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cameroon
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79 total results foundAuthor: Cerutti, Paolo Omar Title: Forests, Illegality, and Livelihoods in Cameroon Summary: This paper addresses the state of illegal forest activities in Cameroon, with particular attention to environmental outcomes and implications for livelihoods. It provides suggestions to the government and donor community about priority areas for interventions related to illegal forest activities, sustainability, and livelihoods. Details: Bogor Barat, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research, 2006. 22p. Source: Working Paper No. 35 Year: 2006 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Illegal Logging (Cameroon) Shelf Number: 118312 |
Author: Tiedjou, Joseph Achille Title: Criminalizing Identities: Rights Abuses in Cameroon Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Summary: In Cameroon, prejudice against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people is both very personal and very public. The Cameroon Penal Code punishes “sexual relations with a person of the same sex” with a prison term and a fine. The relevant article, 347 bis, became law in 1972, and until five years ago, there was little information publicly available on its enforcement. But on May 21, 2005, police arrested 32 people at a nightclub in the first of a series of high-profile arrests and prosecutions continuing to the present. Beyond arrest, gay, lesbian, and bisexual Cameroonians are at higher risk for other problems. Police and prison officers routinely abuse detainees they suspect of same-sex sexual relationships. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people may be more vulnerable to violent attacks inside and outside the home, as they often avoid reporting a crime for fear of being arrested, in turn, for homosexuality. Lesbian women can lose custody of their children and be ostracized by their families. Those who are at risk for HIV/AIDS infection or who are HIV positive have difficulty obtaining medical and legal services. A general climate of fear means that rigid gender codes are strictly enforced and people live out their lives in secrecy. The report shows that despite pleas by national organizations and recommendations from international bodies, Cameroon continues to implement a retrograde law that undermines basic human rights for a group of vulnerable and marginalized Cameroonians. Details: New York: Human Rights Watch, 2010. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 10, 2010 at: http://www.hrw.org/en/node/93872/section/1 Year: 2010 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Homosexuality Shelf Number: 120275 |
Author: Naro, Neth Title: Human Trafficking in Cambodia: Reintegration of the Cambodian Illegal Migrants from Vietnam and Thailand Summary: The problem of human trafficking in Cambodia arose from poverty as the root cause wherein the poor wish to find income opportunities and hence became victims of trafficking into Thailand an Vietnam. In the process of helping those victims to return to their home countries, reintegration is considered crucial to help them meet better living conditions. Many factors have contributed to successful reintegration. Among these factors are job training and employment as the most important prerequisites of a reintegration programme. This paper seeks to examine whether reintegration is really helpful in assisting victims to obtain a better job and contribute towards helping their families. If reintegration is not really helpful, and the root cause of trafficking still remains, then the reintegration process will not succeed. Details: Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2009. 62p. Source: Internet Resource: RSIS Working Paper No. 181: Accessed October 4, 2011 at: http://www.rsis.edu.sg/publications/WorkingPapers/WP181.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Human Trafficking (Cambodia) Shelf Number: 116249 |
Author: Randolph, Shannon Title: Elephant Meat Trade in Central Africa: Cameroon Case Study Summary: The pilot study presented in this report is part of an International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) African Elephant Specialist Group (AfESG) project initiated by the Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) programme of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The project aims to improve understanding of the impact of elephant meat trade on elephant populations in Central Africa. Case studies were carried out in Cameroon, Central African Republic (CAR), Republic of Congo (ROC) and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This Cameroon case study elaborates on bushmeat research already undertaken in the south-eastern Cameroon region by a number of individuals and institutions, but will focus on the African elephant. No studies have ever been carried out that concentrate specifically on elephant bushmeat, and most general bushmeat studies either do not include elephant meat, or treat it differently from other bushmeats because of the atypical aspects associated with elephant hunting and product trade; thus this study hopes to be of particular value to elephant conservation. Details: Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2011. 70p. Source: Supplement to the Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 45: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2012 at http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/SSC-OP-045-001.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Bushmeat Shelf Number: 126104 |
