract part of its technolo~- assistance program to SBA be-
cause of that agency's ability to work with small business.
Has anything happened to that suggestion? Are you subcontracting
part of your operation to SBA, or are you duplicating their efforts?
RRDAt5 Resnonse:
No action has been taken as yet to subcontract part of ERDA's
technical assistance programs to SBA. However, we are, through
our Technology Utilization Program, assisting SEA technology
utilization officers in the field in their response to technical
questions, arising from their small business constituency, which
fall within the technological base extant in the EBDA laboratory
complex.
To the best of our knowledge, ERDA is not intentionally duplicating
any of the SEA efforts. Rather, we are seeking to complement them.
PAGENO="0516"
512
~L$~TIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE
9. For the record, please list the nationwide topical conference,
symposia, workshops, and exhibits that you have sponsored to
help small business.
_ERDA's Response:
The first major national conference sponsored by EBDA especially
for small business was the "Small Business Opportunities at ERDA
Conference held in Washington, D.C., on March 24 - 25, 1976, in
cooperation with the American Association of Small Research
Companies. However, we have sponsored and/or participated in
many geographically dispersed forums which, while not necessarily
specifically targeted to smell business, have had both small
business participation and orientation. Several examples of
such meetings are:
Opportunities with ERDA Sept. 16, 1975
Brookhaven Natt 1 Lab
Long Island, N.Y.
Conference for Architects & Builders May 12, 1976
Brookhaven Nat'l Lab
Long Island, N.Y.
Technolo~ Transfer Seminar Sept. 11, 1975
Lawrence Berkeley Lab
Berkeley, California
Southwest Technolo~ Utilization Conf. April 16-17, 1975
Albuquerque, N.M.
IEEE Symposium on Ferral Electrics June 9-12, 1975
Albuquerque, N.M.
PAGENO="0517"
513
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR J~1C INTYPE
ERDA's Response:
9. (Continued)
ERDA/LLL Laser Technology Dec. 10-11, 1975
Transfer Symposium for Lawrence Livermore Lab
Commercial Suppliers of Laser Livermore, California
Sy~tems and Components
Technology Transfer Work Shop April 8-16, 1976
for Small Business Honolulu, Hawaii
Bib, Hawaii
Wailuku, Hawaii
Advanced Welding and Brazing Oct. 28-30, 1975
Chicago, Illinois
Solar Heating & Cooling Conferences Sept. 1975 - May 1976
Vermont, Long Island,
Los Angeles, Baton Rouge,
Detroit, and Albuquerque
Vertical Axis Wind May 18-20, 1976
Turbine Technology Conference Albuquerque, N.M.
Solar Total Energy Symposium July 10-11, 1975
Sandia Laboratories
Albuquerque, N.M.
The intent of my remarks before the Committee with regard to ERDA's
nationwide topical conferences, symposia, workshops, and exhibits
was to emphasize the fact that all these delivery mechanisms are
amenable to small business participation and that we view these
meetings as a viable means of giving small business the opportunity
to learn of ERDATs R&D program.
PAGENO="0518"
514
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE
10. Further on Page 6, you mention that serious study is being given
to the feasibility of establishing energy conservation information
centers which could readily interact with local small business.
Are you discussing the development of these centers with the
Commerce Department, or the Federal Energy Administration, or the
Small Business Administration? Who would run them?
ERDA's Response:
The energy conservation information center concept has been discussed
with Commerce, FEA and SBA, as well as the Department of Agriculture,
HUD, and the Community Services Administration. Each agency has re-
sponded favorably to the concept.
As currently envisioned, the information centers would be managed by
state or local government entities with ERDA maintaining an overview
of the total program.
PAGENO="0519"
515
QUESTIONS BY SENATOR MC INTYRE
U. On Page 9, you note that ERDA is establishing a Small Business
Office. Who will run this office? Where in ERDA will it be
established? The Bill, S. 2845, that Senator Hathaway and I
introduced, would mandate that ERDA establish the position of
Assistant Administrator for Small Business. Does your decision
to establish a Small Business Office mean that there is a
possibility that ERDA will unilaterally make a decision to
establish such a position?
ERDA's Response:
ERDA is in the process of establishing a Small Business Office
within the Office of Industry, State and Local Relations. it
would be headed by an Assistant Director of Small Business. We
are interviewing possible candidates from various aspects of the
small business community for this position. Staffing for the
office would be undertaken after he was hired. At the moment,
ERDA's principle focus on the small business community is in the
Office of Procurement. The new office will be a supplement to the
small business operations of our Procurement Office and deal with
policy matters in the small business area. The office would have
outreach into the small business community, particularly as relates
to identifying small business companies and small R&D companies and
faôilitate their dealing with ERDA. At the same time, the office
would develop increased responsiveness within ERDA to small business
companies.
PAGENO="0520"
APPENDIX I
INQUIRIES RECEIVED ALL NUMBERS ARE CUMULATIV~
AM INITIATION.
APPROX.
COMPLETED INITIAL AWAITING INITI
DISCLOSURES NO)
DISCLOSURE REVIEW
150 2200
DISCLOSURE REVIEW: YET RECEIVED:
1650
f~CTED IN INITIAL ENTERED FIRST STA ~ AWAITING
LUATION: EVALUAT ION:
DISCLOSURE REVIEW:
EVA
IN EVALUATION:
REJECTED ON SECOND
LTAGE EVALUATION:
SUMMARY OF NBS INVENTION REVIEW~
1~9L1t3JJJJ?~
0~
COMPLETED FIRST
STAGE EVALUATION: 229
~~325 ~
REJECTED AT FIRST CANDIDATES FOR SECOND
STAGE EVALUATION: STAGE EVALUATION:
207 0
ENTERED EVALUATION: AWAITING
19 EVALUATION:
COMPLETED EVALUATION:______________________
________ ~ RECOMMENDED TO ERDA~
COMPLETED ACT
EE 1035J
PAGENO="0521"
517
APPENDIX II
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
OFFICE OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS
Status Report March 31, 1976
A. Baclçground
Section 14 of the Federal Nonnuclear Research and Development Act
of 1974 directs the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to assist the
Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) by evaluating
promising energy-related inventions. Particular attention is to be
paid to those inventions submitted by independent inventors and
small companies for the purpose of obtaining direct grants from
ERDA. In a statement of March 6, 1975, in hearings before the
Subcommittee on Energy Research and Water Resources of the
Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, the Director of
NBS indicated how the National Bureau of Standards' responsibility
under Section 14 would be implemented. Principal features of the
plan presented in the Director's statement were:
(1) Evaluation will consider technical and cothmercial feasibility,
and will be conducted by both Government and private sector
experts.
(2) Care will be taken to protect the proprietary rights of the
inventor submitting inventions for evaluation. The inventor
will be informed of the conditions under which his disclosure
will be evaluated, of his rights, and other aspects of interest
to him because of his concern for safeguarding his proprietary
rights.
(3) Action will be taken to encourage use of the evaluation program by
independent inventors and small business, and by the academic
and professional communities.
(4) Inventions judged to be technically and commercially feasible
will be submitted to ERDA with a written evaluation including
backup material and recommendations for the next step in
development to be taken.
(5) A full-time staff of 17 and $1,750,000 annually were estimated
as required to conduct the NBS program. This was based on an
estimate of 2,000-6,000 inventions to be received annually,
and on t~e assumption that a large fraction of the submissions
would be rejected at a very early stage in the evaluation
process.
PAGENO="0522"
518
The Office of Energy-Related Inventions (OERI) was established at
NBS effective March 31, 1975, in order to implement the evaluation
program plan. The office became operational on April 14, 1975,
with an initial skeleton staff of six people, two of which were
part-time.
An Evaluation Request form was developed for use by inventors in
submitting inventions for evaluation. A security system was devised
to safeguard the proprietary rights of inventors submitting invention
disclosures.
Responses were made to the 200 inquiries which had been received
from inventors prior to OERI establishment. The first formal
evaluation requests were received on May 7.
An announcement of initial OERI organization and operation was
published in the Federal Register on June 6, 1975.
B. Inventor Response to
Response to the program has been substantial. Total correspondence
in and out of the office averaged approximately 50 letters per day
for a total of over 12,000 items of correspondence since April 1975.
The office has responded to almost 4,000 inquiries by sending out
evaluation request forms for inventors to use in submitting inventions.
To date, 1,800 of these have been returned with invention disclosures
attached for evaluation.
Most submissions have been from individual inventors and small
business. -A few have beon received from universities. Almost
none have been received from large companies.
Approximately 85% of the inventions submitted are either patented
or a patent application has been filed. Up to 30% of inventions
suitable for serious consideration are already on the market or
ready for marketing; in 55% of the cases funds are being requested
for prototype development; the remaining 15% are conceptual in nature
requiring principally research and development effort.
Subject areas addressed range from new engine designs, to new
structural materials with improved insulation properties, to
industrial chemical process improvements. Better than 50% of the
submissions address energy conservation activities with automotive
improvements accounting for most of that percentage.
