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ecuador
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89 total results foundAuthor: Farah, Douglas Title: Ecuador at Risk: Drugs, Thugs, Guerillas and the Citizens' Revolution Summary: The chaning internatl situation in colombia and the expanding influence of the Mexican drug cartels, have helped Ecuador become an important and growing center of operation for transnational organized criminal gangs. This poses a significant threat not only to the Ecuadoran state but all of America and the United States. Details: Alexandria, VA: International ssessment and Strategy Center, 2010. 77p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Corruption Shelf Number: 117666 |
Author: American Bar Association. Latin America & Caribbean Law Initiative Title: Trafficking in Persons in Ecuador: Assessment One, September to December 2004 Summary: In June 2004 the American Bar Association’s Latin America Law Initiative (ABA/LALIC) held a conference on Trafficking in Persons in Cuenca, Ecuador, with support from the U.S. Embassy and co-sponsorship from the Supreme Court of Ecuador and the National Council of the Judiciary. The results collected from the discussions in the break out groups and the plenary sessions all demonstrated the need, as expressed by the conference attendees, for a practical assessment of the situation in country. The Ecuadorians suggested that the assessment focus on: 1) How the problem is defined and perceived; 2) the realities and challenges facing Ecuador; 3) planning guidelines and priorities, and 4) strategies for a workable plan. This project set out to conduct an assessment that will serve as a guide for the development and planning of the project. The major goals of this assessment are to: 1) identify organizations around the country working on trafficking and trafficking related issues; 2) identify the major trends/themes in the trafficking and anti-trafficking activities; 3) identify gaps in service, public policy and see how they relate to the existing legislative framework, and finally to 4) develop recommendations for the project. With this in mind, the report is divided into three main components: Part I of the assessment looks at the economic and social underpinnings of the country to give context to the reasons why trafficking in persons is gaining strength in Ecuador. Part II of the assessment discusses important themes that surround the actual trafficking in persons. These themes include the nature of the problem; where trafficking is most prevalent and why; defining who is a victim; pinpointing some of the underlying causes; and exploring the legislative gaps that hamstring effective prosecution. Part III of the assessment takes the information gathered and presented in this document and sets out the recommendations according to the three “p’s” (Prevention, Prosecution and Protection). Details: Chicago: Latin America & Caribbean Law Initiative, 2005(?). 51p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 9, 2010 at: http://www.abanet.org/rol/publications/ecuador_tips_assessment_final.pdf Year: 2005 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Child Sexual Abuse Shelf Number: 120271 |
Author: Edwards, Sandra G. Title: Drug Law Reform in Ecuador: Building Momentum for a More Effective, Balanced and Realistic Approach Summary: Across the hemisphere, frustration is growing with the failure of the "war on drugs." Many Latin American countries face rising rates of drug consumption, despite harsh drug laws that have left prisons bursting at the seams. Typically, users and low-level dealers bear the brunt of the sanctions, while high-level actors with money and power carry on with impunity. In response, numerous countries are exploring alternative policies. For example, in August 2009, Mexico enacted a law decriminalizing the possession of small quantities of drugs for personal use. That same month, the Argentine Supreme Court determined that imposing criminal sanctions for the possession of drugs for personal use is unconstitutional, a ruling that paves the way for pending legislation that would decriminalize the possession of all illicit drugs for personal consumption. Brazilian officials are working on reforms that would advance legislative changes in 2002 and 2006 that partially decriminalize possession of drugs for personal use. In short, an incipient drug law reform movement appears to be gaining traction across the region and even in the United States. In Ecuador, the Correa government's comprehensive justice sector reform project includes significant changes in drug legislation. The country has one of the most punitive drug laws in the hemisphere. In a perversion of justice, those accused of drug offenses are assumed guilty unless they can prove their innocence, mandatory minimum sentencing guidelines ensure excessively long sentences and arrest quotas have led to the imprisonment of growing numbers of those at the lowest end of the drug trafficking trade. By 2008, Ecuador's justice system had reached a breaking point, overwhelmed by huge caseloads of drug-related offenses, and prisons were bursting at the seams. The need for significant reforms was painfully clear. This brief explains why and how the Ecuadorian government arrived at its decision to undertake significant drug law reform and how, if implemented successfully, those reforms could result in more effective, just and humane national drug control policies, setting an example for the rest of the region. Details: Amsterdam: Transnational Institute - TNI, 2010. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 5, 2011 at: http://www.wola.org/drug_law_reform_in_ecuador Year: 2010 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Drug Abuse (Ecuador) Shelf Number: 123244 |
