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Date: April 23, 2024 Tue
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bangladesh
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107 total results foundAuthor: Alffram, Henrik Title: “Crossfire”: Continued Human Rights Abuses by Bangladesh’s Rapid Action Battalion Summary: Set up as an elite crime fighting force drawn from the military and police, Bangladesh’s Rapid Action Battalion (RAB) has routinely engaged in extrajudicial killings and torture of people in custody and claiming falsely that they died during an exchange of fire. According to RAB’s own figures, the force has gunned down well over 600 alleged criminals since 2004. “Crossfire:” Continued Human Rights Abuses by Bangladesh’s Rapid Action Battalion documents the ongoing human rights violations perpetrated by RAB officers in and around Dhaka after the current Awami League-led government came to power. It builds on the 2006 Human Rights Watch report, Judge, Jury, and Executioner: Torture and Extrajudicial Killings by Bangladesh’s Elite Security Force. Created by the Bangladesh National Party (BNP), RAB was heavily criticized by the Awami League while in opposition. However, after the Awami League took office in January 2009 the killings have continued and no RAB officer has been prosecuted. Government officials have even justified or denied RAB’s abuses. Though there may be some within the system urging reform and accountability, RAB continues to operate with impunity. The Bangladesh government should follow through on its commitments and ensure that there are prompt, impartial, and independent investigations into torture and deaths in the custody of RAB. The government should prosecute all former and current members of RAB, of whatever rank, who are found to be responsible for human rights violations. Human Rights Watch calls upon foreign governments and international organizations to refuse to work with RAB in law enforcement or counter-terror operations until the force ceases its use of torture and extrajudicial executions, promotes transparency, and pursues accountability for violations of human rights. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2011. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 16, 2011 at: http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2011/05/10/crossfire-0 Year: 2011 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Deaths in Custody Shelf Number: 121726 |
Author: Sami, Shafia Title: Youth-Led Survey on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Vulnerable Children and Youth in Dhaka Slum Areas: A Youth-Led Study Summary: Bangladesh is a developing third world country with a large population. Most Bangladeshis live under the poverty level. The growing population and lack of livelihood options are becoming increasingly problematic. In rural areas, cultivatable land is being used is being to meet the housing need of the growing population. Natural disasters have caused the loss of lives as well as land, leaving many homeless. A large number of people come to Dhaka every day in search of a better livelihood. Due to lack of education and skills, they work as day laborer in mills or factories, rickshaw pullers, hawkers, drivers, drug smugglers, small businessmen, employees of business centers, etc. The low income received for these occupations is often inadequate to meet the high Dhaka living costs, compelling many to seek accommodation in slum areas. As many countries in the world achieve greater development, children in Bangladesh are struggling for a safe and secure environment to grow and learn. Despite being a signatory to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, many children remain unprotected. Child sexual abuse, sexual exploitation of children, child trafficking, and early marriage occur frequently in the social context of Bangladesh. Though many NGOs work with child victims of sexual abuse, exploitation and trafficking, little research has been undertaken on these issues. It is therefore impossible to determine exactly how many children in Bangladesh have become victims of commercial sexual exploitation. One study indicates, however, that one girl in every three becomes a victim of abuse. Slum areas are particularly difficult places for children to grow up. Children in danger may be reluctant to ask for help in fear that their parents may decide to move away and discontinue their schooling. Incidents of child abuse sometimes take place within families, with children being abused by close relatives. Children in these situations often feel that they cannot disclose the abuse to their parents in fear that they may be blamed themselves, with little or no consequences for the perpetrator. In this context, youth involved in the Youth Partnership Project in Bangladesh conducted a survey of children and young people living in slum areas of Dhaka city to collect information about their vulnerability to CSE, CSA, trafficking and early marriage in the socio-economic context of the slum environment. The survey conducted was both qualitative and quantitative. Participation, teamwork, collaboration, flexibility and triangulation were the key tenets of the approach adopted by the survey team. Methods used for data collection included: (i) individual interviews, (ii) focus group discussions (FGDs), and (iii) case study analysis. Aparajeyo-Bangladesh staff and the youth group members drafted a set of ethical principles to guide the work, along the themes of: (i) participation and protection, (ii) informed consent of the children, (iii) children’s confidentiality and trust, (iv) clarity, and (v) a conducive survey environment. Details: Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh: Aparajeyo-Bangladesh, 2010. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 29, 2011 at: http://www.ecpat.net/ei/Publications/CYP/YPP_Research_Bangladesh.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Child Abuse Shelf Number: 121897 |
Author: Banerjee, Paramita Title: Crossing Boundaries: Cross-Border Mobility of Boys Between Bangladesh & India: An Explorative Study Summary: The primary goal of this research was to explore the phenomenon of cross-border mobility of boys between Bangladesh and India, so as to build an understanding among the stakeholders on the issue – thereby informing State and NGO child protection policies and interventions. In particular, to inform policies and systems, which facilitate repatriation of boys across countries and suggest strategies to address vulnerabilities of boys to smuggling, trafficking and other forms of abuse, violence and exploitation. Details: Dhaka, Bangladesh; Sanjog, 2010. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 6, 2012 at: http://www.childtrafficking.com/Docs/sanjog_11_crossing_boundaries_0112.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse, Males Shelf Number: 123988 |