A large number of submissions have been forwarded from other
Government agencies. The NBS program provides a single point
to which all proposals and inventions submitted to other agencies
can be forwarded. Conversations with participants in the program
seem to indicate also that the NBS program does provide a needed
facility where small business and individuals will receive
specific attention,
2
PAGENO="0523"
519
C. Evaluation Procedures
Tab A describes the NBS evaluation process in detail. Design and
operation of the process was and is being governed by considerations
in two principal areas:
(1) Considerations in process design based on the needs, problems, and
characteristics of individual inventors and small business:
o Minimal Paperwork. Invention disclosures are accepted in
the form most convenient for the inventor; there are no
rigid format requirements. The evaluation request form
contains mainly the inventors' signature and identification
data; other information requirements are minimal. Only one
copy of the disclosure has to be submitted.
o ~phasis on Safeguarding Proprietary Rights. A rigorous
security system was established with considerable input
from the NBS legal staff. Government personnel and
contractors are held formally accountable for each
disclosure handled. Accessibility to disclosures is
restricted and closely controlled.
o Attitude. The first review of the disclosure
(step 3 of tab A) is noncritical and basically non-
technical. The intent is to prepare a disclosure package
vhich will insure that the inventor receives maximum..
attention and consideration in technical evaluation
(step 4), and that every submission, regardless of outward
appearance, receives at least one thorough reading and
review.
o Consideration for Individual and Business Welfare. Extreme
care is taken in communicating and disseminating evaluation
results on individual inventor and small business submissions.
Letters of rejection are therefore carefully prepared so as
to avoid unduly damaging the credibility and future of a*
small business or the self-estoam and dignity of the
ifldlvidudl.
(2) Considerations in process design based on expected low
of valuable inventions relative to total submitted
Experience of similar invention programs indicates that of
all inventions submitted, only a very small percentage will
be found to have significant value, although one invention
3
PAGENO="0524"
320
may be extremely valuable. The yield will vary dependent on the
population submitting the inventions. If the general public
is involved, the yield may be less than .1%. If the input is
restricted to a select technical population (e.g., university
professors) the yield may be as much as 6%. Tab B summarizes the
experience of various domestic and foreign invention evaluation
activities. This experience indicated a need for:
o Use of a multi-stage process for screening and evaluation.
All submissions cannot be treated the same. To the extent
possible, expenditures should be greater on inventions with
promise. Initial stages in evaluation should economically
identify those with promise.
o ~phasis on accuraqy in evaluation. The objective is to
identify the few; to find the "needles in the haystack."
The process cannot afford to miss a valuable invention; it
should rather err in the direction of calling a poor one,
good.
o Documentation of performance and yield. Program value may be
questionable. Care should be taken to document performance and
worth of the evaluation program, and to facilitate identification
of actions which could be taken to increase yield and thus
improve program value.
D. Performance to Date -
The principal result to date is the development and implementation
of the str~.tctured evaluation process. During development and start-up
activities, however, app~oximately 1,800 inventions were received
for evaluation and evaluation action was completed on 1035. Figure 1
charts the flow of received inventions through the evaluation process.
On the basis of the charted data the yield seems higher than expected.
Recommendation of less than 1% of submitted inventions was expected.
Out of the first 1,000 completed evaluations, data indicates that
as many as 16 may be recommended; two recommendatloas have already
been made with 33 promising inventions yet to complete in-depth
evaluation. This second-stage evaluation is principally to develop
a thoro~igh technical case for action by ERDA.
A principal problem has been the delay in completing evaluations. As
indicated in figure 2, the backlog due to start-up in the period
April-September 1975 has not yet been overcome; that is, while
evaluation requests (curve A) were coming in at a steady rate,
with an increase in December due to a press release, the first
evaluations were not completed (Curve B) until the beginning of
4
PAGENO="0525"
521
June; and it is only now that the rate of completion equals that of
new requests coming in (slopes of curves A and B are now approximately
equal).
Start-up problems were made particularly burdensome because of lack
of appropriate staff readily available for transfer from other NBS
programs and the difficulties of making permanent positions available
for a new program. Heavy use is being made and will continue to be
made of part-time and temporary personnel, as indicated in Figure 3.
The third curve (C) of figure 2 reflects the care taken in documenting
evaluation results in letters to the inventors. Policies and
procedures were and still are of considerable concern. Principal
difficulties however have been resolved, and routine procedures are
now established and operative as indicated by the sharp upturn of
curve C in January.
E. Costs and Fiscal Year 1976 Budget
Funds expended to date are shown in figure 4. Due to the start-up
situation, particularly the difficulty in establishing viable
procurement mechanisms, considerable 1976 funds are yet to be
expended or obligated by June 30. This presents no difficulty since:
(1) The major procurement action to acquire evaluation constractors
is now in its final stages; responses to an advertised request
for proposal are being evaluated and contracts are to be.
let early in Nay 1976.
(2) OERI staff is now at the maximum level for the year,
and us~ of NBS staff from other programs as evaluators is being
extended. Expenditures will therefore be proportionately higher
than in the start-up period.
In summary the fiscal year 1976 budget appropriation of $1,250,000 is
seen to be adequate in view of the initial level of approximately 2,000
inventions received for evaluation in the first year. A full-
time staff of 17 seems also to be adequate for tha long run.
Realignment to increase the current proportion of evaluation staff
is to be expected. This will occur with appointment of two
additional full-time evaluators before September 1976.
S
PAGENO="0526"
522
F. Projections - Changes Before FY 77
Effort to date has been directed to developing and implementing the
basic organization and evaluation process. The principal effort in
the immediate future will be directed to clearing the backlog
situation discussed earlier, and to improving responsiveness to
a satisfactory level. The nature of the situation and required
performance is illustrated in figure 5. Average final response time
as of March 30, 1976, is seen to have been 29 weeks.
The increased rate of writing notification letters will reduce
average response time in early May to 16 weeks. From that point
letters of notification will be written as the evaluation is
completed.
As noted earlier, current output rate of completed evaluations now
equals the input rate, i.e., curves A and B became parallel beginning in
late March. However, while maintenance of this equality is essential,
response time will not improve without additional evaluation effort to
reduce the current backlog of 410 inventions waiting evaluation. This
backlog built up principallyin the period May through December, 1975.
Tjie backlog Is to be eliminated by additional evaluation capability
which should become available in early May with completion of the
major procurement action mentioned earlier. With elimination of
the backlog and maintenance of current performance, an average
response time of six and one-half weeks is expected to be
achievable.
It will be noted that "average response time" as defined above is
a useful m&asure of overall perfornance. However, actual time to
complete evaluation will vary considerably. In computing an average
response tine of six and one-half weeks, rejection of an invention
on initial review may ta1~e only three weeks; rejection or recommen-
dation after second-stage evaluation may take 18-20 weeks.
In any case the near tern objective, to be achieved before
September 30, 1976, is a six and one-half week mean response time.
In accomplishing this, other efficiency measures known to be
advisable, will also be initiated - forms and procedures, for
example, will be redesigned and revised to reduce handling and
processing time.
6
PAGENO="0527"
523
C. Projections - Changes in FY 77
Efforts to improve responsiveness and general performance, snd to
reduce costs, will be continued in FY 1977. Beginning in the
transition period and into FY 77, public information activities
will be accelerated. This effort should increase the total number
of inventions being submitted for evaluation from all parts of the
private sector. An annual rate of 5,000 inventions before the
end of FY 77 is expected. On the basis of our first year experience
and that discussed in Tab B, this level of submissions
should yield between 50 and 100 inventions (1 to 2%) which should
be suitable for ERDA support.
A principal new thrust in FY 77 will be efforts to improve the
relative yield of worthwhile inventions from the current 1 to 2%
noted above. The evaluation process has been structured to enable
identification, and determination of the value, of actions to
do this, as well as to document results in terms of rejection rates
and final yield.
A~tions are being initiated now which we expect will result in
increased relative yield. Typical actions can be classified in two
categories:
(1) Actions to stimulate submission ofl~4~her quality inventions
for evaluation.
OERI is exploring potential use of direct contact programs which
actively seek out high quality inventions for evaluation. One
approach is based on an effort sponsored by the Economic Development
Adm{nistration to stimulate new jobs and investments in selected
geographical regions. Qualified engineering consultants would
be funded to make direct contact with small R&D companies and
individual inventors, explaining the evaluation program, en-
couraging participation, and assisting in preparation and submission
of disclosures for evaluation.
Other actions will include those which encourage increased and
heavy participation in the program by selected scientific and
professional communities.
(2) Actions to improve accuracy in identifying worthwhile inventions.
Data are not available on the effectiveness of evaluation pro-
grams in identifying worthwhile inventions, however, the
literature is replete with cases in which the value of inno-
vative ideas is not recognized by knowledgeable "experts."
7
PAGENO="0528"
524
Effort is seen to be required to exanine the significance of
this effect and possibly develop evaluative techniques and
methodology which will minimize the probability that worthwhile
inventions are missed. Evaluator training and implementation
of means for measuring evaluation process accuracy, are also
potential actions to be taken in this category. Initial activity
in this area is expected to be funded in the PY 76-77 transitional
period.
Installation of a computerized record system will be a
principal tool needed to support this program effort. Initial
system design is to be funded in FY 76, and initiated in the
transition period. System development will be funded and
initiated in FY 77.
8
PAGENO="0529"
SUMMARY OF NBS INVENTION REVIEWS
AS OF 3/31/76
INQUIRIES RECEIVED ALL NUMBERS ARE CUMULATIVE
RAM INITIATION.