Author: Hiemstra, Nancy Ann Title: The View From Ecuador: Security, Insecurity, and Chaotic Geographies of U.S. Migrant Detention and Deportation Summary: The central argument of this dissertation is that while the immigration enforcement policies of detention and deportation are politically positioned as critical strategies for protecting U.S. homeland security, these policies actually create insecurity at multiple scales. The project, grounded in both critical geopolitics and feminist political geography, endeavors to interrogate the ‗master narratives‘ behind these restrictive policies. First, the dissertation explores the historical, political, and cultural factors behind the United States‘ increased use of detention and deportation, as well as the deepseated structural factors driving Ecuadorian migration to the United States. Then, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Ecuador with deportees and family members of detained migrants, the study seeks to understand ways in which these policies are embodied both within and outside U.S. borders. It is suggested that the detention and deportation system engenders chaos – or the appearance of chaos – in numerous spaces and for various groups of individuals. Three ‗chaotic geographies‘ of the system are explored in order to scrutinize the enactment of immigration policy: the operation of the system itself, detainees‘ experiences, and reverberations of detention and deportation in Ecuador. Data show that inside U.S. borders, these enforcement policies interact recursively with processes of racialization and criminalization to generate insecurity for detained migrants and discipline employees to behave in particular ways. In addition, due to its inherent disorder and confusion, the detention and deportation system projects a cloak of impenetrability that hides the powerful actors behind its expansion, faults, and abuses. The dissertation then investigates how the chaos of detention and deportation extends transnationally to countries of migrant origin to produce insecurity precisely at the scale of the home for migrants‘ families, communities, and for returned migrants. In Ecuador, detention and deportation increase economic and ontological insecurity for family members and returned migrants in ways that spread throughout communities. Moreover, data from Ecuador illustrate that policymakers‘ objectives of deterrence do not play out as anticipated. In this project, the author joins critical scholars in calling for an expanded understanding of the concept of security, one which incorporates multiple scales and operates across political borders. Details: Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, 2011. 328p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed July 19, 2012 at: http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1068&context=geo_etd&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3D%2522the%2520view%2520from%2520ecuador%253A%2520security%2522%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D2%26ved%3D0CFMQFjAB%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fsurface.syr.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1068%2526context%253Dgeo_etd%26ei%3DvwsIUOjYOsTr0QGY45XZAw%26usg%3DAFQjCNEdrVc4H0guG5jVeq8-VDDaxJvmQA#search=%22view%20from%20ecuador%3A%20security%22 Year: 2011 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Border Security Shelf Number: 125676 |
Author: International Federation for Human rights Title: Large-Scale Mining in Ecuador and Human Rights Abuses: The Case of Corriente Resource Inc. - Executive Summary Summary: Over the past decade, a series of social conflicts has arisen in Ecuador, as a result of the growing presence of actors seeking to develop large-scale mining in the country. These mining endeavors have been encouraged by legislative and economic measures put in place by national governments and international organizations. Mining companies’ activities have led to numerous episodes of human rights abuses, and have given rise to an important national debate on the promotion of large-scale mining in Ecuador. Details: Paris: International Federation for Human Rights, 2010. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2012 at http://www.fidh.org/IMG//pdf/Exec_Summary_Large-scale_Mining_Human_Righs_Ecuador-LD.pdf Year: 2010 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Criminal Violence (Ecuador) Shelf Number: 126273 |