Author: Alpes, Maybritt Jill Title: Bushfalling: How Young Cameroonians Dare to Migrate Summary: This book is written in reaction to, on the one hand, trafficking and smuggling discourses in Europe, and, on the other hand to the strong belief in the possibilities of bushfalling in Cameroon. Tensions between ambitions for mobility and imposed immobility are reflected in the way that Anglophone Cameroonians have started since the late 1990s to refer to emigration in Pidgin as ‘bushfalling’. Bushfalling is the act of going out to the wilderness (bush) to hunt down meat (money) and bring back these trophies. On the basis of an ethnographic study of migration brokers, consulate officers, aspiring migrants and their families, as well as deported migrants, this research investigates what makes young Cameroonians migrate at all cost. The books argues that we can only come to understand dynamics of trafficking and bushfalling if we take seriously the perspectives of people in countries of departure, as well as the plurality of regulatory dynamics that shape conditions of departure. By studying rather than presupposing the place of state, market and family actors within conditions of departure, this study unravels how the phenomena of bushfalling and trafficking do not exist merely because individuals chose to migrate at all cost. Details: Amsterdam: Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research, 2011. 266p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 9, 2012 at: http://dare.uva.nl/record/399071 Year: 2011 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Deportation Shelf Number: 126909 |
Author: Thandi, Gary Title: This is a Man's Problem”: Strategies for working with South Asian Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence Summary: This research presents the perspective of 17 front-line practitioners who, together, have more than 200 years of direct experience working with South Asian male perpetrators of intimate partner violence or their families. All the research participants – psychologists, program managers and counsellors, police and probation officers – are members of South Asian communities in the Lower Mainland. They emphasize that men are responsible for the violence they perpetrate. No one excuses them – their choice to perpetrate violence has resulted in significant physical, emotional and psychological harm not only to their wives but also to their children, their extended family and their communities. At the same time, the frontline practitioners told the researcher that the majority of assaultive men do not set out to hurt their wives or their families. Most of the men, having learned cultural male privilege, struggle with gender role expectations that may be far beyond their ability to meet now that they are in Canada. When they drink alcohol – a major contributor to intimate partner violence in South Asian communities – they lose control over their strong emotions. This research does not address instances of intimate partner homicide or attempted homicide. It focuses on men who are mandated by the courts to participate in community-based programs offered in the Punjabi language. Most of the offenders, therefore, have not served time in jail. Most of them are also first generation in Canada. The research participants make it clear that men born in Canada – second generation South Asian men – while different from their fathers are often raised with many of the same cultural patterns of behavior and belief. Perhaps the thematic analysis of this research can be best summed up by the statement of one of the participants: “This is a man’s problem.” South Asian men need to take responsibility not only for their individual behaviour, but also for the family, community and cultural patterns that support violent behaviour. “Marriage is not just about the two of them,” said another participant. It involves extended families often connected across two continents and embedded in community and religious values that foster a belief in the social structures of patriarchy, the sanctity of marriage, the stigma of divorce and the importance of reputation and honour. Every man can make the commitment to actively support the movement toward violence-free lives for their daughters, granddaughters, sisters, wives, mothers, and grandmothers. By doing so, they support violence-free lives for their sons, grandsons, brothers, partners, fathers, and grandfathers as well. The couple relationships are often complicated by the immigration sponsorship of not only the husband or wife but other family members. Husbands and wives, working to meet obligations both at home and abroad, may also be experiencing the stress of a new relationship in a new country with very different cultural norms. Underemployment in new immigrant communities is high – especially for those who come with postsecondary education – and this can be compounded by experiences of racism, alienation and isolation. Despite these difficulties, a key difference of South Asian families caught in the cycle of intimate partner violence is the significant desire for reconciliation by both partners. Although frontline practitioners emphasize the importance of the woman having a true choice about whether to return to their marriage, they acknowledge the importance of recognizing – and respecting – this difference. The frontline practitioners also agree that police intervention is essential for the cycle to be broken. The length of time between the police intervention, court appearances, probation and completion of the counselling program result in hardships for everyone in the family. An equally important role for the extended family members – as well as members of the community – involves the man and the woman before the marriage happens. Pre-marital counselling and an increased awareness of the importance of compatibility require that extended family and other community members involved in supporting the marriage see the couple both as individuals and as partners as well as members of a collective culture. This is an extremely important aspect of anti-violence community action. Prevention – from the very beginning – requires that the man and woman be encouraged to know enough about each other to make a strong commitment that sees beyond their respective families and communities. This does not require a shift to an individualistic world view but it does require the recognition that they need to be able to get through difficult times together. The researcher also met with a focus group of South Asian men engaged in a court-mandated assaultive men’s group counselling program. Unlike the individual interviews with frontline practitioners, which were conducted in English, the two focus groups were conducted in Punjabi. The men raised the same issues as the practitioners. They explored why they became angry – and then violent. They believed they had changed – and that other men would change if only they knew what to do. They wanted to be free of “this kind of family trouble” – like everyone else, they want to have productive and happy lives. Perhaps most important, they didn’t want the violence to continue – not only the physical suffering, but also the emotional and psychological consequences that spread beyond the family and into the community. Details: New Westminster, BC: Centre for the Prevention and Reduction of Violence, Office of Applied Research, Justice Institute of British Columbia, 2011. 