APPROX.
COMPLETED INITIAL ~NG INITIAL
DISCLOSURES NOT
AWA
DISCLOSURE REV
2200
1650
YET R EC E I VED:
AWAITING
ENTERED
REJECTED IN INITIAL
DISCLOSURE REVIEW:
EVALUATION EVALUATION:
COMPLETED FIRST IN EVALUATION:
STAGE EVALUATION 229
325 Cl'
~1 ___________
CD
REJECTED AT FIRST CANDIDATES FOR SECOND
STAGE EVALUATION: STAGE EVALUATION:
______ 287 ION: AWAITING
ENTERED EVALUAT
19
19 EVALUATION:
COMPLETED EVALUATIONS
RECOMMENDED TO E
REJECTED ON SECOND
STAGE EVALUATION: 2
___________ 3 --
~TOTAL COMPLETED ACTIONS:'
1035 j
PAGENO="0530"
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
IIOQ
1000
A~ EVALUATION REQUEST RECEIVED
8~ EVALUATION COMPLETE EXCEPT FOR
LETTER OF NOTIFICATION
C: EVALUATION COMPLETE AND
INVENTOR NOTIFIED
*1
r~)
A
800
700
500
200
cJ'
I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
N o ~r N ~o o ~t co to co to Ic.oo to N~ N c~o 0 to - U) co o 0 tO
N-N-N C'J -to-N (\J ~I N - -ro-C'Jc~J C~J N
Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dcc, 1 Jan. Feb. March Apr. May June July
1975 1 1976
PAGENO="0531"
bFFICE OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS
Current Staff as of 3/31/76
Professional Clerical & Acirnin. Total
FTP FIT PT FTP FTT PT
OPERATIONS (Handling and 2 1 14 3 3 13
processing correspondence and
disclosures)
EVALUATION SUPPORT (information 2 2
development; other agency
liaison; legal support;
methods development)
EVALUATION (Technical reviews 2 1 3
and evaluation coordination)
TOTALS 6 1 1 14 3 3 18
~pected Additions Before NT 77
EVALUATION 2
FTP - full time permanent positions
FF1 - full time temporary positions
Fr - part time
Figure 3
PAGENO="0532"
528
Prograrn Costs in Thousands of Dollars
To Date Thru 6/30 Thru 9/30
(3/31)
1. OPERATIONS
NBS 167.9 251.7 316.7
Contractual:
Obligations 12.0 112.0 112.0
Expenditures 12.0 12.0 36.5
2. EVALUATION
NBS 73.7 143.8 249.8
Contractual:
Obligations 134.0 434.0 434.0
Expenditures 83.0 239.4 405.0
EVALUATION SUPPORT
NBS :114.1 174.7 221.4
Contractual: -
Obligations 20.0 133.8 228.1
Expenditures 20.0 35.0 144.7
TOTALS
NBS 355.7 570.2 787.9
Contractual:
Obligations 166.0 679.8 774.1
Expenditures 115.0 286.4 586.2
TOTAL NBS EXPENDITURES.
PLUS OBLIGATIONS 521.7 1250.0 1562.0
~perations - Consists of non-evaluative efforts directed to processing
evaluation requests: correspondence; management,
administrative, and clerical operations; and disclosure
review and analysis.
Evaluation - Review and evaluation of invention disclosures; technical
evaluation, -coordination, and control; technical meetings
and discussions with inventors.
Evaluation Support - Development of information for evaluators; location
of evaluation sources; technical liaison with other
agencies; public information activities; legal, regulatory,
and legislative activities; methods development; supplies,
services, and miscellaneous expenditures.
Figure 4
PAGENO="0533"
`.5
I
No. of
Evaluation
Requests
2000
A~ EVALUATION REQUEST RECEIVED
B~ EVALUATION COMPLETE EXCEPT FOR
LETTER OF NOTIFICATION
C= EVALUATION COMPLETE AND
INVENTOR NOTIFIED
,
,
,
A
/
200
II I 1111111 I Jill ill I I I
oc)c~J(oo~rco-too)r() DOO~-u'coN.oor~
N-N-N N - -~-NN N N - -~-NN N N
Apr. Moy June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jon. Feb. March Apr. May June July
1975 1976
PAGENO="0534"
530
Nt~TION1~L BUREAU OF STANDARDS
OERI~E OF ENEP~Y-PELATED INV~TIONS
EV7~LUATION PItXISS
1. ~~iry or Referral Receipt
1.1. When an inventor contacts or is referred to OERI, he is
sent informational material on the program and two copies
of NBS Form 1019 (Attachrrent A).
1.2. If a disclosure is submitted at the tire of inquiry or
referral, a "Correspondence Folder' is initiated for the
inventor ard filed under his nan-e in a secure file. `The
inventor is also inforrred that his disclosure has been
filed, and that it is not necessary to send a casplete
new disclosure, but that he may add to it if he feels
this is desirable.
2. Evaluation Reauest (ER) Receipt
2.1. When a completed form NBS-l019 is received for an invention,
date of receipt is stamped on the form. The form and the
disclosure are inspected to insure that identity information
and signature are present, and that material i~eferred to in
any accompanying letter is present; if- not satisfactory the
form may be returned and a request made for a resuhnission.
2.2. The documents are "logged" and acimowledged (Attachment B).
2.3. The material received is filed in a correspondence folder
under the inventor' s name. All subsequent correspondence
concerning the invention disclosure will be filed in this
correspondence folder. -
3. Disclosure Review and Analysis (DPA)
3.1. The DRA analyst selects disclosures for review in the order
of date received. The logging procedure of item 2.2. is
designed to insure that this rule is followed. -
3.2. The disclosure and all pertinent material in the
inventor' s corresuondence folder is reviewed to determine
if the disclosure is understandable, complete, sufficient,
and within program scope. -
3.3. If acceptable in 3.2. the disclosure is classi~fied as "ready for
evaluation." The disclosure and any other technical material
(3/22/T6)
PAGENO="0535"
531
which weuld tend to support evaluation is then transferred to
a control folder and filed separately in order by a control
riuither (next step is 4.1.).
3.4. If the disclosure is determined to be inccarplete, insufficient,
or not clear, but it is felt an irrproverrzsnt can be easily made,
the inventor will be infonred by mail and given the opportunity
to irprove the disclosure by submitting additional material.
The new material, when received, will be selected for review
in accordance with date received in cczapetition with new
disclosures.
3.5. If neither 3.3. nor 3.4. applies, the request will be classified
as `tentatively unacceptable' (next step 6.1.) under one of the
fo1lci~iing categories:
3.5.1. Not Energy Related. Implerrentation arid utilization
of the in ntioii~In its final developed form will
clearly not result in a savings of energy or in
increasing the supply of available energy.
3.5.2. Nuclear Enemy Related. The invention deals with
the production or utilization of nuclear energy.
3.5.3. Proposal Without an Innovative Basis. The
inventor proposes to conduct research and
developxrent with an invention as the objective
rather than as the starting point.
3.5.4. Insufficient Technical Deoth or Suggestion. The
invention is not presented in sufficient technical
detail or depth to enable evaluation. In these
cases the inventor has not developed his idea
sufficiently to enable understanding or to
distinguish his idea from similar or well-known
ideas or concepts.
3.5.5. Perpetual Notion or Otherwise Obviously Flawed.
The invention is a perpetual notion or a self-
sustaining device or system, or otherwise obviously
(to a layman) violates laws of nature, carson sense,
or very familiar technology.
3.5.6. Excessive Feasibility Analysis Recuired. The
inventor proposes a project or undertaking which
is of such magnitude and scope as to exclude it
2
(3/22/76)
PAGENO="0536"
532
from practical classification as an invention.
Exarrple: a major dam, space station, intercontinental
canal, or a new ~orld organization.
3.5.7. Corrrrnnicatiori Problem Involved. The material presented
ii~inintelligible, irrational, illogical, or for
some reason the ideas involved cannot be corrirtunicated
to an evaluator.
4. First-Stage Evaluation
4.1. The invention disclosure (control folder) is sent to an
evaluator who reviews it and provides an opinion as
required in Attacirrant C. Priority in scheduling, reviews
is determined generally by the control nurrber assigned as
`noted in 3.3.
4.2. On return of the disclosure the evaluator recanrandation and
consents are reviei~ed, together with the disclosure, by a
senior OERI staff neither. Unless the disclosure is now
found to be unacceptable in accordance with the criteria
of 3.5 above, the staff neither will either sthedule another
first-stage review or schedule a second-stage review (stop 5).
4.3. If another first-stage review is scheduled, the disclosure
is sent to a new, different, evaluator selected by the
staff neither. Corrrrents by prior evaluators and by the
staff rrerrber are first raToved from the folder and are
retained on file in the OERI control office.
4.4. With each first-stage review senior staff review will again
take place, when the new evaluator conrrents are received. The
entire file, the disclosure, prior evaluator ccznmants and staff
inerrher notes, will be reviewed in the process of deciding on
one of the following:
4.4.1. Conduct second-stage evaluation (next step 5)
4.4.2. Not reccrrrrend, i.e., call the evaluation tentatively
conrplete (6.1.)