Author: Islam, Asadul Title: The Economic Returns to Good Looks and Risky Sex in the Bangladesh Commercial Sex Market Summary: This study examines the economic returns to beauty and unprotected sex in the commercial sex market in Bangladesh. The results show that there is a beauty premium for commercial sex work, but it is within the bounds of the economic returns to beauty for women in occupations that do not involve sex work. We find that there is an earnings premium for sex workers who sell unprotected sex and that more attractive sex workers charge a higher premium for unprotected sex. This result is consistent with either attractive sex workers having more bargaining/negotiating power or attractiveness and risky sex being complements for males in the presence of attractive women. The results are robust to a number of empirical specifications including controls for sex workers‟ disposition, client characteristics and a number of fixed effects to control for other attributes of sex workers and their clients. Details: Working Paper, Monash University, 2010. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 22, 2012 at: http://www.business.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1655447/Asad_Russell.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Physical Attractiveness Shelf Number: 125266 |
Author: Kabir, Mohammad Title: Safety and Security in North Bengal, Bangladesh: A Youth Perception Survey Summary: There is an increasing recognition that a secure environment is a precondition for development. Armed violence, insecurity and poverty are often inter-connected and not only undermine individual security but also impede progress towards the eradication of poverty. Over the past decade, there has been a perceived increase in incidents of violence, including armed violence, in North Bengal, Bangladesh. The prevalence of armed groups and incidences of violence and crime threaten community safety and security in a region which has often been identified as vulnerable to instability and insecurity. However, there have been no recent empirical studies that have explored perceptions of young women and men in North Bengal regarding safety and security and future options for creating a secure and stable region. Perceptions of the youth are important since they are the future leaders who will determine the future course of their country in both ideological and socio-political development terms. The principal aim of this study is to develop a better understanding of perceived and actual trends in insecurity and ways to address them as seen from the hearts and minds of young people in North Bengal. Details: Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangaladesh Enterprise Institute; London: Saferworld, 2012. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2012 at: http://www.saferworld.org.uk/downloads/pubdocs/North%20Bengal%20report.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Violence (Bangladesh) Shelf Number: 125986 |
Author: Naved, Ruchira Tabassum Title: Men's Attitudes and Practices Regarding Gender and Violence Against Women in Bangladesh: Preliminary Findings Summary: Violence against women and girls (VAWG) remains one of the most pervasive yet least recognised human-rights abuses in the world. It is a worldwide problem, crossing cultural, geographic, religious, social and economic boundaries. It exists in the private and public spheres, and occurs in times of peace and conflict. Globally, as many as one in every three women is beaten, coerced into sex, or abused in some way during her lifetime (UN General Assembly 2006). The most common form of violence experienced by women and girls globally is domestic violence, which is most often perpetrated by a male partner against a female partner. The Asia-Pacific region has some of the highest reported levels of VAWG in the world and in Bangladesh previous studies indicate that one in two women have faced some form of violence in their lives (WHO 2005). Despite decades of work to end violence, and some significant advances in terms of public awareness, laws and policies, there is no indication that aggregate levels of violence have decreased in the region. Thus, VAWG continues unabated and often quietly condoned; impairing families, communities and societies in general. Most responses to VAWG focus on women’s rights and empowerment, legal reform, protection and service provision. Whilst these interventions continue to be key priorities, addressing root causes of VAWG through primary prevention is vital if we are to create violence-free societies. This report, Men’s Attitudes and Practices Regarding Gender and Violence against Women in Bangladesh, is part of The Change Project: Understanding gender, masculinities and power to prevent gender-based violence. It is the first study of its kind in Bangladesh. Interviewing men has provided new knowledge on prevailing social norms, men’s attitudes and behaviours – and how they perpetuate violence. Significantly, this study demonstrates that violence is not inevitable and points us in the direction of how to stop violence before it starts. Details: Dhaka, Bangladesh: icddr,b, 2011. 50p. Source: Accessed August 13, 2012 at: http://www.partners4prevention.org/files/resources/final_report_bangladesh.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Domestic Violence Shelf Number: 126006 |
Author: International Organization for Migration Title: Revisiting the human trafficking paradigm: the Bangladesh experience - Part I: Trafficking of Adults Summary: For the past ten years, the phrase “human trafficking” has been used to address a wide variety of crimes and human rights abuses associated with the recruitment, movement and sale of people into a range of “exploitative” or “slave-like circumstances.” The problem with the present “human trafficking paradigm” is that many of the definitions used to define this social phenomenon are often limited in their scope and do not adequately reflect the totality of the problem. Likewise, few attempts have been made to develop usable conceptual frameworks that allow for the many variables to be encompassed under a single umbrella. To illustrate this point, ask most people who are directly associated with the “human trafficking” sector what the phrase really means to them and you will get a wide variety of different definitions and descriptions. Because the concept of “human trafficking” is a social phenomena that is made up of many dimensions and many discrete steps, it is very difficult to easily encapsulate all of the variables into one agreed upon definition or framework. For example, depending on the person questioned, trafficking might be defined any number of ways -- as a legal problem; a