146p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 22, 2013 at: http://www.jibc.ca/sites/default/files/research/pdf/This-is-a-man's-problem_REPORT.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Abusive Men Shelf Number: 129485 |
Author: Greenpeace Title: Licence to Launder: How Herakles Farms' Illegal Timber Trade Threatens Cameroon's Forests and VPA Summary: The oil palm plantation being developed by Herakles Farms in the southwest region of Cameroon - an area of great biodiversity surrounded by five protected areas - illustrates what happens when irresponsible companies are not held accountable to local laws and processes. The companies activities pose a serious threat to forested areas and the communities who rely upon the forest for their livelihoods. Herakles Farms was originally trying to acquire more than 70,000 hectares of forested land in the region in 2009. Its local subsidiary, SG Sustainable Oils Cameroon (SGSOC), began clearing forest despite the fact the project did not have a land lease signed by the president as required by Cameroon law. Greenpeace and other local and international NGOs have continued to exposed Herakles Farms' illegal operations and the threats its irresponsible project poses to local livelihoods, environment and global climate. In this report, Greenpeace reveals how the company is now colluding with the Cameroonian government to commercialise the timber - much of which was illegally felled - from its project, despite previously categorically stating that it had no intention to do so. This new development demonstrates the persistent illegalities at the heart of the Herakles Farms project, indicative of a wider problem in many land deals and the logging sector in Africa. If allowed to persist, it will also seriously undermine Cameroon's Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the EU to stop illegal logging. Finally, it sends the message that, if companies are allowed to behave as they wish, contravening national laws and ignoring the rights of local communities, then the forests and people of Africa will have no protection. Details: Amsterdam: Greenpeace, 2014. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2014 at: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/forests/2014/Licence-to-Launder.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 129600 |
Author: Environmental Investigation Agency Title: Palm Oil Expansion and Illegal Forest Conversion in Cameroon Summary: Palm oil, originally from Africa, is the most widely used oil on the planet, and global demand is increasing. Unsustainable palm oil development poses increasing social, economic, and environmental threats in the Congo Basin region and specifically in Cameroon. Planned palm oil projects within the Congo Basin will cover an estimated 0.5 million hectares of forested land and will cost the country $5.3 million in lost revenue and assets annually. Details: Washington, DC: EIA, 2014. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 16, 2015 at: http://eia-global.org/images/uploads/Cameroon_Palm_Oil_Fact_Sheet_English.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Conservation Shelf Number: 135243 |
Author: Alpes, Maybritt Jill Title: Migration brokerage, illegality, and the state in Anglophone Cameroon Summary: Migration brokers are important participants within the increasingly commercialized policing of borders. Focusing on connections between migration brokers and state authorities, this paper asks how migration brokers relate to the realm of the law, as well as how the law relates to migration brokerage. By examining illegality only when it becomes visible to aspiring migrants and brokers within their context of departure, this paper demonstrates how state regulation is intimately intertwined with the emergence of migration brokerage. The argument of the paper provides a counter-point to studies of migration and illegality that often adopt an implicitly statist perspective by categorising brokers as either legal or illegal, as well as by framing brokers as agents that work 'against' the state. The paper is based on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in Anglophone Cameroon between 2007 and 2010 and illuminates the work of two NGOs that engage in so-called 'travel consultations'. It contributes to on-going discussions within the 'Migration Industry and Markets for Migration Control Network'. Details: Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, 2013. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: DIIS Working Paper 2013:07: Accessed May 26, 2015 at: http://www.diis.dk/files/media/publications/import/extra/wp_2013_jill_alpes_web_1.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Illegal Immigrants Shelf Number: 129735 |