4.4.3. Request additional information fran the inventor
4.4.5. Seek another first-stage opinion (4.3.)
4.5. Steps 4.3. and 4.4. may be repaated as many times as
necessary. The end result will be a decision either to
conduct second-stage evaluation or not to reccarrend
Government support.
3
(3/22/76)
PAGENO="0537"
533
5. Second-Stage Evaluation
5.1. A senior OERI staff rrerrber is assigned to coordinate and
sonitor further evaluation and other actions.
5.2. A second-stage evaluator is selected and requested to conduct
evaluation in accordance with requirements described in
Attachment D. More than one evaluation tray be conducted,
concurrently or in series. All disclosure material is
duplicated as required (next step 6.2.).
6. Senior Staff Review (Final)
6.1. Disclosures Classified as Tentatively Unacceptable in
Step 3.5., or as of Insufficient Value in Step 4.4.2.
6.1.1. The disclosure is reviewed, together with any reports
from evaluators and pertinent material in the
correspondence folder.
6.1.2. If prior contacts indicate that a request has been trade,
the inventor will be contacted by telephone and given
the opportunity to discuss the results with a senior
staff evaluator and other evaluators as appropriate,
either by telephone or by personal visit to OERI.
All visits are at the inventor' s own expense. At
the discretion of the senior staff evaluator,
subsequent to the discussion or visit, the
evaluation may be reopened.
6.1.3. If evaluation is not reopened and the earlier
tentative conclusion confirmed, a letter is
written notifying the inventor of OERI intent not
to reconrrrend the invention to ERDA, and the
principal reasons why. Detailed results of
the evaluation, i.e., a technical critique of
the invention will be provided only via telephone
discussion or personal visit as indicated in 6.1.2.
Note in Attachment C that detail in the report is
discouraged; this is for economic reasons and to
foster liberality on the part of the evaluator.
6.2. When Second-Stage Evaluation Results I½re Received
6.2.1. Review is conducted to determine ubether or not the
invention shall be recaTtrended to ERDA. If the decision
4
(3/22/76)
72-434 0 - 76 - 34
PAGENO="0538"
534
is not to recorrrnend, the evaluation report received
j from the second-stage evaluator will be transmitted
to the inventor, with a letter of notification on the
negative results. In this case also, further
technical discussions may be had either by telephane
with the pertinent evaluator, or by personal visit by
the inventor to ~S at the inventor's expense.
6.2.2. If the decision after second-stage evaluation is to
make a recorrmendation to ERDA, an evaluation package
will be asserrbled consisting of all second-stage
reports and a surrrr.ary report discussing the
first-stage evaluation. The package is then
transmitted with a letter of notification to
ERDA that the invention is considered technically
valid and ~rthy of consideration for their
support. In this case the inventor will he
notified that his invention is being reccznnended
and that ERDA will shortly be in contact with
hin.
5
(3/22/76)
PAGENO="0539"
535
NBS-1019 U.S. Department of ~ooenerco
(4-75) National Bureau of Standards
OFFICE OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS
Energy-Related Invention Evaluation Request
~~&ram Description. The Federal Nonnuclear Energy Research and
Development Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-577) established a comprehensive
national program for research and development of all potentially
beneficial energy sources and utilization technologies. The program
is to be conducted by the Energy Research and Development Administration
(ERDA). Section 14 of the Act, however, directs the National Bureau of
Standards (NBS) to "give particular attention to the evaluation of all
promising energy-related inventions, particularly those submitted by
individual inventors and small companies for the purpose of obtaining
direct grants from the Administrator."
The Office of Energy-Related Inventions (Office) has been established
in the National Bureau of Standards to carry out the duties required
under the Act. These duties include receiving and processing material and
correspondence describing inventions; conducting analyses to ascertain
the technical and commercial feasibility of the submitted inventions;
arid formulating recormiendations based on the analyses.
2. Statement of Policy. Specific procedures for carrying out the duties
~ thdDlffice wilIThe developed in accordance with the following policies.
(a) Submission of inventions for evaluation is encouraged. Therefore,
particular attention will be given throughout the evaluation
process to safeguarding the proprietary rights of the persons
submitting invention disclosures.
(1) The Government intends to restrict access to invention
disclosures to those persons who have need for purposes of
administration or e~aluation. However the Government cannot
withhold information in a disclosure when a valid request is
made under the Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552,
unless the information comes within one of the exemptions
specified in that Act (e.g., see Section 4(f) below).
Accordingly, in accepting invention disclosures for
evaluation, the Government will require an explicit statmnent
from the submitter, that the information submitted does or
does not come within one of the exemptions.
(2) A patent is considered a fundamental incentive to invention,
arid the inventor should apply for a patent whenever he thinks
it is appropriate. However, no direct action will be taken by
the Office to support application for or acquisition of a patent.
(b) The purpose of the NBS effort is to assist ERDA in carrying out
research and development required under the Act. Evaluations of
submitted inventions will therefore be performed principally as
a service to ERDA. That is, the outcome of an evaluation will
be a recommendation to EPDA, either for or against further action
by the government in connection withE}i~e inveniEidii~. A recommendation
against further action does not-necessarily mean that the invention
is considered scientifically unsound or without practical value.
1
PAGENO="0540"
536
3. Instructions for Submissinn of Inventions for Evaluation.
ta) Read the £brcgoing and complete Sections 4 and .S,l5alow, of this
form. Please type or print. Be sure to sign and date the
Memorandum of Understanding in Section 5.
(b) Prepare a detailed disclosure of your invention. Make sure that the
information in the disclosure agrees with that providcd in Section
4. Section 4(d) provides an outline for guidance in preparing
the disclosure. All material must be in the English language.
(c) Make a copy for your file of all material prepared above. Send
the original of this form and a ~ of the disclosure to:
Office ~fi~nergy-Related InvenEions
National &ireau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234
(d) Do not send a model.
(e) 1[hen your submission is received, an acimowledgement card will
be sent to you.
4. Invention Identification and Status.
(a) Name of invention. (Give a short name or title for reference.)
(b) List below the inventor(s), principal awners, and persons who may
be contacted for evaluation purposes. - --
Full Name of Individual
or Organization
Nailing Address (include
telephone nusber for contacts)
Capacity
(Inventor,
~ner, etc.)
If
2T
w
4'
NOTE: If additional space is needed, use and attach separate sheets here.
2
PAGENO="0541"
537
Cc) Indicate status of your invention by checking ~ those boxes which
apply
[J - The idea has been developed but has not been completely worked
out on paper. (Please indicate under (e) below what your
plans are for working out the details).
[J - The details of the invention have been fully worked out on
paper and are in the accompanying disclosure.
[~J - The idea has been made public. The date of the first public
disclosure was __________________. (Please give further
details in yourdi~losure.)
D - The invention has been disclosed to other government agencies;
or a request for government developmental support has been
or a research proposal has been made. (In your disclosure
please name the agency or agencies.)
fl - A model has been built. DO NOT SEND THE MODEL, however do
give details in your disclosure.
[J - The invention has been manufactured. (Please give details
in your disclosure.)
- The invention has been or is now in test or in operational
use. (Please give details in your disclosure.)
0 - A patent has been applied for. (Do NOT give filing date or
application number.)
[]- The invention is patented. The patent number(s) is ___________
(d) Please~ prepare the disclosure of the invention separately. Be sure
to include the details indicated as required in section (c) above,
and other information you consider germane to evaluation. In
general, the disclosure should cover the following:
(1) ~ of the invention. Include a discussion, if appropriate,
ä~~hd~iZe it can be used to best advantage; for example, which
industry or industrial process? by individuals? by the
government?
(2) The old method(s), if any, of performing the function of the
inveifi33~~~~antages of the old method (s).
(3) The new method, using your invention. Details of the. operation
of tH~~infion, identifying specific features which are new.
Advantages of the new method over what has been done before.
(4) ConstructIon of the invention, showing changes, deletions,
improvements over the oldnftho-d(s).
(5) Difficulties encountered or to be expected in exploiting your
invention. Reasons why it has not been patented, manufactured,
used, or accepted. bbat need.s to be done to bring the invention
closer to use?
(e) Notes and Conments
3
PAGENO="0542"
538
4(f), Section 2(a) (1) above discusscs the relevance, of the Freedom of
Information Act. If, for example, the disclosure contains information
that is (a) a trade secret or (b) commercial or financial information
that is privileged or confidential, such information falls within the
exemption that is set out in the Act, 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4). Thus, if
the disclosure contains such information, to protect your property
rights, the following or similar legend should be applied to the title
page or first page of the disclosure: `This disclosure contains infor-
nation which is (a) a trade secret or (b) commercial or financial
information that is privileged or confidential." Accordingly, please
check the box below which is applicable to your disclosure:
D- The 5uggested or similar legend has been applied.
~- Please apply the suggested legend (disclosure previously
submitted without legend).
D- No legend is required because the disclosure does not contain
such information.