Author: McBridge, Rachel L. Title: Incarcerated Mothers in Cuenca, Ecuador: Perceptions of their environment and the impact it has on the lives of their young children and their education. Summary: The number of children whose mothers are incarcerated is increasing around the world. Educators of young children are faced with new challenges in their classrooms as they work with these children during their formative years for social-emotional development. The purpose of this qualitative study was to interview the mothers, in order to gain their perspective on how they feel their incarceration has affected their relationship with their children; how they believed it would affect their children in the future, and to investigate the perceptions of early childhood teachers who worked with children of incarcerated mothers. Using interviews, observations, journal, and field notes the researcher collected information from 3 incarcerated mothers, 3 of their children, and the 2 teachers who worked with these children. Overall findings were that the mother-child relationships are of extreme importance to the mothers. They have high hopes for a better life for their child, which includes concerns about their education. Mothers had fears that their incarceration would repeat itself in their children and desired for things to be different in their children's futures. They reported their incarceration affecting their children in negative ways. Their children had difficulty depicting their mothers in their drawings. Lastly, the teachers highly encouraged parental involvement, even though the mother was incarcerated. They expressed the importance of the mother-child relationship impacting the child's ability to learn, and teachers believed special training and preparation are necessary for working with these children. Details: Denton, TX: University of North Texas, 2008. 377p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed March 7, 2013 at: http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6078/m1/1/?q=incarcerated mothers Year: 2008 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Children of Prisoners (Ecuador) Shelf Number: 127867 |
Author: Roitman, karem Title: Longos' and 'Cholos' 'Ethnic/Racial' Discrimination Among Mestizos in Ecuador Summary: This paper presents some of the processes of ethnic/racial discrimination taking place in Ecuador but which have thus far remained hidden from research and policy making by representations of Ecuador as a homogenously mixed or ‘mestizo’ state. To uncover these processes, this paper explores how those generally identified as Ecuadorian upper-class 'white-mestizos' in Ecuador's two main cities, Guayaquil and Quito, represent their ethnic identity and that of others in relation to the state's hegemonic discourse of mestizaje or 'mixture'. By looking at the terminology used to refer to certain mestizos, i.e. longo and cholo, this paper argues that the upperclasses' use of mestizaje hides discriminatory practices that inhibit the creation of socio-economic networks among mestizos and, therefore, render the returns from education for certain individuals limited, also checking their opportunities in the labour market and impeding their social mobility. The state's promises of social inclusion and advancement through mestizaje are, therefore, rendered empty. Details: Oxford, UK: CRISE (Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity), 2008. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: CRISE Working Paper No. 58: Accessed July 3, 2013 at: http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Inequality/wp58.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Racial Discrimination Shelf Number: 129244 |
Author: Human Rights Watch Title: Rape Victims as Criminals: Illegal Abortion after Rape in Ecuador Summary: Ecuador's criminal code prohibits abortion with few exceptions, imposing prison terms ranging from one to five years for women and girls who receive abortions. Medical professionals who provide them are subject to harsher penalties. Even abortion after rape is punishable under the criminal code, except in the case of so-called "idiot or demented" women. These penalties drive some women and girls to have illegal and unsafe abortions, thwarting Ecuador's efforts to reduce maternal mortality and injury. Rape Victims as Criminals: Illegal Abortion after Rape in Ecuador documents how Ecuador's restrictive abortion laws impede health care and post-rape services, and can put the health and even the lives of rape victims in danger. The report is based on interviews with 37 women and girls who had sought reproductive health care, including care after gender-based violence, 22 officials and women's rights experts, and 45 medical professionals working in public and private health facilities. As part of its imminent work on reform of the criminal code, Ecuador's National Assembly should eliminate penalties for voluntary abortions and ensure that all women and girls who have been victims of rape can get comprehensive health services, including abortion if requested. President Rafael Correa should endorse any legislation proposed by the Assembly that would expand the rights of women and girls in Ecuador to access and exercise their reproductive rights and protect their health and well-being. Details: New York: HRW, 2013. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 28, 2014 at: http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ecuador0813_ForUpload_1.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Criminal Code Shelf Number: 129906 |