Author: Friends of the Earth Netherlands Title: Cana Bois: plundering protected areas in Cameroon for the European market Summary: The logging company Cana Bois has been plundering protected forest areas in Cameroon for the European timber market. This case has been researched and published in a 'log file' by Friends of the Earth Netherlands and France in June 2009. First some general information. The EU still accounts for 16 - 19% of global illegal timber imports. Illegal logging is one of the main causes of deforestation and forest degradation worldwide. Cameroon is no exception to this rule. Both the Cameronese government and European markets have taken first steps to prevent illegal logging and related trade. Within the framework of the EU FLEGT action plan, a voluntary partnership agreement is under way as well as legislation to prevent illegal timber trade. EU Member states and Cameroon have taken efforts to promote voluntary certification for sustainable forest management. However, progress is slow and illegal and destructive logging is still rife in many timber producing countries around the world. This logfile shows how unscrupulous companies continue to plunder protected areas in Cameroon for the European market with total impunity. This report describes the observations from Friends of the Earth research missions in the forest management unit of Cana Bois, nearly 34.000 hectares large and located in the Central Province of Cameroon. In the North, this forest management unit is bordered by another logging area and in the south and east by a forest reserve. In 2007, Cana Bois was given permission to log a strictly defined area of 2500 hectares within the forest management unit. During our missions we held interviews with the local population and ventured inside the forest management units and neighbouring forest reserve to record infractions. It appeared that Cana Bois had been logging outside its strictly defined area into the areas destined for next year's logging activities and outside the official boundaries deep into the forest reserve. We estimate that logging roads and paths in the forest reserve have a distance of over 150 kilometers. Cana Bois deliberately crossed a river to enter the forest reserve. Along the logging roads we found numerous abandoned logs, stumps and log parks. The timber from these illegal logging operations has been sold with the official marks from the forest management unit. This legalisation to facilitate transport and export is done by local forest control posts with hammer marks, even though they know that the timber is not coming from the forest management unit. The local population has sent a letter to the Independent Observer, Resource Extraction Monitoring, in Cameroon, asking for help and requesting a mission to establish the total impact of the infractions. This mission was prevented time after time by Cameronese government officials. Unhampered, Cana Bois has started logging operations again in 2009, showing that illegality continues to be profitable in the Cameronese logging sector. These illegal logging practices have severe impacts on the forest reserve. Amongst others, they result in forest degradation, loss of economic value of the forest, because commercially interesting species have been harvested, and they have negative impacts on the livelihoods of local people. The plundered forest is part of the Atlantic Equatorial Coastal Forests ecoregion which has exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism. Alarmingly, Friends of the Earth has found numerous traces of poaching in the forest reserve. The roads opened up for logging make it easier for poachers and vehicles to get the meat out to nearby markets. In the harbour in Doula Friends of the Earth found piles of sawn wood from Cana Bois with destination Spain, the Netherlands and France. Cana Bois has been looting the Cameronese forests for the European market. Several companies in Cameroon have chosen the path of sustainable forest management and have invested in certification. Their business is being undermined by unscrupulous companies like Cana Bois. This flagrant case of illegal logging and related trade shows that European member states and the EU have a huge responsibility to combat illegal logging and related trade. Friends of the Earth therefore calls upon the EU ministers to step up the pace and decide on a strengthened legislative proposal to stop illegal timber trade during the Agriculture Council in June 2009. It is extremely important for the effectivity of the legislation that trade in illegal timber becomes an offence, that the scope of the applicable legislation is broadened, all timber products are included and the due diligence obligations extended to all operators placing timber and timber products on the EU market. Only with effective and strong legislation to combat illegal timber trade will the EU reduce its social and environmental footprint and will companies like Cana Bois lose their profitable illegal business. Details: Amsterdam: Friends of the Earth, 2009. 8p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 17, 2016 at: https://milieudefensie.nl/publicaties/rapporten/cana-bois-plundering-protected-areas-in-cameroon-for-the-european-market Year: 2009 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Deforestation Shelf Number: 147946 |
Author: Yenkong, Pangmashi E.N. Title: Prisoners in-justice: Prisoners' encounters with the criminal justice system in Cameroon Summary: Imprisonment is the ultimate sanction of the state in nearly all countries, and its use in the developing world has risen considerably in recent years. The prison occupies a central place in the politics of crime control and has become a normal social destination for growing numbers of citizens. More than 9.25 million people today are held in penal institutions throughout the world mostly as pre-trial detainees or as sentenced prisoners. Africa now has one of the highest pre-trial detainees comprising of 45 per cent per 100,000. Overcrowding and under resourced are one of Africa's most pressing problems. African states such as Cameroon comprise one of Africa's most overcrowded prisons. Cameroon's prisons face a host of challenges, including deficits of good governance, funding and other resources. Two thirds of the entire prisoners in Cameroon are yet to be tried. The Bamenda Central prison comprises of one of the 72 prisons scattered around the national territory with an average prison population of 575 inmates. Cameroon is party to a number of International human rights treaties including the Convention against Torture and other cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT). The Cameroonian government has also made considerable efforts recently to promote the rule of law in the country. This includes constitutional and legislative guarantees for fair judicial processes. Nonetheless, upon examination of the Bamenda