5. Memorandum of Understanding. I have read the above Program Description
and Statement of Policy, and on behalf of:
as listed above in Section 4(b) line , I have attached a disclosure
of the invention identified above forfh~purpose of evaluation by the
National Bureau of Standards (NBS) pursuant to Section 14 of Riblic
Law 93-577. I understand that YBS will accept this disclosure for
the purpose of such evaluation on the following conditions:
(a) The acceptance of the disclosure does not, in itself, imply a
promise to pay, a recognition of novelty or originality, or a
contractual relationship such as would render the Government
liable to pay for use of the infordation in the disclosure;
(b) The Government will, in the evaluation process, restrict access
to the disclosure to those persons, within or without the
Government, who need information in the disclosure for purposes
of administration or evaluation of the invention, and will
restrict use of the information to such purposes;
(c) If the disclosure is marked on the title page or first page with an
appropriate legend, the Government will consider all information
that is in fact (a) a trade secret or (b) commercial or financial
~ormmtion that is privileged or confidential, as coning within
the exemption set out in Section (b)(4) in the Freedom or
Information Act, 5 U.S.C. 552(b) (4);
(d) The provisions of this Nemorandum of Understanding shall also
apply to additions to the disclosure made by me incidental to the
consideration of the disclosure. -
Signature
`~Street Address Printed or' Typed Name
City, State, Zip Code Title or Position
4
PAGENO="0543"
539
!~1VENTOR'S Co~v
A1T/lQftffI B
This is to acknowledge receipt of the material noted below. We will contact
you if additional information is required. When the evaluation is completed.
you will be rnformed of the results.
NBS 1019 dated ___________________ 0 Transmittal letter dated ___________________
Enclosures
o P485 1019 RETURNED TO SUBMITTER FOR
N8S-1039 (Rev 11.75) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
USCOMMNSS-DC - National Buessu of St~vdaeds
NBS/ERDA EVALUATION PROGRAM RECORD
FILE Co~v
NAME (SI DATE P15CC OSRI
-
0 ALREADY ON FILE
DREW
NOS 1019 dated _____________________ 0 Transmittal letter dated _____________________
EncloBurel
O FiBS 1019 RETURNED. TO SUBMITTER FOR
NBS1039 (Ren 11.75)
USCOMM P495-DC
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Nation.? Bue.au of St.ndaula
NDS/ERDA EVALUATION PROGRAM RECORD
PAGENO="0544"
540
EVALUATION OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS
GUIDANCE TO EVALUATORS
IN
FIRST STAGE EVALUATION
1. This effort should be regarded as a technical screening requiring an
estimated one-half to eight man-hours per disclosure depending upon
complexity and volume of material submitted.
In reading the material, emphasis should be placed, first on
obtaining a thorough understanding of what the invention is supposed
to do and how it is to operate. If such an understanding cannot
be achieved, the evaluator should return the material to the control
office with a note indicating that the invention is outside his
field of expertise and was not, therefore, evaluated.
2. -Each first stage evaluation will then consist of the following:
a) assess the adequacy, completeness, and logical consistency
of the information, data, and drawings provided by the
inventor to describe the invention and to support pro-
jections made as to its operation and value;
b) assess the validity of the technical assumptions and
statements made in the disclosure. In general, this should
not extend to verification of calculations or analytic results.
c) estimate- the uniqueness of the invention or idea with respect
to its prevalence in consumer use; note that this does not
- imply a patent search or a search of literature to determine
whether this invention or idea is a "first;" and
d) address "special questions" noted in the disclosure trans-
mission form.
3. Prepare a one or two page summary report, providing comments as
suggested in sections 4a and 4b below, only as appropriate, but
providing a general recommendation in each case.
The report should be brief and informal, and will be considered as
an opinion only, rather than a fully-documented in-depth technical
or analytic paper. It will be used by OERI as one input to review by
senior OERI technical staff, which will decide whether or not to
conduct a second-stage evaluation or whether or not to recommend the
invention to ERDA for support. The report is not intended to be
published or made available to anyone outside OERI. Only the general
recommendation "Support" or `Not Support" is intended to be released
as the evaluator output.
3/22/76
PAGENO="0545"
541
4. Report Format
a. Comments on Technical Feasibility
* Will the invention work? If not, why not?
* To what extent, if any, will it perform as claimed rn
suggested by the inventor?
To what extent will it save energy if introduced?
* What, if any, technical difficulties or problems can
you forsee?
b. Comments on Economic or Practical Feasibility
How would costs of development, commercialization,
installation, or operation compare with existing
alternative systems or devices, or with competitive
inventions or approaches?
-. Bow does this invention compare in general withthe..
state-of-the-art and current competition with respect
to such factors as public acceptance, utility, or.
marketability? -
c. General Recommendation
* Do you recommend support or not? That is, do you feel
that a more extensive evaluative effort is justifiable,
that the inventor should be formally encouraged by the
government, or that any form of government support
should be provided? Would you consider the invention as
"promising" in terms of potential and realizable energy
savings?
* If you recommend support, do you recommend any particular
first step?
PAGENO="0546"
542
EVALUATION OF ENERGY-RELATED INVENTIONS
GUIDANCE TO EVALUATORS
IN
SECOND STAGE EVALUATION
1. This evaluation should be regarded as an in-depth analysis requiring
as little as one man-day or as much as eight man-weeks. While first
stage evaluation had concentrated on technical feasibility, analysis
in this stage will be more concerned with energy conservation potential
and the technology transfer process required to realize that potential.
For each invention reaching second stage evaluation, an OERI staff
member will be assigned as coordinator. He will be responsible for
communication of special requirements in the evaluation and for
providing assistance in any area outside the scope of the evaluator.
This may extend to initation of concurrent evaluations, or to acquisition
of special consultant expertise or services such as a patent search. -
-The principal objective in this effort is to provide a thorough report
cbvering~both technicaL and commercial feasibility of the invention as
delineated in the following sections. However, the evaluator will be
guided by his judgernent as to the amount of effort which is appropriate
for the case at hand. For example, the study effort may be abbreviated
if it is clear to the evaluator that a recommendation against government
support is warranted because of questionable technical validity. The
evaluator is also encouraged to contact and utilize the voluntary
services of the inventor or his representatives.
In the case of a negative recommendation, a copy of the report under
NBS cover will be furnished to the inv~i~tor. If requested by the
inventor on receipt of a rejection letter and the report, the evaluator
may be asked to participate in technical discussions with the inventor
and OERI staff.
In the case of a positive recommendation, the report will be included
in the data package furnished to ERDA in support of the final recom-
mendation.
2. Each second stage evaluation will consist of the following to the
extent it is appropriate in accordance with the end recommendation.
2.1 assess the adequacy, completeness, and logical consistency of
the information, data, and drawings provided by the inventor
to describe the invention and to support projections made as to
its operation and value;
2.2 review the validity of the technical assumptions and statements
made in the disclosure; analyze claims and determine accuracy;
PAGENO="0547"
543
2.3 determine the uniqueness of the invention or idea with respect to
its prevalence in consumer use. This may require a patent or
literature search to determine whether this invention or idea is
a "first," if patentability or potent protection is a significant
question with respect to market viability;
2.4 define the developmental process (e.g., research, design, test,
production, marketing) required to bring the invention into use.
Identify difficulties to be resolved or barriers to eventual
utilization;
2.5 identify the precise nature of the energy savings to be made if
the invention wore to be utilized, and identify existing devices,
processes, or methods which would be replaced, modified or affected;
2.6 examine the potential of the invention as an energy conservation
measure. Estimate the order of magnitude of energy savings to be
made;
2.7 recommend what the next step should be, assuming that the government
ía to further pursue evaluation and/or development of the invention.
This should consist of a specification of objectives, scope,and
estimated costs of the step;
2.8 address "special topics" noted in the disclosure transmission form
or referred to the evaluators by the OERI staff coordinator for the
invention.
3. Prepare a formal report of findings to include the following:
3.1 Technical
Describe the invention and it~ intended use.
Provide a technical, review and comments.
* Compare the invention to the state-of-the--art and describe any
known reasonable alternatives.
3.2 Commercial
Discuss commercial viability and practicality.
Discuss usefulness in terms oi energy conserving potential.
* Discuss any anticipated barriers or difficulties in realizing
energy conserving potential.
Describe process visualized for transfer to the marketplace.
PAGENO="0548"
544
3.3 Recommendation
* Provide a recommendation to support or not to support.
* Summarize reasoning for a recommendation to support or not.
* If support is recommended, discuss the extent of the support
recommended and the preferred first step.
PAGENO="0549"
545
OTHER INVENTION EVALUATION PROGRAMS
The purpose of this report is to identify prior or existing evaluation
programs similar to that conducted by NBS for energy-related inventions,
and discuss their experiences as pertinent to guiding development and
operation of the NBS program.
DOMESTIC PROCRANS
Contact with agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), the Energy Research and Development Administration,
(ERDA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF) indicates an overall
lack of appropriate statistics. Almost every Government agency receives
proposals which incorporate inventions for evaluation and does such
evaluation as a mat~ter of course. However, very few statistics and data
have been developed on experience in evaluating such proposals.
Office of Innovation and Invention, National Bureau of Standards. This
~ffice is no longer in existence. The program operated by the office
had its genesis during World War II as a service to the armed forces.
Inventions and suggestions were solicited from the general public on
new weapons and weapon systems for use by the military services. After
the war the program continued principally as a service to inventors
as well as the armed services. The population submitting inventions
consisted of the general public and professional engineers and
scientists solicited by publication of the magazine entitled "Inventions
Wanted." Over the years of operation of the evaluation service, from
1940-1964, several hundred thousand inventions were evaluated. Of those
evaluated, about 4% were selected for referral. In addition, it has
been estimated that those inventions actually put to use represented
of the order of .1% of all inventions submitted.