Author: Fernandez, Jose Title: Migration and Crime in Ecuador Summary: This paper evaluates the casual impact of migration on homicides rates for Ecuadorian provinces for the period 1999-2012. Our main measure of migration is the stock of asylum seekers. In order to address the endogeneity of the migration variable, we exploit the implementation of the Plan Colombia, which caused thousands of Colombian people to seek asylum in Ecuador. Results show a modest but significant crime-reducing effect of migration on homicides rates. In particular, we are able to conclude that an increase of the asylum seekers stock by about 2,000 people (per 100,000) lead to a reduction of about 1.37 murder per 100,000 people. These results are in line with the previous literature on developed countries which found no effect or little crime- reducing effect (Bianchi et al., 2012, Bell and Machin, 2012, and Bell et al., 2013). Details: Bristol, UK: University of Bristol Department of Economics, 2015. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper: Accessed April 1, 2015 at: http://lacer.lacea.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/52341/lacea2014_migratio_crime_ecuador.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2015 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Asylum Seekers Shelf Number: 135080 |
Author: Fleetwood, Jennifer Title: Women in the international cocaine trade: Gender, choice and agency in context Summary: This thesis is about women in the international cocaine trade and in particular about their experiences as drug mules. This is the first comprehensive qualitative investigation based on the accounts of women and men who worked as drug mules and those who organise and manage trafficking cocaine by mule across international borders. Two explanations for women's involvement in drug trafficking compete. The 'feminisation of poverty' thesis contends that women's participation in the drug trade results from (and is a response to) their economic and social subordination. The 'emancipation thesis' contends that women's participation in the drugs trade is an effect of women's liberation. This thesis explores if and how women's involvement in the drug trafficking (recruitment and 'work') is shaped by their gender. I interviewed 37 men and women drug traffickers imprisoned in Quito, Ecuador. This location was chosen due to the high numbers of women and men imprisoned for drug trafficking crimes. Respondents came from all levels of the drug trade and from different parts of the world. Data was collected and analysed using narrative analysis to understand the way in which discourses of victimhood were created in prison. This allowed for a sensitive interpretation of the meaning of victimhood and agency in respondents' responses. The substantive section of the thesis examines two aspects of women's involvement in drug trafficking in depth. The first section examines aspects of women's recruitment into the drug trade as mules; the second section examines the work that mules do. This research finds that women's participation in the international cocaine trade cannot be adequately understood through the lens of either victimisation or volition. The contexts in which men and women chose to work as a mule were diverse reflecting their varied backgrounds (nationality, age, experience, employment status, as well as gender). Furthermore, mules' motivations reflected not only volition but also coercion and sometimes threat of violence. Although gender was a part of the context in which respondents became involved in mule-work, it was not the only, or the most important aspect. Secondly, this research examined the nature of mule-work. Most mules (men and women) willingly entered a verbal contract to work as a drugs mule; nonetheless the context of 'mule-work' is inherently restrictive. Mules were subject to surveillance and management by their 'contacts' had few opportunities to have control or choice over their work. Collaboration, resistance and threat were often played out according to gendered roles and relationships but gender was not a determining factor. Nonetheless, respondents could and did find ways to negotiate resist and take action in diverse and creative ways. Prior research on the cocaine trade has ignored the importance of women's participation or has considered it only in limited ways driven by gender stereotypes. Thus, this research addresses a significant gap in available evidence on women in the drug trade. This research also contributes to contemporary debates in theories of women's offending which have centred on the role of victimisation and agency in relation to women's offending. Details: Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2009. 272p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 5, 2016 at: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/9895/Fleetwood2009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2009 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Drug Mules Shelf Number: 138564 |