Central prison, several common themes of human rights abuses emerges including the failure to protect the rights of accused persons, overcrowding and abusive prison conditions, and the unfulfilled mandate of rehabilitation. Throughout the country, as a result of the social and economic inequities that plagues the Cameroonian society, the difference between the rich and the poor continues to increase. A majority of the population remains unable to have access to the Criminal Justice system. The poor are far more likely than the rich to be arrested, if arrested charged, if charged convicted, and if convicted sentenced to prison. Hence the criminal justice has a model: the rich get richer and the poor get prison. At the time when it seems essential to comprehend what the prison is and how accused people get there, research into the criminal justice system lacks scholarship dearth. There has been a decline in academic interest, coupled with low levels of government research funding; and the failure to adequately address sensitive issues plaguing the criminal justice system. To date, the majority of research in prison has focused primarily on common areas of enquiry in prison and prison programs notably administration in prison, prison programs and prison welfare services. Prisoners have become less enthusiastic research areas as no study has been addressed relating to inmate's perception of justice. The central problematic in this research is how the prisoners view their situation in prison and how they see themselves with regard to the justice system in Cameroon. My main aim of this research was to engage in a dialogue with prisoners through interviews to be able to understand their agency in the prison and how that informs their perception of justice. Providing a space for these perspectives and experiences within the criminal justice system positions this thesis within a larger dialogue with human rights discourses, analysis of the prison, relationships of power and informal justice systems. Given these practical and theoretical interests, I discovered that I could only conduct such a study employing qualitative research methods skills. My methodology was guided by principles of participatory action research. In this context, I was actively involved with prisoners and families. I immersed my self in their prison culture and became part of a number of activities carried out by prisoners. I interacted with more than two hundred prisoners, and had extensive interviews with ninety-seven prisoners over an extended period of seven months. I wrote their lives prior to imprisonment, during and after prison. My primary goal was to relay their interviews using their words. I equally carried out a participant observation of the criminal justice agencies. I decided to employ a feedback to the outside community by building a bridge between prisoners to their respective families whom I considered as vital actors in the lives of inmates. Details: Leiden: Leiden University, African Studies Centre, 2011. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed October 13, 2016 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/18563/ASC-075287668-3175-01.pdf?sequence=2 Year: 2011 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Criminal Justice System Shelf Number: 144936 |
Author: Amnesty International Title: Cameroon's Secret Torture Chambers: Human Rights Violations and War Crimes in the Fight Against Boko Haram Summary: Children abducted. Villages looted and razed to the ground. Boko Haram has been unleashing havoc in Cameroon's Far North region. In the face of rampant violence and atrocities, the Cameroonian government has rightfully responded, but with a ferocity that has shattered the lives of ordinary people. For those living in the Far North, fear of Boko Haram's attacks has now been coupled with the fear of the very government that is meant to protect them. The Rapid Intervention Battalion (BIR)-Cameroon's army elite unit--and the General Directorate of External Research (DGRE) are part of the military operation fighting against Boko Haram. The victims of Cameroon's crackdown against alleged Boko Haram members, as documented by Amnesty International, in its report "Cameroon's Secret Torture Chambers", are mostly Cameroonian men between the ages of 18 and 45 from the Far North region, Muslim, Kanuri ethnic group. Some of the detainees include women, children as young as seven and people with mental or physical disabilities. The majority are arrested on the basis of little to no evidence, some were arrested simply for failing to show their ID. In the 101 cases documented, most were arrested in the Far North region and all without a warrant and without any clear explanation of why they were being arrested. In our report we documented the cases of over 100 people, including children, have been arbitrarily arrested, tortured and some were killed in undisclosed locations right under the noses of high-ranking Cameroonian military officials. Details: London: AI, 2017. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2017 at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2017/07/cameroon-torture-chambers/ Year: 2017 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Boko Haram Shelf Number: 147172 |