human rights problem; a gender problem; a child labor problem; a health problem; a migration problem or a combination of one or more of these. Likewise, depending on how a given person defines the problem, his/her definitions will dictate what solutions are proposed -- legal problems require legal solutions, gender problems require gender solutions, etc. In summary, even after nearly ten years, the sector still lacks a consistent conceptual clarity among those who are working to reduce the problem. The purpose of this analytical document is to provide a brief overview of some of the inconsistencies in the existing “human trafficking” paradigm. Once outlined, the text will then begin an analysis of the present “trafficking framework,” as it relates to the Bangladesh context -- breaking the problem down into its basic components. The paper will also challenge some of the present human trafficking assumptions and concepts, along with the overall scope of the problem, to ensure that as the response to this sector grows and expands, the frameworks used to describe it are able to keep pace. For example, over the past twenty years, the HIV/AIDS sector has “reinvented” itself many times to keep pace with new information and insights into this problem that continually arise. The same process is needed in the human trafficking sector at this time. Note that this document will focus on human trafficking as it relates to adults (those over the age of 18). Another report on the issue as it relates to children (1-12 years of age) will follow. Details: Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2004. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 23, 2012 at http://www.iom.org.bd/publications/16.pdf Year: 2004 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Abductions (Bangladesh) Shelf Number: 117616 |
Author: Verité Title: Research on Indicators of Forced Labor in the Supply Chain of Shrimp in Bangladesh Summary: Verité carried out research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the production of goods in seven countries from 2008 through 2011. Research was carried out on the production of shrimp in Bangladesh; Brazil-nuts, cattle, corn, and peanuts in Bolivia; sugar in the Dominican Republic; coffee in Guatemala; fish in Indonesia; rubber in Liberia; and tuna in the Philippines. The following report is based on research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the Bangladesh shrimp sector. This research was not intended to determine the existence or scale of forced labor in the countries and sectors under study, but rather to identify the presence of indicators of forced labor and factors that increased workers' vulnerability to labor exploitation. Context/Objectives -- Bangladesh is a country facing high levels of poverty, with approximately 50 percent of the population living below the international poverty line. The shrimp sector has been promoted as a needed source of development, and indeed, has provided income to many workers. At the same time previous research has tied the shrimp sector to labor, environmental, and human rights abuses. However, little of the previous research specifically explored indicators of forced labor. The primary objectives of the project were to: obtain background information on the shrimp sector in Bangladesh; create a methodology to study the presence of indicators of forced labor in the Bangladesh shrimp sector; identify and document indicators of forced labor among workers in the shrimp sector in Bangladesh; document the broader working conditions that workers in the shrimp sector experience; and determine the risk factors for indicators of forced labor and other forms of exploitation in the Bangladesh shrimp sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2012(?). 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 22, 2013 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/images/Research%20on%20Indicators%20of%20Forced%20Labor%20in%20the%20Bangladesh%20Shrimp%20Sector__9.16.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Forced Labor Shelf Number: 128087 |
Author: Couture, Krista London Title: A Gendered Approach To Countering Violent Extremism. Lessons Learned From Women In Peacebuilding And Conflict Prevention Applied Successfully In Bangladesh And Morocco Summary: As the United States and world transition from a reflexive and hard approach in counterterrorism to a more reflective and soft one for the prevention of terrorism, the search for best practices and lessons learned is more critical than ever. While programming related to countering violent extremism (CVE) continues to grapple with the adoption of official definitions, priorities, evaluation methodologies, and qualitative and quantitative metrics, there is a growing awareness of the importance of harnessing female actors as positive, operational agents of change. Women continue to be an underutilized and under-tapped resource in the fight against extremism. This research identifies best practices through lessons learned from efforts that utilize women to encouragingly affect catalysts and circumstances that drive individuals to engage in terrorism. The empowerment of women not only makes practical sense, but also is a good investment in economics, business, and counterterrorism. In micro lending, for every $1US a woman earns, she reinvests 90 percent back into her family and/or community; men re-invest only 40 percent. When a woman has an education, she marries on average four years later, enters into non-abusive relationships, and has 2.2 children who are healthier and better educated. Extremism is most effectively countered through increased education, better critical thinking, and enhanced opportunities. These empowerment scenarios and positive outcomes become manifest in the impact a woman has within her family and community. In the words of former Secretary to the United Nations Kofi Annan, "There is no development strategy more beneficial to society as a whole - women and men alike - than the one which involves women as central players." While originally intended to only bring awareness of the role of women in preventing terrorism, this research reveals several additional important findings. Most notably, as is the case with their impact on peace and stability, women play a critical role in the security realm, and CVE is no exception. Empowering women in culturally and country-specific ways enables them to be valuable players in the extremism paradigm. Details: Washington, DC: Brookings Institute, 2014. 74p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Paper: Accessed August 4, 2014 at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2014/07/30%20gender%20conflict%20prevention%20countering%20violent%20extremism%20couture/women%20cve%20formatted%2072914%20couture%20final2.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Shelf Number: 132873 |