Author: Verite Title: Labor and Human Rights Risk Analysis of Ecuador's Palm Oil Sector Summary: This report is another important contribution to the literature on human and labor rights risks in palm oil production globally. Thus far, there has been very little research on conditions in palm oil production in Ecuador, Latin America's largest producer. Research carried out by Verite and REACH (Research-Education-Action-Change) found a number of risks including indicators of forced labor, unethical recruitment and hiring practices, wage and hour violations, child labor, discrimination against women and minorities, environmental damage, and displacement. Verite found that several factors heightened workers' vulnerability, including competition for a limited number of jobs, the involvement of labor brokers in the recruitment and management of workers, and the displacement of Colombian refugees who are forced to migrate to Ecuador, where the palm oil sector constitutes one of the only sources of employment available to them outside of illegal activities. Verite found that Colombian immigrants, including undocumented immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers, are extremely vulnerable to labor and human rights abuses, especially in Esmeraldas, the province with by far the highest number of Colombian immigrants and the highest rate of African palm cultivation. Approximately 1,000 Colombians flee each month from violence in Colombia, which had the second highest rate of displacement in the world after Syria, to Ecuador, which is by far the country with the largest number of Colombian refugees. These immigrants faced discrimination and threats of deportation, constraining their ability to protest unfair labor conditions and making them especially vulnerable to exploitation. Verite research detected a large number of indicators of forced labor, including indicators of unfree recruitment, work and life under duress, and impossibility of leaving employers, especially among Colombian immigrants. Verite's research also uncovered additional problems faced by palm workers. These risks included wage, benefit, and working hour violations; child labor; discrimination against women, indigenous people, and people of African descent; health and safety risks; poor housing; environmental damage; harm to indigenous communities; and inadequate grievance mechanisms. For more information, along with recommendations for action, please see our in-depth report on Labor and Human Rights Risks in Ecuador's Palm Oil Sector. Details: Amherst, MA: Verite, 2016. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 1, 2016 at: http://www.verite.org/sites/default/files/Risk%20Analysis%20of%20Ecuador%20Palm%20Oil%20Sector-final%20draft.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Child Labor Shelf Number: 139262 |
Author: Carillo, Paul E. Title: Pollution or Crime: The Effect of Driving Restrictions on Criminal Activity Summary: Driving restriction programs have been implemented in many cities around the world to alleviate pollution and congestion problems. Enforcement of such programs is costly and can potentially displace policing resources used for crime prevention and crime detection. Hence, driving restrictions may increase crime. To test this hypothesis, this paper exploits both temporal and spatial variation in the implementation of Quito, Ecuador's Pico y Placa program and evaluates its effect on crime. Both difference-in-difference and spatial regression discontinuity estimates provide credible evidence that driving restrictions can increase crime rates. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American development Bank, 2016. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: IDB Working Paper Series No.: IDB-WP-698: Accessed September 2, 2016 at: https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7731?locale-attribute=en Year: 2016 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Crime Prevention Shelf Number: 140133 |
Author: Sinovas, P. Title: Ecuador's Wildlife Trade Summary: This report provides a comprehensive overview of wildlife trade in Ecuador, focusing on the ten-year period 2004-2014. The exact time-frame of trade varies slightly depending on the different data sources used. The aim of this analysis is to provide a baseline of trade levels and trends in Ecuador, and to inform future trade management in the country in order to ensure that wildlife trade is legal, sustainable and traceable. Ecuador has one of the highest diversities of amphibian species in the world and has a high concentration of threatened species. The production of amphibians for the pet trade is an emerging market in Ecuador, with an average of around 500 live frogs being exported per year in recent years for the pet market, with approximately a third of them being