Author: Perreault, Samuel Title: Criminal victimization in the territories, 2009 Summary: The territories account for more than one-third of Canada's total area, spanning the mainland north of the 60th parallel and west of Hudson Bay, as well as the arctic islands. The territories differ from one another in many important respects, including their socio-demographic composition, local languages, cultures and economies (Statistics Canada 2008; Martel and Caron-Malenfant 2007; de Leseleuc and Brzozowski 2006). However, the territories share a number of challenges, including crime rates that are generally higher than in the rest of Canada (Brennan and Dauvergne 2011; Charron et al. 2010; de Leseleuc and Brzozowski 2006). According to police-reported statistics, rates of violent and property crime tend to be higher on average in the three territories and the western provinces than in the eastern part of the country (Brennan and Dauvergne 2011). However, police-based statistics are limited to those incidents that come to the attention of legal authorities, leaving an important gap in our knowledge of unreported crime. Self-reported victimization surveys have been used to help address this gap by providing some understanding of the number and types of crimes, including those that may not have been reported to police. In recent years, important gains have been made in the collection of self-reported victimization data in the territories. In 2004, a pilot test was conducted to expand the General Social Survey (GSS) on Victimization to include a sample of the population in Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. However, data collection in the territories presents its challenges (see Data source section) which, in 2004 resulted in the sample being representative of approximately 60% of the population in the territories. When Statistics Canada administered the next cycle of the GSS on Victimization in 2009, personal interviews were conducted to supplement the standard telephone interviews in the territories. Still, collection resulted in lower than expected response rates in Nunavut. It should be noted that collection in Nunavut was limited to the 10 largest communities. As such, data for Nunavut is representative of Nunavut's 10 largest communities only and should be interpreted with caution. Drawing on the 2009 GSS data, this Juristat article presents information on self-reported incidents of criminal victimization, including spousal violence, in the three territories. Specifically, it examines the socio-demographic and economic characteristics of those who have been victimized, whether they choose to report these incidents to police, and the use of victims' services. The perceptions of crime and personal safety among residents of the territories are also examined. Details: Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2012. 39p. Source: Internet Resource: Jusistat: Accessed October 27, 2017 at: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2012001/article/11614-eng.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Crime Statistics Shelf Number: 124084 |
Author: Stewart, Lynn Title: Reliability and Validity of the Dynamic Factors Identification and Analysis-Revised Summary: In the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) the Dynamic Factors Identification and Analysis-Revised (DFIA-R) component of the Offender Intake Assessment (OIA) assesses the criminogenic needs of all offenders on seven key domains. Research has demonstrated that the former version of this tool (the DFIA) reliably predicted outcomes for men, women, and Indigenous offenders (Brown & Motiuk, 2005). This report describes the psychometric properties of the revised version of the tool. The population of federal offenders with at least one DFIA-R assessment was obtained through the Offender Management System (24,798 men (23% Indigenous) and 1,368 women (37% Indigenous)). Of this group, 16,743 men and 992 women were released and had follow-up data allowing examination of the relationship of the ratings with community outcomes. Analyses of the overall DFIA-R need rating included the assessment of the internal consistency of the measure, the prevalence of the ratings across group, the extent to which the domain ratings changed over time, which indicators and domains were most strongly related to the overall ratings, and the relationship of overall need rating, the domain ratings, and indicators with revocation. Analyses were disaggregated by gender and Indigenous ancestry when possible. Results indicated that the majority of men and women were rated as having high overall needs (64% of men and 59% of women) with more Indigenous men and women assessed as high needs. The domains with the highest ratings across groups were Substance Abuse, Personal/Emotional, and, for non-Indigenous men, the Attitudes domain. The internal consistency of all the DFIA-R indicators was high on all seven domains meaning the indicators are related within each domain. Many of DFIA-R indicators had moderate to strong associations with the overall DFIA-R need rating for all offender groups. In particular, indicators relating to anger, aggression, and frustration were strongly related to the overall need rating. The Attitude, Personal/Emotional, and Substance Abuse domains were most influential in producing a high overall need rating for all groups. In addition, the Employment/Education domain was influential for women. Increases in the overall DFIA-R need rating were associated with higher rates of revocations and, for men, with higher rates of revocations with an offence. When comparing the predictive ability of the overall DFIA-R need rating to the overall static risk rating, the DFIA-R proved to be a stronger predictor of both revocations and revocations with an offence. All individual domain ratings were related to any revocation for all groups. Some domains were more dynamic than others; for example, while ratings for Substance Abuse and Associates changed over the period of incarceration with most offenders whose ratings changed being reassessed at a lower need, the Community Functioning domain ratings were largely stable. Together, these results confirm that the DFIA-R is useful both as a case management tool that profiles the needs of individual offenders and the population as a whole, and as a risk prediction tool for men, women, and Indigenous offenders. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada, 2017. 165p. Source: Internet Resource: 2017 No. R-395: Accessed November 17, 2017 at: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/scc-csc/PS83-3-395-eng.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Aboriginal Offenders Shelf Number: 148208 |