Author: Macdonald, Geoffrey Title: Preventing Violent Extremism through Inclusive Politics in Bangladesh Summary: Bangladesh has a long history of political and electoral violence that has shaped its political culture. Since the early 2000s, it has experienced a renewal of violent extremism and an increasingly polarized political climate. By addressing the relationship between radicalization and institutional dysfunctions, this Peace Brief examines how Bangladesh can help undermine the issues that bolster radicalization efforts by strengthening political and social institutions and making them more inclusive. Summary - The role of Islam in Bangladeshi politics is highly contested and presents a focal point of past and current violence. - The polarized political climate and institutionalized repression of Islamic parties appear to enhance radicalization dynamics. - The current environment in Bangladesh presents an opportunity to prevent violent extremism before it fully manifests itself. - Measures to improve democratic governance and inclusive politics could help mitigate the risk of violent extremism in Bangladesh, while also reducing political violence levels. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2016. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: Peace Brief 200: Accessed January 28, 2016 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PB200-Preventing-Violent-Extremism-through-Inclusive-Politics-in-Bangladesh.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Extremist Groups Shelf Number: 137697 |
Author: International Crisis Group Title: Political Conflict, Extremism and Criminal Justice in Bangladesh Summary: As the Awami League (AL) government's political rivalry with the Bangladesh National Party (BNP) reaches new heights, so has its repression. At the same time, a deeply politicised, dysfunctional criminal justice system is undermining rather than buttressing the rule of law. Heavy-handed measures are denting the government's legitimacy and, by provoking violent counter-responses, benefitting violent party wings and extremist groups alike. The government needs to recognise that it is in its interest to change course, lest it fail to either contain violent extremism or counter political threats. A key part of a more prudent course would be to de-politicise and strengthen all aspects of the criminal justice system, including the judiciary, so it can address the country's myriad law and order challenges and help stall a democratic collapse. The political conflict between the AL and BNP has resulted in high levels of violence and a brutal state response. The government's excesses against political opponents and critics include enforced disappearances, torture and extra-judicial killings. Police tasked with targeting the government's rivals and an overstretched justice system compelled to prosecute opposition leaders and activists now also face a renewed threat from violent extremists. The permissive legal environment, however, is creating opportunities for extremist outfits to regroup, manifested in the killings of secular bloggers and foreigners and attacks on sectarian and religious minorities in 2015. The government's reaction to rising extremism, including arrest and prosecution of several suspects without due process and transparency, is fuelling alienation that these groups can further exploit. Reconciling with the opposition and hence stabilising the state requires both political compromises and an end to the repressive use of law enforcement agencies and abuse of the courts. Politicising the police and using elite forces, particularly the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), to silence political dissent, are laying the seeds of future violence. By concentrating on targeting the opposition, the police are failing to curb criminality; the prisons are overburdened by the mass arrests of opposition leaders and activists; and the judiciary, perceived as partisan for trials and sentences based on political grounds, is losing credibility. The result is a justice system that swings between two extremes: woefully slow and dysfunctional for ordinary cases and speedy, undermining due process, in politically charged ones. Any effort to reform a dysfunctional criminal justice system, including by investing in training, equipping and otherwise modernising the police, prosecution and judiciary, will be insufficient unless it is also taken out of politics. Years of partisan recruitment, promotions and postings have polarised these institutions to the point that officials no longer conceal their allegiances. Partisanship tends to determine the kinds of complaints and cases that get filed and prioritised and even informs verdicts and sentences. The problems surrounding delivery of justice are further compounded by legal mechanisms to silence civil society and prevent media scrutiny and parallel processes that undermine due process in politically charged cases. The deeply flawed International Crimes Tribunal (ICT), established in 2010 to prosecute individuals responsible for atrocities committed during the 1971 liberation war, is an important example of the dangers of using rule of law institutions for political ends. Perceptions of injustice are creating opportunities for extremist groups and fuelling political conflict. The BNP and its Jamaat-e-Islami ally marked the anniversary of the disputed 2014 elections with indiscriminately violent strikes and traffic blockades, which were matched brutally by the state. The BNP now appears less willing to resort to violence to unseat the government; its decision to re-enter the political mainstream gives the government an opportunity it should exploit by urgently resuming dialogue with the opposition. To demonstrate sincerity and as a first step, it should end use of the rule of law institutions to target opponents and silence critics. Accepting legitimate avenues of participation and dissent would also help regain some lost legitimacy and the trust of citizens in the state's provision of both justice and security. So long as there is no independent court system to arbitrate disputes fairly, the parties are likely to continue taking those disputes to the streets, but a neutral judiciary could help defuse tensions by upholding fundamental principles and preventing executive excesses. The international community can help to promote political reconciliation by, in the U.S. and EU case, using economic levers to pressure Dhaka to respect civil and political rights, and in New Delhi's by using close ties to urge the AL to allow the opposition legitimate political expression and participation. There is no time to lose. If mainstream dissent remains closed, more and more government opponents may come to view violence and violent groups as their only recourse. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2016. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: Asia Report No. 277: Accessed July 25, 2016 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/277-political-conflict-extremism-and-criminal-justice-in-bangladesh.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Extremism Shelf Number: 139829 |