CITES-listed species (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). The main species involved were Ceratophrys stolzmanni (Pacific Horned Frog) and Epipedobates anthonyi (Anthony's Poison-Arrow Frog), while the main destination countries of this trade were the United States of America, the Netherlands and Canada. In addition, Lithobates catesbeianus, (Bullfrog) a non-native species, was exported by Ecuador to the United States in volumes of over 400,000 per year for the food market. Approximately 9,000 tonnes of by-caught sharks are landed per year in Ecuador. Most of their meat is destined for the domestic market, while relatively small amounts are exported to the United States, Spain, Japan and other countries. Virtually all of the fins, amounting to a total of about 200 tonnes per year in recent years, are exported to mainland China and Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China (henceforth referred to as Hong Kong SAR). The main species captured are Alopias pelagicus (Pelagic Thresher), Prionace glauca (Blue Shark) and Carcharinus falciformis (Silky Shark). Captures also include two species listed in the CITES Appendices of the 16th Conference of the Parties (CoP16): Sphyrna lewini (Scalloped Hammerhead Shark) and S. zygaena (Smooth Hammerhead Shark), even if recent legislation limits the amount of bycatch that can be landed for these species. The ornamental fish trade often goes unreported and data are lacking on their taxonomic details and origins. Although trade data on ornamental fish is scarce, the United States reported the import of 1.3 million ornamental fish from Ecuador per year, largely recorded as unspecified tropical freshwater species, showing a declining trend over the ten years (2005-2014). Sea cucumber fishing started in the 1990's in the Galapagos Islands, with harvests and exports concentrating on Isostichopus fuscus (Brown Sea Cucumber). After being listed in Appendix III by Ecuador in 2003, the species was the top CITES-listed taxon in terms of number of individuals exported by Ecuador between 2005 and 2014, with over 1.5 million individuals shipped during that period. Virtually all exports were destined for China. However, trade has been banned in recent years as a result of population over-exploitation. Whilst domestic demand accounted for the majority of timber production by Ecuador between 2010 and 2014, the international trade was an important part of the market. Timber exports amounted to about 87,000 m3 per year on average between 2012 and 2014, with India being the main destination of timber exported by Ecuador and cultivated Tectona grandis (Teak) the main species. Ecuador's extremely diverse orchid flora was one of the most highly traded wildlife groups in Ecuador, averaging over 46,000 plants per year between 2004 and 2015. Almost all were artificially propagated and around three quarters reached Germany, the United States, Japan and Canada. Over 250 genera were reported in trade by Ecuador, with genera Masdevallia, Cattleya and Pleurothallis accounting for more than 25% of exports. Trade in Appendix I was dominated by Phragmipedium species. The wildlife trade in Ecuador has a minimum estimated value of US $35 million a year. Most of this value (US $29 million) is represented by the export of timber. Excluding these timber/processed wood commodities, shark exports were the next most valuable commodity, with an average of US $3.4 million per year. Forty CITES-listed species occurring in Ecuador showed noteworthy trends (high volume and/or sharp increase) in global exports of wild or ranched specimens in 2012. Birds were the group with the highest number of species showing noteworthy trends, with fourteen species meeting the selection criteria. Of these forty species, only three were reported in trade by Ecuador during the period 2003- 2012: Swietenia macrophylla (Big-leaf Mahogany), Cedrela odorata (Spanish Cedar) and Isostichopus fuscus (Brown Sea Cucumber). According to CITES, over 800 species native to Ecuador were reported in trade between 2004 and 2013, both as wild-sourced and captive-bred or artificially propagated. Two species which are thought to be endemic to Ecuador were traded as captive-bred and artificially propagated by countries that are not in their distribution range (non-range). The majority of these species are not utilized by Ecuador for international trade, and may represent an opportunity for the development of additional wildlife sustainable use systems in the country. Details: Quito, Ecuador: Ministry of Environment of Ecuador; Bonn: German Development Cooperation, 2015. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: English translation of the technical report prepared for the Ministry of the Environment of Ecuador and the German Development Cooperation (GIZ). UNEP-WCMC: Accessed October 11, 2016 at: https://www.unep-wcmc.org/system/comfy/cms/files/files/000/000/808/original/Ecuador%C2%B4s_wildlife_trade.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Illegal Wildlife Trade Shelf Number: 145415 |