Author: Brown, Gregory P. Title: Suicide Risk Assessment Instruments: A Review of Current Literature Summary: A review of the current literature (2000 - 2016) on suicide/self-injury assessment instruments in use in adult, institutional environments (general hospitals, psychiatric facilities, correctional institutions) was undertaken. Instruments were evaluated based on reports of their reliability, validity, sensitivity, specificity and predictive value. Thirteen instruments were identified for which there was either (1) sufficient psychometric data and estimates of predictive validity available to show evidence of utility in predicting suicidal behaviour and suicide, or (2) evidence of promise or a unique approach in predicting suicidal behaviour and suicide. Among the thirteen instruments identified, two are currently in use in the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) assessment process: the Depression, Hopelessness and Suicide scale (DHS; Mills & Kroner, 2004; 2005) and the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS; Posner et al., 2011). Factors identified in the literature as risk factors (stressors) for suicide/self-injury as well as protective factors were also reviewed. Seventy-one risk factors (29 static; 26 dynamic; 16 institutional) were identified in the literature as statistically significantly associated with suicidal behaviour and suicide. Nine protective factors were identified in the literature. No one suicide risk assessment instrument, neither in general hospital, psychiatric hospital or correctional facilities, stands out as superior. All of the suicide risk assessment instruments commonly in use make use of self-report or clinical/interviewer elicited information about suicidal ideation or suicide plans. Alternatively, a number of studies have independently demonstrated a link between cognitive deficits measured by performance on tests like the Suicide Stroop task and the Iowa Gambling Test and risk for suicidal behaviour and suicide. Some recent studies have shown promise in exploring the link between genetic markers predictive of risk for suicidal behaviour and suicide. The review of the literature points to the need for a more focussed empirical strategy for the development, testing and validation of screening tools and instruments. Such a strategy requires that tools and instruments demonstrate sound psychometric properties (reliability and validity), be sensitive to changes in dynamic factors correlated with suicidal behaviour and suicide, and demonstrate the capacity to prospectively predict suicidal behaviour and suicide with high levels of both sensitivity and specificity, across a range of population subgroups. Whether suicide risk assessment screening tools and instruments should be developed specifically for major at risk populations, reflecting unique static, dynamic and environmental risk factors is a question that requires further study. The results of the systematic review will support the assessment of the suicide/self-injury measures currently in use by CSC. Details: Ottawa: Correctional Service Canada, 2017. 76p. Source: Internet Resource: 2017 No. R-392: Accessed February 20, 2018 at: http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/scc-csc/PS83-3-392-eng.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Inmate Self-Injury Shelf Number: 149191 |
Author: Lawrence, Austin Title: Ways to Consider Non-Medical Cannabis: Reasoning from Conceptual Analogues Summary: Cannabis legislation and regulation is a complex undertaking. This paper provides a framework for organizing approaches to thinking about cannabis regimes by considering the psychoactive commodity analogues of alcohol, tobacco and natural health products. An understanding of the characteristics and semantic spaces that have been applied in the development of regimes to control currently legal psychoactive commodities can be instructive in rationalizing and organizing the dialogue related to the legalization of psychoactive cannabis. Details: Ottawa: Public Safety Canada, 2017. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 2016-R011: Accessed March 23, 2018 at: https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2016-r011/2016-r011-en.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Cannabis Shelf Number: 149555 |
Author: Issa, Saribou Title: Reintegrating Former Boko Haram Associates: Perspectives From Far North Region in Cameroon Summary: In August 2018, a regional strategy for the stabilization, recovery, and resilience of the Boko Haram-affected areas of the Lake Chad Basin was adopted, which recognizes the interrelated experiences of communities surrounding the Lake Chad Basin and the benefits of a common approach. The strategy sets out nine priority pillars for action to generate applicable policies and programs geared toward the short- and long-term stabilization and development of the region, including on the handling of individuals associated with Boko Haram. This policy brief assesses Cameroon's strategies and policies for reintegrating associates of Boko Haram against the recently adopted Lake Chad Basin regional stabilization strategy, the realities experienced by Boko Haram-affected communities, and the experiences of individuals detained on account of their associations. For comparative purposes, references to the experience of Niger are included. Co-authored by academic experts, the brief offers a set of recommendations promoting a cohesive approach, calling for government action, and recognizing the role of communities at the forefront of reintegration efforts. Details: Washington, DC: Global Center on Cooperative Security, 2019. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2019 at: https://www.globalcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GCCS-PB-Reintegrating-Former-Boko-Haram-Associates-2019.pdf Year: 2019 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Radical Groups Shelf Number: 155839 |