The Inventions and Contributions Board at NASA. This unit provides
reviews of suggestions and inventions submitted both by the general
public and by NASA employees and contractor employees. As indicated
above, statistics on the numbers of inventions submitted and those
found to be of value are not available. However, a contact with the
board elicited the statement that the number of inventions and
contributions of value submitted from the general public are "extremely
small"; contributions and inventions of value that are submitted by
NASA employees and contractor employees are quite significant.
PAGENO="0550"
546
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Innovation Center (one of three
sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF)) has received about
250 inventions for evaluation. Of the 200 that have been evaluated, the
Center initiated work on three. Of the three work has been discontinued
on one.
The Research Corporation of New York City, has operated an invention
evaluation program for over 25 years. The population submitting
inventions to the Corporation for evaluation and potential support,
is highly selective, consisting of university professors and other
academic personnel. Experience to date as expressed by the Research
Corporation is still that relatively few, on the order of 6 in 100,
are found to be of sufficient value to warrant sane support or
recommendation for support by the Research Corporation.
FOREIGN PROGRAMS
Review of the experiences of Government programs in other countries also
suggests a shortage of statistics. The following items of information,
which were readily available, do provide an indication that the number
ofusefu1~ideas coming-fromindividual inventors, relative to those
actually reviewed, is quite small.
The National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) is an independent
public corporation in the United Kingdom which is involved in the
development of inventions from both the public and private sector. Of
the private inventions reviewed less than one in a hundred ever become
potential projects; the hovercraft however was one of these and is
credited with establishing a new industry.
Th~~gence Nationale De Vàlorisation De La Recherche (ANVAR) is an
independent public corporation in France which collects French research
results and inventions from the public and private sectors and selects
those of possible interest to business and industry for promotion.
AIVAR reviewed 909 inventions submitted by independent inventors in
1974 and rejected 878 of those. Thus, they retained 31 files for
development, or 3% of those evaluated.
The Patent Bureau of German Research (as distinguished from their Patent
Office), which was established in 1955 to advise and assist inventors in
obtaining, maintaining and utilizing protective rights for inventive
activity, has worked on over 6000 inventions. Few have been commercially
exploitable; statistics are not available.
PAGENO="0551"
547
U.S. GOVERNMENT
* SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
G\)~"-~' wO
", .s" WASHINGTON D.C. 20416
MAY 2 8 1976
Honorable William D. Hathaway
Select Cotinittee on Small Business
United States Senate
Washington, D.C. 2~5lO
Dear Senator Hathaway:
Transmitted herewith are the responses of the Small Business
Administration to your letter of April 21 regarding our
management and technology assistance programs. I trust that
these responses, to be included in the April 7 hearing
record, will meet with your aati8faction. I enjoyed appearing
before the Committee and look forward to the next occasion.
Thank you for your continuing interest in this Agency's
program.
Sincerely,
SIGNED BY MR. KOBELINSKI
Mitchell P.. Kobelinaki
Administrator
Enclosures (Omitted.)
PAGENO="0552"
548
1. How does the SBA plan to improve the dissemination of trade
exp_ort information tosrna1ITh~iine~ises~
The SBA recognizes that with its 102 field offices, the Agency
has an excellent outreach capability to complement the ex-
port expansion efforts of the 43 field offices of the U.S.
Department of Commerce. By leveraging its SCORE/ACE volunteer
counseling resources, the availability of overseas marketing
information developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce can
be brought to larger segments of the Nation's small business
communities.
As a beginning, it is the Agency's hope to establish within
selected cities with high export potential, a cadre of
volunteers who have international trade expertise. These
volunteers will: (1) survey the local small business com-
munity to identify its untapped export potential; (2) through
the SBA acquisition of selected U.S. Department of Commerce,
development banks and other agencies' publications and
services, present trade leads to potential exporters; and
(3) explain to potential small business exporters the
availability of trade information from the local commercial
banking and transportation communities. In addition, ex-
port trade information will be inciuded in appropriate SBA
cosponsored training programs which reached 154,829 small
business owner/managers in FY 1975.
"The Agency is exploring within the Administration the
establishment of an Office of International Trade within
our Agency with Central Office staff and field represen-
tation. One of the responsibilities of this unit would
be to coordinate our efforts with the Commerce Department
(Bureau of International Commerce) and the Export-Import
Bank in order to help identify international marketing
opportunities for small and medium sized busines~es with
international potential. This office would bring together
the international opportunity gathering activity of the
Commerce Department with the small business community out-
reach available through the many SBA offices around the
country."
What other alternatives have been considered if the prqposed
Rlan does not succeecif
Lack of knowledge and understanding of export opportunities,
procedures and available sources of Federal, state, and
local assistance is the major problem in expanding small
business participation in overseas marketing. Any SBA
initiative must address these fundamental needs. The
alternatives to the plan depend on the desired level of
direct information dissemination through Agency training
and counseling programs.
PAGENO="0553"
549
The availability of Agency resources and personnel (both
volunteer and salaried) is the key. This will determine
the level of personal contact and follow-on assistance
which the small business community needs if it is to become
an increasingly viable contributor to the Nation's economy
and free enterprise system.
2. What share of the export market does small business account
for at the present time?
Such data is currently very difficult to determine preaisely.
The SBA estimates that (based on the latest figures available-
1972) the small business share of total merchandise export
is 5-10 percent. It is difficult to estimate what the small
business export potential could be. For total business,
large and small, exports accounted for 4-5 percent of the
value of manufacturing shipments in 1972. The relationship
of the total value of merchandise trade exports to total
CNP in 1972 was about four percent.
It would be unrealistic to think that small business could
approach the four percent relationship that the total value
of merchandise trade exports had to total GNP. Sectors of
industry in which small business performance is strong, such
as construction, retail and services, would have relatively
limited small business inputs to the value of export trade.
However, manufacturing represents a substantial portion of
small business GNP. If the current relationship of the
small business value of export trade to its total GNP (about
one percent) could be increased an additional one percent
within five years, this would result in an increase of
$3-5 billion and represent tremendous growth for small business
and contribute substantially to a positive balance of pay-
ments and merchandise trade.
3. How soon will implementation of the e~ortprogram be after
slgping of the a~greernent wTt~h the D~partrnent of Commerce?
The Agency's resources in the international trade area are
presently limited. The Department of Commerce is greatly
interested in our helping them deliver the increased export
services and information which both Agencies recognize is
needed by the small business community. Depending on the
resources available to us at~this time and in the future,
-2-
PAGENO="0554"
550
our professional and volunteer recruitment and training
programs and increased SBI participation, we hope to have
a positive cooperative program well along within twelve
months.
The Agency is trying to expand its international trade
efforts now, building upon our current agreement with the
Department of Commerce.
Will there be any budget restraints _to immediate implementation?
The Agency is presently carrying on a limited international
trade program. As of the end of March of this year, we
have counseled 1,559 small businesses in foreign trade and
cosponsored 62 training programs attended by over 2,950
small business entrepreneurs. There are sufficient resources
for a modified implementation of our proposed agreement.
4. What will be the~precise division of responsibilities between
~iThe~artment of dommerce ama the Small Business Adi~ii~istration
in thf~ export promotion~prog~~T~
As of April 30, we have not finalized the revised agreement.
However, it is the Agency's position that we will not duplicate
the trade data collection, publications or promotional programs
of the Commerce Department. They have the technical expertise
to provide these services. It is our intention to help de-
liver these services to more of the small business community.
We intend to help Commerce survey the small business com-
munity to determine the extent of current small business
involvement in international marketing, small business
export potential, and the problems encountered by small
counseling resources, will provide general export counseling
and screening as appropriate to small business owner/managers.
As the SBA contacts and identifies small businesses that
need more technical indepth counseling on international trade
and investment opportunities and techniques, they will be
referred to the Department of Commerce field offices. The
SBA will, through its loan programs, attempt to help eligible
small businesses participate in foreign trade by establishing
a new business or expanding an existing business so that it
may increase its production to serve foreign markets. The
SBA will cosponsor international trade training programs
with the Department of Commerce and others and will include,
whenever appropriate, information on international trade
in its general training programs.
-3-
PAGENO="0555"
551
A successful overseas marketer must have all aspects of his
domestic business operations (finance, management, promotioi~,
etc.) in order before he can successfully compete overseas.
The SBA will attempt to strengthen small businesses in these
areas so that they can become realistic "export potentials"
capable of benefiting from Department of Commerce programs
and services~
The U.S. Dep~rtment of Commerce will gather the export
trade information and market data required to sell overseas.
Wherever appropriate, such information will be provided by
the SBA - along with a selection of its publications for our
use in preliminary export counseling. It will provide in-
formation on its export promotion programs which the SBA
can help funnel to the small business community. When
appropriate, the two Agencies will jointly develop additional
publications and audio visual aids,
5. Will this export program actually be establishit~g an out'et
for small business that di~ not alrea4y exist within the
Department of Commerce, or is the ~A sImp~ ass~1nga
larger r6le as an advocate ~6r smill business?