Author: Mena, Fernando Carrion Title: Quito: un ensamble de violencias (Quito: an ensemble of violence) Summary: During the last 20 years, violence has become one of the most relevant issues in Latin America, because, on the one hand, violence increased: the average homicide rate for Latin America rose from 12 per cent in 1990 To 24.6 in 2012 (United Nations Development Program) since, on the other hand, violence changed: it was urbanized, modernized and pluritized. The results of this process of transformation and growth of violence have been devastating: according to the Inter-American Development Bank Development, 135 thousand people were killed in 2015 and that violence and its cost reached about 120 billion dollars a year (200 per inhabitant) (Agencia de Noticias Ecuador, 2016). If these data are weighed for 20 years the tragedy is huge. Details: Wilson Center, Latin American Program, 2017. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 20, 2017 at: https://works.bepress.com/fernando_carrion/713/ (In Spanish) Year: 2016 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Homicides Shelf Number: 145658 |
Author: Hidrobo, Melissa Title: The effect of conditional transfers on intimate partner violence: evidence from northern Ecuador Summary: Using a randomized experiment in Ecuador, this study provides evidence on whether cash, vouchers and food transfers targeted at women and intended to reduce poverty and food insecurity also affect intimate partner violence (IPV). The results indicate that transfers reduce controlling behaviors, moderate physical violence, and any physical or sexual violence by 6 to 7 percentage points. Impacts do not vary by transfer modality, and instead, the initial bargaining power of women is important in determining the magnitude of impact. Possible mechanisms are explored, and the findings suggest that reductions in IPV are due to both improvements in women's bargaining power and decreases in poverty-related conflict. Details: New Delhi: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2016. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: Impact Evaluation Report 33: http://www.3ieimpact.org/media/filer_public/2016/03/30/ie33-ipv-ecuador.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Conditional Cash Transfers Shelf Number: 146469 |
Author: Brotherton, David Title: Social Inclusion from Below. The Perspectives of Street Gangs and Their Possible Effects on Declining Homicide Rates in Ecuador Summary: Since 2007, the Ecuadorian approach to crime control has emphasized efforts to reach higher levels of social control based on policies of social inclusion and innovations in criminal justice and police reform. One innovative aspect of this approach was the decision to legalize a number of street gangs in 2007. The government claims the success of these policies can be seen in homicide rates that have fallen from 15.35 per 100,000 in 2011 to 5 per 100,000 in 2017. However, little is understood about the factors and their combination that have produced this outcome. To explore this phenomenon, we developed a research project focusing on the impact of street gangs involved in processes of social inclusion on violence reduction. From April to October 2017, we collected multiple data sets including 60 face-to-face interviews with members from four different street subcultures in several field sites, field observations, and archival materials to answer two primary questions: How has the relationship between street groups and state agencies changed in the past 10 years? How has this changed relationship contributed to a hitherto unexamined role in the homicide reduction phenomenon of Ecuador? We found that legalization helped reduce violence and criminality drastically while providing a space, both culturally and legally, to transform the social capital of the gang into effective vehicles of behavioral change. In policy terms, we argue that the social inclusion approach to street gangs should be continued and highlighted as a model of best practices of the state. Details: Washington, DC: Inter-American Development Bank, 2018. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 27, 2018 at: https://publications.iadb.org/bitstream/handle/11319/8837/Social-Inclusion-from-Below-The-Perspectives-of-Street-Gangs-and-Their-Possible-Effects-on-Declining-Homicide-Rates-in-Ecuador.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Year: 2018 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Crime Rates Shelf Number: 151275 |