Author: Quattri, Maria Title: Child Labour and Education: A survey of slum settlements in Dhaka Summary: Urbanisation has powered Bangladesh’s development. But it has gone hand-in-hand with the rapid growth of urban slums marked by high levels of poverty and low levels of service provision. In these slums, child labour is rife. Child labour and education: a survey of slum settlements in Dhaka presents findings from one of the largest surveys on child work and education conducted in Bangladesh. ODI research found that 15% of 6 to 14-year-old children in Dhaka's slums were out of school and engaged in full-time work. Average working hours for these children were well beyond the 42-hour limit set by national legislation. The garments sector accounted for two thirds of female working children, raising serious concerns over garment exports and child labour. By the age of 14, almost half of children living in the slums of Dhaka were working. The research shows how early exposure to work and withdrawal from education are harmful to children. This report offers recommendations for coordinated, cross-sectoral policies to break the link between child labour, social disadvantage and restricted opportunities for education. Policies must be integrated to span the regulation of labour markets, education, child welfare and wider global strategies for poverty reduction – what we found in Dhaka is a microcosm of a global problem that should be at the centre of the international agenda. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute (ODI), 2016. 80p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 16, 2016 at: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11145.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 147763 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: "No Right to Live": "Kneecapping" and Maiming of Detainees by Bangladesh Security Forces Summary: On the morning of February 28, 2013, the opposition Jamaat-e-Islami party called a strike to protest the death penalty handed down against its leader, Delwar Hossain Sayedee, who had been convicted by Bangladesh's International Crimes Tribunal (ICT). One of the protests took place near Dhaka’s International Islamic University. Fazal, an 18-year-old law student who resided in a nearby student dorm in the Kutubbagh area, said he did not participate in the protest but had just left his dorm to go to breakfast when he heard gunshots and saw people running. Fazal, who asked Human Rights Watch to use a pseudonym to limit the chances of police retribution, said he saw police beating three men, and that as he moved away a man grabbed him by his shirt collar from behind. Fazal said he was beaten and then brought to the Sher-e-Bangla Police Station. Details: New York: HRW, 2016. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 19, 2016 at: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/bangladesh0916_web_0.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Detainees Shelf Number: 140512 |
Author: Shoji, Masahiro Title: Guilt Aversion and Peer Effects in Crime: Experimental and Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh Summary: The peer effects are considered to be a cause of the crime disparity across cities over time, but little is known how the effects occur. I conducted an artefactual field experiment in rural Bangladesh to uncover the mechanism of peer effects through the intrinsic motivation. I particularly disentangle two potential channels predicted by the guilt aversion preference; through the change in the guilt sensitivity and the second order beliefs. The validity of guilt aversion is also tested by using experiment and survey data. A novel contribution of this experiment is that it develops an approach to elicit the guilt sensitivity. I find that the behavioral patterns of experimental crime are consistent with the guilt aversion but not with the pure altruism or trustworthiness. The peer effects occur through the changes in the beliefs; when crime is common, individuals anticipate that the others expect higher risk of crime victimization, which in turn declines the guilt from committing crime. By using the survey data collected from the participant households, I show the validity of the elicited guilt sensitivity; individuals are less likely to suffer from property crime in the villages where the neighborhood have higher guilt sensitivity. Details: Tokyo: Faculty of Economics, Seijo University, 2012. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2017 at: http://www3.grips.ac.jp/~econseminar/Guilt%20Aversion.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Broken Windows Theory Shelf Number: 147290 |
Author: Naved, Ruchira Tabassum Title: Understanding intimate partner violence in Bangladesh through a male lens Summary: The rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) are high in Bangladesh, with 1 in 2 married women aged 15 and over reporting that they have endured physical and/or sexual violence during their lives. In response to this issue, research on IPV in Bangladesh is growing, but data tends to focus on women's reporting of exposure to IPV rather than male perpetration. This report aims to address evidence gaps by drawing on primary research from 2016 to understand the multi-level drivers of male perpetration of IPV in Bangladesh, including the relative importance of conservative gender norms. It investigates how broader political-economy dynamics shape attitudes, behaviours and service provision related to IPV, and the associated implications for policy and practice to strengthen responses to the issue. The findings discussed in this report are part of a broader regional study of the perpetration of IPV by men and boys across South Asia. Details: London: Overseas Development Institute, 2017. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 31, 2017 at: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11397.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Abusive Men Shelf Number: 144674 |