This program will bring Commerce Department services to
a greater number of small businesses than they are cur-
rently able to reach. This is particularly true in those
cities in which the Commerce Department does not maintain
an office as the SM does. Through SBA's leveraging of
its volunteer resources, SBI student teams and call con-
tractor services, additional continuing personal contact
can be provided small businesses not currently knowledgable
in export opportunities or procedures. The Agency's
fundamental management and financial assistance programs
cañ~ help to increase small b~üi[ness marketing overseas.
A sound domestic business operation is necessary to develop
a viable small business into a potentially successful
overseas marketer. With this base, the small business can
realistically develop a long range business plan which might
include overseas sales.
To a certain extent our interest in expanding our
international trade program is based on our role as an
advocate for small business. The basic reason for our
interest is that the small business community needs a
greater amount of continuing assistance from the Government
and private sector than is currently available if it is to
realize its export potential. Successful overseas marketing
can strengthen the small business community and our Nation's
free enterprise system - the overall goal of our Agency's
effort.
-4-
PAGENO="0556"
552
6. As stated on page 12 of your testim~y, what is the "prqper"
assistance that is re~jifre~d for stnallbuuiness firms td
successfully export?
A recent survey completed for SBA by the National Federation
of Independent Business revealed that two of the most sig-
nificant reasons why manufacturers do not export are: (1)
they do not know where markets exist, and (2) they lack the
required knowledge to export. The survey further indicated
that a very high percentage were unaware of the Federal,
State, and local export assistance available from the
public and private sectors. The "proper" program of
assistance required to fully develop the small business
export potential of our Nation is a cooperative program
among the public and private sector (1) to get timely
export information to the small business community; (2) to
help small business understand and interpret the data in
order to make meaningful business decisions; (3) to develop
a program of training and indepth counseling in international
trade conducted by experienced overseas marketers; (4) to
provide continuous assistance to the new exporter to enable
him to implement a realistic and pragmatic overseas marketing
plan; and (5) to ensure that adequate financing is available
to enable small businesses to produce and market their pro-
ducts overseas.
"We have not yet fixed the number of personnel that
will be needed in either the home or field offices."
-5-
PAGENO="0557"
553
Can these services be supplied solely with the use of
appropriate SCO~TACE personner ~tc~ cut costs?
The current capability of present SCORE/ACE volunteers
with familiarity in international trade is limited. A
recruitment and training program to increase the number
of SCORE/ACE volunteers with the necessary expertise
requires professionals with a thorough knowledge of current
international trade procedures. In addition, the proper
guidance of the program and direction of the expanded
cadre of volunteers require the use of professionals both
in the home office and in selected cities.
8. To what extent will Call Contractors be utilized in the
export promotion program?
One of the areas of specialized services required in our
current call contracts is foreign trade. These services
can include feasibility studies, overseas market analysis,
and assistance in setting up appropriate export operation
procedures.
9a. Has the SBA discussed with OSHA officials the~ualificatiqns
t~Eat would ~be most conducive to SCORE volunteers' acquirii~g
OS}IA consultation skflls, and, ~f so, what are the~y?
Yes, SBA met OSHA officials and determined that the skills
required would be those normally possessed by Industrial
Engineers, Industrial Hygienists, and Industrial Safety
Officers.
b. Has the Labor Deyartment formally agreed to train SCORE
~aunteers for OSHA consultation?
There is no formal written agreement on training as yet.
OSHA has a limited number of paid consultants and some
states have paid consultants. OSHA has stated that SCORE
volunteers would serve in a very useful role and will
provide training for SCORE volunteers. OSHA has indicated
willingness to participate in workshops using OSHA Compliance
Offic~rs-and counselors to conduct training of SCORE
volunteers.
c. Providing on-site reviews will increase expenditures
for travel of SCORE volunteers~wflT~mnot? Havejrou
~ojecte~suc~an ~i~er~rease into your 1~71~
approprTàtTons request ?~ -
OSHA-on-site reviews will increase travel expenditures. We
anticipate OSHA proiiiding for expenses of travel for SCORE
volunteers for on-site reviews and training.
-6-
PAGENO="0558"
554
10. You indicate in your testimony that SCORE volunteers will
be recrufted to expand assistance to small `businesses in
the areas of: (1) OSHA comptiance; (2) crIme ~preventI~E;
(3) international trade; (4) education in modern ma~k~~ng
tec~nigues; (5) energy problems; an~~tec~ofogy as~Ii~ance.
(a) How do you plan to reach retired persons with expertise
In these areas?
(b) Dojou have estimates of the number of volunteers
required in each area of e~ertiI~ and if so,~~t
are they?
(1) OSHA Coippliance
a. We have contacted the American Industrial Hygiene
Association and the American Institute of Industrial
Engineers. Through their newsletters and in magazine
articles their members will be encouraged to join
SCORE/ACE.
b. The program has not progressed to a point where valid
estimates can be made at this time.
(2) Crime Prevention (Loss Prevention)
a. The Small Business Administration, SCORE/ACE, National
Crime Prevention Institute, and the American Association
of Retired Persons are jointly developing a "Loss
Prevention" program for small business. AARP has
developed a cadre of volunteers with interests in
this area. Contact is being made with retired persons
through the SCORE organization and through publications
of the above-named organizations.
b. Each of the 296 SCORE/ACE chapters should have at
least two volunteers trained with these skills.
(3) International Trade
a. The Small Business Administration in conjunction with
other Agencies, professional and trade associations
will encourage members to participate.
b. An initial recruitment of 500 SCORE/ACE members and
an ultimate goal of 1,000 is planned.
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555
(4) Education in Modern Marketing Techniqu~
a. SBA is working with the American Management Association,
Sales and Marketing Executives Association International,
and the Society for the Advancement of Management will
recruit SCORE/ACE members.
b. Each SCORE/ACE Chapter on the average should have 4 or
5 volunteers with marketing expertise.
(5) Energy Problem
a, SBA and the Federal Energy Administration (FEA) have
developed an energy awareness program for small
business.
b. FEA is participating in current SCORE Regional meetings.
SCORE/ACE members have enthusiastically responded to
FEA requests. SCORE/ACE Chapters should have a minimum
of 3 members with expertise in energy conservation.
11. On ~e 7 of your prepared statement, you state that "A
recent externa~l study estab~lishes the success ratéTh~
(the ~alf Contractin~gProgr~ to be well above the national
average for professional consültants.1'
(a) Would you ~provide to the Cotim~ittee a copy of the
results of this studi?
Yes, as soon as the final printed copy has been
received from the contractor, it will be developed.
(b) Woul4you also provide any other studies external or
~nterna1 - which measure the success of S'~~/ACE an~
- the Smali ~usEess Th~tffute?
A copy of the February 1976 Program Evaluation of
the Small Business Institute is enclosed. See
Appendix A.
* Also, a February 1974 Program Evaluation of the
Small Business Institute Fall Term 1972 and Spring
Term 1973 is enclosed. See Appendix B.
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PAGENO="0560"
556
Finally, I am enclosing for your timely consideration,
the doctoral dissertation of Dr. Grant C. Moon, Director
of the International Symposium on Small Business, Small
Business Administration. Dr. Moon's dissertation is an
evaluation of the first two years, as well as the develop-
ment~ of the SCORE program. See Appendix C.
12. B~y what process are you selecting universities to~partici~te
in University Business Development Centers? 1~at ~6~ou
estimate it will cost to establis~hi cenf~r?
The key elements in selecting universities for participation
in the University Business Development Center program are
as follows:
a. Fundamental commitment to the UBDC concept and complete
support by the University administration.
b. A Small Business Institute (SBI) program.
c. An HEW Cooperative Education program.
d. An EDA university center program.
Other existing or potential Federal, state and private
sector programs for small business assistance which
can be linked up in the UBDC concept are also significant
qualifying factors.
Selection will be made on the basis of an on-site evaluation
plus an analysis of the university's proposal.
13. During the first day of the hearings (April. 1), Dr. S.Z.
Cardon, President of the American Association of Small
Research Companies, suggested that a technical assistance
representative of the SBA might contact small industries
and R&D firms on a regular basis to apprise them of new
technical developments. The process would work something
like the county agent set-up of the Agriculture Department.
In other~-words, SBA's technical assistance officers would
aggressively pursue the dissemination of new knowledge.
(a) Do you consider this ~roppsal to be worthy of further
consideration?
(b) What would you estimate to be the fu~din~g_and ma~p.ower
thi~ wo~Ube required to implement suc~h a program?
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557
13. In regard to Dr. Cardon's remark " . . . that a technical
assistance representative of the SBA might contact small
industries and R&D firms on a regular basis to apprise
them of new technical developments" and the Committee's
questions relative thereto, we do not consider this a
realistic approach to the problem of transferring Govern-
ment technology to small Research & Development and high-
technology firms for several reasons. Small R&D and high-
technology firms are very widely spread over the entire
country although there are, of course, concentrations of
such firms in some areas. In addition to being physically
scattered, small firms that are in one locality may be
involved in entirely different technical disciplines. The
number of possible combinations of location and technical
discipline is extremely large. It would be very difficult
to estimate the number of people necessary to ". . . work
something like the county setup of the Agriculture Department."