Author: Tapia Tapia, Silvana Cristina Title: Criminalising violence against women : feminism, penality, and rights in post neoliberal Ecuador Summary: This thesis asks how penality, understood as the whole of the penal complex, with its laws, procedures, and sanctions, has become central to feminist strategies to counteract violence against women (VAW) in Ecuador. A new penal code came into force in 2014, criminalising some forms of domestic VAW, which had thus far been treated as misdemeanours, and introducing the new crime of "femicide". The thesis argues that human rights discourses have played a crucial role in bolstering penality by presenting criminalisation as an essential component of human rights protection. Feminist networks resort to a "rights-based penality" to legitimise criminalisation processes and to frame VAW as a human rights issue to which penalisation is the self-evident response. While Western literature has associated penal expansion with neoliberal globalisation, and the emergence of a "carceral feminism" with the side-lining of social redistribution in feminist agendas, Ecuador's 2008 Constitution explicitly challenges neoliberal approaches to wellbeing and development, and incorporates indigenous relational conceptions of justice. In view of this, considering that socio-legal research is limited in the country, this thesis employs a multi-method qualitative approach, including analyses of discourses within historical and current legal documents, and interviews of Ecuadorian feminists who participated in penal reform processes. The findings show that rights-based penality has become a universalised field of intelligibility to interpret and express the wrongness of VAW. Human rights mask the colonial continuities that travel through penal discourses, displacing indigenous understandings of justice and subjectivity, which have a potential to disrupt hegemonic approaches to gender. Rights-based penality also reframes feminist politicised conceptualisations of VAW and narrows our possibilities to imagine gender justice outside penality. In addition, by complicating legal procedures, the penal system is hindering access to justice for violence survivors on the ground, particularly marginalised women. Feminist strategies are constrained by dynamics whereby legal achievements come at the cost of tolerating exclusionary representations of gender, race, and the family, while the legal protection obtained in return is limited. More broadly, this thesis shows that challenging neoliberalism and implementing a redistributive programme has not sufficed to displace penality and coloniality, exposing how representations of human rights can remain reliant on penal expansion beyond neoliberal policies. Interrogating the universality of human rights, acknowledging the colonial legacy of penal institutions, and recognising the effects of penality on women's access to justice could enable an exploration of indigenous cosmovisions to propose non-hegemonic strategies to counteract gendered violence. Details: Canterbury, UK: University of Kent, 2017. 402p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 13. 2018 at : https://kar.kent.ac.uk/62463/1/205Final-Thesis-SilvanaTapia-library.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Female Inmates Shelf Number: 153404 |
Author: Donoso, Claudia Title: Feminist Criminal Human Security: Women's (In) Security and Smuggling on Ecuador's Borders Summary: The study addresses the following central research question: What comprises the web of power relations that have led to women's insecurity in Ecuador's border provinces, El Oro, Carchi and Sucumbos? A web of power relationships in those provinces has perpetuated intersectional inequalities that lead women to become smugglers. This web is supported by systems of oppression based on gender, class, race and geographical location that foster unequal access to education, paid work, health services and domestic violence, thereby aggravating women's insecurity. Customs control, police and military subsumed under national and border security aggravate women's security conditions. To complement this militarized response, the government of Rafael Correa launched Plan Ecuador and the Sovereign Energy Plan in 2007 and the Comprehensive Security Plan in 2011. These plans sought to confront the involvement of Ecuadorians in activities considered illegal by the security forces. While Plan Ecuador and the Integral Security Plan incorporated a multidimensional approach and a human security discourse to complement national security, they did not recognize the diversity of women's experiences of insecurity and roles at border provinces. To address this empirical case, this dissertation advances the concept of "feminist critical human security" to examine women's security in Ecuador's border zones, specifically in El Oro, Sucumbos and Carchi provinces. Drawing on Black feminism's idea of intersectionality and matrix of domination and on feminist critiques of national security, this research establishes women smugglers as referents of security rather than as criminals, as the border security discourse views them. By using a feminist critical human security lens that take into account the intersections of gender, race, class and geographical location and that includes the voices of women and their conceptions of local development and security, this research will enhance the ability of governments to improve their planning and policies related to increasing the security of women in border zones. Details: Okanagan, BC: University of British Columbia, 2016. 312p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed Dec. 7, 2018 at: https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0320937 Year: 2016 Country: Ecuador Keywords: Female Smugglers Shelf Number: 153944 |