Author: Arounsavath, Frida Title: Undercutting Rights: Human rights and environmental due diligence in the tropical forestry sector. A case study of Cameroon Summary: Sustainable management of the world's tropical forests is critical for the achievement of goals outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, specifically as regards reducing poverty for the 1.6 billion people who rely on forests for their livelihoods, and for ensuring global climate stability. However, global efforts to address deforestation and degradation are falling short of the challenge and tropical forests are disappearing at an unprecedented rate. Logging is the second largest contributor to the ongoing disappearance of forests and biodiversity after forest clearing for agricultural expansion (see Chapter 1. Introduction, page 11-14). This report investigates human rights and livelihood impacts associated with deforestation and logging, and the extent of community benefits derived from forestry operations. It presents a case study from Cameroon, host to 10 percent of the Congo Basin forests on which 75 million people, including nearly 150 distinct ethnic groups and indigenous peoples, depend for their livelihoods and cultures. The Congo Basin - the second-largest tropical forest in the world after the Amazon - is expected to lose 70 percent of its remaining forest cover by 2040 unless current patterns of infrastructure development and natural resource exploitation are curbed (see Chapter 2. Background: Congo Basin and Cameroon, page 21-22). The report presents results from research in ten communities affected by three types of logging operations in Cameroon's South Region: a short-term operation in which independent monitoring indicated cases of illegal logging in 2017, and two long-term, large-scale selective logging operations, forest management certified or legality certified under the voluntary Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). The former, where forests were cleared by Asian and Cameroonian operators for a rubber plantation, is associated with fast and irreversible deforestation across large areas, community displacement and human rights violations, mirroring an increasing global trend of impacts when forests are cleared for commercial agriculture (see page 31-37). Adverse impacts were also reported in the other operations, run by Dutch logging and timber trading company Wijma Group and French Rougier Group. Interviewed communities claimed that the operations impacted on forests, water sources and local climate patterns, and undermined the ability to practice and survive on hunting, collection of forest products and small-scale agriculture. Communities further claimed that the influx of workers contributed to an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS (see Chapter 3. Swedwatch and CED investigations in Cameroon page 37-41). In the long-term operations, the study also found that vulnerable groups such as girls and indigenous peoples were disproportionately impacted. Six out of ten communities in the study described sexually exploitative relationships, stating that logging workers had engaged in sexual relations with girls aged 12 to 17, resulting in child pregnancies and school dropouts. Furthermore, indigenous representatives claimed that their forest-based livelihoods had deteriorated, and that they had not enjoyed the same level of benefits as non-indigenous communities (see Chapter 3. Swedwatch and CED investigations in Cameroon page 42-46). All interviewed communities also reported some benefits from long-term logging operations, in the form of small infrastructure development, temporary jobs and business positive developments were also noted, although communities claimed they were not adequately consulted or informed regarding potential negative impacts from the logging operations. Neither were they given access to the companies' contractual social obligations - and were thus unable to hold companies accountable to benefit sharing commitments (see page 46-54). While conducting research in Cameroon, Swedwatch learned that Wijma and Rougier had recently exited from their concessions, citing financial and operational difficulties. Their assets were sold to companies without certification commitments, a development that illustrates the uphill struggle as described in the recent literature for companies with more ambitious sustainability ambitions to cope with difficulties in the operating environment in Cameroon and elsewhere - and to find markets prepared to pay a premium for certified timber (see page 38). The study clearly illustrates that tropical forestry is a high-risk sector, where business activities may impact on unique tropical forests and the livelihoods and human rights of marginalised groups. While the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) as a certification system has not been scrutinized in this report, results from interviews indicate that also in FSC certified operations, logging activities and the influx of workers into rural communities may have negative impacts on people and forests. Adverse impacts from FSC certified operations have earlier been reported by NGOs and other stakeholders especially concerning regions with weak forest sector governance.15 This suggests that certification schemes such as the FSC - which is globally considered to have the highest environmental and social standards in the timber sector - cannot replace human rights and environmental due diligence in line with international norms and standards. It is important to note, however, that in logging operations without certification, negative impacts are likely to be more pronounced, given that the forestry sector actually applies the clear Principles and Criteria set by FSC. Recognising these significant risks, in order to ensure 'no harm' to communities and their forest livelihoods, the report recommends tropical logging companies to ensure thorough human rights and environmental due diligence where care should be taken to ensure broad-based community consultation and proactive measures to respect the rights of vulnerable groups. The report also recommends government actors in tropical forest regions to consult with local communities to help ensure social improvements and maximise benefits from logging operations. Further, strategic planning at landscape and regional levels is critical to ensure tropical forest cover and quality for mitigation and adaptation contributions under the Paris Agreement and to fulfil the 2030 Agenda. Details: Sverige, Sweden: Swedwatch, 2019. 94p. Source: Internet Resource: Report no. 93: Accessed July 16, 2019 at: https://swedwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Tropiskt-timmer_190221_93.pdf Year: 0 Country: Cameroon Keywords: Conservation Shelf Number: 156898 |