Author: Sultana, Razia Title: Rape by Command: Sexual Violence as a weapon against the Rohingya Summary: This report documents the widespread, systematic use of sexual violence by the Myanmar Army during its brutal "clearance operation"in northern Rakhine State in the second half of 2017. This operation has driven over 680,000 Rohingya villagers into Bangladesh. Testimonies of 36 refugees, eight of whom are rape survivors, provide evidence that government troops raped well over 300 women and girls in or near at least seventeen villages across Maungdaw and northern Buthidaung townships, as well as in Maungdaw town, during the operation. With over 350 villages attacked and burned at this time, this number is likely only a fraction of the actual total of women raped. In the weeks before the official launch of the operation on August 25, thousands of Myanmar Army troops were deployed from existing military camps in Rakhine State, and from central Myanmar, to reinforce Border Guard Police posts throughout northern Rakhine State. These troops were the main perpetrators of sexual violence, at every stage of the operation. Before the start of the operation, the troops committed rape during security patrols and "anti-terror" raids in remote rural areas, where many men had gone into hiding for fear of arrest and torture. In two villages alone in northern Buthidaung, six women and one six-year-old girl were gang-raped by government troops in the weeks before August 25. However, the majority of rape incidents, involving hundreds This report documents the widespread, systematic use of sexual violence by the Myanmar Army during its brutal clearance operation in northern Rakhine State in the second half of 2017. This operation has driven over 680,000 Rohingya villagers into Bangladesh. Testimonies of 36 refugees, eight of whom are rape survivors, provide evidence that government troops raped well over 300 women and girls in or near at least seventeen villages across Maungdaw and northern Buthidaung townships, as well as in Maungdaw town, during the operation. With over 350 villages attacked and burned at this time, this number is likely only a fraction of the actual total of women raped. In the weeks before the official launch of the operation on August 25, thousands of Myanmar Army troops were deployed from existing military camps in Rakhine State, and from central Myanmar, to reinforce Border Guard Police posts throughout northern Rakhine State. These troops were the main perpetrators of sexual violence, at every stage of the operation. Before the start of the operation, the troops committed rape during security patrols and "anti-terror" raids in remote rural areas, where many men had gone into hiding for fear of arrest and torture. Details: Chittagong Bangladesh: Kaladan Press Network, 2018. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2018 at: https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/RapebyCommandWeb3.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Rape Shelf Number: 149322 |
Author: Jackman, David Title: Living in the shade of others: intermediation, politics and violence in Dhaka City Summary: Bangladesh is often perceived as disordered, characterised by the absence of law abiding systems of governance, and with the poor left to rely on corrupt and dysfunctional relationships. This thesis tells a different story. Examining the lives of people living in the open and most basic slums ethnographically in Dhaka city reveals that people have complex dependencies on 'intermediaries' or 'brokers' to access resources. Rather than see these relationships as dysfunctional, the core argument developed is that they are inherently part of how social order is maintained in Bangladeshi society. If order is understood as contingent on actors throughout society establishing a dominant capability for violence and accruing resources on this basis, then intermediation can be seen as a prominent means by which both of these ends are achieved. These relationships are thus intertwined with how violence is organised and controlled. A young man who grew up at a bazar described how people need to live in the shade of others, and this metaphor is used to portray this phenomenon. This thesis argues that intermediation in Dhaka has changed significantly over the past decade, with the mastan gangs once identified as powerful in radical decline, replaced by wings of the ruling political party. At the lowest levels of urban society, a complex web of intermediaries exists, including labour leaders, political leaders, their followers and informers. Some people attempt to rise in this order by mobilising as factions and demonstrating their capability for violence, but more generally people employ tactics and strategies for avoiding, negotiating and even exiting these relationships. Negotiating these relationships and one's place in this order is conceptualised here as the politics of intermediation. Details: Bath, UK: University of Bath, 2017. 223p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 24, 2018 at: http://opus.bath.ac.uk/57425/ Year: 2017 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Political Corruption Shelf Number: 150356 |
Author: Chynoweth, Sarah Title: "It's Happening to our Men as Well": Sexual Violence Against Rohingya Men and Boys Summary: The Women's Refugee Commission is undertaking a three-country exploratory study on sexual violence against refugee men and boys, including those with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity and expression. In July 2018, two researchers traveled to Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, to explore sexual violence perpetrated against Rohingya men and boys in Myanmar and Bangladesh. We conducted 21 focus groups with 109 Rohingya men, women, and adolescents in four sections of Kutupalong Camp and interviewed 45 humanitarian aid workers and human rights experts. The findings and recommendations in this report aim to help international and national humanitarian agencies improve protection mechanisms and strengthen services for at-risk men and boys and male sexual violence survivors in Cox's Bazar Details: New York: Women's Refugee Commission, 2018. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2019 at: https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/gbv/resources/1664-its-happening-to-our-men-as-well Year: 2018 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Shelf Number: 155060 |
Author: Idris, Iffat Title: Modern Slavery within the Tea Industry in Bangladesh Summary: Question What are the key economic and political factors driving modern slavery within the tea industry in Bangladesh? Summary The main factor driving modern slavery within the tea industry in Bangladesh is the extreme marginalisation of tea garden workers, who are mostly descendants of migrants from India, by wider society. Social and economic exclusion mean workers have no alternative to working under highly exploitative conditions in the tea industry. The review found considerable literature on the working conditions of tea workers, but little on the wider context of their position in society, attention to the plight of tea workers in policy-making, or the macro-economic and political pressures to sustain modern slavery in Bangladeshs tea gardens. Details: Brighton, U.K.: Institute of Development Studies, 2018. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2019 at: https://gsdrc.org/publications/modern-slavery-within-the-tea-industry-in-bangladesh/ Year: 2018 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Bangladesh Shelf Number: 155137 |