14. Mr. James Commins, President of an environmental consulting
an~gineering fIrm, told~ the Co~1ttee ~on A~rfl T~ t~t
SB~Eàs generally perfo~ed satisfa~orfty in its ora~a~y
management and: technical ass[i~ance program. ~1owever,
Mr. Commins sa~d~ that s manag~ement anU~i~hnical
assistance efforts aimed at ~ co~~
wits environmentaf, hei1~ an~ s~tyregu~~onsare
inad~iate. T~t fs ~hff opfnion that - -
(a) SBAhas not been adeguately~consulted in the formation
of new e~rronmentar regülatfons;
(b) SBA has not actively ~artici~ed Inseminars being
h~d:~yst~h ~n~es as E~A;
(c) SBA `s loan yrog~ams for compliance with these r~u1a-
tions have not ~been fully ut[l{zed
(d) SBA is riot ag~essive~ymakin~ the small business com
munity aware of t~he ways [n s~hi~ it can hi~small
firms ~[t)i ti-teir co~lfã~e~rqgrams.
Would you submit a res~ponse to these allegations for in
aus ion !n the record of e~ear1~s1
The four points set forth by Mr. Commins will be repeated,
followed by our response.
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PAGENO="0562"
558
(a) SBA has not been adequately consulted in the formation
of new environmental regulati6~is.
Response: It is true that the SBA has not been re-
quested on a regular basis by the EPA to participate
directly in regulation formation; however, the SBA
works closely in other areas such as the coordinated
effort with EPA on the "Early Warning Project." EPA
continues to provide SBA with quarterly data on the
potential danger of closing manufacturing facilities
in order that SBA may anticipate rendering assistance
in such instances, to the extent possible. EPA has
also contacted SBA on several pieces of legislation
which have had potential adverse impact on the small
business community. Also, to the extent possible,
SBA's Office of Advocacy covers the impact of EPA's
regulations on small business, as well as the impact
of regulations promulgated by OSHA, ICC, etc. Obviously,
the problem is the lacking of staffing to cover the
announcements of the regulatory agencies. Nonetheless,
as the result of our exposure to these regulatory
bodies, we have made known our feelings on the treat-
ment of small business to the point where we are now
being consulted on numerous matters. The problem, as
with many organizations, is that it requires time
before the feelings of SBA (and small business)
permeate the various rule-making functions of regulatory
agencies down to the lowest levels,
(b) SBA has not actively partici~pated in seminars bein&
held by such agencies as EPA.
Response: Available staffing does not permit the com-
plete coverage of every seminar held by pertinent
agencies and/or educational institutions in any given
year. In Fiscal Year 1976, we had representatives
attend seminars sponsored by EPA, ERDA, the National
Science Foundation and several nonprofit organizations.
During the remainder of FY 1976, we will have repre-
sentatives attend two seminars on Regulatory Reform.
After attending several of these gatherings during.
FY 1976, it becomes relatively clear as to the potential
benefit to be derived from these meetings for the SHA
or small business. Consequently, we try to maximize
our coverage of these sessions and attempt to attend
only those which we feel will have the greatest possible
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PAGENO="0563"
559
return. Again, our greatest difficulty lies in our
deficient staffing and our "selection" of seminars,
meetings, etc., with the greatest potential return
to small business.
(c) SBA's loan programs for compliance with these ~~~la-
tions have n6t been fully utilized.
Response: As with SBA in general, many small firms are
not aware of the assistance programs available to small
business or many do not feel it is worth the effort
to attempt to attain such assistance. We still find
a lack of understanding the availability of federal
assistance programs among small businesses and/or
the reluctance of many to spend the time making
application to SBA, only to be denied such assistance
after weeks of waiting. We are doing as much as
possible to maximize the exposure of SBA as an arm
of the Federal Government readily available to our
constituency. We believe that this is merely an
educational process which takes time and staffing.
However, we prefer to wrestle with the problem of time
rather than staffing since it becomes entirely too
cumbersome with increased staff. As for delays in
receiving answers on applications for assistance, it
is a problem as old and unique as the first organized
effort to conduct daily commerce. We study, make
recommendations, cut and become more expedient only
to return to old habits. This too we feel to be
principally a problem of developing and maintaining.
an awareness by SBA employees of the difficult position
of small business and minimizing the amount of time
and paperwork required in the process. One clear
advantage we have been able to maintain is in minimizing
the number of individuals involved in the loan-making
process. Consequently, the single (and largest)
obstacle in the loan-making process for compliance
purposes is in informing the public of the existence
of SBA.
(d) SBAis not _aggressive~ly rnaking~he small business
community aware of ~ Tn w~h it can'hélp small
firms with ~he±r complTànce efforts.
Response: Nothing could be further from the truth. SBA
has established liaison with just about every substantial
small business association and federal regulatory agency
which impacts upon small business. We have made our
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PAGENO="0564"
560
feelings known at the highest levels and have gone
further by making our feelings known to the Administration
via the Economic Policy Board. However, we have also
stressed to the small business community that the SBA
is not a panacea for small business. We are in the
business of helping small business to help itself.
One of the greatest difficulties with the compliance
environment is its `newness'7 and the inherent void
created by the lack of relevant expertise. In many
instances, the solutions to regulatory guidelines
promulgated by EPA and OSHA have not yet been invented.
Consequently, the availability to SBA or small business
of such expert advice is sparse and subject to the
pricing mechanism described in the classical laws
of supply and demand. Further, our SCORE and ACE
programs are of limited use as a result of the relative
~iovelty of the situation. In fact, it is obvious
that numerous officials of EPA and OSHA do not under-
stand their own regulations; needless to say, it is
most complicated for those of us at SBA to render
assistance on such technical matters. However, we
continue to deal with these agencies 1n order to
encourage a more "conciliatory approach" to assisting
small business with their compliance problems.
We hope that we have adequately responded to the points
raised by Mr. Commins.
15. Section ~9 of the Small Business Act authorizes the SBA
Administrator to encourage small firms to im~ertake
joi~~ efforts.
(a) What efforts has the agency made to implement this
section of the A6t?
(b) A witness before the Co~ittee on 4pril 1 told the
Committee t~at a major ~eaiment toJo~nt R&D pro
~ams is that it takes bt one year~for such a~ee
ments to be approved ~or exemption under the antI
trust laws. Would you co~ent on thisf
A. Experience with Research and Development Pools under
Section 9 of the Small Business Act has been very
limited. Over the entire history of SBA there have
been only three R&D pools, two are clearly defunct
and the third, although it professes to be active,
hasn't had a contract in over five years. Prior to
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PAGENO="0565"
561
1970 SBA devoted a very modest amount of resources to
the promotion of R&D pools. However, with the limited
response from small businessmen and other programs
in ever increasing need of those resources, SBA has
not actively advocated formation of R&D pools among
small firms for the past several years. An internal
SBA study in 1970 indicated that there were three
main reasons for the failure of the pool concept to
gain widespread use and acceptance:
(a) The complex procedures for establishing a
pool discouraged potential organizers and
members.
(b) Nonwillingness among member firms to organize
and elect responsible representatives that
could speak for all the members.
(c) Nonwillingness of members to share the
costs of an independent manager to act in
behalf of the pool.
b. SBA does not have sufficient data on the average time
necessary to get a pool approved to verify or deny the
reported one year necessary for such agreements to be
approved for exemption under the anti-trust laws. It
is safe to say, however, that the process is time-
consuming, and the 1970 SBA study indicated that it
was one of the deterrents to the establishment of
R&D pools.
16. During hearing held by~the Comaittee last October on the
dev~1opment of so1a~ energy ~by small business, I suggested
to Harold Fletcher, Associate A~in~strator for Procurement
Kssistan~e, ~thi~The Mscuss wTth ERDA the ~possi~itity of
~~K's subcontr~ oBAJfundJs to !ncrease.thesfze
o 5 tec no ogy ass stance program. as suc a
discuis ion taken place, and ff so, what were the results?
ERDA and SBA have not concluded an agreement that would
result in ". . . ERDA's subcontracting to SBA funds to
increase the aize of SBA's technology assistance program."
The two agencies are working closely together on a number
of fronts, and we have entered into discussions that we
anticipate will result in ERDA funding of a study on
several aspects of developing a computerized centralized
source list of small R&D and high-technology firms. As
we move ahead from the feasibility study phase of this
project to full implementation, we anticipate additional
ERDA funding support. We are also taking steps to initiate
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PAGENO="0566"
562
discussions with ERDA relative to the transfer of
ERDA technology to small businessmen and we antici-
pate some ERDA funding support in this area.
17. What other duties do the technology assistance officers
perform in the field offices? How ist~eir time illotted
between these resppnsibilities?
SBA's Technology Assistance Program in its regional offices
is currently in the process of being implemented in accordance
with new standard operating instructions. Under the new
instructions our Technology Assistance Officers (TAO's)
will have two basic functions; technology assistance (formerly
known as technology utilization) and R&D assistance. It
is anticipated that the assigned TAO's will devote ninety
percent of their time to these two programs and the remain-
ing ten percent to tasks incidental to the program such as
counseling small businessmen on general aspects of Govern-
ment procurement. The amount of time a given TAO will
spend on Technology Assistance as compared to R&D assistance
will vary depending on the mix of requests for assistance
coming from small firms in his assigned geographical area,
but, in general the time allocation should be approximately
6O7~ Technology Assistance and 4O~ R&D Assistance.
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