Author: Environment and Social Development Organization, Bangladash Title: Illegal import and trade off of e-waste in Bangladesh Summary: E-waste problems related to trade off and trans-boundary movement in the developing countries address environmental, social, and economic effects. As we know, illegal trade in wastes continues to this day. Interestingly, trends and patterns in waste trade have changed. In recent, most used electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) / products are shipped from the developed countries to the developing countries like Bangladesh. With its more than 14 million inhabitants and considerable economic growth rates, the local consumption of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is growing day by day in Bangladesh. While this growth is desirable from a development perspective and in particular regarding living standard and access to information and communication technologies (ICTs), it also raises the question on sound end-of-life solutions which are not yet in place in the country. E-waste has become the fastest growing waste stream in Bangladesh and has emerged as a lucrative business. Every year Bangladesh generates roughly 2.7 million metric tons of e-waste. Out of these 2.7 million metric tons, ship breaking industry alone generates 2.5 million metric tons. Bangladesh import scrap ships from developed countries as it has no/inadequate legal rules and regulations to import such highly polluted scrap products and equipments. According to the UNEP study, the developed nations dump e-waste in "developing" Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan) through illegal trade routes. Illegal trade off of e-waste Developed countries have strict rules and regulations to manage their e-waste. On the other hand, developing countries don't have such kind of adequate rules and policies for the management of imported e-waste. Illegal trade of e-waste occurs mainly due to avoid external cost raised from the management of e-waste in developed countries, and to gain economic benefit by importer of developing countries. Vulnerability of Bangladesh to e-waste Bangladesh is developing with the increasing of technology usage. Sustainable and safe use of technology can drive an economically developed country. But the wastes from these electronic goods come to us as curse. We consume and dump the useless products without any consideration of environmental damages and sustainability. Moreover, every year significant no. of scrap ships is imported to Bangladesh by importer legally and/illegally. These ships are broken in ship breaking yard located mainly in southern part of Bangladesh. During ship breaking, no. of heavy metals and toxic pollutants emit to environment and oil spills to land and water bodies. As Bangladesh has binding to import scrap ships, thus illegal import and trade off of e-waste is happening by importer to make profit and hence, e-waste vulnerability of Bangladesh is increasing. The scrap ships are carrying large volume of toxics products and electrical & electronic waste, includes: antiques, barometers, clothes irons, electronics, lamps/light bulbs, light switches, paint(Latex), pesticides, television sets, thermometers, mirrors, washing machines, calculators, desktop liquid crystal display(LCD) monitors, laptop, LCD monitors, neon lights, sewer pipes, etc. E-waste exporting country Bangladesh imports electronic goods, ship scraps and scrap metal, from developed countries. Brain-damaging mercury and toxic electronic and plastic wastes from the United States; cancer-causing asbestos from Canada; defective steel and tin plates from the European Union, Australia and the U.S.; toxic waste oil from the United Arab Emirates, Iran and Kuwait; toxic zinc ash, residues and skimming; lead waste and scrap; used batteries; and waste and scrap of metals such as cadmium, chromium, cobalt, antimony, hafnium and thallium from Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Belgium and Norway are all dumped on Bangladesh. Objectives 1. To identify the situation and present scenario of e-waste trade, import and recycling 2. To assess the impact of e-waste on human health 3. To find out the gaps of current legislative and policy of e-waste trade off, disposal and management. Details: Dhaka: Author, 2011. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2019 at: https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/t/2012/09/Report-on-Illegal-import-and-trade-off-of-e-waste.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: E-Waste Shelf Number: 155470 |
Author: Hossain, Shahriar Title: Study on E-Waste: Bangladesh Situation Summary: Introduction Bangladesh indicates a rapid economic growth with emerging market for consumers of electric, electronic gadgets, home appliances. These demands have created a circumstance of increasing amounts of locally produced electronics products and increasing demand for re-using these products. Equipment is largely refurbished and recycled in semiformal and informal sectors. Reuse or recycling or of equipments and as well as dumping are creating risk these days. These electronic wastes might can cause environmental and health hazards. At present, there are lack of awareness and adequate information gap on e-waste hazards in Bangladesh. ESDO has been conducted a research survey in order to address this problem and to create mass awareness and learning initiative on e-waste through a project focusing Dhaka and Chittagong city. This research report has been written based primary data as well as based on the secondary sources of information. This report will give an idea of present situation analysis, gaps and recommendations for way forward. Details: Dhaka, Bangladesh: Environment and Social Development Organization-ESDO, 2010. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2019 at: https://www.env.go.jp/recycle/circul/venous_industry/pdf/env/h27/02_4.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: E-Waste Shelf Number: 155476 |
Author: Verite Title: Research on Indicators of Forced Labor in the Supply Chain of Shrimp in Bangladesh Summary: Summary Verite carried out research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the production of goods in seven countries from 2008 through 2011. Research was carried out on the production of shrimp in Bangladesh; Brazil-nuts, cattle, corn, and peanuts in Bolivia; sugar in the Dominican Republic; coffee in Guatemala; fish in Indonesia; rubber in Liberia; and tuna in the Philippines. The following report is based on research on the presence of indicators of forced labor in the Bangladesh shrimp sector. This research was not intended to determine the existence or scale of forced labor in the countries and sectors under study, but rather to identify the presence of indicators of forced labor and factors that increased workers' vulnerability to labor exploitation. Context/Objectives Bangladesh is a country facing high levels of poverty, with approximately 50 percent of the population living below the international poverty line. The shrimp sector has been promoted as a needed source of development, and indeed, has provided income to many workers. At the same time previous research has tied the shrimp sector to labor, environmental, and human rights abuses. However, little of the previous research specifically explored indicators of forced labor. The primary objectives of the project were to: - obtain background information on the shrimp sector in Bangladesh; - create a methodology to study the presence of indicators of forced labor in the Bangladesh shrimp sector; - identify and document indicators of forced labor among workers in the shrimp sector in Bangladesh; - document the broader working conditions that workers in the shrimp sector experience; and - determine the risk factors for indicators of forced labor and other forms of exploitation in the Bangladesh shrimp sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 134p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 27, 2019 at: https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Research-on-Indicators-of-Forced-Labor-in-the-Bangladesh-Shrimp-Sector__9.16.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Fishing Industry Shelf Number: 155576 |
Author: Swedwatch Title: Smokescreens in the Supply Chain: The Impacts of the Tobacco Industry on Human Rights and the Environment in Bangladesh Summary: This report offers an in-depth study into the global tobacco industry's impacts on human rights and the environment, and presents a case study from cultivation areas across Bangladesh. Findings include adverse impacts on farmers, their families, on valuable natural forest resources, and on communities living adjacent to tobacco leaf operations run by one of the United Kingdom's largest companies, British American Tobacco plc. (BAT). BAT and other multinational tobacco companies are expanding their tobacco leaf operations in developing countries under the same conditions that underpin the sector's links to human rights challenges and environmental degradation. The purpose of this report is to support and stimulate constructive dialogue on how tobacco companies can improve their sustainability and human rights work across global supply chains in order to protect people and the environment. Recommendations are aimed at tobacco companies, their investors, for politicians and decision-makers in the areas of trade and sustainable development, development cooperation, and public health, and also for tobacco consumers. For vulnerable BAT contract farmers, tobacco cultivation is uncertain: on the one hand it carries high investment costs and risks, and on the other hand there exists the potential of gaining high profits. Swedwatch's analysis shows that BAT - through the use of flawed contract formats and uncertain promises - contributes to over indebtedness that traps many farmers in a cycle of poverty. Because of their difficulty in settling loans and interest payments, many farmers in reality end up in a situation of dependency on BAT which Swedwatch considers raises the risk of the farmers being in a situation equivalent to that of bonded labour. In Bandarban district, part of the closed and militarised Chittagong Hill Tracts region, BAT initiated its first test plantations in the midst of an on-going armed conflict in the 1980s. As part of the Government of Bangladeshs (GoB) counterinsurgency, indigenous people were forcibly removed from their land, which was redistributed to 400,000 Bengali settlers by the government. In spite of Bandarban's salient human rights risks, high poverty levels, and large groups of disadvantaged indigenous peoples and internally displaced persons, BAT has never conducted a human rights risk assessment in consultation with farmers and community members. In communication with Swedwatch, with reference to its Bangladeshi operations, BAT's Head of Sustainability and Reputation Management stated that, globally, 'BAT does not consider any particular tobacco-growing location to be of higher risk than another.' Swedwatch findings indicate that the following areas require urgent attention: - In contrast to BAT's assurance that there have been zero reported incidences of child labour across its Bangladeshi supply chain, Swedwatch's study shows that child labour is widespread in BATs tobacco fields. Both farmers' and labourers' children are working long hours in cultivation and leaf processing. This keeps many of them out of school. - Work hazards in tobacco farming include nicotine absorption through the skin during harvesting, and exposure to pesticides without protective equipment. Negative effects of tobacco work on children's and adults' health and wellbeing are critical and widespread. - BAT's inability to control farmers' sourcing of wood from natural forests for curing tobacco leaves in purpose-built kilns, contributes to deforestation and degradation of unique biodiversity values in Bandarban. In response to Swedwatch's presented study findings, BAT Headquarters emphasised the benefits from tobacco farming and stated that the vast majority of the findings are 'matters which the company does not recognise as happening on their contract farms and are factually incorrect'. In support of its statement, BAT shared a large amount of company data and a number of commissioned studies on socio-economic and environmental impacts in its tobacco supply chain. BAT added that if Swedwatch were able to identify specific farms where alleged incidences have taken place, the company would investigate further and, if appropriate, take remedial action. BAT's responses to the study findings can be found in Sections 4, 6 and 7 of this report, as well as in Annex 3: 'Analysis of BAT's Human Rights & Environmental Measures in the Supply Chain'. The company's reactions to the publication of the full report is published on Swedwatch's website www.swedwatch.org. Details: Stockholm, Sweden: Swedwatch, 2016. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2019 at:https://swedwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/bat_81_15aug_ensida_uppdaterad_version_160816.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Bangladesh Keywords: Human Rights Abuses Shelf Number: 158110 |